Abstract:
A machining tool ( 1 ) has a tool body ( 2 ) with tip seats ( 6, 7, 8, 9 ), to which cutting tips ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ) are assigned fixedly and individually. The cutting tips ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ) belong to a set of cutting tips. The machining tool ( 1 ) includes further sets of cutting tips, again with cutting tips ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ) individually assigned to the tip seats ( 6, 7, 8, 9 ). In order to assure that each cutting tip ( 11, 12, 13, 14 ) will be mounted on the tip seat ( 6, 6   a   , 7, 7   a   , 8, 8   a   , 9, 9   a ) on which it was ground, both the tip seats ( 6, 7, 8, 9, 6   a   , 7   a   , 8   a   , 9   a ) and cutting tips ( 11   a  through  14   a ) are provided with markings ( 34, 35 ), which allow an unequivocal, unmistakable association.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a machining tool, in particular a milling tool for precision machining operations, which is equipped with releasably secured cutting tips. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Precision machining operations where high precision is demanded for the workpiece make high demands for precision of the tool as well. For instance, if complicated geometries are to be formed in one milling machining step, then as a rule high speed steel (HSS) milling cutters are used, which can have a relatively complicated contour. In the production of turbine rotors, for instance, undercut slots in a rotor shaft must be made, into which correspondingly shaped roots of turbine blades are thrust. The slots have a Christmas tree profile as a rule and are undercut multiple times. The desired shape of the slot must be formed with a high degree of precision during milling. 
     To this end, it is known from German Patent DE 196 11 276 C1 to first open the desired slot without an undercut, and then to make the undercuts, using a milling tool equipped with indexable cutting tips, in a roughing-down machining operation. The desired precision is then attained in one or more work steps using an HSS end milling cutter. Such an HSS end milling cutter has only relatively little material to remove. Nevertheless, the feeding speed cannot be increased without limit. HSS milling cutters are inferior in terms of their cutting speed to hard-metal-equipped milling cutters. 
     HSS milling cutters have to be reground from time to time. In the process, especially if the outer contour of the milling cutter defines the contour of the slot to be made, the milling contour must not be changed in the regrinding. To achieve this, the tool faces are as a rule made curved adjoining the cutting edge, or in other words are provided with a radial relief. The regrinding of the HSS milling cutter is then done by regrinding the chip face, without machining the tool face. This brings about an only slight reduction in the diameter. 
     In most cases, the slight clearance angle necessitates machining the workpiece in synchronism. This means that the feeding direction of the workpiece essentially matches the direction of motion of the cutting edge in engagement with the workpiece. In an individual case, however, synchronized machining can cause microscopic cracks or roughness in the machined surface, which can be problematic, especially for components subjected to heavy loads. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to create a machining tool with which precision machining can be accomplished economically, is at a high machining speed. 
     This and other objects are attained in accordance with one aspect of the invention directed to a machining tool having a plurality of tip seats, which are arranged to receive correspondingly formed cutting tips. At least one cutting tip, which belongs to at least one set of cutting tips, is assigned to each tip seat. Preferably, however, each tool body is assigned a plurality of sets of cutting tips, and each set of cutting tips contains precisely one cutting tip for each tip seat. The fixed association of the tip seat and cutting tip, once defined, is then kept permanently. As a result, it can be attained that dimensional variations or tolerances in the tip seat and the cutting tip will have no influence on the precision in terms of the shape and position of the cutting edge of a cutting tip relative to the pivot axis of the machining tool. The cutting tip can be released from the tip seat and secured to it repeatedly, without causing any dimensional variation. The tool body acts both as the tool base body in the strict sense and as a cutting tip holder in the fine-machining of the cutting tips. The accuracy of the cutting edges can be substantially greater as a result than the accuracy of the tip seats. 
     To assure the desired association between the cutting tip and the tip seat and the permanent adherence to this association, the cutting tips are preferably provided with an individual marking, which designates the tip seat to which they are assigned. The marking may be an engraving, a colored mark, or a special shape, or some other permanent labeling that survives the subsequent machining work. This survival can be attained if the tip seats each have independent shapes. However, this can involve additional expense for production. For production reasons and for the sake of a uniform support of the cutting tips on the tool body in as optimal a way as possible, it is preferred that identical tip seats be used. To prevent mistaken placement of the cutting tips, the cutting tips are provided with markings that designate the assigned tip seat. A marking that designates the tool body can be provided as well. This prevents the cutting tip from being incorrectly secured to a tool body that has different tolerances. 
