Abstract:
Methods and devices for improved precision in finding one or more nerves and then interrupting the transmission of neural signals through the target nerve. The treated nerve can be rendered incapable of transmitting neural signals for a select duration of time, where such a duration can be on a temporarily basis (e.g., hours, days or weeks) or a longer term/permanent basis e.g., months or years). One embodiment of the apparatus includes a precise energy source system which features energy transfer elements that are capable of creating areas of nerve destruction, inhibition and ablation with precision.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/834,298 filed Aug. 24, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/602,187 filed Jan. 21, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,113,912 issued Aug. 25, 2015), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety y. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to methods and devices for improved precision in finding one or more nerves and then interrupting the transmission of neural signals through the target nerve. The treated nerve can be rendered incapable of transmitting neural signals for a select duration of time, where such a duration can be on a temporarily basis (e.g., hours, days or weeks) or a longer term/permanent basis (e.g., months or years). One embodiment of the apparatus includes a precise energy source system which features energy transfer elements that are capable of creating areas of nerve destruction, inhibition and ablation with precision. 
         [0003]    The human nervous system sends and receives signals to convey both sensory information, such as pain, heat, cold and touch, as well as command signals that control muscle movement. There are many cases where disrupting the neural signal can provide preventative, therapeutic, and/or cosmetic benefits to an individual. For example, extraneous, undesired, or abnormal signals can be generated (or are transmitted) along nervous system pathways. For example, the pinching of a minor nerve in the back can cause extreme back pain. Similarly, the compression or other activation of certain nerves can induce significant or constant pain. Certain diseases also may compromise the lining of nerves such that neural signals spontaneously generate. This spontaneous generation can cause a variety of maladies, from seizures to pain or (in extreme conditions) even death. Abnormal signal activations can cause many other problems including (but not limited to) twitching, tics, seizures, distortions, cramps, disabilities (in addition to pain), other undesirable conditions, or other painful, abnormal, undesirable, socially or physically detrimental afflictions. 
         [0004]    In some situations, the normal conduction of neural signals causes undesirable 4muscle causes frown lines that can result in permanent distortion of the brow (or forehead); giving the appearance of premature aging. Interrupting the neural signal of the corrugator supercilli activation nerves can alleviate the distortion of the brow or forehead. 
         [0005]    Traditional electrosurgical procedures use either a unipolar or bipolar device connected to an energy source. A unipolar electrode system includes a small surface area electrode, and a return electrode placed in contact with the body at a location separate and spaced from the small surface area electrode. The return electrode is generally larger in size, and is either resistively or capacitively coupled to the body. Since the same amount of current must flow through each electrode to complete the circuit. Because the return electrode is typically a large surface area the decreased current density allows heat to be dissipated over the larger surface area. In some cases, it is desirable to locate return electrodes in areas of high blood flow (such as the biceps, buttocks or other muscular or highly vascularized area) so that any generated heat generated is rapidly carried dissipated. One advantage of a unipolar system is the ability to place the unipolar probe exactly where it is needed and optimally focus electrosurgical energy where desired. A resistive return electrode would typically be coated with a conductive paste or jelly. If the contact with the patient is reduced or if the jelly dries out, a high-current density area may result, increasing the probability for burns at the contact point. 
         [0006]    Typical bipolar electrode systems are generally based upon a device having electrodes of opposite polarity. Each electrode is connected to one of the two poles of the electrosurgical generator. When the electrosurgical energy is applied, it is concentrated (and focused) so that current flows between the electrodes of opposite polarity in the region of the device. Assuming the instrument has been designed and used properly, the resulting current flow will be constrained within the target tissue between the two surfaces. 
         [0007]    Treatments for the elimination of glabellar furrowing have included surgical forehead lifts, resection of corrugator supercilli muscle, as described by Guyuron Michelow and Thomas in Corrugator Supercilli Muscle Resection Through BlepharoplastyIncision, Plastic Reconstructive Surgery 95 691-696 (1995). Also, surgical division of the corrugator supercilli motor nerves is used and was described by Ellis and Bakala in Anatomy of the Motor Innervation of the Corrugator Supercilli Muscle: Clinical Significance and Development of a New Surgical Technique for Frowning, Otolaryngology 27; 222-227 (1998). These techniques described are highly invasive and sometimes temporary as nerves regenerate over time and repeat or alternative procedures are required. 
         [0008]    Another less invasive procedure to treat glabellar furrowing involves injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into the muscle. This produces a flaccid paralysis and is best described in The New England Journal of Medicine, 324:1186-1194 (1991). While minimally invasive, this technique is predictably transient; so, it must be re-done every few months. 
         [0009]    Specific efforts to use RF energy via a two needle bipolar system has been described by Hernandez-Zendejas and Guerrero-Santos in: Percutaneous Selective Radio-Frequency Neuroablation in Plastic Surgery, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 18:41 pp 41-48 (1994) The authors described a bipolar system using two parallel needle type electrodes. Utley and Goode described a similar system in Radio-frequency Ablation of the Nerve to the Corrugator Muscle for Elimination of Glabellar Furrowing, Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, January-March, 99, Vi P 46-48, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,545. These systems were apparently unable to produce permanent results possibly because of limitations inherent in a two needle bipolar configuration, Thus, as is the case with Botox, the parallel needle electrode systems would typically require periodic repeat procedures. 
         [0010]    There are many ways of properly locating an active electrode near the target tissue and determining if it is in close proximity to the nerve such that the treatment is limited to the area of interest. In many applications, there is a need to ensure that the nerve is located and treated to establish a desired effect while minimizing collateral damage to surrounding tissues. Such is especially the case in cosmetic application. 
         [0011]    Various stimulation devices have been made and patented. One process of stimulation and ablation using a two-needle system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,545. The stimulation may also be implemented negatively, where tissue not responsive to stimulation is ablated as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5782,826 (issued Jul. 21, 1998). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention relates to devices and methods for positioning a treatment device adjacent to a nerve, stimulating the nerve and then applying a therapeutic treatment to impair the nerve&#39;s ability to transmit a neural signal. In particular, the devices and methods can be used in a cosmetic application in the areas of the head and face. However, the devices and methods can be used in any part of the body. 
         [0013]    The present disclosure includes methods of treating a nerve in a tissue region. One example of such a method comprises positioning a working end of a device into the tissue region; where the device includes a stimulation mode and a treatment mode, the stimulation mode comprises at least a first parameter setting that stimulates the nerve at a first distance from the working end, and a second parameter setting that stimulates the nerve at a second distance from the working end, where the first distance is greater than the second distance, and where the device is configured to prevent activation of the treatment mode when the stimulation mode is in the first parameter setting; activating the device in the stimulation mode at the first parameter setting to observe a stimulation of the nerve; repositioning the working end of the device in the tissue region to move the working end closer to the nerve; re-activating the device in the stimulation mode at the second parameter to observe stimulation of the nerve and confirm repositioning of the working end of the device closer to the nerve; and activating the device in the treatment mode to create a first treatment zone on the nerve at a pre-determined treatment setting, where activating the device in the treatment mode causes the device to reset to the first parameter setting. 
         [0014]    The method can further include moving the working end in a direction relative to the nerve to create multiple treatment zones along the nerve. In certain variations, moving the working end of the device in the direction relative to the nerve comprises moving the working end of the device in a forward direction distally to a first treatment area along the nerve such that a muscle associated with the nerve can be stimulated during stimulation of the nerve. 
         [0015]    Variations of the method include positioning the working end of the device and repositioning, the working end of the device occurs without removing the device from the puncture site. Moving the device can include moving the device in a plurality of directions without removing the device from the tissue region to increase an area for observing stimulation of the nerve. 
         [0016]    The method can also further comprise injecting an anesthetic at or near the first treatment zone prior to activating the device in the treatment mode. 
         [0017]    The methods and devices can also include reducing a temperature of the surface of the skin above the treatment site prior to applying energy and keeping the ice in place during application of energy. 
