Abstract:
A rotary actuator is provided which includes a prime mover including a rotor and a stator; a front-end star compound gear equipped with a first pinion, a first plurality of star gears arrayed concentrically around said first pinion, a first clutch, a first clutch shift motor, an output shaft, and first, second and third gears, wherein said third gear is attached to said output shaft; a back-end star compound gear; and a wheel interface including a principal bearing and a brake disk. The first pinion drives said the clutch. The first clutch shift motor shifts the first clutch between a first position in which the first clutch engages the first gear, and a second position in which the first clutch engages the second gear. When the first clutch engages the first gear, the first gear drives the first plurality of star gears. When the first clutch engages the first gear, the first plurality of star gears drive the third gear, or the first clutch engages the third gear to drive the output shaft directly.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application No. 62/354,417, filed Jun. 24, 2016, having the same inventor and the same title, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to electromechanical actuators, and more particularly to electric multi-speed hub drive wheels (eMDWs). 
       BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0003]    Various multi-speed hub drive wheels have been developed in the art. These include, for example, the multi-speed hub drive wheels described in U.S. 2014/0246893 (Tesar), U.S. 2015/0102655 (Tesar) and U.S. 2015/0292601 (Tesar). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional illustration of a first particular, non-limiting embodiment of a 4-speed eMDW in accordance with the teachings herein. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  is an exploded view of the 4-speed eMDW of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0006]      FIGS. 3-4  are depictions of the benefits of open-architecture vehicles which may be based on the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0007]      FIG. 5  is a depiction of human choice considerations which may eb provided by the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0008]      FIG. 6  is a depiction of purchase and operational criteria which may be associated with the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0009]      FIG. 7  is a depiction of a driveline for hybrid automobiles which includes the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0010]      FIG. 8  is a depiction of a high efficiency driveline for cross-country trucks which includes the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0011]      FIG. 9  is a depiction of a configuration management for modular eMDWs in accordance with the teachings herein. 
           [0012]      FIG. 10  is a depiction of a proposed multi-speed development based on the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0013]      FIG. 11  is a depiction of some basic properties for a preferred embodiment of the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0014]      FIG. 12  is a depiction of features imparting ruggedness to a preferred embodiment of the eMDWs disclosed herein. 
           [0015]      FIG. 13  is a depiction of the decision complexity in eMDWs disclosed herein. 
       
