Abstract:
A method and apparatus includes providing an element formed of a superplastic material to perform a predetermined downhole task. In another arrangement, a method and apparatus includes a flowable element and a deformable element that can be expanded by flowing the flowable element.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/208,671, entitled “EXPANDABLE ELEMENTS,” filed on Jun. 1, 2000. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The invention relates to expandable elements for performing various operations. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Many different tasks may be performed in a wellbore. For example, perforating guns may be shot to create perforations in a target formation to produce well fluids to the surface. Different zones in a wellbore may be sealed with packers. Plugs may be set at desired depths to isolate portions of a wellbore. A casing patch may be activated to patch openings in a casing or other type of liner. Sand screens may be installed to control production of sand. In addition to completion equipment, other tools for use in wellbores may include drilling equipment, logging equipment, and so forth. 
   The tools for performing the various operations may include many different types of elements. For example, the tools may include explosives, sealing elements, expandable elements, tubings, casings, and so forth. Operation, translation, actuation, or even enlargement of such elements may be accomplished in a number of different ways. For example, mechanisms that are electrically triggered, fluid pressure triggered, mechanically triggered, and explosively triggered may be employed. Although improvements in downhole technology has provided more reliable and convenient mechanisms for operating, translating, actuating, or performing other tasks with downhole elements, a need continues to exist for further improvements in such mechanisms. 
   SUMMARY 
   In general, according to one embodiment, an apparatus for use in a wellbore, comprises an element formed of a superplastic material to perform a predetermined downhole task. 
   In general, according to another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a flowable element and a deformable element adapted to be expanded by flowing the flowable element. 
   In general, according to yet another embodiment, a method of installing a tubular structure into a wellbore comprises running the tubular structure having a reduced diameter into the wellbore, and activating a heating element to heat at least a portion of the tubular structure to enable the tubular structure to exhibit a highly deformable characteristic while maintaining structural integrity. The diameter of the tubular structure is expanded. 
   Other features and embodiments will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a plug tool in a run-in position. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the plug tool of  FIG. 1  in a set position. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate a release mechanism in the plug tool of  FIG. 1  in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIGS. 5-7  illustrate a pipe fishing tool in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a packer in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an expandable casing assembly in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an expandable screen assembly in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a junction seal assembly in accordance with an embodiment for use in a lateral junction. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a tool string having a shock absorber in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a releasable connector assembly in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a removable plug in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of shaped charge in accordance with an embodiment. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a tool string including a weak point connector in accordance with an embodiment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible. For example, although the described embodiments include equipment for use in downhole applications, further embodiments may include equipment for surface applications. 
   As used here, the terms “up” and “down”; “upper” and “lower”; “upwardly” and downwardly”; and other like terms indicating relative positions above or below a given point or element are used in this description to more clearly described some embodiments of the invention. However, when applied to equipment and methods for use in wells that are deviated or horizontal, such terms may refer to a left to right, right to left, or other relationship as appropriate. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, tools containing an expandable element are used to perform various operations or tasks. For example, the expandable element may be used to provide a seal, a plug, a packer, a patch, an expandable tubing or casing, an anchor, a tubing hanger, and so forth. In one embodiment, the expandable element includes a highly deformable material that in one embodiment is made of a superplastic material. A superplastic material exhibits high elongation or deformation without fracturing or breaking. The superplastic material may be a metal (such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, or other light metals), a ceramic, or some other suitable material. Some superplastic materials may exhibit superplastic characteristics at about 95% to 100% of the melting temperature of the material. Other superplastic materials may exhibit superplastic characteristics at other temperature ranges, such as grater than about 50% of the melting temperature. Thus, depending on the desired application, the superplastic material selected may be one that exhibits superplastic characteristics at a desired temperature range. In further embodiments, other highly deformable materials that exhibit the desired deformation characteristics at a selected temperature while still maintaining structural integrity (e.g., without breaking or fracturing) may be used. 
   A superplastic material is a polycrystalline solid that has the ability to undergo large uniform strains prior to failure. For deformation in uni-axial tension, elongation to failure in excess of 200% are usually indicative of superplasticity. For superplastic behavior, a material must be capable of being processed into a fine equi-axed grain structure that will remain stable during deformation. The grain size of superplastic materials are made as small as possible, normally in the range of 2 to 10 micrometers, although materials with larger grain sizes may also exhibit superplasticity. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, an expandable plug  10  includes a “flowable” element  12  and an expandable element  14  formed at least in part of a superplastic material. The flowable element  12  is initially in solid form inside a housing  16  of the expandable plug  10 . When heated, the flowable element  12  transitions to a molten or liquid state. The expandable element  14  is in the form of a sleeve attached to the housing  16  at the upper and lower ends of the sleeve  14 . 
   In one embodiment, the flowable element  12  may include a eutectic material. In other embodiments, the flowable element  12  may include a solder, a fusible alloy, or a blocking alloy. A fusible alloy is a low melting temperature composition containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, or indium. A blocking alloy is a high purity, low melting temperature alloy. The eutectic material, solder, fusible alloy, and blocking alloy exhibit volume expansion when transitioning from a molten or liquid state to a solid state. A eutectic material generally melts and solidifies at the same temperature. On the other hand, some of the other types of materials may have a first temperature at which they transition from a solid state to a molten or liquid state and a second temperature at which they transition from a molten or liquid state to a solid state. Generally, the first temperature is higher than the second temperature. Due to desired characteristics of bismuth, many of the alloys used to form the flowable element  12  that may be used in various applications may contain bismuth along with other elements. The flowable element  12  can also be formed entirely of bismuth. Possible flowable materials are listed in the attached Appendix A. 