         [0018]    In an additional variation, the methods can further comprise the use of an external nerve stimulator to map the nerve anatomy on the skin, prior to inserting the device, and using the map as a guide to identify target treatment locations. 
         [0019]    In certain variations the first parameter setting, comprises a first current setting and the second parameter setting comprises a second current setting, where the second current setting is less than the first current setting. The first parameter setting can be fixed and/or the second parameter setting can be adjustable. 
         [0020]    The method can also include activating the device in the stimulation mode at the first parameter setting to observe the stimulation of the nerve comprises observing movement of a surface of the tissue region. The method can also include activating the device in the stimulation mode at the first parameter setting to observe the stimulation of the nerve comprises performing electromyography on at least one muscle associated with the nerve. Additionally, activating the device in the stimulation mode at the first parameter setting to observe the stimulation of the nerve comprises measuring an electrical impulse in at least one muscle associated with the nerve using a measuring electrode 
         [0021]    In another example, the present disclosure includes a method of treating a nerve in a tissue region. In one variation the method includes positioning a device into the tissue region at a first location; applying energy to the tissue region through the device at the first location using a first setting configured to stimulate the nerve within a first distance from the working end of the device; observing for stimulation of the nerve; re-applying energy to the tissue region through the device at a second location using a second setting configured to stimulate the nerve within a second distance from the working end of the device, where the second distance is less than the first distance; re-assessing, whether the nerve is stimulated at the second setting to determine if the second location is closer to the nerve than the first location applying energy to the nerve to affect the ability of the nerve to transmit a neural signal using the device upon observing stimulation of the nerve using the second setting if the second location is closer to the nerve. 
         [0022]    The method can include the device resetting to the first setting after applying energy to the nerve, the method further comprising re-adjusting the device to the second setting and subsequently re-applying energy to the tissue region through the device at a subsequent location using a second setting configured to stimulate the nerve within the second distance from the working end of the device. 
         [0023]    The method can also moving the device in a direction relative to the nerve to create multiple treatment zones along the nerve. The moving of the device in the direction relative to the nerve can comprise moving the device in a forward direction distally to the first location along the nerve such that a muscle associated with the nerve can be stimulated during stimulation of the nerve. In additional variations positioning the device at the first location and the second location occurs without removing the device from the puncture site. 
         [0024]    The method cart further comprise moving the device in a plurality of directions without removing the device from the tissue region prior to re-applying energy at the second location. The method can also include injecting an anesthetic at or near the tissue region at the first location site prior to applying energy to the tissue region. 
         [0025]    In another variation, a method can include positioning a working end of a device into the tissue region at a first location where the device is configured to apply stimulation energy and to apply therapeutic energy; wherein when supplying stimulation energy the device is settable in one of a plurality of settings, the plurality of settings comprising at least a first setting and a second setting, where a stimulation area of the device is larger when the device is operated at the first setting, and where the device is configured to prevent application of the therapeutic energy when the device is in the first setting; operating the device at the second setting; observing a response in the tissue region for stimulation of the nerve; applying therapeutic energy to at least a portion of the nerve to prevent the nerve from transmitting a neural signal by applying the therapeutic energy to the tissue region upon observing the response, wherein after applying therapeutic energy the device resets to the first setting; repositioning the working end of the device at a subsequent location; adjusting the device to the second setting from the first setting; observing a subsequent response in the tissue region for stimulation of the nerve; and applying therapeutic energy at least a second portion of the nerve at the subsequent location by applying therapeutic energy upon observing the subsequent response. 
         [0026]    The method can include moving the device in a direction relative to the nerve to create multiple treatment zones along the nerve. 
         [0027]    In another variation, the method of treating a nerve can include inserting a single longitudinal probe into a tissue region, where the probe includes a threshold stimulation current setting where the probe is prevented from applying therapeutic energy at or above the threshold stimulation current setting; directing the probe tip towards the nerve; delivering a stimulating current through the probe to trigger movement of a muscle associated with the nerve; reducing a stimulating current setting below the threshold stimulation current setting such that a stimulation area of the probe decreases; moving the probe in the tissue region towards the nerve; stimulating the nerve to trigger movement of the muscle and confirm that the location of the nerve is within the decreased stimulation area of the probe; applying an electrical current to heat the nerve upon observing the movement of the muscle, wherein after applying electrical current the stimulation current setting is reset above the threshold stimulation current. 
         [0028]    The present disclosure also includes a system for treating a nerve in a region of tissue, the system comprising: a probe having a working end for positioning within tissue; 
         [0029]    a controller configured to provide power to the probe in a therapeutic mode and a stimulation mode; where the controller is further configured to be adjustable between a plurality of stimulation settings, the plurality of stimulation settings comprising at least a first stimulation setting and a second stimulation setting and where the controller is further configured to prevent application of power in the therapeutic mode when unless set to the second stimulation setting; where an effective stimulation area of the probe is reduced in the second stimulation setting as compared to the effective stimulation area of the probe in the first stimulation setting such that the working end of the probe must be closer to the nerve in the second stimulation setting than in the first stimulation setting to stimulate the nerve; and where the controller is further configured to reset to the first stimulation setting after application of power in the therapeutic mode. 
         [0030]    The system can include an anesthetic supply fluidly coupled to an opening on the working end of the probe. In some variations, the first stimulation setting is fixed. Alternatively, or in combination the second stimulating setting can be adjustable. 
         [0031]    The system can include an energy transfer section on the working end, where the enemy transfer section comprises at least a first conductive portion and a second conductive portion longitudinally spaced on the probe, the first and the second conductive portions separated by an electrically insulative material. 
         [0032]    Variations of the system can include a fluid port located on the working end and between the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion. 
         [0033]    In some variations, a temperature sensing element is located between the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion. 
         [0034]    The system can also include an illumination source on the working end. The illumination source can comprises a modulation flash rate proportional to the amount of stimulation energy. 
         [0035]    The device can also include a lumen operatively disposed along the length of the single axis probe. 
         [0036]    The present disclosure also includes electrosurgical devices for use with a source of stimulation energy and a source of therapeutic energy to simulate and treat tissue under skin and for use with a reservoir having a flowable substance. For example, the device can include a device body, a probe extending from a portion of the device body, the probe being rigid such that manipulation of the device body permits movement of the probe within tissue; a distal electrode located at a working end of the probe; a proximal electrode positioned on the probe and spaced proximally from the distal electrode, where the distal and proximal electrodes are coupleable to the source of stimulation energy and the source of therapeutic energy, where application of the therapeutic energy to the distal electrode and proximal electrode forms a lesion in a tissue region spanning between the proximal and distal electrodes; a fluid dispensing sleeve having one or more fluid ports, the fluid dispensing sleeve positioned between the distal electrode and proximal electrode where at least one of the fluid ports is oriented to deliver the flowable substance in an orthogonal direction to an axis of the probe such that the flowable substance is directed to the tissue region. 
         [0037]    The device can also include a fluid dispensing lumen that delivers the flowable substance in an axial direction out the tip of the probe into the tissue. 
         [0038]    The above and other features of the invention including various novel details of construction and combinations of parts, and other advantages, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular method and device embodying the invention are shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of the invention. The principles and features of this invention may be employed in various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]    The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the methods, devices, and systems described herein will become apparent from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
           [0040]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a device configured for stimulation and treatment of nerves. 
           [0041]      FIG. 2  illustrates another variation of a treatment device coupled to a reservoir delivery member as well as a controller/power supply. 
           [0042]      FIG. 3A  illustrates a variation of a working end of a single axis probe haying at least one energy transmitting region with sensors and/or fluid delivery ports positioned in the working end. 
           [0043]      FIG. 3B  illustrates another variation of a working end of devices described herein. 
           [0044]      FIG. 3C  shows an example of a device positioned in tissue where the energy transmitting regions and create a lesion within the tissue. 
