Abstract:
A golf ball including a substantially spherical shaped body having a dimpled outer surface, a power source contained within the body, an electromagnetic signal transmitter coupled to the power source, a shock actuated switch contained within the body, and a timing device configured to control transmission of the electromagnetic signal for a predetermined time period after actuation of the switching device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a division of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 09/754,279, filed Jan. 5, 2001, which relates to U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,504 issued Sep. 5, 2000, the entire contents of of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to a golf ball used in a golf ball locator system.  
           [0004]    2. Discussion of the Background  
           [0005]    All golf players, especially beginners, are familiar with the frustration of losing a golf ball. Beyond the embarrassment of losing golf balls, golf players suffer a loss of time in trying to locate them, the loss of money in purchasing new golf balls, and a loss of concentration, not to mention the penalty imposed for losing golf balls during competition.  
           [0006]    A number of schemes have been proposed to address this issue. For example, GB1172449 teaches radioactive material inside a golf ball and a handheld Geiger counter to locate it. GB1172449 states that “the quantity and nature of the radioactive material should be chosen so that the resulting intensity of radiation will not be injurious to a human being handling the golf ball . . . .” This system has, therefore, a rather severe constraint that limits its detection range. Furthermore, unrecovered radioactive golf balls could accumulate within a golf course and could, over time, render the golf course less than safe.  
           [0007]    Another document related to golf ball location is FR 2616335. This document teaches a golf ball with an electromagnetic wave transmitter consisting of an integrated circuit comprising a timing circuit. In this device, the golf player holds a locating device featuring a visual and/or sound signal which has an intensity in relation to the distance from the golf player to the golf ball. As in the first example, this device&#39;s detection range is limited to a local area. In fact, FR 2616335 teaches that the power of the transmitter is determined so that a ball can only be detected within a given parameter, for example, 100 meters.  
           [0008]    In Englmeier (U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,549), a golf ball with a dimpled outer surface transmits electromagnetic signals to a mobile signal receiving unit for locating golf balls. Further provided is a voltage source that is recharged through a wireless transmission, and a timing circuit. The mobile signal receiving unit produces an output signal that has an intensity in relation to the distance from the golf player to the golf ball.  
           [0009]    A problem with devices such as these is the extensive search that a golf player has to perform in order to locate his or her golf ball. In fact, a golfer having just teed off, must first place himself or herself within the detection range of the device. This initial step has to be performed without the help of a locating device, and in cases where the golfer&#39;s line of vision is obstructed by obstacles, this initial step may not be successful, so that the golf ball is never recovered. Once the golfer is within range of the golf ball, the second step is to rotate up to 360 to determine the general direction from which the golf ball&#39;s signal is coming. Finally, the golfer must walk forward slowly in that direction until he or she finds the golf ball. This procedure may lead to enough frustration and loss of time that the golfer may choose to abandon the search, and may therefore defeat the very purpose of the golf ball locator.  
           [0010]    A second problem with the above mentioned examples of related art is the fact that these devices only provide information about the position of a golf ball relative to a signal receiving device. In other words, they do not provide any information on the location of the golf balls relative to other landmarks on the golf course, such as the flag, the sand bunkers, the club house or other buildings and significant obstacles.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    Consequently, there is a need for a system to locate golf balls safely, providing individual golfers with the location of their lost golf balls within a range that can span an entire golf course, or any portions thereof. Furthermore, there is a need for a system to provide golfers with the position of their golf balls relative to various obstacles and targets of a golf course. Such information would be useful to the golfers, especially beginners, who are unsure of the distances between their golf ball and various obstacles or targets and are therefore unsure of the type of club needed for the next shot.  
           [0012]    Accordingly, one object of this invention is to safely provide a system capable of giving individual golfers the location of their golf ball.  
           [0013]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a system locating golf balls within a range that can span an entire golf course or portions thereof, for example a single hole.  
           [0014]    Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system in which all the functions performed to give the location of the golf ball are performed by the system.  
           [0015]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a system giving individual golfers information related to distances between their ball and various golf course obstacles and targets.  
