Abstract:
A method of forming an Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack comprising
       injecting into the reaction chamber, through an ALD process, at least one silicon containing compound selected from the group consisting of:   BDEAS Bis(diethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 ,   BDMAS Bis(dimethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 ,   BEMAS Bis(ethylmethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEtMe) 2 ,   DIPAS (Di-isopropylamido)silane SiH 3 (NiPr 2 ),   DTBAS (Di tert-butylamido)silane SiH 3 (NtBu 2 );   injecting into the reaction chamber an oxygen source selected in the list: oxygen, ozone, oxygen plasma, water, CO 2  plasma, N 2 O plasma;   and injecting on said silicon oxide film, through an ALD process, at least one aluminum containing compound selected in the list: Al(Me) 3 , Al(Et) 3 , Al(Me) 2 (OiPr), Al(Me) 2 (NMe) 2  or Al(Me) 2 (NEt) 2 .

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a 371 of International PCT Application no. PCT/EP2011/072970 filed Dec. 15, 2011, which claims priority to European Application Nos. 11305115.5 filed Feb. 7, 2011 and 11305114.8 filed Feb. 7, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention concerns a method of deposition of Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  and Si 3 N 4 /Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stacks, from aluminium and silicon precursors, useful for the deposition of thin films in photovoltaic technologies, in particular for solar cells. 
         [0003]    The photovoltaic effect is known since the end of the 19 th  century. The principle consists in converting light energy into electricity. In the current context where shortages in fossil energy are expected by the end of the century, this is a promising solution to produce clean and renewable energy. One of the reasons for the slow development of photovoltaic electricity up to now is its lack of competitiveness compared to the traditional solutions such as coal, fossil fuels or nuclear based electricity. So the contribution of solar electricity as one significant component of the future energy mix is bounded to the capability to reduce further the cost per watt peak. To reach this goal, reduction of the manufacturing costs and improvement of cell&#39;s efficiency are two solutions that must be explored in parallel. 
         [0004]    Reduction of the manufacturing costs is addressed for example with thinner wafers usage to limit the impact of silicon price on the overall cell&#39;s cost and in general with reduced raw materials consumption, including chemicals used during each step of the manufacturing. This manufacturing cost decrease is often driven by manufacturing tools providers (the OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturers) and by material suppliers. 
         [0005]    Improvement of photovoltaic cell&#39;s efficiency requires innovation often driven by R&amp;D laboratories. For example, there is significant R&amp;D work carried out by academics on passivation phenomenon. This may contribute to the enhancement of the photovoltaic cell&#39;s performance. 
         [0006]    SiO 2  is known in semiconductor and photovoltaic industries to be a passivation material leading to a strong reduction in surface recombination. High quality SiO 2  layer is grown by wet thermal oxidation at 900° C. or dry oxidation at 850° C.-1000° C. under oxygen. These high temperatures are generally not compatible with photovoltaic devices manufacturing. Therefore, alternative methods were developed such as Chemical Vapor Deposition of SiO 2  from TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) with O 2 . But one of the drawbacks of CVD is the difficulty to control the thickness and consequently the resulting inhomogeneity of the film. Another disadvantage is the relatively poor passivation of CVD SiO 2 . For these reasons Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is preferred as it allows achieving deposition of homogeneous layer, showing good passivation properties. 
         [0007]    Whatever the deposition method, activation of the passivation capabilities of an as-deposited SiO 2  layer, an annealing step must be performed under hydrogen at 850° C. If this annealing step is not carried out under hydrogen, structural defect will be reduced but the surface recombination velocity (SRV) will not decrease as massive hydrogen activation and consequently hydrogen diffusion is required to achieve significant dangling bonds passivation at the surface of silicon. This hydrogen can of course come from the film itself but the hydrogen is mainly supplied by the N 2 —H 2  atmosphere. If the annealing temperature is over 900° C. a loss of hydrogen from the surface can happen and therefore be detrimental to the passivation properties of the silicon oxide layer. Also, even though this phenomenon is reversible thanks to another annealing, a natural loss of hydrogen can happen and induce a decrease of the SRV with time and therefore harm the passivation capabilities of the layer. 
