Abstract:
Method of constructing a geomechanical model of an underground zone intended to be coupled with a reservoir model allowing simulation of fluid flows in the zone, from a geological model of the zone discretized by a fine grid. Basically, geomechanical properties are associated with the various cells of the geological model on the basis of experimental data, the underground zone is discretized by a geomechanical grid with larger cells than the geological grid, and a scale change is applied to the geomechanical data included in the geological model in order to define equivalent geomechanical properties at the scale of the geomechanical grid of the zone. Application: improvement in the quality of coupled simulations between geomechanical and reservoir models.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a method of constructing a geomechanical model of an underground zone intended to be coupled with a reservoir model allowing to simulate fluid flows in the zone, from a geological model of the zone discretized by a fine grid.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The state of the art to which reference is made hereafter is described in the following books and publications: 
    Chin L Y, Thomas L K. Fully Coupled Analysis of Improved Oil Recovery by Reservoir Compaction. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Houston, Tex. 1999; 393-401;     Ewing R E. Aspects of upscaling in simulation of flow in porous media. Advances in Water Resources 1997; 20(5-6): 349-358;     Gutierrez M, Makurat A. Coupled HTM Modelling of Cold Water Injection in Fractured Hydrocarbon Reservoirs. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 1997; 34: 3-4;     Koutsabeloulis N C, Heffer K J, Wong S. Numerical geomechanics in reservoir engineering. Computer methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Siriwardane and Zaman eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994;     Longuemare P, Mainguy M, Lemonnier P, Onaisi A, Gerard Ch, Koutsabeloulis N. Geomechanics in Reservoir Simulation: Overview of Coupling Methods and Field Case Study. Oil and Gas Science and Technology 2002: 57(5): 471-483;     Mainguy M, Longuemare P. Coupling Fluid Flow and Rock Mechanics: Formulations of the Partial Coupling between Reservoirs and Geomechanical Simulators. Oil and Gas Science and Technology 2002: 57(4): 355-367;     Renard P, de Marsily G. Calculating equivalent permeability: a review. Advances in Water Resources 1997; 20(5-6): 253-278;     Reuss A. Calculation of the flow limits of mixed crystals on the basis of the plasticity of mono-crystals, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 1929; 9: 49-58;     Salamon M D G. Elastic moduli of a stratified rock mass. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1968; 5: 519-527;     Settari A, Mourits F M. Coupling of geomechanics and reservoir simulation models. Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics 1994; 2151-2158;     Settari A, Walters D A. Advances in Coupled Geomechanical and Reservoir Modeling with Applications to Reservoir Compaction. SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Houston, Tex. 1999;     Stone T, Garfield B, Papanastasiou P. Fully Coupled Geomechanics in a Commercial Reservoir Simulator. SPE European Petroleum Conference, Paris, France, 2000; 45-52;     Voigt W. Über die Beziehung zwischen den beiden Elastizitätskonstanten isotroper Körper. Ann. Phys. 1889, 38: 573-587;     Wen X H, Gomez-Hernandez J J. Upscaling Hydraulic Conductivities in Heterogeneous Media: An Overview. Journal of Hydrology 1996; 183.    
 
         [0017]     Reservoir simulations allow oil companies to precisely estimate the reserves of an oil reservoir and to optimize recovery of these reserves by studying different production schemes. Prior to reservoir simulation, it is necessary to characterize the reservoir in terms of geometry and of petrophysical properties. This characterization provides a detailed description of the reservoir in form of a geological model. In fine, the detailed description of the geological model is used to construct a model of multiphase flow in porous media through a scaling process. The various stages allowing to go from reservoir characterization to reservoir simulation can be presented as follows: 
    characterization of the reservoir to construct a fine geological model (small cells),     scaling the fine geological model to construct a coarser reservoir model (larger cells),     reservoir simulation from the reservoir model.    
 
