Abstract:
The invention relates to LED-based lamps, luminaires and lighting systems for buildings particularly, though not exclusively; for providing emergency light in the event of power failure. In particular it provides a light-emitting diode lamp comprising a support ( 26 ) and an array of light emitting diodes ( 58 ) on the support, an optical axis ( 72 ) passing through the middle of the array ( 58 ) and diodes increasing in number and increasing in inclination with distance from the optical axis ( 72 ). It also provides a luminaire ( 24 ) comprising a lamp as described above and a lens ( 30 ) having facets for generally un-deviated and un-reflected passage of light from off-axis diodes, and a building emergency lighting system comprising luminaires ( 24 ) as described above. In an alternative embodiment inclination of the light is through progressively increasing inclination of the facets.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to lamps, luminaires and lighting systems for buildings particularly, though not exclusively, for providing emergency light in the event of power failure.  
         BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Building emergency lighting for use in the event of power failure is a requirement for public buildings, for example department stores, offices, hospitals, museums, libraries, sporting facilities and the like. Such lighting is required to operate for an extended period by power from internal storage batteries that are put into use when the mains power supply fails. Despite their hunger for power and limited life, such lighting devices have up to now relied on incandescent lamps or fluorescent tubes. Light-emitting diodes (LED&#39;s) have low power consumption and long life, but suggestions for their use for building lighting have been few, and the problem of emergency lighting of pathways and areas as opposed to individual signs has not been considered.  
           [0003]    Battery powered LED arrays built into building exit signs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,124. Although the LEDs can illuminate the exit sign, in the disclosed signs they do not have the capacity to provide emergency illumination over large areas of the building. Patents U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,575,459 and 5,463,280 disclose LED lamps for use in exit signs and based on linear arrays of LEDs.  
           [0004]    There have been a variety of disclosures of LED-based lamps outside the emergency lighting field. LED-based light strings for Christmas trees are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,984,999 and 5,495,147. LED arrays for vehicle lamps are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,929,866 and 4,935,665. A lamp using LEDs and a concave reflector to provide a concentrated beam is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,553, but such proposals are not appropriate for building emergency lighting where the requirement is to provide large areas of evenly distributed intensity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,838,247 discloses arrays of LEDs to provide the circular lamps for traffic lights. U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,557 discloses LEDs feeding their light into a curved cylindrical lens for generating a controlled beam pattern which is elongated in a defined plane, e.g. for a marine light fitted to a buoy or marker. Light strings based on LEDs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,280.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    It is an object of the invention to provide improved lamps and luminaires that can be used to provide emergency lighting for areas of buildings.  
           [0006]    In one aspect the invention provides a light-emitting diode lamp comprising a support and an array of light emitting diodes on the support, an optical axis passing through the middle of the array, wherein:  
           [0007]    the diodes increase in number with distance from the optical axis; and  
           [0008]    the light from the diodes increases in inclination with distance from the optical axis.  
           [0009]    The present invention further provides a light-emitting diode lamp comprising a support and an array of light emitting diodes on the support, an optical axis passing through the middle of the array and the diodes increasing in number and increasing in inclination with distance from the optical axis.  
           [0010]    The invention also provides a luminaire comprising a lamp as described above and a lens having facets for generally un-deviated and un-reflected passage of light from off-axis diodes.  
           [0011]    The invention further provides a building emergency lighting system comprising luminaires as described above.  
           [0012]    The invention yet further provides a light-emitting diode lamp comprising a support and an array of light emitting diodes on the support, and control means for causing the lamp to operate in a first mode to provide emergency lighting and in a second mode to provide continuous security lighting and to operate at a first power during emergency lighting and at a second power less than the first power during security lighting.  
         BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED FEATURES  
         [0013]    The lamp may be ceiling or wall-mounted and be used to provide various patterns of light on a floor, e.g.:  
           [0014]    a single lobe facing away from the axis for use e.g. adjacent an opening in a wall;  
           [0015]    first and second lobes facing in opposite directions away from the axis for use e.g. in a path through a room;  
           [0016]    first and second lobes facing in opposite directions away from the axis along a first line and third and fourth lobes facing in opposite directions away from the axis along a second line directed at right angles to the first line for use at an intersection of two paths;  
           [0017]    A circularly symmetrical pattern of light for general illumination.  
