Abstract:
A system operable for detecting the exposure of a person or persons to a plurality of different hazards. The system comprises at least one wearable personal module, a fixed communication center and wireless linking means operable for providing wireless communication between a personal module and the communication center and between a personal module and other personal modules comprising the system. The personal module is operable for detecting exposure of the wearer to a hazard and includes computer means operable for evaluating the threat level of the hazard to the wearer. The personal module further includes telemetry means operable for communicating the threat level to the fixed communication center and/or other personal modules. The personal module includes a plurality of detectors operable for detecting the exposure of the wearer to one or more chemical, physical, biological or radiological hazards under field conditions. The fixed communication center is operable for receiving exposure data from one or more personal modules and communicating the exposure data to first responders.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a system for monitoring exposure of personnel to biological, chemical, physical and radiological hazards and evaluating the threat level of such exposure to personnel. 
         [0003]    2. Prior Art 
         [0004]    During a disaster that affects multiple people, such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, chemical spills, etc., the affected individuals can become confused as to the nature of the emergency, as well as to the proper actions to take in order to mitigate negative consequences. If such confusion becomes widespread, the actions of the affected individuals will be random and chaotic, and may ultimately lead to unnecessary injuries and deaths. Persons acting on poor or incorrect information are likely to hinder the efforts of emergency response personnel, and may inadvertently subject themselves to avoidable dangers. In the event of such a disaster, it would be beneficial if affected personnel were provided with a portable, wearable device that could provide the affected persons with information regarding how best to mitigate the negative effects of the emergency. 
         [0005]    In addition to providing those affected by an emergency situation with relevant information, it is also desirable to notify a variety of emergency responders of the situation, and provide such responders with information regarding scope and severity of the threat. In order to most effectively prepare and administer a response, emergency workers need to know certain information regarding the location of the situation, the nature of the emergency, how many people have been affected, and the current status of the scene where the situation has occurred. It is additionally desirable to record certain data regarding the causes and severity of the event for future analysis. 
         [0006]    In the event of an emergency situation that is distributed over a wide geographical area, it is beneficial to know the physical dimensions of the affected area, the location of the epicenter, as well as the severity gradient at various distances from the epicenter. First responder organizations such as the police, paramedics, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Federal Aviation Administration, can more effectively respond to a given emergency and can better prepare for future emergencies, if provided with precise data regarding the severity of the emergency as related to geography. 
         [0007]    An example of such an emergency event would be the release of a dangerous chemical agent in an urban setting. Given this scenario, there would likely be a large number of affected people who initially may not understand the nature of the emergency, the geographical distribution of the threat, or what steps should be taken in order to minimize exposure to the chemical agent. A lack of critical information may cause affected individuals to transport themselves to locations with higher densities of the chemical agent, or may cause them to panic, hyperventilate, and increase their rate of intake of the harmful chemical. The victims of such an emergency situation would be benefited by the provision of a device that could immediately indicate in which direction to relocate in order to minimize exposure, and provide information on what medicines, substances, improvised air filters, etc., could be used to mitigate the effects of the harmful chemical. 
         [0008]    In the event that the disaster comprises a release of a toxic chemical agent, emergency responders would likely include paramedics, police, hazardous material teams, military, personnel from the department of homeland security and medical personnel from nearby hospitals. These responders need information regarding the location where the toxic chemical agent has been released, the type of agent released, the time since the agent was first detected, the extent to which the agent has spread, the probability of injury to people within the contaminated area, as well as a variety of other parameters regarding the situation. Using such information, emergency responders could most effectively plan and execute a response to the chemical release. Such data will enable responders to arrive on the scene with the appropriate equipment, medicines, and antidotes, to combat the specific chemical that has been released. Additionally, medical personnel at local hospitals will be better prepared for the number of casualties and the specific types of injuries that have resulted from the chemical release. 
         [0009]    A variety of devices have been devised for providing hazard exposure data. A table listing some U.S. Pat. Nos. relevant to the art area of the present invention is presented in TABLE I as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 5,831,526 
                 Atmospheric hazard detector network 
               
