Abstract:
A method provides coating of the surface of a microelectromechanical structure (MEMS) wafer by using an anti-stick layer. The anti-stick material is initially applied to a cap wafer, and in subsequent steps this seeded cap wafer is bonded to the MEMS wafer. The anti-stick material is evaporated and deposited at least on parts of the surfaces of the MEMS wafer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to microelectromechanical structures and a method for producing a coating layer on such structures.  
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
       [0002]     Movable elements in microelectromechanical structures (MEMS) are able to stick to the fixed structures. As mechanisms for sticking together, among other things, mechanical overload, electrostatic discharge and chemical bonds come into consideration. In the chemical bonds, van der Waals interactions, ionic interactions, covalent bonds or metallic bonds may be determinative. Touching surfaces having high surface energy, such as silicon surfaces having a cover layer of OH groups or having a water film, may demonstrate strong binding forces which are then based on ionic interactions or covalent bonding (after removal of the water) and which hold the two surfaces together.  
         [0003]     The sticking described above may be prevented by coating the surfaces, using anti-adhesive layers, so called anti-sticking layers.  
         [0004]     The application of the anti-sticking layer from the liquid phase onto the MEMS structures is possible only with difficulty, since capillary forces bond the MEMS during drying. Methods of coating with organic compounds from the gas phase, e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD), using silanes are known, for instance, from published German patent document DE 2625448. These coatings passivate the surfaces with a layer having a lower surface energy and cover possible OH groups. Published German patent document DE 19817310 discloses CVD SiO2 layers, metal oxide layers, metal nitride layers and organic coatings as adhesion-reducing protective layers on the surface of the movable MEMS structures.  
         [0005]     Reactive, perfluorinated or aromatic silanes are known and commercially available. Such silanes react with the OH groups present on the component surfaces to form thin, firmly-adhering silane layers. The anti-adhesive, hydrophobic, oleophobic and other repellent properties of such layers are known. A coating method for depositing monolayered perfluorinated silanes from the gas phase (CVD), to protect micromechanical components from sticking, is disclosed in published European patent document EP 0845301.  
         [0006]     An additional gas phase coating method, to protect micromechanical components from sticking, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,740. Silicone oils and, among other things, perfluorinated silanes are used.  
         [0007]     Yet another gas phase coating method is described in Sakata J., Tsuchiya T., Inoue A., Tokumitsu S., Funabashi H. et al., “Anti-Stiction Silanization Coating . . . Vapor Phase Deposition Process”,  Transducers  99, Jul. 6, 1999, Sendai, Japan. In that publication, micromechanical components are furnished with an “anti-stiction layer” by pas phase coating using 1,1,2,2 tetrahydrofluorooctyltrichlorosilane.  
         [0008]     A usual method for manufacturing micromechanical components is to produce a plurality of these components together on one wafer, the so-called MEMS wafer, and thereafter to cut them apart. To protect them from environmental influences, microelectromechanical components are encapsulated. A usual method of encapsulation is to apply a silicon cap to the microelectromechanical component, and to bond it to it, using the sealing glass bonding process. Just the same as the components themselves, the caps too may be produced on a wafer, the so-called cap wafer, and thereafter be cut apart. Finally, a process is also known in which the encapsulation of the component is performed by bonding onto each other the entire MEMS wafer and the entire cap wafer. Subsequently to that, the encapsulated components are then cut apart.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     The present invention provides a method for manufacturing an anti-adhesive layer on a surface of a MEMS wafer. In this context, the surface is exposed to coating of the gas phase of an anti-adhesive active agent.  
         [0010]     In accordance with the present invention, the anti-stiction media are not applied directly to the functional wafer or MEMS wafer, but are applied, in the first process step, to a cap wafer. In subsequent process steps, this “seeded” cap wafer is durably bonded to the functional sensor wafer, i.e. the MEMS wafer. During this procedure, or later, the anti-stiction medium is evaporated, and deposited at least on parts of the surfaces of the MEMS wafer. Thereby the adhesion of the movable elements is prevented. However, in this context, no separate coating step is required for the MEMS wafer.  
