Abstract:
A technique for combining biometric identification with digital certificates for electronic authentication called biometric certificates. The technique includes the management of biometric certificates through the use of a biometric certificate management system. Biometric certificates may be used in any electronic transaction requiring authentication of the participants. Biometric data is pre-stored in a biometric database of the biometric certificate management system by receiving data corresponding to physical characteristics of registered users through a biometric input device. Subsequent transactions to be conducted over a network have biometric certificates generated from the physical characteristics of a current user, which is then appended to the transaction, and which then authenticates the user by comparison against the pre-stored biometric data of the physical characteristics of users in the biometric database.

Description:
this application claim benefit to Provisional application 60/046,012 filed May 9, 1997 which claim benefit to Provisional application 60/055,534 filed Aug. 13, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This disclosure relates generally to the field of secure communications, and in particular to the issuance and management of certificates for authenticating messages. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     The use of computer networks and telecommunication systems for various transactions has markedly increased in recent years. Traditional transactions such as shopping, purchasing, banking, and investment services have experienced growth in new directions due to the application of computers and telecommunications. 
     While traditional transactions have heretofore been conducted typically on a person-to-person basis, many telecommunication-based transactions are conducted remotely and sight-unseen; i.e. the participants in telecommunication-based transactions may never meet. 
     With such telecommunication-based transactions, there is an increasing need to recognize and verify the authenticity of a remote user of electronic services, including such services involving consumers of all types of electronic transactions such as purchases over the Internet, home banking, electronic transfers of funds, and electronic brokerage services. Such electronic transactions may also involve users of remote repositories of data, for example, to access classified records, medical records, billing records, and unclassified but sensitive data, such as company records. Other relevant areas requiring adequate or even absolute security include authentication of signers of electronic documents such as contracts. In general, any electronic service of value, provided over a local network or a public network, requires authentication of the requester in order to protect the value of the service. More valuable services typically require a greater degree of authentication. 
     Historically, access to electronic services has been provided through identification techniques such as account names and authentication techniques such as personal identification numbers (PINs) and passwords. Such authentication techniques have not proven to be very secure since PINs and passwords are often easily guessed, hard to remember, or subject to discovery by exhaustive automated searches. Recently, digital certificates have emerged as a leading candidate for authenticating electronic transactions. 
     Ideally, a digital certificate, such as those defined by the X.509 and ANSI X.9 standards, allows users or buyers and sellers to authenticate electronic documents and electronic transactions in a manner analogous to the authentication of documents by a Notary Public in person-to-person transactions. The combination of cryptographic techniques, including public key cryptography, and the use of digital certificates provides greater integrity, privacy and a degree of authentication for on-line electronic transactions which instills a greater level of confidence in the electronic services consumer. 
     For example, such authenticating certificates in the prior art may be generated by concatenating a message and a public key with a set  10  of data as shown in FIG. 1, which may be in a sequence and which may include a unique subject ID  12  corresponding to the subject; that is, the individual or entity such as a corporation, having the public key. As shown in FIG. 1, other fields in the set  10  of data may include a version number, a serial number for the certificate with respect to a sequence of generated certificates, the name of the issuer, a validity period to determine an expiration of validity of the certificate, a subject name identifying the user or individual sending the transaction, a unique issuer ID number, and other data extensions indicating privileges and attributes of the certificate, such as access privileges. 
     The unique subject ID  12  of the user may include M bits representing, for example, a social security number or a password associated with the user sending the transaction. Typically, M≈50 bits≈6 bytes or less. 
     The authenticating certificate, being the concatenation of the set  10  of data with the public key and the transaction data, is then processed, for example, using a hash function such as a one-way hashing function, to generate a hashed value. The hashed value is then signed; that is, encrypted, using the private key of the user to generate a digital signature  14 . The digital signature  14  is then appended to the authenticating certificate and the message, such as an electronic transaction, for transmission over, for example, a network. 