   The flowable element  12  has a predetermined temperature at which it transitions from the solid to a molten or liquid state. To actuate the plug  10 , the flowable element  12  is raised to above this predetermined temperature. To allow cooperation between the flowable element  12  and the expandable element  14 , the expandable element  14  is made of a superplastic material that exhibits superplastic characteristics at about the same temperature as the predetermined flow temperature of the flowable element  12 . This allows the flowable element  12  to be displaced to deform the superplastic sleeve  14  to form the desired plug inside a casing, liner, tubing, or pipe  40 . 
   As further shown in  FIG. 1 , the expandable plug  10  includes a cap  100  defining an atmospheric chamber  18  through which electrical wiring  20  is routed. The electrical wiring  20  is connected through a sealed adapter  22  to an igniter  24 . The adapter  22  provides a sealed path through a bulkhead of the expandable plug  10 . The igniter  24  is fitted with an O-ring seal to isolate the atmospheric chamber  18 . A thermosensor  46  is also attached through the bulkhead to sense the temperature of the flowable element  12 . A connector  42  attached to the thermosensor  46  may be connected to electrical wiring (not shown) that extends to the surface so that a well surface operator can monitor the temperature of the flowable element  12 . 
   In the illustrated embodiment, the igniter  24  is placed in the upper portion of a tube  26 , which may be formed of a metal such as steel. Below the igniter  24  is a propellant stick  28  that can be initiated by the igniter  24 . The propellant stick  28  runs along the length the tube  26  into a chamber  30  formed inside a power piston  32 . 
   The power piston  32  is moveable inside the housing  16  of the expandable plug  10  in response to pressure generated in the chamber  30 . The power piston  32  is moveable in an upward direction to apply pressure against the flowable element  12 . The lower end of the housing  16  terminates in a bull plug bottom  34 . When in solid form, the flowable element  12  prevents movement of the power piston  32 . 
   A sealing element  43  is formed on the outside surface of the superplastic sleeve  14 . The sealing element  43 , which may be formed of an elastomer, is designed to engage the inner wall of the casing, liner, tubing, or pipe  40  to isolate the wellbore above and below the expandable plug  10 . 
   In operation, to set the expandable plug  10 , a survey may be initially performed with a surveying tool (not shown) to determine the temperature and pressure of the wellbore at the desired depth. Once the temperature and pressure has been determined, the surveying tool may be pulled out of the hole and the expandable plug  10  lowered into the wellbore. When the expandable plug  10  is lowered to a desired depth, some time is allowed for the plug  10  to equalize to the temperature of the wellbore. The setting process is then started by firing the igniter  24 , which initiates the propellant stick  28  to create heat and to generate gas in the chamber  30 . The increase in pressure in the chamber  30  creates a differential pressure across the power piston  32 , whose other side is at atmospheric chamber. Due to the increased heat, the expandable element  12  becomes molten. As a result, the resistance against movement of the power piston  32  is removed so that the gas pressure in the chamber  30  pushes the power piston  32  upwardly. The molten element  12  is displaced and expands to deform the sleeve  14 , which due to the increased temperature is now exhibiting superplastic characteristics. As best shown in  FIG. 2 , the sleeve  14  radially deforms outwardly by force applied by the power piston  32  so that the sealing element  43  is pressed against the inner wall of the casing  40 . 
   After full displacement, the power piston  32  engages a ratchet lock (not shown) to maintain its up position as shown in  FIG. 2 . Some amount of the flowable element  12  still remains above the power piston  32 . At this point, the propellant stick  28  has burned out, so that the temperature within the expandable plug  10  starts to decrease. The temperature of the flowable element  12  as monitored by the thermosensor  46  is communicated to the surface. The surface operator waits until the temperature stabilizes in the expandable plug  10 . 
   As the flowable element  12  cools and transitions from a molten or liquid state to a solid state, the element  12  expands in volume during the phase change. The volume expansion creates a radially acting force to increase the force applied against the sealing element  42  that is in contact with the casing inner wall of the casing, liner, tubing, or pipe  40 . 
   The volume expansion of the flowable element  12  that is located above the power piston  32  inside the cap  100  also applies a radial force against the inner wall of the cap  100 . As further described below in connection with  FIGS. 3 and 4 , this outward radial force applied against the cap  100  causes a release of the cap  100  from the rest of the expandable plug  10 . This allows the cap  100  and the carrier line attached to the cap  100  to be retrieved from the well after the plug  10  has been set. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the release mechanism of the expandable plug  10  is illustrated. The upper cap  100  is attached to a collet  102 . The collet  102  has a protruding portion  104  that is engaged in a groove  106  of the housing  16 . The collet  104  is maintained in engagement in the groove  106  by a frangible ring  108 , which may be formed of a ceramic or other suitably frangible material. 
   When the flowable element  12  in the upper portion of the housing  16  cools and transitions from a molten or liquid state to a solid state, it expands in volume to create an outward radial force against the inner wall of the housing  16 . Application of a sufficient force pushes the housing  16  and the collet  102  radially outwardly so that the frangible ring  108  breaks. When the frangible ring  108  breaks, the collet  102  can disengage from the groove  106  so that the upper head of the expandable plug  10  can be retrieved to the well surface, leaving the plug  10  formed of the flowable element  12  and superplastic sleeve  14  behind. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, to achieve a material having superplastic characteristics, an extrusion process may be performed on the material. Extrusion refers to a process in which a large plastic deformation is induced in the material without changing the size or general shape of the material. In one embodiment, the desired material, which in this case may be a sleeve, is passed through two intersecting channels of only slightly larger dimensions. The angle can be chosen between 0 and 90° to provide a varied amount of strain. As the material passes the turn between the intersecting channels, the material must shear. Extrusion allows the grain size of the material to be reduced to a micron or submicron range to enhance the elasticity of the material. One example material that may be subjected to the extrusion process to achieve superplastic characteristics is AZ91, which includes a composition of magnesium, aluminum and zinc. The formula for AZ91 is 90Mg9Al1Z. In addition to reducing grain size, the grain size also becomes more uniform after the extrusion process, which enables a processed metal to distort and flow without splitting or fracturing due to stress concentrations. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 5-7 , another application of a highly deformable material such as a superplastic material is in downhole fishing operations. As shown in  FIG. 5 , a tubing or pipe  200  is to be retrieved to the well surface. A fishing tool, which may be lowered by a wireline, slickline, or coiled tubing  202 , is lowered into the inner bore of the tubing or pipe  200 . The carrier line  202  is attached to a cable head  204 , which in turn is coupled to a fishing head  206  that is attached to a firing head  208 . A detonating cord  210  extends from the firing head  208  into a sleeve  212 , which may be perforated. The sleeve  212  may be formed of a highly expandable metal alloy that exhibits superplastic behavior at an elevated temperature. 
   An internal upset  214  is provided in the inner wall of the tubing or pipe  200 . In operation, the fishing tool is lowered into the inner bore of the tubing or pipe  200  to a position proximal the upset  214 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . The firing head  208  is then activated to ignite the detonating cord  212 . Heat and pressure generated by initiation of the detonating cord  210  causes the sleeve  212  to expand. A portion of the sleeve  212  expands into the upset  214  to provide a move secure engagement of the sleeve  212  with the tubing or pipe  200 . Once the sleeve  212  has been expanded into engagement with the tubing or pipe  200 , the cable head  204  is detached from the fishing head  206  and raised by the carrier line  202 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
