Abstract:
A swash plate type compressor with a variable displacement mechanism includes a compressor housing having a cylinder block provided with a plurality of cylinders and a crank chamber. A piston is slidably fitted within each of the cylinders and is reciprocated by a drive mechanism. The drive mechanism includes a drive shaft rotatably supported by the compressor housing, a pair of rotor plates fixed on the drive shaft and a swash plate having a surface with an adjustable tilt angle. The rotor plates are arranged on opposite sides of the swash plate. A plurality of slide contact coupling mechanisms extend between the swash plate and the rotor plate. The slide contact coupling mechanisms include two arms extending from opposite sides of the swash plate and a projection extending from one of the two rotor plates.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a swash plate type compressor with a variable displacement which is particularly suitable as a refrigerant compressor for an automotive air-conditioning apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     A swash plate refrigerant compressor with a variable displacement mechanism suitable for use in an automotive air condition system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,074. As disclosed therein, the swash plate is supported on a rotatable shaft of the compressor. The swash plate is fixedly supported on the rotatable shaft through a single hinge coupling mechanism. More particularly, the hinge coupling mechanism of the &#39;074 patent includes a projection extending from the swash plate and an axial slit formed in the projection. A planar plate portion, which is mounted on the drive shaft, aligns with the slit. A pin extends from the projection portion of the swash plate and penetrates the planar plate portion. 
     One of the disadvantages of the of the &#39;074 compressor is that a large axial force acts on the single hinge coupling mechanism, thereby causing excessive wear between the outer peripheral surface of the pin and slit. As a result of this wear and deterioration of the hinge coupling mechanism, capacity control of the compressor is adversely affected and adjustment of the piston stroke becomes less accurately controlled. 
     Another prior art swash plate compressor is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. There, first arm potion 27d of swash plate 27 and second arm portion 27c are symmetrically disposed with respect to the center of swash plate 27. First arm portion 27d is coupled to projection 30a of first rotor plate 30 through pin 37b. Second arm portion 27c is coupled with projection 29a through pin 37a. Pins 37a, 37b are fixed in position by snap rings. While two hinge coupling mechanisms support swash plate 27, as seen in FIG. 2, the hinge coupling mechanism requires several parts, e.g., arms 27c, 27d, pins 37a, 37b, snap rings 48, etc., to effect the hinged coupling. Consequently, the intricacy, and potentially the cost, of the compressor is increased by the number of parts comprising the hinge coupling mechanism. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the preferred embodiments to provide a swash plate type compressor having a hinge coupling mechanism which is durable in operation but requires few parts. 
     A swash plate type compressor according to the preferred embodiment comprises an annular compressor housing defining a crank chamber. On both sides of crank chamber are cylinder blocks, and outside of cylinder blocks are valve plates and end plates. A drive shaft penetrates one of the end plates and is rotatably supported within the compressor housing. A swash plate is disposed on the drive shaft within the crank chamber. A plurality of cylinders are formed in the cylinder blocks. Two-sided pistons are slidably disposed in each cylinder and are operatively coupled to the swash plate through bearings. 
     A bore is formed in one of the cylinder blocks. An actuator is slidably disposed with the bore. The distal end of the drive shaft penetrates a portion of the actuator. A control chamber is formed centrally in one of the end plates behind the actuator. A first communication path extends from the discharge chamber to the control chamber. A second communication path extends from the control chamber to the suction chamber. A valve control mechanism is disposed in the second communication path to selectively open and close the second communication path. 
     A hinge coupling mechanism allows the swash plate to assume various angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft. More particularly, the hinge coupling mechanism comprises a first rotor plate fixedly disposed on the drive shaft for rotation therewith and in thrust contact with one of the cylinder blocks. The first rotor plate has a frustoconical surface and a projection member extending from the frustoconical surface. Additionally, the hinge coupling mechanism includes a second rotor plate axially slidably disposed on drive shaft. The second rotor plate also has a frustoconical surface. 