     The X.509 and ANSI X.9 standards described above incorporate a hash function to generate unique digital signatures  14  from a respective set  10  of data. Such one-way hashing functions enable the transaction data to be computationally infeasible to derive solely from the hash value. 
     While the use in the prior art of authenticating certificates incorporating digital certificates improves transactions employing electronic authentication, it still falls short of actually authenticating a human transactor, such as a consumer. Instead, such digital certificates in the prior art only authenticate the private cryptographic key used in the transaction or signature. Since private keys are physically stored on computers and/or electronic storage devices, such private keys are not physically related to the entities associated with the private keys. For example, a private key is assigned to an entity, which may be a group of people, an organization such as a company, or even groups of organizations, and so private keys are not limited to actual human individuals. 
     Identification indicia of individuals may be subdivided into two broad categories: indicia based on the physical characteristics of the individual, that is, what the individual is; and indicia based on assigned information, that is, what another individual has associated with the identified individual, or what the identified individual chooses with which to be associated. The first category having physical indicia relates to the biometric data of an individual, and includes characteristic features such as genetic composition, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris and retinal appearance, etc., which are unique to each individual, with known exceptions such as the identical genetic compositions of twins. 
     The second category having assigned indicia includes information which the individual knows and/or is charged with memorizing and divulging for authentication, such as social security number, mother&#39;s maiden name, access codes such as long distance calling card numbers, and personal passwords. The second category also includes information and/or objects which the individual owns and/or is charged with carrying and divulging for authentication, such as driver&#39;s licenses and passports. 
     Private keys are assigned indicia. Accordingly, the lack of physical identification of a human transactor with a private key is a flaw in authentication techniques in the prior art using such private keys. Other authentication and security techniques in the prior art are similarly flawed, since many authentication and security techniques rely on identification indicia of the second category. 
     Techniques are known in the art for authenticating an individual based on identification indicia of the first category; that is, by physical characteristics. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,349 to Flom et al. discloses a system for performing iris recognition. Typically, such physical characteristics identifying techniques require complicated computational operations for the capture and accurate classification of physical characteristics, since such physical characteristics are unique to each individual. Accordingly, the identification indicia for such physical characteristics generally requires a relatively large amount of memory to store and classify such identification indicia. 
     Heretofore, the relatively large computational demands of authentication techniques based on physical characteristics has prevented such authentication techniques from being implemented in electronic transactions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is recognized herein that the application of biometric identification and classification techniques to the authentication of electronic transactions provides for increased security and accuracy. 
     A biometric certification system and method are disclosed herein which implements an end-to-end security mechanism binding the biometric identification of consumers with digital certificates. The biometric certification system authenticates electronic transactions involving a user, and includes a biometric input device which responds to a set of physical characteristics of the user, and generates corresponding first biometric data related to the physical condition of the user. A hash function generator receives the first biometric data and generates a hash value signal from the first biometric data. 
     A registration authority generates a digital biometric certificate signal from a private key signal and from the hash value signal which incorporates the first biometric data. An electronic transaction generator responds to the digital biometric certificate signal and to transaction data to generate a data signal corresponding to the electronic transaction to be transmitted over a network. A receiver responds to the data signal received from the network and operates to extract the digital biometric certificate signal. 
     A biometric certification management system certifies the electronic transaction as being from the user, with the biometric certification management system including: a biometric data extractor which responds to the digital biometric certificate to isolate the first biometric data from the digital biometric certificate signal; and a classifier which responds to the first biometric data and to second biometric data retrieved from a biometric database and corresponding to the user. The classifier operates to compare the first biometric data to the second biometric data, and to generate an authentication decision signal corresponding to the comparison of the first and second biometric data. The receiver responds to the authentication decision and processes the electronic transaction as being authentic from the user or as being fraudulent. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features of the disclosed biometric certification system and method are readily apparent and are to be understood by referring to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an authenticating certificate in the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a biometric certificate of the disclosed biometric certification system and method; and 
     FIGS. 3-4 are block diagrams of the disclosed biometric certification system. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring in specific detail to the drawings, with common reference numbers identifying similar or identical elements, steps, and features, as shown in FIG. 2 the present disclosure describes a biometric certification system and method for generating biometric certificates from a set  16  of data, including a unique subject ID  18  and biometric data  20 . A digital signature  22  generated using the biometric data  20  as described below is appended to the set  16  of data to form the biometric certificate, as shown in FIG.  2 . 