   Next, as shown in  FIG. 7 , a work string having a stinger  220  is lowered into the wellbore. The stinger  220  is passed into the bore of the tubing or pipe  200  for engagement with the fishing head  206 . Once engaged, the work string can be raised to raise the entire assembly including the fishing tool and the tubing or pipe  200 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , a packer  300  in accordance with one embodiment is illustrated. The packer  300  includes an anchor slip or element  302  and a sealing element  304 , which may be formed of an elastomeric material. Both the sealing element  304  and the anchor element  302  may be translated radially into engagement with an inner wall of a casing or liner  310 . This isolates an annular region formed between an inner tubing or pipe  306  of the packer  300  and the casing  310 . However, flow through the packer  300  is still possible through an inner bore  308  of the tubing or pipe  306 . 
   The anchor element  302  is attached on the outside of a highly deformable sleeve  312 , and the sealing element  304  is formed on the outside of a highly deformable sleeve  314 . Each of the highly deformable sleeves  312  and  314  may be formed of a superplastic material that exhibits a superplastic behavior in a predetermined temperature range. The highly deformable sleeves are attached to the housing  316  of the packer  308 . 
   A space is defined inside the housing  316  of the packer  300  in which a flowable element  318  may be located. The flowable element, initially in solid form, is in contact with the inner surfaces of both expandable sleeves  312  and  314  in the illustrated embodiment. An annular tube  320  runs in the region formed inside the housing  316  of the packer  300 . A propellant  322  (or multiple propellants) may be placed inside the annular tube  300 . 
   The propellant  322  extends into an annular space  324  defined within a piston  326 . The piston  326  is movable upwardly by application by pressure inside the chamber  324  once the flowable element  318  transitions from a solid to a molten or liquid state. 
   In an activating mechanism that is similar to that of the plug  10  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the propellant  322  may be ignited to generate heat to melt the flowable element  318  and to create high pressure inside the chamber  324 . Once the flowable element  318  melts, the pressure inside the chamber  324  pushes the power piston  326  upwardly to displace the highly deformable sleeves  312  and  314 , which pushes the anchor elements  302  and the sealing element  304  into contact with the inner wall of the casing  310 . 
   Once the propellant  322  has burned out, the temperature of the flowable element  318  starts to cool, which enables the flowable element  318  to transition from a molten or liquid state back to a solid state. The transition back to the solid state causes the volume of the flowable element  318  to expand, which applies a further radial force against the highly deformable sleeves  312  and  314  to further engage the anchor element  302  and the sealing element  304  against the inner wall of the casing  310 . 
   Once set, the packer  300  isolates the annular region between a pipe or tubing and the casing  310 . The pipe or tubing maybe arranged concentrically within the casing  310 , and may include a production tubing or injection tubing. 
   In another application, a tool similar in design to that of the packer  300  may be employed as a patching tool. A patching tool is used to patch portions of a casing or liner that may have been damaged or that may have been previously perforated. In one example, a formation that was previously producing hydrocarbons may start to produce water or other undesirable fluids. When that occurs, a patching tool may be used to patch the perforations formed in the casing or liner to prevent further production of fluids from the formation. 
   To implement such a patching tool in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the tool  300 , shown in  FIG. 8 , may be modified to include a patch in place of the anchor element  302  and the sealing element  304 . The patch may be formed of an elastomer, which is similar to the sealing element  304  of  FIG. 8 . However, to provide a larger coverage area, the patch may be formed of a larger piece of material. The patch may be arranged on the outer surface of a highly deformable sleeve, which may be made of a superplastic material. The patching tool may include an inner bore much like the inner bore  308  shown in  FIG. 8  to allow fluid flow even after the patch has been set in the wellbore. 
   Another embodiment may include a patching tool used in open holes rather than cased or lined holes. Such a patching tool may include a patch made of a metal or other suitable material that can be pressed into contact with the inner wall of the open hole. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , an expandable casing or liner assembly  400  is illustrated. The expandable casing or liner assembly includes a casing or liner  402  that is formed of a highly deformable material, which may be a superplastic material. The casing or liner  402  may be run into a wellbore with a diameter that is smaller than the inner diameter of the wellbore. To expand the diameter of the casing or liner  402 , an expander tool  404  may be run into the inner bore of the casing or liner  402 . The outer diameter of the expander tool  404  is the desired inner diameter of the casing or liner  402 . The expander tool  404  may be pushed downwardly by a carrier line  408 . To provide structural rigidity, the carrier line  408  may be tubing or pipe. 
   The highly deformable casing or liner  402  exhibits superplastic behavior at a predetermined temperature range. Thus, to ease the expansion of the casing or liner  402 , the expander tool  404  contains a heating element, which may include resistive heating elements  406 , to heat the adjacent casing or liner  402  to a desired temperature range. Thus, when the expander tool  404  heats the adjacent casing or liner  402  to a sufficiently elevated temperature, the casing or liner  402  becomes superplastic, making the expansion process more convenient. Further, due to the superplasticity of the casing or liner  402 , likelihood of breakage or fractures of the casing or liner  402  is reduced. 
   A similar process may be applied to expanding a tubing or pipe formed of a superplastic material or other highly deformable material that exhibits high deformability at an elevated temperature while still maintaining structural integrity. 
   In another embodiment, instead of running the expander tool  404  downwardly, the expander tool  404  may be positioned at the lower end of the casing or liner  402  and run with the casing or liner  402  into the wellbore. To perform the expansion process, the expander tool  404  may be raised through the inner bore of the casing or liner  402  to expand the casing or liner  402 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 10 , an expandable screen assembly  500  is shown. The screen assembly  500  may include a screen  502  that is used for sand control, as an example. A screen  502  typically includes a pattern of openings to provide the desired flow characteristics so that sand may be blocked while desired hydrocarbons are produced into the wellbore. 
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 10 , the screen  502  is formed of a highly deformable material, such as a superplastic material. The screen assembly  500  may be installed inside a wellbore with an expander tool  504  positioned below the expandable screen  502 . When the screen assembly  500  is positioned at a desired depth, an electrical signal may be run through an electrical cable in the carrier line  506  to heat up resistive heating elements  508 . This allows the expander tool  504  to heat the adjacent portion of the expandable screen  502  to a temperature at which the screen  502  exhibits superplastic behavior. This enables the expander tool  504  to be raised to expand the diameter of the screen  502 , which may bring it into contact with the inner wall of an open hole. By bringing the sand screen  502  into closer proximity to the inner wall of an open hole, better sand control may be provided. Also, by employing a superplastic material that is heated to enable expansion of the screen  502 , the likelihood of damage to the screen  502  during the expansion process may also be reduced because of the superior structural integrity of superplastic materials. 
