Abstract:
The patent application is directed to a moisture indicator that reversibly changes between two different colors depending on whether the moisture indicator is in a wet state or in a dry state. The moisture indicator is used to provide visual information about dryness/wetness of a substrate such as plant soil. The moisture indicator comprises a porous body member having a moisture indicating color and a moisture indicating material over the moisture indicating color. Water passed through the porous material activates the moisture indicating material from a dry opaque state to a transparent clear state. In the transparent clear state, the moisture indicating material reveals the moisture indicating color.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/529,604, filed Aug. 31, 2011 entitled “Moisture Indicator, Method for Preparing the Same and Method of Use”, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The patent application generally relates to a moisture indicator that reversibly changes color depending on whether it is in a wet state or in a dry state. The patent application also relates to a method for preparing the same and a use of said moisture indicator to provide visual information about the dryness/wetness of a substrate such as a soil, especially soil in a plant pot. 
     BACKGROUND 
     It is known in the art that some chemical compounds reversibly change color when in contact with water. An example of such a chemical compound is cobalt chloride which is blue in its anhydrous state (i.e., CoCl 2 ) and pink in its full hydrated state (i.e., CoCl 2 .6H 2 O). 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,098 (Meyers) relates to a moisture indicator useful for the monitoring of the moisture content of a potting soil of a conventional house plant. More particularly, this indicator includes a plastic housing encapsulating an elongated wick extending from a lower point where it is exposed beneath the soil level to an upper point in an indicator chamber formed in the housing. The wick surrounds but does not touch a “signal element” comprising a layer of moisture-sensitive, color changeable substance (e.g., cobalt chloride), to carry moisture to the vicinity of the “signal element”. The substance changes color in response to predetermined gains (or losses) in moisture content. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,445 (Burrows) relates to a moisture indicator for use in determining the wet-dry cycle of soil surrounding cultivated plants. It comprises an upper chamber and lower chamber with an interconnecting passageway across which an absorbent supporting material (e.g., blotting paper) impregnated with a moisture sensitive indicator composition (e.g., cobalt chloride) is positioned. The lower chamber has a bottom opening which upon insertion into the soil results in the relative humidity in the lower chamber being related to the wetness of the soil. The upper chamber is partially transparent and may optionally be vented to the outer atmosphere. 
     Existing cobalt salts are susceptible to being washed out into the surrounding substrate, thereby involving only a short useful life of a moisture indicator containing the same, and also involving contamination of the soil. In this regard it is to be noted that companies using cobalt chloride have released Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) describing cobalt chloride as a skin and respiratory irritant. Also, MSDS reports on the carcinogenic properties of cobalt chloride vary; some state that there is no risk while others say that cobalt chloride has caused cancer in laboratory animals. The warning label that comes with cobalt chloride is that any exposure can irritate the lungs and skin and that long term exposure can affect the heart, kidneys, lungs, and thyroid. Protective eyewear, gloves, respirators and ventilation hoods are the recommended protection measures for handling cobalt chloride. Furthermore, companies using cobalt chloride as the indicator in their indicating Silica Gel are putting their employees and consumers, as well as the environment, at unnecessary risk. British regulations have required that cobalt chloride be handled and disposed of as a hazardous material since 2001. Cobalt chloride, if not properly disposed of, can leach into the ground and water supply, contaminating both. 
     A non-cobalt chloride, appearance-changing moisture indicator is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,647 (Emalfarb). The indicator has a body made up of a porous material that changes in physical appearance with a change in the amount of moisture retained in the porous material. In the operative state, a first part of the sensor body resides within the growing medium and a second part of the sensor body remains visible to allow a user to ascertain through the appearance of the second part of the sensor the amount of moisture in the growing medium. The moisture content is ascertained by “darkening” of the porous material in the state with more moisture. The shortcoming of this indicator is that differentiating between shades of the same color can be difficult. 
     As illustrated by the above mentioned prior art documents, color/appearance changing moisture sensitive indicators either require the assembly of multiple parts for supporting a porous absorbing material that is impregnated with a hazardous moisture sensitive indicator substance such cobalt chloride or they incorporate using a porous material that only changes appearance by different levels of darkening of the same color that is difficult to differentiate visually. 
