Abstract:
A binder for abrasive products, coated abrasive articles and a method of making the same comprising a urea formaldehyde resin precursor cured in the presence of a sole catalyst which consists essentially of at least one salt of an acid with a diamine of the formula H 2 N—R—NH 2  wherein R is an alkylene group of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic, phosphoric and combinations thereof.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from British Application Number 0122153.0, filed Sep. 13, 2001. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a catalyzed urea formaldehyde binder for use in abrasive articles, a method of making the binder, abrasive articles made therewith and in particular to coated abrasive articles and to a method of making coated abrasive articles. 
     DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART 
     Coated abrasive articles generally contain an abrasive material, typically in the form of abrasive grains, bonded to a backing via of one or more adhesive layers. Such articles usually take the form of sheets, discs, belts, bands, and the like, which can be adapted to be mounted on pads, wheels or drums. Abrasive articles can be used for sanding, grinding or polishing various surfaces of, for example, steel and other metals, wood, wood-like laminates, plastic, fiberglass, leather or ceramics. 
     The backings used in coated abrasive articles are typically made of paper, polymeric materials, cloth, vulcanized fiber or combinations of these materials. A common type of bond system includes a make coat, a size coat, and optionally a supersize coat. The make coat typically includes a tough, resilient polymer binder that adheres the abrasive particles to the backing. The size coat, which also typically includes a tough resilient polymer binder that may be the same as or different from the make coat binder, is applied over the make coat and abrasive particles to further reinforce the particles. The supersize coat, including one or more antiloading ingredients or perhaps grinding aids, may then be applied over the size coat if desired. 
     In a typical manufacturing process, a coated abrasive article is made in a continuous web form and then converted into a desired construction, such as a sheet, disc, belt, or the like. Binders for the purpose of adhering the abrasive granules to the backing include the traditional phenolic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, hide glue, varnish, epoxy resins, and polyurethane resins, or more recently a class of radiation cured crosslinked acrylate binders; see, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,138 (Tumey, et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,828,583 (Oxman, et al.). 
     High performance coated abrasive articles have traditionally used phenolic size resins. Such resin systems suffer from the disadvantage that they require high temperatures for a prolonged time for optimum curing. This prevents the use of such resins with some polymeric backings either because they will not withstand the cure temperature or because the high cure temperature may result in dimensional instability of the coated sheet, e.g., curling upon cooling to ambient temperature. Additional disadvantages are that phenolic resins tend to be more expensive and have more undesirable emissions compared to urea-formaldehyde resin systems. 
     Urea formaldehyde (UF) was first patented for use as an adhesive for coated abrasives by 3M Company (“3M”) in the mid 1930&#39;s (Great Britain Pat. No. 419,812). Since that time a number of different coated abrasive products have been made with acid catalyzed UF resins. Today, the two most common catalysts used with UF resins are aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) and ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl). 
     Urea-aldehyde resins have enjoyed great success in coated abrasives. However, the need to reduce the use of solvents and unreacted reactants which contribute to release of volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC) in the process of making coated abrasives and the need to increase the quality of the abrasives while maintaining or increasing their level of performance are challenging the industry. 
     When aluminum chloride is used as the catalyst, a higher temperature than normal must be used to cure the urea-aldehyde resin, which in turn leads to curling of edges of the coated abrasive. Also, the gel time, pot life and peak exotherm temperatures are all dependent on the concentration of the aluminum chloride. Consequently, there is a trade-off between aluminum chloride concentration and curing conditions, especially with low free-aldehyde UF resins. 
     Unlike aluminum chloride catalysis, the gel time, pot life and peak exotherm temperatures are all independent of the ammonium chloride concentration. However, the activity (ability of the catalyst to catalyze the reaction) of ammonium chloride is dependent on the free formaldehyde concentration in the binder precursor composition. With low free aldehyde resins, the ammonium chloride does not activate the condensation reaction very readily until a sufficient temperature is reached. However, as mentioned above, increased temperature tends to curl the edges of the coated abrasive and does not render performance improvements. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,825 (Engen, et al.) reports coated abrasives comprising a backing coated on at least one major surface thereof with an abrasive coating comprising a binder and abrasive particles. The binder is comprised of a solidified urea-aldehyde resin, the solidified urea-aldehyde resin being derived from a binder precursor comprising a urea-aldehyde resin having a low free aldehyde content and a co-catalyst. The co-catalyst is a catalyst consisting essentially of a Lewis acid, preferably aluminium chloride or an organic amine salt or an ammonium salt, preferably ammonium chloride. Preferred linear organic amine salts are those selected from the group of compounds having the general formula: 
     