   Referring to  FIG. 11 , a multi-lateral junction assembly  600  is illustrated. The lateral junction assembly  600  includes a tubing  602  that is formed of a highly deformable material that may be inserted through a window  604  milled through the side of a casing or liner  606  to expose the main wellbore  608  to a lateral wellbore  610 . 
   Conventionally, tubings have been inserted through such milled openings of a casing into a lateral bore. The tubing typically has a smaller diameter than the lateral wellbore. Cement may be formed around the annulus region of the tubing inserted into lateral wellbore; however, an optimal seal is not always provided. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the highly deformable tubing or pipe  602  may be formed of a superplastic material that exhibits superplastic behavior at a desired elevated temperature. The tubing or pipe  602  having an initial reduced diameter is run through the window  604  of the casing or liner  606  into the lateral wellbore  610 . Once properly positioned, an expander tool  612  may be run on a carrier line  614  into the inner bore of the tubing or pipe  602 . The expander tool  612  is heated to an elevated temperature to heat the tubing or pipe  602  to a temperature at which the tubing or pipe  602  exhibits superplastic behavior. This makes expansion of the tubing or pipe  602  much easier, with structural integrity of the tubing or pipe  602  maintained because of the characteristics of a superplastic material. Once the tubing or pipe  602  in the lateral wellbore  610  has expanded to contact the inner surface of the lateral wellbore  610 , a good seal may be provided at the junction of the main wellbore  608  and the lateral wellbore  610 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 12 , in another embodiment, a highly deformable material may be used to form part of a shock absorber  702  in a tool string  704 . The tool string  704  may include a first component  706  and a second component  708 . It may be desirable to protect the first component  706  (which may be a gyroscope or some other sensitive equipment) from shock generated by the second component  708  (which may be an explosive device, such as a perforating gun). The shock absorber  702  includes a heating element  710  that is activated to an elevated temperature to cause a material in the shock absorber  702  to become highly deformable, which in one embodiment becomes superplastic. 
   Thus, in operation, the tool string  704  is lowered to a desired depth at which the second component  708  is to be activated. For example, if the second component  708  is a perforating gun, then a perforating operation may be performed at the desired depth to create openings in the surrounding casing and formation. Before activation of the perforating gun  708 , the heating element  710  is activated, such as by an electrical signal conducted through a cable  712 . This causes a superplastic material in the shock absorber  702  to exhibit superplastic characteristics, which provides superior shock absorbing characteristics to protect the sensitive components  706  from shock generated when the perforating gun  708  is activated. 
   In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 13 , a release mechanism  800  includes a connector sub  802  that may be formed at least in part of a highly deformable material, such as a superplastic material. The connector member  802  includes a protruding portion  804  that is adapted to be engaged to another member  806 . The strength of the connector member  802  when it is at a lower temperature is sufficient to maintain connection between the connector member  802  and the member  806 , despite the presence of a spring  808  applying a radially outward force against the inner walls of the connector member  802 . However, when release of the connector member  802  and the member  806  is desired, a resistive heating element  810  may be activated to heat up the connector member  802 . If the connector member  802  includes a superplastic material, heating of the material to an elevated temperature may cause the connector member  802  to exhibit superplastic behavior. As a result, the force applied by the spring  808  becomes sufficient to push the connector member  802  apart to release the member  806 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 14 , a removable isolation plug  900  in accordance with an embodiment is illustrated. As shown in  FIG. 14 , the removable plug  900  is adapted for use at the lower end of a tubing  914 , which may be a production tubing, as an example, which is positioned inside a casing or liner  910 . First and second O-ring seals  916  and  918  may be placed around the plug  900  to isolate one side of the plug  900  from the other side in the bore of the tubing  914 . A packer  912  is placed between the tubing  914  and the casing or liner  910  to isolate an annulus region  908 . Fluid pressure in the annulus region  908  may be communicated through a port  906  to an activating mechanism  904 . The activating mechanism  904  is associated with a local heat source  902 , which may be an exothermic heat source. 
   The plug  900  may be formed of a highly deformable material when its temperature is raised to an elevated level. In one example, such a highly deformable material includes superplastic material. To remove the plug  900 , fluid pressure is applied in the annulus region  908  and communicated through the port  906  to the activating mechanism  904 . This activates the exothermic heat source  902 , which heats up the plug  900  to a predetermined temperature range. When that occurs, the plug  900  begins to exhibit superplastic behavior, which enables the elevated fluid pressure communicated through the port  906  to deform the plug  900  radially inwardly. Deformation of the plug  900  in a radially contracting fashion allows the plug  900  to drop through the tubing  914  to the lower end of the wellbore. An isolation plug that can be removed using an interventionless technique may thus be employed. 
   Referring to  FIG. 15 , a shaped charge  1000  includes a liner  1002  that is formed of a highly deformable material, which may be a superplastic material. The liner  1002  is placed adjacent an explosive charge  1004 , which is contained inside a container  1006 . A detonation wave traveling through a detonating cord  1008  is communicated through a primer  1010  to the explosive charge  1004 . Detonation of the explosive charge  1004  causes the liner  1002  to collapse into a perforating jet that is useful for creating perforations in the surrounding casing or liner and the formation. 
   Referring to  FIG. 16 , a tool  1100  in accordance with another embodiment includes a weak point connector  1104  formed at least in part of a highly deformable material such as a superplastic material. The weak point connector  1104  is connected to an adapter  1105 , which in turn is coupled to a carrier line  1102 . The weak point connector  1104  is connected to a string of perforating guns  1106 ,  1108 , and so forth. 
   The weak point connector  1104  is provided in case the gun string  1100  is stuck as it is being lowered into or removed from the wellbore. Conventionally, a weak point is provided to enable retrieval of at least a part of the run-in tool string when it becomes stuck. When the weak point breaks, the perforating guns (or other tools) drop to the bottom of the wellbore while the carrier line can be retrieved from the surface. However, such weak points may also break during perforating operations due to the shock generated by perforating guns. 
   By using a weak point connector  1104  that is formed of a highly deformable material, superior structural integrity may be provided so that the gun string does not break when the perforating guns are fired. In operation, a heating element  1107  in the weak point connector  1104  is activated to heat the weak point connector  1104  so that it exhibits superplastic behavior. The perforating guns  1106  and  1108  are then fired, which may cause a shock that may deform or bend the weak point connector  1104  without breaking it. As a result, the whole string of guns may be retrieved back to the surface, with some components re-used. 
   While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               THIS IS THE GENERAL LIST OF ARCONIUM ALLOYS. CUSTOM ALLOYS/FORMULATIONS 
             
