Abstract:
The present invention is a method for preparing a antifungal formulation containing a high concentration of spores comprising providing  Streptomyces  bacteria with sporulation competence; propagating the bacterial strain for obtaining spores under an appropriate condition, collecting the spores, preparing the spores to obtain a small scale of the spore biomass as a seed inoculum, and culturing the seed inoculum at 28 to 37° C., 80 to 250 rpm, 0.25 to 0.75 vvm and pH at 5.0 to 8.0 to obtain a large scale fermentation of the bacteria in a suitable broth medium. The present invention further comprises a antifungal formulation containing  Streptomyces  spp. comprising a high concentration of spores and a liquid medium for culturing spore biomass of  Streptomyces  spp.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to an antifungal formulation, and relates in particular to an antifungal formulation containing high concentration of viable  Streptomyces  spp. spores. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the above antifungal formulation and a method using the formulation.  
         [0003]     2. Description of Related Art  
         [0004]     The use of agrochemical formulations improved agricultural productivity and increased the world food supply in recent years. However, repeated and even misuses of agrochemical formulations for long periods have led to the development of catastrophic impact globally on the ecosystems. Major ecological impacts commonly encountered include chemical resistance of pests and pathogens, chemical residues, environmental pollution, and endangered wildlifes. The substantial ecological deterioration is often accused to be the major causes of problems such as cancer, dysplasia and malfunction of the human immune system.  
         [0005]     Despite the great disadvantages of agrochemical applications, the need for agrochemical formulations continue growing steadily under the pressure of increasing population and soaring food demands. During the past decade, the annual consumption of agrochemical compositions globally estimate over 30 billion US dollars. The disadvantages of conventional agrochemical applications stimulate the development of biorational biopesticides, which has become a main stream of biotechnology undertaking worldwide. Microbial biocontrol agents are among these endeavors attracted greatest attention because of the wide application, the excellent control effect, and the best of all is the bountiful supportive resources from microbial biotechnology.  
         [0006]      Streptomyces  spp. are widespread gram-positive bacteria. More than 400 species have been described, most of them produce antibiotics. For disease control of plants, members of  Streptomyces  spp. have been used for over half a century. Streptomycin was the first to discover from  S. griseus  in 1943 and successfully applied it to prevent bacterial infestations on fruit trees and vegetables. With the success of streptomycin application, the use of antibiotic metabolites derived from  Streptomyces  spp. later became a predominant art for the control of certain foliar diseases on plants. From 1950 to 1970, quite a few  Streptomyces  derived antibiotics had been launched; notable examples included the use of Blasticidin-S and Kasugamycin for the control of rice blast disease ( Pyricularia oryzae  Cav.), and the use of Polyoxin and Validamycin for the control of sheath blight disease of rice ( Thanatephorus cucumeris  (Frank) Donk).  
         [0007]     Since 1970, the control of soil-borne diseases began to draw increasing attention in regarding to the employment of  Streptomyces  spp. for plant protection. Successful examples included the application for the control of root rot on pea caused by  Rhizoctonia solani , Fusarium wilt on cucurbits and carnations caused by  Fusarium oxysporum , postharvest disease of various crops caused by  Aspergillus  spp., and some other important diseases caused by  Alternaria  spp.,  Fusarium culmonum, Botrytis cinerea  and  Pythium ultimurn.  The antibiotics applied among these cases are in essence biochemical property which appeares to be inhibitory or lethal to the pathogens.  
         [0008]     However, the safety of antibiotic application in agriculture has been challenged lately due to the increasing concern of the development of antibiotic resistance in medical treatment. The application of antibiotics for plant disease control is thus now facing unprecedented pressure due to the over exaggerated concern of the social public about the developing and transferring of the antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microbial populations.  
         [0009]     In contrast to the concerns and difficulties in the development of antibiotics, the development of microbial biomass products have attracted great attention recently. The numbers of commercialized microbial biomass products are increasing; their efficacy of disease control is satisfactory. The commercialized products with worldwide recognition, to name a few, include the fungal products of  Gliocladium viride  (e.g., Soil Guard) and  Trichoderma  spp., (e.g., Plant Helper), and the bacterial biomass products of  Bacillus subtilis  (e.g., Kodiak) and  Streptomyces griseus  (e.g., Mycostop). The use of beneficial microbial biomass products has been a routine application for long time as an additive feed for aquatic animals or domestic animals. The direct fed microbial products, generally qouted as “Probiotics”, used as additives in animal breeding are known having bioregulators function in an animal&#39;s body.  
         [0010]     The efficacy of disease control by above mentioned microbial biomass products is featured by an interaction from multiple mechanisms including nutrient and space competition, antibiotic activity, improved nutrient availability and microbial diversity, improved plant growth and vigor, improved soil fertility and the enhanced disease resistance. It is worth to mention that the observed antibiotic activity per se is contributed by the collective effect of cohorts of antibiotic derivatives rather than a single purified composition. The involvement of multiple mode of action offers great advantages that chemical resistance problems generally encountered in conventional chemical and biochemical pesticide application wouldn&#39;t likely to occur. What adds more value is that most of the microbial species used are beneficial for soil fertility and plant growth; their environmental-friendliness make them an ideal alternative tool for pest management especially where agricultural sustainability is taken into account.  
         [0011]     For the success of development of a microbial biomass products, it is critical that (1) the isolated microorganisms must be generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for animals and humans; (2) the shelf life of the attempted product should be satisfactory when stored properly; (3) the field application should be convenient by common practices; and (4) the price, smell, and efficacy should be competitive for customer acceptance.  