     Because of the individual association of the tips with the tip seats and tool bodies, a tool accuracy of approximately ±0.01 mm can be attained with the milling tool equipped with the cutting tips. The tool equipped with cutting tips thus makes it possible to perform machining with accuracies that were previously reserved to HSS tools. At the same time, however, a very high machining speed is attained. 
     The economical use of such tools is still further improved because regrinding is no longer necessary. If the cutting edges are worn, the set of cutting tips is removed from the tool body, and the tool body is then equipped with a new cutting tip set intended for it and individually ground. As a result, the precise shape of the machining tool is established immediately and without complicated adjustment provisions, and it can continue to be employed. 
     The cutting edges of the cutting tips supplement one another to form at least one complete cutting blade. Particularly in the tooth tip regions, overlapping regions can be provided in which the number of blades is more than one. In this way, the wear of cutting edges disposed obliquely and parallel to the pivot axis can be assimilated to one another. 
     Not only the cutting edges but also the tip seats can be provided with markings, which enable a simple association with the cutting tip markings. The markings can be provided in the form of symbols or numerals or a letter code. 
     The cutting tips are preferably provided with a positive clearance angle. The clearance angle is obtained by means of a chamfered ground section adjoining the cutting edge. The tool face rests on a straight line extending away from the cutting edge. As a result, the clearance angle immediately adjacent to the cutting edge is also other than zero. This permits milling machining with a positive effective cutting angle in reverse rotation; that is, as a consequence of the rotation of the milling tool, the cutting edge moves counter to the feeding direction of the tool on the workpiece. This yields a good surface quality even at high cutting speeds. The cutting tips are preferably installed on the tool body with an axial effective cutting angle of 0°, and the result of this is constant cutting conditions along each cutting edge. Relative to one another, the cutting tips are preferably offset in spiral fashion (along a helical line) in order to even out the cutting forces. This is advantageous in terms of chip removal. Furthermore, a relatively uniform force acting radially on the machining tool, whose peak value is less, results. Elastic deformation and thus inaccuracies in machining are minimized. 
     Once the cutting tips have been produced, for instance in a sintering process, the cutting tips are provided both before and immediately after the initial installation in a tool body with the appropriate marking, which identifies the respective tip seat and tool body. In the installed state, the cutting tips are then ground in a precision-grinding process, so that the outer contour or the geometry of the cutting edges of the milling tool is defined precisely. Once this process is ended, the cutting tips are removed and subjected to further machining. This can be a purposeful rounding of the cutting edges and a surface treatment, such as coating with titanium nitrite (TiN), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium carbonitride (TiCN), titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) or other hard materials, a PVD coating, or the like. In the process, the marking of the indexable cutting tip is not is: destroyed and remains legible. One set of cutting tips is now complete. Additional sets of cutting tips can be produced in the same way for the same tool body. These sets of cutting tips are assigned to the tool body and are intended only for that tool body. 
     The number of sets of cutting tips that can be produced in this way for the special tool body is unlimited. The tool body is then shipped with the suitably sorted and packed sets of cutting tips. The user can equip the tool body on site with cutting tips of a set and can replace them as needed, for instance if they become worn, with cutting tips of a different set of cutting tips. As a rule, an entire set of cutting tips is replaced at a time. If little accuracy is needed, however, it is also possible to replace individual cutting tips. This makes it possible to furnish additional examples of cutting tips that are subject to especially heavy loads. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a tool body equipped with cutting tips; 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the tool of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the machining tool of FIG. 1, as seen from a different direction; 
     FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a modified embodiment of the machining tool for precision machining with interchangeable cutting tips; and 
     FIG. 5 is a fragmentary, schematic view and on a different scale of one tip seat and a cutting tip separate from it. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In FIG. 1, a profile milling cutter  1  is shown, of the kind that can be used, for instance, to machine the profiled slot in a As turbine rotor for the root of a turbine blade. Such a turbine rotor can be found, for instance, in German Patent 196 11 276 C1. The profile milling cutter  1  has a tool body  2 , which is provided on one end  3  with a receptacle for a work spindle. On its opposite end, the tool body has a profile corresponding approximately to the slot to be machined. In the longitudinal direction, two chip grooves  4 ,  5  are formed, in which tip seats  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9  are embodied. Cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are retained on the tip seats. The cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are each firmly clamped by a central fastening screw  15 ,  16 ,  17 ,  18  and pressed against the tip seat  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 . 