             
               ARE AVAILABLE TO SUIT YOUR SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS. 
             
           
        
         
             
               Ostalloy 
               Temperature ° F. 
               Temperature ° C. 
                 
               Density 
             
           
        
         
             
               Number 
               Solidus 
                 
               Liquidus 
               Solidus 
                 
               Liquidus 
               Alloy 
               lb · in −3   
               g · cm −3   
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 51 
                51 
               E 
                51 
               10.7 
               E 
               10.7 
               62.5 Ga, 21.5 In, 16 Sn 
               .2348 
               6.50 
             
             
                 60 
                60 
               E 
                60 
               15.7 
               E 
               15.7 
               75.5 Ga, 24.5 In 
               .2294 
               6.35 
             
             
                 117 
               117 
               E 
               117 
               47 
               E 
               47 
               44.7 Bi, 22.6 Pb, 19.1 In 
               .3307 
               9.16 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               8.3 Sn, 5.3 Cd 
             
             
               129133 
               129 
                 
               133 
               54 
                 
               56 
               49.3 Bi, 20.8 In, 17.9 Pb,  
               .3253 
               9.01 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               11.5 Sn, .5 Cd 
             
             
               134149 
               134 
                 
               149 
               57 
                 
               65 
               47.5 Bi, 25.4 Pb, 12.6 Sn,  
               .3419 
               9.47 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               9.5 Cd, 5 In 
             
             
                 136 
               136 
               E 
               136 
               58 
               E 
               58 
               49 Bi, 21 In, 18 Pb, 12 Sn 
               .3253 
               9.00 
             
             
               136156 
               136 
                 
               156 
               58 
                 
               69 
               49 Bi, 18 Pb, 18 In, 15 Sn 
               .3249 
               9.00 
             
             
               142149 
               142 
                 
               149 
               61 
                 
               65 
               48 Bi, 25.7 Pb, 12.7 Sn,  
               .3429 
               9.50 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               9.6 Cd, 4 In 
             
             
                 143 
               143 
               E 
               143 
               61.5 
               E 
               61.5 
               61.72 In, 30.78 Bi, 7.5 Cd 
               .2895 
               9.01 
             
             
               156158 
               156 
                 
               158 
               68 
                 
               69 
               52 Bi, 26 Pb, 22 In 
               .3450 
             
             
                 158 
               158 
               E 
               158 
               70 
               E 
               70 
               49.5 Bi, 27.3 Pb, 13.1 Sn, 10.1 Cd 
               .3458 
               9.58 
             
             
                   158165A 
               158 
                 
               165 
               70 
                 
               73 
               50.5 Bi, 27.8 Pb, 12.4 Sn, 9.3 Cd 
               .3491 
               9.67 
             
             
               158173 
               158 
                 
               173 
               70 
                 
               78 
               50 Bi, 34.5 Pb, 9.3 Sn, 6.2 Cd 
               .3579 
               9.89 
             
             
               158194 
               158 
                 
               194 
               70 
                 
               90 
               42.5 Bi, 37.7 Pb, 11.3 Sn, 8.5 Cd 
               .3541 
               9.81 
             
             
               160190 
               160 
                 
               190 
               71 
                 
               88 
               42 Bi, 37 Pb, 12 Sn, 9 Cd 
               .3541 
               9.81 
             
             
                 162 
               162 
               E 
               162 
               72 
               E 
               72 
               66.3 In, 33.7 Bi 
               .2886 
               7.99 
             
             
               165200 
               165 
                 
               200 
               73 
                 
               93 
               50 Bi, 39 Pb, 7 Cd, 4 Sn 
               .3650 
               10.11 
             
             
               170180 
               170 
                 
               180 
               77 
                 
               82 
               50 Bi, 39 Pb, 8 Cd, 3 Sn 
               .6570 
               10.13 
             
             
                 171 
               171 
               E 
               171 
               77.5 
               E 
               77.5 
               48.5 Bi, 41.5 In, 10 Cd 
               .3066 
               8.49 
             
             
                 178 
               178 
               E 
               178 
               81 
               E 
               81 
               54.1 Bi, 29.6 In, 16.3 Sn 
               .3058 
               8.47 
             