           [0045]      FIGS. 4A to 4G  illustrate use of devices and systems described herein when used to perform a treatment in a patient. 
           [0046]      FIG. 5  illustrates another feature of the dual function device where the fluid ports located on the device deliver a substance between treatment portions of the device. 
           [0047]      FIGS. 6 and 6B  illustrate various additional examples of creating treatment sites to effect a therapeutic benefit. 
           [0048]      FIG. 6C  illustrates another example of lesions being created on the angular nerve in a manner as described herein. 
           [0049]      FIG. 7  Bi-Polar Driver System. 
           [0050]      FIG. 8A  Schematic diagram of the bi-polar needle. 
           [0051]      FIG. 8B  Schematic diagram of the split bi-polar needle. 
           [0052]      FIG. 9A  Magnified side view of conical bi-polar probe. 
           [0053]      FIG. 9B  Magnified side view of hollow chisel bi-polar probe. 
           [0054]      FIG. 9C  Magnified side view of tapered conical bi-polar probe. 
           [0055]      FIG. 9D  Magnified side view of split conical bi-polar probe. 
           [0056]      FIG. 10  Schematic diagram of the-bi-polar driver system. 
           [0057]      FIG. 11A  Ablation Procedure without Auxiliary probe. 
           [0058]      FIG. 11B  Ablation Procedure with Auxiliary probe. 
           [0059]      FIG. 12A . Side view Hybrid bi-polar needle for nerve ablation. 
           [0060]      FIG. 12B  Side view Hybrid bi-polar needle for tumor ablation. 
           [0061]      FIG. 13A  Side view of auxiliary nerve probe. 
           [0062]      FIG. 13B  Side view of auxiliary dual-tipped nerve probe. 
           [0063]      FIG. 14  Side view of guided ablation procedure with auxiliary nerve probe(s). 
           [0064]      FIG. 15  Sample electro-surgery waveforms. 
           [0065]      FIGS. 16A-16B  Controller and probe data base structure. 
           [0066]      FIG. 17  Side view of visually guided ablation procedure. 
           [0067]      FIG. 18  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having equal surface area electrodes. 
           [0068]      FIG. 19  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having two electrodes of differing surface areas. 
           [0069]      FIG. 20  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having two electrodes of differing surface areas. 
           [0070]      FIG. 21  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having three electrodes. 
           [0071]      FIG. 22  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having three electrodes and a curved handle portion. 
           [0072]      FIG. 23  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having multiple electrodes transverse a nerve. 
           [0073]      FIG. 24  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having multiple electrodes parallel to a nerve. 
           [0074]      FIG. 25  is a side view of a single axis electrosurgical probe having multiple electrodes crossing a nerve at an angle. 
           [0075]      FIG. 26  is a tabular representation of a therapeutic energy protocol consistent with the present invention. 
           [0076]      FIG. 27  is a graphic representation of a therapeutic energy protocol consistent with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0077]    The following illustrations are examples of the methods and devices included in the invention described herein. It is contemplated that combinations of aspects of specific embodiments or combinations of the specific embodiments themselves are within the scope of this disclosure. While the methods, devices, and systems described herein are discussed as being used in to treat nerves, especially for cosmetic purposes, the devices, methods, and systems of the present disclosure can be can be used in other parts of the body where accurate ablation or application of energy is desired. 
         [0078]    The present disclosure is related to commonly assigned application Ser. Nos. 10/870,202, filed Jun. 17, 2004, publication No. US-2005-0283148-A1; Ser. No. 11/460,870, filed Jul. 28, 2006, publication No. US-2007-0060921-A1; Ser. No. 14/594,935, filed Jan. 12, 2015; Ser. No. 11/559,232, filed Nov. 13, 2006, publication No. US-2007-0167943-A1; Ser. No. 12/612,360, filed Nov. 4, 2009, publication No. US-2010-0114095-A1; Ser. No. 13/570,138, filed Aug. 8, 2012, publication No. US-2013-0046292-A1; Ser. No. 12/605,295, filed Oct. 23, 2009, publication No. US-2010-0114191-A1, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,666,498; Ser. No. 14/156,033, filed Jan. 15, 2014, publication No. US-2014-0180360-A1, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,938,302; and Ser. No. 14/599,161, filed Jan. 16, 2015, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference. 
         [0079]      FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a device  100  configured to locate and treat a nerve, As described below, the device  100  is part of a system that can identify a nerve and also deliver energy to interfere with the nerve&#39;s ability to transmit signals. In many cases the energy will have a thermal effect on the nerve. However, any treatment modality can be used to disrupt the ability of the nerve to transmit a neural signal. As illustrated, a variation of the device  100  includes a device body  102  that can optionally be ergonomically designed so that a physician can grip the device  100  and position the device  100  and/or working end  104  accordingly using fine motor skills. Typically, such placement can be achieved by balancing the device body  102  in a hand  2  or a web of the hand  2  between a forefinger  4  and thumb  6 . However, the devices and methods described herein can include any number of configurations that allow for positioning. In addition, variations of the device allow for positioning using automated machinery such as robotic manipulators and/or positioners. Variations of the device  100  can include features to permit left or right handed operation. Alternatively, the device body  102  can be symmetrical allowing for left or right handed operation. 
         [0080]      FIG. 1  also illustrates a switch  112  that is located on the device body  102  and permits the physician to easily and safely initiate the delivery of energy in either a stimulation mode or a therapeutic mode. Again, variations of the device can include a switch that is external from the device body  102  e.g., a foot pedal, audible command, or other triggering means. However, the illustrated variation depicts a rocker switch  112  where rear and forward  114 ,  116  rocking or triggering movement of the switch  112  either increases or decreases the strength of the stimulation signal. Accordingly, the system shown in  FIG. 1  as well as the systems described herein include a dual purpose system that can operate in a nerve stimulation mode and an ablation/treatment mode. 
         [0081]    As described below, the physician can adjust a degree of stimulation (i.e., the range from the device at which nerves are stimulated) as well as trigger stimulation, without moving the device  100  or hand  2  from the device. The device body  102  can generally include three operational switches (or a single switch with three positions. In the illustrated figure lateral operations/positions  114   116  of switch  112  either increases or decreases a stimulation current (or range) of the device. The center operation/position  118  initiates the stimulation mode. Once a physician locates an acceptable treatment site, the physician can initiate a therapeutic energy delivery mode by depressing a switch (e.g.,  152  or  154 ) of the switch. In many cases the physician can initiate the therapeutic mode by depressing a foot pedal  152 . Such a feature minimizes unintentional triggering of the therapeutic mode. However, variations of the device include the use of an optional switch  154  located on the device  100 . In additional variations, the therapeutic mode can be triggered from the controller  150  and/or from continued operation of switch  112 . 
         [0082]    Additional variations of the device can include triggering of the energy delivery mode with either end of the switch and activation of the stimulation mode via the center of the switch or separate pedal as shown. Alternatively, or in combination, a separate switch (e.g.,  154 ) can be positioned anywhere on the device body  102 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a sealed rocker switch  112  located at the forward ⅓ of the device body  102 . Such a configuration allows ease of operational handling with the physician&#39;s index finger or thumb. Again, although the illustration shows a rocker switch, other single switch, multiple switches, and/or multi-function switch styles are suitable for the implementation of this aspect of the invention. 
         [0083]      FIG. 1  also shows the working end  104  of the device  100  comprising a single axis probe. While the examples illustrated below comprise an electrosurgical energy modality, other energy modalities can be used in combination or in place of the electrosurgical modality. For example, such modalities can include: cooling, cryogenic, thermal RF, thermal (resistive heating), microwave, focused or unfocused ultrasound, thermal or non-thermal DC, UV, radiation, as well as any combination thereof, can be employed to reduce or otherwise control the ability of the nerve to transmit signals.  FIG. 1  schematically illustrates the device  100  being coupled to a power supply  150 , which can provide the energy modality required to perform the treatment as well as the stimulation energy used to locate a nerve. Additional variations contemplate a separate power supply (not illustrated) to power/control the stimulation energy. In additional variations, the handle  100  can contain the power supply. The term power supply is intended to include units where a controller regulates delivery of energy from the power supply. Accordingly, the power supply  150  described herein can include a controller. Alternatively, the controller can comprise a separate physical unit. 