           [0016]    These and other objects are accomplished by providing a substantially spherically shaped golf ball having a dimpled outer surface and including a transmitter that transmits an electromagnetic signal, a power source contained within the body, an electromagnetic signal transmitter coupled to the power source, a shock actuated switch contained within the body, and a timing device configured to control transmission of the electromagnetic signal for a predetermined time period after actuation of the switching device.  
           [0017]    The golf ball of the present invention is advantageously usable as part of the system disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,113,504 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/754,279. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the general relationships between various elements of the present invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 a  is a cross-sectional view of the X-Z plane of a first embodiment golf ball according to the present invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 b  is a cross-sectional view of the X-Y plane of a first embodiment golf ball according to the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 c  is a cross-sectional view of the Y-Z plane of a first embodiment golf ball according to the present invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the electronic circuit located inside a first embodiment golf ball according to the present invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 4 is a time line indicating the status of the ON/OFF switch  30  and the transmission status according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of a first embodiment golf course according to the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 6 is a schematic top view of a portion of a first embodiment golf course according to the present invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 7 is a flow chart indicating the steps performed by the first embodiment elevated directional finder according to the present invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 8 is a flow chart indicating the steps performed by the first embodiment control unit according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0029]    Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, there is illustrated a golf ball  10  comprising an electromagnetic transmitter  22  that transmits an electromagnetic signal  100 . The electromagnetic signal  100  is received by electromagnetic receivers  54 ,  56  and  58  that determine 1) a golf ball code GBC for identification of golf ball  10  and 2) angles of arrival  54 ,  56  and  58  of signal  100  as taught for example in Krilanovich (U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,740) and Rackley (U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357) both incorporated as reference herein, and/or distances D54, D56 and D58 between the golf ball  10  and the receivers  54 ,  56  and  68  as taught for example in Bates (U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,553), U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357 and Sanderford et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062) all three incorporated as reference herein. Electromagnetic receivers  54 ,  56  and  58  then transmit this data to processor  82  that performs triangulation calculations using  54 ,  56 ,  58 , as taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,740, or using D54, D56, D58 as taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,553 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062, to generate global coordinates X,Y belonging to a coordinate system (shown in FIG. 5) mapping out a golf course (shown in FIG. 5). The processor then transmits global coordinates X,Y to display unit  90  which can be viewed by the golfer playing golf ball  10 .  
         [0030]    A first embodiment of the present invention is fully disclosed in connection with FIGS.  2 - 8  as discussed below. FIGS.  2 A-C illustrate a golf ball  10  including thirty infrared emitting diodes  12  which are evenly distributed over three perpendicular planes namely the X-Z, Y-Z, and X-Y planes. In this first embodiment, a 30 degree angle separates two consecutive diodes of a same plane. However, other distributions of the diodes would work within the scope of the present invention. Each infrared emitting diode  12  is connected via connecting wires  14  to an electronic chamber  20 . Golf ball  10  comprises three concentric parts, namely an outer member  16 , an inner member  18 , and the electronic chamber  20 . Outer member  16  can be made of a shock absorbing synthetic material, and inner member  18  can be made of a harder material to protect the electronic chamber  20 . Furthermore, electronic chamber  20  can be filled with a resin embedding any electronic components part of electromagnetic transmitter  22 , thereby keeping them from moving or vibrating. Golf ball  10  can also be enveloped with a thin protective cover (not shown) transparent to infrared radiation.  
         [0031]    The content of Honey et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,698) is specifically incorporated by reference herein. This patent teaches an electromagnetic transmitting hockey puck including 20 infrared emitting diodes powered by an electronic circuit. Electromagnetic transmitter  22  can be essentially the same as the one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,698 modified to fit in a golf ball with a weight not more than 45.93 gm and a diameter not less than 42.67 mm, as required by the rules of golf.  