             
               178185 
               178 
                 
               185 
               81 
                 
               85 
               50.4 Bi, 39.2 Pb, 8 Cd, 1.4 In, 1 Sn 
               .3664 
               9.80 
             
             
               190200 
               190 
                 
               200 
               87 
                 
               93 
               51.45 Bi, 31.35 Pb, 15.2 Sn, 1 In 
               .3480 
               9.64 
             
             
                 197 
               197 
               E 
               197 
               92 
               E 
               92 
               51.6 Bi, 40.2 Pb, 8.2 Cd 
               .3700 
               10.25 
             
             
                 200 
               200 
               E 
               200 
               93 
               E 
               93 
               44 In, 42 Sn, 14 Cd 
               .2693 
               7.46 
             
             
               200210 
               200 
                 
               210 
               93 
                 
               99 
               50 Bi, 31 Pb, 19 Sn 
               .3458 
               9.58 
             
             
                 202 
               202 
               E 
               202 
               95 
               E 
               95 
               52 Bi, 30 Pb, 18 Sn 
               .3465 
               9.60 
             
             
               203204 
               203 
                 
               204 
               95 
                 
               95.5 
               52 Bi, 32 Pb, 16 Sn 
               .3500 
               9.69 
             
             
                   203219A 
               203 
                 
               219 
               95 
                 
               104 
               56 Bi, 22 Pb, 22 Sn 
               .3382 
               9.37 
             
             
                   203219B 
               203 
                 
               219 
               95 
                 
               104 
               50 Bi, 30 Pb, 20 Sn 
               .3440 
               9.53 
             
             
                   203219C 
               203 
                 
               219 
               95 
                 
               104 
               46.1 Bi, 19.7 Pb, 34.2 Sn 
               .3270 
               9.06 
             
             
               203239 
               203 
                 
               239 
               95 
                 
               115 
               50 Bi, 25 Pb, 25 Sn 
               .3364 
               9.32 
             
             
               203264 
               203 
                 
               264 
               95 
                 
               129 
               51.6 Bi, 37.4 Sn, 6 In, 5 Pb 
               .3097 
               8.58 
             
             
               203277 
               203 
                 
               277 
               95 
                 
               136 
               36 Bi, 32 Pb, 31 Sn, 1 Ag 
               .3328 
               9.22 
             
             
               205225 
               205 
                 
               225 
               96 
                 
               107 
               45 Bi, 35 Pb, 20 Sn 
               .3465 
               9.60 
             
             
               205271 
               205 
                 
               271 
               96 
                 
               133 
               34 Pb, 34 Sn, 32 Bi 
               .3303 
               9.15 
             
             
               208221 
               208 
                 
               221 
               98 
                 
               105 
               52.2 Bi, 37.8 Pb, 10 Sn 
               .3599 
               9.97 
             
             
               208234 
               208 
                 
               234 
               98 
                 
               112 
               51.6 Bi, 41.4 Pb, 7 Sn 
               .3657 
               10.13 
             
             
                 212 
               212 
               E 
               212 
               100 
               E 
               100 
               35.7 Sn, 35.7 Bi, 28.6 Pb 
               .3370 
               9.34 
             
             
               215226 
               215 
                 
               226 
               102 
                 
               108 
               54.5 Bi, 39.5 Pb, 6 Sn 
               .3660 
               10.14 
             
             
                 219 
               219 
               E 
               219 
               104 
               E 
               104 
               53.9 Bi, 25.9 Sn, 20.2 Cd 
               .3111 
               8.67 
             
             
                 229 
               229 
               E 
               229 
               109 
               E 
               109 
               67 Bi, 33 In 
               .3180 
               8.81 
             
             
               242248 
               242 
                 
               248 
               117 
                 
               120 
               55 Bi, 44 Pb, 1 Sn 
               .3751 
               10.39 
             
             
                 244 
               244 
               E 
               244 
               118 
               E 
               118 
               52 In, 48 Sn 
               .2635 
               7.30 
             
             
               244257 
               244 
                 
               257 
               118 
                 
               125 
               50 In, 50 Sn 
               .2635 
               7.30 
             
             
               244268 
               244 
                 
               268 
               118 
                 
               131 
               52 Sn, 48 In 
               .2635 
               7.30 
             
             
               244293 
               244 
                 
               293 
               118 
                 
               145 
               58 Sn, 42 In 
               .2635 
               7.30 
             
             
               248250 
               248 
                 
               250 
               120 
                 
               121 
               55 Bi, 44 Pb, 1 In 
               .3751 
               10.38 
             
             
               248266 
               248 
                 
               266 
               120 
                 
               130 
               40 In, 40 Sn, 20 Pb 
               .2837 
               7.86 
             
             
               248306 
               248 
                 
               306 
               120 
                 
               152 
               42 Pb, 37 Sn, 21 Bi 
               .3307 
               9.16 
             
             
               ∘ 250277    
               250 
                 
               277 
               121 
                 
               136 
               55.1 Bi, 39.9 Sn, 5 Pb 
               .3130 
               8.67 
             
             
                 253 
               253 
               E 
               253 
               123 
               E 
               123 
               74 In, 26 Cd 
               .2751 
               7.62 
             
             
                    • 255 
               255 
               E 
               255 
               124 
               E 
               124 
               55.5 Bi, 44.5 Pb 
               .3769 
               10.44 
             
             
               • 255259    
               255 
                 
               259 
               124 
                 
               126 
               58 Bi, 42 Pb 
               .3754 
               10.40 
             
             
                 257 
                 
               MP 
               257 
                 
               MP 
               125 
               70 In, 15 Sn, 9.6 Pb, 5.4 Cd 
               .2754 
               7.63 
             
             
               257302 
               257 
                 
               302 
               125 
                 
               150 
               95 In, 5 Bi 
               .2673 
               7.40 
             
             
               262269 
               262 
                 
               269 
               128 
                 
               132 
               75 In, 25 Sn 
               .2720 
               7.30 
             
             
               ∘ 262271    
               262 
                 
               271 
               128 
                 
               133 
               56.84 Bi, 41.16 Sn, 2 Pb 
               .3105 
               8.60 
             