         [0011]     The method according to the present invention has the advantage of being able to be carried out particularly cost-effectively, and also of having the capability of being used to coat whole batches of wafers (of having batch capability). A further advantage is that one may use production equipment that is already in existence. This method is able to minimize or prevent contamination risks to other products (cross contamination) by anti-stiction media. The device according to the present invention is able to be produced in a particularly cost-effective manner.  
         [0012]     It is advantageous here that the active agent is first applied to a cap wafer and the cap wafer is bonded to the MEMS wafer. During this or a subsequent process step, the active agent is evaporated and the surface of the MEMS wafer is coated.  
         [0013]     Furthermore, it is of advantage that the cap wafer is bonded to the MEMS wafer with the aid of a sealing glass paste. The sealing glass paste closes off the cavity, the cap wafer and the MEMS wafer hermetically in a limiting way from the environment, and holds the evaporated anti-stick active agent on the inside of the cavity, where it at least partially coats adjacent surfaces.  
         [0014]     It is advantageous that the evaporation of the active agent for coating comes about by reduction in pressure of the surrounding atmosphere and/or by an increase in temperature. These conditions favor the evaporating of the active agent and the coating onto the MEMS wafer.  
         [0015]     One example embodiment of the method of the present invention provides that the active agent is added to the sealing glass paste. Thereby no special coating step is required for the cap wafer. It is also of advantage that the active agent is added to the atmosphere of an oven while the cap wafer is undergoing a sealing glass pre-bake process in it. The active agent contained in the atmosphere coats the cap wafer during the process.  
         [0016]     Another example embodiment of the method according to the present invention provides doping the atmosphere within the closed chamber, especially of the oven, with the active agent, by impregnating a porous element, e.g., one consisting of silicone rubber or phenylsilicone rubber with the active agent, and accommodating the saturated element at a location in the chamber that is at a temperature of 200 to 300° C., e.g., in the supply tube of a gas flushing system. The oven flush gas takes up the active agent and introduces it into the closed chamber. One additional example embodiment provides doping the atmosphere inside the closed chamber with the active agent, by accommodating within the chamber an evaporator source made up of a storage vessel filled with the active agent. It is likewise advantageous to dope the atmosphere within the closed chamber with the active agent, in that the flush gas introduced into the chamber is first doped with the active agent, and especially in that the flush gas is displaced from the evaporator together with the active agent, or in that the flush gas bubbles through the active agent in a bubble vessel. In addition, it is advantageous to dope the atmosphere within the closed chamber with the active agent by evaporating the active agent from a storage flask through a valve via a heated supply line, and introducing it into the closed chamber.  
         [0017]     An additional example embodiment of the method provides that the cap wafer and/or the sealing glass is coated with the active agent after the sealing glass pre-bake process. This may be done, for instance, by dispensing, spraying, dipping, doctor blading, silk-screening, CVD coating, rolling or painting. Here it is advantageous that the anti-stick active agent is applied directly before bonding, and is, for example, not able to volatilize during the pre-bake process.  
         [0018]     For the coating method according to the present invention, an active agent from the compound class of the silanes may be used. Active agents from this compound class are well suited for the coating, and have particularly good anti-stick properties.  
         [0019]     The present invention also relates to a device made up of a micromechanical functional part and a cap connected to it, the micromechanical functional part and the cap enclosing a common cavity.  
         [0020]     The present invention provides that at least parts of the surfaces of the functional part and of the cap, which border on the cavity, e.g., the surfaces at which the adhesion described at the outset is able to take place, have an anti-stick coating.  