         [0032]    Other embodiments of the present invention comprise electromagnetic transmitter working at different frequencies. For example, radio frequencies can be generated using oscillating circuits and antennas in a substantially spherical golf ball with a dimpled outer surface similar to the one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,549 incorporated as reference herein. Furthermore, the electromagnetic transmitter of the present invention can comprise a signal modulator for frequency modulation, and/or amplitude modulation, and/or phase modulation and/or spread spectrum modulation circuits. For example, the present invention can work with a similar signal modulator as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of the electromagnetic transmitter  22  located inside electronic chamber  20 . Electromagnetic transmitter  22  comprises a power source  24 , which can be a battery or a combination of batteries. Power source  24  can also be rechargeable by induction or electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic transmitter  22  further comprises an ON/OFF switch  30  comprising a shock sensor  26  to close the switch and a first timing circuit  28  to open it after a time T1, for example after 20 seconds. Such shock sensors and timing circuit combination are known to persons of ordinary skills in the art. For example, the shock sensor can be made of a piezoelectric material as taught in FR 2616335. Another possibility, taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,698 and incorporated as reference herein, would be to use a thin metal wire in close proximity to the inside wall of a metal cylinder. The metal wire moving under a shock and touching the metal cylindrical wall closes the switch momentarily, and an edge detector circuit closes the switch until the timing circuit opens it.  
         [0034]    The advantage of using such an ON/OFF switch is to increase the lifetime of the power source  24 . As discussed below, to locate a golf ball, the system of the present invention only needs an electromagnetic signal for a very short time, i.e. a few seconds. It is, therefore, not necessary to keep the electromagnetic transmitter  22  powered constantly, nor for a relatively long time. To save power, electromagnetic transmitter  22  may further include a second timing circuit  36  to delay the transmission of the electromagnetic signal during a time T2. This delay is advantageous in a system of the present invention which only requires an electromagnetic transmission after the golf ball has come to rest. For example, and assuming that most golf balls do not move for more than several seconds after being hit, the secondary timing circuit  36  can be set to delay transmission of the electromagnetic signal for several seconds.  
         [0035]    However, second timing circuit  36  is not essential for to the present invention. Instead, in one preferred embodiment, the transmitter continuously transmits an electromagnetic signal from the time the switch  30  is turned ON, i.e. when the golfer hits the ball, to the time switch  30  is turned OFF. In this case, the system can monitor the signal during the ball&#39;s flight in order to determine its flight path. The flight path can be used to interpolate the golf ball&#39;s location in the event the transmission is not received for some reason when the ball comes to rest, e.g. as may result if the ball falls in a hole or its transmission is obstructed by some obstacle. The interpolation typically will be performed on the basis of an algorithm utilizing ball flight path and perhaps also speed and acceleration, and perhaps also weather conditions (wind, temperature and humidity) depending on the degree of interpolation accuracy desired. Alternatively, interpolation tables can be empirically derived and stored for use by the processor.  
         [0036]    Additionally, the interpolated golf ball position can be compared to the triangulated golf ball position when the golf ball signal is not lost after the ball comes to rest. Either or both of the interpolated and triangulated golf ball position can be transmitted to the player and displayed. Likewise, when the comparison indicates a large difference between the interpolated and triangulated positions, or when the golf ball signal is lost for whatever reason as above noted, a warning “low reliability” signal can be transmitted to the player accordingly.  
         [0037]    In order to further save the energy from the power source  24 , the electromagnetic transmitter  22  comprises a pulsing circuit  38 , such as for example the one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,698, enabling an infrared signal to be pulsed at a pulsing frequency. Such pulsing circuits are well known to persons of ordinary skills in the art. In a first embodiment of the present invention, the golf ball code GBC is the pulsing frequency. The electromagnetic receivers thus identify each golf ball by identifying the pulsing frequency. By providing each golf ball with a unique pulsing frequency, the system of the present invention can identify each golf ball individually.  