         [0084]    The devices described herein can also employ various features to provide feedback to the medical practitioner. For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates a feedback indicator that can provide feedback to the medical practitioner. The feedback can be visual, tactile, vibratory, audio, or a combination thereof. Although the illustrated variation shows the feedback indicator  120  towards a distal end of the device body  102  variations of the device allow for an indicator that can be located on any portion of the device  100  and/or on multiple locations of the device. The feedback can comprise an indication of generator status, number of treatments, whether the device is within an acceptable range of a target nerve or ablation site 
         [0085]      FIG. 1  also illustrates an exemplary working end  104  of the device  100 . As discussed herein, the working end typically includes a single axis probe  105  that has a distal end  106 . In certain variations the distal end  106  includes a tip for a allowing penetration of the working end  104  into tissue. Alternatively, the distal end  106  can comprise a blunt shape that permits penetration of the working end  104  into tissue but minimizes undesirable collateral damage to tissue. The working end  104  will also include one or more energy delivery regions  106 ,  108 ,  110 . For example, when the energy modality comprises an electrosurgical device, the working end  104  can include one or more electrodes  106 ,  108 ,  110  that are electrically isolated to pass current in a bi-polar or mono polar manner. 
         [0086]    Any of the probes disclosed herein may include an illumination source  107  such as a fiber optic illumination, a light emitting diode, a laser source for assisting the physician in identifying the location of the percutaneously placed working end through tissue. The illumination source can be powered through the controller/power supply  150  or can be powered by a source in the device body  102  itself. 
         [0087]      FIG. 2  illustrates another variation of a treatment device  100  coupled to a reservoir delivery member  170 . The device can also include a cable  122  or other connector that couples the device  100  to a controller/power supply  150 . In the illustrated variation, the connector comprises a hub  124 . However, alternate variations allow for a device  100  that is directly wired to the controller  150 . The variation shown in  FIG. 2  also depicts the reservoir  170  as being a separate syringe. However, alternate variations of the device include a reservoir that is fluidly coupled to the working end  104  through the hub  124  or cable  122  of the device  100 . In such cases, there will be a means to pressurize or initiate flow of the substance within the reservoir. The reservoir  170  is typically a fluid source but variations include injectable particulates, gels, or other non-fluid injectable materials. The reservoir  170  can deliver any type of fluid to the working end  104  of the device  100 . In the illustrated example, the reservoir  170  comprises a syringe with a plunger. Alternate variations include reservoirs coupled to electronic or automated dispensers. 
         [0088]    Typically, the substance in the reservoir  170  comprises an aesthetic solution, cooling solution, conductive fluid, drug, cosmetic agent, and/or any other bio-active agent. Variations of the device and method include delivery of multiple substances through the device or to the target location. For example, a saline solution can be delivered to the target location to adjust the impedance of the tissue while an aesthetic agent can be delivered before, during, or after delivery of the saline fluid. As described below, the reservoir  170  is in fluid communication with ports at the working end to permit delivery of the fluid at or near the treatment site. The substance can be dispensed at anytime, including during penetration of the tissue, during movement within tissue, and before/during/after stimulation and/or application of energy. The substance can be a controlled volume that dispenses each time or can be an adjustable volume that dispenses based on the physician&#39;s preference. Moreover, dispensing can occur automatically prior to, during, or after treatment. 
         [0089]      FIG. 2  also illustrates the controller/power supply  150  as having a visual display  150 . The visual display can provide treatment information to the physician as well as device information. For example, the system can provide information regarding the number of applied treatments; the system can provide information regarding whether the treatment was successful (e.g., whether the target site held a pre-determined temperature and for how long). The system can also provide information on temperature and time profiles for each treatment. For example, in one variation the controller contains multiple pre-determined selectable treatment settings of the e.g., 80 degrees, 70 degrees, and 85 degrees F.) and attempts to hold the treatment site at these temperatures for a pre-determined time (e.g., 30 second). In some variations a physician can determine which setting to use based on the location of the target site or if the skin is very shallow or thin at the target site. The controller can also establish a cutoff temperature above which treatment ceases. In one example the cutoff temperature is 93 degrees F. but can be as high as 130 degrees F.). The controller can also check for temperature during treatment, and if no rise in temperature is observed, the controller can either cease treatment or can apply a low amount of power. Additional safety measures can be employed such as establishing a step-up to the target temperature through a number of intermediate temperatures (e.g., x degrees above body temperature per unit time until the target temperature is reached). Furthermore, the system can monitor impedance and establish a maximum impedance at which the treatment stops. In one example, the system can monitor for impedance between 100 and 500 ohms with a shutoff of about 2000 ohms. 
         [0090]    The variations shown in  FIG. 2  also includes a contoured or ergonomic device body  102 , which as described above, is suitable for single handed operation of the device  100  with the device body  102  being balanced in the web of a user&#39;s hand between the thumb and the index finger. This positioning allows the user to position a single finger on switch  112  to activate the switch  112  in a forward  116  or rearward  114  direction to adjust the stimulation settings of the system. As noted above, in certain variations, the forward  116  and rearward  114  movement allow for adjusting of the stimulation strength of the device  100  and, upon properly identifying the target location, the user&#39;s finger can select trigger  118  to apply the stimulation energy to identify the nerve. Once the physician identifies the target site, the physician can operate any number of switches  152 ,  154  as well as the combinations discussed above to commence treatment of the desired region of tissue. 
         [0091]      FIG. 3A  illustrates one variation of a working end  104  of a single axis probe  105  having at least one energy transmitting region with sensors and/or fluid delivery ports positioned in the working end  104 . The variation shown in  FIG. 3A  includes a first or distal energy transmitting region  122  and a proximal transmitting region  124 . For example, the two energy transmitting regions  122 ,  124  can comprise electrodes of opposing polarity when using an RE energy supply. As shown, the two electrodes  122  and  124  can be positioned such that they are on either side of delivery ports  132  that extend through a sleeve  130  or similar structure that defines a fluid delivery lumen in fluid communication with a reservoir (as shown in  FIG. 2 ). Optionally, a sensor  126  (such as a temperature detecting element) can be positioned adjacent to the energy transmitting regions  122  and  124 . 
         [0092]    The configuration shown in  FIG. 3A  permits delivery of fluids and/or substances in a central region to the intended target area. The device can include any number of fluid ports  132  includes from a single fluid port to a plurality circumferentially positioned around the device or simply limited to a single side of the device. The variation depicted in  FIG. 3A  shows a plurality of fluid ports  132  that are oriented to direct flow in a radial outward direction relative to a central axis of the single axis probe  105 . One benefit of positioning the ports  132  in close proximity to the energy transfer units is that the substance can be delivered directly to the area of tissue targeted during the procedure. 
         [0093]    EEG.  313  illustrates another variation of a working end  104  of devices described herein in this variation, energy transmitting regions  122 ,  124  are separated by a non-energy transmitting region  130  and a fluid delivery port  132  that is an opening to an annular passageway within the probe  105 .  FIG. 3B  also illustrates that one or more sensor elements  126  can be placed between the energy transmitting regions  122 ,  124 . In certain variations, the sensor elements  126  will be placed out of a flow-path of the ports  132  so that substances exiting the port  132  do not affect the readings of the sensor  126 . 
