Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a pixel circuit including: at least one transistor whose conduction state is controlled by a drive signal received by a control terminal; and a driving wiring line to which the drive signal is propagated, the control terminal of the transistor being connected to the driving wiring line. The driving wiring line is connected to a wiring line in a different layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention contains subject matter related to Japanese Patent Application JP 2007-071257 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Mar. 19, 2007, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates to a pixel circuit and an active matrix type display apparatus which include a light emitting element such as an organic EL (Electroluminescence) light emitting device and a fabrication method for the display apparatus. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    An image display apparatus such as, for example, a liquid crystal display unit displays an image by controlling the intensity of light for each of a great number of pixels arranged in a matrix in response to image information to be displayed. 
         [0006]    This similarly applies also an organic EL display unit and so forth. However, the organic EL display unit is a self-luminous type display unit wherein each pixel circuit includes a light emitting device and is advantageous in that it is higher in visual confirmation of an image, that it does not require a backlight, that the response speed is high and so forth when compared with the liquid crystal display unit. 
         [0007]    The organic EL display unit is different from the liquid crystal display unit and so forth also in that it includes light emitting devices which are of the current controlled type wherein the luminance of the light emitting devices is controlled with the value of current supplied thereto to obtain a gradation of color development. 
         [0008]    A simple matrix type driving system and an active matrix type driving system are available as a driving system for an organic EL display similarly to a liquid crystal display apparatus. Although the former system is simple in structure, since it has such a problem that it is difficult to implement of a display apparatus of a large size and a high definition, development of the latter active matrix type driving system is proceeding energetically. In the active matrix type driving system, the current to flow through a light emitting device provided in each pixel circuit is controlled usually by a thin film transistor (TFT). 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a general configuration of a typical organic EL display apparatus. 
         [0010]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , the display apparatus  1  shown includes a pixel array section  2  wherein pixel circuits (PXLC)  2   a  are arrayed in an m×n matrix, a horizontal selector (HSEL)  3 , a write scanner (WSCN)  4 , signal lines or data lines SGL 1  to SGLn selected by the horizontal selector  3  so as to be supplied with a data signal according to luminance information, and scanning lines WSL 1  to WSLm selectively driven by the write scanner  4 . 
         [0011]    It is to be noted that the horizontal selector  3  and/or the write scanner  4  are sometimes formed on polycrystalline silicon or formed from a MOSIC or the like around the pixels. 
         [0012]      FIG. 2  shows an example of a configuration of a pixel circuit  2   a  shown in  FIG. 1 . The pixel circuit  2   a  shown in  FIG. 2  is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,365 or Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 8-234683. 
         [0013]    The pixel circuit  2   a  of  FIG. 2  has the simplest circuit configuration among a large number of circuits proposed already and is a circuit of the two-transistor driven type. 
         [0014]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the pixel circuit  2   a  includes a p-channel thin film field effect transistor (hereinafter referred to simply as TFT)  11  and another TFT  12 , a capacitor C 11 , and an organic EL light emitting device (hereinafter referred to simply as OLED)  13  as a light emitting device. Also a signal line SGL and a scanning line WSL are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0015]    Since an organic EL light emitting device in most cases has a rectification property, it is sometimes called OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) and is represented using a symbol of a diode as a light emitting device in  FIG. 2  and so forth. However, in the following description, the rectification property is not necessarily required for the OLED. 
         [0016]    In  FIG. 2 , the TFT  11  is connected at the source thereof to a power supply potential Vcc, and the OLED  13  is connected at the cathode thereof to the ground potential GND. The pixel circuit  2   a  shown in  FIG. 2  operates in the following manner. 
       Step ST 1 : 
       [0017]    If the scanning line WSL is placed into a selected state, in this instance, into a low level state and a write potential Vdata is applied to the signal line SGL, then the TFT  12  is rendered conducting thereby to allow the capacitor C 11  to be charged or discharged and the gate potential of the TFT  11  becomes equal to the write potential Vdata. 
       Step ST 2 : 
       [0018]    If the scanning line WSL is placed into a non-selected state, in this instance, into a high level state, then the signal line SGL and the TFT  11  are electrically disconnected from each other. However, the gate potential of the TFT  11  is maintained stably by the capacitor C 11 . 
       Step ST 3 : 
       [0019]    The current flowing through the TFT  11  and the OLED  13  comes to have a value corresponding to the gate-source voltage Vgs of the TFT  11 , and the OLED  13  continues to emit light with a luminance corresponding to the current value. 
         [0020]    Operation of selecting a scanning line WSL to transmit luminance information provided to a data line to the inside of a pixel as at step ST 1  described above is hereinafter referred to as “writing”. 
         [0021]    As described above, in the pixel circuit  2   a  of  FIG. 2 , if writing of write potential Vdata is carried out once, then the OLED  13  continues emission of light with a fixed luminance for a period of time until rewriting of the OLED  13  is carried out subsequently. 
         [0022]    As described above, in the pixel circuit  2   a,  the value of current to flow through the OLED  13  is controlled by varying the gate application voltage of the TFT  11  which serves as a drive transistor. 
         [0023]    In this instance, the p-channel drive transistor is connected at the source thereof to the power supply potential Vcc, and the TFT  11  normally operates in a saturation region. Therefore, the TFT  11  serves as a constant current source for supplying current of a value determined in accordance with the following expression (1): 
         [0000]        Ids= 1/2·μ( W/L ) Cox ( Vgs−|Vth |) 2    (1) 
         [0000]    where μ is the mobility of the carrier, Cox the gate capacitance per unit area, W the gate width, L the gate length, Vgs the gate-source voltage of the TFT  11 , and Vth a threshold value of the TFT  11 . 
         [0024]    In a simple matrix type display apparatus, each light emitting device emits light at an instant at which it is selected. In contrast, in an active matrix type image display apparatus, each light emitting device continues emission of light also after writing ends as described above. Therefore, the active matrix type image display apparatus is advantageous particularly with a display apparatus of a large size and a high definition in that the peak luminance and the peak current of each light emitting device can be reduced in comparison with those of the simple matrix type image display apparatus. 
         [0025]      FIG. 3  illustrates a secular change of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of an organic EL light emitting device. Referring to  FIG. 3 , a curve shown by a solid line indicates the characteristic in an initial state, and another curve shown by a broken line indicates the characteristic after a secular change. 
         [0026]    Generally, the I-V characteristic of an organic EL light emitting device deteriorates as time passes as seen in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0027]    However, according to the two-transistor driving circuit shown in  FIG. 2 , since fixed current driving is used, fixed current continues to flow as described above, and even if the I-V characteristic of the organic EL light emitting device deteriorates, the light emission luminance thereof does not deteriorate as time passes. 
         [0028]    Incidentally, although the pixel circuit  2   a  shown in  FIG. 2  is formed from p-channel TFTs, if an n-channel TFT can be used for the pixel circuit  2   a,  then an amorphous silicon (a-Si) process in the past can be used in fabrication of TFTs. This makes it possible to produce TFT substrates at a reduced cost. 
         [0029]    Now, a basic pixel circuit configured using an n-channel TFT is described. 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  shows a pixel circuit wherein the p-channel TFTs of the circuit of  FIG. 2  are replaced by n-channel TFTs. 
         [0031]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , the pixel circuit  2   b  shown includes n-channel TFTs  21  and  22 , a capacitor C 21 , and an organic EL light emitting device (OLED)  23  serving as a light emitting device. Also a signal line SGL and a scanning line WSL are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0032]    In the pixel circuit  2   b,  the TFT  21  serving as a drive transistor is connected at the drain thereof to a power supply potential Vcc and at the source thereof to the anode of the OLED  23  so as to form a source follower circuit. 
         [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates the operation point of the TFT  21  serving as a drive transistor and the OLED  23  in an initial state. Referring to  FIG. 5 , the axis of abscissa indicates the drain-source voltage Vds and the axis of ordinate indicates the drain-source current Ids. 
         [0034]    As seen in  FIG. 5 , the source voltage depends upon the operation point of the TFT  21  serving as a drive transistor and the OLED  23  and has a value which varies in response to the gate voltage. 
