Abstract:
Variable locations on a suitably coated light reactive semiconductor sheet can be illuminated by a pattern of diffracted light to form discrete conductive pathways between antenna radiating elements and an antenna groundplane. Varying the diffracted light pattern temporally and/or spatially changes the conductive pathways and the antenna&#39;s beam pattern. Similar variations modify the characteristics of an antenna&#39;s radiating element or reflective groundplane, thereby providing frequency control or limited directional control of the beam pattern. Methods for controlling the diffracted light permit an antenna beam pattern to form, redirect, and scan rapidly.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/931,197 filed Sep. 16, 1997 abandoned. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty thereon. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to controlling the phase and beam pattern of individual elements in antenna arrays, and, in particular, relates to controlling the phase and beam pattern of the individual elements by means of diffracted light energy. 
     Radar and radio beams need to be directed, both to find targets and to transfer information effectively. In military environments, directing and shaping the electromagnetic beam help shield friendly signals from detection and reduce the impact of hostile jamming. In wireless communications, transmission quality can be affected by beam pattern. Beam pattern control therefore allows radar and radio equipment to operate more efficiently, thereby saving weight and power. 
     An antenna in increasing use is the microstrip, which consists of metal foil patterns on a dielectric substrate. Microstrip antennas are efficient. They have a low profile, permit a wide variety of antenna types, and are relatively easy to manufacture. Conformal arrays (that is, arrays shaped to an object) of microstrip antenna elements transmit microwaves in many military systems. In one application, an omnidirectional microstrip antenna wraps a small cylindrical missile body section (Richard C. Johnson editor,  Antenna Engineering Handbook,  3 ed. (New York, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1993), 7-1-7-30). Multiple-element antennas, phased-array microstrip antennas that incorporate input phase shifters, have also been developed to shape beam patterns and provide electronic beam scanning. 
     These antenna arrays operate on the basis of wave interference among output signals from each element ( Reference Data for Radio Engineers,  5 ed. (Indianapolis Ind., Howard W. Sams Co., October 1968), 20-25). By controlling the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave, such as phase and amplitude, emitted by individual elements, the overall beam pattern and orientation of the antenna can be modified to meet specific needs. Adjusting the shapes and location of beam lobes, for example, can effectively “null out” a jammer trying to disrupt radar target detection or radio communications. Controlling the individual elements electronically also allows the main beam of the antenna to scan a wide area without physically rotating. Electronic control of the antenna structure provides faster operation and greater reliability than mechanical scanning or rotation. However, controlling individual elements electronically requires each antenna element to have an electronic phase shifter. These phase shifters substantially increase the weight of and power required by the system, and thus they reduce its reliability. 
     Optical time-delay networks can replace phase shifters. Optical taps convert signal phase differences to time delays, thereby moving the antenna beam pattern to null out multipath jamming interference (M. E. Turbyfill and J. M. Lutsko,  Anti - Jamming Optical Beam Nuller,  In-House Report RL-TR-96-65 (Rome Laboratory, May 1996)). Optical control promises higher operating speed, and it reduces the tendency of the beam to wander as the frequency changes (so-called radar beam ‘squint’). However, optical control requires both considerable computation and a complex electro-optical structure. Such a structure is costly to produce and operate, and it is sensitive to vibration. 
     Apparatus for controlling the phase and polarization of individual antenna elements was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,895 to Malagisi (1977), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Malagisi teaches providing switchable shorting circuits between a common ground plane and the disc antenna elements. In an early embodiment of Malagisi&#39;s teaching, metal bolts were raised or lowered to change the circuit. In a later embodiment, the forward or reverse bias of pairs of diodes was controlled to implement open- and short-circuit combinations for each antenna element in the array. This concept was extended in U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,474 to Schaubert et al. (1983) to include computer control of the switching diodes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,513 to Daryoush et al. (1988) added discrete photo-diodes that perform the switching action with energy from light. All of the prior art structures rely on fixed componentry and are therefore limited in their ability to provide the flexibility required for modem wireless communication and microwave sensor systems. 
     Thus there exists a need for a continuously reconfigurable apparatus to control the phase, polarization, and frequency of individual antenna elements that is simple, inexpensive, easy to implement, and substantially insensitive to vibration. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a whole new class of optically controlled phased-array antennas that results from combining light-induced conductivity with reconfigurable antenna elements, controlling light patterns in a novel way, and applying the combination to suitable antenna structures. The simplicity and flexibility of this structure brings the advantages of phased array, multi-frequency antennas to low-cost sensing and communication systems. 
     It has been known for almost a century that light generates charge carriers in certain materials, allowing an electric current to flow. With sufficient energy (the threshold depends on a material&#39;s energy band structure), light can form conductive pathways. For example, a xenon flash lamp shining through shadow masks can illuminate a semiconductor wafer to form bow-tie antennas that transmit radio frequency (RF) signals (T. N. Ding, P. Sillard, P. T Ho,. “A Simple Reconfigurable Antenna,” IEEE/LEOS 1995 Summer Topical Meeting on RF Optoelectronics (Keystone, Col., 7-11 August 1995)). 