               
                 6,392,536 
                 Multi-sensor detector 
               
               
                 6,441,743 
                 Method and apparatus for determining hazard 
               
               
                   
                 levels of chemical/biological/nuclear agents in an 
               
               
                   
                 environment 
               
               
                 6,525,658 
                 Method and device for event detection utilizing 
               
               
                   
                 data from a multiplicity of sensor sources 
               
               
                 6,559,769 
                 Early warning real-time security system 
               
               
                 6,608,559 
                 Danger warning and emergency response system 
               
               
                   
                 and method 
               
               
                 6,630,892 
                 Danger warning system 
               
               
                 6,741,174 
                 Environment and hazard condition monitoring 
               
               
                   
                 system 
               
               
                 6,747,562 
                 Identification tag for real-time location of people 
               
               
                 6,885,299 
                 Geopositionable expendable sensors and the use 
               
               
                   
                 therefore for monitoring surface conditions 
               
               
                 6,919,821 
                 method and system for collecting meteorological 
               
               
                   
                 data using in-vehicle systems 
               
               
                 6,930,596 
                 System for detection of hazardous events 
               
               
                 6,946,671 
                 System and method for identifying, reporting, 
               
               
                   
                 and evaluating presence of substance 
               
               
                 6,992,580 
                 Portable communication device and 
               
               
                   