         [0008]    The conversion efficiency of a device is increased if the probability of hole-electron pairs to recombine at the surface or in the bulk of the silicon is reduced: the lower the number of defects into the material the higher the probability that charge carriers are collected. The recombination takes place on the front side of the solar cell as well as on the backside. In fact, hydrogen radicals are integrated into the film during deposition. The annealing step is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere with an appropriate hydrogen concentration to obtain a more pronounced driving force for the hydrogen to passivate the dandling bond. A hydrogen desorption phenomenon is increased with the annealing temperature but it is also observed at room temperature: it explains the decrease of the SiO 2  layer&#39;s passivation properties. Hydrogen is therefore a key player and its chemical passivation capability is known. 
         [0009]    SiO 2  has passivation capabilities but, due to the drawbacks discussed above, Al 2 O 3  passivation is now considered. As for SiO 2  layers, recent studies of Al 2 O 3  deposition demonstrate that the layer is naturally enriched with hydrogen during deposition. Al 2 O 3  contains a reasonable level of hydrogen and therefore it is not strictly necessary to add H 2  to the N 2 . 
         [0010]    As for SiO 2 , hydrogen in the layer will chemically passivate the dangling bonds at the surface of the interface and in the bulk of the silicon. Contrary to SiO 2 , no hydrogen desorption is observed and therefore one can believe that the efficiency of the chemical passivation will not decrease with time. Consequently, Al 2 O 3  capability to perform passivation can be higher than the SiO 2  one. 
         [0011]    So there is a need for a layer having a very efficient passivation for n-type and p-type substrates. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    The present invention concerns a method of forming an Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack comprising successively the steps of:
       a) providing a substrate into a reaction chamber;   b) injecting into the reaction chamber, through an ALD process, at least one silicon containing compound selected from the group consisting of:
           BDEAS Bis(diethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 ,   BDMAS Bis(dimethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 ,   BEMAS Bis(ethylmethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEtMe) 2 ,   DIPAS (Di-isopropylamido)silane SiH 3 (NiPr 2 ),   DTBAS (Di tert-butylamido)silane SiH 3 (NtBu 2 );   
           c) injecting into the reaction chamber an oxygen source selected in the list: oxygen, ozone, oxygen plasma, water, CO 2  plasma, N 2 O plasma;   d) reacting at a temperature comprised between 20° C. and 400° C., preferably lower or equal to 250° C., into the reaction chamber at least one of the silicon containing compounds and the oxygen source in order to obtain the SiO 2  layer deposited onto the substrate;   e) injecting on said silicon oxide film, through an ALD process, at least one aluminum containing compound selected in the list: Al(Me) 3 , Al(Et) 3 , Al(Me) 2 (OiPr), Al(Me) 2 (NMe) 2  or Al(Me) 2 (NEt) 2 ;   f) injecting the oxygen source as defined in step c);   g) reacting at a temperature comprised between 20° C. and 400° C., preferably lower or equal to 250° C., into the reaction chamber at least one of the aluminium containing compounds and the oxygen source in order to obtain the Al 2 O 3  layer deposited onto the SiO 2  layer issued of step d).       
 
         [0025]    According to other embodiments, the invention concerns:
       A method as defined above wherein said silicon containing compound is BDEAS Bis(diethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 .   A method as defined above, comprising the steps:
           Repeating steps b) to d) before the beginning of step e) until the desired SiO 2  layer thickness is obtained; and if necessary,   Repeating steps e) to g) until the desired Al 2 O 3  layer thickness is obtained.   
           A method as defined above, wherein SiO 2  layer has a thickness comprised between 1 nm and 15 nm and Al 2 O 3  layer has a thickness of 30 nm.   A method as defined above, comprising the step:
           h) annealing the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack issued of step g) at a temperature comprised between 400° C. and 900° C., preferably between 400° C. and 425° C., in an atmosphere of nitrogen.   
           A method as defined above, wherein the duration of the annealing step h) is no more than 10 minutes.   A method as defined above, wherein the silicon containing compound comprises at least 97% of at least one silicon containing compound selected from the group consisting of:
           BDEAS Bis(diethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 ,   BDMAS Bis(dimethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 ,   BEMAS Bis(ethylmethylamino)silane SiH 2 (NEtMe) 2 ,   DIPAS (Di-isopropylamido)silane SiH 3 (NiPr 2 ),   DTBAS (Di tert-butylamido)silane SiH 3 (NtBu 2 ); and:
               From 200 ppb to 5 ppm of Mo (Molybdenum),   From 1000 ppb to 5 ppm of Fe (Iron),   From 200 ppb to 5 ppm of Cu (Copper),   From 200 ppb to 10 ppm of Ta (Tantalum).   