         [0035]    Since the TFT  21  is driven within a saturation region, the drain-source current Ids of a current value provided by the equation of the expression (1) given hereinabove with regard to the gate-source voltage Vgs with respect to the source voltage at the operation point is supplied. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]    The pixel circuit described above is the simplest circuit which includes the TFT  21  serving as a drive transistor, the TFT  22  serving as a switching transistor, and the OLED  23 . However, the pixel circuit is sometimes modified such that the power signal to be applied to the power supply line is changed over with two signals and also the image signal to be supplied to the signal line is changed over with two signals to correct the threshold value or the mobility. 
         [0037]    Or, the pixel circuit is sometimes modified otherwise such that, in addition to the drive transistor and the switching transistor which are connected in series to the OLED, a TFT for cancellation of the mobility or the threshold value or the like is provided. 
         [0038]    In each of the pixel circuits arrayed in a matrix, a gate pulse signal is applied to the gate of the TFT serving as a switching transistor or of the TFT for cancellation of the threshold value or of the mobility provided separately from each other through a wiring line. The gate pulse is produced by a vertical scanner such as a write scanner disposed on the opposite sides or on one side of an active matrix type organic EL display panel. 
         [0039]    Where the pulse signal is applied to two or more TFTs in each pixel circuit, the timings at which the pulse signal is applied to the TFTS are significant. 
         [0040]    However, for example, where a pulse signal is applied to the gate of a transistor in the form of a TFT in a pixel circuit along a wiring line  41  through a buffer  40  at the last stage of a write scanner as seen in  FIG. 6 , delay of the pulse or variation of transient occurs by an influence of the wiring line resistance r and the wiring line capacitance of the wiring line  41 . Consequently, a displacement occurs with the timing, and shading or striped irregularity appears. 
         [0041]    The wiring line resistance to the gate of a transistor in the pixel circuits  2   a  increases as the distance from the scanner increases. 
         [0042]    Therefore, where the mobility correction periods at the opposite ends of the panel are compared with each other, a difference appears therebetween, and this gives rise to appearance of a difference in luminance. 
         [0043]    Further, since the mobility correction periods are displaced from an optimum mobility correction period, such pixels with which sufficient writing may not be carried out and the dispersion in mobility may not be corrected sufficiently appear, resulting in a disadvantage that such pixels are observed as a stripe. 
         [0044]    Further, the voltage drop of the power supply line sometimes gives rise to irregularity such as shading, resulting in appearance of irregularity or roughness of a display image. 
         [0045]    The influence of the problems described increases as the increase in size and definition advances with the panel. 
         [0046]    Therefore, it is demanded to provide a pixel circuit and a display apparatus which can suppress occurrence of shading, striped irregularity and so forth so that an image of high quality can be obtained. 
         [0047]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pixel circuit including at least one transistor whose conduction state is controlled by a drive signal received by a control terminal thereof, and a driving wiring line to which the drive signal is propagated, the control terminal of the transistor being connected to the driving wiring line, the driving wiring line being connected to a wiring line in a different layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0048]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a power supply wiring line layer, and a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a signal wiring line layer formed in a layer different from the power supply wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply wiring line layer and connected to the first wiring line layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0049]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a power supply wiring line layer, a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a signal wiring line layer formed in a layer different from the power supply wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, and a second wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a wiring line layer for the control terminal of the transistor formed in a layer different from the power supply wiring line layer and the first wiring line layer in the stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply wiring line layer and connected to the first and second wiring line layers so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0050]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a power supply wiring line layer, and a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a wiring line layer for the control terminal of the transistor formed in a layer different from the power supply wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply wiring line layer and connected to the first wiring line layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0051]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pixel circuit including a power supply line to which voltages different from each other can be applied, a reference potential, a driving wiring line to which a drive signal is propagated, a light emitting device configured to emit light of luminance which depends upon current flowing therethrough, a drive transistor, a switching transistor connected between a signal line and the gate of the drive transistor and connected at the gate thereof to the driving wiring line such that the conduction state thereof is controlled by the drive signal, and a capacitor connected between the gate and the source of the drive transistor, the drive transistor and the light emitting device being connected in series between the power supply line and the reference potential, the driving wiring line being connected to a wiring line in a different layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0052]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a wiring line layer for the power supply line, and a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a signal wiring line layer formed in a layer different from the power supply line wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply line wiring line layer and connected to the first wiring line layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0053]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a wiring line layer for the power supply line, a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a signal wiring line layer formed in a layer different from the power supply line wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, and a second wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a wiring line layer for the gate of the switching transistor formed in a layer different from the power supply line wiring line layer and the first wiring line layer in the stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply line wiring line layer and connected to the first and second wiring line layers so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0054]    Preferably, the pixel circuit further includes a wiring line layer for the power supply line, and a first wiring line layer provided in the same layer as a wiring line layer for the gate of the switching transistor formed in a layer different from the power supply line wiring line layer in a stacking direction of the layers, the driving wiring line being formed in the same layer as the power supply line wiring line layer and connected to the first wiring line layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0055]    Preferably, the capacitor is disposed at a displaced position at which the capacitor does not overlap with the driving wiring line in the stacking direction of layers. 
         [0056]    According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus including a plurality of pixel circuits arrayed in a matrix and individually having at least one transistor whose conduction state is controlled by a drive signal received by a control terminal thereof, at least one scanner configured to output the drive signal to the control terminal of the transistor which forms the pixel circuits, and at least one driving wiring line to which the control terminals of the transistors of the plural pixel circuits are connected commonly and to which the drive signal from the scanner is propagated, the driving wiring line being connected to a wiring line of a different layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0057]    According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a display apparatus including a plurality of pixel circuits arrayed in a matrix and individually having a switching transistor whose conduction state is controlled by a drive signal received thereby, at least one scanner configured to output the drive signal to the gate of the switching transistor which forms the pixel circuits, at least one driving wiring line to which the gates of the switching transistors of the plural pixel circuits are connected commonly and to which the drive signal from the scanner is propagated, and at least one power supply line which is connected to the pixel circuits and to which voltages different from each other can be applied. The pixel circuits individually has a light emitting device configured to emit light of luminance which depends upon current flowing therethrough, a drive transistor, the switching transistor connected between a signal line and the gate of the drive transistor and connected at the gate thereof to the driving wiring line such that the conduction state thereof is controlled by the drive signal, and a capacitor connected between the gate and the source of the drive transistor, the drive transistor and the light emitting device being connected in series between the power supply line and a reference potential. The driving wiring line is connected to a wiring line in a different layer so as to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0058]    According to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fabrication method for a display apparatus which includes a plurality of pixel circuits which are arranged in a matrix and individually include at least one transistor whose conduction state is controlled by a drive signal received by a control terminal thereof and at least one scanner configured to output the drive signal to the control terminal of the transistor which forms the pixel circuits, including the steps of wiring a driving wiring line to which the drive signal from the scanner is propagated, and connecting the driving wiring line to a different layer to form a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0059]    With the pixel circuits and the display apparatus as well as a display apparatus fabricated by the fabrication method, appearance of shading, stripe unevenness or the like can be prevented, and therefore, an image of high picture quality can be obtained. 
         [0060]    The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like parts or elements denoted by like reference symbols. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0061]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a general configuration of a typical organic EL display apparatus; 
           [0062]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram showing an example of a configuration of a pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0063]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a secular change of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of an organic EL light emitting device; 
           [0064]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram showing a pixel circuit wherein p-channel TFTs of the circuit shown in  FIG. 2  are replaced by n-channel TFTs;. 