         [0021]     This prevents the adhesion of the micromechanical structures of the functional part among themselves, to the substrate and to the cap. It is possible to use particularly flat caps which extend over the micromechanical structure at a low height. Thereby, in turn, smaller designs of the microelectromechanical components are made possible.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]      FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of an MEMS component having a cap.  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates the method of silk-screening sealing glass onto a cap wafer.  
         [0024]      FIG. 3  shows the pre-bake process of a cap wafer having sealing glass printed on it.  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  shows the bonding of MEMS wafer and cap wafer.  
         [0026]      FIG. 5  shows a liquid source (bubbling vessel) having a tempering jacket.  
         [0027]      FIG. 6  shows an evaporating flask having a tempering jacket.  
         [0028]      FIG. 7  shows a storage vessel having a perforated lid as an evaporator.  
         [0029]      FIG. 8  shows an oven having a storage flask and heated supply.  
         [0030]      FIG. 9  shows an evaporator source in the form of a porous element made of silicone rubber in the supply line of flush gas.  
         [0031]      FIG. 10  shows a cross-sectional view of a device according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0032]      FIG. 1  shows an MEMS component  11  having a cap  12 . MEMS component  11  is made up of a first layer or substrate  13 , an insulating layer or sacrificial layer  14  and a second layer of functional layer  15  having patterned-out micromechanical elements  16 . MEMS component  11  and cap  12  are bonded by a sealing glass  17 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 2  shows the method of silk-screening sealing glass  23  onto a cap wafer  21 . In one embodiment of the present invention, sealing glass  23  is applied to the edges of a cap wafer  21  with the aid of a silk-screeing system  22 . The suitable layer thickness of sealing glass coating  24  applied, of, typically, 5 to 40 μm, is achieved by having one or several printing processes. According to one embodiment of the method according to the present invention, sealing glass  23  contains the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0034]      FIG. 3  shows the pre-bake process of a cap wafer  21  provided with sealing glass coating  24 . In this context, the organic components of the sealing glass paste are evaporated or burnt off in view of a heating effect  31  at a temperature of ca 300 to 500° C. In addition, depending on the type of glass, a preglassing may take place. According to a further embodiment of the method according to the present invention, atmosphere  32  that surrounds cap wafer  21  is doped with the anti-stick active agent, and the surface of cap wafer  21  is coated with this active agent.  
         [0035]      FIG. 4  shows the bonding of MEMS wafer  41  and cap wafer  21 . This process step takes place with heating effect  44 . In this context, the temperature is selected so that the sealing glass in coating  24  is present in the liquid phase. Typically, temperatures are 300 to 600° C. In this context, MEMS wafer  41  and cap wafer  21  are brought into contact with each other. According to one embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the anti-stick active agent contained in sealing glass coating  24  evaporates and dopes atmosphere  46  enclosed by MEMS wafer  41  and cap wafer  21 . The anti-stick active agent settles out from doped atmosphere  46  and coats adjoining surfaces, especially also micromechanical structure  47  of MEMS wafer  41 .  
         [0036]     According to one additional embodiment of the method according to the present invention, cap wafer and/or sealing glass is/are coated with the anti-stick active agent, especially by dispensing, spraying, dipping, doctor blading, silk-screening, coating from the gas phase (CVD), rolling or painting, after the sealing glass prebake process. This anti-stick active agent applied to the surface of cap wafer  21  now evaporates, during the bonding, from coating  45 , and, in turn, dopes the atmosphere in cavity  46  that is enclosed by MEMS wafer  41  and cap wafer  21 . The anti-stick active agent deposits from the doped atmosphere and coats adjacent surfaces, especially also micromechanical structure  47  of MEMS wafer  41 .  