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0016]    In one aspect, a rotary actuator is provided which comprises (a) a prime mover including a rotor and a stator; (b) a front-end star compound gear equipped with a first pinion, a first plurality of star gears arrayed concentrically around said first pinion, a first clutch, a first clutch shift motor, an output shaft, and first, second and third gears, wherein said third gear is attached to said output shaft; (c) a back-end star compound gear; and (d) a wheel interface including a principal bearing and a brake disk; wherein said first pinion drives said first clutch; wherein said first clutch shift motor shifts said first clutch between a first position in which said first clutch engages said first gear, and a second position in which said first clutch engages said second gear; and wherein, when said first clutch engages said first gear, said first gear drives said first plurality of star gears. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    It is a goal of the present disclosure to provide an in-wheel drive which maximizes operational choices for the best response to route duty cycles. Such duty cycles are often complex and may include stop-and-go traffic, hilly terrain, poor weather, concern for emissions, a need to maximize efficiency, or a need to minimize route times. All of these priorities may be embedded as real-time operator choices, parametrically defined by criteria measures, and archived to off-line use of predictive analytics to refine these choices, to further improve route planning, to predict timely repair and refreshment, or to recommend improvements to basic component software and hardware. 
         [0018]    In many vehicular applications, providing four or more distinct speeds in the drive wheel may maximize the foregoing choices. For example, using four (or more) in-wheel drives on an urban bus, a school bus, or a fleet vehicle may enable a further expansion of these choices. Thus, to start from stop to climb a hill may require the low gear in all 4 wheels. To regenerate energy while going downhill may require all 4 wheels operating initially in high gear and sequentially shifting to low gear while minimizing the use of friction generating brakes. On level terrain, only two (and, in some cases only one) of the wheels may be used for propulsion. In sharp curves, torque levels may be managed to maximize torque in the outer front wheel and to minimize torque at the inner rear wheel. In poor weather conditions, some wheels may experience low traction coefficients (of friction), and hence, less torque may need to be applied to those wheels. 
         [0019]    The range of the foregoing choices may be further expanded into a large listing of choices. For 4 speeds in 4 eMDWs, over 2000 distinct choices may be available to the driver. These choices go down dramatically (perhaps to about 250) when using only two eMDWs on the same vehicle. 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  represents the cross-section of a particular, non-limiting embodiment of an eMDW in accordance with the teachings herein. On the far left is the prime mover, which is preferably a high-end BLDC for best combination of torque density and efficiency. The stator ( 1 ) dominates the prime mover in a rigid shell. This shell is preferably ribbed aluminum to permit best cooling in the air flow just outside the wheel rim. The rotor ( 2 ) is supported by adjacent bearings to reduce the effects of shock on the thin air gap between rotor and stator. 
         [0021]    The rotor is suspended by a disk on the left which drives the pinion ( 3 ) of the front-end clutched star compound gear reducer. The pinion ( 3 ) drives the dog leg clutch ( 4 ), which is shifted by motor ( 5 ) either to engage floating gear ( 6 ) or gear ( 7 ). If gear ( 6 ) is engaged, it drives star gears ( 8  and  9 ) on the same rigid shaft ( 7 ). Three or more star gears are concentrically arrayed around pinion ( 3 ) to produce no radial forces on the pinion ( 3 ). The shaft ( 7 ) of each star gear is supported by two bearings (at each end of the shaft in rigid stationary support disks). This array of star gears ( 9 ) drive gear ( 10 ) splined to the output shaft ( 11 ) for the front-end star compound. Alternatively, the clutch can now engage gear ( 10 ) directly to then drive shaft ( 11 ). Generally, it is expected that this shift ratio is 2-to-1. 
         [0022]    Shaft ( 11 ) now drives the second dog leg clutch ( 12 ) driven by motor ( 13 ) (with a spline on the shaft) to engage either floating gear ( 14 ) or ( 15 ). Note that shaft ( 16 ) rigidly connects star gears ( 17 ) and ( 18 ). Engaging ( 14 ) drives star gear ( 17 ) which, then, drives star gear ( 19 ) on shaft ( 16 ) to drive the output internal gear ( 20 ) which is the output of the backend star compound. The reduction ratio may be 3-to-1. Engaging floating gear ( 15 ) drives the second star gear ( 18 ) with a reduction ratio (say) of 1.15. In this case, the shift ratio would be 2.61 for the backend star compound. Star gear ( 18 ) on shaft ( 16 ) now drives star gear ( 19 ), which drives the final output internal gear ( 20 ). 
         [0023]    The output internal gear ( 20 ) is supported by principal bearing ( 21 ) to form the shortest force path to the actuator frame. The brake ( 22 ) and wheel rim ( 23 ) are rigidly attached to internal gear ( 20 ). All of these principal items are also shown in the 3-D layout of this 4-speed eMDW. 
         [0024]    All of the 23 parts are listed in TABLE 1 except for the bearings that support all the gear shafts. The important principal bearing ( 20 ) is singled out in TABLE 1. There are a total of 23 principal parts in 4 basic modules:
       1. Prime mover (BLDC);   2. Front-end Star Compound Gear Train Reducer;   3. Back-end Star Compound Gear Train Reducer; and   4. Wheel Interface where Star Gears drive output internal gear which holds brake disk and wheel rim.       
 
         [0029]    All shafts are preferably supported by simple ball bearings that are lightly loaded. All gears may be helical to reduce noise. Both clutches may be driven by simple on/off motors with switching times of 10 m-sec. Note that the front-end star compound is small enough to fit inside the rotor of the prime mover. Its small scale means that it runs at high speed, low forces/torques and modest inertia content. The back-end star compound is roughly twice as large in scale as the front-end star compound. The back-end star compound runs at low speeds to store lower kinetic energy, but carries heavier torques and forces. Finally, the last plane of gears is unusually rugged to carry very heavy forces/torques. It is preferably able to resist all shocks, which validates the use of the large diameter grooved roller bearing. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Four-Speed eMDW Parts List 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Part 
                   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Qty. 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 Stator is a wound set of laminates to generate magnetic field to drive the rotor. 
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                 Rotor is a rotating cylinder usually with rare earth magnets to drive the front-end star 
               
               
                   
                   
                 compound pinion. 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 Front-end star compound input pinion shaft, splined to the shift clutch. 
               