           [0018]    The inclination of the light may result from passage of the light from diodes at progressively increasing distance from the axis through respective lens facets of progressively increasing inclination. Alternatively the inclination of the light may result from an increase in inclination of the diodes with distance from the optical axis.  
           [0019]    In one construction, the support may be generally planar and the diodes may be carried on inclined faces forming part of the support. The support may be concave and the diodes may be carried or mounted on the inner face, or as in a preferred embodiment the support may be convex and the diodes may be on the outer face. The support may be of flexible PCB material e.g. a fiberglass-based thin PCB material.  
           [0020]    The diodes are advantageously lensed with clear lenses and have an output in the form of a concentrated beam of angle of e.g. about ±25° with respect to their optical axes, although both larger and smaller values are possible. The LEDs should produce white light, as this is required for building emergency illumination.  
           [0021]    The diodes are preferably at spacings one from another. Rather than using discrete lensed LEDs, it may, however, be possible to mount chip diodes on a PCB or other support and to subsequently overlay lenses e.g. in strips on the LEDs to give directional light output. The support advantageously carries an electrical circuit for supplying power to the diodes, the diodes being connected in parallel.  
           [0022]    A luminaire according to the invention advantageously further comprises storage batteries for supplying current to the diodes, a charging circuit for charging the batteries from mains power and a control circuit for switching battery power to the diodes on loss of mains power. In a variant a luminaire according to the invention may contain within a single housing e.g. for mounting on or in a ceiling both a LED lamp as aforesaid and least one source of general light, e.g. at least one incandescent lamp or at least one fluorescent tube. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0023]    Various embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plan view of a room in a department store showing an escape path along which luminaires according to a first embodiment of the invention are fitted as downlights;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 is a perspective view from underneath of one of the luminaires to be fitted along an escape path as shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0026]    FIGS.  3 - 6  are respectively a longitudinal vertical section, a side view, an end view and an underneath view of the luminaire of FIG. 2;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the luminaire from above with an upper part of the luminaire exploded from the lower part to reveal a battery compartment;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic plan view of a diode array circuit board showing conductors for one of the diodes in the array;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram for the LED array;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of a power supply and control circuit for the luminaire;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 11 is a graph showing longitudinal and transverse light intensity distributions for the luiminaire of FIGS.  2 - 10 ;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIGS. 12 and 13 show the luminaire in alternative installation sites;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 14 shows a second embodiment of the invention in which a luminaire according to the invention is combined with a luminaire for providing general light;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIGS. 15 and 16 are respectively a plan view of a circuit board for a third embodiment of the invention before fitting of the diodes and a perspective view of the board with diodes in place and folded;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 17 shows diagrammatically a circuit board for a fourth embodiment of the invention having an alternative diode array;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIGS. 18 and 19 show diagrammatically a support and lens array for fifth and sixth embodiments of the invention;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 20 shows a further diode array;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 21 shows a circuit board carrying the array of FIG. 20 in an un-folded state,  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 22 is an underneath view of the array showing fold lines and FIG. 23 is a side views of the array in folded state;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIGS. 24 and 25 are side and underneath views of an alternative form of the array of FIG. 22 in which the support remains planar and outer rows of diodes are inclined;  
         [0041]    FIGS.  26 - 28  are diagrammatic views of further LED arrays;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 29 is a view of an opening in a wall of a building and associated luminaries for security/emergency lighting including luminaries for mounting adjacent to the opening,  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 30 is a front perspective view of the luminaire and  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the luminaire of FIG. 30 and of an illuminated sign depending therefrom; and  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 32 is a view of a planar circuit board and fresnel lens for distributing light carried by the circuit board to the far field. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0046]    Where the supply of normal lighting to premises fails, emergency lighting may be required, providing escape lighting that fulfils the following functions:  
         [0047]    (a) indicating escape routes;  
         [0048]    (b) providing illumination along such routes to allow safe movement towards and through exits;  
         [0049]    (c) enabling fire alarm call points and fire fighting equipment provided along escape routes to be readily located.  