           [0065]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating an operation point of a TFT serving as a drive transistor and an EL light emitting device in an initial state; 
           [0066]      FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram illustrating a disadvantage caused by wiring line resistance; 
           [0067]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing a configuration of an organic EL display apparatus which adopts a pixel circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0068]      FIG. 8  is a circuit diagram showing a particular configuration of the pixel circuit of the organic EL display apparatus of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0069]      FIGS. 9A to 9C  are timing charts illustrating basic operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0070]      FIG. 10  is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating a first example of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0071]      FIG. 11  is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view showing a configuration wherein a capacitor is disposed at a position at which it overlaps with a scanning line or gate line in a stacking direction of layers as a comparative example with the pixel circuit of  FIG. 10 ; 
           [0072]      FIG. 12  is a plan view of part of a pixel where a scanning line or gate line is formed from a high-resistance wiring line of a material same as that of the gate electrode of a TFT in a same layer as the gate electrode of the TFT without applying the countermeasure according to the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0073]      FIGS. 13A to 13D  are timing charts illustrating pulse deterioration where the pixel circuit to which the countermeasure according to the first embodiment of the present invention is not applied operates at timings illustrated in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0074]      FIGS. 14A to 14C  are timing charts illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  different from that illustrated in  FIGS. 9A to 9C ; 
           [0075]      FIGS. 15A to 15D  are timing charts illustrating pulse deterioration where the pixel circuit to which the countermeasure according to the first embodiment of the present invention is not applied operates at timings illustrated in  FIG. 14 ; 
           [0076]      FIGS. 16A to 16D  are timing charts illustrating different pulse deterioration where the pixel circuit to which the countermeasure according to the first embodiment of the present invention is not applied operates at timings illustrated in  FIG. 14 ; 
           [0077]      FIG. 17  is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating a second example of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0078]      FIG. 18  is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating a third example of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0079]      FIG. 19  is schematic cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating fourth example of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0080]      FIG. 20  is a schematic cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating fifth examples of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0081]      FIG. 21  is a schematic cross sectional view of a configuration wherein a power supply line is disposed on a TFT serving as a drive transistor as a comparative example with the pixel circuit of  FIG. 20 ; 
           [0082]      FIG. 22  is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 21 ; 
           [0083]      FIG. 23  is a schematic cross sectional view of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating a sixth example of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth; 
           [0084]      FIG. 24  is a schematic cross sectional view of a configuration wherein a power supply line is disposed on a TFT serving as a switching transistor as a comparative example with the pixel circuit of  FIG. 23 ; 
           [0085]      FIG. 25  is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 23 ; 
           [0086]      FIGS. 26 to 30  are schematic cross sectional views of part of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  illustrating seventh to eleventh examples of a countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth, respectively; 
           [0087]      FIG. 31  is a schematic view illustrating the fact that a large light emitting area or aperture of the EL light emitting device can be assured by the eleventh countermeasure; 
           [0088]      FIGS. 32 and 33  are a cross sectional view and a plan view, respectively, showing part of a pixel where a cathode line is formed without applying any countermeasure according to the present embodiment; 
           [0089]      FIGS. 34A to 34E  are timing charts illustrating particular operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0090]      FIG. 35  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  within a light emitting period; 
           [0091]      FIG. 36  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  within a no-light emitting period where the voltage is set to a power supply voltage; 
           [0092]      FIG. 37  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  where an offset signal is inputted; 
           [0093]      FIG. 38  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  where the voltage is set to a power supply voltage; 
           [0094]      FIG. 39  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  and particularly illustrating transition of the source voltage of the drive transistor where the voltage is set to the power supply voltage; 
           [0095]      FIG. 40  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  particularly in a state wherein a data signal is written into the pixel circuit; 
           [0096]      FIG. 41  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  and particularly illustrating transition of the source voltage of the drive transistor in response to the magnitude of the mobility; 
           [0097]      FIG. 42  is a circuit diagram illustrating operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8  particularly in a light emitting state; 
           [0098]      FIG. 43  is a block diagram showing a configuration of an organic EL display apparatus which adopts a pixel circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0099]      FIG. 44  is a circuit diagram showing a particular configuration of the pixel circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0100]      FIGS. 45A to 45F  are timing charts illustrating basic operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 44 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0101]      FIG. 7  shows a configuration of an organic EL display apparatus which adopts a pixel circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 8  shows a particular configuration of the pixel circuit. 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the display apparatus  100  shown includes a pixel array section  102  wherein pixel circuits  101  are arrayed in an m×n matrix, a horizontal selector (HSEL)  103 , a write scanner (WSCN)  104 , a power drive scanner (PDSCN)  105 , signal lines SGL 101  to SGL 10   n  selected by the horizontal selector  103  and supplied with an input signal SIN of a data signal Vsig or an offset signal Vofs according to luminance information, scanning lines WSL 101  to WSL 10   m  serving as driving wiring lines selectively driven with a gate pulse or scanning pulse GP from the write scanner  104 , and power driving lines PSL 101  to PSL 10   m  serving as driving wiring lines to which a power signal PSG selectively set to a power supply voltage VCC or a negative side voltage VSS is applied from the power drive scanner  105  so as to be driven. 
         [0103]    It is to be noted that, while such pixel circuits  101  are arrayed in an m×n matrix in the pixel array section  102 ,  FIG. 7  shows an example wherein the pixel circuits  101  are arrayed in a 2(=m)×3(=n) matrix for simplified illustration. 
         [0104]    Also in  FIG. 8 , a particular configuration of one pixel circuit is shown for simplified illustration. 
         [0105]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , the pixel circuit  101  according to the present embodiment includes an n-channel TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, another n-channel TFT  112  serving as a switching transistor, a capacitor C 111 , a light emitting device  113  formed from an organic EL light emitting device (OLED; electro-optical device), a first node ND 111 , and a second node ND 112 . 
         [0106]    In the pixel circuit  101 , the n-channel TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, first node ND 111  and light emitting device (OLED)  113  are connected in series between a power drive line or power supply line PSL  101  to  10   m  and a reference voltage Vcat such as the ground potential. 
         [0107]    In particular, the light emitting device  113  is connected at the cathode thereof to the reference voltage Vcat and at the anode thereof to the first node ND 111 , and the TFT  112  is connected at the source thereof to the first node ND 111 , and the TFT  111  is connected at the drain thereof to the power drive line PSL. 
         [0108]    Further, the TFT  111  is connected at the gate thereof to the second node ND 112 . 
         [0109]    The capacitor C 111  is connected at a first electrode thereof to the first node ND 111  and at a second electrode thereof to the second node ND 112 . 
         [0110]    The TFT  112  is connected at the source and drain thereof to and between a signal line SGL and the second node ND 112 , respectively. The TFT  112  is connected at the gate thereof to a scanning line WSL. 
         [0111]    In this manner, in the pixel circuit  101  according to the present embodiment, the capacitor C 111  serving as a pixel capacitor is connected between the gate and the source of the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor. 
         [0112]      FIGS. 9A to 9C  illustrate basic operation of the pixel circuit of  FIG. 8 . 
         [0113]    In particular,  FIG. 9A  illustrates a gate pulse or scanning pulse GP applied to the scanning line WSL;  FIG. 9B  illustrates a power signal PSG applied to the power drive line PSL; and  FIG. 9C  illustrates an input signal SIN applied to the signal line SGL. 
         [0114]    In order to cause the light emitting device  113  of the pixel circuit  101  to emit light, the power signal VSS which may be, for example, a negative voltage is applied to the power drive line PSL while an offset signal Vofs is propagated along the signal line SGL and inputted to the second node ND 112  through the TFT  112 , whereafter the power signal VCC corresponding to a power supply voltage is applied to the power drive line PSL to correct the threshold value of the TFT  111  within a no-light emitting period as seen in  FIGS. 9A to 9C . 
         [0115]    Thereafter, the data signal Vsig according to luminance information is applied to the signal line SGL and written into the second node ND 112  through the TFT  112 . At this time, since the writing is carried out while current is supplied to the TFT  111 , mobility correction is carried out simultaneously and concurrently. 
         [0116]    Then, the TFT  112  is placed into a non-conducting state to cause the light emitting device  113  to emit light in accordance with the luminance information. 
         [0117]    Further, in the display apparatus  100  of the present embodiment, in order to eliminate shading, stripe unevenness and so forth which arise from pulse delay by wiring line resistance or wiring line capacitance of the scanning line WSL which is a wiring line which applies a driving pulse or gate pulse to be applied to the gate of a TFT (transistor) in the pixel circuit  101  and/or in order to eliminate appearance of unevenness or roughness on an image caused by unevenness such as shading caused by a voltage drop of the power supply line, that is, in order to improve the picture quality and so forth, such countermeasures as described below are taken. 
         [0118]      FIG. 10  illustrates a first example of the countermeasure for improving the picture quality and so forth and shows a schematic plan view and a schematic sectional view of part of the pixel circuit. 