               
                 4 
                 1 
                 Front-end star compound dog leg clutch to engage either floating gear 6 or 10. 
               
               
                 5 
                 1 
                 Front clutch motor, very simple on/off motor which drives a screw to horizontally  
               
               
                   
                   
                 move the clutch yoke. 
               
               
                 6 
                 1 
                 The floating gear on pinion shaft 3. This is a high-speed gear which requires good 
               
               
                   
                   
                 design and manufacture (probably helical). 
               
               
                 7 
                 3 
                 This is the shaft that rigidly joints gears 8 and 9 to make the amplifier star gear for the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 front-end star compound. The minimum is 3, but 4 or more is feasible depending on  
               
               
                   
                   
                 the geometry. This shaft is supported by bearings at each end in a pair of rigid disks 
               
               
                   
                   
                 attached to the shell. 
               
               
                 8 
                 3 
                 Front-end star compound star gear rigidly attached to star gear 9. 
               
               
                 9 
                 3 
                 Second star gear on front-end star compound. This gear drives gear 10 attached to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 output shaft 11. 
               
               
                 10 
                 1 
                 Output gear of the front-end star compound rigidly attached to output shaft 11. 
               
               
                 11 
                 1 
                 Output shaft of the front-end star compound which is concentric with input shaft 3  
               
               
                   
                   
                 with a joint bearing for mutual support. 
               
               
                 12 
                 1 
                 The dog leg clutch of the back-end star compound gear train. It is shifted 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by motor 13. 
               
               
                 13 
                 1 
                 Clutch motor to drive clutch 12. This is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 a simple on/off motor to drive the screw to move the clutch yoke horizontally. 
               
               
                 14 
                 1 
                 This is a floating gear that is engaged 
               
               
                   
                   
                 by the clutch to drive one side of the backend star compound gear train. 
               
               
                 15 
                 1 
                 This is a second floating gear that is engaged by the clutch to drive the second side of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the back-end star compound. 
               
               
                 16 
                 3 
                 Shaft to rigidly attach star gears 17 &amp; 18 together to form star amplifier gears for the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 backend star compound. Each shaft is supported at both ends by bearings held by rigid 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strong back walls. Each shaft also rigidly drives output star gears 19. 
               
               
                 17 
                 3 
                 First star gear driven by engaged floating gear 14 to then drive shaft 16 which then 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drives output star gear 19. The reduction ratio may be 2.0-to-1. 
               
               
                 18 
                 3 
                 Second star gear driven by engaged floating gear 15 which, then, drives shaft 16 to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drive output star 19. The reduction ratio might be 4-to-1 to give a shift ratio of 2. 
               
               
                 19 
                 3 
                 Backend star compound output star gear rigidly attached to shaft 16. This star gear 
               
               
                   
                   
                 drives the final internal output gear 20. The reduction ratio might be 6-to-1. 
               
               
                 20 
                 1 
                 The final output (internal) gear rigidly supported by principal bearing 21. This gear 
               
               
                   
                   
                 must be very stiff and rigid, of large diameter. 
               
               
                 21 
                 1 
                 This principal large diameter, small 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cross-section bearing is either a cross-roller or a grooved roller bearing (GRB). The 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GRB is preferred. It forms a very stiff/rugged shortest force path between the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 suspension and the wheel. 
               
               
                 22 
                 1 
                 Likely brake disk rigidly attached to the frame of the internal output gear 20. 
               