         [0038]    Other golf ball codes are possible. For example, pulsing circuit  38  can be a duration modulation circuit providing a pulse of signal  100  for a unique duration. In this case, the GBC is the pulsing duration. Alternatively, pulsing circuit  38  can be an amplitude modulating circuit providing a pulse of signal  100  with a unique amplitude. In this case, the GBC is the pulsing amplitude. Also, pulsing circuit  38  can be a code modulation circuit providing a sequence of ON/OFF pulses of signal  100 . In this case, the GBC is the pulsing sequence. Other coding schemes include frequency modulation, phase modulation or spread spectrum modulation of a carrier signal, all of which, along with the ones described above, are known to a person of ordinary skills in the art of data transmission. For example, some of these techniques are discussed in Chapter 13 of  The Art of Electronics  (P. Horowitz and W. Hill, 1989) incorporated as reference herein.  
         [0039]    The time line of the above description is illustrated in FIG. 4. Time T0 is defined as the time when a golfer hits a golf ball. Before T0, switch  30  is in the OFF position and no electromagnetic signal is transmitted. The switch  30  is turned ON at T0 by the shock sensor  26  and stays ON until the first timing circuit  28  turns it OFF at T1. From T0 to T2, the switch  30  is therefore ON, however, second timing circuit  36  delays the transmission since the golf ball is typically moving during most of that time. The golf ball typically comes to rest at some time just before T2. At T2, second timing circuit  36  stops the delay of the transmission and a pulsed electromagnetic signal is being transmitted until T1. At T1 the switch  30  is turned OFF by the first timing circuit  28  thereby terminating the transmission.  
         [0040]    Finally, electromagnetic transmitter  22  comprises leads  42  to connect with connecting wires  14  and with the infrared emitting diodes  12 . In this first embodiment, each lead  42  is connected to six emitting diodes  12  connected in series via six connecting wires  14 .  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of a golf course  50  with golf course holes  52  and comprising an array of electromagnetic receivers  54 - 78 . The golf course  50  is mapped out by an X-Y coordinate system  80 .  
         [0042]    In this first embodiment, the electromagnetic receivers  54 - 78  are elevated directional finders. Elevated directional finders  54 - 78  comprise an angle of arrival detection system to measure the angles of arrival  54 - 78  of the electromagnetic signal  100 . For example, a detection system similar to the one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,740 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357 and appropriately modified can be used for the present invention. It is also possible to use distance finders measuring the time of arrival of signal  100  at the distance finder, as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,553, U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062. These technologies, namely angle of arrival and time of arrival measurements, are well known to persons skilled in the art and may be appropriately modified for use in the system of the present invention. For example, elevated directional finders  54 - 78  can comprise an array of infrared sensors. The array of infrared sensors spans a 360 degree field of vision, but each of the sensor receives a signal through a narrow window spanning only a fraction of the array&#39;s field of vision, for example a 1 degree span per infrared sensor. Alternatively, an infrared detection similar to the one taught in Mueller (U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,963), or an optical apparatus as disclosed in Koyama (U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,409), both incorporated as reference herein, and appropriately modified can be used in the present invention.  
         [0043]    Elevated directional finders  54 - 78  further comprise an identification circuit for measuring the pulsing frequency of the signal so as to identify the golf ball by a particular pulsing frequency. Alternatively, as discussed above, the electromagnetic signal can be frequency modulated, and/or amplitude modulated, and/or phase modulated and/or spread spectrum modulate. In these embodiments, the identification circuit identifies the golf ball by a particular modulation. Such identification circuits are well known to persons of ordinary skills in the art. For example, the present invention can work with an appropriately modified identification circuit similar to the one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357, which is incorporated as reference herein and which discloses an electronic control unit that identifies a vehicle identification number.  
         [0044]    Elevated directional finders  54 - 78  can be mounted on a pole or a post, or attached to a tree or a lamp post, or any elevated fixture. Preferably, they should be mounted so that their field of vision is as wide as possible. In order to increase the signal to noise ratio, elevated directional finders  54 - 78  can be protected from infrared radiation from the sun by providing them with an infrared “cap”. This infrared “cap” can either reflect infrared radiation from the sun or absorb it, as long as the infrared radiation from the sun does not reach the sensors of the elevated directional finders.  