                 corresponding method of operation 
               
               
                 7,034,677 
                 Non-specific sensor array detectors 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0010]    Table I provides examples of systems that have been disclosed for the gathering of various types of information that may be useful to first responders in the event of an emergency. There remains a need for a system operable for detecting the exposure of a person or persons to a hazard, evaluating the threat level of the detected hazard and communicating the information regarding the nature of the hazard, the distribution of the hazard and means for mitigating the toxic effects of the hazard to the exposed people and first responders. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    The present invention is directed to a rapid automatic disaster notification system (RADNS) and a method for using the RADNS that substantially obviates one or more of the limitations of the related art. To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the RADNS of the present invention comprises a plurality of wearable personal modules wirelessly linked to a fixed communications center, which, in combination, provide relevant information to the victims of a disaster and first responders. Each personal module is wirelessly linked to other nearby personal modules, as well as to the fixed communications center. The personal modules have multiple sensors therewithin that are capable of detecting the existence and severity of exposure to a hazard. The data from the sensors is both analyzed within each personal module and transmitted to surrounding personal modules and the fixed communications center. Each personal module contains computer means operable for analyzing the data from its own sensors, as well as that from the sensors on nearby units, and provide its wearer with visible and/or audible instructions regarding how to cope with the emergency situation. 
         [0012]    The sensor data transmitted from the personal modules to the fixed communications center is used by emergency services to execute an appropriate and effective response. Upon receipt of information from the personal modules, the fixed communication center notifies emergency services and relevant government agencies of the disaster and identifies the particular hazard to which the victims may be exposed. The system can detect, transmit, and interpret information regarding many types of physically harmful disasters, including those that are manmade, natural, intentional, and accidental. The system is intended to quickly and efficiently transmit useful information to response teams, thereby minimizing both the total number of disaster victims as well as the expenditure of community resources. 
         [0013]    More particularly, the invention provides a system operable for detecting the location and severity of a disaster. The system comprises one or more wearable personal modules, a fixed communication center and a wireless service provider operable for providing a communication link between one or more of the personal modules and the fixed communication center and between personal modules comprising the system. The personal module comprises: (a) a global position sensor operable for providing the geographical location of the personal module; and (b) one or more sensors operable for detecting exposure of the personal module to a harmful chemical, biological or radiological agent. 
         [0014]    The personal module further comprises computer means operable for: (a) receiving a data signal from the sensor(s) indicating a detected level of exposure of the personal module to a detected chemical, biological or radiological agent; (b) comparing the detected level to known health effects attributed to known exposure levels of the agent; and (c) providing output data indicating the severity of the exposure to the agent to the health of a person wearing the personal module. In addition, the personal module may include programmable means operable for providing a wearer with instructions for action that will mitigate the effects of a particular detected hazard. The personal module further comprises a RF transmitter operable for transmitting the output data from the computer means to the fixed communication center and other personal modules comprising the system and a RF receiver operable for receiving output data from other personal modules comprising the system. 
         [0015]    The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. However the invention itself, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of a wearable hazard detector module (i.e., personal module) in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating one of the possible communication links between the personal module of  FIG. 1  and: (a) a wireless service provider; (b) a central (fixed) communications center; and (c) a plurality of emergency service providers. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a map of a city showing the epicenter of a disaster and the positions of a plurality of personal modules disposed in or near the affected area. The signals from the detectors housed within respective personal modules serve to identify the area affected by the disaster. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0019]    With general reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the rapid automatic disaster notification system(RADNS) comprises a collection of wearable personal modules  100  and a fixed communications center  202 , which, in combination, provide relevant information to the victims of a disaster and first responders. Each personal module is wirelessly linked to other nearby personal modules, as well as to the fixed communications center  202 . The personal modules  100  each comprise multiple sensors (hazard detectors) that are capable of detecting the exposure to and severity of a multitude of environmental and traumatic conditions that are threatening to human health. The data from the sensors housed within each personal module  100  is analyzed by computer means within the personal module for enabling the wearer to formulate an appropriate response. The analyzed exposure data is also transmitted to surrounding personal modules and the fixed communications center  202 . The analysis of exposure data from its own sensors, as well as that from the sensors on nearby personal modules, provides the wearer of each personal module  100  with visible and/or audible instructions on how to cope with the extant emergency. 
         [0020]    The sensor data transmitted from the personal modules  100  to the fixed communications center  202  is used by emergency services to execute an appropriate and effective response. Upon receipt of information from the personal modules  100 , the fixed communication center  202  notifies emergency services and relevant government agencies of the particular toxic substance and the exposure to the substance that has caused, or is likely to cause, harm to humans. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the basic components of, and functions provided by each personal module  100 . The personal module  100  is based around a central processing unit (CPU) which provides computer means and software  110  operable for interpreting data from environmental sensors  104 - 119  and stored databases  101 , and provides the wearer with instructions for mitigating or avoiding impending danger. The databases  101  stored in the personal module  100  provide the CPU and software  110  with information regarding human injury tolerance  102  and human susceptibility to chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agents  103 . The injury tolerance database  102  provides the CPU and software  110  with clinically observed reference values for injury to the human body. The human susceptibility to CBR agents database  103  provides the CPU and software  110  with reference values for injury to the human body based on exposure to a known set of chemicals, pathogens, toxins, and nuclear radiation. The sensors  104 - 109  incorporated within the personal module  100  include a 3-axis accelerometer  104 , a chemical threat sensor  105 , a biological threat sensor  106 , a radiological threat sensor  107 , a fluid submersion sensor  108 , and an atmospheric pressure sensor  109 . The radio frequency(RF) receiver  110  receives wireless signals from near by personal modules  100  and the fixed communications center  202  and outputs them to the CPU and software  110  for processing. The global positioning system (GPS) receiver  120  provides the CPU and software  110  with information regarding the geographical location and altitude of the personal module  100 . 