     Therefore there is a strong need for a substrate moisture indicator that is inexpensive to manufacture, durable, does not require assembly of multiple parts and clearly reveals the dryness/wetness of the substrate. Also, there is a strong need for a substrate moisture indicator that naturally blends with the surrounding environment. Furthermore, there is a strong need for a moisture indicator that has an extended useful life, prevents contamination of the soil and avoids any negative effects on the health of persons using the indicator. The present patent application puts forth a moisture indicator that meets these aforesaid needs. 
     SUMMARY 
     One aspect of the present patent application is directed to a moisture indicator for indicating the water content of a substrate, especially potted plant soil, comprising a body member. The body member is made of at least a porous material having reversible water absorption properties; provided with a moisture indicating surface for positioning above the substrate; provided with a moisture indicating color; and provided with a water transfer surface for contact with the substrate and allowing reversible water migration by capillary action through the porous material between the water transfer surface and the moisture indicating surface. The moisture indicator further includes a moisture indicating material that reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. The moisture indicating surface is at least partially provided with the moisture indicating material and the moisture indicating color is at least partially provided directly beneath the moisture indicating material. 
     Another aspect of the present patent application is directed to method of preparing a moisture indicator for indicating the water content of a substrate. The method involves providing porous material precursors, colored material and moisture indicating material. The moisture indicating material reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. The method further involves forming the porous material precursors into a body member having reversible water absorption properties with a top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces. The method then involves coating at least a portion of one of the surfaces with colored material and then coating at least a portion of the colored material with the moisture indicating material to create a moisture indicating surface that displays moisture level color. 
     Yet another aspect of the present patent application is directed to method of preparing a moisture indicator for indicating the water content of a substrate. The method involves providing porous material precursors, colored material and moisture indicating material. The moisture indicating material reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. The method further involves creating a mixture of the colored material with said porous material precursors and forming the mixture into a body member having reversible water absorption properties with a top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces. The method then involves coating at least a portion of one of the surfaces with the moisture indicating material to create a moisture indicating surface that displays moisture level color. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other aspects and advantages presented in this patent application will be apparent from the following detailed description, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1   a  is a schematic representation of a moisture indicator according to the present patent application, the schematic depicts the moisture indicator pressed into the soil of a potted plant and displaying a moisture level color that indicates that the soil is dry; 
         FIG. 1   b  is a schematic representation of the same moisture indicator as depicted in  FIG. 1   a , the moisture indicator displaying a moisture level color that indicates the soil is wet; 
         FIG. 2   a  is a top schematic view of the moisture indicator in  FIG. 1   a;    
         FIG. 2   b  is a top schematic view of the moisture indicator in  FIG. 1   b;    
         FIG. 3   a  is a side sectional view of one embodiment for the structure of the moisture indicator shown in either of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b;    
         FIG. 3   b  is a side sectional view of another embodiment for the structure of the moisture indicator shown in either of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b;    
         FIG. 4   a  is a side sectional view of another embodiment for the structure of the moisture indicator shown in either of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b ; and 
         FIG. 4   b  is a side sectional view of another embodiment for the structure of the moisture indicator shown in either of  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b.    
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1   a - 4   b  illustrate the structure and use of a moisture indicator  20 . Moisture indicator  20  is for providing visual information to a user about the dryness/wetness of a substrate  22  such as a soil, especially soil in a pot  24  containing a plant  26 . Moisture indicator  20  comprises a body member  30  which is made of at least a porous material  32  having reversible water absorption properties. Body member  30  is provided with a moisture indicating surface  34  that is for positioning above substrate  22 . Body member  30  is further provided with a moisture indicating color  28 , a color that indicates moisture is present. Body member  30  also is provided with a water transfer surface  36  for contact with substrate  22 . Water transfer surface  36  allows reversible water migration across the water transfer surface between substrate  22  and porous material  32 . Water transfer surface  36  also allows for reversible water migration by capillary action through porous material  32  between the water transfer surface and moisture indicating surface  34 . Moisture indicator  20  further comprises a moisture indicating material  38  that reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. Moisture indicating surface  34  is at least partially provided with moisture indicating material  38 . Moisture indicating material color  28  is at least partially provided directly beneath moisture indicating material  38 . 