     Each cutting tip  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  has at least one respective cutting edge  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 , which determines the outer contour of the milling tool. The cutting tips  11  through  14  are disposed on a straight line, for instance, as seen particularly from FIG.  3 . Thus, the cutting edges  21  through  24  supplement one another to make one single, continuous cutting edge. Thus, the relief flank surfaces and cutting rake surfaces of the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  adjoin one another smoothly. The tool faces are ground such that a positive clearance angle exists. The radial effective cutting angle is preferably set to be positive, and the axial effective cutting angle is preferably zero. 
     The connection of the cutting edges  21  through  24  to one another can be seen from FIG.  2 . It can also be seen that the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are disposed at the same spacing from the pivot axis D of the tool body  2  as corresponding cutting tips  11   a ,  12   a ,  13   a ,  14   a , which are disposed opposite with respect to the pivot axis D, and whose cutting edges  21   a ,  22   a ,  23   a ,  24   a  again supplement one another to form one complete, continuous cutting edge. The number of blades in this profile milling cutter  1  is therefore two. However, it is also possible to offset the cutting edges  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24  somewhat from the cutting edges  21   a ,  22   a ,  23   a ,  24   a , so that only portions of each cutting edge become active at a time. For example, the cutting edges  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24  can be active with their portion facing upward in FIG.  2  and with their tooth tip, while the cutting edges  21   a ,  22   a ,  23   a ,  24   a  are active with their respective lower region and tooth tip. In this way, the number of blades at the tooth tip is equal to 2, while otherwise it is 1. However, it is preferable for both of the blades created by lining up the individual cutting edges  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 ; and  21   a ,  22   a ,  23   a ,  24   a  to be embodied such that they are precisely congruent. 
     Between axially adjacent cutting tips, there is a seam or a small gap. This is true for both the cutting tips  11 - 14  and the cutting tips  11   a - 14   a . The seams or gaps in the row formed by the cutting tips  11 - 14  are offset axially from the seams and gaps in the row formed by the cutting tips  11   a - 14   a . Therefore, the cutting tip  14  is not the same as the cutting tip  14   a . They differ from each other insofar as their axial end faces are axially offset. This is evident from FIG. 2 which depicts line  9   a  between cutting inserts  13   a  and  14   a  as axially offset from line  9   aa  between cutting inserts  13  and  14 . The same is true for the other cutting tips  11 ,  11   a ;  12 ,  12   a ;  13 ,  13   a ;  14 ,  14   a  that respectively overlap one another in the circumferential direction. 
     This is also true for the profile milling cutter  1  of FIG. 4, in which the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are offset somewhat from one another in the circumferential direction. However, the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are installed each with the same radial effective cutting angle, so that the cutting conditions match. However, they come into engagement with the workpiece successively, so that the tool body has to transmit only the driving torque for one cutting tip at a time. More favorable conditions in terms of chip removal are also obtained, because the chips occur in succession as do the cutting tips. 
     In all the profile milling cutters  1  presented, a tip seat as shown in FIG. 5 is provided. The tip seat has a plane bearing face  27 , which corresponds approximately to the contour of the respective cutting tip, so that the cutting tip is supported over virtually its entire back side (bottom face). The bearing face  27  is adjoined by bearing faces  28 ,  29 , which are at right angles to one another and to the bottom face  27  and to which corresponding side faces  31 ,  32  of the cutting tip  11 ,  12 ,  13  or  14  are assigned. In FIG. 5, the cutting tip  11  is shown, to represent all the other cutting tips. The perpendicular orientation of the bearing faces  28 ,  29  relative to the bearing face  27  produces a secure, accurately replicable bearing of the cutting tip  11 . The exact position of the cutting tip  11  is dependent on tolerances of the tip seat  6  and of the cutting tip  11 . 