               
                 23 
                 1 
                 Wheel rim rigidly bolted with a precision mounting rim to the frame of the internal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 output gear. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0030]    The cross-section in  FIG. 1  shows the left to right (motor to wheel) layers of the technology as an engineer would consider it. The exploded view in  FIG. 2  does the same in 3-D with some less detail (i.e., without any of the small bearings). Note that the front-end star compound fits inside the rotor of the motor. The rotor drives the input pinion of the front-end clutched star compound. The clutch shift ratio is approximately 2-to-1. The output shaft of the front-end star compound drives the input pinion of the clutched back-end star compound which has a shift ratio of 3-to-1. The last set of star gears drive the internal output gear attached directly to the brake and wheel. The large diameter principal bearing supports the back-end star compound and provides rotation reference for the wheel. The wheel suspension structure of the vehicle attaches to the strong back wall between the back-end star compound and the wheel to form a very strong/rigid and shortest force path to maximize rigidity with minimum weight. 
         [0031]    Preferably, all of the gears are equipped with standard helical gear teeth. The clutches are preferably on/off motor driven dog legs that can be switched in 5 to 10 m-sec. Preferably, all of the bearings are small diameter, lightly loaded ball bearings in fixed backbone structures; the exception is the principal bearing, which is preferably a grooved roller bearing. This bearing provides exceptional ruggedness between the suspension and the wheel. 
         [0032]    Note that the disk brake is open (as usual) to the air for cooling. It is not expected that anything needs to be done to reconfigure the wheel. The 100 h.p. continuous power version disclosed herein is expected to weigh 200 lb., not counting the wheel and tire. This is an exceptionally light wheel drive, and would be useful for transit buses and fleet vehicles. Construction and farming machinery (such as, for example, loaders, scrapers, and farm row crop chemical sprayers) may also benefit from this layout. The eMDWs disclosed herein impart various benefits to the vehicles and systems which utilize them. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the benefits set forth in TABLE 2 below. Each of these benefits is discussed in greater detail below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Benefits of eMDWs 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Benefit 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 Economic Impact 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Customer Choice 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Reduced Drive Line Complexity 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Rapid Vehicle Redesign 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Computer Reference Model 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Traction Management 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Performance Map Based eMDW Operation 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 eMDW Configurations 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Reconfigurable Power Controller (RPC) 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 Remaining Useful Life (RUL) 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Single Point Failures 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 Maneuverability 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 Responsiveness 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 Managed Duty Cycles 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Economic Impact 
       [0033]    U.S. land transport is currently a $1 trillion/year business, and includes cars, trucks, buses, trains and fleet vehicles. In all cases, a modern driveline technology would reduce life cycle cost and reduce fuel consumption. Further, emissions would be reduced, especially in inner cities. 
       Customer Choice 
       [0034]    The computer/social media revolution has shown that customers want expanded choices at lower cost. For vehicles, this means standardization of highly-certified components that can be rapidly repaired or upgraded (plug-and-play) and mass produced in minimum sets to minimize cost while enhancing performance (see  FIGS. 5-6 ). This leads to open architecture, which enables an expanded competitive supply chain to emerge, thus further driving up the performance/cost ratio. 
       Reduced Drive Line Complexity 
       [0035]    Almost all vehicles use a singular internal combustion engine, a complex transmission (clutches and flywheel), a driveline of several universal joints in a central shaft, differential, split drives for front and rear axles, perpendicular wheel axles, and wheels with brakes. This complexity dominates vehicle architecture, represents major design constraints, ensures the existence of a few large manufacturers, and results in a continuously increasing life cycle cost with minimal choices (perhaps cosmetic) left to the customer (see  FIGS. 7-8 ). 
       Rapid Vehicle Redesign 
       [0036]    During the 1930&#39;s, many cars were designed with separate bodies and chassis. Today, the chassis dramatically constrains body design. For example, a modular chassis with eMDWs would permit free battery mass distribution, lower the mass center of gravity for more stability, remove the driveline hump, eliminate expensive transmissions and differentials, and permit low weight but stiff body structures. Doing so would permit rapid/revolutionary vehicle design to accelerate integration of emerging technologies, while also reducing cost by mass production in minimum sets. 