     Body member  30  has as top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces. Body member  30  is constructed from porous material  32  that has reversible water absorbing properties similar to that of substrate  22 , e.g. soil. By having similar reversible water absorbing properties similar to substrate  22 , moisture indicator  20  can better represent the water content of the substrate. Porous material  32  needs to be hydrophilic and have an appropriate pore size to transfer water by capillary action. A preferred porous material  32  that exhibits these properties is a porous ceramic such as plaster, clay or gesso. These materials act similar to soil and therefore provide for accurate reading of the moisture content when substrate  22  is plant soil. Discoloration problems and permanent staining of moisture indicator  20  can occur from dissolved chemicals from the soil if the appropriate porous material  32  is not chosen for body member  30 . Porous ceramics are less susceptible to staining due to their general chemical inertness. Porous ceramics also provides for a durable moisture indicator  20  that will not deform or break easily. Other alternative porous materials that absorb and retain water are lava rock, soil composites, litmus stone, zeolite, concrete mixes, porous plastic composites, absorbent polymers or super absorbent polymers, foamed plastic, phenolic foam formulations, etc. 
     Moisture indicator  20  is preferably a stone-shaped body member so that the moisture indicator naturally blends with the surrounding environment. Body member  30  has a thickness defined between water transfer surface  36  and moisture indicating surface  34 . Body member  30  also has a minimum width defining moisture indicating surface  34 . The minimum width should be greater than the thickness to produce a flat object with a minimum diameter of the area being greater than the thickness. The thickness of body member  30  cannot be too thin or the body will dry quickly and not represent the moisture content of substrate  22 . Similarly, the thickness of body member  30  of body member cannot be too thick or it will take too long for water to transfer by capillary action and thereby not represent the moisture content of substrate  22 . It is critical to have the thickness of porous material  32  greater than ⅛-inch and less than 1¼ inch. 
     Moisture indicating surface  34  is preferably defined as substantially the whole top surface of body member  30  to provide a maximum viewable area to the user. However, moisture indicating surface  34  may be some smaller area of the top surface. Moisture indicating surface  34  is provided with moisture indicating material  38  at least partially, but preferably over substantially the entire moisture indicating surface,  FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a . Moisture indicating material  38  may alternatively be provided to all surfaces of body member  30 ,  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b . Moisture indicating material  38  may be a reversible hydrochromic ink such as Hydro-Chromic White manufactured by Matsui International Company, Inc. This product changes repeatedly from white to transparent when wetted with water and changes back to the original white when dried. It consists of a mixture of acrylic acid ester copolymer emulsion and white pigment. Further, when a coloring agent, such as for example Neo Color (coloring pigment paste) is compounded with the binder, it is reversibly changed from colored opaque to colored transparent with water. The critical thickness of the hydrochromic ink that is required is from 0.005 to 0.018-inches thick. If the ink layer is too thin then moisture indicating color  28  is visible. If the ink is too thick, then the color change does not occur and moisture indicating surface  34  remains opaque. 
     Moisture indicating color  28  is provided at least partially under, but preferably under substantially all of the moisture indicating material  38 . Moisture indicating color  28  may be provided as a layer of material between moisture indicating material  38  and porous material  32 ,  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . In one embodiment, moisture indicating color is applied as a coating of colored material, the colored material being a porous colored material. Examples of colored material are food dyes, porous oil based paints, pottery dye and water-based paints. Alternatively in another embodiment, moisture indicating color  28  may be incorporated into porous material  32 ,  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b . Examples of some colored materials that may be incorporated into porous material  32  are pottery dye and pigments. 
     In one embodiment,  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , the method of preparing moisture indicator  20  for indicating the water content of substrate  22  comprises providing porous material precursors, colored material and moisture indicating material  38 . The moisture indicating material  38  reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. The porous material precursors are first formed into body member  30  that has reversible water absorption properties. Porous precursors for plasters and clay include fine ceramic powders, water and other optional aggregates. The water reacts with the ceramic powders to form porous material  32 . The result is a body member  30  that has a top surface, bottom surface and side surfaces. A coating of colored material is provided to at least a portion of one surface,  FIG. 3   a . Finally a coating of moisture indicating material  38  is applied to at least a portion of the colored material. The portion of body member  30  covered by colored material and moisture indicating material  38  creates a moisture indicating surface to display moisture level colors. Alternatively the top surface, bottom surface and side surfaces may all be coated with both colored material and moisture indicating material  38 ,  FIG. 3   b.    