     Therefore one feature of the present invention provides a method for controlling the phase and polarization of individual antenna elements that overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art. 
     Another feature of the present invention provides an apparatus that controls the phase and polarization of individual antenna elements by means of light. 
     In the present invention, variable locations on a suitably coated, light reactive semiconductor sheet are illuminated by diffracted light to form conductive pathways between antenna radiating elements and an antenna groundplane, as well as to form entirely new radiators and groundplanes. Varying the diffracted light pattern temporally and/or spatially changes the conductive pathways and the antenna&#39;s beam pattern. A similar variation modifies the characteristics of an antenna&#39;s reflective groundplane, thereby providing limited directional control of the beam pattern. Several methods for controlling the diffracted light permit an antenna beam pattern to form, change frequency, redirect, and scan rapidly. 
     The present invention can allow specific locations on a suitably coated semiconductor sheet illuminated by diffracted light pattern to form discrete conductive pathways between antenna radiating elements and an antenna groundplane. Varying the diffracted light pattern temporally and/or spatially changes the conductive pathways and the antenna&#39;s beam pattern. Similar variations modify the characteristics of an antenna&#39;s radiating element or reflective groundplane, thereby providing frequency control or limited directional control of the beam pattern. Several methods for controlling the diffracted light permit an antenna beam pattern to form, redirect, and scan rapidly. 
     These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the pertinent art from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention and the related drawings, in which like reference numerals designate the same elements. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view from the front of a single antenna element in one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the radiating antenna element of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 shows a phased-array, optically controlled antenna of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4A illustrates a monopole radiating antenna element without illumination. 
     FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate the variation in the size and geometry of a groundplane element ( 440 ) and/or semiconductor substrate ( 130 ) resulting from partial illumination of the light sensitive substrate with varying illumination patterns. 
     FIGS. 5A,  5 B, and  5 C show the approximate change in antenna beam pattern for the monopole radiator of FIGS. 4A,  4 B, and  4 C, respectively, as the underlying conductive ground plane size increases. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of the invention provides a metallic radiator  110 , sized according to the desired operating wavelength, separated from a conductive groundplane  120  by a semiconductor substrate  130  of silicon or similar material. Groundplane member  120  may be formed of a semiconductor, or other conductive material such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), that is substantially transparent. Groundplane member  120  would be substantially transparent to allow light to pass to semiconductor substrate  130 . However, in applications not requiring light to pass through groundplane member  120 , the groundplane member may be formed from a broader selection of conductive materials. 
     In operations, continuously variable light-induced conductivity paths  140  (shorting locations) are generated by steady or intermittent light passing through transparent groundplane member  120  to form temporary conductive pathways between metallic radiator  110 , which is RF-driven, and groundplane member  120 . 
     In one embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 2, a light source and control optic combine to excite specific portions of substrate  130  to form conductive pathways. A coherent light source  210  shines through a diffractive grating  220  to produce a specific intensity pattern on the substrate  130 . This variable-intensity pattern passes through transparent groundplane  120  to form corresponding conductivity paths  140  within semiconductor substrate  130  to activate shorting from diffractive grating  220  to groundplane  120 . A thin anti-reflection coating on the input side of groundplane  120  ensures efficient coupling of energy from light source  210  into semiconductor substrate  130 . Metallic radiator  110 , fed by an RF signal source  250 , completes the antenna, which radiates an electromagnetic signal  260  into free space. 
     Conductivity paths  140  at different locations control signal phase to form and scan the RF energy from a single element. For example, if conductivity path  140  to groundplane  120  with a suitable feed is located at the center of a circular radiator, it would force a TE 11  mode, as taught by Malagisi. Alternate shorting of the vertical axis and horizontal axis paths shown in FIG. 1 would shift the reflected field phases 180 degrees. Increasing the pairs of conductivity paths  140  on the periphery would allow progressively smaller phase changes. One version of a reconfigurable subreflector  230  is illustrated in FIG. 2, whereby a conductive region is induced by light circumscribing smaller transparent ground plane member  120  within semiconductor substrate  130 . Any subreflector could function independently of the antenna-ground plane shorting parts and RF feed to provide another dimension to controlling overall antenna characteristics. 
     Reconfigurable parasitic antenna elements  240  could be formed in semiconductor substrate  130  by edge illumination, as shown in FIG.  2 . Illuminated by a second coherent light source  210  on opposite edges of semiconductor substrate  130 , parasitic antenna elements  240  of varying sizes could also be scanned from the front edge to the back edge of semiconductor substrate  130  to provide another dimension in RF antenna control, again independent of the basic antenna. It is also possible to form parasitic antenna elements  240  through backside illumination as symmetric bars or arcs to metallic radiator  110 . 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a plurality of metallic radiators  110  arranged on a substrate  130  form an antenna array, a simplified version of which is shown in FIG.  3 . Illuminating a multi-grating diffractive optic  320  in different regions with an electro-optic beam scanner  330  produces a variety of spot patterns on substrate  130  and near and/or on the metallic radiators. As substrate  130  is light sensitive, it becomes conductive as a reaction to the spot patterns of light, causing variable light-induced switching actions  340  to occur between radiators, and/or radiators and a groundplane member, thereby changing the phase of reflected radio frequency energy across several antenna elements at once. Coordinated control of all surrounding elements in the array forms a variable RF beam pattern in free space that can be directed and scanned. The result is a rapidly scanning, customizable beam pattern antenna. And the principle of reciprocity (see Thereza MacNamara,  Handbook of Antennas for EMC,  (Norwood Mass., Artech House Inc., 1995) pages 6, 133) means that the light-controlled beam pattern allows the antenna to receive as well as transmit radio and microwave energy. 