         [0094]      FIG. 3C  shows an example of a device  100  positioned in tissue  10  where the energy transmitting regions  122  and  124  create a lesion  12  within the tissue  10 . The illustration depicts application of an RE current  136  between the two regions  122 ,  124  however, as noted above, any energy modality can be applied which results in a lesion or treatment area  12  being formed about the energy transmitting regions  122  and  124 . The depicted example illustrates the state of the device  100  after the physician identifies the proper location for treatment (e.g., after the stimulation mode identities a suitable location for treatment).  FIG. 3C  also shows delivery of a substance  134  through the ports  132 . In the illustrated variation, the ports  132  permit delivery of the substance in a direction that is radially away or normal to an axis of the probe  105 . As discussed above, additional configurations are within the scope of this disclosure including combinations of ports oriented to deliver the substance in different directions on the same device. Regardless, the substance can be delivered prior to, during or subsequent to application of the treatment modality. In addition, positioning of the ports  132  adjacent to or between transmitting regions  122  and  124  allows for targeted delivery of the substance to the treatment area. 
         [0095]    For example, in cosmetic applications it may be desirable to deliver a numbing agent to the region. In such a case, once a physician determines the proper placement of the working end of the device, the physician can deliver the numbing agent from the reservoir through the ports to the region of tissue to be treated. The close proximity of the ports to the target area allows for minimizing the amount of substance that must be delivered. Minimizing the amount and/or spread of the numbing agent is desirable since the numbing agent might impair a muscle&#39;s ability to respond to nerve stimulation. 
         [0096]    As noted herein, the devices can include any number of energy modalities to provide the therapeutic treatment. Accordingly, the energy transmitting regions  122 ,  124  shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3B  are not limited to RF energy electrodes. In additional variations, the regions can comprise cooling regions, cryogenic fluids, thermal RF, resistive thermally heated regions, microwave antennas, focused or unfocused ultrasound transducers, thermal surfaces powered by a DC current, UV, radiation, as well as any combination thereof. In those variations relying on a Radio Frequency energy supply, the two energy transmitting regions  122 ,  124  can comprise electrodes of opposing polarity. Regardless of the energy type used, it can be desirable to position a sensor  126  (or other sensor) between the transmitting regions  122 ,  124 . However, alternatively, or in addition, one or more sensors can be positioned along the probe  105  or on any other portion of the device. 
         [0097]      FIGS. 4A to 4G  illustrate use of devices and systems described herein when used to perform a treatment in a patient. The example shown illustrates use of the device  100  to ablate one or more regions and/or branches of a temporal nerve which controls movement of facial muscles. However, it is understood that the methods, features, and aspects described herein can be applied to any nerve structure controlling any observable/measurable body function. 
         [0098]      FIG. 4A  is intended to illustrate a feature of a system similar to those discussed herein where the treatment device  100  can be operated in a dual purpose mode to provide nerve stimulation and therapeutic treatment, in one variation, the stimulation function passes pulsed direct current between the energy transfer surfaces  122   124  in the working end  104  of the probe  105  to operate in the nerve stimulation mode. In additional variations, the nerve stimulation mode can provide alternating current (or RF generated current) to identify nerves via muscle as known by those skilled in the art. Regardless, when used in a stimulation mode, the working end  104  of the device  105  applies current to the tissue to stimulate the nerve which produces movement in the muscle that the nerve is controlling. This movement can be physically observed (e.g., by feeling for the movement of muscle), or visually observed (e.g., when the physician stimulates and observes which muscle or which part of the face has movement). Moreover, any number of pacing devices or camera devices can be used to detect movement 
         [0099]    The device  100  can operate in a plurality of settings that stimulate the nerve. As long as the working end of the device is sufficiently close to the nerve, where the distance is dependent upon parameters of the applied current (e.g., amount of current or the amplitude of the current). Cycling of the current causes contraction and relaxation of the muscle which can be observed by the physician or by other sensing/identifying means. The amplitude of the current can be adjusted from the probe body or from the controller. The intensity of the stimulation is directly related to the amplitude of the current and the proximity to the motor nerve. As the physician gets closer to the nerve he/she can reduce the amount of stimulation current and still observe muscle contraction. When the stimulation current is low (&lt;&lt;0.7 mA) and muscle contraction is observed, the probe electrodes are in close proximity to the target motor nerve. In one working example, it was found that the low stimulation current (e.g., 0.7 milliamps) produced stimulation of nerves within 2 mm of the device&#39;s working end. Knowing that the device is within a certain range of a nerve permits the system to apply energy that will have an effect within that range. 
         [0100]    For example, in the current example, if the nerve/muscle becomes stimulated using the threshold stimulation energy (e.g., the low stimulation current) then the physician and/or sensing identifying means will confirm that the working end of the device is placed within an effective distance/range of the target tissue (e.g., the nerve) to apply the therapeutic energy in a controlled manner without producing undesirable collateral damage or encompassing tissue that is well beyond the target tissue. In one variation, stimulation using the threshold stimulation energy/current allows the system to apply stimulation energy while delivering therapeutic energy and maintaining a pre-determined target therapeutic temperature for a pre-determined amount of time. The physician and/or sensing identifying means will confirm that a effective therapeutic endpoint on the target tissue (i.e. nerve) has been reached. It is understood that the design of the electrodes or treatment areas can affect the range (including lesion size, shape, volume, and isotherms) of the device as well. After locating the motor nerve, radiofrequency energy is applied through the same electrodes to heat the tissue and inhibit nerve function. Once an RF lesion is placed on the nerve communication between the brain and the muscle is disrupted and the patient can no longer actuate the muscle. 
         [0101]      FIG. 4A  represents the effect of two parameter settings in the stimulation mode. In the first parameter setting, the device  100  can stimulate nerves in tissue at a first distance  142 . At the second parameter setting, the device  100  stimulates nerves at a second distance. As shown in  FIG. 4A , the first distance is greater than a second distance. Such functionality allows the physician to operate the system at the first parameter setting to generally locate the target nerve. To position the working end  104  of the device  100  closer to the target, the physician changes to the second parameter setting and checks for contraction and relaxation of the muscle governed by the target nerve. Because the stimulation range  140  of the device  100  is limited, stimulation of the target muscle confirms that the working end  104  is close to the target site on the nerve. If the physician operates the device  100  at the second parameter setting and does not observe any muscle movement, the physician will know that the working end is not optimally positioned relative to the nerve. Clearly, the system can include any number of parameter settings. Moreover, the ranges  140  and  142  are for illustrative purposes only, In one working example, the second parameter range is approximately 0.7 milliamps and corresponds to a range  140  of less than 2 mm. Again, the parameter levels and ranges can be adjusted depending upon the application, area of tissue, degree of stimulation required, etc. In another variation of the device and system, the control/power supply (and/or features on the device  100  itself) prevent the device from operating in the therapeutic mode unless the device is toggled to the second parameter setting corresponding to a smaller stimulation range  140 . 
         [0102]    In another variation, instead of being prevented from applying treatment, the system can provide a warning to the physician that the stimulation mode is not in a preferred mode to apply therapeutic treatment. Accordingly, the system can require a physician override so that the physician purposefully performs the therapeutic treatment. 
         [0103]      FIG. 4B  illustrates a temporal nerve branch  14  and an access point  20  where a physician advances the probe  105  of the device  100  to position the probe underneath skin and adjacent to the target nerve. As discussed herein, variations of the invention can use a single axis probe to minimize the entry wound  20  and to accurately trace along the nerve  14 . In alternate variations, a multiple axis probe can be used with the varying parameter functionality discussed herein. 
         [0104]      FIG. 4C  illustrates a working end  104  of the device being advanced through the access opening  20  towards the nerve  14 . As shown, the device can operate in a first parameter setting such that the stimulation distance  142  is sufficient to allow the physician to generally locate the nerve responsible for a particular muscle. Opening  20  is not limited to the location as illustrated. The probe can access any part of the body as needed. 
         [0105]    During the process of probe placement, the stimulation current level may be increased or decreased as described by sequentially depressing one or more switches on the device (see  FIGS. 1 and 2  above). A speaker associated with the system may emit a tone having a volume or frequency or other sound and/or visual attribute substantially proportional to the amplitude setting of the stimulation current with each switch closure. This feature permits the practitioner to adjust the stimulation level without the necessity of adjusting any level dials or switches associated with the generator, allowing the practitioner to focus on critical probe placement. 