       
         (X 31  ) + H 3 N(CH 2 ) n NH 3   + (Y − ) 
       
     
     wherein X and Y are halide atoms that may be the same or different and n is an integer ranging from about 3 to about 10. An example of such a linear organic amine salt found useful is the dichloride salt of hexamethylene diamine, obtained by the acidification of an aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine with hydrochloric acid (HCl). One branched chain organic amine salt found useful is that known under the trade designation “DYTEK-A,” available from E. I. duPont de Nemours &amp; Co., Wilmington, Del., which is commonly known as 2-methyl-pentamethylene diamine. 
     Although urea-formaldehyde resins have been used as make, size and supersize resins in coated abrasives they are generally not able to match the performance of coated abrasive made with phenol-formaldehyde resins. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been found that certain urea formaldehyde resin systems can provide comparable performance to phenol formaldehyde resins when used in the production of coated abrasives. According to the present invention there is provided a coated abrasive article comprising a backing having at least one major surface, a plurality of abrasive grains bonded to at least a portion of the one major surface of the backing by at least one binder, wherein the binder comprises an urea formaldehyde resin precursor cured in the presence of a sole catalyst which consists essentially of at least one salt of an acid with a diamine of the formula: 
     
       
         H 2 N—R—NH 2   
       
     
     in which R is an alkylene group of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic, phosphoric and combinations thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of making a coated abrasive which comprises coating a major surface of a backing with a plurality of abrasive grains and a binder comprising a urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution and a solution of a sole catalyst which consists essentially of at least one salt of an acid with a diamine of the formula: 
     
       
         H 2 N—R—NH 2   
       
     
     in which R is an alkylene group of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic, phosphoric and combinations thereof, and curing the urea formaldehyde resin precursor. Curing is typically accomplished by heating at a temperature of at least 60° C., preferably at a temperature in the range of about 75° C. to 140° C., or a temperature in the range of 80° C. to 90° C. for 40 minutes or less, or at a temperature in the range of 115° C. to 125° C. for less than 10 minutes. 
     In a further aspect, the invention provides a binder which is useful in abrasive products comprising urea formaldehyde precursor resin cured in the presence of a sole catalyst which consists essentially of at least one salt of an acid with a diamine of the formula: 
     
       
         H 2 N—R—NH 2   
       
     
     in which R is an alkylene group of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic, phosphoric and combinations thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of making a binder comprising mixing components comprising an aqueous solution of a urea-formaldehyde resin precursor; and a sufficient quantity of an aqueous solution of a sole catalyst to initiate cross-linking of said urea-formaldehyde resin precursor of a catalyst consisting essentially of at least one salt of an acid with a diamine of the formula: 
     