         [0037]      FIG. 5  shows a chamber  500  which is able to be heated by wall  501 . According to one embodiment of the method according to the present invention, a liquid source (bubbling vessel)  502  is located in chamber  500 , filled with anti-stick active agent  503  in the liquid phase or in a solution of the active agent in an inert solvent. Liquid source  502  has a flush gas supply line  504 , especially having a cutoff valve  505  and a control valve  506 . In addition, liquid source  502  has a flush gas exit line  510 , especially having a cutoff valve  508  and a control valve  507 . The oven flush gas flows (bubbles) through supply line  504  into bubble vessel  502 , crosses liquid  503 , and is, in this context, doped with the anti-stick active agent. The oven flush gas thus doped leaves container  502  through exit line  510 , passing control valve  507  and cutoff valve  508 , and flows into chamber  500 . Atmosphere  509  in chamber  500  is thereby doped with the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0038]      FIG. 6  shows a chamber  500  which is able to be heated by wall  501 . According to one embodiment of the method according to the present invention, a liquid source (bubbling vessel)  500  is located in chamber  602 , filled with anti-stick active agent  503  in the liquid phase or in a solution of the active agent in an inert solvent. Evaporator  602  has an exit line  510 , especially having a cutoff valve  508  and a control valve  507 . Anti-stick active agent  503  goes over into the gaseous phase in evaporator  602 , leaves container  602  through exit line  510 , passing through control valve  507  and cutoff valve  508 , and flows into chamber  500 . Atmosphere  509  in chamber  500  is thereby doped with the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0039]      FIG. 7  shows a chamber  500  which is able to be heated by wall  501 . According to yet another embodiment of the method according to the present invention, in chamber  500  there is an evaporator in the form of a vessel  702  that has a perforated lid  703 . Vessel  702  is filled with anti-stick active agent  503  in the liquid phase, or a solution of the active agent in an inert solvent. Anti-stick active agent  503  is evaporated, i.e., goes over into the gaseous phase in vessel  702 , leaves it through perforated lid  703  and flows into chamber  500 . Atmosphere  509  in chamber  500  is thereby doped with the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0040]      FIG. 8  shows a chamber  500  which is able to be heated by wall  501 . According to one further embodiment of the method according to the present invention, outside chamber  500  there is a storage flask  802 . Storage flask  802  has a heated exit line  803 , especially having a control valve  804 , a cutoff valve  805  and an exit  510 . Storage flask  802  is filled with anti-stick active agent  503  in the liquid phase or with a solution of the active agent in an inert solvent. Anti-stick active agent  503  is evaporated, leaves storage flask  802  through heated exit line  803  and flows into chamber  500 . Atmosphere  509  in chamber  500  is thereby doped with the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0041]      FIG. 9  shows a chamber  500  which is able to be heated by wall  501 . According to still another embodiment of the method according to the present invention, in chamber  500  there is located a supply line of a flush gas  902 , e.g., at a location in chamber  500  that is heated to ca 200 to 300° C. In supply line  902  a porous element  903 , e.g., made of silicone rubber or phenylmethylsilicone rubber, is provided. Element  903  is saturated with anti-stick active agent  503  in the liquid phase or with a solution of the active agent in an inert solvent. Anti-stick active agent  503  evaporates from porous element  903 . An oven flush gas is conducted through supply line  902  and thereby becomes doped with anti-stick active agent  503 . The flush gas passes a control valve  507  and a cutoff valve  508  and thereafter exits through opening  510  into atmosphere  509  of chamber  500 . Atmosphere  509  is thereby doped with the anti-stick active agent.  
         [0042]      FIG. 10  shows a device  100  according to the present invention, including functional part  110  and cap  106 . Functional part  110  and cap  106  are connected with the aid of sealing glass  105 , i.e., they are bonded. Functional part  110  and cap  106  enclose a common chamber. Surfaces  107  bordering on this common chamber are provided with a coating  108  made of an anti-stick active agent. Functional part  110  especially has a substrate  101  and a sacrificial layer  102 , on which there is a functional layer  103 . The functional layer forms a micromechanical structure  104 , which is particularly provided to be movable. Coated surface  107  having coating  108  of device  100  now brings about the fact that, upon contact of one part of movable micromechanical structure  104  with another part, or rather with substrate  101  or with cap  106 , no adhesion occurs.  
         [0043]     Materials having a vapor pressure&gt;1 mbar at 200° C. are suitable for doping the oven atmosphere, especially according to the methods shown in  FIGS. 3-9 . Materials having a vapor pressure&lt;1 mbar at 200° C. are suitable for doping the sealing glass, especially according to  FIG. 2 .  
         [0044]     The following groups of silanes are suitable for the anti-stick layers described:  
         [0000]     1. Grouping of Silanes Suitable for Anti-Stick Layers for MEMS  
         [0000]     1.1 R—SiX3 and Derivatives  
         [0000]    
       