         [0012]     The development of  Streptomyces  spp. antifungal formulation has been a hot topic for long time because the great potential for plant disease control. However, most of the existing art known so far has been devoted to explore the uses of antibiotics secreted. The only EPA registered  Streptomyces  spp. containing biomass product gaining wide recognition is Mycostop (Kemira Co. Ltd., Finland). Another product of this kind recently approved by EPA is Actinovate (Natural Industries Co. Ltd., USA). The product Mycostop is known to contain viable  S. griseovirides  mycelia and spores at the concentration of 10 8  cfu/g; it was recommended for the control of soil-borne plant diseases. Actinovate is a  S. lyticus  biomass containing water dispersible granule, it is also recommended for the control of soil-borne diseases.  
         [0013]     For preparation of a  Streptomyces  spp. viable inoculants in a large scale, conventionally it is done by solid fermentation in which wheat, oat or unpolished rice grains are the predominant growth substrates used. Because liquid fermentation is a widely used, rapid and easy method appropriate for preparing microbial inoculants in large volumes, a liquid product would be more preferable. However, the preparation of  Streptomyces  spp. biomass product by liquid fermentation in large scale is of great difficulty since the bacteria grow predominantly as mycelia balls rather than spores.  
         [0014]     The present invention discloses a novel method that solves the problem of preparing high concentration viable  Streptomyces  spp. spore inoculant in large scale by liquid fermentation.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]     An aspect of the present invention relates to an antifungal formulation comprising a high concentration of spores of  Streptomyces  bacteria, wherein the spores are prepared by providing bacteria of  Streptomyces  exhibiting an antibiotic activity against a fungus, incubating the bacteria on a chitin limited plate, screening for a strain with sporulation and chitinase activities, culturing bacteria of the strain in a proper liquid medium, and collecting the spores in the medium  
         [0016]     Preferably, the spores collected are stored at 6° C. for more than 10 months prior to use.  
         [0017]     Preferably, the formulation comprises spores at a concentration of more than 10 8  cfu/ml.  
         [0018]     Preferably, the proper liquid medium is the Czapek&#39;s culture medium containing oats.  
         [0019]     Preferably, the fungus is  A. brassicicola.    
         [0020]     Preferably, the fungus is  R. solani  AG4.  
         [0021]     Preferably, the fungus is  P. aphanidermatum.    
         [0022]     Another aspect the present invention related to a method for preparing an antifungal formulation containing a high concentration of  Streptomyces  spp. spores. The method includes providing  Streptomyces  bacteria with sporulation competence, propagating the bacterial strain for obtaining spores under an appropriate condition, collecting the spores, preparing the spores to obtain a small scale of the spore as a seed inoculum, and culturing the seed inoculum at 28 to 37° C., 80 to 250 rpm, 0.25 to 0.75 vvm and pH at 5.0 to 8.0 to obtain a large scale fermentation of the bacteria in a suitable broth medium.  
         [0023]     Preferably, the concentration of the seed inoculum is 10 8  viable spores/ml.  
         [0024]     Preferably, the suitable broth medium is the Czapek&#39;s culture medium containing an organic nutrient source.  
         [0025]     More preferably, the organic nutrient source is selected from a group consisting of oat, wheat and corn  
         [0026]     Another aspect of the present invention further related to a liquid medium for culturing  Streptomyces  spp. which comprising the Czapek&#39;s culture medium containing chitin, and one or more than one carbon sources selected from a group consisting of sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, maltose, cellulose, glucose, pectin and starch, wherein concentration of chitin in the medium is less than 1% (w/w).  
         [0027]     Preferably, the liquid medium containing 1 to 3% (w/w) sucrose and 0.12 to 0.6% (w/w) starch.  
         [0028]     More preferably, the liquid medium containing 1 to 3% (w/w) sucrose and 0.12 to 0.6% (w/w) starch may increase the secretion of antibiotics and chitinase by  Streptomyces  spp.  
         [0029]     Preferably, the liquid medium further contains 0.12 to 0.6% (w/w) pectin.  
         [0030]     More preferably, the liquid medium further contains 0.12 to 0.6% (w/w) pectin may increase the secretion of chitinase by  Streptomyces  spp.  
         [0031]     Preferably, the liquid medium used for culturing  Strpetomyces  spp. contains oats and about 1% chitin.  
         [0032]     Preferably, the liquid medium used for culturing  Strpetomyces  spp. contains corn and about 1% chitin.  
         [0033]     More preferably, the liquid medium used for culturing  Strpetomyces  spp. further contains less than 1% malt extract, less than 1% yeast extract and less than 1% peptone.  
         [0034]     Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the detailed description. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0035]      FIG. 1  is a bar chart showing the efficacy of cucumber plant disease control by application of a cultural filtrates, a biomass, a broth culture and a compared water treated control;  
         [0036]      FIG. 2  is a bar chart showing the antifungal effect on tested fungi by an antibiotic and/or chitinase extracted from a  Streptomyces saraceticus  SS31 broth culture; the compared control was treated with water;  
         [0037]      FIG. 3  is a chart showing the growth promoting effect of different growth factors on SS31;  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  is a chart showing the stimulating effect of malt extract at different concentrations on chitinase secretion of SS31;  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the yield of an SS31 strain cultured in a 5 liters fermentor by use of oat containing liquid medium in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the yield of an SS31 strain cultured in a 750 liters fermentor by use of a oat containing liquid medium in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0041]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the yield of an S3 strain cultured in a 750 liters fermentor by use of a oat containing liquid medium in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0042]      FIG. 8  is a graph showing the efficacy of cucumber damping off disease control by application of S1, S3 and SS31 strains in comparison to that of water treated control; and  
         [0043]      FIG. 9  is a graph showing the efficacy of cucumber damping off disease control by application of different formulation of S3 strain after stored at 6° C. for 3 to 10 months. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     Definitions  
       [0044]     While the following terms are believed to be well understood by people with ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to obviate any ambiguity in the explanation of the invention.  