       
         H 2 N—R—NH 2   
       
     
     in which R is an alkylene group of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic, phosphoric and combinations thereof to provide a mixture; and heating said mixture to provide said binder. 
     As used herein, the term “sole catalyst” means only one catalyst is employed, that being the diamine salt catalyst as defined above. 
     The term “catalyst” refers to the diamine salt defined above and its ability to initiate polymerization of urea-formaldehyde resin precursor to provide a cured urea-formaldehyde resin which is cross-linked. 
     It has been found that the use of particular catalysts which are salts of a lower alkaline diamine with an acid in combination with urea formaldehyde resin precursors provide a binder system suitable for use in coated abrasives which may provide comparable and sometimes superior physical properties to the use of phenolic resins systems while allowing low cure temperatures and shorter cure times. The cost of the urea formaldehyde binder system is significantly less than the cost of a phenolic resin system and the urea formaldehyde resin may have in excess of 90% less emissions than a phenolic resin system. 
     The catalyst used in the invention is derived from an alkaline diamine containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably, the diamine is 1,2 hexamethylene diamine or octadiamine. The acid is selected from hydrochloric, citric, nitric, sulphuric, acetic and phosphoric acids. Phosphoric acid is preferred. The preferred catalyst is 1,6, hexamethylene diamine phosphate. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The catalysts that are useful to initiate the cure of urea formaldehyde resin precursor in accordance with the present invention are formed by reacting the diamine with an acid to form a salt. The diamines are typically reacted to give a salt solution with a pH in the range of about 10.0 to about 10.5 for the HCl salt and about 6 for the phosphate and other acid salts. The optimum pH depends upon the acid used and is generally about 6, except for the chloride salt. The urea formaldehyde resin precursor, typically available as an aqueous solution, is mixed with an aqueous solution of the diamine salt catalyst and heated to cause the resin precursor to cure. 
     The catalysts are typically used in an amount just sufficient to initiate the reaction to cause urea formaldehyde precursor to polymerize to form the urea formaldehyde resin, although additional amounts may also be useful. That amount of diamine catalyst on a dry weight basis is typically in the range of about 1 to about 25% by weight, preferably about 2 to about 10% by weight, most preferably about 3 to about 5% by weight, based upon the total dry weight of the urea formaldehyde resin precursor plus diamine catalyst. 
     It has been surprisingly found that these diamine salt catalysts in combination with urea formaldehyde resin precursors provide improved cured urea formaldehyde resin binders compared with those produced by the use of the corresponding triamines or hexamine catalyst systems. 
     The above defined diamine salts are the sole catalysts employed in the urea formaldehyde binders of the invention. The diamine salts are latent catalysts and do not catalyze the curing of the resin below temperatures of about 60° C. Thus, the pot life of the resin binder system at ambient temperature is longer which is particularly beneficial in the manufacturing process of the coated abrasives. This is in contrast to a co-catalyst system comprising a Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride, and an amine salt which begins to cure the resin system at ambient temperature and has a limited pot life. 
     The term “urea formaldehyde resin precursor” refers to compounds which may include monomers or oligomers which are curable in the presence of an appropriate catalyst to provide fully cured urea formaldehyde resins which are solid polymeric materials that are cross-linked. Urea-formaldehyde resin precursors compositions useful in the present invention may be prepared by the reaction of urea with formaldehyde. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to urea (“F/U ratio”) of the resin ranges from about 1.4:1.0 to about 1.6:1.0. Urea-formaldehyde resins having low, i.e. less than 1%, free formaldehyde are preferred. The urea formaldehyde resin precursor aqueous solution generally has a viscosity in the range 600 to 1600 cps (0.6 to 1.6 Pascal seconds) measured at 60% by weight solids in aqueous medium using a BROOKFIELD LV viscometer with a number 1 spindle at ambient temperature (e.g., 20° C.). A preferred urea formaldehyde resin has a viscosity of about 860 cps (0.86 Pascal seconds) at ambient temperature. 
     Examples of commercially available urea-formaldehyde resin precursor aqueous solutions include those having the trade designations “AL3029R,” commercially available from the Borden Chemical Co., Westchester, Ill., USA, and “CBU UF,” commercially available from Dynochem Limited, Mold, U.K. 
     The binder preferably generally additionally comprises at least one of an acid filler or neutral filler. Preferred fillers are of the platelet type having a particle size of less than 10 micrometers. Preferred fillers include mica and clays (e.g., kaolin and silane-treated kaolin). Calcium silicate, magnesium calcium silicate may also be used. Specific materials suitable for use as fillers include those under the trade designations: SX400 mica, VANSIL EW20 (Wollastonite, calcium silicate), NYTAL 200, 400 and 7700 (magnesium calcium silicate, Microfine Minerals Ltd., Derby, U.K.); POLARITE 102A (silane treated calcined kaolin), POLESTAR 200R (calcined kaolin), kaolin grade E-silane treated, Supreme China Clay (Imerys Co., Paris, France). 
     The filler is generally employed in an amount from about 5 to about 50% by weight of the dry weight of urea formaldehyde binder (that being the dry weight of the urea formaldehyde precursor plus the dry weight of the diamine catalyst), preferably from about 15 to about 30%, more preferably about 25% by weight of the dry weight of the urea formaldehyde binder. The presence of the filler contributes towards the flexural modulus of the cured binder system. 
     The binder preferably comprises a wetting agent to assist in defloculating and dispersing the filler. The particular selection of wetting agent will depend upon the filler present in the binder formulation. Suitable wetting agents include esters of polyethylene glycol, ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid and a methacrylamide functional amine adduct of neopentyl-diallyl-oxy-tridioctyl pyro-phosphato titanate. 
     Suitable materials for use as wetting agents for the fillers include those available under the trade designations: DISPEX A40 (ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid, Harcros Chemicals, Inc., Kansas City, Kans.), IRGASTAT 33 (ester of polyethylene glycol, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland), LICA 38J (methacrylamide functional amine adduct of neopentyl-diallyl-oxy tri-dioctyl pyro-phosphato titanate, Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc., Bayonne, N.J.). 