     The swash plate is disposed on the drive shaft between the first and second rotor plates. The swash plate has a first arm portion corresponding to the projection on the frustoconical surface on the first rotor plate. The projection is positioned between the first arm portion. The end surface of the first arm portion slidably contacts the frustoconical surface of the first rotor plate. 
     Similarly, the swash plate includes another arm on the opposite side thereof and radially opposed to the first arm portion. The second arm portion includes an end surface which slidably contacts the frustoconical surface on the second rotor plate. 
     The capacity of the compressor is controlled by selective establishment of fluid communication between the control chamber and the suction chamber. In particular, when the second communication path between the control chamber and the suction chamber is opened, the discharge chamber pressure which has accumulated in the control chamber flows into the suction chamber. This essentially removes the rearwardly directed biasing force which acts on the actuator. Consequently, the actuator, which is also under the influence of a resiliently biased coil spring, slides toward the control chamber. The second rotor plate, which is rotatably disposed against the actuator, also slides toward the control chamber. This in turn causes the arm portions of swash plate to slide down their respective frustoconical surfaces in the direction of the drive shaft, thereby decreasing the angle of the swash plate and the capacity of the compressor. 
     Conversely, when increased compressor capacity is desired, the second communication path is closed and the control chamber slowly fills with discharge chamber pressure which acts on the rear side of actuator. When the force from the discharge chamber pressure overcomes the force of the swash plate, the actuator and the adjacent second rotor plate slide in the direction of the crank chamber. This movement causes the arm portion of swash plate to slide up their respective frustoconical surfaces away from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the angle of the swash plate and the capacity of the compressor. 
     Further objects, features and advantages of the preferred embodiments will become apparent when the specification is read in conjunction with the drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a swash plate refrigerant compressor with a variable displacement mechanism in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is an illustrative view of a drive mechanism employing a prior art hinge coupling mechanism. 
     FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a swash plate refrigerant compressor with a variable displacement mechanism in accordance with one preferred embodiment. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustrative view of the hinge coupling mechanism of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of a swash plate refrigerant compressor with a variable displacement mechanism in accordance with another preferred embodiment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 3, a variable capacity swash plate refrigerant compressor according to the first preferred embodiment is shown. Compressor 10 includes an annular casing 20, left cylinder block 11a, right cylinder block 11b, crank chamber 38, front end plate 23 and rear end plate 21. A valve plate 22a is positioned between rear end plate 21 and left cylinder block 11a, and a valve plate 22b is positioned between front end plate 23 and left cylinder block 11b and annular casing 20. 
     A plurality of bolts 15 fixedly secure front end plate 23, valve plate 22b, right cylinder block 11b, left cylinder block 11a, valve plate 22a and rear end plate 21. An opening 12 is formed in front end plate 23 for receiving drive shaft 24. An annular sleeve 13 projects from the front end surface of front end plate 23 such that a space 14 is formed between the interior surface of annular sleeve 13 and the exterior surface of drive shaft 24. Bearing 141 is positioned in space 14 to rotatably support drive shaft 14 at a first position. In addition, bearing 45, which is disposed in right cylinder block 11b, supports drive shaft 24 at a second position. An inner end of drive shaft 24 has a first rotor plate 30 fixedly disposed thereon. A thrust needle bearing 46 is placed between the inner end surface of right cylinder block 11b and the adjacent axial end surface of first rotor plate 30. The outer end of drive shaft 24 extending beyond sleeve 13 is driven by the engine of a vehicle through a conventional pulley arrangement. 
     A second rotor plate 29 is fixedly and slidably secured on drive shaft 24 by, e.g., splines. A swash plate 27 is positioned on drive shaft 24 between first and second rotor plates 30, 29. In addition, swash plate 27 is drivingly coupled with first rotor plate 30 for rotation therewith. 