         [0106]    In one variation, as the physician locates the nerve  14 , the physician can adjust the system to the second parameter setting thereby lowering the stimulation range  140 . As illustrated, stimulation of the nerve  14  when in the second parameter setting shall inform the physician that the energy transfer portions of the working end are sufficiently close, immediately adjacent and/or contacting the desired target area  30 . 
         [0107]      FIG. 4D  represents the reduced stimulation range  140  as the device is operated in the second parameter setting. Upon observing muscle movement, the physician can enter the therapeutic mode of the system by operating the switch that applies the therapeutic energy/treatment (described above) without moving the device. Once in the therapeutic mode, the physician can ablate or otherwise treat the target area  30 . As noted above, because stimulation of the target nerve occurs When using the threshold current the system can effect treatment of the nerve by applying a pre-determined amount of therapeutic energy that has a known effect on the tissue (either controlling for a specific temperature and/or time as described above). In certain variations, the pre-determined amount of energy is set to ensure that the therapeutic effect does not extend beyond the threshold stimulation range of the device (i.e., the range of the device when using the threshold energy, e.g., range  140  of  FIG. 4A ). 
         [0108]    In an additional variation, the system can treat the target area  30  using a setting that produces muscle contraction or stimulation during the therapeutic application of energy. Accordingly, the physician can observe stimulation of the associated muscle during treatment. In such a variation, the physician can confirm the treatment when the associated muscle ceases movement. It is believed that twitching of muscle occurs when nerves enervating a muscle are depolarized. If the frequency is sufficiently low (e.g., 60 Hz) then nerves can be depolarized directly. 
         [0109]      FIG. 4E  depicts the physician advancing the working end  104  along the nerve  14  through the same opening  20  and also depicts another feature of the system where the device and/or controller/power supply automatically readjusts or switches to the first parameter setting corresponding to a greater stimulation range  142  as opposed to the reduced stimulation range  140  of the second parameter setting. As noted above, in certain variations, when the system is in the first parameter setting the system prevents a use from applying therapeutic treatment. In certain variations, the system can only apply therapeutic treatment when in the second parameter setting. One benefit of this feature is that the physician, having moved the device from first treatment site  30  towards second treatment site  32 , must affirmatively readjust the parameter settings to the first parameter setting to ensure that the energy transfer surfaces of the working end are sufficiently close to the intended nerve and/or target site  32 .  FIG. 4F  shows the device  100  where the physician reselects the second parameter setting corresponding to the reduced stimulation range  140 . Once the physician positions the device through identification of associated muscle movement, the physician can apply the therapeutic treatment without moving the device. As shown, the second location  32  is along an imaginary longitudinal axis of the nerve distally to the more proximal location  30 . Such “proximal to distal” directional ablation along, the longitudinal axis of the nerve is believed to increase the effect of the duration of treatment. 
         [0110]      FIG. 4G  illustrates a variation of a treatment procedure where a physician identifies and creates treatments at. three locations  30 ,  32 ,  34 . For clarity, the illustration shows the working end  105  being withdrawn through the access point  20 . The illustration also shows a distinctive feature of the dual-purpose probe that provides an ability to create multiple lesions  30 ,  32 ,  34  on the same nerve or within a region of nerves that control one or more muscles that require treatment. In the illustrated example, the physician creates an initial lesion  30 . This initial lesion disrupts communication to the nerve but the section of the nerve from lesion  30  to the muscle (denoted by region  22 ) remains intact. This intact region of the nerve allows the physician to continue using the stimulation function of the probe to further stimulate movement of muscle region  22  by moving the probe in a distal direction (i.e., in a direction closer to the muscle region  22  along the nerve). Movement of the device in this manner permits the physician to precisely relocate the device on the same nerve (or on a different nerve branch that controls muscles requiring treatment). As long as the probe tip advances distally along the nerve from the initial lesion (toward the muscle) the physician can locate the nerve through stimulation and observation as discussed above. In the illustrated example, the lesions are created in three sequential processes with the initial lesion  30 , the next lesion  32  and final lesion  34  being formed in succession. The stimulation mode causes muscle contraction as long as the probe is distal to the last lesion. 
         [0111]    The process of relocating the nerve and applying multiple lesions on a single nerve can be applied to ensure long term effect of the treatment. Multiple lesions along the same nerve (or same nerve region) increase the longevity of effect given that the nerve must heal in three locations prior to being able to relay signals. It is believed that multiple lesions assist in the longevity of the duration of the treatment since, it is believed that, nerves heal proximal to distal. Meaning that the most proximal nerve injury (e.g.,  30 ) will most likely heal allowing communication to be re-established along the nerve prior to the more distal nerve injuries (i.e.,  32  and  34 ). 
         [0112]    In another variation, as shown in  FIGS. 4A to 4G , a method for creating multiple lesions on the same nerve include using external stimulation device and map nerve location to get rough indication of nerve location. Then the physician inserts the probe or device probe into tissue. The physician then uses the stimulation function, to locate the target nerve, in variations, the stimulation function is automatically set to a parameter setting that increases a stimulation range of the device but also prevents the device from firing the therapeutic/ablation treatment. The physician will then adjust stimulation current to precisely located nerve and confirm muscle contraction. Assuming the stimulation parameters are set to reduce the stimulation range of the device and the physician confirms positioning of the probe via observation, the physician can then initiate the therapeutic mode of the device (e.g., by applying energy to affect the ability of the nerve/tissue to transmit neural signals, or ablating the nerve/tissue). In certain variations, the system will automatically reset to the first parameter stimulation settings, which increases a stimulation range of the device and prevents the device from activating in the therapeutic mode. Next, the physician can optionally advance the probe to a new location distal to the initial lesion and will repeat the stimulation and treatment. The physician can repeat the subsequent treatments along the nerve as desired to create any number of lesions. 
         [0113]    Variations of the device include at least three parameter settings where two parameter settings correspond to a much reduced range of stimulation than the third parameter setting. In such a case, the two reduced parameter settings can correspond to a first acceptable range and a second finer range. Such a setting would allow a physician to locate the device relative to a nerve with varying degrees of accuracy. 
         [0114]      FIG. 5  illustrates another feature of the dual function device  100 . In this variation, the fluid ports located on the device deliver a substance  134  between treatment portions  122   124  of the device. In the example, the substance comprises an anesthetic or numbing agent to create a limited zone  44  of effect (as illustrated by the shaded portion of  FIG. 5 ). One benefit of this configuration is that application of a numbing agent over a larger area can potentially interfere with the ability of a nerve to stimulate the muscle. Accordingly, if the numbing agent affects the nerve so that it can no longer trigger muscle movement, or if the areas of the nerve distal to the first treatment site cannot be stimulated, the effectiveness of the procedure might suffer. Variations of the procedure include delivering the numbing agent before, during and/or after the step of applying therapy. In certain cases it is desirable for the patient to maintain motor control over the muscles being treated since the physician can ask the patient to contract the muscle. Contraction of the muscle allows the physician to determine the progress of the treatment. In such cases it can be undesirable to blanket the face or muscles with an anesthetic since the patient will be unable to contract his/her muscles. &lt;Examples of numbing agents include dilute lidocaine 1 or 2 percent, lidocaine with epinephrine, and septocaine. However, any numbing agent can be used. 