     The wetting agent is generally used in the range about 0.1 to about 1.0% by weight based on the total weight of filler, although additional amounts may also be useful. 
     The binder formulations used in the invention may preferably additionally comprise a toughening agent. This is preferably a polymer latex selected from vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, ethylene, styrene butyl acrylate and vinyl ester of versatic acid, polymers and copolymers. 
     The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers used as toughening agents is typically in the range 0° C. to 50° C. Typical useful polymers include VINAMUL, e.g., VINAMUL 3303 (vinyl acetate-ethylene, Tg 0° C.), VINAMUL 3405 (a blend of the monomers vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and ethylene with nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant as a dispersant), VINAMUL 3479 (vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene, Tg 30° C.), VINAMUL 69223 (vinyl acetate-vinyl ester of versatic acid, Tg 22° C.), VINAMUL 3252 (vinyl acetate-ethylene, Tg 3° C.), VINAMUL 3253 (vinyl acetate-ethylene, Tg 7° C.), VINAMUL 31259 (vinyl acetate-ethylene), VINAMUL 3171 (vinyl acetate-ethylene, Tg 4° C.), VINAMUL 43627 (vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate), and VINAMUL 7139 (Styrene-acrylate, Tg 50° C.), commercially available from Vinamul Polymers, Bridgewater, N.J. 
     The toughening agent is generally present in an amount in the range about 1 to about 50% by weight based on the weight of the urea formaldehyde resin (i.e., the resin precursor plus catalyst). 
     The binder formulation may additionally comprise other adjuvants, e.g., a defoamer and other conventional adjuvants typically used in coated abrasive binder formulations. 
     The urea formaldehyde binder may be present as a make coat, size coat and/or a supersize coat. Preferably, the binder is used as a size coat. The binder may be coated by any of the conventional techniques known in the art. The binder is generally cured at a temperature in the range of 75 to 140° C. Low temperature curing can be effected at a temperature of 80 to 90° C. for 20 to 40 minutes. Alternatively, higher temperatures may be employed (e.g., 115 to 125° C.) for shorter cure time periods (e.g., less than 10 minutes). Resin slabs are typically pre-dried at lower temperatures (e.g., 50° C.) prior to curing. 
     When used as a supersize coat, the binder formulation may comprise antiloading agents, fillers, anti-static agents, lubricants, grinding aids, etc. Examples of such additives include salts and soaps of fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid and behenic acid, stearate salts, particularly calcium, zinc and lithium stearate, fluorinated compounds, e.g., a fluorochemical compound selected from compounds comprising a fluorinated aliphatic group attached to a polar group or moiety and compounds having a molecular weight of at least about 750 and comprising a non-fluorinated polymeric backbone having a plurality of pendant fluorinated aliphatic groups comprising the higher of (a) a minimum of three C—F bonds, or (b) in which 25% of the C—H bonds have been replaced by C—F bonds such that the fluorochemical compounds comprises at least 15% by weight of fluorine, potassium fluoroborate, sodium fluorosilicate, potassium fluoride, iron sulfide, potassium phosphate, molybdenum disulfide and calcium hydrogen phosphate and the anti-loading component disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,952 (Law, et al.) incorporated herein by reference. 
     The backing substrate used in the coated abrasive articles may be selected from any of a wide range of materials including paper, polymeric materials, cloth, and combinations thereof. 
     The abrasive articles can contain 100% of a single abrasive grain mineral composition. Alternatively, the abrasive article may comprise a blend or mixture of different abrasive grain mineral compositions. The mineral may be coated from 1% to 99% blends, preferably 50 to 95%, to form either open or closed coat construction. Useful conventional abrasive grains include fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, silica, silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, diamond, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol gel abrasive grains and the like. Examples of sol gel abrasive grains can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364 (Cottringer, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,802 (Schwabel); U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,671 (Monroe, et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,951 (Wood, et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The diamond and cubic boron nitride abrasive grains may be monocrystalline or polycrystalline. The particle size of these conventional abrasive grains can range from about 0.01 to 1500 micrometers, typically between 1 to 1000 micrometers. The abrasive grains may also contain an organic or inorganic coating. Such surface coatings are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,508 (Wald, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 1,910,444 (Nicholson); U.S. Pat. No. 3,041,156 (Rowse, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,675 (Kunz, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,461 (Markhoff-Metheny); U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,591 (Celikkaya, et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,671 (Martin, et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,991 (Kunz, et al.) all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In one embodiment a pressure sensitive adhesive is coated onto the back side of the coated abrasive such that the resulting coated abrasive can be secured to a back up pad. In another embodiment the coated abrasive may contain a hook and loop type attachment system to secure the coated abrasive to the back up pad. The loop fabric may be on the back side of the coated abrasive with hooks on the back up pad. Alternatively, the hooks may be on the back side of the coated abrasive with the loops on the back up pad. This hook and loop type attachment system is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,581 (Ott); U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,194 (Ott, et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,747 (Barry, et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Embodiments of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
     In the Examples the following materials were used: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 CBU UF 
                 A urea formaldehyde resin precursor commercially 
               