         [0045]     The term “biopesticide” used herein refers to suppression of existing fungus populations in the soils or on plants to prevent fungus populations from becoming established in the soil or on the plants.  
         [0046]     The term “high” used herein refers to the concentration of spores is more than 10 8  viable spores/ml.  
         [0047]     The term “a small scale” used herein refers to the volume of the product is less than 5 spores/l.  
         [0048]     The term “a large scale” used herein refers to the volume of the product is more than 50 spores/l.  
         [0049]     The term “chitin limited plate” used herein refers to a sugar-limited plate containing chitin as a major carbon source.  
         [0050]     The term “biological control” used herein refers to control of a pathogen or insect by the use of a second organism.  
         [0051]     The term “bacteria” includes any prokaryotic organism that does not have a distinct nucleus.  
         [0052]     The term “culturing” refers to the propagation of organisms on or in medium of various kinds.  
         [0053]     The term “whole broth culture” used herein refers to a liquid culture containing both cells and media.  
         [0054]     The term “tested strain” used herein refers to a bacterial strain used for testing or understanding the mechanism caused by the strain. In the present invention,  Streptomyces  strains are used for testing. In a preferred embodiment, an isolated  Streptomyces  strain, such as an  S. saraceticus  SS31, or an  S. griseobrunneus  S3 (SGS3), is used as a test strain.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0055]     This invention is illustrated further rather than limited by the following Examples. All of the references listed in the application are hereby incorporated by reference.  
       Example 1  
     Control of Pythium Damping Off Disease by Using  Streptomyces  spp.  
       [0056]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , an isolated strain of  Streptomyces  spp.,  S. griseobrunneus  S3, was used as a test strain to understand the relevant mechanism on plant disease control. The broth culture of  S. griseobrunneus  S3 obtained from the fermentor culture was filtered to separate solid biomass from the broth medium. The solid biomass was then resuspended with sterile distilled water to its original concentration. The whole broth culture, the culture filtrate and the water resuspended biomass were diluted 100 times with tap water each respectively and applied to cucumber seedlings artificially inoculated with  Pythium aphanidernialum . The compared control plants were drenching treated with water (CK). The survival rates of the seedlings were then scored to show the disease control efficacy of each applied treatment. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the best efficacy of disease control was by the whole broth culture and next to that was by the biomass. The culture filtrate appeared to be the worst among them in regard to the disease control efficacy. The results demonstrated that the efficacy of disease control was due primarily to the effect of  Streptomyces  bacteria rather than antibiotics in the broth medium.  
       Example 2  
     Mechanism of Disease Control by  Streptomyces  spp.  
       [0057]     Activities of antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes are the major factors known responsible for the inhibition or killing of fungal pathogens by  Streptomyces  spp. Whereas for efficacy of disease control observed, it is generally believed to due to a collective effect of the multiple modes of action including space and nutrient competition, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, soil fertility improvement, plant growth promotion and disease resistance enhancement.  
         [0058]     With reference to  FIG. 2 , an antibiotic (A) and a chitinase (C) were each respectively extracted from an  S. saraceticus  SS31 broth culture to illustrate their individual role in the anti-fungal activity of the test strain. The partially purified antibiotic and chitinase samples were tested in vitro respectively against  Alternaria brassicicola, Rhizoctonia solani  AG4 and  Pythium aphanidermatum . The antibiotic (A) and chitinase (C) obtained from an SS31 strain cultured in a corn medium in accordance with the present invention were added to a potato sucrose broth medium each individually (A and C) or together (A+C) to test the effect on growth of  A. brassicicola, R. solani  AG4 and  P. aphanidermatum . The control (CK) medium was treated with only water. The result of mycelial growth obtained showed that both the applied antibiotic and chitinase preparation are inhibitory to the growth of the three target fungi. The greatest inhibition shown in the A+C combined treatment further indicates the significance of synergistic effect in the antifungal activity of the tested  Streptomyces  strain.  
       Example 3  
     Effect of Nutrient on Growth and Antibiotic Activity of  Streptomyces  spp.  
       [0059]     A liquid culture medium in accordance with the present invention was prepared to test the nutrient requirement of the tested strain. For an SS31 strain, the applicant had demonstrated that the use of polysaccharide as a carbon source favors greatly the secretion of antibiotic and chitinase.  
         [0060]     For the tested Carbon sources shown in Table 1 and Table 2, it is clear that sucrose, chitin and starch are the best to promote secretion of antibiotic and chitinase. In the experiment performed, the tested carbon sources were added at the same concentration to replace sucrose for preparation of the Czapek&#39;s culture medium. The test bacteria were cultured at 30° C. under continuous shaking at 120 rpm. The control treatment was cultured in the same medium without sugar addition. Enzyme activity was tested by a dot blotting method, where that “−” means no enzyme activity; and “+, ++, +++, and ++++” each respectively indicate about equivalent to “10 to 20, 100, 200, and 400 units/ml” chitinase activity.  