         [0045]    In FIG. 5, the number of elevated directional finders is 15, but the present invention could work with a greater or a lesser number than 15. The minimum number of elevated directional finders is 2, however, in some situations where the golf ball is aligned with the two elevated directional finders, a third elevated directional finder is necessary to locate the golf ball. Because of the limited range of the infrared signal and because of obstacles possibly hiding the golf ball from the elevated directional finders, it is preferable to use an array of many. Furthermore, the directional finders need not be uniformly placed on the golf course, but instead can be spaced in relation to the peculiarities of each hole. However, other embodiments including a radio frequency transmission, for example similar to U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357, can work with a limited number of receivers.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 5 also shows processor  82  which may be located anywhere on the golf course, and even outside the golf course, provided that control unit  82  can receive data from elevated directional finders  54 - 78  and transmit data to the display units discussed below, either using hard-wire connections or using wireless communication.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of the golf course  50  corresponding to X from 2 to 3 and Y from 1 to 2 of FIG. 5. Golf ball  10  is at rest and is transmitting a pulsed coded infrared signal  100 . Elevated directional finders  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  78  determine 1) the signal amplitude (SA) of the pulsed coded infrared signal  100 , 2) the golf ball code (GBC), i.e. the pulsing frequency of signal  100 , identifying golf ball  10  and 3) the angles  72 ,  74 ,  76  and  78  between the directions  720 ,  740 ,  760 ,  780  and the North direction. Here, the North direction is chosen arbitrarily. Any predetermined direction can be chosen as long as all elevated directional finders use the same predetermined direction. Finally, elevated directional finders  72 - 78  transmit this data, specifically the signal amplitude SA, the identifying code GBC and the angles  72 ,  74 ,  76  and  78 , to the control unit  82 .  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 7 illustrates the steps taken by elevated directional finders  78  after receiving an infrared signal  100  from golf ball  10  through a signal receiving input (not shown). In step  110 , the elevated directional finder  78  receives a pulsed coded infrared signal  100  from golf ball  10 . Finder  78  first determines whether the signal amplitude SA of signal  100  is greater than a predetermine threshold. If SA is less than the predetermine threshold then finder  78  performs step  120  and disregards the signal. If SA is equal to or greater than the predetermined threshold, then finder  78  performs step  130  and identifies golf ball  10 &#39;s code GBC. Step  120  is used to eliminate any background infrared radiation that finder  78  receives. Finder  78  then determines in step  140  the direction  780  from which golf ball  10  is transmitting the signal  100 . Since signal  100  is transmitted during a time equal to T1 minus T2 as discussed above in relation to FIG. 3, steps  110 - 140  can be performed during that time, which can be made as long as 10 seconds. While the above sequence of steps  110 - 140  is shown in FIG. 7, however other sequences can be used.  
         [0049]    After determining direction  780 , finder  78  then shuts off the signal receiving input in step  144  for a time equal to T1 minus T2 so that the same signal  100  is not analyzed more than once by finder  78 .  
         [0050]    In step  150 , the finder  78  generates angle  78  between direction  780  and the North direction. Finally, step  160  is performed and finder  78  transmits the data comprising the signal amplitude SA, the golf ball identifying code GBC and the angle  78  to the processor  82 . This data transmission can be performed by wireless communication or by wired transmission.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 8 illustrates the steps taken by processor  82  after receiving data in step  210  from elevated directional finders  72 - 78 . As noted above, in relation to FIG. 6, the pulsed coded infrared signal  100  can be received by several elevated directional finders  72 - 78 . However, because of step  110  of FIG. 7, only the elevated directional finders, receiving a signal with a signal amplitude SA greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, transmit data to the processor  82 . Step  110  is essentially a first signal selecting step, so that processor  82  is not burdened by too much data, but only receives the data corresponding to signals with good signal amplitudes. Alternatively, of course, the raw data, unprocessed by the receivers, can be sent to the processor  82  for processing by processor  82 . Since the processor  82  only requires three angles to generate global coordinates, processor  82  retains, in step  240 , only the three sets of data corresponding to the best three signal amplitude. In other words, step  240  is a second signal selecting step. The rest of the sets of data can be discarded in step  220 . Using the three retained angles  74 ,  76 , and  78  and standard triangulation calculations as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,553, U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,740, U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,963 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062, processor  82  generates in step  250  location coordinates X GB  and Y GB  for golf ball  10  corresponding to the location of golf ball  10  relative to the coordinate system  80  shown in FIG. 5. Finally, processor  82  transmits the location coordinates to display unit  90 . Display unit  90  can be a portable display unit with visual and/or audio outputs displayed to the golfer using golf ball  10 . The transmission of the location coordinates for golf ball  10  X GB  and Y GB  to portable display unit  90  can be performed using wireless communication.  