     In order to preclude the influence of these tolerances on the accuracy of positioning of the cutting edge  21 , the cutting tip  11  is provided with a marking  34 , which is associated with a marking  35  of the tip seat  6  or with the tip seat  6  itself. The marking  34  for instance includes a plurality of groups of numerals  37 ,  38 ,  39 . For example, the first group of numerals  37  corresponds to a number XX of the tool body  2  that individually characterizes this tool body. All the tool bodies of a given tool model can be provided with an individual number XX, which uniquely identifies the tool body and distinguishes it from other tool bodies. 
     The second group of numerals  38  is for instance a number that identifies the tip seat. In the present example, the profile milling cutter  1  has a total of  8  tip seats, so that a number between one and  8  can serve as the second group of numerals  38 . 
     Optionally, a final group of numerals  39  can represent the number of the set of cutting tips to which the applicable cutting tip  11  belongs. It can be assured in this way that only cutting tips belonging to one and the same set of cutting tips will be mounted on the tool body  2 . 
     The tool body  2  is provided with the marking  35  on or beside its tip seat  6  and the other tip seats, and this marking represents at least the number XX of the tool body in the form of a group of numerals  37 ′ and the number YY of the tip seat in the form of a group of numerals  38 ′. 
     In addition, a numeral or group of numerals PP can be provided on the cutting tips  11  through  14  and  11   a  through  14   a ; it serves to identify the profile, or in other words the blade form defined by the cutting tips. One and the same tool body  2  can generate different profiles by being equipped with different cutting tips. 
     The production and use of the profile milling cutter  1  is as follows: 
     In production, the tool body  2 , at its individual tip seats, is first provided with individual identification numerals XX and with numbers YY. The numerals XX identifying the tool body can be disposed on each tip seat or at a single other point. They are engraved, for instance. Sets of cutting tip blanks put together from cutting tip blanks are assigned to the tool body  2 ; they include one cutting tip  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  each, still in the form of a blank, for each tip seat  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 . Each cutting tip blank is then provided with a marking  34 , which as a group of numerals XX represents the number of the tool body, as a group of numerals YY represents the individual tip seat, and as a group of numerals ZZ represents the number of the cutting tip set to which it belongs. Once each cutting tip blank has been installed in the respective tip seat assigned to it, the tool body is received by a precision grinding machine, and both the cutting edges  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24  and the corresponding cutting edges  21   a ,  22   a ,  23   a ,  24   a  are defined with positional and shape precision, in that the corresponding faces of the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  ( 11   a ,  12   a ,  13   a ,  14   a ) are ground on their corresponding faces. To that end, the cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  are ground for instance on their tool faces, and if needed also on their chip faces. After the grinding operation, the cutting edges of the profile milling cutter  1  exist, with the requisite accuracy. The cutting tips  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  11   a ,  12   a ,  13   a ,  14   a  are now removed again, and the cutting tips of the next set of cutting tips are installed. These cutting tips have again been provided beforehand with a suitable marking. 
     In this way, gradually, all the sets of cutting tips are mounted on the tool body  2  and precision-ground and then removed from the tool body  2  again. After the grinding, the cutting tips  11 - 14   a  of the individual sets of cutting tips are subjected to one further treatment. This can be, for instance, the intentional rounding of the cutting edges and/or the coating of the cutting tips with a layer of hard material. The layer of hard material is a few micrometers thick, for instance, so that an accuracy of ±{fraction (1/100)} mm, for instance, attained by the grinding machine is not impaired in the least. Once all the post machining operations on the cutting tips have been completed, the tool body  2  is shipped with the sets of cutting tips. A first set of cutting tips can already be installed in place by then. 
     The profile milling cutter  1  can be used immediately for precision machining operations, such as finish-milling of suitably shaped slots. Once the cutting tips  11 - 14   a  are worn, the cutting tips from the next set of cutting tips are simply installed; cutting tips with the groups of numerals XX, YY are in each case mounted on the tip seats that have the same group of numerals XX, YY. In this way, in the cutting tip installation, the accuracy obtained by the fine grinding is reproduced with regard to the position and shape of the cutting edges.