               
           h) A method as defined above, wherein the aluminium containing compound comprises at least 97% of at least one aluminum containing compound selected in the list: Al(Me) 3 , Al(Et) 3 , Al(Me) 2 (OiPr), Al(Me) 2 (NMe) 2  or Al(Me) 2 (NEt) 2 ; and:
           From 200 ppb to 5 ppm of Mo (Molybdenum),   From 1000 ppb to 5 ppm of Fe (Iron),   From 200 ppb to 5 ppm of Cu (Copper),   From 200 ppb to 10 ppm of Ta (Tantalum).   
            Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack obtained according to the method as defined above.       
 
         [0049]    Use of the stack as defined above for the passivation of photovoltaic devices, in particular for solar cells. 
         [0050]    In the present invention, the as-deposited SiO 2  layer has high hydrogen content: the higher the amount of hydrogen in the silicon precursor the higher the content of hydrogen in the layer. Al 2 O 3  is used as a diffusion barrier for hydrogen and to transfer the hydrogen radicals from the alumina layer to the SiO 2  layer during the annealing step. Thanks to the presence of the Al 2 O 3  layer, the hydrogen atoms in the SiO 2  are also better confined. In this case, the annealing step can be performed without hydrogen. Moreover, the thickness of the SiO 2  layer is used to reduce the field effect passivation of Al 2 O 3  that is not appropriate for n-type substrate. So, the stack is a good solution for an efficient passivation of n-type substrates and can be used for p-type substrates as well without significant increase in the surface recombination velocity. 
         [0051]    Nevertheless, a very efficient stack results from the usage of the most appropriate combination of precursors. 
         [0052]    The inventors of the present invention found that the precursors used in the method of the invention provide an appropriately high hydrogen concentration in the layers to feed a chemical equilibrium which effectively transfers hydrogen to the Si interface to passivate the dangling bonds. Moreover, another advantage of the invention is the use of the same oxidizer for the two precursors (during steps c) and f)) allowing an easier industrial usage. 
         [0053]    The inventors have found that this combination of precursors will lead to a hydrogen-rich Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 /Si stack with a low level of metallic contamination. 
         [0054]    Thanks to this level of hydrogen, the stack has good chemical passivation capabilities. Another benefit of the invention is the usage of an ALD method, allowing a precise control of the SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3  layers&#39; thicknesses: It is clearly an advantage to be able to grow a layer with a homogeneous thickness whatever the roughness of the substrate. 
         [0055]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that this novel combination of precursors is not solely limited to the deposition of a back surface passivation stack for multi-crystalline and monocrystalline silicon wafer based photovoltaic solar cell but its benefit could be applied to other various applications where a passivation layer is used. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Detail of a Method for Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  Stacks Deposition 
       [0000]    
       
         1. In one embodiment of the invention, the vaporization of the aluminum and silicon precursors can be performed by introducing a gas in the two canisters containing for the first the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention molecules and for the second canister the said silicon. The canisters are preferably heated at a temperature which allows to vaporize the said source with a sufficient vapor pressure. The carrier gas can be selected, from Ar, He, H 2 , N 2  or mixtures of them. The canisters can for instance be heated at temperatures in the range of 20° C. to 170° C. The temperature can be adjusted to control the amount of precursor in the gas phase. 
         2. In another embodiment of the invention, the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention is fed in the liquid state to a vaporizer where it is vaporized. 
         3. In another embodiment of the invention, the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention is fed in the liquid state to a vaporizer where it is vaporized. 
         4. In another embodiment, only one of the two precursors is fed in the liquid state to a vaporizer where it is vaporized. 
