Abstract:
The present invention describes a novel 2&#39;-O-alkylation reaction to produce a novel series of nucleosides carrying the 2&#39;-O-propargyl group, using propargyl bromide, dibutyl tin oxide and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. The procedure involves novel techniques for regioselective introduction of 2&#39;-/3&#39;-O-propargyl group directly on the 5&#39;-DMT-N-protected- nucleosides using dibutyl tin oxide as a mild base in conjunction with a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. The reaction process has many significant features and leads to isomeric ratios in favor of the 2&#39;-regio isomer. This allows the synthesis of the corresponding phosphoramidites of high purity.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application, claiming priority to PCT/US94/14429, filed 30 Dec. 1994, and U.S. Ser. No. 08/176,481, filed 30 Dec. 1993, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the synthesis of propargyl modified nucleosides. The process for the introduction of propargryl modification is described for all the common ribonucleosides. The process is general in nature and has been utilized for the direct introduction of an allyl group into fully protected ribonucleosides. The modified nucleosides have been utilized to produce the corresponding phosphoramidites. Defined sequence DNA and RNA syntheses utilizing these products are made possible. The modified nucleosides, which are base- and sugar-protected, have led to the production of unprotected propargyl nucleosides. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Antisense oligodeoxynUcleotides and oligoribonucleotides (ASOs) which are either gene-specific or messenger RNA specific are gaining overwhelming popularity for regulation and inhibition of genes and gene products. During the past year alone, there have been over 700 publications on sequence specific antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics. ASOs are being commonly used to elucidate structure--function in cell culture (1-10). (F. Cope, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci. USA 86:5590-5594 (1989); R. Heikkila, et al., Nature 328:445-449 (1987); A. Teichman-Weinberg, et al., Gene 72:297-307 (1988); C. Helene, et al., Biochim. Biophys Acta 1049:99-125 (1990); J. S. Cohen, Oligonucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, Macmillan/CRC Press, London/Miami; M. L. Stephenson, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci., USA 75:285-288 (1978); P. C. Zamecnik, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci. USA 75:280-284 (1978); M. Matsukura, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci. USA 86:4244-4248 (1989); C. C. Smith, et al., Proc. Natl.. Acad., Sci. USA 83:2787-2791 ((1986); and J. A. Zaia, et al., J. Virol. 62:3914-3917 (1988)). ASOs have the potential of becoming a new class of pharmaceuticals by interacting with specific RNA or DNA sequences within cells. (G. Zon, Pharmaceutical Res. 5: 539-549 (1988) and W. B. Offensperger, EMBO J. 2:257 (1993)). 
     Some of the problems with ASOs are associated with their permeation into the cell nucleus. (N. Bischofberger and R. W. Wagner, Semin. Virol. 3:57 (1992)). One of the techniques used to solve this problem has been the microinjection method. (R. W. Wagner, et al., Science 260:510-513 (1993)). Another problem is that the modified oligomers are degraded both extracellularly, by serum nucleases, and intracellularly; their half-life in tissue culture is very short. Various approaches are therefore directed toward structural modifications for better permeability. 
     Various modifications of oligoribonucleotides have been carried out. The 2&#39;-O-alkyl modification of oligoribonucleotides by introduction of 2&#39;-O -alkyl group (Structure 8, R═CH 3 , R═CH 2  --CH═CH 2 ) has shown significant promise due to increased nuclease resistance, better membrane penetration and hybridizing capability. (E. Uhlmann and A. Peyman, Chem. Rev. 90:544 (1990)). The 2&#39;-O-methyl oligoribonucleotides (Structure 8a, R═CH 3 ) exhibit high resistance to both DNA- and RNA-specific nucleases and form hybrids of high thermal stability with complementary RNA. (H. Inoue, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. Syrup. Ser. 6: 65-68 (1985); S. Shibahara, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 5: 4403-4415 (1987); H. Inoue, et al., FEBS Lett. 25: 327-330 (1987); H. Inoue, Nucl. Acids. Res. 5: 6131-6148 (1987); B. Sproat, et at., Nucleic Acids Res. 7: 3373-3386 (1989); B. Sproat, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 41-49 (1990) and B. Beijer, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 5143-5151 (1990)). 2&#39;-O-Allyl oligoribonucleotides (Structure 8b, R═CH 2  --CH═CH 2 ) are superior ASOs as compared to 2&#39;-O-methyl oligoribonucleotides in certain aspects, such as snRNP-mediated pre-mRNA splicing and processing. (A. Iribarren, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7747-7751 (1990); B. Sproat, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 733-738 (1991); A. Lamond, et al., J. Cell: 383-390 (1989); B. Blencowe, et al., Cell 59: 35-39 (1989); S. Barabino, et al., EMBO J. 8: 4171-4178 (1989); S. Barabino, et at., Cell 63: 293-302 (1990); U. Ryder, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 7373-7379 (1990) and M. Carmo-Fonseca, et al., EMBO J. 10: 193-206 (1991)). Similarly, sequence specific 2&#39;-O-methyl (Structure 8a, R═CH 3 ) and 2&#39;-O-ethyl oligoribonucleotides (Structure 8c, R═C 2  H 5 ) complimentary to the 5&#39;-end of U7-snRnp-RNA inhibit histone pre-mRNA processing in vitro at a very low concentration. (M. Cotten, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 2629-2635 (1991)). Other modifications include non-ionic methyl phosphonates and phosphothioates (J. P. Shaw, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 747-750 (1991) and C. C. Smith, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2787-2791 (1986)), phosphoramidates (S. Agarwal, et al., Proc. Natl., Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7079-7083 (1988)), ASOs conjugated to poly(L-lysine) (M. Lemaitre, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA: 648-652 (1987)) and antibody-targeted liposomes containing ASOs. Similarly, ASOs covalently linked to phospholipid (R. G. Shea, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 3777-3783 (1990)), cholesterol (R. L. Letsinger, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6553-6556 (1989) and A. S. Boutorin, et al., FEBS Lett 254: 29-32 (1989)), dodecanediol (T. Saison-Behmoaras, et al., EMBO J. 10: 1-18 (1991)), undecyl residue (A. V. Kabonov, et al., FEBS Lett. 259: 327-330 (1990)) and thiocholesterol conjugates (B. Oberhauser, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 533-538 (1992)) have been designed. Thus strategic structural modifications of the sequence specific ASOs could be very useful in the development of an ideal ASO candidate. 