               
                   
                 available from Dynochem Limited, Mold, Flintshire, 
               
               
                   
                 U.K., supplied as a 67-70% solids aqueous solution 
               
               
                   
                 having a viscosity of 685 to 1600 cps (0.685 to 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Pascal seconds) depending upon the molecular weight 
               
               
                   
                 of the resin (typically about 790 cps, 0.79 Pascal 
               
               
                   
                 seconds). 
               
               
                 SX400 
                 Mica commercially available from Microfine Minerals 
               
               
                   
                 Limited, Derby, U.K. 
               
               
                 POLARITE 102A 
                 Silane treated calcined kaolin commercially available 
               
               
                   
                 from Imerys Co., Paris, France. 
               
               
                 V4305 
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
               
               
                   
                 commercially available from National Starch &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical Co., Bridgewater, NJ. 
               
               
                 V3479 
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
               
               
                   
                 commercially available from National Starch &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical Co. 
               
               
                 Kaolin Grade E 
                 Silane treated kaolin commercially available from 
               
               
                   
                 Imerys Co., Paris, France. 
               
               
                 LICA 38J 
                 Methacrylamide functional amine adduct of neopentyl- 
               
               
                   
                 diallyl-oxy-tri-dioctyl pyro-phosphato titanate 
               
               
                   
                 commercially available from Kenrich Petrochemicals 
               
               
                   
                 Inc., Bayonne, NJ. 
               
               
                 IRGASTAT 33 
                 Ester of polyethylene glycol commercially available 
               
               
                   
                 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland. 
               