         5. In one embodiment of the invention, the pressure in said canisters is in the range from 0.133 Pa to 133 kPa. 
         6. The said vaporized silicon source is introduced into a reaction chamber where it is contacted to a substrate. The substrate can be selected from the group consisting of Si, SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, and other silicon containing substrates and films and even other metal containing films. The substrate can be heated to sufficient temperature to obtain the desired film at sufficient growth rate and with desired physical state and composition. Typical temperature range from 50° C. to 400° C. Preferably the temperature is lower or equal to 250° C. The pressure in the reaction chamber is controlled to obtain the desired metal containing film at sufficient growth rate. The pressure typically ranges from 0.133 Pa to 133 kPa or higher. 
         7. The said vaporized aluminum source is introduced into a reaction chamber where it is contacted to a substrate with a SiO 2  layer on the surface. The substrate can be heated to sufficient temperature to obtain the desired film at sufficient growth rate and with desired physical state and composition. The temperature typically ranges from 50° C. to 400° C. Preferably the temperature is lower or equal to 250° C. The pressure in the reaction chamber is controlled to obtain the desired metal containing film at sufficient growth rate. The pressure typically ranges from 0.133 Pa to 133 kPa or higher. 
         8. In one embodiment of the invention, the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention described in 1 are mixed to one or more reactant species prior to the reaction chamber. 
         9. In one embodiment of the invention, the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention described in 1 is mixed to one or more reactant species in the reaction chamber. 
         10. In another embodiment of the invention, for the deposition of the SiO 2  layer, the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention source and the reactant species are introduced sequentially in the reaction chamber (atomic layer deposition) or different combinations. One example is to introduce the reactant species (one example could be oxygen) continuously and to introduce silicon containing compound according to the present invention source by pulse. 
         11. In another embodiment of the invention, for the deposition of the SiO 2  layer, the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention source and the reactant species are introduced simultaneously (or continuously) in the reaction chamber at different spatial positions. The substrate is moved to the different spatial positions in the reaction chamber to be contacted by the precursor or the reactant species (spatial-ALD). 
         12. In another embodiment of the invention, for the deposition of the Al 2 O 3  layer, the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention described in 1 and the reactant species are introduced sequentially in the reaction chamber (atomic layer deposition) or different combinations. One example is to introduce the reactant species (one example could be oxygen) continuously and to introduce the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention by pulse. 
         13. In another embodiment of the invention, for the deposition of the Al 2 O 3  layer, the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention described in 1 and the reactant species are introduced simultaneously (or continuously) in the reaction chamber at different spatial positions. The substrate is moved to the different spatial positions in the reaction chamber to be contacted by the precursor or the reactant species (spatial-ALD). 
         14. In one embodiment of the invention, for the deposition of the SiO 2  and/or Al 2 O 3  layer, the reactant species can be flown through a remote plasma system localized upstream of the reaction chamber, and decomposed into radicals. 
         15. In one embodiment of the invention the said reactant species include an oxygen source which is selected from oxygen (O 2 ), oxygen radicals (for instance O or OH) for instance generated by a remote plasma, ozone (O 3 ), moisture (H 2 O) and H 2 O 2 , CO 2  plasma, N 2 O plasma, oxygen plasma. 
         16. In one embodiment of the invention, the said aluminium containing compound according to the present invention described in 1 are used for atomic layer deposition of Al 2 O 3  films. One of the said aluminum sources and the reactant species are introduced sequentially in the reaction chamber (atomic layer deposition). The reactor pressure is selected in the range from 0.133 Pa to 133 kPa. Preferably, the reactor pressure is comprised between 1.333 kPa and 13.3 kPa. A purge gas is introduced between the metal source pulse and the reactant species pulse. The purge gas can be selected from the group consisting of N 2 , Ar, He. The aluminum source, purge gas and reactant species pulse duration is comprised between 0.001 s and 10 s. Preferably, the pulse duration is comprised between 5 ms and 50 ms. 
         17. In another embodiment of the invention, the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention is used for atomic layer deposition of SiO 2  films. One of the said silicon sources or a mixture of them and the reactant species are introduced sequentially in the reaction chamber (atomic layer deposition). The reactor pressure in selected in the range from 0.133 Pa to 133 kPa. Preferably, the reactor pressure is comprised between 1.333 kPa and 13.3 kPa. A purge gas in introduced between the metal source pulse and the reactant species pulse. The purge gas can be selected from the group consisting of N 2 , Ar, He. The silicon source, purge gas and reactant species pulse duration is comprised between 0.1 s and 100 s. Preferably the pulse duration is comprised between 0.5 s and 10 s. 