     Ideally, ASOs should have the following properties: (i) form hybrids of high thermal stability with complimentary target sequences; (ii) resistant to enzymatic degradation, but should not be infinitely stable, so it can be eliminated from the cell system after the desired effect has been achieved; (iii)should be able to inactivate RNAse activity surrounding the ASOs and target DNA or RNA sequences; and (iv) should be effective as ASOs at a low concentration and be sensitive to sequence mismatches. With these criteria, it seemed appropriate to design modifications in the mononucleoside, which could be suitably incorporated as part of an ASO, for superior performance. 
     The 2&#39;-O-propargyl modification of nucleosides (Structures 2a-d and 3a-d), unknown prior to the present invention, has been achieved for all four nudeobases (A,C,G,U). The series has been further extended to the corresponding phosphoramidites (Structure 6a-d). A series of defined sequence oligonudeotides has been synthesized and purified to demonstrate that oligomers can be designed which have the 2&#39;-modification at the specific and appropriate location (Structure 8d). 
     Among the alkylation methods, methyl iodide or allyl bromide in acetonitrile in the presence of the sterically hindered strong base 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3 dimethyl perhydro- 1,2,3-diazaphosphorin (BDDDP) has been used (B. S. Sproat, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 4355 (1990) and U. Pieles, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8:4355 (1990)). However, the latter process involves chlorophenyl substituted purines in order to minimize purine ring alkylation side reactions. Another method which has been used recently involves Pd(O) catalyzed alkylation, for example with allyl ethyl carbonate, to obtain 2&#39;-O-allyl substituted Structure 10 (B. S. Sproat, et al., Nucleosides &amp; Nucleotides 10(1-3): 25-36 (1991) and German Patent No. P40 473.2). However, this procedure similarly involves chlorophenyl substituted pyrimidine and purine ring systems for the alkylation step. In subsequent steps this ring modification has to be converted back to natural pyrimidines and purines, thereby making the synthesis processes tedious and multistepped. Recently, 2&#39;-/3&#39;-O-allylation of uridine was achieved from allylbromide and dibutyl tin oxide as a mild base in conjunction with a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide. The reaction conditions, stoichiometry, etc., have not been optimized to lead to useful products. Thus, cytidine was converted to the 2&#39;-O-allyl derivative (Structure 10b; C) indirectly from 2&#39;-O-allyl uridine (Structure 10d; U) to 2&#39;-O-allyl cytidine via transformation at the carbon atom at position 4 (C═O→C--NH 2 ) (V. Gopalakrishnan, et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides 11(6): 263-273 (1992)). 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present invention successfully carries out the 2&#39;-O-alkylation reaction to produce a novel series of nucleosides carrying the 2&#39;-O-propargyl group, using propargyl bromide, dibutyl tin oxide and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. The procedure involves novel techniques for regioselective introduction of 2&#39;-/3&#39;-O-propargyl group directly on the 5&#39;-DMT-N-protected- nucleosides using dibutyl tin oxide as a mild base in conjunction with a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. The reaction process has many significant features and leads to isomeric ratios in favor of the 2&#39;-regio isomer. The single step process is applicable to all four commonly used bases (adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine), making it extremely useful and valuable. Purification leads to final 2&#39;-O-propargyl and 3&#39;-O-propargyl isomers (Structures 2a-d and 3a-d) with very high purity (greater than 99%). This allows the synthesis of the corresponding phosphoramidites of high purity, such as Structures 6a-d. 
     The process of the invention is widely applicable and was successful with all the ribonucleosides tried in the present study. The generality of the process was further demonstrated by the synthesis of previously reported 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-allyl ribonucleosides of all four commonly known bases, A,C,G and U (Structures 4a-d and 5a-d), which were converted smoothly into the corresponding phosphoramidites (Scheme 3; Structure 7a-d). The rare phosphoramidites reported in this invention are thus obtained in a minimum number of synthesis steps possible. The availability of these phosphoramidites allows synthesis of DNA and RNA sequences which might possess unique biochemical properties. The nucleobases with the propargyl modification were synthesized as depicted in scheme 3. The aqueous ammonia smoothly removed the base protection. The product obtained was treated with aqueous acetic acid (80%) for a brief period (25 mins) to lead to nucleosides with the propargyl group (Scheme 4; Structures 9a-d). A large variety of oligonucleotides were synthesized using the modified bases. The preliminary data indicates that the propargyl modified oligomers have different rates of digestion with certain enzymes. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 shows the  31  p NMR spectra of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEt Phosphoramidites (Structures 6a-d). 