     In one embodiment,  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , the method of preparing moisture indicator  20  for indicating the water content of substrate  22  comprises providing porous material precursors, colored material and moisture indicating material  38 . The moisture indicating material  38  reversibly changes from opaque when dry to transparent when wet. A colored material such as a pigment or dye is first mixed with the porous material precursors. The porous material precursors with colored material are then formed into body member  30  that has reversible water absorption properties. Porous precursors for plasters and clay include fine ceramic powders, water and other optional aggregates. The water reacts with the ceramic powders to form porous material  32 . The colored material adds color to the whole body member  30 . The result is a body member  30  that has a top surface, bottom surface and side surfaces. A coating of moisture indicating material  38  is applied to at least a portion of the colored material,  FIG. 4   a . The portion of body member  30  covered by moisture indicating material  38  creates a moisture indicating surface to display moisture level color. Alternatively the top surface, bottom surface and side surfaces may all be coated with moisture indicating material  38 ,  FIG. 4   b.    
     Moisture indicator  20  functions as follows. Water transfer surface  36  of moisture indicator  20  is pressed into substrate  22  to create intimate contact with the substrate. Once intimate contact has been created with substrate  22  any water from the substrate passes across water transfer surface  36  and fills the pores in porous material  32 . Water continues to migrate by capillary action through the pores and reaches moisture indicating material  38  at moisture indicating surface  34 , thereby wetting the moisture indicating material. In the dry state, with no water in moisture indicating material  38 , the moisture indicating material is opaque and the user cannot see the color of moisture indicating color  28 . The user instead only sees the color of moisture indicating material  38  (dry indicating color  29 ). However when in the wet state, moisture indicating material  38  is wetted and the moisture indicating material becomes transparent allowing the user to see the color of moisture indicating color  28  beneath the moisture indicating material. The moisture indicating color may also darken in the presence of water. This reversible action that results from water going into and out of the moisture indicating material  38  creates two totally different colors visible to the user between the wet and dry state, see  FIG. 2   a  and  2   b . The reversible water absorption properties of all materials allows moisture indicator  20  to reversibly change between the two different colors in response to the moisture content in substrate  22 . The reversible color change is repeatable for thousands of times as all materials do not dissolve to any significant amount in water. 
     A moisture indicator  20  was prepared according to the following technique. First, a slurry was prepared by mixing 70-parts of pottery plaster with 100-parts of water. The slurry was inserted and pressed into a mold to form a body member  30  having a stone-like shape. Pressure applied to the slurry was just sufficient to force it to fill the mold, and if necessary, to reduce/eliminate air bubbles in the molded slurry. A coating of a colored material having water absorption properties was applied to the top surface of the body member. To do so, body member  30  was sprayed with blue paint. The paint used provides a thin porous layer that does not seal the surface from water penetrating it. The painted body member was allowed to dry for a few minutes at room temperature. The colored material was then provided with the moisture indicating material, hydrochromic white. Body member  30  previously coated with blue paint was sprayed with the hydrochromic formulation in a thickness of 0.005 to 0.0018 inches thick. Of course, any other application methods, including other painting methods, can be used. Moisture indicator  20  was then allowed to dry for a few minutes at room temperature. 
     The stone-like shape is an organic form of approximately 25×25×10 mm. Of course, size of the article may vary within large limits. The size can range anywhere from about ⅛ that size, to 3 times this size. The flattened geometry is particularly preferred to expose as much surface area at the top and bottom of moisture indicator  20 . Indeed, a short cylinder, disk, or any other shape that is wider than it is tall will work just as effectively. A particularly preferred specific size is chosen to a) be effective in indication, b) be user friendly to handle and hold, c) be small enough to be unobtrusive in a pot, but large enough to notice when indicating. 
     While several embodiments of the invention, together with modifications thereof, have been described in detail herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings; it will be evident that variations in the structure, fabrication and use of the moisture indicator are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Nothing in the above specification is intended to limit the invention more narrowly than the appended claims. The examples given are intended only to be illustrative rather than exclusive.