         [0119]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , in the first countermeasure example, a scanning line or gate line WSL to which the gate GT of the TFT  112  serving as a switching transistor of the pixel circuit  101  is formed as a wiring line of a same material in a same layer as the power drive line or power supply line PSL formed from a low-resistance metal material such as aluminum (Al). Further, the signal line SGL formed from a low-resistance metal material such as aluminum (Al) is formed as a lower layer, that is, as a layer on the substrate side not shown, with respect to the scanning line WSL and the power supply line PSL. 
         [0120]    Further, the scanning line WSL in the upper layer and the low-resistance wiring line layer or first wiring line layer  114  of the same material layer as the signal line SGL which is a lower layer with respect to the scanning line WSL are connected to each other through a contact  116  formed in an interlayer insulating film  115  of SIN, SiO 2  or the like so as to achieve a two-stage wiring line structure. 
         [0121]    Further, in the present first countermeasure example, the capacitor C 111  is disposed at a position at which it does not overlap with the scanning line WSL in the stacking direction of layers. 
         [0122]    It is to be noted that the TFT  112  of each of the pixel circuits is of the bottom gate type wherein the gate electrode or control electrode thereof is drawn up through a contact formed on an insulating film not shown and connected to the scanning line WSL. 
         [0123]    Usually, the gate electrode of a TFT is formed by forming a film of high-resistance wiring lines by such a method as sputtering of a metal material such as molybdenum (Mo) or tantalum (Ta) or an alloy of any of such metal materials. 
         [0124]    As described above, in the first countermeasure example, the scanning line or gate line WSL is laid out in a two-layer wiring line scheme which includes the same layer as low-resistance power supply wiring lines and the layer  114  same as signal lines. 
         [0125]    According to the first countermeasure example having such a characteristic as just described, the resistance and the capacitance of the scanning line or gate line WSL can be reduced. In particular, since the wiring line layer which forms the power supply lines is formed from a low-resistance metal material and also the wiring line layer which forms the signal lines SGL is formed from a low-resistance metal material, by wiring the scanning line or gate line WSL in a two-stage wiring line scheme, the resistance of the scanning line WSL can be reduced to approximately one half. Therefore, the transient of the gate line of the TFT  112  serving as a switching transistor can be accelerated. 
         [0126]    Further, the difference in pulse width of the gate pulse GP at a position adjacent the output end side of the gate pulse or control signal GP of the write scanner  104  to the scanning line WSL and another position spaced away from the output end can be reduced. Consequently, uniform picture quality free from insufficient writing, unevenness or shading can be obtained. 
         [0127]    Therefore, an advantage that it is possible to speed up the transient of the gate line and to implement higher definition is achieved. 
         [0128]      FIG. 11  shows a configuration as a comparative example with the configuration shown in  FIG. 10  wherein a capacitor is disposed at a position at which it overlaps with a scanning line or gate line in the stacking direction of layers. 
         [0129]    Where the configuration is adopted wherein a capacitor or a signal line is disposed at a position at which it overlaps with a scanning line or gate line WSL in the stacking direction of layers as seen in  FIG. 11 , there is a tendency to increase the parasitic capacitance of the scanning line WSL. 
         [0130]    In contrast, where the capacitor C 111  is disposed in a displaced relationship at a position at which it does not overlap with the scanning line WSL in the stacking direction of layers while only the signal line SGL overlaps below the scanning line WSL as in the present first countermeasure example, increase of the parasitic capacitance can be prevented. Consequently, further increase of the propagation speed of a gate pulse can be implemented. 
         [0131]    Now, the reason is described why the scanning line or gate line WSL is formed as a wiring line of the same material in the same layer as the power supply line or power signal line PSL formed from a low-resistance metal material such as aluminum (Al) and the signal line SGL in a lower layer with respect to the scanning line WSL and the low-resistance wiring line layer  114  formed from the same material in the same layer as the signal line SGL are connected to each other through the contact  116  formed in the interlayer insulating film  115  of SIN, SiO 2  or the like so as to form a two-stage wiring line structure. 
         [0132]      FIG. 12  is a plan view of part of a pixel where a scanning line or gate line is formed from a high-resistance wiring line of the same material in the same layer as the gate electrode of a TFT without applying any countermeasure according to the present embodiment. 
         [0133]    Writing into the pixel circuit having the configuration shown in  FIG. 12  is studied. 
         [0134]    As described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 9 , in the present pixel circuit, writing and mobility correction are defined by a rising edge of the input signal SIN of the signal line SGL from the offset signal level Vofs to the data signal level Vsig and a falling edge of a gate pulse GP applied to the scanning line WSL, respectively. 
         [0135]    According to this method, the gate pulse GP becomes dull between an output end of the gate pulse GP from the write scanner (WSCN)  104  to the scanning line WSL and a position spaced away from this GP output end, that is, a GP output remote end in  FIG. 13 , and the writing time becomes different between the GP output end side and the GP output remote side. In particular, the writing time becomes longer on the input remote side of the panel, and therefore, such difference appears as shading on the screen image. 
         [0136]    As a countermeasure against this, it is possible to carry out writing at such a timing as seen from  FIGS. 14A to 14C . 
         [0137]    According to the method, writing and mobility correction are not defined by a rising edge of a signal of the signal line SGL and a falling edge of the gate pulse GP, but are defined by a rising edge of the gate pulse GP and a falling edge of the gate pulse GP. 
         [0138]    However, also in writing of this method, the writing time sometimes becomes different between the output end side of the gate pulse GP of the write scanner  104  and the GP output end remote side depending upon the gradation of the signal as seen in  FIGS. 15A to 15D , resulting in appearance of shading. 
         [0139]    Further, in the method of  FIGS. 14A to 14C , it is necessary to define writing only with the gate pulse GP. If the writing time is taken excessively long, then the potential at the source of the drive transistor continues to rise, and therefore, in order to assure an appropriate luminance, it may not be avoided to set the writing time short. 
         [0140]    However, as increase of the size advances, the load to the scanning line or gate line WSL increases and, even if a pulse of a small width is outputted from the output end of the gate pulse or scanning pulse GP, it becomes difficult to carry out writing on the GP output end remote side because of deformation or degradation of the pulse. 
         [0141]    As described hereinabove, since usually a gate wiring line is made of a high-resistance metal such as Mo, the load is high. 
         [0142]    Therefore, in the present embodiment, the scanning line WSL is formed as a wiring line of the same material in the same layer as the power supply line or power signal line PSL formed from a metal of low resistance such as aluminum (Al). 
         [0143]    Further, where increase in size and definition is intended, since further reduction in resistance and capacitance is demanded, the scanning line WSL and the low-resistance wiring line layer  114  of the same material in the same layer as the signal line SGL in a lower layer with respect to the scanning line WSL are connected to each other through the contact  116  formed in the interlayer insulating film  115  of SIN, SiO 2  or the like to form a two-stage wiring line structure and/or the capacitor C 111  is disposed at a displaced position at which it does not overlap with the scanning line WSL in the stacking direction of layers. 
         [0144]      FIG. 17  illustrates a second countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0145]    The second countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 17  is different from the first countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 10  in that, in a layer below the low-resistance wiring line layer or first wiring line layer  114  formed from the same material in the same layer as the signal line SGL, a wiring line layer or second or first wiring line layer  117  of the same material in the same layer as the gate electrode of the TFT formed from a high-resistance metal is connected to the wiring line layer or first wiring line layer  114  through a contact  119  formed in a gate insulating film  118  and the scanning line or gate line WSL which is a low-resistance wiring line layer, the wiring line layer  114  which is a low-resistance wiring line and the wiring line layer  117  which is a high-resistance wiring line are connected in multi layers to form a three-stage wiring line structure. 
         [0146]    Consequently, the resistance of the scanning line WSL can be further reduced. 
         [0147]    By applying the present second countermeasure example, the load of the gate wiring line can be reduced, and consequently, increase in speed of the transient can be achieved. As a result, higher definition can be anticipated. 