     FIG. 2 shows the HPLC of Sequence #1, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 3 shows the HPLC of Sequence #2, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 4 shows the HPLC of Sequence #3, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 5 shows the HPLC of Sequence #4, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 6 shows the HPLC of Sequence #5a, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 7 shows the HPLC of Sequence #5b; the DMT-ON oligomer is peak B. 
     FIG. 8 shows the HPLC of Sequence #7, crude synthesized oligomer. 
     FIG. 9 shows the FIPLC of Sequence #8, crude synthesized oligomer. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to nucleoside intermediates as shown in Structures 11 through 18. ##STR1##R 1  represents H, monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, trimethoxytrityl,tetrahydropyranyl, a chromophore, a ligand, monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate; 
     R 2  represents H, OH or OH-protected with a removable group, such as silyl, tetrahydropyranyl, --OCOCH 2  CH 2  COOH, or a similar group for anchoring on solid supports and amenable to solid phase DNA or RNA synthesis, or an unremovable group, such as CH 3  or C 2  H 5  ; 
     B represents the DNA or RNA bases, Adenine, Guanine or Cytosine, appropriately protected with a protecting group, or Thymine or Uracil, anyof which may be structurally modified with various groups which can be usedas chromophores or ligands; 
     R 3  represents H, alkyl, aryl or hydrocarbonyl radical with or without electron attracting or donating groups; 
     R 4  represents H, alkyl, aryl or hydrocarbonyl radical with or without electron attracting or donating groups; 
     R 5  and R 6  represent H, alkyl, aryl or hydrocarbonyl radical with or without electron attracting or donating groups; 
     R 7  represents alkyl, cyanoethyl, or other phosphate protecting groups;and R 8  and R 9  represent alkyl or cyclic ring systems. ##STR2##B represents N-benzoyl adenine or N-isobutyryl guanine; R 1  represents monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, trimethoxytrityl, tetrahydropyranyl, achromophore, a ligand, monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate; 
     R 2  represents H, OH or OH-protected with a removable group such as silyl or tetrahydropyranyl; 
     R 3 , R 4  and R 5  represent H, alkyl, aryl, or hydrocarbonyl radicals with or without electron attracting or donating groups; 
     R 6  and R 7  represent H, alkyl, aryl or hydrocarbonyl radical with or without electron attracting or donating groups; 
     R 8  represents alkyl, cyanoethyl, or other phosphate protecting groups;and 
     R 9  and R 10  represent alkyl or combine to form a cyclic ring system. 
     The invention is further directed to DNA sequences represented by structures as in Structure 19: ##STR3##wherein B represents DNA or RNA bases, Adenine, Guanine, or Cytosine, appropriately protected with a protecting group, or Thymine or Uracil, anyof which may be structurally modified with groups which can be used as chromophores or ligands; 
     x represents O or S and y represents O, S or CH 3  (to make natural phosphate, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, methyl phosphonates, methyl thiophosphonates or dithiophosphate); 
     R represents CHR 3  --C═CR 4 , wherein R 3  and R 4  represent H, alkyl, aryl, or hydrocarbonyl radicals with or without electron attracting or donating groups; and 
     R 1  and R 2  represent H, OH or other ligands or chromophores. 
     The following terms are defined herein: &#34;chromophore&#34; includes fluorescein and derivatives, rhodamine and derivatives, and biotin and biotin analogs; &#34;ligand&#34; includes cholesterol, digoxegenin, amino, carboxyl, aidehyde, andSH groups linked to the nucleoside via C-1 to C-15 carbon spacer; &#34;other phosphate protecting groups&#34; include methyl, trichloroethyl, p-nitrophenylethyl, o-chlorophenyl, cyanoethyl, and p-chlorophenyl; &#34;alkylgroup&#34; includes methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, and other groups up to C-15; &#34;a cyclic system&#34; would include morpholino, piperidino, and other ring structures up to 15 atoms; &#34;electron attracting groups&#34; include fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, isocyano, cyano, acetamido, nitro, carboxyl esters, phenyl, chlorophenyl, and nitrophenyl; and &#34;electron donating groups&#34; include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl,neopentyl, cyclohexyl, dimethylamino, diethylamino, diproprylamino, and diisopropylamino. 
     The invention is further directed to a method for the ini-roduction of the propargyl group CHR 1  --C═CR 2 , or the allyl group, CHR 3  --CR 4  ═CR 5 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R 5  are H, alkyl, aryl or hydrocarbonyl radical with or without electron attracting or donating groups, in which the groups are added directly into a 5&#39;- and N-protected ribonucleoside to obtain a 2&#39;- and/or 3&#39;- propargyl modification in the ribonucleoside or deoxynucleoside by using propargyl bromide or allyl bromide, respectively, DBTO and TBAB, as depicted in Scheme 1. 
     Finally, the invention is directed to a chemical or biological delivery system used for the delivery of DNA or RNA, incorporating chemically or encapsulating physically the propargyl-modified oligomer. 
     For the synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl- (and 3&#39;-0-propargyl) N-protected ribonucleosides, the following materials and methods were used. 