         [0061]     Table 2 shows results of antibiotic activity detected from these cultures wherein  Pythium aphanidermatum  was used as a target.  
         [0062]     The results shown on Table 2 further indicated that antibiotics were secreted at the early phase of culturing, whereas chitinase was secreted at a later phase.  
                                                               TABLE 1                           Effect of Different Carbon sources on Chitinase Secretion       by  S. saraceticus  SS31 Strain                Days after inoculation                    Treatment   1   2   3   4   5   6                       Arabinose   −   −   −     + 1)     +   −           Glucose   −   −   −   −   −   −           Mannitol   −   −   −   +   +   −           Sorbitol   −   +   +   ++   ++   +           Xylose   −   −   −   −   −   −           Lactose   −   −   −   −   −   −           Maltose   −   +−   +   +   −   −           Sucrose   +   +   ++   +++   +++   ++           Chitin   −   +   ++   +++   +++   ++           Starch   +   +   ++   +++   +++   ++           CK   −   −   −   −   −   −                      
 
         [0063]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Different Carbon sources on Antibiotic secretion 
               
               
                 of  S. saraceticus  SS31 Strain Against  Pythium aphanidermatum   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Days after inoculation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arabinose 
                 0.0 d   
                  1.3 cf   
                 1.0 f    
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Glucose 
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 g   
                 0.0 g   
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Mannitol 
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 g   
                 0.0 g   
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Sorbitol 
                 0.0 d   
                  1.0 fg   
                 0.0 g   
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Xylose 
                 1.0 c   
                 2.8 c   
                  1.5 de   
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                     1.3 bc   
                  1.3 cf   
                 1.0 f    
                 0.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Maltose 
                 0.0 d   
                 2.8 c   
                  1.8 cd   
                 1.0 c   
                 1.0 c   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Sucrose 
                 1.0 c   
                 8.3 b   
                 10.7 a   
                 7.2 a   
                 7.2 a   
                 3.0 a   
               
               
                 Chitin 
                 0.0 d   
                     2.2 cd   
                  1.2 ef   
                 1.0 c   
                 1.0 c   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                 Starch 
                 11.1 a   
                 11.2 a   
                 8.3 b   
                 6.2 b   
                 6.2 b   
                 3.2 a   
               
               
                 CK 
                 1.5 b   
                  1.5 de   
                 2.0 c   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 d   
                 0.0 b   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]     The data shown was the width of inhibition zone formed by application of an SS31 strain culture filtrate against  P. aphanidermatum , the larger the number, the greater the antibiotic activity. The numbers in each column followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan&#39;s new multiple range test (p=0.05).  
         [0065]     To ease the supply demand and as well to reduce the cost of main culture substrates needed for a large scale production, various cereal grains rich in starch contents were screened for the suitability as the main Carbon source in supporting the growth and chitinase secreting activity of the tested strains. The results shown in Table 3 indicated that with the presence of 1% of chitin, decoction of potato, corn and oat are among the tested natural grains the best to support the chitinase production.  
         [0066]     Data shown in Table 3 are enzyme activity of the tested culture filtrate measured by a dot blotting assay as above described. The tested nutrient sources were added and tested same to that indicated in Table 1 except that 1% chitin was added in all tested treatments. The control treatment (CK) contained only 1% chitin as carbon source.  
                                                       TABLE 3                           Effect of various grain decoctions as supplements on chitinase       activity of  S. saraceticus  SS331 strain cultured in the Czapek&#39;s       medium where that 3% sucrose was replaced by 1% chitin                Days after inoculation            Treatment   1   2   3   4   5   6               Oat     ++ 1)     ++   +++   +++   ++   ++       Adzuki bean   +   +   ++   ++   ++   +       Soybean   +   +   +   +   +   +       Sorghum   +   +   ++   ++   +   +       Corn   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++       Potato   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++       CK(Chitin, 1%)   ++   ++   ++   ++   +++   +++                  
 
         [0067]     Further, to the Czapek&#39;s medium wherein 3% sucrose was replaced by 0.15% chitin, the supplementation of pectin promoted significantly chitinase activity (Table 4). In contrast to this, the addition of cellulose and glucose appeared to be inhibitory. The method for the tested nutrients supplementation and the method for testing were the same as that described in Table 1, and the culture medium containing 0.15% chitin as the only carbon source was used as control (CK).  
                                                       TABLE 4                           Effect of different carbon sources as supplements on chitinase       activity of  S. saraceticus  SS331 strain cultured in the Czapek&#39;s       medium where that 3% sucrose was replaced by 0.15% chitin                Days after inoculation            Treatment   1   2   3   4   5   6               Cellulose (0.15%)     ++ 1)     +   ++   +++   +++   +++       Cellulose (0.75%)   −   +   +   ++   ++   ++       Glucose (0.12%)   −   ++   ++   ++   ++   ++       Glucose (0.60%)   −   +   +   ++   ++   ++       Pectin (0.12%)   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++       Pectin (0.60%)   ++++   ++++   ++++   ++++   ++++   ++++       Starch (0.12%)   −   +++   +++   +++   +++   +++       Starch (0.60%)   −   +++   ++   ++   +++   +++       CK (chitin, 0.15%)   ++   +++   ++   ++   +++   +++                  
 
         [0068]     As regards to requirement of growth factors, malt extract (ME), yeast extract (YE) and peptone (Pep) each at 1% (W/V), respectively, was tested for their effect as supplement on supporting the growth and chitinase activity of the  Streptomyces  spp. tester strains. By use of SS31 as the tester strain, the dry weight and antibiotic activity of the culture were determined by a time course. As that shown in  FIG. 3 , the addition of ME, YE and Pep, especially YE promoted greatly the growth of the tested strain. It was also noted during the course of study that addition of ME showed great promoting effect on both the sporulation and the antibiotic activity. And in accompany to that was the rapid decrease of pH of the growth medium to around 3.0 to 4.0. In contrast to this, the growth promoting effect of YE and Pep was accompanied with a reducing antibiotic activity (especially Pep) and the slight increase of the medium pH.  