         [0148]      FIG. 18  illustrates a third countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic plan view and a cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0149]    The third countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 18  is different from the second countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 17  in that a wiring line layer  117  of the same material in the same layer as the gate electrode of the TFT formed from a high-resistance metal is connected to the scanning line WSL through a contact  120  formed in the interlayer insulating film  115  and the gate insulating film  118  in a lower layer with respect to the wiring line layer  114  without passing through the wiring line layer  114  formed from the same material in the same layer as the signal line SGL and the scanning line WSL which is a low-resistance wiring line layer and the wiring line layer or first wiring line layer  117  which is a high-resistance wiring line layer are connected in multiple layers to form a two-stage wiring line structure. 
         [0150]    Also with the present configuration, the resistance of the scanning line WSL can be reduced. 
         [0151]    Also by applying the third countermeasure example, the load of the gate wiring line can be reduced, and increase in speed of the transient can be achieved. Increase in definition can be anticipated thereby. 
         [0152]      FIG. 19  illustrates a fourth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0153]    The fourth countermeasure example uses a power drive line or power supply line PSL formed as a multilayer wiring line in order to eliminate such a situation that unevenness such as shading is caused by a voltage drop of the power supply line and causes unevenness or roughness on a display image. 
         [0154]    As described hereinabove, originally the power supply line PSL is formed at a predetermined position of the gate insulating film  118  from a low-resistance wiring line of the same material such as Al in the same layer as the scanning line WSL. 
         [0155]    Further, a contact  121  is formed in the interlayer insulating film  115  formed on the power supply line PSL such that a low-resistance wiring line layer  122  of Al or the like formed on the interlayer insulating film  115  is connected to the power supply line PSL through the contact  121  in a multilayer to form the power supply line in a two-stage wiring line structure to achieve reduction in resistance. Consequently, such a situation that unevenness such as shading is caused by a voltage drop and this appears as unevenness or roughness on a display image is prevented. 
         [0156]    Further, in  FIG. 19 , a flattening film  123  is formed on the power supply wiring line layer  122  of an upper layer, and an anode electrode  125  is formed on the flattening film  123 . 
         [0157]    With the present fourth countermeasure example, such a situation that unevenness such as shading is caused by a voltage drop of the power supply line and this appears as unevenness or roughness on a display image is prevented. 
         [0158]      FIG. 20  illustrates a fifth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0159]    In the present fifth countermeasure example, for example, even where the power supply line PSL is formed as a multilayer wiring line or in a like case, the power supply line PSL is not disposed or formed above the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, that is, on the upper layer side with respect to the TFT  111  in the stacking layer of layers. 
         [0160]    In other words, in the present fifth countermeasure example, the power supply line PSL is formed such that it does not overlap in an upper layer with the disposition region of the TFT  111  and the TFT  111  is not influenced by an electric field from the power supply line PSL. 
         [0161]    A particular configuration is described. 
         [0162]    The TFT  111  of the bottom gate structure has a gate electrode  133  formed on a transparent insulating substrate  131  such as a glass substrate and covered with a gate insulating film  132 . The gate electrode  133  is connected to the second node ND 112 . 
         [0163]    As described hereinabove, the gate electrode is formed by forming a film of a metal such as molybdenum (Mo) or tantalum (Ta) or an alloy of any of such metal materials by a method such as sputtering. 
         [0164]    The TFT  111  includes a semiconductor film  134  formed on the gate insulating film  132  and a pair of n +  diffusion layers  135  and  136  formed on the gate insulating film  132  across the semiconductor film  134 . An STO  137  is formed on the semiconductor film  134 , and an interlayer insulating film  138  is formed on the STO  137 . 
         [0165]    It is to be noted that, though not shown, where polycrystalline silicon is used, an n −  diffusion layer (LDD) is formed between the semiconductor film  134  and the n +  diffusion layers  135  and  136 . 
         [0166]    A source electrode  140  is connected to the n +  diffusion layer  135  through a contact hole  139   a  formed in the interlayer insulating film  138 , and a drain electrode  141  is connected to the n +  diffusion layer  136  through another contact hole  139   b  formed in the interlayer insulating film  138 . 
         [0167]    The source electrode  140  and the drain electrode  141  are formed, for example, by patterning aluminum (Al). The source electrode  140  is connected, for example, to the anode of the light emitting device  113 , and the drain electrode  141  is connected to the power supply line PSL through a connection electrode not shown in  FIG. 20 . 
         [0168]    Further, an insulating film  142  is layered on the TFT  111  in such a manner as to cover the interlayer insulating film  138 , source electrode  140  and drain electrode  141 . 
         [0169]    Here, the reason why such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  111  and the TFT  111  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL is described. 
         [0170]      FIG. 21  is a sectional view showing a configuration as a comparative example with the configuration of  FIG. 20  wherein a power supply line is disposed above the TFT  111 . Meanwhile,  FIG. 22  shows an equivalent circuit of the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 21 . 
         [0171]    In the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 21 , the drain electrode  141  of the TFT  111  is connected to the power supply wiring line layer  122  formed on the insulating film  142  through a contact  142   a  formed in the insulating film  142 . 
         [0172]    Here, an amorphous silicon TFT is studied. 
         [0173]    If a power supply potential exists in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, then a back gate effect that, when black is displayed, electrons in the amorphous silicon are attracted to the power supply as shown in  FIG. 21  and form a channel on the remote side to the gate appears. 
         [0174]    As a result, the leak current of the drive transistor increases. Where the leak current is high, this appears as a sparkling point on a display image when black is displayed. 
         [0175]    Therefore, in the present embodiment, such a configuration is adopted that the power supply line PSL does not overlap in an upper layer with the disposition region of the TFT  111  and the TFT  111  is not influenced by an electric field from the power supply line PSL. 
         [0176]    With the present fifth countermeasure example, since the power supply wiring line is not laid out above the TFT  111 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0177]      FIG. 23  illustrates a sixth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0178]    In the sixth countermeasure example, similarly as in the fifth countermeasure example, for example, even where the power supply line PSL is formed as a multilayer wiring line as described hereinabove or in a like case, the power supply line PSL is not disposed or formed above the TFT  112  serving as a switching transistor or writing transistor, that is, on the upper layer side with respect to the TFT  112  in the stacking layer of layers. 
         [0179]    In other words, also in the present sixth countermeasure example, the power supply line PSL is formed such that it does not overlap in an upper layer with the disposition region of the TFT  112  and the TFT  112  is not influenced by an electric field from the power supply line PSL. 
         [0180]    While  FIG. 23  shows a particular configuration of the sixth countermeasure example, since the basic configuration of the pixel circuit is same as that of the fifth countermeasure example, like elements are denoted by like reference characters, and overlapping description of them is omitted herein to avoid redundancy. 
         [0181]    Here, the reason why such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  112  and the TFT  112  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL is described. 
         [0182]      FIG. 24  is a sectional view showing a configuration as a comparative example with the configuration of  FIG. 23  wherein a power supply line is disposed above the TFT  112 . Meanwhile,  FIG. 25  shows an equivalent circuit of the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 23 . 
         [0183]    In the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 24 , the drain electrode  141  of the TFT  112  is connected to the power supply wiring line layer  122  formed on the interlayer insulating film  142  through the contact  142   a  formed in the insulating film  142 . 
         [0184]    Also in the TFT  112  serving as a writing transistor, if the power supply potential exists above the transistor, when the transistor is off, electrons in the amorphous silicon are attracted to the power supply side by an electric field of the power supply as seen in  FIG. 24  similarly as in the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor described above. 
         [0185]    As a result, a back gate effect appears, and a channel is formed on the side remote from the gate and the leak current increases. Consequently, the retaining potential of the driving transistor varies, and such variation appears as a fault such as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0186]    Therefore, in the present embodiment, such a configuration is adopted that the power supply line PSL does not overlap in an upper layer with the disposition region of the TFT  112  and the TFT  112  is not influenced by an electric field from the power supply line PSL. 
         [0187]    With the present sixth countermeasure example, since the power supply wiring line is not laid out above the TFT  112 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated as shown in  FIG. 23 . 
         [0188]      FIG. 26  illustrates a seventh countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0189]    The seventh countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 26  is different from the fifth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 20  in that, in place of employment of such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  111  and the TFT  111  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL, a cathode wiring line layer  143  is disposed or formed as an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111 . 
         [0190]    In this manner, in the present seventh countermeasure example, not a power supply wiring line but the cathode wiring line layer  143  is laid out above the TFT  111 . 