               
                 1512M 
                 A defoamer commercially available from Hercules 
               
               
                   
                 Inc., Wilmington, DE. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 1A-1E 
     Examples 1A-1E, respectively, show urea formaldehyde resin precursors cured with diamine-based catalysts with different acid salts. 
     In Example 1A a diamine phosphate catalyst solution was made by mixing under reflux 47.5 g of 60% weight solution of 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (0.25 mole) in water with 46.6 g of 85% weight solution of phosphoric acid (0.48 mole) and 200 g of water. The resulting mixture generated heat, indicating an exothermic reaction, and the mixture was cooled during manufacture and before use. The resultant solution contained 23% by weight diamine phosphate catalyst. 
     The following procedure was used to prepare the Examples: 
     1. Mix the urea formaldehyde resin precursor aqueous solution and the wetting agent, if used, to provide a resin pre-mix smooth paste. 
     2. High-shear mix the filler into the resin pre-mix smooth paste. 
     3. Mix in the latex containing the toughening agent polymer, if used. 
     4. Mix in the defoamer, if used. 
     5. Mix in the diamine salt catalyst solution. 
     Examples 1B-1E show the preparation of other catalysts using the same diamine, i.e., 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, reacted with other acids to produce diamine salt catalyst solutions. These were prepared in an analogous manner as described above for Example 1A using the same molar equivalents. 
     The resulting catalysts were mixed with the CBU UF urea formaldehyde resin precursor aqueous solution to provide a mixture which was cast to form a 40 mm×20 mm×1 mm slab and cured in an oven for 30 minutes at 50° C., followed by 60 minutes at 75° C., followed by a seven day aging at room temperature. 
     Example 1A 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 65.00 
                 42.25 
                 64.29 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine phosphate salt 
                 15.00 
                 3.47 
                 5.28 1   
               
               
                 solution 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
                 30.43 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 The amount of catalyst on a dry weight basis based on the total dry weight of the resin (i.e., the urea formaldehyde resin precursor plus dry weight of catalyst) is 7.59%.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 1B 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 574.96 
                 373.72 
                 66.64 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine sulphate salt 
                 51.12 
                 25.83 
                 4.61 1   
               
               
                 solution 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 14.48 
                 7.24 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 130.72 
                 130.72 
                 23.31 
               
               
                 Methacrylamide functional amine adduct of 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 neopentyl-diallyl-oxy-tri-dioctyl pyro- 
               
               
                 phosphato titanate wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 7.36 
                 7.36 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 4.48 
                 4.48 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 Orange Pigment 
                 16.40 
                 11.15 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 6.46% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 1C 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 574.96 
                 373.72 
                 67.70 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine acetate salt solution 
                 51.12 
                 17.04 
                 3.09 1   
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 14.48 
                 7.24 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 130.72 
                 130.72 
                 23.68 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 7.36 
                 7.36 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 4.48 
                 4.48 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Orange Pigment 
                 16.40 
                 11.15 
                 2.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 4.36% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 1D 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 574.96 
                 373.72 
                 67.56 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine nitrate salt solution 
                 51.12 
                 18.23 
                 3.29 1   
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 14.48 
                 7.24 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 130.72 
                 130.72 
                 23.63 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 7.36 
                 7.36 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 4.48 
                 4.48 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Orange Pigment 
                 16.40 
                 11.15 
                 2.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 4.65% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 1E 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 Flexural Modulus 
                 Toughness 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Catalyst 
                 (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1A 
                 diamine phosphate 
                 10830 
                 0.08  
               
               
                 1B 
                 diamine sulphate 
                 10960 
                 0.0795 
               
               
                 1C 
                 diamine acetate 
                  9127 
                 0.0111 
               
               
                 1D 
                 diamine nitrate 
                  9542 
                 0.0724 
               