     The disclosed biometric certification system  24  is shown in FIGS. 3-4. It has a set of input devices, including a biometric input device  26 , a user data input device  28 , and a transaction data input device  30 . The biometric input device  26  generates first biometric data from the physical characteristics of the user, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, iris and retinal appearance, and speech patterns. 
     The biometric input device  26  may include visual cameras and/or other visual readers to input fingerprints, hand geometry, iris appearance, and retinal appearance. For example, companies such as IDENTIX, FUJITSU, and AUTHENTEC provide such equipment for reading fingerprints, while RECOGNITION SYSTEMS provides equipment to read hand geometry. EYE-DENTIFY is an example of a company which provides retinal imaging devices, while IRISCAN and SENSAR are examples of companies which provide iris imaging devices. 
     Alternatively, the biometric input device  26  may be adapted to receive audio characteristics of a user. For example, a microphone in conjunction with a speech digitizer may be used to receive and digitize speech. Such companies as BBN, T-NETIX, and ALPHA-TEL provide such equipment for receiving and digitizing speech to generate corresponding biometric data. 
     Biometric input devices known in the art may be used to receive other physical characteristics such as facial and body appearance via, for example, a camera, as well as the genetic composition of the user by means of genetic material gathering procedures, such as blood lancets. 
     The biometric certificate as shown in FIG. 2 may be generated by concatenating transaction data, a public key, and the set  16  of data, including the biometric data  20 , using a first concatenator  32 , which may be embodied as an adder. The transaction data is received from the transaction data input device  30  corresponding to the electronic transaction such as an electronic funds transfer. The set  16  of data is input through the user data input device  28  which may be in a sequence, as shown in FIG. 2, and which may include a unique subject ID  18  corresponding to the subject; that is, the individual or entity such as a corporation, having the public key. The set  16  of data also includes various other fields described above with respect to FIG.  1 . 
     The biometric data  20  is obtained directly from the physical characteristics of the subject through the biometric input device  26 . The unique subject ID  18  of the user may include M bits, in which typically M≈50 bits≈6 bytes or less, while the biometric data  20  typically includes much more data than the unique subject ID  18 . Generally, the biometric data  20  has N bits in which N is about 64 bits or more; that is, about 6 bytes or more. In fact, the amount of the biometric data  20  is unlimited; for example, a fingerprint may be visually scanned to any resolution to obtain key fingerprint aspects which uniquely distinguish fingerprints, or alternatively to obtain data representing pixels of the entire fingerprint. Accordingly, the biometric data  20  may require large amounts of memory for storage such as 2 kB or even 4 MB. Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment, N is much greater than M. 
     The authenticating certificate, being the concatenation of the set  16  of data, including the biometric data  20 , with the public key and the transaction data, is then processed, for example, using a hash function  34 , such as a one-way hashing function, to generate a hashed value. RSA and SHA- 1  are examples of public key cryptographic methods and one-way hashing which may be used for such encryption and hashing functions. The RSA method is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829 to Rivest et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. The SHA- 1  method is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,545 to Childs et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The hashed value is then sent to a registration authority (RA)  36  having a biometric certificate generator  38 , in which the hashed value is signed; that is, encrypted, using the private key of the user to generate a digital signature  22 , incorporating the biometric data  20 . Using a second concatenator  40 , which may be an adder circuit, the digital signature  22  is then appended to the transaction data from the transaction data input device  30  for transmission over, for example, a network  42  or the Internet. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, after receiving the electronic transaction from the network  42 , a receiver  44  decrypts the electronic transaction using its private key, de-hashes the decrypted electronic transaction using an inverse  45  of the hash function  34 , and extracts the biometric certificate  46  from the de-hashed data using a biometric certificate extractor  46 , which may be an adder or a subtractor circuit for separating the biometric certificate from the rest of the data. 