         [0191]    The reason is that, since the cathode voltage is lower than the gate voltage or the signal voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor upon black display and the source voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, the back gate effect does not occur. 
         [0192]    With the present seventh countermeasure example, since the cathode wiring line  143  is laid out above the TFT  111 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0193]      FIG. 27  illustrates an eighth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0194]    The eighth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 27  is different from the sixth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 23  in that, in place of employment of such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  112  and the TFT  112  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL, a cathode wiring line layer  143  is disposed or formed as an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112 . 
         [0195]    In this manner, in the present eighth countermeasure example, not a power supply wiring line but the cathode wiring line layer  143  is laid out above the TFT  112 . 
         [0196]    The reason is that, since the cathode voltage is lower than the gate voltage or the like to the TFT  112  serving as a writing transistor upon black display, the back gate effect does not occur. 
         [0197]    With the present eighth countermeasure example, since the cathode wiring line  143  is laid out above the TFT  112 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0198]      FIG. 28  illustrates a ninth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0199]    The ninth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 28  is different from the sixth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 23  in that, in place of employment of such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  112  and the TFT  112  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL, a scanning line or gate line WSL  144  is disposed or formed as an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112 . 
         [0200]    In this manner, with the present ninth countermeasure example, the scanning line WSL which is a gate line for the TFT  112  is laid out on an upper layer with respect to the TFT  112 . 
         [0201]    The reason is that, since also the gate voltage of the TFT  112  is lower than the gate voltage or the signal voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor and the source voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, the back gate effect does not occur. 
         [0202]    Further, with regard to the TFT  112 , when it is on, a channel is formed not only on the gate side but also on the remote side from the gate and the TFT  112  is turned on. 
         [0203]    As a result, the on-resistance of the TFT  112  drops from that in an ordinary case wherein the scanning line WSL is not laid out, and consequently, higher speed writing can be implemented. 
         [0204]    With the present ninth countermeasure example, since the scanning line WSL is laid out above the TFT  112 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0205]    Further, since the scanning line WSL which is a gate line for the TFT  112  is laid out on the TFT  112 , the on resistance of the TFT  112  when it is on can be lowered from that in an ordinary case, and high speed writing can be implemented. 
         [0206]    Accordingly, high-definition picture quality can be achieved by the implementation of high speed writing. 
         [0207]      FIG. 29  illustrates a tenth countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0208]    Similarly as the above-described ninth countermeasure example, the tenth countermeasure example shown in  FIG. 29  is different from the fifth countermeasure example described above in that, in place of employment of such a configuration that the power supply line PSL is formed in an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111  such that it does not overlap with the disposition region of the TFT  111  and the TFT  111  is not influenced by the electric field from the power supply line PSL, a scanning line or gate line WSL  144  to which the gate of the TFT  112  is connected is disposed or formed as an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111 . 
         [0209]    In this manner, with the present tenth countermeasure example, the scanning line WSL which is a gate line for the TFT  111  is laid out on an upper layer with respect to the TFT  111 . 
         [0210]    The reason is that, since also the gate voltage of the TFT  111  is lower than the gate voltage or the signal voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor and the source voltage to the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor, the back gate effect does not occur. 
         [0211]    With the present tenth countermeasure example, since the scanning line WSL is laid out above the TFT  111 , when black is displayed or when the transistor is off, electrons are not attracted to the side remote from the gate. Consequently, occurrence of a back gate effect can be prevented, and such faults as a sparkling point, unevenness and roughness of a display image when black is formed can be eliminated. 
         [0212]      FIG. 30  illustrates an eleventh countermeasure example for improving the picture quality and is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel circuit. 
         [0213]    It is described in the description of the fourth countermeasure example that, in order to prevent such a situation that unevenness such as shading is caused by a voltage drop of a power supply line and this appears as unevenness or roughness on a display image, the power supply line or power drive line PSL is formed as a multilayer wiring line. 
         [0214]    In the present eleventh countermeasure example, the cathode wiring line which is usually formed from a metal of the anode is formed as a multilayer wiring line from low-resistance wiring lines of the same material in the same layer as the power supply line layer of the power supply line or power drive line PSL. 
         [0215]    As described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 19 , the original power supply line PSL is formed at a predetermined position of the gate insulating film  118  from a low-resistance wiring line of the same material such as Al in the same layer as the scanning line or gate line WSL. 
         [0216]    Then, the contact  121  is formed in the interlayer insulating film  115  formed on the power supply line PSL, and the low-resistance wiring line layer  122  of Al or the like formed on the interlayer insulating film  115  is connected to the power supply line PSL through the contact  121  in a multilayer to form the power supply line in a two-stage wiring line structure to achieve reduction of the resistance. Consequently, such a situation that unevenness such as shading is caused by a voltage drop and this appears as unevenness or roughness on a display image is prevented. 
         [0217]    Further, a cathode low-resistance wiring line layer  145  is formed in parallel to the low-resistance wiring line layer  122  for the power supply line PSL on the interlayer insulating film  115 . 
         [0218]    For example, a flattening film  123  is formed on the power supply wiring line layer  122  and the cathode wiring line layer  145  of an upper layer, and contacts  124  and  146  are formed in the flattening film  123 . The power supply wiring line layer  122  is connected to the anode electrode  125  formed on the flattening film  123  through the contact  124 , and the cathode low-resistance wiring line layer  145  is connected to a cathode pad  147  of a small area formed on the flattening film  123  through the contact  146 . 
         [0219]    An EL light emitting device material layer  148  is formed on the anode electrode  125 , and an insulating layer  149  is formed between the cathode pad  147  and the anode electrode  125 , EL light emitting device material layer  148  and so forth, and a cathode electrode  150  is formed on the EL light emitting device material layer  148 , insulating layer  149  and cathode pad  147 . 
         [0220]    In this manner, in the present eleventh countermeasure example, the cathode line is laid out in the same layer as the power supply wiring line formed in a multilayer. 
         [0221]    Where the cathode wiring line is formed in a multilayer, the voltage rise at the cathode most remote from the cathode input end can be suppressed low. Consequently, uniform picture quality can be achieved. 
         [0222]    Further, where the cathode line is laid out on the power supply wiring line layer, a voltage rise at a central portion of the panel can be prevented. Further, it is possible to assure a large light emitting area or aperture of the light emitting device  113  or  148  as seen in  FIGS. 30 and 31 . 
         [0223]      FIG. 32  is a schematic cross sectional view of part of a pixel where a cathode line is formed without applying any countermeasure according to the present embodiment, and  FIG. 33  is a plan view of the pixel. 
         [0224]    Here, the light emitting region or numerical aperture of the panel is studied. 
         [0225]    As a technique for assuring a large light emitting region or numerical aperture, a top emission system is available. Usually, the top emission system is characterized in that the cathode is formed from an anode electrode  125  of an EL light emitting device material layer  148  as seen in  FIGS. 32 and 33 . 
         [0226]    However, as increase of the size and definition of a panel advances, it becomes necessary to wire a thicker cathode line in order to prevent picture quality unevenness by a voltage rise at the center of the panel, which is the farthest portion from a cathode extraction portion, upon light emission, and the numerical aperture decreases as much. The decrease of the numerical aperture gives rise to a problem that the density of current flowing through the EL light emitting device material layer  148  increases, resulting in reduction of the life. 
         [0227]    In contrast, the present eleventh countermeasure example is characterized in that the cathode line is laid out in the power supply line formed in a multilayer as described hereinabove. By laying out the cathode line in the power supply layer, a voltage rise at a central portion of the panel can be prevented, and also a large aperture can be assured. 
         [0228]    As a result, the density of current flowing through the EL light emitting device material layer  148  upon light emission can be suppressed low. As a result, elongation of the life can be implemented. 
         [0229]    By forming the cathode wiring line in a multilayer, a voltage rise of the cathode at a portion farthest from the cathode input end can be suppressed low, and uniform picture quality can be achieved. 
         [0230]    It is to be noted that, although multilayer wiring originally increases the cost because this increases the number of layers, in the present embodiment, since such multilayer wiring is carried out for the circuit of  FIG. 8 , that is, for the 2Tr+1C pixel circuit which includes two transistors and one capacitor and the 2Tr+1C pixel circuit does not require two-layer formation of the gate line, the cost does not increase from that of the pixel circuit in the past. 