               
                 1E 
                 diamine citrate 
                  8635 
                 0.0645 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The flexural modulus and toughness of the slabs were measured at room temperature by 3 point bend using a flexural modulus and toughness testing device commercially available from Instron Corp., Canton, Mass. under the trade designation INSTRON 4301. The summary of the results is reported in the following Table. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 574.96 
                 373.72 
                 66.94 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine citrate salt solution 
                 51.12 
                 23.30 
                 4.17 1   
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 14.48 
                 7.24 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 130.72 
                 130.72 
                 23.41 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 7.36 
                 7.36 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 4.48 
                 4.48 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 Orange Pigment 
                 16.40 
                 11.15 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 5.87% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The surfaces of the diamine-sulphate and nitrate diamine-catalyzed slabs were not as smooth as the diamine phosphate-catalyzed slabs. 
     Examples 2 to 8 
     The following formulations were prepared and tested in accordance with Example 1. 
     The formulations were cast into slabs as in Example 1. The resin formulations were cured as described in Example 1. 
     Example 2 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 65.00 
                 42.25 
                 55.92 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 4.7 molar hexamethylene diamine hydro- 
                 15.00 
                 13.31 
                 17.62 1   
               
               
                 chloride solution 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 20.00 
                 20.0 
                 26.47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 23.96% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 673 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.045 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 69.78 
                 45.38 
                 79.40 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 19.77 
                 10.00 
                 17.51 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 4.7 molar hexamethylene diamine hydro- 
                 1.99 
                 1.77 
                 3.09 1   
               
               
                 chloride solution 
               
               
                 Water 
                 8.46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 3.5% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 466 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.191 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 80.41 
                 52.27 
                 82.69 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 1.53 
                 0.76 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 4.7 molar hexamethylene diamine phosphate 
                 10.23 
                 2.36 
                 3.73 1   
               
               
                 solution 
               
               
                 Kaolin grade E 
                 6.59 
                 6.59 
                 10.43 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.41 
                 0.41 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 4.32% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 722 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.13 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 62.48 
                 40.61 
                 66.75 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 17.71 
                 8.86 
                 14.55 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 4.7 molar hexamethylene diamine hydro- 
                 1.78 
                 1.58 
                 2.60 1   
               
               
                 chloride solution 
               
               
                 Silane treated calcined kaolin 
                 9.62 
                 9.62 
                 15.81 
               
               
                 (POLARITE 102A) 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 Water 
                 8.22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 3.74% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 484 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.11 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 76.56 
                 49.76 
                 76.79 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 15.01 
                 7.51 
                 11.58 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 4.7 molar hexamethylene diamine hydro- 
                 7.93 
                 7.03 
                 10.86 1   
               
               
                 chloride solution 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.31 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 12.39% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 330 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.06 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 7 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 73.41 
                 46.73 
                 69.79 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) (858 cps) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 1.85 
                 0.91 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 (V3479) 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine phosphate solution 
                 6.50 
                 1.47 
                 2.19 1   
               
               
                 (mix of 23.53 g of a 60% solution of 1,6 
               
               
                 hexamethylene diamine in water and 23.22 g 
               
               
                 of an 85% solution of phosphoric acid and 
               
               
                 100 g of water) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 16.69 
                 16.34 
                 24.40 
               
               
                 Methacrylamide functional amine adduct of 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 neopentyl-diallyl-oxy-tri-dioctyl pyro- 
               
               
                 phosphato titanate wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 0.94 
                 0.92 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.57 
                 0.56 
                 0.84 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 3.05% by weight of the resin.  
               
               
                 Flexural modulus = 2293 MPa  
               
               
                 Toughness = 0.08 MPa  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 77.31 
                 45.77 
                 75.36 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 1.94 
                 0.89 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica filler (SX400) 
                 12.25 
                 11.16 
                 18.38 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.60 
                 0.55 
                 0.91 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 0.99 
                 0.90 
                 1.48 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine phosphate solution 
                 6.87 
                 2.38 
                 2.16 1   
               
               
                 (pH 5.8 to 6.1) 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (LICA 38J) 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 3.06% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The flexural modulus and toughness of slabs made from this mix according to the techniques of Example 1 was compared with slabs made from the phenolic resin mix used in the size layer of 775L STIKIT™ abrasive disc commercially available from 3M United Kingdom plc. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Urea Formaldehyde Mix 
                 Phenolic Resin Mix 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Flexural modulus (MPa) 
                 1067 
                 800 
               