         [0052]    Display unit  90  can display a map of golf course  50  and using the coordinate system  80  and the location coordinates X GB  and Y GB , display unit  90  indicates the location of golf ball  10  directly on the golf course map by a blinking dot or any other equivalent means for indicating the location of golf ball  10  on a golf course map. For example, a similar method as taught in Green et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,572) included as reference herein, could be appropriately modified and used in the present invention. Additionally, display unit  90  can also display the position coordinates themselves.  
         [0053]    Alternatively, display unit  90  can display the position coordinates by themselves, for example on a pager unit.  
         [0054]    Advantageously, the coordinates of various obstacles and targets of the golf course  50  can also be stored in a memory of the display unit  90 , so that display unit  90  can display distances between these landmarks and the golf ball  10 . Actual distances between the landmarks, one of which may be the pin hole itself, and the ball can also be calculated and displayed themselves to help the golfer with golf club selection. For example, using a screen pointing device, the golfer can point to these landmarks and make the display units display the distances between the designated landmarks and the golfer&#39;s ball.  
         [0055]    Additionally, the processor  82  can store in memory speech synthesized data and can transmit to the display unit location information based on the location of the ball relative to the landmarks of the golf course. For example, the display unit can output the following audio signal: “your ball is located fifty feet from the left sand trap in a North-West direction”.  
         [0056]    In a second embodiment of the present invention, an electromagnetic transmitter located inside a golf ball transmits an electromagnetic signal in the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum using a conventional radio frequency circuit with an antenna, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,549, or a combination of antennas. As in the first embodiment, the identification of a particular golf ball can be performed using a particular pulsing frequency, amplitude, duration or pulse sequence. Furthermore, the signal can be frequency modulated, and/or amplitude modulated, and/or phase modulated, and/or spread spectrum modulated, for example as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic receivers comprise radio frequency receivers and perform the same functions as described in the first embodiment of the present invention. The electromagnetic receivers can measure either the angle of arrival as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,740, U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357 or the time of arrival as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,553, U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,357, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062. The processor and the display units also perform the same functions as described in the first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0057]    In a third embodiment, the system of the present invention further comprises a mobile position location device on the golf cart being driven by the player using the golf ball, or on the player himself/herself. This mobile position device typically will include a transmitter transmitting a signal similar to that transmitted by the golf ball, but with different modulated identification information, with the “player signal” being received by the receivers and used to calculate player or golf cart position coordinates in the same manner as golf ball position coordinates are generated.  
         [0058]    Alternatively, the golf cart/player mobile position location device can be a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. For example, a GT Plus Oncore Receiver by MOTOROLA can be appropriately modified for the present invention. The GPS unit receives GPS coordinates and can either translate them into golf cart/player coordinates X GC  and Y GC  belonging to the coordinate system  80  and then transmit the golf cart coordinates to the processor, or transmit the GPS coordinates to the processor  82  for translation into golf cart coordinates which can then be sent to the display unit.  