             
               266343 
               266 
                 
               343 
               130 
                 
               173 
               50 Pb, 30 Sn, 20 Bi 
               .3419 
               9.47 
             
             
               268338 
               268 
                 
               338 
               131 
                 
               170 
               51.5 Pb, 27 Sn, 21.5 Bi 
               .3458 
               9.58 
             
             
               268375 
               268 
                 
               375 
               131 
                 
               190 
               80 In, 20 Sn 
               .2710 
               7.30 
             
             
               270282 
               270 
                 
               282 
               132 
                 
               139 
               45 Sn, 32 Pb, 18 Cd, 5 Bi 
               .3115 
               8.63 
             
             
                   ∘ 275 
                 
               MP 
               275 
                 
               MP 
               135 
               57.4 Br, 41.6 Sn, 1 Pb 
               .3097 
               8.58 
             
             
                *281 
               281 
               E 
               281 
               138 
               E 
               138 
               58 Bi, 42 Sn 
               .3090 
               8.56 
             
             
               *281299 
               281 
                 
               299 
               138 
                 
               148 
               50 Bi, 50 Sn 
               .2970 
               8.23 
             
             
               *281333 
               281 
                 
               333 
               138 
                 
               167 
               43 Bi, 57 Sn 
               .2960 
               8.16 
             
             
               *281338 
               281 
                 
               338 
               138 
                 
               170 
               60 Sn, 40 Bi 
               .2931 
               8.12 
             
             
               *284324 
               284 
                 
               324 
               140 
                 
               162 
               48 Sn, 36 Pb, 16 Bi 
               .3170 
               8.78 
             
             
                 291 
               291 
               E 
               291 
               144 
               E 
               144 
               60 Bi, 40 Cd 
               .3361 
               9.31 
             
             
               291295 
               291 
                 
               295 
               144 
                 
               163 
               90 In, 10 Sn 
               .2710 
               7.51 
             
             
               • 291325    
               291 
                 
               325 
               144 
                 
               163 
               43 Pb, 43 Sn, 14 Bi 
               .3245 
               8.99 
             
             
                 293 
               293 
               E 
               293 
               145 
               E 
               145 
               51.2 Sn, 30.6 Pb, 18.2 Cd 
               .3050 
               8.45 
             
             
               293325 
               293 
                 
               325 
               145 
                 
               162 
               75 In, 25 Pb 
               .2830 
               7.84 
             
             
                 296 
               296 
               E 
               296 
               146 
               E 
               146 
               97 In, 3 Ag 
               .2664 
               7.38 
             
             
               298300 
               298 
                 
               300 
               148 
                 
               149 
               80 In, 15 Pb, 5 Ag 
               .2834 
               7.85 
             
             
                   307A 
                 
               MP 
               307 
                 
               MP 
               153 
               99.5 In, .5 Ga 
               .2639 
               7.31 
             
             
               307322 
               307 
                 
               322 
               153 
                 
               161 
               70 Sn, 18 Pb, 12 In 
               .2812 
               7.79 
             
             
                 313 
                 
               MP 
               313 
                 
               MP 
               156.7 
               100 In 
               .2639 
               7.31 
             
             
               320345 
               320 
                 
               345 
               160 
                 
               174 
               70 In, 30 Pb 
               .2956 
               8.19 
             
             
                 *338 
               338 
               E 
               338 
               170 
               E 
               170 
               65.5 Sn, 31.5 Bi, 3.0 In 
               .2901 
               8.03 
             
             
               345365 
               345 
                 
               365 
               174 
                 
               185 
               60 In, 40 Pb 
               .3077 
               8.52 
             
             
                 348 
               348 
               E 
               348 
               176 
               E 
               176 
               67.8 Sn, 32.2 Cd 
               .2772 
               7.68 
             
             
                 355 
               355 
               E 
               355 
               179 
               E 
               179 
               62 Sn, 36 Pb, 2 Ag 
               .3036 
               8.41 
             
             
               355410 
               355 
                 
               410 
               179 
                 
               210 
               55 Pb, 44 Sn, 1 Ag 
               .3289 
               9.10 
             
             
               355450 
               355 
                 
               450 
               179 
                 
               232 
               60 Pb, 37 Sn, 3 Ag 
               .3390 
               9.39 
             
             
               355500 
               355 
                 
               500 
               179 
                 
               260 
               50 Sn, 47 Pb, 3 Ag 
               .3198 
               8.86 
             
             
               356408 
               356 
                 
               408 
               180 
                 
               209 
               50 In, 50 Pb 
               .3198 
               8.86 
             
             
                 361 
               361 
               E 
               361 
               183 
               E 
               183 
               63 Sn, 37 Pb 
               .3032 
               8.40 
             
             
               361367 
               361 
                 
               367 
               183 
                 
               186 
               70 Sn, 30 Pb 
               .2946 
               8.16 
             
             
               361370 
               361 
                 
               370 
               183 
                 
               188 
               60 Sn, 40 Pb 
               .3068 
               8.50 
             
             
               361378 
               361 
                 
               378 
               183 
                 
               192 
               75 Sn, 25 Pb 
               .2888 
               8.00 
             
             
               361390 
               361 
                 
               390 
               183 
                 
               199 
               80 Sn, 20 Pb 
               .2834 
               7.85 
             
             
               361403 
               361 
                 
               403 
               183 
                 
               205 
               85 Sn, 15 Pb 
               .2780 
               7.70 
             
             
               361413 
               361 
                 
               413 
               183 
                 
               212 
               50 Sn, 50 Pb 
               .3202 
               8.87 
             
             
               361415 
               361 
                 
               415 
               183 
                 
               213 
               90 Sn, 10 Pb 
               .2726 
               7.55 
             
             
               361432 
               361 
                 
               432 
               183 
                 
               222 
               95 Sn, 5 Pb 
               .2679 
               7.42 
             
             
               361460 
               361 
                 
               460 
               183 
                 
               238 
               60 Pb, 40 Sn 
               .3350 
               9.28 
             
             
               361496 
               361 
                 
               496 
               183 
                 
               257 
               70 Pb, 30 Sn 
               .3509 
               9.72 
             
             
               361514 
               361 
                 
               514 
               183 
                 
               268 
               75 Pb, 25 Sn 
               .3595 
               9.96 
             
             
               380450 
               380 
                 
               450 
               193 
                 
               232 
               65 Pb, 35 In 
               .3420 
               9.47 
             
             
               383437 
               383 
                 
               437 
               195 
                 
               225 
               60 Pb, 40 In 
               .3350 
               9.30 
             
             
                 390 
               390 
               E 
               390 
               199 
               E 
               199 
               91 Sn, 9 In 
               .2626 
               7.27 
             