     An actuator 31, which forms part of a swash plate tilt control mechanism, is positioned in center bore 20a formed in the center of left cylinder block 11a. Actuator 31 includes an outer annular portion 311 in sliding contact with the peripheral surface of center bore 20a, an inner annular portion 312, a first radial base 313 connecting outer and inner annular portions 311, 312, and a second radial base 314. A radial needle bearing 36 is disposed between the inner end surface of base 313 and the adjacent axial end surface of second rotor plate 29. A coil spring 32 is disposed between the outer end surface of base 313 and valve plate 22a to resiliently bias actuator 31 and second rotor plate 29 toward crank chamber 38. An actuating chamber 39 is defined by the inner surface of center bore 20a and the outer surface of actuator 31. 
     Rear end plate 21 includes a suction chamber 101, a discharge chamber 100 and a control chamber 33. Valve plate 22a has a plurality of valve suction ports 111 connected between suction chamber 101 and respective cylinders 25, and a plurality of valve discharge ports 110 connected between discharge chamber 100 and respective cylinders 25. In addition, valve plate 22a has a hole 22c centrally formed therein. Actuating chamber 39 is in fluid communication with control chamber 33 through hole 22c. 
     A bore 20a longitudinally extends within cylinder block 11 from a position adjacent to the rear end surface of valve plate 22a to a position short of crank chamber 38. Another bore 19 radially extends from bore 20a to actuating chamber 39. A capillary tube 17 is disposed in bore 20a so that one end is adjacent a terminal end of bore 20a and the other end is fixedly secured to valve plate 22a. A filter screen 16 is positioned in discharge chamber 100 at the open end of capillary tube 17 adjacent valve plate 22a. An O-ring 8 is positioned between capillary tube 17 and valve plate 22a to seal the mating surfaces therebetween. Capillary tube 17 bleeds discharge chamber pressure into control chamber 33 through radial passage 19, actuating chamber 39 and hole 22c in valve plate 22a. During that process, filter screen 16 filters impurities flowing through the air conditioning circuit. A pressure control valve 35 selectively opens and closes a communication path between suction chamber 101 and control chamber 33. Movement of actuator 31 within actuating chamber 39 is controlled by the selective establishment of the communication path between suction chamber 101 and control chamber 33. 
     Cylinder block 11 includes a plurality of annularly arranged cylinders 25 into which each piston 26 slides. Each piston 26 is double-headed with a piston portion disposed within each cylinder 25 and a connecting portion 26a connecting the piston portions. A coupling mechanism in the form of semi-spherical thrust bearing 28 slidably couples swash plate 27 and connecting portion 26a. The rotation of drive shaft 24 causes swash plate 27 to rotate between bearings 28. As the inclined surface of swash plate 27 moves axially to the right and left relative to the pistons and their respective cylinder, pistons 26 reciprocate within cylinders 25. 
     As best seen in FIG. 4, first rotor plate 30 has a frustoconical surface 30d on which projection 30c is fixedly disposed. Swash plate 27 includes a plurality of first arms 27a, preferably two arms, projecting toward first rotor plate 30. First arms 27a include an end portion 27b which, when the compressor is assembled, slidably contact frustoconical surface 30d of first rotor plate 30. Further, projection 30c is positioned between first arms 27a. 
     Referring again to FIG. 3, second rotor plate 29 also has a frustoconical surface 29d. Swash plate 27 includes a second arm 27c radially opposed to arms 27a on the opposite side of swash plate 27 from arms 27a. Second arm 27c includes an end portion 27d which, when the compressor is assembled, slidably contacts frustoconical surface 29d of second rotor plate 29. 
     In accordance with the above construction, with projection 30c disposed between arms 27a, axial torque from drive shaft 24 is transmitted through projection 30c, to arms 27a, and then to swash plate 27. Collectively, arms 27a and projection 30c define a coupling mechanism for coupling swash plate 27 to drive shaft 24 for rotation therewith. Moreover, swash plate 27 is operatively coupled to first rotor plate 30 and second rotor plate 29 through sliding contact between arms 27a, 27c and frustoconical surfaces 30d, 29d, respectively. With this arrangement, swash plate 27 shifts between a position where the tilt angle is large and a position where the tilt angle is small. During the shifting operation, arm 27c frictionally slides on surface 29d and arms 27a frictionally slide on surface 30d. 