     The principal advantage of the apparatus of the present invention comes from replacing a complex electronic phase-shifting network with simple light patterns that vary in intensity. This substitution reduces the electrical power to the antenna array and eliminates interference between the phase control and radio frequency circuits. Controlling the shorting paths between metallic radiator  110  and the back reflector by light beams also provides a continuous phase variation, rather than the limited phases provided by discrete diodes located at fixed locations on the periphery of the antenna elements. This continuous phase variation permits the beam to move in smaller increments, allowing a greater variation in beam steering angles. Smaller increments improve target location and reduce the effects of jamming. 
     With diffractive optics, in the form of reflective/transmissive gratings or acousto-optic cells, antenna radiating element-to-groundplane shorting patterns become exceptionally flexible. Beam agility is promoted by conducting patterns that move nearly instantaneously. Where antenna beams must be rapidly steered to overcome jamming or minimize signal interception, the structure of the present invention is a great advantage. It can decrease the number of separate antennas needed at communication centers, reduce fuel consumption for fast moving vehicles, and help avoid damage to sensitive antennas on mobile platforms. 
     The previous embodiment describes a reflective RF feed mode for the diffractively controlled antenna. It is also possible to drive the antenna elements directly with RF energy, making it an active antenna element. In another embodiment, arranging two feeds 90 degrees from each other on a disc element and feeding them from sources 90 degrees out of phase produces a circular polarization, as taught by Malagisi. In other embodiments, other feed arrangements produce linear polarization. In still other embodiments, radial movement of the feeds adjust the antenna element&#39;s impedance. As in the earlier description of the edge-shorting locations, diffractively controlled light can change the locations of temporary conductivity for active element feeds, thus modifying the antenna&#39;s polarization and characteristic impedance. 
     Still another embodiment of the present invention is to control directly the physical characteristics of the groundplane located behind the radiating antenna. The groundplane can be switched on or off with light energy to control antenna gain. Light-induced conductivity thus changes the electrical size and shape of the groundplane. Assuming a uniform azimuthal beam pattern for a monopole antenna, changing the groundplane size from zero to infinity (as a function of the wavelength) moves beam peak intensity elevation angle between horizontal and approximately 35 degrees from vertical (Melvin M. Weiner et. al., Monopole Elements On Circular Ground Planes, (Norwood Mass., Artech House Inc., 1987)). 
     Referring to FIGS. 4A,  4 B, and  4 C, for a monopole radiating element  410 , successive increases in the size of a resizable groundplane  440 , by appropriate illumination of semiconductor substrate  130 , change the beam pattern, as shown in FIGS. 5A,  5 B, and  5 C, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, an insulator  420  may separate monopole-radiating element  410  from semiconductor substrate  130 . The size of resizable groundplane  440  can be altered by suitable masks or diffractive optics (antenna RF feed not shown). To conserve system power and minimize the heating effect of optical energy transmitted into the silicon layer, a grid, radial, or dot pattern of light can replace a broad area beam of constant intensity. Projecting such a pattern forms a mesh-like conductivity pattern with openings significantly smaller than the antenna operating wavelength, thereby providing an effective resizable groundplane  440 . 
     A similar arrangement could provide conductive sub-reflectors or parasitic elements within the semiconductor substrate, analogous to a “stacked” antenna. Such an arrangement would effect additional variation and control of an antenna&#39;s reception/transmission characteristics. 
     New polymers under development can also function as light-induced groundplanes. The efficiency of such groundplanes can vary, thereby controlling RF output (amplitude) and thus minimizing communication intercepts. Together with adjacent elements in an array, such a combination provides a significant degree of beam directivity, beam scanning capability, and radiated power control for future wireless radio communication and radar sensor systems. 
     The planar structure of the antennas of the present invention lends them to incorporation on a wide variety of platforms or facilities. They can be installed on vehicle roofs or communications van walls. They can be contoured to fit the fuselage on cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, or aircraft, thereby replacing numerous protruding antennas. Such installations reduce aerodynamic drag and radar cross-section for many military applications. Antennas of the present invention also provide a back-up transmission/reception aperture where primary antennas are retracted for stealth. An array of commercial wireless communication applications also lend themselves to the advantages of the present invention. 
     The flexibility brought about by variable light-induced conductivity therefore provides continuously reconfigurable RF energy radiators, shorting posts, ground planes, subreflectors, and parasitic elements to meet a plethora of electromagnetic energy transmission and reception applications. 
     Clearly many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It should therefore be understood that, within the scope of the inventive concept, the invention might be practiced otherwise than as specifically claimed.