             
                 422 
               422 
               E 
               422 
               217 
               E 
               217 
               90 Sn, 10 Au 
               .2730 
               7.30 
             
             
                 430 
               430 
               E 
               430 
               221 
               E 
               221 
               96.5 Sn, 3.5 Ag 
               .2657 
               7.36 
             
             
               430448 
               430 
                 
               448 
               221 
                 
               238 
               96 Sn, 4 Ag 
               .2640 
               7.31 
             
             
               430465 
               430 
                 
               465 
               221 
                 
               240 
               95 Sn, 5 Ag 
               .2668 
               7.39 
             
             
               430563 
               430 
                 
               563 
               221 
                 
               295 
               90 Sn, 10 Ag 
               .2711 
               7.51 
             
             
                 450 
                 
               MP 
               450 
                 
               MP 
               232 
               100 Sn 
               .2628 
               7.28 
             
             
               450456 
               450 
                 
               456 
               232 
                 
               235 
               98 Sn, 2 Sb 
               .2690 
               7.45 
             
             
               450464 
               450 
                 
               464 
               232 
                 
               240 
               95 Sn, 5 Sb 
               .2617 
               7.25 
             
             
                 451 
                 
               MP 
               451 
                 
               MP 
               233 
               65 Sn, 25 Ag, 10 Sb 
               .2818 
               7.80 
             
             
               463470 
               463 
                 
               470 
               239 
                 
               243 
               85 Pb, 10 Sb, 5 Sn 
               .3820 
               10.58 
             
             
               463545 
               463 
                 
               545 
               239 
                 
               285 
               92 Pb, 5 Sn, 3 Sb 
               .3906 
               10.82 
             
             
               482508 
               482 
                 
               508 
               250 
                 
               264 
               75 Pb, 25 In 
               3599 
               9.97 
             
             
               486500 
               486 
                 
               500 
               252 
                 
               260 
               90 Pb, 10 Sb 
               .3826 
               10.60 
             
             
               514570 
               514 
                 
               570 
               268 
                 
               299 
               88 Pb, 10 Sn, 2 Ag 
               .3887 
               10.77 
             
             
               518536 
               518 
                 
               536 
               270 
                 
               280 
               81 Pb, 19 In 
               .3707 
               10.27 
             
             
                 520 
                 
               MP 
               520 
                 
               MP 
               271 
               100 Bi 
               .3541 
               9.80 
             
             
               522603 
               522 
                 
               603 
               273 
                 
               316 
               96 Pb, 4 Sn 
               .3930 
               10.87 
             
             
               524564 
               524 
                 
               564 
               274 
                 
               296 
               95 Bi, 5 Sb 
               .3445 
               9.54 
             
             
               527576 
               527 
                 
               576 
               275 
                 
               302 
               90 Pb, 10 Sn 
               .3881 
               10.75 
             
             
               529553 
               529 
                 
               553 
               277 
                 
               290 
               85 Pb, 15 In 
               .3795 
               10.51 
             
             
                 536 
               536 
               E 
               536 
               280 
               E 
               280 
               80 Au, 20 Sn 
               .5242 
               14.51 
             
             
               536558 
               536 
                 
               558 
               280 
                 
               292 
               90 Pb, 10 In 
               .3870 
               10.72 
             
             
               549565 
               549 
                 
               565 
               287 
                 
               296 
               92.5 Pb, 5 Sn, 2.5 Ag 
               .3978 
               11.02 
             
             
               554590 
               554 
                 
               590 
               290 
                 
               310 
               90 Pb, 5 In, 5 Ag 
               .3971 
               11.00 
             
             
                 558 
                 
               MP 
               558 
                 
               MP 
               292 
               90 Pb, 5 Ag, 5 Sn 
               .3971 
               11.00 
             
             
               558598 
               558 
                 
               598 
               292 
                 
               314 
               95 Pb, 5 In 
               .3980 
               11.06 
             
             
               570580 
               570 
                 
               580 
               299 
                 
               304 
               95.5 Pb, 2.5 AG, 2 Sn 
               .4043 
               11.20 
             
             
                 572 
                 
               MP 
               572 
                 
               MP 
               300 
               92.5 Pb, 5 In, 2.5 Ag 
               .3978 
               11.02 
             
             
                 579 
               579 
               E 
               579 
               303 
               E 
               303 
               97.5 Pb, 2.5 Ag 
               .4090 
               11.33 
             
             
               581687 
               581 
                 
               687 
               305 
                 
               364 
               95 Pb, 5 Ag 
               .4079 
               11.30 
             
             
                 588 
               588 
               E 
               588 
               309 
               E 
               309 
               97.5 Pb, 1.5 Ag, 1 Sn 
               .4072 
               11.28 
             
             
               590598 
               590 
                 
               598 
               310 
                 
               314 
               95 Pb, 5 Sn 
               .3980 
               11.06 
             
             
               590611 
               590 
                 
               611 
               310 
                 
               322 
               98.5 Pb, 1.5 Sb 
               .4054 
               11.23 
             
             
                 597 
                 
               MP 
               597 
                 
               MP 
               313 
               91 Pb, 4 Sn, 4 Ag, 1 In 
               .4060 
               11.24 
             
             
                 620 
                 
               MP 
               620 
                 
               MP 
               327 
               100 Pb 
               .4090 
               11.35 
             
             
                 
             
             
               E = Eutectic 
             
             
               MP = Melting Point