     The ultra violet spectra of the monomers, the trityl values and the OD units of the oligomers were obtained on the Shimadzu UV-1201 Spectrophotometer. The  1  H proton and  31  p phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained on a Varian XL-300 MHz Spectrometer equipped with a Varian 5 mm broad band probe. The  1  H-NMR spectra were referenced to the internal CHCl 3  signal, and 1% TMS in the sample, 7.24 ppm and 0 ppm, respectively (Tables 1-3).  31  P-NMR chemical shifts listed are downfield from 85% H 3  PO 4 , externally referenced. All the spectra were run in CDCl 3  (Cambridge Isotopes). CDCl 3  was also used as a lock reference in  31  P-NMR analysis. DNA and RNA were synthesized on the Eppendorf Synostat D300 DNA-RNA Synthesizer. The DNA sequences were synthesized with standard protocols for defined sequence DNA synthesis (0.2 micromole scale). The HPLC analysis was done on the Rainin-Rabbit HPLC System with the Kipp and Zonen strip chart recorder and Altex 254 nm UV detector, and C-18 reverse-phase columns were used for the analyses. Propargyl bromide, dibutyl tin oxide (DBTO) and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Gamma- 32  P-ATP was obtained from Dupont New England Nuclear. All the enzymes were obtained from Boehringer-Mannheim, Ind. 
     Thin layer chromatography (tlc) was carried out on Baker-Flex silica gel IB-F TLC plates (20×20 cm and 5×20 cm). Column Chromatography was carried out using silica gel 60 (EM Science), particle size 0.04-0.063mm (230-400 mesh), and particle size 0.063-200 mm (70-230 mesh). 
     For the determination of the detection limit and the establishment of purity of the propargyl nucleosides and the phosphoramidites (Structures depicted in Scheme I), tlc was used as the criteria. By using high concenerations, it was possible to detect impurities to the extent of 0.25%-0.10%. HPLC was used in conjunction with tlc. For the phosphoramidites, an additional purity parameter was  31  P-NMR analysis. The desired phosphoramidite-associated peaks appear as sharp doublets (FIGS. 2 and 3 and Table 4). By taking up to a three-fold excess (as compared to the normal quantity of 16 mg) in CDCl 3 , in the NMR tube and increasing the data acquisition time three times, it was possibleto detect the impurities up to the extent of 0.5%. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-Propargyl- (and 3&#39;-0-Propargyl-) 
     N 6  -bz-Adenosine (Structures 2a and 3a) 
     A mixture of 5&#39;-DMT-N6-bz-A (Structure 1a, 55.17 g; 80 mmol), TBAB (28.32 g; 88 mmol), DBTO (23.84 g; 96 mmol), and propargyl bromide (33.76 ml; 320mmol), and dry DMF (225 ml), was stirred for 24 hrs at 40°-45° C. The mixture was then poured onto crushed ice. Allthe contents were filtered on a Buchner funnel. The gummy mass was dissolved in dichloromethane and the organic layer was washed with distilled water three times. Finally, the organic layer was passed throughsodium sulfate and then concentrated and dried over high vacuum for four hours. The reaction reached completion to the extent of 50-60% as monitored by tlc. The crude reaction mixture was purified on silica gel column (1.5 kg, 230-400 mesh) using a gradient system of chloroform:hexane:acetone (50:40:10 to 50:30:20). The yield of pure 5&#39;-DM T-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N 6  -bzA was 5.5 g (9.4%) and the regio-isomer 5&#39;-DMT-3&#39;-O-propargyl-N6-bzA was 2.3 g (4%). Other fractions containing varying proportions of isomers were not re-purified, and the total yields are unoptimized. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-Propargyl- (and 3&#39;-0-Propargyl-) 
     N 4  -bz-Cytidine Nucleoside (Structures 2b and 3b) 
     A mixture of 5&#39;-DMT-N4-bzC (Stucture 1b, 23.29 g; 35 mmol), TBAB (12.39 g; 38.5 mmol), DBTO (10.43 g; 42 mmol), propargyl bromide (14.77 ml; 140 mmol), and dry DMF (100 ml) was stirred for 24 hrs at 40°-45° C. The mixture was then poured onto crushed ice. Allthe contents were filtered on a Buchner funnel. The gummy mass was dissolved in dichloromethane and the organic layer was washed with distilled water three times. Finally, the organic layer was passed throughsodium sulfate and then concentrated, drying over a high vacuum for at least four hours. The reaction reached complet-ion up to 50-60% as monitored by tlc. The purification was done on a silica gel column (1.5 kg) using a solvent gradient system consisting of chloroform:hexane:acetone: methanol (50:30:20:0 to 50:30:10:2). The yield of pure 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bzC was 4 g (16.23%), and the regio-isomer 5&#39;-DMT-3&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bzC was 2.2 g (8.9%). Other fractions containing varying proportions of isomers were not re-purified and the total yields are unoptimized. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-Propargyl- (and 3&#39;-0-Propargyl-) 
     N 2  -ibu-Guanosine Nucleoside (Structures 2c and 3c) 
