Abstract:
A process for resolution of a mixture of D- and L- amino acids, selected from threonine (THR), asparagine (ASN), p-hydroxyphenylglycine p-toluene sulfonate (pHPGpTS) and glutamic acid hydrochloride (GLU), which crystallize in the form of a conglomerate, whereby the ratio of one desired enantiomorph to the other undesired enantiomorph of said amino acid is increased in the crystalline compound obtained, as compared to the ratio in the starting material, which process comprises forming a supersaturated solution of said mixture, adding another predetermined amino acid as additive, which has a molecular structure which resembles that of one of the enantiomers of said racemic mixture, said additive being a D-amino acid as an inhibitor of the growing D-amino acid when the L-amino acid is desired, or a L-amino acid when the D-amino acid is desired, and crystallizing part of the compound from said supersaturated solution. When GLU.HCl is resolved, the crystals can be separated as they have different morphological forms.

Description:
The present invention relates to a novel process for the resolution of amino acids from mixtures of the D- and L- forms, by crystallization from supersaturated solutions, in the presence of an additive, which results in the preferred crystallization of a predetermined desired form, in preference to the other. This can be considered as application of the kinetic resolution of racemates crystallizing in the form of conglomerates by carrying out the crystallization in the presence of small amounts of resolved additives, the stereochemical molecular structure of which resembles that of one of the enantiomers of the said racemic mixture. 
     This invention relates to the application of a similar principle to the resolution of four amino acids: threonine (THR), asparagine (which crystallizes from water as its monohydrate) (ASN), p-hydroxyphenylglycine-p-toluene sulfonate (pHPGpTS) and glutamic acid as its hydrochloride (GLU.HCl). Racemic mixtures of all four crystallize in the form of conglomerates. 
     It is known that all of the above compounds can be resolved by bringing aqueous solutions of their racemic mixtures to conditions of supersaturation, and then inducing preferential crystallization of the desired enantiomer by introducing seed crystals of this enantiomer. The invention described herein is based on a different principle. 
     We have found that addition of D-glutamic acid (D-GLU), D-asparagine (D-ASN), D-aspartic acid (D-ASP), or D-cystein (D-CYS), or D-glutamine (D-GLN) in small amounts to a supersaturated solution of threonine in water brings about a preferred crystallization of the threonine in its L-form. Similarly, inclusion of the L-forms of the above additives leads to preferred crystallization of D-threonine. Further, we have found that from a supersaturated aqueous solution of D,L-asparagine, on addition of D-aspartic acid, D-glutamic acid or D-glutamine, there results a preferred crystallization of L-asparagine monohydrate; inclusion of the L-additives leads to preferred crystallization of D-asparagine monohydrate. Further, we have found that addition of L-tyrosine (TYR), L-tyrosine-p-toluene sulfonate (TpTS), L-Dopa, L-Dopa-p-toluene sulfonate (DpTS), L-α-methyl Dopa, L-α-methyl Dopa-p-toluene sulfonate (MDpTS), L-phenylalanine (PHE), L-phenylalanine-p-toluene sulfonate (PpTS), L-phenyl glycine (PG), L-phenyl glycine p-toluene sulfonate (PGpTS), L-p-methoxy phenyl glycine (pMPG) or L-p-methoxy phenyl glycine p-toluene sulfonate (pMPGpTS) to a supersaturated solution of pHPGpTS in an 0.5 N aqueous solution of p-toluene sulfonic acid causes preferred precipitation of the D-form of pHPGpTS. On acidification the corresponding enantiomer of p-hydroxyphenylglycine can be obtained. Inclusion of the D-additives causes preferred precipitation of the L-form of pHPGpTS. 
     We have found that addition of (D) lysine HCl or (D) lysine [(D) LYS], (D) ornithine HCl or (D) ornithine [(D) ORN], (D) histidine HCl or (D) Histidine [(D) HIS] in small amounts to a supersaturated solution of (D,L) GLU in 5N HCl, brings about preferential crystallization of GLU in its (L) form in high enantiomerical purity. Furthermore the addition of (D) Serine [(D)-SER], (D) Threonine [(D)THR], (D) Cysteine:HCl [(D) CYS HCl] in amounts larger than 20% of the amount of (D,L)GLU to the supersaturated solution, brings about as well preferential crystallization of (L) GLU. 