         [0069]     In another trial, the effect of these growth factors on chitinase activity expression was tested. The addition of the test growth medium by 1% ME, Pep and yeast powder all showed stimulating effect on the chitinase activity of the tester strain SS31 (Table 5). The stimulating effect appeared to be most prominent in ME supplementation (Table 5). The stimulating effect of ME, however, was slightly reduced when yeast powder was added additionally to the culture (YP+ME). In conclusion, malt extract appeared to be among the test growth factors the best for growth promotion, antibiotic activity, and as well chitinase activity espression of the tester bacteria. The inventors further tested different concentrations of malt extract to understand the effect on growth of bacteria and antibiotic activity. The results are shown in  FIG. 4 . Significant growth promotion was detected with the amendment of malt extract at as low as 0.04%. The addition of malt extract at 0.6% showed a significantly increased growth promotion that was nearly equivalent to that by 1.0% malt extract addition.  
                                                               TABLE 5                           Effect of growth factor supplementation on the chitinase activity       expression of  S. saraceticus  SS31 strain growing in the Czapek&#39;s       medium. The tested growth factors malt extract (ME), yeast powder       (YP) and peptone (Pep) were each respectively added to basic medium,       and chitinase activity of the culture filtrate was determined       by dot blotting assay as above described.                Days after inoculation                    Treatment   1   2   3   4   5   6                       ME   −     ++ 1)     ++   ++   ++   ++           Pep   −   +   +   ++   ++   ++           YP   −   +   +   ++   ++   ++           YP + ME   −   +   +   ++   ++   ++           CK   −   −   −   −   ++   ++                      
 
       Example 4  
     A Chitinase Activity, Antibiotic Activity and Sporulation Competance (CAS) Collective Screening Method for Selecting Appropriate  Streptomyces  spp. Strains  
       [0070]     Antagonistic effectiveness, survival nature and competitiveness among microorganisms in the residing environment are the major determinative factors for the potential of a microbial strain to be a successful biocontrol agent. The importance of survival nature indicated spores as a preferred entity for the employment of a  Streptomyces  spp. strain for biopesticide application. It was thus then sporulation become a critical feature to be considered in addition to the antibiotic activity and hydrolytic enzyme activity.  
         [0071]     A CAS screening method in accordance with the present invention was used to assess chitinase activity (C), antibiotic activity (A) and sporulation competence (S) of  Streptomyces  strain tested, For assessment of antibiotic activity, the tester strain was dual cultured on a PSA plate consisting of potato decoction (P), sucrose (S) and agar (A) with pathogens including  Pythium aphanidermatum  (member of  Oomycetes ),  Alternaria brassicicola, Pyricularia oryzae  and  Rhizoctonia solani  AG4 (the later three are members of Fungi Imperfecti with Teliomorph associated with Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes). 50 μl spore suspension of different tester  Streptomyces  strains were put on the filter paper (0.50 cm diameter) at the edge of Petri plate, and at the center were the mycelial discs of the targeted fungal pathogen  P. oryrae . The dual cultures were incubated in the dark at 28° C. for 2 to 5 days, and colonies developed were scored for the amount of sporulation and the width of inhibition zone. Further, with the use of glycochitin amended in the Czapek&#39;s agar medium wherein sugar and nitrogen supply were substantially reduced, the sporulation and chitinase activity of the tested strain were screened. The development of the clear zone due to chitinase degradation and the amount of sporulation were scored.  
         [0072]     By application of this CAS collective screening method, approximately 20 of  Streptomyces  spp. strains with superior antibiotic and chitinase activity and excellent sporulation characteristics were selectively identified from 219 chitinolytic rbizosphere  Streptomyces  strains isolated. The potential of the selected strains for biopesticide development have been well illustrated by the performance of the model strains as above mentioned.  
       Example 5  
     Establishment of Technique Platform for Liquid Fermentation in a Large Scale  
       [0073]     The mass production was aimed to produce by pilot scale traditional stirrer tank fermentor a  Streptomyces  broth culture with high density of viable spores. For the establishment of the technique platform,  Streptomyces saraceticus  SS3 1 strain was used as a model isolate. The model isolate was selectively screened by the above described the CAS method repeatedly to keep its competence of antibiosis and sporulation throughout the test. With the use of 5 L to 750 L serial conventional stirrer tank liquid fermentor, the tester strain was shown to yield an over 10 11  cfu/ml of spore-enriched broth culture in a batch culture system. Furthermore, the spore biomass produced appeared to be stable when stored at cold. The survival count of the liquid sample stored at 6° C. for 8 months remained exceeding 5×10 8  cfu/ml.  