         [0050]    In the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a sales space  10  of a department store having sales counters  12  in an area  14 , storage facilities  16  and a path  18  between an entrance  20  and an exit  22 . In ordinary circumstances, the path  18  serves as a walkway, but in the event of a power failure or other emergency it also serves as an escape path. Emergency lighting luminaires powered by storage batteries are used to light both the path  18  and other areas such as the sales area  14 . British standards, for example BS 5266-1:1999 require an even illumination of 1.0 lux and of width at least 0.5 meter along the path  18  and illumination of 0.2 lux in other areas. Up to now such emergency illumination has been provided by luminaires that have incandescent or fluorescent lamps, and it is one of the objects of this invention to provide a luminaire for emergency lighting that takes advantage of the long life, high luminous efficiency and low power consumption of light-emitting diodes. Furthermore the luminaire of the invention can be provided in both non-maintained and in maintained versions, the maintained version being illuminatable as required to provide low-level security lighting e.g. for use overnight or at weekends when the main illumination is off so that for example security cameras can monitor the space which is being illuminated. When used for the purposes of security lighting, the LED&#39;s are preferably run at a reduced output compared to when they are run in emergency mode in order to preserve their life. Intelligent electronics built into the lamp can provide the security lighting and the emergency illumination modes of running the LEDs and can monitor the operation of the system and detect faults as will be described more fully below. The use of LED-based security lighting instead of security lighting based on incandescent or fluorescent lamps offers the possibility of achieving large energy savings.  
         [0051]    Referring now to FIG. 2, a luminaire  24  according to a first embodiment of the invention for surface mounting in a ceiling or for mounting in an aperture or recess formed in the ceiling comprises a holder  26  for fixing to or into the ceiling, a body  28  that is a snap fit or is otherwise removably attached to the holder  26  and a lens  30  forming part of the body  28 . As is apparent from FIG. 3, the holder  26  is generally of channel section with end caps and it may be of extruded aluminum or other suitable material. Inner edge surfaces  32  are provided for snap engagement with mating surfaces  34  of the body  28  also of extruded aluminum or other suitable material. A web portion  35  of the body is spaced from the holder  26  to define a compartment  36  for batteries  38  that are held in position by spring clips  40 . The batteries  38  may be nickel metal hydride cells for maintaining reliable emergency operation without the problems of discharge memory effect; nickel cadmium batteries could also be used. The intelligent electronics built into the lamp may provide for controlled charging and discharging of the cells  38  to achieve optimum life and performance for the batteries  38 . A lower face of the web portion  35  supports a motherboard  42  on which is mounted a transformer  44  and other power supply and control circuitry. As shown in FIG. 7, the holder  26  carries first electrical connectors  31 ,  31   a  that mate with a second electrical connector  22  on the lamp body when the holder and body are fitted together for supply of mains and battery power to the motherboard  42  and also for providing charging current to the batteries  38  during quiescent or non-emergency conditions. Return flanges  46  of the body  28  are formed at their ends  48  with slots to receive a flexible fiberglass circuit board  50  that assumes a convex arcuate profile and carries an array of LEDs generally indicated by the reference numeral  58  on its lower face. The board  50  is of thickness about 0.5 mm and is single-sided with printed conductors on the face opposite to that to which the LEDs are attached. In the lamp shown, the board  50  becomes bent to a radius of curvature of about 45 mm. Further slots  52  provide a location for the lens  30  which has a radius of curvature of 60 mm. The ends of the body are closed by plates  54  which are attached to the body  28  by any convenient means, e.g. by screws  56  that locate in fixing channels  60 . The plates  54  close off the ends of both the body  28  and the holder  26 .  
         [0052]    Referring to FIGS. 1 and 6, the diode array  58  is directed parallel to the longitudinal direction of the lamp and comprises a central red lensed LED  62  and rows  64 , 64 ′,  66 , 66 ′,  68 , 68 ′,  70 , 70 ′ of white lensed LEDs disposed symmetrically at progressively increasing distances from the LED  62  and respectively containing 2, 3, 4 and 5 LEDs. The LED  62  is provided to give a status indication, and the remaining white LEDs provide emergency illumination in a first mode and security lighting in a second mode as and when required. At the time of attachment of the LEDs to the circuit board  50 , they are all parallel and normal to its surface, but when fitted into the luminaire, the white LEDs are inclined outwardly at angles that increase progressively with distance from the LED  62 . If the array is defined to have an optical axis  72  (FIG. 3) that passes along a radius of the board  50  through the LED  62 , then the working LEDs increase in number and in angle of outward inclination with distance from the optical axis. The diodes are spaced apart from one another in the array, with spacing between one diode and another in each row being 10 mm and the spacing between one row and another being 8.66 mm. The lamp may use InGaN (indium gallium nitride) white LEDs which can provide a long service life. In the embodiment shown, each white LED is a Nichia NSPW 510 BS lensed LED (available in the UK from plusOpto, Leigh, Lancs) that has a diameter of 5 mm, a length of 7 mm, a rated output of 1.1 candela and an output angle of 50° (i.e. the light is emitted as a divergent conical concentrated beam having a width of ±25° with respect to the optical axis of the LED).  