          R—SiX3 with X=fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, alkoxy, acetoxy  
          R—Si(X)2Me with X as above and Me=methyl  
          R—Si(X)Me2 with X as above and Me2=dimethyl  
          R=Rf-Rb with Rf=perfluoroethyl, perfluorobutyl, perfluorohexyl, perfluorooctyl, perfluorodecyl, perfluoromethyl, and Rb=ethyl and methyl, such as, for instance, 1,1,2,2 tetrahydroperfluorooctyl- or 3,3,3 trifluoropropyl  
          R=alkyl C1 to C30, isopropyl-, t-butyl  
          R=alkyl 1 to C4 monochlorinated or monoalkoxyalkyl  
          R=arylalkyl/aryl=phenylethyl-, naphthyl-, 2-methyl-2-phenylethyl, 4-phenylbutyl, pentafluorophenyl, phenyl, phenethyl  
          R=perfluoropolyether group  
          R=allyl or 3-acryloxypropyl, aminopropyl, methacryloxymethyl, vinyl 
 
 1.2 R2—SiX2 and Derivatives 
 
          with X=fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, alkoxy, acetoxy  
          R=Rf-Rb with Rf=perfluoroethyl, perfluorobutyl, perfluoromethyl and Rb=ethyl and methyl, e.g. 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl  
          R=arylalkyl/aryl=phenylethyl-, naphthyl-, pentafluorophenyl-, phenyl  
          R=alkyl C1 to C4, isopropyl-, t-butyl, isobutyl 
 
 1.3 R3—SiX and Derivatives 
 
          with X=fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, alkoxy, acetoxy  
          R=Rf-Rb with Rf=perfluoroethyl, perfluorobutyl, perfluoromethyl and Rb=ethyl and methyl, e.g. 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl  
          R=alkyl C1 to C4, isopropyl  
          R=arylalkyl/aryl=phenyl 
 
 1.4 X3Si-Rc-SiX3 and Derivatives 
 
          X3Si-Rc-SiX3 with X as above and Rc=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, bifunctional perfluoropolyethers  
          (X)2Me Si-Rc-Si(X)2Me with X and Rc as above  
          (X)Me2Si-Rc-Si(X)Me2 with X and Rc as above 
 
 1.5 Polymers 
 
          poly(borondiphenylsiloxane)  
          copolymers of diphenyl and dimethylsiloxane, e.g. trimethyl pentaphenyltrisiloxane DC705, tetramethyltetraphenyltrisiloxane DC704 
 
 1.6 Cyclic Silanes 
 
          1,1,3,3,5,5 hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,  
          1,3-dimethyl-1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisilazane,  
          1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,  
          octamethylcyclotetrasilazane,  
          octaohenylcyclotetrasiloxane 
 
 1.7 Suitable Silazanes and Siloxanes 
 
          1,3-divinyltetramethyldisilazane,  
          hexamethyldisilazane,  
          hexamethyldisiloxane,  
          octaphenyltetrasilazane,  
          octaphenyltetrasiloxane 
 
 1.8 Derivatization Means for Gas Chromatography 
 
          N-(trimethylsilyl)dimethylamine,  
          N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylamine,  
          N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide,  
          N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)carbamate,  
          N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide,  
          N-butylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane,  
          N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide.  
       
     
         [0084]     In addition, the following commercially available silanes are suitable for anti-stick coatings of MEMS components: 
    reactive perfluoropolyether derivatives, such as alkoxysilane-terminated PFPE&#39;s 7007x or Galden MF 400 series, phosphoric acid-terminated PFPE&#39;s Galden MF 201 or MF 200 series, Galden MF 407 (perfluoropolyether having amidosilane end groups), Fomblin Fluorolink S, all from the firm Ausimont, Bollate, Italy,     poly(borondiphenylsiloxane), e.g., type SSP040, from the firm of Gelest,     oils composed of copolymers of diphenyl and dimethyl siloxane, e.g., types PDM-0421, PMM-1043, PMP-5053, PDM-7040, PDM 7050, from the firm of Gelest, or the types from the AP- or AS-series of the firm Wacker Burghausen, such as AP 150.    
 