         [0074]     5.1 Inoculum Preparation  
         [0075]     The model isolate was smeared on a chitin amended potato sucrose agar plate (containing potato decoction 200 g/l, sugar 20 g/l, agar 15 g/l and colloidal chitin 20 g/l) and incubated in the dark at 30° C. for about 4 to 6 days. The spores generated were collected and suspended with sterile distilled water. To serve as the “primary inoculum” for the fermentation trials, the spore concentration was quantitated and adjusted to A 620 =0.5 by a spectrophotometer which is equivalent to approximately 10 10  cfu/ml of the tester strain.  
         [0076]     The primary inoculum can be then amplified to a larger scale by either a solid or a liquid culture system. The solid culture generally uses oat or wheat grains as culture subtrate. For liquid culture, the medium used consisted mainly 1.5 to 3.5% (w/v) finely-milled oat milk, 0.3 to 0.5% (w/v) molasses and malt extract. And depend on the amount of inoculum preparation needed, the liquid culture may be performed by an Erlenmeyer flask or a small size fermentor system. The primary inoculum was applied to the freshly prepared liquid medium to 1×10 8  cfu/ml of final concentration, and the culture was incubated at 30° C. under continuous stirring at 200 rpm and aeration at 0.5 vvm. The sporulation generally achieved its high plateau after culturing for 4 to 6 days. The spore enriched biomass thus obtained was then used as “seed inoculum” for the large scale production.  
         [0077]     5.2 Preparation of Culture Media  
         [0078]     The culture medium for large scale fermentation contains mainly a basic medium with amendment of 1 to 3% (w/v) oat, wheat or corn as organic nutrients. The basic medium may be a modified the Czapek&#39;s culture broth or a half/fill strength the Hoagliand&#39;s nutrient solution. The modified Czapek&#39;s culture broth consists of K 2 HPO 4  0.7 g/L, KH 2 PO 4  0.5 g/L, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O 0.5 g/L, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O 0.01 g/L and ZnSO 4  0.001 g/L.  
         [0079]     The fresh grains used were well-soaked in water and were milled into fine powder with a diameter less than 50 μm. The growth factors were added to the culture medium, and 20 g optional colloidal chitin and molasses were added. The culture medium was adjusted to about pH 7.0 before autoclaved.  
         [0080]     5.3 Parameters of Large Scale Fermentation  
         [0081]     The fermentation was carried out by batch culture in a traditional stirring type liquid fermentor. The “seed inoculunm” of the tester strain was added to the autoclaved culture medium to approximately 10 8  cfu/ml in final concentration. The culture was kept at 30° C., 80 to 250 rpm and an aeration at 0.25 to 0.75 vvm. The pH of the culture medium was maintained at about 5.0 to 8.0 range. The culture was sampled daily to monitor the status of growth throughout the cultural period.  
         [0082]     5.4 Results of Mass Production  
         [0083]     The trial production was performed with the use of 5 L to 750 L pilot scale fermentor wherein finely grinded oat milk and pectin were applied as major carbon sources. With reference to  FIG. 5 , the yield of tester strain SS31 in a 5 L fermentor reached 10 10  cfu/ml four to five days after inoculation. Furthermore, the high yield of spore biomass was repeatable when the scale of production was upgraded to a 50 to 750 L level fermentor. With reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the yield of spore biomass of both SS31 and S3 tersted strains, in the same growth medium, all exceeded 10 11  cfu/ml 5 to 6 days after inoculation.  
         [0084]     5.5 Stability of the Large Scale Fermentation Product  
         [0085]     The biomass products of tester  Streptomyces  prepared by the above described method had an earthy fragrance typical of Actinomycetes. The broth culture appeared to be light to dark grayish in color, somewhat sticky. The bacteria biomass tended to settle into two phases without agitation; whereas it became well suspended readily when stirred. It is clear that the sample consists mainly numerous spores of the tested strain, and the mycelial remains were hardly observed. The spores were mostly oval-shape, the size of S3 spores is about twice of that of SS31.  
         [0086]     The stability of storage is a critical factor for the practical application of the attempted microbial products. The broth cultures obtained from the liquid fermentor in a serial trial production was stored in a walk-in cold room at 6° C. And the survival of the spore propagules was examined by a monthly schedule by dilution plate method. With reference to Tables. 6 and 7, most of the tested samples remained at a level over 10 8  cfu/ml after being stored for 8 to 10 months. The stability of the microbial preparation appeared to be satisfactory.  
                                                                                       TABLE 6                           Stability of SS31 strain culture broth from a batch       of trial production when stored at 6° C.                Formulation                    Sample 1   Sample 2   Sample 3   Sample 4            Storage   CFU                time   OP0919   O1003   OP1003   CP1003               0 month       4.4 × 10 10     4.0 × 10 10     3.6 × 10 10     8.4 × 10 9         1 month       1.5 × 10 10     2.2 × 10 9     2.9 × 10 10     3.0 × 10 9         2 months   5.9 × 10 9     8.6 × 10 8     1.3 × 10 9     2.9 × 10 8         3 months   6.3 × 10 8     9.1 × 10 8     8.6 × 10 8     2.3 × 10 8         4 months   7.0 × 10 8     4.5 × 10 8     4.4 × 10 8     3.0 × 10 8         5 months   6.5 × 10 8     4.0 × 10 8     4.0 × 10 8     2.0 × 10 8         8 months   4.1 × 10 8     5.0 × 10 8     4.5 × 10 8     1.3 × 10 8                    
 
         [0087]     The data presented are the survival rate of the spores (CFU/ml) after indicated storage time.  