         [0021]     Characterization of the reservoir first requires its structural representation from surfaces (horizons and fault networks) describing the boundaries of structural blocks. This construction of the detailed geological model is carried out from the data provided by the wells and seismic data. The surfaces of the structural model are used as the basis for construction of a stratigraphic grid consisting of finely gridded blocks as a function of geological criteria. The stratigraphic grids are thereafter clothed with lithofacies and petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability). Assignment of the lithofacies and petrophysical properties is carried out from known well values and using geostatistical methods constrained by hypotheses on the geology of the sequences.  
         [0022]     The geological model thus constructed provides a detailed description of the reservoir which cannot be used directly to model fluid flows in the reservoir. The reservoir grid used for modelling the flows is constructed from the geological model as a function of flow criteria. The scale difference between the reservoir and stratigraphic grids requires using scale change methods in order to define the petrophysical properties used for modelling the flows from information given at a smaller scale. Once this scaling stage performed, reservoir simulation can be carried out.  
         [0023]     Methods of this type are described for example in the aforementioned following publications : Wen and Gomez-Hernandez 1996, Ewing 1997, Renard and de Marsily 1997, and in patent application PCT WO-0/079,423.  
         [0024]     The reservoir simulation carried out from the reservoir grid obtained after scaling models the multiphase flows of fluids in the reservoir. Some reservoir simulators furthermore have options allowing to take account of additional phenomena such as thermal effects, constituents diffusion, double-porosity media processing. Besides, studying several little consolidated reservoir cases has shown the importance of the mechanical effects associated with the production of oil reservoirs. In fact, the reservoir model is more and more often coupled with a geomechanical model modelling the evolution of the stresses and deformations in the reservoir during production. The results of the geomechanical model are then used to modify the petrophysical properties of the reservoir model during reservoir simulation (Koutsabeloulis et al. 1994, Settari and Mourits 1994, Guttierez and Makurat 1997, Longuemare et al. 2002).  
         [0025]     Coupling between the reservoir simulator and the geomechanical simulator can be achieved from two approaches described in the aforementioned references Settari and Mourits 1994, Settari and Walters 1999.  
         [0026]     In a first approach, the flow and geomechanics problems are solved in the same simulator by internal coupling. This approach is for example adopted by Stone in the aforementioned publication Stone et al. 2000 and in patent application Ser. No. US2003/0,078,733. Taking account of the geomechanical behaviour appears therein as an option of the reservoir model.  
         [0027]     In another approach, the flow and geomechanics problems are solved by external coupling of two simulators. Coupling is performed by data exchange between the reservoir and mechanical simulators as described, for example, in the aforementioned publications as follows : Settari and Mourits 1994, Chin and Thomas 1999, Mainguy and Longuemare 2002.  
         [0028]     Whatever the approach used, modelling of the geomechanical behaviour of the reservoir generally comprises the following modelling stages:  
         [0029]     a) construction of a geometry of the geological structure whose mechanical behaviour is to be modelled,  
         [0030]     b) gridding of the geometry defined,  
         [0031]     c) assignment of the mechanical properties for each cell,  
         [0032]     d) definition of initial boundary conditions and of a load record,  
         [0033]     e) solution of the mechanical or thermo-poro-mechanical problem when the mechanical problem is coupled with thermal problems and/or problems of fluid flow in porous media, and  
         [0034]     f) post-processing and analysis of the results.  
         [0035]     The geometry used for the geomechanical model is generally the same at the reservoir level as that of the reservoir model. It is furthermore often vertically and laterally extended so as to take account of the rocky formations surrounding the reservoir. The size of the cells used to discretize the geometry defined above is similar to (in the reservoir) or larger than (for the surrounding formations) that of the cells used for reservoir simulation.  
         [0036]     The cells of the geomechanical model are in most cases large (of the order of one hundred meters in the horizontal directions and of ten meters in the vertical direction) whereas the rock heterogeneity is at the origin of a variability of the mechanical properties within the geomechanical cell. Now, the computing techniques used require definition of homogeneous mechanical properties for each geomechanical cell, whatever its intrinsic heterogeneity degree.  
         [0037]     The procedure commonly adopted by engineers who perform geomechanical simulations is to assign uniform mechanical properties per cell, without taking systematically account of the rock heterogeneity at a smaller scale. The drawback of this procedure is that it does not depend, or arbitrarily only, on the description of the rock at a smaller scale, that it rests on no scientific basis such as, for example, a homogenization method, and that it induces errors in the prediction of the reservoir behaviour during its development.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0038]     The method according to the invention allows to construct a geomechanical model of an underground zone intended to be coupled with a reservoir model allowing to simulate fluid flows in said zone, from a geological model of the zone discretized by a fine grid, representing a distribution in the cells of data relative to physical parameters obtained by measurements or explorations. It essentially comprises the following stages: 
    associating geomechanical properties with the various cells of the fine grid of the geological model on the basis of at least one of the following data: experimental, well and seismic data, and of said parameters of the geological model,     discretizing the underground zone by a geomechanical grid with larger cells than the geological grid, and     applying a scale change to the geomechanical data included in the geological model so as to define geomechanical properties at the scale of the geomechanical grid of the zone.    
 