         [0088]     Finally, there follows an alphabetical list of the suitable silanes identified up to the present for anti-stick coatings of mems components: 
    (2-methyl-2-phenylethyl)methyldichloro silane,     (3-acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane,     1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyltriethoxysilane,     1,1,3,3,5,5 hexamethylcyclotrisilazane,     1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane,     1,3-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)butane,     1,3-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)propane,     1,3-bis(dichlorodimethylsilyl)propane,     1,3-bis(trichlorosilyl)propane,     1,3-dimethyl-1,1,3,3-tetraphenyldisilazane,     1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane,     1,3-divinyltetramethyldisilazane,     11-(chlorodimethylsilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     11-(dichlorodimethylsilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     11-(trichlorosilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     13-(chlorodimethylsilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     13-(dichloromethylsilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     13-(trichlorosilylmethyl)-heptacosane,     2-chloroethyltrichlorosilane,     3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane,     3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dichlorosilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltriacetoxysilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltribromosilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrichlorosilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltriethoxysilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrifluorosilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltriisopropoxysilane,     3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane,     3-methoxypropyltrimethoxysilane,     4-phenylbutyldimethylchlorosilane,     4-phenylbutylmethyldichlorosilane,     4-phenylbutylmethyldimethoxysilane,     4-phenylbutyltrichlorosilane,     4-phenylbutyltriethoxysilane,     4-phenylbutyltrimethoxysilane,     acetoxypropyltrimethoxysilane,     allyloxyundecyltrimethoxysilane,     allyltrichlorosilane,     aminopropyltriethoxysilane,     aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,     Ausimont Fomblin Fluorolink s,     Ausimont Galden 7007x 8-perfluoropolyether with alkoxysilane end groups),     Ausimont Galden MF 407 (perfluoropolyether with amidosilane end groups),     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)diacetoxysilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dibromosilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dichlorosilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)diethoxysilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)difluorosilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)diisopropoxysilane,     di(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dimethoxysilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)diacetoxysilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)dibromosilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)dichlorosilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)diethoxysilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)difluorosilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)diisopropoxysilane,     di(pentafluorophenyl)dimethoxysilane,     diethyldiacetoxysilane,     diethyldibromosilane,     diethyldichlorosilane,     diethyldiethoxysilane,     diethyldifluorosilane,     diethyldiidopropoxysilane,     diethyldimethoxysilane,     diisopropyldiacetoxysilane,     diisopropyldibromosilane,     diisopropyldichlorosilane,     diisopropyldiethoxysilane,     diisopropyldifluorosilane,     diisopropyldiisopropoxysilane,     diisopropyldimethoxysilane,     dimethylchlorosilane,     dimethyldiacetoxysilane,     dimethyldibromosilane,     dimethyldichlorosilane,     dimethyldiethoxysilane,     dimethyldifluorosilane,     dimethyldiisopropoxysilane,     dimethyldimethoxysilane,     dimethylethoxysilane,     dimethylmethoxysilane,     dimethyllhenylchlorosilane,     di-n-butyldichlorosilane,     di-n-butyldiethoxysilane,     di-n-butyldimethoxysilane,     diphenyldiacetoxysilane,     diphenyldibromosilane,     diphenyldichlorosilane,     diphenyldiethoxysilane,     diphenyldifluorosilane,     diphenyldiisopropoxysilane,     diphenyldimethoxysilane,     diphenylmethylchlorosilane,     diphenylsilanediol,     dipropyldiacetoxysilane,     dipropyldibromosilane,     dipropyldichlorosilane,     dipropyldiethoxysilane,     dipropyldifluorosilane,     dipropyldiisopropoxysilane,     dipropyldimethoxysilane,     di-t-butyldichlorosilane,     docosenyltriethoxysilane,     dodecyltrichlorosilane,     dodecyltriacetoxysilane,     dodecyltriethoxysilane,     dodecyltrimethoxysilane,     ethylphenethyltrimethoxysilane,     ethyltriacetoxysilane,     ethyltribromosilane,     ethyltriethoxysilane,     ethyltrifluorosilane,     ethyltriisopropoxysilane,     ethyltrimethoxysilane,     hexadecyltrichlorosilane,     hexamethyldisilazane,     hexamethyldisiloxane,     isobutyltrimethoxysilane,     isopropyltriacetoxysilane,     isopropyltribromosilane,     isopropyltrichlorosilane,     isopropyltriethoxysilane,     isopropyltrifluorosilane,     isopropyltriisopropoxysilane,     isopropyltrimethoxysilane,     methacryloxymethyltriethoxysilane,     methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane,     methyltriacetoxysilane,     methyltribromosilane,     methyltriethoxysilane,     methyltrifluorosilane,     methyltriisopropoxysilane,     methyl