                                                                               TABLE 7                           Stability of SS31 strain culture broth from another       batch of trial production when stored at 6° C.                Formulation                    Sample 1   Sample 2   Sample 3            Storage   CFU                time   100/200   150   200               0 month       1.6 × 10 10     8.4 × 10 9     5.3 × 10 9         1 month       4.3 × 10 9     1.5 × 10 9     3.5 × 10 9         2 months   5.5 × 10 9     3.9 × 10 9     5.7 × 10 9         3 months   4.7 × 10 9     1.5 × 10 9     1.8 × 10 9         4 months   —   —   —       5 months   —   —   —       6 months   4.0 × 10 9     1.2 × 10 9     1.7 × 10 9         7 months   9.1 × 10 8     7.0 × 10 8     1.1 × 10 9         8 months   8.7 × 10 8     7.2 × 10 8     9.3 × 10 8         9 months   7.9 × 10 8     7.5 × 10 8     9.0 × 10 8         10 months    6.0 × 10 8     4.0 × 10 8     6.0 × 10 8                    
 
         [0088]     The data presented are the survival rate of the spores (CFU/ml) after indicated storage time.  
       Example 6  
     Efficacy of Disease Control by Application of the Broth Culture of Tester Strains  
       [0089]     6.1 Application of  Streptomyces  spp. Products for the Control of Damping Off Diseases  
         [0090]     The  Streptomyces  spp. products were applied by spraying or drenching on the tested plants artificially inoculated with the target fungal pathogen. The results obtained demonstrated the efficacy of the attempted  Streptomyces  spp. as useful products for controlling diseases caused by  P. aphanidermatum and  R. solani  AG4.  
         [0091]     6.1.1 Control of Cucumber Damping Off Disease Caused by  P. aphanidermatum  in Greenhouse  
         [0092]     The tested formulations included culture broths of S1, S3, and SS31 strains and a powder formulation of SS31 strain. The test samples each at 100 to 200× dilutions were drenching applied, at 1 ml per plant, onto the cucumber seedlings growing on a soil-mix artificially inoculated with  P. aphanidermatum.  The control plants (CK) were drenched with only water. With reference to  FIG. 8 , the emergence rate indicated clearly the effectiveness of disease control by the tester  Streptomyces.    
         [0093]     6.1.2 Control of Seedling Blight of Sweet Pepper Caused by  R. solani  AG4 in Greenhouse  
         [0094]     The broth culture of tester strains S3 and SS31 were each drenching applied at 50 to 100× in dilution onto the sweet pepper plants artificially inoculated with  R. solani  AG4. The results of emergence rate and average severity index (ASI) of tested plants shown in Table 8 demonstrated the great capability of the tester strains in the control of the targeted disease.  
                                 TABLE 8                           Control of seedling blight of greenhouse grown       sweet pepper caused by  R. solani  AG4.                    Emergence rate               Treatment  a     (%)  b     ASI  c                         CK   19.4 ± 2.2   4.3 ± 0.1           SS31 100X   33.3 ± 2.2   3.7 ± 0.1           S3100X   37.5 ± 1.6   3.4 ± 0.1           S3 50X   55.6 ± 2.2   2.3 ± 0.1                           a  The tested seedlings were each drenching treated with the tester strain twice; the first time at seeding with 0.6 ml/plant, and the second time at two weeks later with 1 ml/plant.                  b  Percentage of plants emerged and successfully established.                  c  Disease severity was rated by a 5-class scale. (1 = healthy plant; 2 = primary root and ground part remained firm but became necrotic; 3 = primary root tip turn soft and rotting, and root-hair hardly left; 4 = death and rotting of seedlings emerged; 5 = seeds not emerged and dead).             
 
         [0095]     6.1.3 Effectiveness of Soil Treatment in Reducing Inoculum Potential of  R. solani  AG4  
         [0096]     The spores of tester strain SS31 collected from culture on oat grain were formulated into powder (10 10  cfu/g of spore) with the use of corn starch as carrier. A peat moss growth medium was autoclaved and evenly mixed with mycelial propagules of  R. solani  AG4 to serve as infested soil for the performed test. The pathogen infested soil was then treated with SS31 spore suspension, and the corn starch amended powder formulation each respectively. The infested soil sample without the amendment treatment and that treated with only corn starch were used as compared control (CK). The tested samples were collected weekly and the survival of the target pathogen was determined by a selective method where that seeds of Bahia grass ( Paspalum notatum  Flugge) were used as a selective tool. The results shown on Table 9 indicated clearly that the density of  R. solani  AG4 in the test sample receiving the powder formulation (SS31/corn) declined very fast, and followed to that was the sample treated with SS31 alone. As a contrast, the propagule density of  R. solani  AG4 in the two control treatment showed only slight decline or no significant changes. The quick decline of the pathogen propagule density was clearly a function of the SS31 tester strain amended; whereas the best effectiveness of the powder formulation implicated the enhancement of corn starch on the antibiotic activity of applied bacteria.  
                                                     TABLE 9                       DAT*   CK   Corn starch   SS31   SS31 + corn starch                                1 week   100   100   98   82       2 weeks   95   98   87   30       3 weeks   93   96   65   5       4 weeks   90   93   49   4                 *DAT: days after treatment. Data presented were average of percentage of Bahia grass seeds shown positive colonization of the target pathogen.             