       
     
         [0073]    In one embodiment, the SiO 2  layer is deposited first and then an Al 2 O 3  capping layer is deposited. If necessary a new bilayer Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  can be deposited. The deposition of the bilayer can be repeated several times if necessary.
   18. In one embodiment of the invention, the deposition method described in 18 can be used for aluminium silicate film deposition.   19. In another embodiment of the invention, a Si 3 N 4  capping layer can be deposited from the said silicon containing compound according to the present invention source by ALD on the Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack deposited with the method described in the points 1 to 18. This triple stack can be used for applications such as front side passivation of solar cells.   20. In one embodiment of the invention, the passivation properties of the layer are activated with an annealing step in a range of temperature between 350° C. to 1000° C. Preferably, the annealing is carried out between 400° C. and 600° C.   
 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0077]    Deposition of a Bilayer Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  on Si from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and Al(CH 3 ) 3 . 
         [0078]    The SiO 2  layer is deposited on an n-type silicon substrate by PEALD. Oxygen plasma is used as a reactant in combination with H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2 . The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 50° C. The precursor is vapor drawn. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (50 ms pulse). Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon (this silicon precursor does not react with oxygen). After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜0.2 Pa. 
         [0079]    These conditions are compatible with a self-limited 1.1 Å/cycle growth. 
         [0080]    The Al 2 O 3  layer is deposited on the previously deposited SiO 2  layer from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and oxygen plasma. TMA has a high vapor pressure and therefore the vapor is drawn into the reactor. The precursor is introduced into the reactor with a 10 ms duration pulse. Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon. A first 10 ms TMA pulse is introduced into the reactor followed by a 2 s purge sequence. A plasma is then activated for 4 s and followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. A growth rate of 1 Å/cycle is achieved. 
         [0081]    Several types of stacks are deposited on several substrates. SiO 2  layers have a thickness between 1 nm and 15 nm. The Al 2 O 3  layer thickness remains the same (˜30 nm). The stack is then annealed at 400° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The duration of this annealing step is only 10 min. The surface recombination varies between 1 and 10 cm/s for this thickness range. 
         [0082]    From this example, we can prove that the use of TMA and SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 , processed with the same oxidizer, for the deposition of a Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack leads to a very efficient passivation. 
         [0083]    This type of combination can be easily used in ALD equipments such as standard ALD reactor or in-line spatial ALD reactor. 
         [0000]    Deposition of a Triple Stack System Si 3 N 4 /Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  on Si from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and Al(CH 3 ) 3 . 
         [0084]    The SiO 2  layer is deposited on a n-type silicon substrate by PEALD. Oxygen plasma is used as a reactant in combination with H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2 . The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (50 ms pulse). Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon (this silicon precursor does not react with oxygen). After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜0.2 Pa. These conditions are compatible with a self-limited 1.1 Å/cycle growth. 
         [0085]    The Al 2 O 3  layer is deposited on the previously deposited SiO 2  layer from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and oxygen plasma. TMA has a high vapor pressure and therefore the vapor is drawn into the reactor. The precursor is introduced into the reactor with a 10 ms duration pulse. Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon. A first 10 ms TMA pulse is introduced into the reactor followed by a 2 s purge sequence. A plasma is then activated for 4 s and followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. A growth rate of 1 Å/cycle is achieved. 
         [0086]    A Si 3 N 4  layer is then deposited by PEALD on Al 2 O 3  from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and NH 3  plasma. The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (0.5 s pulse). NH 3  is introduced continuously in the reactor. After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜10.2 Pa. 
         [0087]    This four steps cycle is repeated several times. 
         [0088]    A triple stack system Si 3 N 4 /Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  is achieved. 
         [0000]    Deposition of a Bilayer Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  on Si from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and Al(Me) 2 (OiPr). 
         [0089]    The SiO 2  layer is deposited on an n-type silicon substrate by PEALD. Oxygen plasma is used as a reactant in combination with H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2 . The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 50° C. The precursor is vapor drawn. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (50 ms pulse). Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon (this silicon precursor does not react with oxygen). After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜0.2 Pa. 