               
                 Toughness (MPa) 
                 0.127 
                 0.076 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The urea formaldehyde mix was used as a size coat in place of the phenolic resin system on a P180 775L STIKIT™ disc. The cutting performance of each disc was closely matched both in terms of cutting rate and cumulative cut. 
     Example 9 
     The following formulation was prepared: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wet 
                 Solids 
                 Dry 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Wt. % 
                 (g) 
                 Wt. % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Methacrylamide functional amine adduct of 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                  0.05 
               
               
                 neopentyl-diallyl-oxy-tri-dioctyl pyro- 
               
               
                 phosphato titanate (LICA 38J) 
               
               
                 Urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution 
                 71.87 
                 46.72 
                 68.35 
               
               
                 (CBU UF) 
               
               
                 Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene latex 
                 1.81 
                 0.91 
                  1.32 
               
               
                 (V4305) 
               
               
                 Mica (SX400) 
                 16.34 
                 16.34 
                 23.91 
               
               
                 Defoamer (1512M) 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
                  0.82 
               
               
                 Wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33) 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                  1.35 
               
               
                 Hexamethylene diamine phosphate solution 
                 6.39 
                 1.47 
                  2.16 1   
               
               
                 Orange pigment 
                 2.05 
                 1.39 
                  2.04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 3.06% by weight of the resin.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The diamine phosphate was a mix of 23.75 g of a 60% solution of 1,6 hexamethylene diamine in water and 23.22 g of an 85% solution of phosphoric acid and 100 g of water. These components were mixed under reflux, causing an exotherm, heating the solution. The solution was cooled during preparation. 
     The mix procedure was as follows: 
     1. Mix the CBU urea formaldehyde resin precursor solution with the wetting agent (LICA 38J) and filler to provide a smooth paste. 
     2. Mix in the SX400 mica filler. 
     3. Mix in the Orange pigment. 
     4. Mix in the latex (V4305) containing the toughening agent polymer. 
     5. Mix in defoamer (1512M). 
     6. Mix in the wetting agent (IRGASTAT 33). 
     7. Mix in the hexamethylene diamine phosphate solution 
     The mixture was used as a size coat on coated abrasive web which was converted into 15 cm diameter P80 HOOKIT™ discs (HOOKIT™ is a trade mark of 3M Company). The mixture was used in place of the conventional phenol formaldehyde size coat, normally used on the commercially available product (3M 775L). The disc exhibited closely matched cutting performance to the commercially available disc. 
     Example 10 
     This Example demonstrates use of the urea formaldehyde resin in a supersize layer. 
     The urea formaldehyde binder used was the same one described in Example 9 with the exception that the orange pigment was not added. The binder was mixed with a calcium stearate dispersion 1097A commercially available from eChem Ltd., Leeds, U.K., in the following weight ratios: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Binder 
                 Stearate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                  5 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 70 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The supersize was coated over an abrasive sheet equivalent to that which is commercially available under the trade designation 3M618, without its supersize layer. Coated abrasive identified as 3M618 is available from 3M United Kingdom plc and it comprises a paper backing, a urea formaldehyde make coating, a urea formaldehyde size coating and SiC abrasive particles. The supersize coatings were dried and cured for 5 minutes at 105° C. 
     Samples were evaluated by hand sanding on medium density fiber board (MDF) panels coated with (a) a water based lacquer or (b) a waxed polyester and compared against the commercial product 3M 618. 
     The water based lacquer was that available under the trade designation “WATER BASED LACQUER SEMI-MATT” from Granyte Coatings, Salford, U.K. The wax polyester was that available under the trade designation “SAYERLACK PH6355” from Arch Coatings, Knottingley, U.K. 
     Each panel was sanded for 50 strokes (about 20×4 cm 2  ). The abrasive sheet was supported on a rubber block (5×2.5 cm 2 ) but was used by hand. The cut was measured in grams. 
     Anti-loading and cut performance of the samples of the invention was similar to that of the 3M618 coated abrasive sheet for the test on water based lacquer for 55% and higher stearate levels. 
     Anti-loading and cut performance of the samples of the invention was similar to that of the 3M618 coated abrasive sheet for the test on waxed polyester lacquer for 70% and higher stearate levels. 
     Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not to be unduly limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.