         [0059]    In this embodiment, it is further possible for the processor to store predetermined instructions in a memory, selected in relation to the relative coordinates of the golf cart and the golf ball, transmit these instructions to the display unit thereby instructing the golfer what direction to drive the cart to find the ball. Similarly, such instructions can be given relative to existing landmarks on the golf course and/or the particular hole being played, thereby to automatically guide the player to his/her ball. To assist in such guiding, the golf cart or player can be equipped with a compass, for example, and the instructions to the golfer can inform the golfer of a compass heading and a distance to be followed at regular intervals. These driving instruction can be displayed visually or audibly. Of course, in the case of audible direction, the driving instructions being stored in a memory of processor  82  are speech synthesized. For example, the audio output can inform the golfer of where the ball is located relative to landmarks pre-programmed into the processor, e.g. “The ball is located 5 yards behind the green and 6 yards to the right of the green”, or “The ball is located 10 yards to the left of the fairway and 20 yards beyond the 100 yard marker”, and then give instruction to the golfer as to what path to take to find the ball. For example, “Please proceed 100 yard toward the pin, then turn right.” 
         [0060]    Advantageously, because the processor is tracking the golf cart position as it moves, these driving instructions can be regularly updated as the golfer makes his/her way toward the ball. For example, the display unit can output “you&#39;re about to turn right . . . please turn right . . . proceed 50 yard . . . you&#39;re about to turn left . . . please turn left . . . you&#39;re ball is 35 yards ahead . . . .” Similar systems are optionally provided in automobiles and could be appropriately modified for the present invention, for example a navigation system is offered in some LEXUS 1998 GS 400 models.  
         [0061]    The present invention also can be used to facilitate golf course management. Information such as the time between strokes can be stored in a processor memory and utilized to identify slow play so that corrective action can be taken by management to speed up play. In addition to tracking time between strokes, distance from the pin for each hole and/or distance from the fairway and/or putting green, and/or whether and when a ball is hit out of bounds, can easily be determined and combined with time between strokes information to rate play as being too slow and requiring intervention. This is particularly true where slow play for one player is caused by slow play by a preceding group of players as might be evidenced by a long time between strokes but otherwise good ball position (the ball is on or close to the fairway or green). In the latter case, corrective action may be taken with respect to the preceding group of players in addition to or instead of the lagging group.  
         [0062]    As one example of a simple algorithm for judging slow play, the net forward progress for each shot can be determined. Net forward progress can be determined by breaking down each shot into orthogonal components, a first component (A) being the distance traveled in a direction parallel to the centerline of the fairway and a second orthogonal component (B) corresponding to the distance traveled along a line perpendicular to the fairway centerline, for each shot. Then, a rating factor can be derived by subtracting B from A for each shot, and adding the difference for each shot of each hole, thereby for each hole obtaining a forward progress factor. The smaller the factor, the slower is the play, whereby slow play can be detected. In addition, since different holes have different levels of difficulty, the forward progress factor for each hole may be weighted based on the degree of difficulty of the hole, or otherwise compared with average forward progress factors stored in a database. Forward progress factors, whether or not weighted, may be averaged over any desired number of holes to derive a play quality factor which may be used by the course operator either to take remedial action when play is excessively slow, and also to reward a player for “good” play. Furthermore, in determining the play quality factor, selected strokes, such as putts, can be excluded from the computation.  
         [0063]    As another example of how to judge quality of play, each hole of the golf course, and its surrounding area, can be divided into zones and each zone assigned a number or point count indicative of whether a ball in that zone is a bad shot or a good shot. For each shot, a number indicative of whether the shot is good or bad can be obtained depending on the zone in which the ball comes to rest. For example, a shot down the middle of the fairway, can be assigned a high number corresponding to the zone it comes to rest, and a shot far off the fairway landing in a zone assigned a low number or point count can be given a corresponding low number, and a shot out of bounds can be assigned an even lower number or zero. Accordingly, it is possible to store in a database zone templates for each hole, with corresponding quality numbers associated with each zone of each template. Further each hole may have plural zone templates associated therewith, wherein the location and shape of the zones and/or the point counts assigned thereto can be determined for each template in dependence on the position of the ball, and the zones can be made as large or small as may be desired, with the only limiting factor being resolution of the position location by the triangulation calculation. In this way, a good shot following a bad shot can be rewarded and topography and course obstacles can be taken into account by assigning points to each shot based on the zone in which the ball comes to rest at each shot and the point count assigned to that zone for that shot. Then, the total number of points realized for all the strokes for each hole, or for only selected strokes, since it may be desirable to exclude certain strokes in computation of a play quality factor, for example to exclude putting strokes, can be divided by the number of shots for that hole to derive the play quality factor. The play quality factor can be weighted based on the difficulty of the hole, as will be predetermined, typically by the course operator, and averaged over a number of holes. A running average may be maintained over a predetermined number of holes. When the weighted and/or averaged quality factor falls below a predetermined threshold, as may easily be detected by the processor, slow play can be determined, and remedial action taken, such as an alarm sounded and a warning issued to the player. On the other hand, when the weighted and/or averaged quality factor is above a predetermined threshold, the player can be rewarded for example, by being given a gift or a rebate.  