     Similarly, addition of the (L) forms of the above additives leads to preferred crystallization of (D) GLU.HCl. 
     In all the above cases, relating to glutamic acid, the enantiomer crystallizing first (of absolute configuration opposite to that of the additive), appears in the form of big well shaped bars and is contaminated by amounts lower than 0.1% of the additive, which can be removed by washing the crystal with solvent. The antipode can be obtained in the form of thin plates or powder by further crystallization of the residual mother liquor, and contains about 0.5% of the additive. 
     Alternatively, from extensive crystallization of the supersaturated solution the two morphological forms, namely bars and plates, can be obtained together and then mechanically separated, leading to resolution of the enantiomers of GLU:HCl. 
     In all the above cases crystals enriched in the second enantiomer can be obtained by crystallization from the residual mother-liquor, after separation of the first batch of crystals of the enantiomerically enriched product. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This invention can be used to produce crystalline threonine, asparagine monohydrate, pHPGpTS and glutamic acid, enriched in the desired enantiomer, without requiring the use of seed crystals of this enantiomer. The use of seed crystals from this enantiomer or from the racemic mixture may, however, be desirable from the point of view of the rate of crystallization. 
     For the case where a seed crystal of the desired enantiomer is used, this invention describes an improvement of the resolution process for threonine, asparagine, pHPGpTS, and glutamic acid HCl by further addition in solution of the appropriate additives for each amino acid as mentioned above. 
    
    
     P The examples which follow are illustrative of the present invention but are not to be interpreted in a limiting sense. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Threonine 
     300 mg DL-threonine and 30 mg D-glutamic acid were slurried in 1 cc H 2  O, and heated to about 80° C. until complete dissolution occurred. The hot solution was filtered and cooled to room temperature without agitation. After 40 hrs 53 mg of crystals had formed, and these were separated by filtration. The specific rotation of these product crystals was [α] D   20  =-25.6 (c5, H 2  O), corresponding to an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 91% L-threonine in the crystals in a yield of 18% with respect to the initial D,L-threonine introduced. The crystals contain less than 1% D-GLU (high performance liquid chromatography). A second filtration of the mother liquors, after three days, gave 50 mg of crystals having [α] D   20  =+25.4 (c5, H 2  O), corresponding to 91% e.e. of D-THR in a yield of 17%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Threonine 
     The solution of D,L-threonine and D-glutamic acid, prepared as in Example 1, was thermostated at 67° C. for 30 min, after which powdered crystals of L-THR (15 mg, 5%) were added and the resultant slurry was transferred to a thermostat at 25° C. where it was shaken for 60 min. Crystals (59 mg) separated and were filtered off; they had [α] D   20  =-27.1 (c2, H 2  O), corresponding to an e.e. of 94.8% of L-THR in the precipitated material (crystals additional to the seeds), in a yield of 14.6%. 
     EXAMPLES 3-8 
     Threonine 
     In a manner similar to examples 1 and 2, experiments were performed also at room temperature with 300 mg, D,L-THR/c.c. H 2  O, and with other additives. The conditions and results are given in Table I below. In examples 7 and 8 the crystallizations were performed with shaking, in examples 3-6 without. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Resolution of threonine in the presence of various additives    Weight            Precipitated ProductExam-          %        Seed  Time e.e. THR                                     Yieldple   Additive Additive*                   L-THR (hr) (%)    (%)______________________________________3     D-ASN    10       None  40   90   L   164     D-ASP    10       none  40   70   L   165     L-GLN    10       none  40   90   D   156     L-CYS    13       none  40   93   D   77     None     --       5%     1   5.5  L   29.78     D-GLU    10       5%     2   94.4 L   14.8______________________________________ *relative to D,LTHR. 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Asparagine 
     300 mg D,L-asparagine.H 2  O and 20 mg D-asparatic acid were slurried in 3 cc H 2  O and the slurry heated to about 80° C. until complete dissolution occurred. The hot solution was filtered and cooled to room temperature without agitation. After 100 hr the separated crystals (49 mg) were recovered by filtration, and had [α] D   20  =+24 (c4, HCl 5N) corresponding to an e.e. of 79% of L-ASN in the crystals in a yield of 16%. The filtered crystals contained 1.2% D-ASP. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Asparagine 
     300 mg D,L-ASN H 2  O and 50 mg L-ASP were processed as in example 9. To the filtered, cool solution (supersaturated) was added 0.5 mg of crystalline, powdered D,L-ASN.H 2  O 
     After 20 hr 42 mg of crystals were recovered by filtration, and had [α] D   20  =-29.9 (c4, HCl 5N) corresponding to an e.e. of 98% of D-ASN in the crystals in a yield of 14%. 