       Computer Reference Model 
       [0037]    Early computers were massive centralized systems of high repetitive complexity where electronic switching tubes required constant surveillance to prevent failure. During the 1970&#39;s, the tech base was energized by computer chips and became easier to maintain (higher durability), but the systems remained centralized with poor customer accessibility and specialized maintenance. Essentially, current land transport systems are locked in this old paradigm. In the 1980&#39;s, however, DELL, Inc. combined with Microsoft and Intel to create open architecture personal computers, enabling component choices by the customer. This dramatically improved performance/cost ratios, created a competitive supply chain to accelerate technical integration, and provided mass production of highly-certified components in minimum sets. This now must be done for vehicles with a cost reduction of 2× and a fuel reduction of 2× for automobiles and similar goals for other land transport systems. 
       Traction Management 
       [0038]    Vehicle control depends on managed friction forces at the tire/surface contact. Considering all potential forces (wheel spin, sideways sliding, bounce, etc.), and effects of road surface condition (ice, moisture, snow, temperature, tire wear, etc.), all tires should be represented by a finite number of embedded performance maps to calculate actual force levels based on real time (less than 1 m-sec.) sensor data generation. To obtain rapid response to this map-based command means that the prime mover must be rigidly connected to the wheel. By contrast, a cross-country truck with its heavy/deformable driveline has a decision latency of 1 sec., or 100 ft. at 70 mph. Getting this latency down to 10 m-sec. (i.e., 1 ft.) requires direct drive, as represented by the eMDW. 
         [0000]    Performance Map Based eMDW Operation 
         [0039]    All intelligent systems (tires, gear trains, controllers, power supplies, and the like) are highly non-linear. For example, each eMDW component will preferably have a non-planar map of its efficiency relative to wheel torque/speed parameters. Some prime mover maps have sweet spots of high efficiency of 90% for about 30% of the space, but drop down to 50% in 20-30% of the space. Hence, it is essential to combine these component maps into efficiency envelopes to always maximize efficiency. This may be done by choosing the most suitable gear ratio for the existing torque and speed, or choosing 3 wheels to drive, or 2 or even just 1. The one-wheel choice in slow traffic may reduce fuel consumption by 4× in this class of duty cycle. Similar envelopes for acceleration, hill climbing, downhill energy recovery, and the like now become possible because of the versatility of the eMDW-based vehicle disclosed herein. 
         [0000]    eMDW Configurations 
         [0040]    For automobiles, the range of choices typically goes from 16 to 40 h.p. in the 2-speed configuration to give the customer a very useful minimum set of power choices (16, 20, 24, 30, &amp; 40) at very low cost (see  FIG. 6 ). It is estimated that the cost of the modular car will be reduced by 2× while improving its efficiency by 2×. This represents a significant improvement in the art (see  FIGS. 9-12 ). 
         [0041]    For trains, the same eMDW can drive an axle on each railroad car to move robotically in a switchyard. This requires little or no human support, and thus avoids the risk of injury normally associated with such maneuvers. Moreover, this approach may provide nearly perfect train makeups in precise timelines. 
         [0042]    The adoption of the 4-speed eMDWs disclosed herein provides significant design flexibility in that it allows the number of in-wheel drives to be optimized for a given end use. Thus, for example, it enables the use of 2 eMDWs on fleet vehicles, 4 eMDWs on buses, 4 eMDWs on earth moving trucks, 2 eMDWs on the rear wheels of earth scrapers, 4 eMDWs on all wheels of material loaders, and 4 eMDWs on all wheels of farm row crop sprayers. It will thus be appreciated that eMDWs provide the basis for a revolution in land transport systems. 
       Reconfigurable Power Controller (RPC) 
       [0043]    Given major choices for parameters such as speed, torque, gear ratios, acceleration and efficiency, the power controller may also embed similar choices (for example, efficiency, voltage, current and temperature management). This means that multiple subsystem components and circuits may need to be available in milliseconds to best match the demands on the eMDW. These controllers may be made up of high-end/low-cost components in sub modules that may be configured on demand. The combination of the RPC and the eMDW may be utilized to maximize choices at each wheel (perhaps 12 choices and 80 configurations). These choices not only help respond to performance commands, but also provide a means for configuring around faults so as to reduce single point failures. 
       Remaining Useful Life 
       [0044]    More choices in a vehicle system implies more basic components that might degrade or fail as compared to the previous direct mechanical drivelines (sensors, controllers, prime movers, bearings, gearing, and the like). Given original performance maps for each component, updated maps resulting from use may be differenced to:
       1. predict when performance will be reduced below an acceptable level.   2. predict when significant physical failure will occur.
 