         [0042]     According to an implementation mode, the scale change technique used can be different for each cell of the grid discretizing the geomechanical model.  
         [0043]     According to the invention, the scale change technique used for a cell of the grid discretizing the geomechanical model can depend on the nature of the formations contained in said cell.  
         [0044]     In cases where the formations contained in each geomechanical cell are of stratified nature, an analytical type scaling method can be applied.  
         [0045]     In other cases where the formations contained in each geomechanical cell are of unstructured nature, a numerical type scaling method can be applied.  
         [0046]     The method is particularly advantageous because the use of equivalent mechanical properties taking account of the real structure of the rock at a small scale allows the geomechanical simulation to be made more realistic. Thus, the quality of the coupled reservoir-geomechanical simulations, and therefore the hydrocarbon recovery predictions are improved.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0047]     Other features and advantages of the method according to the invention will be clear from reading the description hereafter of non limitative embodiment examples, with reference to the accompanying figures wherein:  
         [0048]      FIG. 1  shows the geological structure and its discretization in geomechanical cells,  
         [0049]      FIG. 2  shows an example of discretization of a geomechanical cell in 5×5×5 geological cells,  
         [0050]      FIG. 3  shows a perfectly stratified configuration equivalent to this geomechanical cell,  
         [0051]      FIGS. 4 and 5  show the boundary conditions and the loads (normal and tangential) imposed on the geological structure,  
         [0052]      FIG. 6  compares, on the diagonal x 1 =x 2  at the top of the reservoir (on the abscissa axis), the horizontal displacements in direction x 1  (on the ordinate axis) obtained with the reference calculation (R) and the approximate calculation (H) in the case of the normal load,  
         [0053]      FIG. 7  compares, on the diagonal x 1 =x 2  at the top of the reservoir (on the abscissa axis), the vertical displacements (on the ordinate axis) obtained with the reference calculation (R) and the approximate calculation (H) in the case of the normal load,  
         [0054]      FIG. 8  compares, on the diagonal x 1 =x 2  at the top of the reservoir (on the abscissa axis), the horizontal displacements in direction x 1  (on the ordinate axis) obtained with the reference calculation (R) and the approximate calculation (H) in the case of the tangential load,  
         [0055]      FIG. 9  compares, on the diagonal x 1 =x 2  at the top of the reservoir (on the abscissa axis), the vertical displacements (on the ordinate axis) obtained with the reference calculation (R) and the approximate calculation (H) in the case of the tangential load. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0056]     The method according to the invention allows definition of the mechanical properties of geomechanical cells from the geological information and the mechanical properties of the rocks known at a small scale. It is essentially based on: 
    the use of the data of the geological model and the assignment of mechanical properties for each cell of the geological model in addition to the lithofacies and petrophysical properties. These mechanical properties can be obtained from laboratory test results, well data (logs) or charts, or they can be defined from the petrophysical properties of the geological cell or from the mineralogical composition of the lithofacies using correlation&#39;s or laws,     the use of scaling methods allowing definition of equivalent mechanical properties for the geomechanical cell from its discretization in the geological model and the mechanical properties associated with the geological grid. These equivalent mechanical properties must allow that the geomechanical cell behaves in an equivalent way to all of the geological cells it consists of. The scaling methods can be numerical or analytical. The large-scale mechanical properties can be elastic (elastic strength tensor) or behaviour law parameters describing the post-elastic (irreversible) behaviour of the rock.    
 
         [0059]     The above two points come within the stages of a coupled geomechanical-reservoir calculation as follows: 
    characterization of the reservoir to construct a fine geological model (small cells),     scaling the fine geological model to construct a coarser reservoir model (larger cells),     scaling the fine geological model to construct a coarser geomechanical model (larger cells)     coupled reservoir and geomechanical simulation from the reservoir and geomechanical models.    
 