         [0115]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate various additional examples of creating treatment sites to effect a therapeutic benefit.  FIG. 6  illustrates a first lesion  30  on a proximal or main branch of a nerve with a second  32 , third  34 , and fourth  36  lesions on separate branches of the nerve  14 . As discussed above, the sequence of the ablation sites is based on a proximal to distal direction (e.g., away from the insertion point, or towards muscle).  FIG. 6B  shows an example of a treatment of multiple lateral nerve branches. As shown in  FIG. 6B , a variation of the procedure includes applying lesions to “lateral” branches of the primary nerve proximal to the muscle. The desired effect, of inhibiting nerve function, therefore eliminating hyperdynamic facial lines (wrinkles) caused by the muscle activity, can be achieve by applying a single lesion to multiple nerve branches of the temporal nerve. Although not required the first lesion  30  is positioned closes to the access point  16  and furthest from the target muscle, the second lesion  32  is formed distal to the first lesion  30  and the third lesion  32  is formed distal to the second  32  where each lesion is on a different branch of the temporal nerve  17 . 
         [0116]      FIG. 6C  illustrates another example of lesions  30  being created on the angular nerve in a manner as described herein. As noted above, the methods and devices of the present disclosure can be created in any number of areas of the body and along any number of nerves. 
         [0117]      FIG. 7  Alternate variations of Bi-Polar Driver System 
         [0118]      FIG. 7  identifies the two required components of the system, various modules and optional items. The two components always utilized during a procedure will be the energy generator/controller/data storage device  400  and probe  371 .  400  contains advanced electronic systems capable of recognizing a properly authorized probe, preventing re use of a previously used probe, generating appropriate energy as described, performing safety checks, storing data, and other functions as described. Main functions of  400  may include, but not be limited to, generation of light, generation of location-stimulation currents, generation of ablation energies, data logging, storage, communication and retrieval, and other functions critical to a MIS procedure. Probe  371  and its various forms are single puncture bipolar surgical tools that may be used in identifying proper location of its tip  301 , in relation to target tissue  101  which is desired to be ablated, modified or destroyed. Probe  771  and its various derivatives may optionally be used to assist in locating and properly positioning tip  301  of probe  371 . 
         [0119]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  Isometric View of the Bi-Polar Probe 
         [0120]    Bi-polar probe  310  represents probes  371 ,  372 ,  373  shown in  FIGS. 9A-9C  with exception to type of needlepoint on the probe.  FIG. 9D  varies from the other because it has a split return probe. Bi-polar probe  310  (not drawn to scale) consists of insulating dielectric body  309  made from a suitable biology inert material, such as Teflon, PTFE or other insulative material, covering electrode  302  except for where  302  is exposed as a return electrode. Conductive return electrode  302  tube is fabricated from medical grade stainless steel, titanium or other conductive material. Hollow or solid conductive tip electrode  301  protrudes from surrounding dielectric insulator  305 . Sizes of  309 ,  302 ,  305 , and  301  and its inner lumen (diameter, length, thickness, etc.) may be adjusted so as to allow for different surface areas resulting in specific current densities as required for specific therapeutic applications. 
         [0121]    Hollow Electrode  301  often used as a syringe to deliver medication such as local anesthetic. Tip electrode  301  is connected to power amplifier  416  via impedance matching network  418  ( FIG. 10 ). Return electrode(s)  302  delivers return current to power amplifier  416  via impedance matching network  418 . Dielectric insulator in the disclosed embodiment is a transparent medical grade polycarbonate acting as a light pipe or fiber optic cable. Light source LED or laser  408  ( FIG. 10 ) provides illumination at the far end of the probe via fiber optic cable/transparent dielectric  305  for guiding the probe under the skin i.e. shallow procedures. In an alternate embodiment dielectric insulator is replaced with a plurality of optical fibers for viewing, and illumination as taught in  FIG. 12A . 
         [0122]    Ablation regions  306  and  140  extend radially about electrode  301  generally following electric field lines. For procedures very close to skin  330  a chance of burning exists in region  306 . To minimize the chance of burning, a split return electrode probe  374  in  FIG. 91 ) is offered. Thereby concentrating the current away from region  306  to  140  or vice versa. In  FIG. 8A , insulator  307  splits the return electrode into two sections  302  and  303 , dividing return current ratio from 0-50%, which may also be selectively activated. Active electrodes are also split into two sections  301  and  311  so energy may be directed in a desired direction. This electrode configuration is identified on the proximal portion of the probe so the operator may position the needle and electrodes accordingly.  FIG. 12A  teaches a laser directed ablation for more precise energy delivery. 
         [0123]      FIG. 8A  Isometric View of Split Bi-Polar Probe. 
         [0124]    The bi-polar probe  380  (not drawn to scale) consists of an insulating dielectric body  309  made from a suitable biologically inert material, such as Teflon PTFE or other electrical insulation, that covers split return electrodes  302  and  303 . The disclosed conductive return electrodes  302  and  303  are fabricated from medical grade stainless steel, titanium or other electrically conductive material. Hollow or solid split conductive tip electrodes  301  and  311  protrude from the surrounding dielectric insulator  305 . The operation of the hollow/split conductive tip is very similar to probe tip  310  as taught in  FIG. 9D . Ablation regions  1203  (FIGS,  10 ) and  140 - 144  extend radially about electrode  301  generally following electric field lines. For procedures very close to skin  330  a chance of burning exists in region  306 . To minimize chance of burning a split return electrode probe  311  is used, thereby concentrating the current away from region  306  to  140 . For procedures where there is a risk to nearby structures  111 , the ablation region  1203  must be a non-radial ablation zone. The disclosed split electrode  380  permits dividing or splitting energy delivered to electrode pairs  301 / 302  and  311 / 303 . The disclosed division or ratio between pairs is 0-100%. Dual amplifiers or time multiplexing/switching main amplifier,  416  located between electrode pairs, directs energy to target  101  avoiding  111 . This simple switch network reliably ratios electrical energy while minimizing damage to nearby structures. 
         [0125]      FIG. 9A  Conical Bi-Polar Needle 
         [0126]    Bi-polar probe  371  discloses conical shaped electrode  301  and tip  351  for minimally invasive single point entry. Probe diameter  358  is similar to a 20-gage or other small gauge syringe needle, but may be larger or smaller depending on the application, surface area required and depth of penetration necessary. In disclosed embodiment, electrode shaft  302  is 30 mm long with approximately 5 mm not insulated. Lengths and surface areas of both may be modified to meet various applications such as in cosmetic surgery or in elimination of back pain. The conductive return electrode  302  is fabricated from medical grade stainless steel, titanium or other conductive material. The dielectric insulator  305  in the disclosed embodiment is a transparent medical grade material such as polycarbonate, which may double as a light pipe or fiber optic cable. The high intensity light source  408  LED/laser ( FIG. 10 ) provides guidance illumination  448  at working end of probe. The illumination source modulation/flash rate is proportional to the received stimulation current  810  as taught in  FIG. 8 . A small diameter electrode permits a minimally invasive procedure that is typically performed with local anesthetic. This configuration may contain lumens for delivery of agents as described elsewhere. 
         [0127]      FIG. 9B  Hollow Chisel 
         [0128]    The hollow chisel electrode  352  is often used as a syringe to deliver medication such as local anesthetic, medications,/tracer dye. The hollow electrode may also extract a sample. Dielectric insulator  305  in the disclosed embodiment is a transparent medical grade polycarbonate and performs as a light pipe or fiber optic cable. The novel dual-purpose dielectric reduces probe diameter and manufacturing costs. Light source  408 , typically a LED or laser ( FIG. 10  not shown), provides Illumination  448  at the working end of probe. It provides an illumination source for guiding the probe under the skin. A second embodiment, as taught in  FIG. 12A , dielectric insulator is replaced/combined with plurality of optical fibers for viewing/illumination. 