     A mixture of 5&#39;-DMT-N2-ibuG (Structure 1c, 32.78 g; 50 mmol), TBAB (17.70 g; 35 mmol), DBTO (14.90 g; 60 mmol), propargyl bromide (42.2 ml; 200 mmol) and dry DMF (130 ml) was stirred for 24 hrs at 40°-50°C. The mixture was then poured onto crushed ice. All the contents were filtered on a Buchner funnel. The gummy mass was dissolved in dichloromethane and the organic layer was washed with distilled water three times. Finally, the organic layer was passed through sodium sulfate and then concentrated, dried over high vacuum for at least four hours. Thereaction reached completion up to 40-50%, as monitored by tlc. The purification was done on a silica gel column (1 kg) using a solvent gradient system consisting of ethyl acetate:hexane: acetone:methanol (48:34:18:0 to 48:34:18:2). The product obtained from this column was repurified using a solvent gradient system consisting of chloroform:hexane:acetone:methanol (50:30:20:0 to 50:30:20:2). The yield of pure 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N 2  -ibu-G was 4.25 g (12.25%), and the regio-isomer 5&#39;-DMT-3&#39;-O-propargyl-N2-ibuG was 3.2 g (9.2%). Other fractions containing varying proportions of isomers were not re-purified and the total yields were unoptimized. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-Propargyl-(and 3&#39;-O-Propargyl-) 
     Uridine Nudeoside (Structures 2d and 3d) 
     A mixture of 5&#39;-DMT-U (Structure 1d, 24.59 g; 45 mmol), TBAB (15.93 g; 49.5mmol), DBTO (13.41 g; 54 mmol), propargyl bromide (18.99 ml; 180 mmol), dryDMF (100 ml) was stirred for 24 hours at 40°-50° C. The mixture was poured over crushed ice. All the contents were filtered over aBuchner funnel. The gummy mass was then dissolved in dichloromethane, and the organic layer was washed with distilled water three times. The organiclayer was finally passed through Na 2  SO 4 . It was then concentrated and dried over high vacuum for at least four hours. The reaction reached completion up to 60-70%, as monitored by tlc. The purification of the crude product was carried out on a silica gel column (1.5 kg), using a solvent gradient system consisiing of chloroform:ethyl acetate:triethylamine:methanol (45:45:8:2 to 44:44:8:4). The yield of pureisolated 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-Uridine was 5 g (19%), and the regio-isomer 5&#39;-DMT-3&#39;-O-propargyl-Uridine was 3.6 g (13.7%). Other fractions containing varying proportions of isomers were not re-purified and the total yields were unoptimized. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-allyl- (and 3&#39;-O-allyl-) 
     Nudeosides (Structures 4a-d and 5a-d) 
     These compounds were obtained similarly as outlined in Scheme 1, condition (ii), by the reaction of allyl bromide with the 5&#39;-DMT-ribonucleosides (1a-d) in presence of DBTO and TBAB. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     General Procedure for the Synthesis of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-Propargyl-3&#39;-Cyanoethyl 
     Phosphoramidite-Pyrimidine and Purine Nucleotides (Structures 6a-d) 
     The general phosphitylation conditions are described for the adenosine derivative, and they were followed for other bases in a similar manner. 
     5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N 6  -bzA (Structure 2a, 1 g; 1.4 mmol) was dissolved in dry chloroform (10 ml) containing N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (1.2 ml, 9.37 mmol). To the solution was added beta-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphonamidic chloride (0.77 ml, 3.25mmol) at 5° C. The mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere for 1.5 hour at room temperature. The solution was poured into a separatory funnel containing 70 ml EtOAc and extracted first by saturated NaHCO 3 solution and then by saturated NaCl. The organic layer was separated, driedover anhydrous Na 2  SO 4  and concentrated to an oil in vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel. The product, 5&#39;-O-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEtN,N-diisopropyl N-bzA, obtained was 0.8 g (62.5% yield). 
     5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bzC (Structure 2b, 1.3 g, 1.89 mmol), chloroform (13 ml), N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine (1.6 ml, 12.37 rnmol) and the P-C1 reagent (1.03 ml, 4.347 mmol), were used to obtain 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl 3&#39;-CNEt,N,N-diisopropyl-N 4  -bzC under the above reaction conditions to yield 1 g (59.59%). 
     5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N 2  -ibuG (Structure 2c, 500 mg, 72 mmol), chloroform (5 ml), N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine (0.548 ml, 4.278 mmol) and the P-C1 reagent (0.387 ml, 1.63 mmol) were taken to obtain 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEt,N,N-diisopropyl-N 2  -ibuG, under the above reaction conditions to yield 200 mg (31%). 
     5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargylU (Structure 2d, 670 mg, 1.14 mmol), chloroform (7 ml), N,N-diisopropyl ethyl amine (0.998 ml, 7.79 mmol) and the P-Cl reagent (0.639 ml, 2.918 mmol) were taken to obtain 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEt, N,N-diisopropyl-Uridine, under the above reaction conditions to obtain a yield of 150 mg (16.68%). 
     5-DMT-2&#39;-O-allyl-3&#39;-cyanoethyl phosphoramidites (Structures 7a-d) were synthesized as depicted in Scheme 3, and obtained with a protocol similar to that outlined for the nucleotide Structures 6a-d. 
     A large variety of oligonucleotides was synthesized using the modified bases. Some representative synthetic oligonucleotides containing O-propargyl modified bases are illustrated herein, and the feasibility of incorporation of 2&#39;-O-propargyl modified phosphoramidites was demonstrated. The oligomer Sequences 4 and 5 were synthesized to compare digestion of similar sequence oligomers reported earlier with natural deoxy bases (23). Sequences 6, 7, 8 and 9 were synthesized to compare the data reported on same sequences with natural bases (44,45) for the targetslocated between the 5&#39;-cap site and the tenth codon in the coding sequence of human c-myc mRNA, for suppressing the c-myc gene in cultured HL-60 cells. 