         [0064]     The first point, which is used in the first stage, consists in enriching the geological model by defining, for each cell thereof, mechanical properties allowing to describe the small-scale mechanical behaviour of this cell. The second point, used in the third stage, relates to scaling of its mechanical properties by means of a scale change method in order to define equivalent mechanical properties for each cell of the geomechanical grid. The scaling method used will be the best suited to the structure of each geomechanical cell by taking for example into consideration the inclusive, stratified or totally unstructured nature of the lithofacies distribution within the geomechanical cell. All of the mechanical parameters given at the scale of the geological cell have to be scaled. In fine, a geomechanical model the mechanical properties of each cell of which account for the heterogeneity of the lithofacies and mechanical properties within the latter is obtained. As mentioned above, the use of equivalent mechanical properties accounting for the small-scale real structure of the rock allows to make the geomechanical simulation more realistic. This thus allows to improve the quality of the coupled reservoir-geomechanical simulations which consist in modelling fluid flows on the reservoir grid and stresses and deformations on the geomechanical grid, and therefore the hydrocarbon recovery predictions.  
         [0065]     To calculate the equivalent mechanical properties for the geomechanical grid according to the invention, the following stages are carried out: 
    assigning, for each cell of the geological model, mechanical properties obtained from experimental or field data, charts or from the literature. The mechanical properties considered can be elastic (Young&#39;s modulus and Poisson&#39;s ratios or equivalents) or they can be parameters of behaviour laws expressing the irreversible behaviour of the materials making up the geological cells. These mechanical properties can be correlated to the lithofacies of the geological cells and to their petrophysical properties,     scanning the geomechanical cells of the geological structure for which equivalent mechanical properties are to be calculated,     for each geomechanical cell studied, recovering the mechanical properties of the geological cells that make up the geomechanical cell considered, and     implementing a scaling method allowing to calculate an equivalent mechanical property for the geomechanical cell from the mechanical properties given for the geological cells. The equivalent mechanical properties of the geomechanical cell are obtained from homogenization methods. known from the literature or they are estimated from approximate methods : boundary calculation, simplifying hypotheses on the lithofacies distribution, approximation to or deletion of terms in homogenization methods, all methods known to the man skilled in the art.    
 
         [0070]     The scaling methodology is illustrated hereafter with a synthetic case of a reservoir structure for which the equivalent elastic properties of each geomechanical cell are calculated from an analytical homogenization method. The reservoir structure whose behaviour is to be modelled is shown in  FIG. 1 . Two description scales are associated with this reservoir structure: 
    a fine scale associated with the geological model and at which the rock heterogeneity is described, and     a coarser scale associated with the geomechanical model and at which the mechanical properties of the geomechanical cells have to be calculated via a scaling procedure.    
 
         [0073]      FIG. 1  also shows the geomechanical grid used for discretization of the reservoir structure at the scale referred to as macroscopic. The reservoir structure is subdivided into six geomechanical cells in directions x and y, and four geomechanical cells in direction z. The dimensions of the geomechanical cells are constant and equal to 150 m in directions x and y and 10 m in direction z. Each geomechanical cell consists of five geological cells in the three directions (see for example the discretization of the geomechanical cell in  FIG. 2 ). Each geomechanical cell thus contains 125 geological cells of equal dimensions: 30 m in directions x and y, and 2 m in direction z. The distribution of the lithofacies on the geological grid is given by a file generated by a standard geomodeller. In the validation case presented, the existence of three different lithofacies is assumed:sandstone, argillaceous sandstone and clay. A lithofacies number corresponding to one of the previous three rock types is thus assigned to each cell of the geological model. The mechanical properties are also assumed to be directly associated with each lithofacies. The behaviour of each lithofacies is assumed to be isotropic elastic with the elastic coefficients given in the table hereunder. A more precise study could relate the mechanical properties of a geological cell to its lithofacies and to its porosity or to the mineralogical composition of a lithofacies.  
                                                   TABLE 1                           Mechanical properties associated with each lithofacies            Lithofacies       Poisson&#39;s ratio   Young&#39;s modulus       colour   Lithofacies   ν (−)   E (Gpa)                    Black   Sandstone   0.2   20       Dark grey   Argillaceous   0.3   10           sandstone       Light grey   Clay   0.4   4                    
         [0074]     In order to illustrate the scaling methodology, the geomechanical cell shown in  FIG. 2  is extracted from the reservoir structure. Each colour of this cell is associated with a lithofacies (see Table 1). For this cell, we use a homogenization method allowing to calculate the equivalent elastic properties of the geomechanical cell, assuming that it has a perfectly stratified structure. The homogenization method used is the method proposed in the aforementioned publication by Salamon (1968) for perfectly stratified materials. To implement this method, the geomechanical cell is considered as a perfectly stratified material where the volume of each lithofacies is equivalent to the volumes present in the whole of the geomechanical cell. The perfectly stratified configuration equivalent to the geomechanical cell is shown in  FIG. 3 . This configuration consists of the following volume fractions for each lithofacies: 
        0.264 sandstone (black)     0.12 clay (light grey)     0.616 argillaceous sandstone (dark grey).        
 