         [0022]    Using the inputs from the databases  101 , the sensors  104 - 109 , the RF receiver  110 , and the GPS receiver  120 , the CPU and software  110  first interpret the raw sensor output data using a sensor output interpretation algorithm  111 . Once interpreted, the data from the accelerometer  104 , the fluid submersion sensor  108 , and the pressure sensor  109  are sent to the injury probability algorithm  112  where it is compared with the reference values from the human injury tolerances database  102 . If the injury probability algorithm  112  determines that injury to the wearer of the module  100  is probable, the information is sent first to the recommendation algorithm  114  and then to the module&#39;s memory  115 . The recommendation algorithm  114  evaluates the type and severity of the probable injury, and outputs a signal to the video screen  121  and speaker  122  that provides the wearer with instructions as to what actions should be taken to mitigate injury. Once the data is stored in the random access memory (RAM)  116  and permanent (i.e. FLASH) memory  117  of the personal module  100  it is wirelessly sent by the RF transmitter  118  to nearby personal modules  100  and the fixed communications center  202 . The information can also be downloaded through the hardware output port  119  to a laptop or palmtop computer (not shown). 
         [0023]    Once interpreted, the data from the chemical threat sensor  105 , the biological threat sensor  106 , and the radiological threat sensor  107  are sent to the CBR agent harm probability algorithm  113  where it is compared with the reference values from the human susceptibility to CBR agents database  103 . If the CBR agent harm probability algorithm  113  determines that the wearer of the module  100  has been exposed to a harmful dose of a chemical, biological, or radiological agent, the information is sent first to the recommendation algorithm and then out to the module&#39;s memory  115 . The recommendation algorithm  114  evaluates the type of harmful agent to which the wearer has been exposed, as well as the dose to which the wearer has been exposed, and outputs a signal to the video screen  121  and speaker  122  that provides the wearer with instructions as to what actions he/she should take. For example, depending on the specific threat, the video and audio instructions could indicate if any commonly available substances can be used for decontamination, if the agent should be scraped or washed from the skin or left alone, if the agent is likely to accumulate near the ceiling or near the floor, or a variety of other situation specific recommendations. The recommendation algorithm  114  also takes into account information received from nearby personal modules  100 , information received from the fixed communications center, and location data from its internal GPS receiver  120  to provide the wearer with directions for relocation to a less harmful environment. In the case of a chemical release, chemical threat data from nearby modules will allow the recommendation algorithm  114  to direct the wearer to a location with a lower density of the harmful chemical. Data stored in the module&#39;s  100  RAM  116  and permanent memory  117  is wirelessly sent by the RF transmitter  118  to nearby personal modules  100  and to the fixed communications center  202 . The information can also be downloaded through the hardware output port  119  to a laptop or palmtop computer. 
         [0024]    Turning now to  FIG. 2 , an example of a possible chain of communication between a single personal module  100 , a wireless service provider  201 , the fixed communications center  202 , and a variety of emergency response services  203 - 209  is illustrated. In the event of a disaster, each personal module  100  continually transmits its interpreted sensor data and location to the fixed communications center  202  via a wireless service provider  201 . The transmissions of multiple personal modules  100  can then be used by the fixed communications center  202  to determine a variety of critical parameters regarding the disaster. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to, the type (chemical, biological, bomb blast, flood, etc.) of disaster present, the epicenter of the affected area, the boundaries of the affected area, the severity gradient with respect to location, the severity gradient with respect to time, and the approximate number of people affected. Such parameters, as well as additional information available only to the fixed communications center  202 , can then be sent back to the personal modules  100  to improve the recommendations provided to the wearer of each unit. The accuracy and resolution of the calculated parameters is dependent on the number of personal modules transmitting data from different locations. These critical parameters are also transmitted from the fixed communications center  202  to relevant emergency and non-emergency services that may include paramedics  203 , hospitals  204 , police  205 , the Department of Homeland Security  206 , insurance providers  207 , the Department of Transportation  208 , and the Federal Aviation Administration  209 . Such groups can then overlay the supplied parameters onto a map of the affected area in order to effectively plan and execute a response to the emergency situation. 
         [0025]    An example of how the RADNS of the present invention can be used as a tool for victims of a disaster and first responders is illustrated in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  is a depiction of an overhead map  300  of a representative metropolitan city that has been the subject of a fictitious terrorist attack. Overlaid onto the map are the locations of multiple personal modules  100  depicted as dark rectangles, the epicenter  301  of the attack depicted as a dark circular dot, with concentric rings of severity  302 ,  303 ,  304  centered thereon. Depending on the nature of the attack, rings  302 - 304  could respectively represent decreasing densities of a chemical agent, a biological agent, radioactivity, etc. Also shown is a possible location for the fixed communications center  202 . While  FIG. 3  depicts the fixed communications center  202  as being near the exemplary metropolitan city, it is understood that the fixed communications center  202  can be located elsewhere, or even centrally with respect to the North American continent. 
         [0026]    It can be seen from the map  300  that in the event of such a disaster the various personal modules  100  will each sense, interpret, record, and transmit environmental data that is unique to the grographic coordinates of the particular personal module. With access to a collection of information provided by the sensors in each personal module sensors, the sensors of nearby personal modules  100 , and that transmitted from the fixed communications center  202 , each personal module  100  will direct its wearer in a direction radial to, and away from the estimated epicenter of the attack. 
         [0027]    The map  300  is also representative of one that could be created by overlaying the location and severity data from the individual personal modules  100  over a map of the affected area. Such a map  300  would offer emergency groups  203 - 206  an improved method for determining the locations of victims and the geographical area covered by the disaster, and would also allow for the implementation of efficient triage. Because emergency response services have access to the probable severity of injury to each wearer of a personal module  100 , they can efficiently categorize the victims of the disaster according to medical need prior to arriving at the scene. Responders will immediately seek out the locations of victims whose personal modules  100  have indicated probable, but treatable, injuries, and give lower priority to the areas where signals from personal modules  100  indicate that there is no possibility of human survival. With respect to map  300 , emergency responders may be able to treat the wearers of personal modules  100  that lay outside severity ring  302  first, with the understanding that there are likely no survivors residing within severity ring  302 . This prospect of advanced triage may ultimately lead to a minimization of victim deaths, and an improvement of rescued patient outcome, when compared to the currently used methods of triage. 
         [0028]    The map  300  may also be used by non emergency services  207 - 209  in order to initiate a long term response to the disaster, or in order to better plan for similar future situations. For example, the FAA  209  may be able to use such information to immediately redirect flights around the site of the disaster, or determine if the occupants and structures of nearby airports have been compromised. Insurance providers  207  may also be able to use the information to immediately begin evaluating damage, and possibly to prevent the payment of fraudulent claims from person&#39;s who were near, but not actually affected, by the disaster. 
         [0029]    The system (RADNS) can detect, transmit, and interpret information regarding many types of physically or biologically harmful disasters, including those that are man-made, natural, intentional, or accidental. The system is intended to quickly and efficiently transmit useful information to response teams, thereby minimizing both the total number of disaster victims as well as the expenditure of community resources. The personal modules  100  are small devices that can be stowed in a person&#39;s pocket, similar to a cell phone or a digital music player. As the miniaturization of sensors and integrated circuits progresses, the personal modules  100  may eventually be worn on the arm, in the manner of a wristwatch. 
         [0030]    While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.