         [0231]    Now, particular operation of the configurations described hereinabove, principally of the pixel circuit, is described with reference to  FIGS. 3A to 34E  and  35  to  42 . 
         [0232]    It is to be noted that  FIG. 34A  illustrates a gate pulse or scanning pulse GP applied to the scanning line WSL;  FIG. 34B  illustrates a power signal PSG applied to the power drive line PSL;  FIG. 34C  illustrates an input signal SIN applied to the signal line SGL;  FIG. 34D  illustrates a potential VND 112  at the second node ND 112 ; and  FIG. 34E  illustrates a potential VND 111  at the first node ND 111 . 
         [0233]    First, when the EL light emitting device  113  is in a light emitting state, the power supply voltage Vcc is applied to the power drive line PSL and the TFT  112  is in an off state as seen from  FIGS. 34B and 35 . 
         [0234]    At this time, since the TFT  111  is set so as to operate within a saturation region, current Ids flowing through the light emitting device  113  assumes a value indicated by the expression (1) in response to the gate-source voltage Vgs of the TFT  111 . 
         [0235]    Then, within a no-light emitting period, the power drive line PSL serving as a power supply line is set to the negative side voltage Vss as seen in  FIGS. 34B and 36 . At this time, if the negative side voltage Vss is lower than the sum of the threshold value Vthel of the light emitting device  113  and the reference voltage Vcat, that is, if Vss&lt;Vthel+Vcat, then the EL light emitting device  113  emits no light, and the power drive line PSL serving as a power supply line becomes the source of the TFT  111  serving as a drive transistor. At this time, the anode of the light emitting device  113 , that is, the first node ND 111 , is charged up to the negative side voltage Vss as seen in  FIG. 34E . 
         [0236]    Further, as seen in  FIGS. 34A ,  34 C,  34 D,  34 E and  37 , when the potential at the signal line SGL becomes equal to the offset signal level Vofs, the gate pulse GP is set to the high level to turn on the TFT  112  thereby to set the gate potential at the TFT  111  to the offset signal level Vofs. 
         [0237]    At this time, the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111  assumes the value of (Vofs−Vss). If the gate-source voltage (Vofs−Vss) of the TFT  111  is not equal to or higher than, that is, is lower than, the threshold voltage Vth, then the threshold value correction operation may not be carried out. Therefore, it is necessary to set the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111 , that is, (Vofs−Vss), higher than the threshold voltage Vth of the TFT  111 , that is, to set the gate-source voltage so as to satisfy Vofs−Vss&gt;Vth. 
         [0238]    Then, in the threshold value correction operation, the power signal PSG to be applied to the power drive line PSL is set to the power supply voltage Vcc again. 
         [0239]    Where the power signal PSG to the power drive line PSL is set to the power supply voltage Vcc, the anode of the light emitting device  113 , that is, the first node ND 111 , functions as the source of the TFT  111 , and current flows into the node ND 111  as seen in  FIG. 38 . 
         [0240]    Since the equivalent circuit of the light emitting device  113  is represented from a diode and a capacitor as seen in  FIG. 38 , as far as the relationship of Vel≦Vcat−Vthel is satisfied, that is, as far as the leak current of the light emitting device  113  is considerably lower than the current flowing through the TFT  111 , the current of the TFT  111  is used to charge the capacitor C 111  and the capacitor Cel. 
         [0241]    At this time, the voltage Vel across the capacitor Cel rises as time passes as seen in  FIG. 39 . After lapse of a fixed period of time, the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111  assumes the value of the threshold voltage Vth. At this time, Vel=Vofs−Vth≦Vcat+Vthel is satisfied. 
         [0242]    After the threshold value cancellation operation ends, the potential at the signal line SGL is set to the data signal level Vsig in a state wherein the TFT  112  is on as seen in  FIGS. 34A ,  34 C and  40 . The data signal Vsig has a value corresponding to a gradation. At this time, since the TFT  112  is on, the gate potential of the TFT  111  is equal to the data signal level Vsig as seen in  FIG. 34D . However, since the current Ids flows from the power drive line PSL serving as a power supply line, the source potential of the TFT  111  rises as time passes. 
         [0243]    At this time, if the source voltage of the TFT  111  does not exceed the sum of the threshold value voltage Vthel of the light emitting device  113  and the reference voltage Vcat, that is, if the leak current of the light emitting device  113  is considerably lower than the current flowing through the TFT  111 , then the current flowing through the TFT  111  is used to charge the capacitor C 111  and the capacitor Cel. 
         [0244]    At this time, since the threshold value correction operation of the TFT  111  is completed already, the current supplied from the TFT  111  has a value which reflects the mobility μ. 
         [0245]    More particularly, if the mobility μ is high, then the amount of current at this time is great and the source voltage rises quickly as seen in  FIG. 41 . On the contrary, if the mobility μ is low, then the current amount is small and the source voltage rises slowly. Consequently, the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111  becomes lower reflecting the mobility μ, and after lapse of a fixed interval of time, the gate-source voltage fully becomes equal to the gate-source voltage Vgs for correcting the mobility. 
         [0246]    Finally, the gate pulse GP is changed over to the low level to turn off the TFT  112  to end the writing and cause the light emitting device  113  to emit light as seen from  FIGS. 34A to 34C  and  42 . 
         [0247]    Since the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111  is fixed, the TFT  111  supplies fixed current Ids′ to the light emitting device  113 , and the voltage Vel rises up to a voltage Vx at which the current Ids′ flows to the light emitting device  113 . Consequently, the light emitting device  113  emits light. 
         [0248]    Also in the present pixel circuit  101 , as the period of light emission increases, the I-V characteristic of the light emitting device  113  varies. Therefore, also the potential at the point B in  FIG. 42 , that is, at the first node ND 111 , varies. However, since the gate-source voltage of the TFT  111  is kept at a fixed value, the current flowing through the light emitting device  113  does not vary. Therefore, even if the I-V characteristic of the light emitting device  113  deteriorates, the current Ids normally continues to flow, and therefore, the luminance of the light emitting device  113  does not vary. 
         [0249]    In the pixel circuit which is driven in this manner, since it has any of such configurations according to the first to eleventh countermeasure examples as described above, an image of high picture quality which does not suffer from shading, stripe unevenness or the like can be obtained. 
         [0250]    It is to be noted that the first to eleventh countermeasure examples described above can be selected in various manners. In particular, all of them may be applied or one or plural ones of them may be applied selectively. 
         [0251]    In the foregoing description of the first embodiment of the present invention, the first to eleventh countermeasure examples are described for a countermeasure for effectively improving the picture quality of the display apparatus  100  having the circuit of  FIG. 8 , that is, a 2Tr+1C pixel circuit which includes two transistors and one capacitor. 
         [0252]    However, while the first to eleventh countermeasure examples are effective for the display apparatus  100  having a 2Tr+1C pixel circuit, it is possible to apply such countermeasures also to a display apparatus which includes a pixel circuit which includes not only a drive transistor and a switching transistor connected in series to an OLED but also a TFT for mobility cancellation or threshold value cancellation provided separately. 
         [0253]    In the following, an example of a configuration of a display apparatus having a 5Tr+1C pixel circuit including five transistors and one capacitor from among such display circuits to which the first to eleventh countermeasure examples can be applied is described as a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0254]      FIG. 43  shows a configuration of an organic EL display apparatus which adopts a pixel circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Meanwhile,  FIG. 44  shows a particular configuration of the pixel circuit according to the present embodiment. 
         [0255]    Referring to  FIGS. 43 and 44 , the display apparatus  200  shown includes a pixel array section  202  wherein pixel circuits  201  are arrayed in an m×n matrix, a horizontal selector (HSEL)  203 , a write scanner (WSCN)  204 , a drive scanner (DSCN)  205 , a first auto zero circuit (AZRD 1 )  206 , and a second auto zero circuit (AZRD 2 )  207 . The display apparatus  200  further includes signal lines SGL selected by the horizontal selector  203  and supplied with a data signal according to luminance information, scanning lines WSL serving as second driving wiring lines selectively driven by the write scanner  204 , and drive lines DSL serving as first driving wiring lines selectively driven by the drive scanner  205 . The display apparatus  200  further includes first auto zero lines AZL 1  serving as fourth driving wiring lines selectively driven by the first auto zero circuit  206 , and second auto zero lines AZL 2  serving as third driving wiring lines selectively driven by the second auto zero circuit  207 . 