     EXAMPLES 11-14 
     Asparagine 
     In a manner similar to example 9, experiments were performed, also at room temperature and with 100 mg D,L-ASN.H 2  O/cc water, with other impurities. The conditions and results are summarized in Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________Resolution of asparagine in the presence of various additives     Weight %             Time   Precipitated ProductExample  Additive Additive* (hr) e.e. ASN (%)                                   Yield %______________________________________11     L-GLU    15        90   85 D     2212     L-GLN    15        17   10 D     3513     D-GLU    15        90   79 L     1414     none     15        48   0        42______________________________________ *relative to D,LASN.H.sub.2 O. 
    
     EXAMPLE 15 
     pHPGpTS 
     300 mg D,L-pHPGpTS and 22 mg L-tyrosine were slurried in 1 cc 0.5M p-toluenesulfonic acid in water, and the slurry was heated until complete solution occurred. The hot solution was filtered and allowed to cool to room temperature without agitation. After 5 hr spontaneous crystallization started. After an additional 1.5 hr, 57 mg of crystals of pHPGpTS were collected by filtration; they had [α] D   20  =-50.5 (c2, H 2  O) corresponding to an e.e. of 75% of D-pHPGpTS in 19% yield. The crystals contained only traces of L-TYR. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     pHPGpTS 
     The initial solution was made up as in example 15, and seeded at 30° with 1.5 mg (D-pHPGpTS (0.5%). The slurry was held at 30° C. in a thermostat, with gentle shaking. After 1 hr, 17.27 mg of crystals were collected by filtration, with [α] D   20  =-66.5, corresponding to an e.e. of 98.7% of D-pHPHGpTS in 5.3% yield. 
     EXAMPLES 17-21 
     pHPGpTS 
     In a manner similar to example 16, experiments were performed with different additives and conditions. The results are summarized in Table III below. In all cases the amount of seeds of D- or D,L- pHPGpTS was 0.5 weight % of the initial D,L-pHPGpTS. The additive was always 15 weight % of the initial D,L-pHPG. 
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Resolution of pHPGpTS in the presence of various additives[D,L-                           Purified ProductpHPGpTS]                    Time                           .THorizBrace.Example(mg/cc)      Additive             Conditions*                       (min.)                           c.c. (%)                                Yield (%)__________________________________________________________________________17   350   L-TYR  D-seeds at 50° C.                       120 61.4 24.5             followed by             shaking at 30° C.18   350   L-TYR  D-seeds at 50° C.                       60  100  5.3             followed by             shaking at 25° C.19   300   L-DOPA D,L-seeds at 30° C.                       90  19.7 31.8             standing at 20° C.20   300   L-PHE  D,L-seeds at 30° C.                       90  31.3 20.8             standing at 20° C.21   300   L-MeDOPA             D,L-seeds at 30° C.                       90  19.3 33             standing at 20° C.__________________________________________________________________________ *D-seeds obtained by recrystallization of the Dsalt from MeOH. 
    
     EXAMPLE 22 
     Resolution of (D,L) pHPGpTS by addition of Phenyl Glycine (PG) 
     350 mg (D,L) pHPTpTS and 24 mg Phenyl Glycine (PG) were slurried in 1 cc 0.5 M p-toluene sulphonic acid and treated as in example 15. After 2 hours the supersaturated solution was seeded with 1 mg (L) pHPGpTS. After 1 additional hour, the resulting crystals were collected by filtration. The enantiomeric excess was 80.2% and the yield 19.4%. 