These predictions may substantially reduce life cycle cost, eliminate unexpected failures, improve availability (almost no downtime), enable automated scheduling of repairs and provide useful repair cost estimates. The process is usually labeled CBM (Condition-Based Maintenance) by military logistics programs.
       
 
       Hybrid Electric Vehicles 
       [0047]    Most HEVs will generate power to go directly to the eMDWs or to battery packs for later use. The necessary I.C. engine (typically a light diesel) will be tuned to run at maximum efficiency and drive a 50 to 100 h.p. generator that may also be tuned for maximum efficiency. The combination means that if high peak acceleration is necessary, it may be achieved by the eMDWs that are preferably adapted to generate high peak power for at least short periods of time. All of these components (such as, for example, engine, battery, generator, controllers and eMDWs) preferably utilize standard interfaces to enable rapid quick-change out (plug-and-play) to minimize downtime and to maximize availability. This works to enable minimum sets of components to be mass produced in large quantities at increasingly lower costs and with increasing better performance (i.e., the mechanical equivalent of Moore&#39;s law for electronics, computers, and social media). 
       Eliminate Single Point Failures 
       [0048]    The eMDW-based vehicle open architectures disclosed herein may tolerate numerous failures while maintaining a reasonable level of performance. Given 4 speeds and 5 choices, 4 power controller choices, and 4 voltage choices, each eMDW represents 80 choices. Given 4 wheels, this becomes 320 choices, all of which may be used to continue operation under somewhat reduced performance. This continued operation improves availability, reduces repair costs, and reduces the need for distributed large caches of spares for organizational vehicle fleets. 
       Maneuverability 
       [0049]    One benefit of individual wheel control is dramatically improved maneuverability, especially in tight turns and poor weather. Classic concern for passive under/over steer may be eliminated in favor of real time (5 m-sec.) torque response at each wheel in the systems disclosed herein. For example, in a turn, the front outer wheel has more contact force, while the rear inner wheel has less contact force. Managing the torques on all four wheels depending, for example, on their real (measured) contact force, will always ensure proper commanded steering (unless sudden contact friction changes occur in bad weather). Fundamentally, this is called torque vectoring. The many choices in the eMDW may make this remarkably effective. Similarly, pitch control when accelerating or braking may rapidly account for contact force changes (front and rear tires). Finally, for off-road cases in rough terrain, it may become necessary to combine active suspensions with the active eMDWs. Because the low weight of eMDWs (from 40 to 70 lb.) for cars, this is typically not necessary in automotive applications. 
       Responsiveness 
       [0050]    In heavy traffic, poor weather, rough terrain, or when acceleration is desired, it is preferred that the eMDW respond rapidly to command. This typically requires high prime mover peak torque and low rotational inertia in the eMDW gear reducer. Also, it is very desirable to shift eMDW reduction ratios smoothly and sequentially in the 5 to 10 millisecond regime to best distribute speed change torque crossovers (shocks). The eMDW is superior in this regard to the normal cumbersome mechanical driveline still used in most vehicles (which has a shift latency of 0.3 to 1 sec.). 
       Managed Duty Cycles 
       [0051]    One significant benefit of eMDW-based vehicles is their potential to manage best performance to match a given route duty cycle (see  FIG. 13 ). In inner cities, the vehicle may run only on batteries with no emissions and no noise, and may make efficient use of power plant generated energy. This is especially useful in start-stop traffic. Fleet vehicles experience repetitive stops/accelerations, hill climbing, and the like. The Eaton Corporation showed in 2002 that a simple HEV would reduce fuel consumption by 50%. Here, it is forecasted that the reduction will be 2×. Also, drivability for long drives may improve (acceleration, traction control, and efficiency management). Finally, for repetitive duty cycles (say, bus routes), the performance data may be archived for off-line analysis by predictive analytics to improve decision criteria (stop times, zero idling, energy recovery, acceleration, fuel consumption, fatigue minimization, and the like), and to also establish design refinements (especially, the eMDW and its controller) for improved life cycle costs. 
         [0052]    The above description of the present invention is illustrative, and is not intended to be limiting. It will thus be appreciated that various additions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the above described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be construed in reference to the appended claims. It will also be appreciated that the various features set forth in the claims may be presented in various combinations and sub-combinations in future claims without departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, the present disclosure expressly contemplates any such combination or sub-combination that is not known to the prior art, as if such combinations or sub-combinations were expressly written out.