 
         [0097]     6.1.4 Effect of Long Term Storage on Efficacy of Disease Control by the Broth Culture of the Tester Strain  
         [0098]     The broth culture of tester strain S3 produced from wheat bran- and corn starch-based broth medium were stored in a cold room at 6° C. for 7-10 months. The samples with different terms of storage shown on  FIG. 9  were screened for their efficacy of damping off disease control using cucumber seedlings as tested system. The tested greenhouse grown plants which were artificially inoculated with  P. aphanidermatum  were drenching treated with a 404× diluted broth culture. The efficacy of disease control scored 2 weeks after treatment indicated that all the tested sample formulations provided nearly equally-well the protection against the pathogen infection. The disease control efficacy of both corn and wheat bran cultural broths after 3-10 months storage was nearly the same as that by the ones stored only for 2 weeks.  
         [0099]     In another trial the fresh prepared broth culture of SS31 tester strain grown in a growth factor fortified oat broth medium (new formulation-O) was compared to that after one year storage at 6° C. (new formulation-O/1 year). Drenching treatment of cucumber seedlings artificially inoculated with  P. aphanidermatum  were drenching treated with the tested broth cultures each at 100× in dilution. Also included in the test was a broth culture grown in corn broth medium with growth factor fortified (new formulation-C) and a broth culture grown in oat broth medium without growth factor fortified (Old formulation-O). The compared control plants (CK) were drench treated with only water. The results obtained indicated that the fresh prepared new formulation/O was among the applied treatments the best for the disease control, the severity index of the treated plants was 18%. As a comparison, the severity index of the fresh prepared Old formulation-O was 35%, whereas that of New formulation-O/1 year was 40%. The performance of New formulation/C was among them the worst as regard to the effectiveness of disease control.  
         [0100]     6.1.5 Control of Fruit Infection of Papaya by  Phytophthora palmivora  in the Field  
         [0101]     The field grown papaya ( Carica papaya  cv. Tainung No. 2) trees with severe fruit infection by  P. palmivora  were spray-treated by the broth culture of tester strain SS31 grown in oat broth medium at 500× in dilution by a weekly schedule for 6 consecutive times. Papaya plants sprayed by phosphorus acid (1000 ppm) with pH adjusted to 6.5 by KOH were used as a comparison by chemical treatment. The field trial was performed for two consecutive years in the same field plot. The control plants were sprayed with water. The disease incidence was surveyed 1 week after the last spray treatment. For the water treated control plants, the rate of fruit infections were 23% and 37% for the 1 st  and the 2 nd  year trial respectively. As a comparison, disease incidence on plants treated with the tester  Streptomyces  broth culture were 7% and 3% respectively, whereas that by chemical fingicide treatment were 8% and 9% respectively.  
         [0102]     6.1.6 Control of Citrus Foot Rot/Huanglungbing Like Disease Complex by Tested  Streptomyces  Strain  
         [0103]     Citrus plants over 10 years old in Taiwan are often suffered from serious problem of growth deterioration. Infected citrus trees mostly displayed symptoms of complex infection of foot rot disease and Huanglungbing-like infection. Although a mycoplasma infection has been known to be the likely cause of Huanglungbing, the characteristics of symptom development indicate clearly the effect of soil deterioration and root malfunctioning wherein the role of certain cryptic soil borne pathogen may take into account. To explore the possible use of tester  Streptomyces  formulation for the control of soil borne disease, citrus trees with prominent foot rot infection and Huanglungbing like disease symptoms in the field were drenching treated with the trial products on a regular basis. Results obtained showed that the application of the tester  Streptomyces  products stopped the foot rot infection and improved significantly the growth vigor. And best of all, the new leaves developed appeared to be relieved from the Huanglungbing like infections.  
         [0104]     6.1.6.1 Control of Foot Rot Infection on Young Seedlings  
         [0105]     Six field grown one year old sweet orange seedlings with characteristic foot rot infection symptoms including yellowing and even defoliation starting from the lower leaves were selected, and drenching treated with a 200× diluted tester  Streptomyces  product once per month for two consecutive times. Disease survey was performed one month after the second application. Four of the treated plants showed revived growth, although the other two test seedlings died. The potential of the attempted product in the disease control application was clearly indicated.  
         [0106]     6.1.6.2 Disease Control Among the Fully Developed Citrus Plants  
         [0107]     A 25 year old orange orchard severely plagued by the foot rot/Huanglungbing disease complex was used for the trial. A total of 21 plants were used. Among them, 8 were drenching treated with tester strain SGS3, 7 were treated with tester strain SS31, and the other 6 plants were drenched with water to serve as the control treatment. As that shown on Table 11, the experiment was conducted starting from Apr. 10, 2002. All the test plants were treated for 3 consecutive times on the dates shown; each test plant were drenched with approximately 60-80 liters of the 100× diluted broth cultures. The disease severity index of each plant was scored before each drenching treatment and about one month after the last treatment. The results shown on Table 11 indicated clearly the efficacy of the tester strains in relieving the disease complex symptoms as compared to that of water treated control plants.  
                                   TABLE 11                           Nos. of                           plants       Treatment   tested   April 10   May 24   June 18   July 29                   Control   6   2.5 ± 0.2a   2.5 ± 0.2a   1.2 ± 0.2a   1.2 ± 0.2a       Tester   8   2.8 ± 0.2a   1.9 ± 0.1b   0.4 ± 0.2b   0.1 ± 0.1b       strain SGS3       Tester   7   2.7 ± 0.2a   2.0 ± 0.2ab   0.4 ± 0.2b   0.6 ± 0.2b       strain SS31                  
 
         [0108]     Data in Table 11 is average disease index, and the number followed by different letters indicates the significant difference according to Duncan&#39;s multiple range test p=0.05).  
         [0109]     Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.