         [0053]    For attractive aesthetics of the luminaire, the lens  30  should have a larger radius of curvature than the circuit board  50 , and in the present embodiment a radius of 60 mm has been selected. It is important to avoid waste of light from the LED&#39;s by back reflection from the lens  30  or through multiple reflections within the lens. The difference in curvature between the board  50  and the lens  30  creates few problems close to the optical axis  72 , and for that reason the lens can have a plain curved axial region  74  through which light from the status indicator LED  62  and the working LEDs of the innermost rows  64 , 64 ′ passes. Further from the optical axis the lens is formed with facets  76 , 76 ′,  78 , 78 ′,  80 , 80 ′ through which light from the diodes in rows  66 , 66 ′,  68 , 68 ′,  70 , 70 ′ passes, the facets being directed generally normal to the optical axes of the diodes in each row. Each facet is larger than the divergent beam from the LED impinging on it, so that the light from each LED passes through the facet with minimal deviation or reflection. Although the beam from each LED is relatively concentrated, it is possible to obtain even coverage over a wide field, with the greater intensity of emitted light being directed into the far field. The results obtainable with the above described are shown in FIG. 11 which is a plot of intensity [cd/1000 lm] against angle in the transverse (solid line) and axial (dotted lines) direction. In addition to good intensity on axis, it will be observed that a high intensity of illumination is obtained up to ±45° with respect to the optical axis.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 8 shows the upper face of the circuit board  50  according to a first embodiment with longitudinal conductive tracks  82 , 84  between which are shown conductors  86 , 88  for a series resistor  89  and connector pads  90  for an LED. It will be noted that the conductors  86 , 88  and the surface mounted series resistor  89  are directed along the no-bend axis  92 , whereas the tracks  82 , 84  are directed along the bend axis  94 . This arrangement minimizes circuit faults arising when the board  50  is curved to the shape shown in FIG. 3. The circuit diagram of the board  50  with its current-limiting resistors and LEDs is as shown in FIG. 9. It will be noted that all the working LEDs are connected in parallel so that failure of any diode leaves the others still working. It may be desirable to avoid thermal interaction between the resistors and the LEDS. For that purpose a layout may be adopted in which the load resistors  89  are located on or adjacent to the tracks  82 , 84  and the LEDs are spaced from the tracks  82 , 84 . With this arrangement the thermally sensitive LEDs are protected from the heat from the load resistors.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 10 gives schematic circuit of the driving and control circuitry. Mains AC is supplied via low-voltage transformer  100  to bridge rectifier  102  and the resulting low voltage DC output passes via voltage regulator  104  and battery constant current control unit  106  to the rechargeable battery unit  108  made up of the individual batteries  38  in space  36 . During normal running this path maintains the batteries charged ready for use should an emergency arise. The mains input is also fed to an input voltage detection unit  112  whose output is fed through opto-coupler monitor  143  to a solid-state control unit  110  (e.g. a microcontroller). Assuming that power is present and the luminaire is operating correctly the control unit  110  causes the LED  62  to show a steady light. If, however there is a fault in the control circuitry, auto-test and monitoring software  113  activates flashing unit  114  to cause the LED  62  to flash. In an alternative arrangement instead of the red LED  62  there is provided a bi-color red/green LED that gives a constant green signal unless a fault is detected or the cells  38  are insufficiently charged, in which case it gives a flashing red signal. If power fails, the control unit  110  responds to a signal from the detection unit  112  by causing the control unit  106  to draw current from the battery unit  108  and to energize the white LEDs on the board  50 . A manual input  115  can be used to cause a diagnostic test to be carried out, and maintained (lamp on with mains ON or OFF) or non-maintained (lamp OFF when mains ON) mode can be selected using a selector  117 . In the maintained mode, emergency illumination and security illumination modes can be selected as described above. Battery voltage is monitored by monitor  109  that provides a feedback signal to the control unit  110  to enable the batteries to be maintained at the correct level of charge.  