         [0078]     The homogenization method proposed by Salamon allows to calculate the five independent coefficients E1, E3, ν12, ν13 and μ13 defining the elasticity tensor for a transverse isotropic material of axis x 3 . Implementation of this method in the case of the perfectly stratified material shown in  FIG. 1  gives the following equivalent elastic coefficients 
 
E1=11.962 GPa, E3=10.823 GPa, ν12=0.262, ν13=0.303 and μ13=4.741 GPa. 
 
         [0079]     These coefficients allow to calculate the homogenized elasticity tensor and its inverse, the homogenized rigidity tensor given in GPa by:  
           C     _   _       _     =     [         15.186       5.705       5.722       0       0       0           5.705       15.186       5.722       0       0       0           5.722       5.722       13.958       0       0       0           0       0       0       3.625       0       0           0       0       0       0       3.625       0           0       0       0       0       0       4.741         ]         
 
         [0080]     The geomechanical cell considered has a stratified type structure (see  FIG. 2 ) and the homogenization method thus applies well to this cell. In general, the scaling method used has to be selected depending on the morphology of the geomechanical cell whose equivalent mechanical properties are to be estimated. However, for certain unstructured lithofacies distributions, numerical scaling methods known to the man skilled in the art can be used, which presuppose no particular geomechanical cell morphology. It is also possible to estimate the equivalent mechanical properties of the geomechanical cell from a lower boundary and an upper boundary of the rigidity tensor, boundaries that are for example defined in the aforementioned publications as follows: Reuss (1929) and Voigt (1889).  
         [0081]     In the case of the geological structure studied, we calculated the equivalent rigidity tensors of all the geomechanical cells it consists of by means of the homogenization method proposed by Salamon. In order to show that the scaling methodology used is perfectly suitable to account for the heterogeneity of the structure at a small scale, we compare the mechanical behaviour thereof when it is modelled at the fine scale of the geological model and at the coarser scale of the geomechanical model. In order to make the comparison independent of the grid difference between the two scales, the comparison is carried out with the same grids, i.e. the fine grid of the geological model. The boundary conditions of the calculation performed are as follows: the normal displacements at planes x=0, x 1 =0 and x 2 =0 are blocked (see  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). Two load cases are studied. For the first load case shown in  FIG. 2 , a normal 20 MPa load is imposed on 1/9 of the upper surface of the structure. The second load shown in  FIG. 5  consists in imposing a tangential 4 MPa load in direction x 1 =x 2  on 1/9 of the upper surface of the geological structure. For each one of the two load cases, two calculations are carried out in a finite-element calculation code on the fine grid of the geological model:  
         [0082]     1. A calculation for which the mechanical properties are assigned according to the lithofacies distribution given by the geological model. Each geological cell has the isotropic elastic properties given by Table 1 as a function of its lithofacies. This calculation is referred to hereafter as reference calculation;  
         [0083]     2. a calculation for which the mechanical properties of each geological cell are given as a function of the geomechanical cell to which the geological cell is connected. The mechanical properties assigned to each geological cell are those of a transverse isotropic material of axis x 3  calculated via the homogenization method described above. This calculation is referred to hereafter as approximate calculation.  
         [0084]      FIGS. 6 and 7  compare the displacements along respectively x 1  and x 3  (ordinate axis) obtained by the two calculations, reference calculation (R) and approximate calculation. (H), in the case of the normal load. The displacements along x 1  and x 3  are compared along axis x 1 =x 2  at the top of the geological structure (abscissa axis) where the displacements are the greatest.  FIGS. 8 and 9  compare the displacements along respectively x 1  and x 3  (ordinate axis) obtained by the two calculations (reference and approximate) in the case of the tangential load. The displacements are also shown along axis x 1 =x 2  at the top of the geological structure (abscissa axis). FIGS.  6  to  9  show that the displacements obtained by the two methods in the two load cases are very close.  
         [0085]     In conclusion, the example described presents the methodology for scaling the mechanical properties of geomechanical cells from the distribution of the mechanical properties at the scale of the geological model. Furthermore, comparison of the calculations carried out for the whole of the geological structure using the mechanical properties at the fine scale of the geological model and the equivalent mechanical properties at the coarser scale of the geomechanical model shows that the equivalent mechanical properties used in the geomechanical model allow to account for the heterogeneity of the properties of the materials at a smaller scale.