     The receiver  44  then sends the biometric certificate to a biometric certificate management system (BCMS)  48  for authentication thereof. The BCMS includes a biometric data extractor  50  which extracts the first biometric data from the biometric certificate. The biometric data extractor  50  may be an adder or a subtractor circuit, which then applies to a classifier  52  the first biometric data allegedly corresponding (before authentication) to the user. 
     The BCMS  48  also accesses a biometric database  54  to obtain pre-stored biometric data from registered users identified by the user data, such as the unique subject ID  18  provided in the biometric certificate  20 . After obtaining second biometric data corresponding to the user,-the BCMS  48  applies the second biometric data to the classifier  52  for classification with respect to the first biometric data. 
     The classifier  52  may be a comparator, or alternatively a software routine or other hardware/software devices implementing data matching techniques, for comparing the biometric data to obtain a decision value. Alternatively, the classifier  52  may be a trained neural network  53  and/or a fuzzy logic classifier for classifying whether or not, within an error tolerance, the first and second biometric data were obtained from the same individual using biometric input devices. Such classification methods for authentication of images and data sequences using neural networks are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,620 to Eccles, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The classifier  52  then generates an authentication decision, which may be logic values corresponding to YES or NO, or TRUE or FALSE, indicating verification of the authenticity of the user sending the electronic transaction. Alternatively, the authentication decision may be a numerical value, for example, corresponding to a percentage of confidence of authenticity. 
     The receiver  44  then responds to the authentication decision to process the electronic transaction; for example, an electronic funds transfer. The receiver  44  may include a predetermined threshold of, for example, 98% authenticity, to be exceeded in order to proceed with the processing of the electronic transaction. 
     Using biometric certificates, cross-over error rates for identification and authentication may be below about 2.0%, and may even be as low as about 0.5%. The application of more advanced biometric input devices  26  and classifiers  52  known in the art may obtain substantially perfect authentication of any individual from the global population. 
     The disclosed biometric certification system  24  and method may include electronic transactions using a network as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. application No. 08/770,824, filed Dec. 20, 1996 and entitled “VIRTUAL CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY, which is incorporated herein by reference. Such a system can be adapted to include the use of biometric certificates as described herein for cryptographically binding the biometric data of a user with identification information to form such biometric certificates. The use of public key technology allows the transaction/signature authentication process to be done either centrally or remotely, depending upon the needs of the transaction. 
     The disclosed biometric certification system  24  and method may also be used for authenticating such cryptographic binding at the time of the electronic transaction or during electronic signature verification. 
     Prior to use of the disclosed biometric certification system  24  and method, the biometric database  54  is built using, for example, a registration process in which individuals are required to provide proof of identity; that is, identification information such as a birth certificate, a driver&#39;s license, current bank account data, credit card account data, etc. to be provided to the registration authority  36 . Once the RA  36  is satisfied with such proof, the identification information is entered into the BCMS. 48 , and biometric measurement is then taken concurrently using at least one biometric input device  26 . 
     Such stored biometric measurements form the pre-stored biometric data in the biometric database  54  which corresponds to the pre-registered individuals who have undergone the registration process described above. Accordingly, pre-registered individuals may be properly authenticated, while unregistered individuals are rejected, within the cross-over error rate. 
     While the disclosed biometric certification system and method is particularly shown and described herein with reference to the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, modifications, such as any examples suggested herein, but not limited thereto, are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.