         [0056]    Light output from a practical embodiment of the lamp is shown in FIG. 11. As is apparent, the illumination is in two zones directed to opposite sides of the optical axis in a “bats-wing” configuration, and with the maximum intensity some 20° off the optical axis. The distribution and illumination levels achieved with this embodiment have been found to be sufficient for emergency lighting in shops, offices and other buildings.  
         [0057]    Various modifications may be made to the luminaire described above without departing from the invention. Although it has been shown as ceiling mounted, it could be wall-mounted as is the luminaire  118  in wall  118   a  of FIG. 12 or an upright  119  mounted in floor  119   a  as shown in FIG. 13. Furthermore it can be combined with a general light luminaire that may have one or more incandescent lamps as its main source or one or more fluorescent lamps. In FIG. 14, a luminaire  121  comprises a fluorescent tube lamp  123  and a LED luminaire  125  of the general type previously described built in side-by-side relationship into a single housing or unit  127 .  
         [0058]    As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, the circuit board  130  may be curved along two axes to provide a bi-axial light output, or it could be part spherical. The LED array need not nave the number of diodes indicated, and as shown in FIG. 17, for example, it may have rows of three, four and five diodes. In order to provide a more closely planar front face e.g. to be less conspicuous when the luminaire is ceiling-mounted, the diodes may be built into facets of an otherwise generally planar support  140  with a curved front lens  142  as shown in FIG. 18 or with an appropriately revised planar or near planar faceted lens  142   a  as shown in FIG. 19.  
         [0059]    In FIG. 20 there is shown diagrammatically a circuit board  50 ′ carrying a further LED array having a central LED  62 ′ and rows of diodes  64 ″,  64 ′″,  66 ″,  66 ′″,  68 ″,  68 ′″,  70 ″,  70 ′″ having 2, 3, 4 and 5 diodes per row. FIGS.  21 - 23  show the board of FIG. 20 with outer regions plane folded to direct light from the outer rows of diodes  68 ″,  68 ′″,  70 ″,  70 ′″ to the far field as shown. In the variant of FIGS. 24 and 25, the board  50 ″ remains planar and the diodes  68 ″,  68 ′″,  70 ″,  70 ′″ of the outer two rows are mounted in outwardly facing orientations to direct light into the far field as shown. As shown in FIG. 26, the LED support can be concavely curved in profile when installed into the luminaire with the LEDs on the inner face and FIG. 27 is a view similar to that of FIG. 26 except that the outer regions of the board are folded or faceted instead of curved. The advantage of using a concave array is that the aperture required in the ceiling or in the housing of a luminaire can be smaller than with the convex arrangement and without obstruction by the housing of the light emitted from the LEDs. In FIG. 28 the array is as shown in FIG. 6 and comprises green/red LED  62 ″″ and white LEDs  64 ″″,  66 ″″,  68 ″″ and  70 ″″. There are added to the periphery of the array additional path-indicating LEDs  145  of a contrasting color to the white LEDs, e.g. green LEDs.  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 29 shows a luminaire  24  as described with reference to FIGS.  2 - 11  mounted on ceiling  151  and a door opening  152  provided with downwardly facing LED-based downlighters  150 . Each downlighter effectively has half the optics of a downlighter  24 , that is to say a red/green status LED  154  and rows of 2, 3, 4 and 5 white LEDs marked  156 ,  158 ,  160 ,  162 , all behind a lens  164  whose profile is one half of the lens  30 . The downlighters  150  are shown wall-mounted but they could also be ceiling-mounted adjacent to the door opening  152 . As shown in FIG. 31, the lower face of one of the downlighters  150  also supports a depending illuminated information panel  166 .  
         [0061]    In FIG. 30, a diode array on a planar circuit board  171  comprises a central red/green LED  170  and rows  172 ,  172 ″,  173 ,  173 ′,  174 ,  174 ′ and  175 ,  175 ′ whose number increases progressively with distance from the central LED  170  as for the array of FIG. 6. In this instance however, all the LEDs are mounted substantially parallel and facing substantially at right angles away from the board  171 . A fresnel lens comprises a central region  176  that passes the light undeviated or with slight deviation, and facets  177 ,  177 ′,  178 , 178 ′ and  179 ,  179 ′ that are arranged to collect the light from the diodes in rows  173 , 173 ′,  174 , 174 ′ and  175 , 175 ′ and direct it at progressively increasing angles towards the far field.