     Oligomer sequences (pro=2&#39;-O-propargyl): 
     1. 5&#39;-OHproA-proA-proA-proA-proA-dA-3&#39;-OH 
     2. 5&#39;-OHproC-proC-proC-proC-proC-dC-3&#39;-OH 
     3. 5&#39;-OHproU-proU-proU-proU-proU-dT-3&#39;-OH 
     4. 5&#39;-OH-proG-dA-dA-proC-dA-proG-dA-dT-dA-proC-dT-dA-proC-dA-proC-dT-dT-3&#39;-OH(17-mer). 
     5a. 5&#39;-OH-dG-dA-dA-dC-dA-dG-dA-proU-dA-dC-proU-dA-dC-dA-dC-proU-dT-3&#39;-OH (17-mer). 
     5b. 5&#39;-DMT-dG-dA-dA-dC-dA-dG-dA-proU-dA-dC-proU-dA-dC-dA-dC-proU-dT-3&#39;-OH (17-mer with DMT-ON). 
     6. 5&#39;OH-dG-dC-dC-dC-dC-dG-proA-proA-proA-proA-dC-dC-dG-dG-dC-3&#39;-OH (15-mer.) 
     7. 5&#39;OH-dG-proC-proC-proC-proC-dG-dA-dA-dA-dA-proC-proC-dG-dG-proC-dC-3&#39;-OH 
     8. 5&#39;-OH-dG-dC-dC-dC-dC-dG-proA-proA-proA-proA-dC-dC-dG-dG-proA-dC-3&#39;-OH 
     9. 5&#39;-OH-proG-dA-dA-proC-dA-proG-dA-dT-dA-proC-dT-dA-proC-dA-proC-dT-dT-3&#39;-OH 
     The syntheses were carried out 0.2 micromole scale on an Eppendorf SynostatD300 DNA/RNA synthesizer. The regular deoxynudeoside phosphoramidites as well as the propargyl modified phosphoramidites were used as 0.2M solution(80 ul per step) in anhydrous acetonitrile. The coupling time was 120 sec. throughout. The other synthesis protocols were same as time DNA synthesis parameters. The coupling efficiency for the propargyl modified bases was between 98.5% and 99.5% per step. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     HPLC Purity Check and Purification of the Propargyl Modified Oligomers 
     Sequence #5b was purified on HPLC and the DMT-ON peak (peak B) was collected. This was then subjected to 80% aqueous acetic acid for 20 min at room temperature and further examined on HPLC; the pure, detritylated oligomer formation then takes place. All the oligomers after synthesis were examined on HPLC on a C-18 revers-e-phase column. In all cases, one major peak is observed in the 90-95% range. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     End Labelling and Enzymatic Digestion of the Oligomers 
     A number of the oligomers obtained were end-labelled with gamma- 32  P ATP and polynucleotide kinase under standard reaction conditions. All the oligomers incorporated the terminal phosphate to a high specific activity.Two additional oligodeoxynucleotides, Sequences #10 and #11 were used as controls. An oligomer containing internal modifications with 2&#39;-O-methyl-riboadenosine was synthesized (Sequence #12) with a sequence otherwise identical to Sequence #8. The end labelling was performed after protecting group removal and lyophilization. An autoradiogram showed thesecrude modified oligomers to be of 90-95% purity, similar to what was observed on HPLC. The oligomers used for enzymatic digestion were passed on P-2 gel to remove the inorganic phosphates, and the fractions containing the desired band were lyophilized. Digestion was carried with Bal 31, Bxonuclease III, mung bean nuclease, P1 nuclease, S1 nuclease and snake venom phosphodiesterase enzymes on a number of selected oligomers. 
     The consol DNA sequences used were as follows: 
     Sequence #10: 5&#39;-OH-dG-dC-dC-dC-dC-dG-dA-dA-dA-dA-dC-dC-dG-dG-dC-dC-3&#39;-OH (16 mer); 
     Sequence #11: 3&#39;-OH-dG-dC-dC-dC-dC-dG-dA-dA-dA-dA-dC-dC-dG-dG-dA-dC-3&#39;-OH (16 mer); 
     The control DNA sequence incorporating 2&#39;-OMe nucleotides was: 
     Sequence #12: 5&#39;-OH-dG-dC-dC-dC-dC-dG-mA-mA-rnA-mA-dC-dC-dG-dG-mA-dC-3&#39;-OH,where mA is 2&#39;-OMe Adenosine. 
     The preliminary data indicates that the propargyl modified oligomers have different rates of digestion with certain enzymes. 
     Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for the purposes of clarity and understanding,it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. ##STR4## 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Rf values of various Propargyl derivatives:(A) 5&#39;-OH-2&#39;-O-propargyl Nucleosides (9a-d)           Solvent Systems        Chloroform  Methanol                         Rf__________________________________________________________________________2&#39;-O-propargyl Adenosine (9a)        80          20   0.60F.W.: 305.292&#39;-O-propargyl Cytidine (9b)        80          20   0.20F.W.: 265.262&#39;-O-propargyl Guanosine (9c)        70          30   0.38F.W.: 321.292&#39;-O-propargyl Uridine (9d)        80          20   0.30F.W.: 282.25__________________________________________________________________________(B) 5&#39;-DMT-N-protected (2&#39;- &amp; 3&#39;-)-O-propargyl Nucleosides (2a-d &amp;3a-d):     Solvent Systems    2&#39;-isomer                             3&#39;-isomer     Ethyl     Triethyl (2a-d)                             (3a-d)     acetate         Chloroform               amine                   Methanol                        Rf   Rf__________________________________________________________________________5&#39;-DMT-N6-bz-     47  47    6   --   0.46 0.36propargyl AdenosineF.W.: 711.7385&#39;-DMT-N4-bz-     47  47    6   --   0.50 0.24propargyl CytidineF.W.: 687.7105&#39;-DMT-N2-ibu-     44  44    8   4    0.45 0.33propargyl GuanosineF.W.: 692.7185&#39;-DMT-   46  46    8   --   0.37 0.27propargyl UridineF.W.: 584.590__________________________________________________________________________Rf values for various propargyl derivatives:(C) 5&#39;-DMT-N-protected-(2&#39;-)-O-propargyl Phosphoramidites (6a-d):              Solvent Systems              Ethyl    Triethyl              acetate                  Hexane                       amine   Rf__________________________________________________________________________5&#39;-DMT-N-bz-2&#39;-O-  60  30   10      0.64propargyl Adenosine-3&#39;-CNEt         0.55phophoramidite (6a)F.W.: 911.9635&#39;-DMT-N-bz-2&#39;-O-  60  30   10      0.55propargyl Cytidine-3&#39;-CNEt          0.45phosphoramidite (6b)F.W; : 887.9335&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-Uridine-              60  30   10      0.643&#39;-CNEt phosphoramidite (6d)        0.55F.W.: 784.815                  Dichloro                  methane  Acetone5&#39;-DMT-N-ibu-2&#39;-O-propargyl              37  37   10  16  0.58Guanosine-3&#39;-CNEt phosphoramidite (6c)F.W.: 892.943__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________.sup.1 H-NMR Spectral Data of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-(&amp; 3&#39;-)-O-Propargyl-N-protectedRibo Nucleosides (2a-d) &amp; (3d)H-1&#39;   H-2&#39; H-3&#39;    H-4&#39;       H-5&#39; &amp; 5&#34;            DMT               Aromatic                     ##STR5##                             CCH                                  ##STR6##                                         ##STR7##                                             H-2                                                H-5 H-6                                                       H-8__________________________________________________________________________5&#39;-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N6-bz-Adenosine (2a):6.24   4.58 4.91    4.26       3.39 3.78               6.75 4.36         2.40        8.25      8.74-- -- -- -- --   -- --   --           --          --        --6.25   4.61 4.94    4.28       3.56    7.71 4.38         2.41        --        --d,J;     t               dd           t           s         s5.075&#39;-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bz-Cytidine (2b):6.00   4.16 4.11    4.07       3.58 3.83               6.87 4.66         2.47           7.19                                                    8.56-- -- -- -- --   -- --   --           --             --  --   4.17 4.14    4.10       3.61 -- 7.63 4.70         2.49           7.23                                                    8.58s           m    s       t            t                  d,J;                                                    7.515&#39;-O-Dimethoxytrityl-3&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bz-Cytidine (3b):5.98   4.45 -- 4.29       3.43 3.81               6.83 4.49         2.42           7.33                                                    8.40-- -- -- --      -- --   --           --             --  -- 4.32    4.31       3.58 3.81               7.65 4.52         2.44           7.35                                                    8.42d           m    d,J;               --   m            t              J = d,J;            7.08                                7.01                                                    7.085&#39;-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N2-ibu-Guanosine (2c):5.91   4.60 5.08    4.24       3.15 &amp;            3.76               6.77 4.19 &amp; 4.23                             1.73                                 2.41   0.75           7.86       3.19-- -- -- -- --   -- --   --       --  --     --             --5.93   4.62 5.12    4.25       3.51 &amp;            -- 7.55 4.30 &amp; 4.36                             1.77                                 2.43   0.97       3.55d  dd dd m  m            m        m   m      --             sJ; J;                                 --6.65    .335&#39;-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl Uridine (2d):5.97   4.23 4.48    4.04       3.53 3.80               6.79 4.43         2.50           5.27                                                    7.99-- -- -- -- --   -- --   --           --             --  --5.98   4.25 4.49    4.07       3.54 -- 7.45 4.56         2.52           5.29                                                    8.02                                                5.30J; J; -- -- --   -- --   --           --             J;9.85                                                    J;2.50   7.70                                                  8.11d  dd    m  s    s  --   m            --             dd  