trimethoxysilane,     n-(trimethylsilyl)dimethylamine,     n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylamine,     n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide,     n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)carbamate,     n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide,     naphthyltriacetoxysilane,     naphthyltribromosilane,     naphthyltrichlorosilane     naphthyltriethoxysilane,     naphthyltrifluorosilane,     naphthyltriisopropoxysilane,     naphthyltrimethoxysilane,     n-butylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane,     n-methyl-n-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide,     n-octadecyltrichlorosilane,     n-undecyltrichlorosilane,     octadecyldimethylchlorosilane,     octadecyltrichlorosilane,     octadecyltriethoxysilane,     octadecyltrimethoxysilane,     octamethylcyclotetrasilazane,     octaohenylcyclotetrasiloxane,     octaphenyltetrasilazane,     octaphenyltetrasiloxane,     octylmethyldichlorosilane,     octylmethyldimethoxysilane,     octyltrichlorosilane,     octyltriethoxysilane,     octyltrimethoxysilane,     pentafluorophenylacetoxysilane,     pentafluorophenyldimethylchlorosilane,     pentafluorophenylmethyldichlorosilane,     pentafluorophenylmethyldimethoxysilane,     pentafluorophenylpropyltrichlorosilane,     pentafluorophenyltriacetoxysilane,     pentafluorophenyltribromosilane,     pentafluorophenyltrichlorosilane,     pentafluorophenyltriethoxysilane,     pentafluorophenyltrifluorosilane,     pentafluorophenyltriisopropoxysilane,     pentafluorophenyltrimethoxysilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-dimethylchlorosilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-methyldichlorosilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triacetoxysilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trichlorosilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triethoxysilane,     perfluorodecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trimethoxysilane,     perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-dimethylchlorosilane,     perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-methyldichlorosilane,     perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trichlorosilane,     perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triethoxysilane,     perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trimethoxysilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-dimethylchlorosilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-methyldichlorosilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trichlorosilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triethoxysilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trimethoxysilane,     perfluorohexyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-dimethylchlorosilane,     perfluorooctyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-methyldichlorosilane,     perfluorooctyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triacetoxysilane,     perfluorooctyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trichlorosilane,     perfluorooctyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-triethoxysilane,     perfluorooctyl-1H,1H,2H-2H-trimethoxysilane,     phenethyltrichlorosilane,     phenethyltrimethoxysilane,     phenyltriacetoxysilane,     phenyltribromosilane,     phenyltrichlorosilane,     phenyltriethoxysilane,     phenyltrifluorosilane,     phenyltriisopropoxysilane,     phenyltrimethoxysilane,     propyltriacetoxysilane,     propyltribromosilane,     propyltrichlorosilane,     propyltriethoxysilane,     propyltrifluorosilane,     propyltriisopropoxysilane,     propyltrimethoxysilane,     t-butyldimethylchlorosilane,     t-butyldiphenylchlorosilane,     tetramethyltetraphenyltrisiloxane DC704,     thexyl[sic]dimethylchlorosilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)acetoxysilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)bromosilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)fluorosilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)chlorosilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)ethoxysilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)fluorosilane,     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)isopropoxysilane     tri(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methoxysilane,     triethylacetoxysilane,     triethylbromosilane,     triethylchlorosilane,     triethylethoxysilane,     triethylfluorosilane,     triethylisopropoxysilane,     triethylmethoxysilane,     triisopropylacetoxysilane,     triisopropylbromosilane,     triisopropylchlorosilane,     triisopropylethoxysilane,     triisopropylfluorosilane,     triisopropylisopropoxysilane,     triisopropylmethoxysilane,     trimethylacetoxysilane,     trimethylbromosilane,     trimethylchlorosilane,     trimethylethoxysilane,     trimethylfluorosilane,     trimethyliodosilane,     trimethylisopropoxysilane,     trimethylmethoxysilane,     trimethylpentaphenyltrisiloxane DC705     triphenylchlorosilane,     triphenylmethyldimethylchlorosilane,     triphenylmethylmethyldichlorosilane,     triphenylmethylmethyldimethoxysilane,     triphenylmethyltrichlorosilane,     triphenylmethyltriethoxysilane,     triphenylmethyltrimethoxysilane,     tripropylacetoxysilane,     tripropylbromosilane,     tripropylchlorosilane,     tripropylethoxysilane     tripropylfluorosilane,     tripropylisopropoxysilane,     tripropylmethoxysilane,     undecyldimethylchlorosilane,     undecylmethyldimethoxysilane,     undecyltrichlorosilane,     undecyltriethoxysilane,     undecyltrimethoxysilane,     vinyltriethoxysilane.