         [0090]    These conditions are compatible with a self-limited 1.1 Å/cycle growth. 
         [0091]    The Al 2 O 3  layer is deposited on the previously deposited SiO 2  layer from Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) and oxygen plasma. Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) has a high vapor pressure and therefore the vapor is drawn into the reactor. The precursor is introduced into the reactor with a 10 ms duration pulse. Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon. A first 10 ms Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) pulse is introduced into the reactor followed by a 2 s purge sequence. A plasma is then activated for 4 s and followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. A growth rate of 1 Å/cycle is achieved. 
         [0092]    Several types of stacks are deposited on several substrates. SiO 2  layers have a thickness between 1 nm and 15 nm. The Al 2 O 3  layer thickness remains the same (˜30 nm). The stack is then annealed at 400° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The duration of this annealing step is only 10 min. The surface recombination varies between 1 and 10 cm/s for this thickness range. 
         [0093]    From this example, we can prove that the use of Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) and SiH 2 (NEt 2 ) 2 , processed with the same oxidizer, for the deposition of a Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  stack leads to a very efficient passivation. 
         [0094]    This type of combination can be easily used in ALD equipments such as standard ALD reactor or in-line spatial ALD reactor. 
         [0000]    Deposition of a Triple Stack System Si 3 N 4 /Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  on Si from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and Al(Me) 2 (OiPr). 
         [0095]    The SiO 2  layer is deposited on a n-type silicon substrate by PEALD. Oxygen plasma is used as a reactant in combination with H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2 . The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (50 ms pulse). Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon (this silicon precursor does not react with oxygen). After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜0.2 Pa. These conditions are compatible with a self-limited 1.1 Å/cycle growth. 
         [0096]    The Al 2 O 3  layer is deposited on the previously deposited SiO 2  layer from Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) and oxygen plasma. Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) has a high vapor pressure and therefore the vapor is drawn into the reactor. The precursor is introduced into the reactor with a 10 ms duration pulse. Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon. A first 10 ms Al(Me) 2 (OiPr) pulse is introduced into the reactor followed by a 2 s purge sequence. A plasma is then activated for 4 s and followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. A growth rate of 1 Å/cycle is achieved. 
         [0097]    A Si 3 N 4  layer is then deposited by PEALD on Al 2 O 3  from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and NH 3  plasma. The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (0.5 s pulse). NH 3  is introduced continuously in the reactor. After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜10.2 Pa. 
         [0098]    This four steps cycle is repeated several times. 
         [0099]    A triple stack system Si 3 N 4 /Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2  is achieved. 
         [0000]    Deposition of a Stack System Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2  on Si from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2    
         [0100]    The SiO 2  layer is deposited on a n-type silicon substrate by PEALD. Oxygen plasma is used as a reactant in combination with H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2 . The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (50 ms pulse). Oxygen is introduced continuously in the reactor as well as argon (this silicon precursor does not react with oxygen). After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜0.2 Pa. These conditions are compatible with a self-limited 1.1 Å/cycle growth. 
         [0101]    A Si 3 N 4  layer is then deposited by PEALD on SiO 2  from H 2 Si(NEt 2 ) 2  and NH 3  plasma. The silicon precursor is stored in a stainless steel canister heated at 40° C. The carrier gas is argon. The substrate temperature is regulated at 150° C. The precursor is first introduced into the reactor (0.5 s pulse). NH 3  is introduced continuously in the reactor. After a 2 s purge sequence, a plasma is activated for 4 s. This sequence is followed by a new 2 s purge sequence. The pressure in the reactor is ˜10.2 Pa. 
         [0102]    This four steps cycle is repeated several times. 
         [0103]    A stack system Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2  is achieved. 
         [0104]    While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. Furthermore, if there is language referring to order, such as first and second, it should be understood in an exemplary sense and not in a limiting sense. For example, it can be recognized by those skilled in the art that certain steps can be combined into a single step. 
         [0105]    The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0106]    “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing (i.e., anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising”). “Comprising” as used herein may be replaced by the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” unless otherwise indicated herein. 
         [0107]    “Providing” in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary. 
         [0108]    Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur. 
         [0109]    Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range. 
         [0110]    All references identified herein are each hereby incorporated by reference into this application in their entireties, as well as for the specific information for which each is cited. It will be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments in the examples given above.