     In operation, drive shaft 24 is rotated by the engine of a vehicle through a pulley arrangement. First and second rotor plates 30, 29 rotate with drive shaft 24. The rotary motion of drive shaft 24 is transmitted to swash plate 27 through slide coupling mechanism comprising frustoconical surface 30d, projection 30c and arm 27a. Upon rotation of first and second rotor plates 30, 29, the inclined surface of swash plate 27 moves axially to the right and left relative to cylinders 25. Double-headed pistons 26, which are operatively connected to swash plate through bearing 28, are consequently reciprocated within cylinders 25. As double-headed pistons 26 reciprocate, the refrigerant gas which is introduced into suction chamber 101 from the fluid inlet port is taken into each cylinder 25 and compressed. The compressed refrigerant is discharged to discharge chamber 100 from each cylinder 25 through discharge port 110 and therefrom into an external fluid circuit, for example a cooling circuit, through a fluid outlet port (not shown). 
     When less capacity is required, pressure control valve 35 is opened to establish a fluid communication path between control chamber 33 and suction chamber 101. Consequently, the high pressure discharge chamber pressure which has been bled into control chamber 33 flows into the lower pressure suction chamber 101. Then, actuator 31 begins to slide leftwardly as seen in FIG. 3. As actuator 31 slides leftwardly, second rotor plate 29 moves in the direction of control chamber 33 and second arm portion 27d slides downward along frustoconical surface 29d of second rotor plate 29. As a result, the slant angle of swash plate 27 is minimized relative to the vertical plane and pistons 26 stroke with a minimum stroke length. 
     On the other hand, when it is desirable to increase the refrigerant capacity of the compressor, pressure control valve 35 is activated to close the communication path between control chamber 33 and suction chamber 101. Consequently, high pressure discharge chamber pressure bleeds into control chamber 33. The pressure in control chamber reaches a point at which the force exerted on the back of actuator 31 overcomes the force of arm 27c on frustoconical surface 29d and the actuator begins to slide rightwardly in FIG. 3. As actuator 31 slides rightwardly, second rotor plate 29 moves in the direction of first rotor plate 30 and second arm portion 27c slides upward along frustoconical surface 29d of second rotor plate 29. As a result, the slant angle of swash plate 27 is maximized relative to the vertical plane and pistons 26 stroke with a maximum stroke length. Of course, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that, depending on the operational state of control valve 35, the tilt angle of swash plate 27 can be controlled so that swash plate 27 assumes numerous angles between the minimum and maximum tilt angles. 
     A second preferred embodiment is depicted in FIG. 5. Elements of the second embodiment which are the same as those in the first embodiment are labelled with the same reference numerals, with the discussion thereof reserved primarily for the features differing between the first and second embodiments. 
     In the second embodiment, first rotor plate 30 includes projection 30a having a slot 30b formed therein. A longitudinal axis of slot 30b is positioned obliquely with respect to the longitudinal axis of drive shaft 24. Swash plate 27 has a first arm 27a extending therefrom. First pin 37 is fixedly attached to first arm 27a through, e.g., snap rings. First pin 37 has a first end fixedly secured to first arm 27a and a second end extending within slot 30b. As with the first preferred embodiment, a pressure control valve 35 is selectively opened and closed to effect capacity control. More particularly, depending on whether pressure control valve is opened or closed, pin 37 slides up or down slot 30b. The capacity control operates in substantially the same way as described with respect to the first embodiment. 
     With either of the two embodiments, the swash plate 27 is operatively coupled with first and second rotors 29, 30 with two hinge coupling mechanisms. Advantageously, these hinge coupling mechanisms are manufactured with only a few parts, so the manufacturing cost of the compressor may be reduced. 
     Although the invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are merely for illustration, and that various further modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.