         [0256]    The pixel circuit  201  according to the present embodiment includes a p-channel TFT  211 , n-channel TFTs  212  to  215 , a capacitor C 211 , a light emitting device  216  formed from an organic EL light emitting device (OLED: electric optical device), a first node ND 211 , and a second node ND 212 . 
         [0257]    A first switching transistor is formed from the TFT  211 , and a second switching transistor is formed from the TFT  213 . Further, a third switching transistor is formed from the TFT  215 , and a fourth switching transistor is formed from the TFT  214 . 
         [0258]    It is to be noted that a supply line of the power supply voltage Vcc, that is, a power supply potential, corresponds to a first reference potential, and the ground potential GND corresponds to a second reference potential. Further, a potential Vss 1  corresponds to the fourth reference potential, and a potential Vss 2  corresponds to the third reference potential. 
         [0259]    In the pixel circuit  201 , the TFT  211 , TFT  212  serving as a drive transistor, first node ND 211  and light emitting device (OLED)  216  are connected in series between the first reference potential, which is, in the present embodiment, the power supply voltage Vcc, and the second reference potential, which is, in the present embodiment, the ground potential GND. More particularly, the light emitting device  216  is connected at the cathode thereof to the ground potential GND and at the anode thereof to the first node ND 211 , and the TFT  212  is connected at the source thereof to the first node ND 211 . Further, the TFT  212  is connected at the drain thereof to the drain of the TFT  211 , and the TFT  211  is connected at the source thereof to the power supply voltage Vcc. 
         [0260]    The TFT  212  is connected at the gate thereof to the second node ND 212 , and the TFT  211  is connected at the gate thereof to the drive line DSL. 
         [0261]    The TFT  213  is connected at the drain thereof to the TFT  211  and the first electrode of the capacitor C 211  and at the source thereof to the third potential Vss 2 . The TFT  213  is connected at the gate thereof to the second auto zero line AZL 2 . Further, the capacitor C 211  is connected at the second electrode thereof to the second node ND 212 . 
         [0262]    The TFT  214  is connected at the source and the drain thereof to and between the signal line SGL and the second node ND 212 . The TFT  214  is connected at the gate thereof to the scanning line WSL. 
         [0263]    Further, the TFT  215  is connected at the source and the drain thereof to and between the second node ND 212  and the fourth potential Vss 1 . The TFT  215  is connected at the gate thereof to the first auto zero line AZL 1 . 
         [0264]    In this manner, the pixel circuit  201  according to the present embodiment is configured such that the capacitor C 211  serving as a pixel capacitor is connected between the gate and the source of the TFT  212  serving as a drive transistor and the source potential at the TFT  212  is connected, within a no-light emitting period, to a fixed potential through the TFT  213  serving as a switching transistor while the gate and the drain of the TFT  212  are connected to each other to carry out correction of the threshold voltage Vth. 
         [0265]    Further, in the present second embodiment, any of the first to eleventh countermeasures for improving the picture quality described in the foregoing description of the first embodiment is applied to one of the scanning line WSL and the drive line DSL from among the scanning line WSL, drive line DSL and auto zero lines AZL 1  and AZL 2 , or two or more or all of the scanning line WSL, drive line DSL auto zero lines AZL 1  and AZL 2 . 
         [0266]    By applying a desired one or ones of the countermeasures, a countermeasure against shading, stripe unevenness and so forth arising from delay of a drive signal or pulse by wiring line resistance or wiring line capacitance is carried out in the entire system. Consequently, an image of high picture quality which does not suffer from appearance of shading, stripe unevenness or the like can be obtained. 
         [0267]    Now, operation of the configuration described above, particularly of the pixel circuit, is described with reference to  FIGS. 45A to 45F . 
         [0268]    It is to be noted that  FIG. 45A  illustrates a drive signal DS applied to the drive line DSL;  FIG. 45B  a drive signal WS applied to scanning line WSL, which corresponds to the gate pulse GP in the first embodiment;  FIG. 45C  a drive signal AZ 1  applied to the first auto zero line AZL 1 ;  FIG. 45D  an auto zero signal AZ 2  applied to the second auto zero line AZL 2 ;  FIG. 45E  the potential at the second node ND 112 ; and  FIG. 45F  the potential at the first node ND 111 . 
         [0269]    The drive signal DS to the drive line DSL by the drive scanner  205  is kept at the high level, and the drive signal WS to the scanning line WSL by the write scanner  204  is kept at the low level. Further, the drive signal AZ 1  to the auto zero line AZL 1  by the first auto zero circuit  206  is kept at the low level, and the drive signal AZ 2  to the auto zero line AZL 2  by the auto zero circuit  207  is kept at the high level. 
         [0270]    As a result, the TFT  213  exhibits an on state, and current flows through the TFT  213 . Consequently, the source potential Vs of the TFT  212 , that is, the potential at the first node ND 211 , drops to the third potential Vss 2 . Therefore, also the voltage applied to the EL light emitting device  216  becomes 0 V, and the EL light emitting device  216  emits no light. 
         [0271]    In this instance, even if the TFT  214  is turned on, the voltage kept in the TFT  211 , that is, the gate potential of the TFT  212 , does not vary. 
         [0272]    Then, within a no-light emitting period of the EL light emitting device  216 , while the drive signal AZ 2  to the second auto zero line AZL 2  is kept at the high level, the drive signal AZ 1  to the first auto zero line AZL 1  is set to the high level as seen in  FIGS. 45C and 45D . Consequently, the voltage at the second node ND 212  becomes the potential Vss 1 . 
         [0273]    Then, the drive signal AZ 2  to the auto zero line AZL 2  is changed over to the low level, and the drive signal DS to the drive line DSL by the drive scanner  205  is changed over to and kept at the lower level for a predetermined period of time. 
         [0274]    Consequently, the TFT  213  is turned off while the TFTs  215  and  212  are turned on. As a result, current flows through the path of the TFTs  212  and  211  and the potential at the first node ND 111  rises. 
         [0275]    Then, the drive signal DS to the drive line DSL by the drive scanner  205  is changed over to the high level and the drive signal AZ 1  is changed over to the low level. 
         [0276]    As a result of the operations described above, correction of the threshold voltage Vth of the TFT  212  serving as a drive transistor is carried out, and the potential difference between the TFT  212  and the first node ND 211  becomes equal to the threshold voltage Vth. 
         [0277]    After a predetermined interval of time passes in this state, the drive signal WS to the scanning line WSL by the write scanner  204  is kept at the high level for a predetermined period of time, and data is written into the second node ND 212  from the data line. Further, within a period within which the drive signal WS keeps the high level, the drive signal DS to the drive line DSL by the drive scanner  205  is changed over to the high level, and the drive signal WS is changed over to the low level soon. 
         [0278]    At this time, the TFT  212  is turned on and the TFT  214  is turned off to carry out correction of the mobility. 
         [0279]    In this instance, since the TFT  214  is in an off state the gate-source voltage of the TFT  212  is fixed, the TFT  212  supplies the fixed current Ids to the light emitting device  216 . Consequently, the potential at the first node ND 211  rises to the voltage Vx with which the current Ids flows through the light emitting device  216 , and the light emitting device  216  emits light. 
         [0280]    Here, also in the present circuit, as the light emitting period of the EL light emitting device increases, the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the EL light emitting device varies. Therefore, also the potential at the first node ND 211  varies. However, since the gate-source voltage Vgs of the TFT  212  is kept at a fixed value, the current flowing through the light emitting device  216  does not vary. Therefore, even if the I-V characteristic of the light emitting device  216  deteriorates, the current Ids continues to flow, and consequently, the luminance of the light emitting device  216  does not vary. 
         [0281]    In the pixel circuit which is driven in this manner, since a countermeasure against shading and stripe unevenness arising from delay of a drive signal or pulse by the wiring line resistance is applied in the entire system, an image of high picture quality which does not suffer from shading, stripe unevenness or the like can be obtained. 
         [0282]    While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purpose only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.