         [0064]    To determine slow versus fast or average play, a database can be obtained, typically by the course operator, for typical play times or play quality factors for each hole of a golf course, by players with different handicaps. Monitored time between strokes can be compared to the database for players of comparable handicap and an alarm sounded and/or displayed identifying slow players. The alarm can be audio or visual or both. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, an alarm can be sounded when the time between strokes exceeds a predetermined value over a predetermined number of strokes. Similarly, the determined play quality factor or an average thereof, for example, is indicative of the speed of play, and an alarm can also be sounded when it is determined that the play quality factor or average thereof is below a predetermined threshold Likewise, if the play quality factor or average thereof is below a predetermined threshold and it is further determined that time of play also exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm or warning can be sounded, for example when a running average of monitored time between strokes exceeds a predetermined threshold. The alarm can be transmitted to the player or displayed on a local display associated with the player depending upon where the calculations are performed, to indicate that slow play has been detected and to request that play be speeded up. When slow play is detected by a central processor, a course operator personnel may be sent to observe the identified slow player(s) and take whatever corrective action and/or warning may be desired. Furthermore, regardless of whether slow play occurs, information such as total time between strokes and/or play quality factors can be determined either by the central processor or a local processor and communicated to the player as an interesting statistic by which the player can monitor his level of play. Additionally, such information may be used in conjunction with total number of strokes to determine a player&#39;s handicap.  
         [0065]    The present invention can also be used as an instructive tool for the player and his instructor. For example, a paper printout or video display can be coupled to the processor to produce a visual record showing the player where each shot landed during play on a hole or an entire round of holes. In this way, patterns can be discerned. Likewise, a golf ball transmitter which transmits signal from the moment of impact till coming to rest can be employed, and ball in flight progress for each stroke of each hole or only selected strokes monitored, stored and displayed, either in a print out or in a video display, either during or after play, so that slice and hook tendencies can be observed and corrected.  
         [0066]    The present invention thus also includes a computer-based product which may be hosted on a storage medium and include instructions which can be used to program a general purpose microprocessor or computer to perform processes in accordance with the present invention. This storage medium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions. Furthermore, the processing performed in implementing the invention may be performed entirely by a central computer coupled to the electromagnetic signal receivers, or may be distributed between a central computer and a hand held or portable (local) computer, e.g., a PALM PILOT computer, associated with the golf player. For example, the processing load of the central computer can be limited to ball location processing and the result of such processing and time of shot information can be transmitted to a local computer associated with the golf player. The local computer, appropriately programmed, would then would have all the information necessary to process the information and output whatever data is desired, such as ball rest positions after strokes, ball in-flight progress, times between strokes, play quality factors, etc. Alternatively, various of the processing functions can be performed at the central processor. Thus, references to a “processor” of the present invention are to be interpreted as including computers performing distributed processing.  
         [0067]    The present invention further includes a data base stored in a memory and including various data fields storing the above-described data/information, including golf ball location for plural holes, time of flight information for plural shots, time between shot information, data used in calculation of play quality factors as well as the play quality factors themselves.  
         [0068]    Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.