     Addition examples of resolution of pHPGpTS by addition of PG or pMPG in 15 weight % of the initial (D,L) pHPG are given in Table IV below: 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________(D,L)                         PurifiedpHPGpTS                       ProductExample  (mg/cc)   Additive  Conditions                               e.e. Yield______________________________________23     350       (D)PG     seeds, (D,L)                               78   17.5                      room temp.24     350       (D)pMPG   seeds (D,L)                               69   12.3                      room temp.25     350       (D)pMPG   seeds (L)                               80   16.3                      room temp.______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 26 
     1 g (D,L) GLU.H 2  O and 200 mg (L) LYS HCl were slurried in 5 ml 5N HCl and heated to about 60° C. until complete dissolution occurred. The solution was filtered, cooled to room temperature, and about 0.5 mg seed crystals of (D,L) GLU.HCl added. After one day of standing without agitation, 229 mg crystals had formed, and these were separated by decantation and dried. The specific rotation of these product crystals was [α] D   25  =-24.2° (c=5, HCl 1N), corresponding to an enantiomeric excess of 98.4% (D) GLU in an overall yield of 20.7% with respect to the initial (D,L) GLU introduced. 
     EXAMPLES 27-30 
     In a manner similar to Example 26, experiments were performed also at room temperature in 5N HCl in the presence of (L) LYS.HCl and seeds of (D,L) GLU.HCl but in different conditions. The results are given in Table V below: 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________Resolution of (D,L) GLU.HCl in the presence of (L) LYS HCl                              PrecipitatedEx-                 wt.            crystalsam-  wt. of (D,L)GLU.HCl               LYS.HCl  Time        overallple  in 5 ml 5N HCl (g)               (mg)     (days)                              e.e.  yield______________________________________27   1               25      1     96.3  14.828   1              200      1     90.2  22.629   1.6            333      4     100   20.830   1              800      10    99.1  20.2______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 31 
     1 g. (D,L) GLU.H 2  O and 100 mg (L) ornithine HCl were slurried in 5 cc HCl 5N, and the slurry heated until complete dissolution occurred. The supersaturated solution was filtered, cooled to room temperature, about 0.5 mg (D,L) GLU.HCl crystals were added. 
     After standing of the solution 2 days without agitation, 196 mg of crystals precipitated, which were separated by decantation and dried. The specific rotation of these crystals was [α] D   25  =-24.6° (C=5, HCl 1N), corresponding to an enantiomeric excess of 100% of (D) GLU in a yield of 17.6% with respect to the initial (D, L) GLU introduced. 
     EXAMPLES 32-35 
     In a manner similar to example 31, experiments were performed also at room temperature, with 1 g, (D,L) GLU.H 2  O in 5 cc HCl 5N, in the presence of seeds of (D,L) GLU.HCl and variable amounts of (L)ORN.HCl. The results are given in Table VI below. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________Resolution of (D,L) GLU HCl in the presence of (L)ORN.HCl  wt (L)ORN.HCl             time     Precipitated crystalsExample  (mg)         (days)   e.e. Yield______________________________________32        50           2       87.4 21.1533       200           3       98.8 17.134       200          14       92.8 19.535       500          10       98.4 20.4______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 36 
     1 g. (D,L) GLU.H 2  O and 25 mg (L) HIS.HCl were slurried in 5ml HCl 5N and treated as in example 31. After 2 days 517 mg of a mixture of big well shaped bars and thin powdery plates had precipitated. These were decanted and dried. The overall mixture was racemic. The two morphological forms were then separated mechanically: the bars had a specific rotation of [α] D   25  =-22.9 (c=5, HCl 1N) corresponding to an enantiomerical purity of 93.1%. (D) GLU, while the plates had [α] D   25  =+24, corresponding to 97.6% pure (L) GLU. 
     EXAMPLES 37-42 
     In a manner similar to example 31 experiments were performed, also at room temperature, with 1 or 1.5 g (D,L) GLU.H 2  O in 5 cc HCl 5N, in the presence of seed crystals of (D,L) GLU.HCl and of different additives in solution. The results are given in Table VII below: 
     
                       TABLE VII______________________________________Resolution of (D,L) GLU.HCl in the presence of various additiveswt                   wtEx-  (D,L)                addi-      precipitatedam-  GLU.H.sub.2 O        tive time  crystalsple  (g)       Additive   (g)  (days)                                e. e.                                     yield______________________________________37   1         (L)HIS.HCl 0.5  14    96.1 21.838   1         (L)HIS.HCl 0.8  14    99.2 20.339   1.5       (L)HIS.HCl 0.8   6    94   24.540   1         (L)CYS.HCl 0.8   2    99.2 16.941   1         (L)THR     0.5  18    96.3  8.342   1         (L)SER     0.2   4    58.5  3.3______________________________________