d5&#39;-O-Dimethoxytrityl-3&#39;-O-propargyl Uridine (3d):5.93   4.39 4.389    4.21       3.41 3.80               6.82 4.25         2.45           5.36                                                    7.83-- -- -- -- --   -- --   --           --             --  --5.94   4.39 4.392    4.23       3.57 -- 7.45 4.29         2.46           5.39                                                    7.85J; -- -- -- --   -- --   --           J;8.07         J;7.57                                                    --2.95d  s  s  s  --   -- --   m            --             d   d__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         TABLE III  - .sup.1  H-NMR Spectral Data of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEt Phosphoramidites (6a-d):  5&#39;-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N6-bz-Adenosine-3&#39;-Cyanoethyl,N,N,-dii sopropyl Phosphoramidite (6a):  ##STR8##  ##STR9##  ##STR10##  ##STR11##  ##STR12##  ##STR13##  ##STR14##  ##STR15##  ##STR16##  ##STR17##  ##STR18##  ##STR19##  ##STR20##  6.22 4.61 5.09 4.26 3.32 3.77 6.74 4.32 2.28 3.52 2.36 2.63 1.06    -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  6.24 4.69 5.12 4.28 3.42 3.78 7.62 8.36 2.32 3.54 2.41 2.69 1.20    dd m m m m d -- m m m -- -- m  5&#39;-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N4-bz-Cytidine-3&#39;-Cyanoethyl,N,N-diiso propyl Phosphoramidite (6b):  ##STR21##  ##STR22##  ##STR23##  ##STR24##  ##STR25##  ##STR26##  ##STR27##  ##STR28##  ##STR29##  ##STR30##  ##STR31##  ##STR32##  ##STR33##  ##STR34##  ##STR35##  6.06 4.42 4.30 4.23 N/A 3.826 6.85 4.54 2.50 3.46 2.37 2.62 0.99 6.99 8.53  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  6.08 4.51 4.36 4.26 N/A 3.831 7.89 4.68 2.57 3.94 2.45 2.66 1.29 7.10 8.62  d -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --    dd dd  5&#39;-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-N2-ibu-Guanosine-3&#39;-Cyanoethyl, N,N-diisopropyl-Phosphoramidite (6c):  ##STR36##  ##STR37##  ##STR38##  ##STR39##  ##STR40##  ##STR41##  ##STR42##  ##STR43##  ##STR44##  ##STR45##  ##STR46##  ##STR47##  ##STR48##  ##STR49##  ##STR50##  ##STR51##  5.84 4.59 5.05 4.25 N/A 3.76 6.77 4.22 &amp; 4.25 2.31 N/A N/A N/A 0.89 1.68 0.75 &amp; 7.83           0.78  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  5.96 4.60 5.09 4.28 N/A 3.77 7.56 4.30 &amp; 4.37 3.34 N/A N/A N/A 1.29 1.90 0.87 &amp; 7.86           0.89  dd m m     m m       d  5&#39;-Dimethoxytrityl-2&#39;-O-propargyl-Uridine-3&#39;-Cyanoethyl Phosphoramidite (6d):  ##STR52##  ##STR53##  ##STR54##  ##STR55##  ##STR56##  ##STR57##  ##STR58##  ##STR59##  ##STR60##  ##STR61##  ##STR62##  ##STR63##  ##STR64##  ##STR65##  ##STR66##  6.02 4.34 4.50 4.21 3.56 3.798 6.80 5.23 7.94 4.40 2.56 3.43 2.39 2.64 1.02  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  6.06 4.39 4.63 4.31 3.62 3.803 7.43 5.30 8.02 4.44 2.63 3.76 2.45 2.68 1.37  m  d,m     Quad Quad 
    
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________.sup.1 H-NMR Spectral Data of 2&#39;-O-Propargyl Nucleosides__________________________________________________________________________(9a-d):2&#39;-Propargyl-Adenosine (9a):H-1&#39; H-2&#39;    H-3&#39;        H-4&#39;            H-5&#39; &amp; H-5&#34;                   CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C                          C.tbd.CH                               H-2    H-8__________________________________________________________________________6.05 4.40    4.71        4.10            3.61   4.21   2.54 8.08   8.25--   --  --  --  --     --     --   --     --6.07 4.42    4.74        4.11            3.78   4.24   2.56 --     --d    --  --  m   m      --     --   s      sJ = 6.6--  --  --  --     --     --   --     --__________________________________________________________________________2&#39;-Propargyl-Cytidine (9b):H-1&#39; H-2&#39;    H-3&#39;        H-4&#39;            H-5&#39; &amp; H-5&#34;                   H-5    H-6  CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C                                      C.tbd.CH__________________________________________________________________________5.88 4.18    4.02        3.95            3.69   5.78   7.99 4.46   2.57--   --  --  --  --     --     --   --     --5.89 4.19    4.04        3.98            3.88   5.80   8.01 --     2.58d    s   --  --  --     d      d    --     ----   --  --  --  --     J = 7.5                          J = 7.4                               --     --__________________________________________________________________________2&#39;-Propargyl-Uridine (9d):H-1&#39; H-2&#39;    H-3&#39;        H-4&#39;            H-5&#39; &amp; H-5&#34;                   H-5    H-6  CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C                                      C.tbd.CH__________________________________________________________________________5.95 4.20    4.33        4.16            3.68   5.59   8.01 4.96   2.57--   --  --  --  --     --     --   --     --5.96 4.24    4.34        4.17            3.78   6.61   8.04 5.05   --d    d   --  --  m      d      d    m      sJ = 4.2--  --  --  --     J = 8.11                          J = 8.06                               --     --__________________________________________________________________________s = sharp single; d = doublet; dd = doublet of doublet; m = multiplet; Qua = quadruplet; N/A = Not available due to interference 
    
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________Structure #    Upfield Peak               Downfield Peak                            Δ (in Hertz)______________________________________31p NMR Spectral Data of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-propargyl-3&#39;-CNEtPhosphoramidites (6a-d):A (6a)   145.181    145.741      0.559C (6b)   145.127    145.238      0.111G (6c)   144.528    145.175      0.647U (6d)   146.000    146.090      0.09031p NMR Spectral Data of 5&#39;-DMT-2&#39;-O-allyl-3&#39;-CNEtPhosphoramidites (7a-d):A (7a)   145.780    146.333      0.553C (7b)   144.930*G (7c)   144.684    144.935      0.251U (7d)   144.940*______________________________________*: Only one peak observed.