         [0129]      FIG. 9C  Tapered Conical 
         [0130]    The bi-polar probe  373  discloses a tapered conical shaped probe for minimally invasive single point entry. It is constructed similarly to probe  371  as taught in  FIG. 3A . Probe tip is not drawn to scale to teach the tip geometry. In disclosed embodiment, electrode  301  is approximately 5 mm long and fabricated from medical grade stainless steel but may be of various lengths to accommodate specific application and surface area requirements. The solid tapered conductive tip electrode  353  protrudes from tapered dielectric insulator  305 . Transparent dielectric insulator  305  also performs as light pipe or fiber optic cable terminated to high intensity light source  408  ( FIG. 7 ) providing illumination  448 . The electrode assembly is mounted in an ergonomic handle  388  (which has not been drawn to scale). Handle  388  holds ablation on/off switch  310 , ablation/stimulation mode switch  367 , identification module  331  and terminations for cable  1334  ( FIG. 73 ). Temperature sensor  330  (located close to tip) monitors tissue temperature. 
         [0131]      FIG. 9D  Split Conical Bi-Polar Probe 
         [0132]    Description of this probe is described in both drawings  8 B and  9 D. Bi-polar probe  374  (not drawn to scale) consists of insulating dielectric body  309  made from a suitable biologically inert material, such as Teflon, that covers split return electrodes  302  and  303 . Conductive return electrodes  302  are fabricated from medical grade stainless steel, titanium or other suitable conductive material. Hollow or solid split conductive tip electrodes  301  and  311  protrude from surrounding dielectric insulator  305 . Their operation is very similar to probe tip  380  as taught in  FIG. 8A . Solid tapered conductive tip electrodes  311  and  301  protrude from transparent dielectric insulator  305 . Dielectric insulator  305  also performs as a light pipe or fiber optic cable terminated to high intensity light source  408  providing illumination  448 . 
         [0133]    Probe handle (not drawn to scale) encloses memory module  331 , on/off switch  310  and mode switch  367 . Temperature sensor  330  (located close to tip) monitors tissue temperature. Split electrode  380  ( FIG. 8A ) permits dividing or splitting energy delivered to electrode pairs  301 / 302  and  311 / 303 . Dual amplifiers or time multiplexing/switching main amplifier  416  are located between electrode pairs directing energy to target  101  avoiding  111  creating asymmetric ablation volume. A small diameter electrode needle is injected from a single point of entry minimizing scaring and simplifying precise electrode placement. 
         [0134]    Connections consist of a tapered dielectric sleeve  309  covering the ridged stainless electrode tube  302 . Insulating sleeve  309  is made from a suitable biologically inert material, which covers electrode  302 . Dielectric  305  insulates conical tipped electrodes  351  and  301 . 
         [0135]      FIG. 11A  Ablation Procedure (Without Auxiliary Probes) 
         [0136]    Ablation probe  371  is inserted and directed anatomically into the area where the target nerve to be ablated (Box  531 ) is located. Test current  811  is applied (Box  532 ). If probe is located in the immediate proximity of the target nerve a physiological reaction will be detected/observed (Example: During elimination of glabellar furrowing, muscle stimulation of the forehead will be observed). If reaction is observed, then a mark may optionally be applied on the surface of the skin to locate the area of the nerve. Power is applied (Box  535 ) in an attempt to ablate the nerve. If physiological reaction is not observed, (Box  534 ) the probe will be relocated closer to the target nerve and the stimulation test will be repeated (Box  536  &amp;  537 ). If no physiological reaction is observed, the procedure may be terminated (Box  544 ). Also, the probe may be moved in any direction, up, down, near, far, circular, in a pattern, etc. to create a larger area of ablation for a more permanent result. 
         [0137]    In Box  537 , if stimulation is observed again, then the ablation power may be set higher (Box  538 ), alternatively, as mentioned, the needle may be moved in various directions, or a larger dosage of energy may be reapplied, to form a larger area of ablation for more effective or permanent termination of signal conduction through the nerve. After delivery of power (Box  540 ), stimulation energy may be applied again (Box  541 ). If there is no stimulation, the procedure is completed (Box  544 ). If there is still signal flow through the nerve (stimulation or physiological reaction) then the probe may be relocated (Box  542 ) and the procedure is started over again (Box  533 ). 
         [0138]      FIG. 11B  Flow Chart of Visually Guided Ablation Procedure Using Auxiliary Probes Such As  771  and  772   
         [0139]    Auxiliary probes  771  and  772  ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) provide a method to quickly and accurately locate target structure  101  and subsequently mark target location  755 . Auxiliary probes may be much smaller (like acupuncture needles) than ablation probes. Structures are marked typically with an ink or similar pen allowing the illuminated ablation probe  371  or other ablation probe to be quickly guided to mark  755 . Optionally, non-illuminated probes may be used allowing the practitioner to simply feel for the probe tip. For deep structures, probe  771  ( FIG. 8 ) us employed as an electronic beacon. Small current  811 , which is similar to the stimulation current but smaller, from probe tip  702  is used to guide ablation probe  372  ( FIG. 8 ). 
         [0140]    Operation  530  ( FIG. 11B ) inserts auxiliary probe  771  or  772  ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) thru skin  330  and muscle layer(s)  710  near nerve  101 . Target  101  depth  766  is measured ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) using auxiliary probe markings  765 . Decision  533  checks if the probe is in position if not adjustments are performed in  534 . Operation  532  enables nerve simulation current  811 . When muscle stimulation is obtained or physiological reaction is obtained, Auxiliary probe tip is in place. Depth may be noted by reading marks  765  and location marks  755  may be made in operation  535 . With the probe in position under mark in operations  536  and  537 , operation  538  sets power level  404  and doses ablation switch  410 . Alternatively, stimulation may be applied directly from the ablation probe as taught elsewhere. Operation  540  and controller  401  set generator  411  ( FIG. 7 ) frequencies, modulation  420  envelope and enables power amplifier  416  to deliver preset ablation energy. Region  1203  ( FIG. 10 ) shows the general shape of the ablation region for conical tip  301  for example. 
         [0141]    Between each ablation, procedure  540  ( FIG. 11A ) (nerve conduction) is tested in  541 . Probe amplifier  416  delivers small nerve stimulation current  811  from electrode  301  or Auxiliary probe  771  or both. Based on the nerve conduction test  541  if the desired level of conduction is achieved the procedure is compete. Operation  542  moves the probe to the next position and repeats conduction test  541 . If compete, the probe(s) is removed in operation  544 . Number and ablation intensity/energy are set by the particular procedure and the desired permanence. The practitioner selects the procedure/power level  404  ( FIG. 7 ) and controller  401  compares the installed probe via identification  331  ( FIG. 7 ) for compatibility with selected procedure. The practitioner is alerted if the installed probe is incompatible with selected power range  404 . 
         [0142]    As an example and not a limitation, five ablation regions ( 140 ,  141 ,  142 ,  143 , and  144 ) are shown in  FIG. 10 . Ablation starts with area  144 , then the probe is moved to  143  and so on to  140 . Alternatively, movement may be dining insertion, moved laterally, in a circular manner or other manner to enlarge the area of targeted nerve destruction. Nerve responses may be tested alter each ablation allowing the practitioner to immediately check the level of nerve conduction. Probe position and power adjustments are made before applying additional ablations if required. Accurate probe location tools and methods taught herein permit use of minimal ablation energy thereby minimizing damage to non-target structures. This translates to reduced healing time and minimal patient discomfort. The instant invention gives the practitioner a new tool to perform a minimally invasive nerve conduction limiting procedure with the ability to select, temporary or permanent nerve conduction interruption with a new level of confidence. This new tool offers a low cost procedure performed typically in office or outpatient setting often taking less than one hour with local anesthetic. In contrast to prior art where surgical procedures require stitches and longer healing intervals with limited control of permanence (nerve re-growth). 
         [0143]    Auxiliary probes  771  and  772  ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) have accurately located target structure  101  and subsequently marked target locations  140  to  144 . Shallow structures are marked typically with ink pen ( 755 ) allowing illuminated ablation probe  371 ,  372  or equivalent to be quickly guided to that point. For deep structures, probe  771  is employed as electronic beacon, small current  811  from probe tip  702  is used to guide ablation probe  372  as taught in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0144]    Ablation probe  372  is inserted thru skin  330  and muscle layer(s)  710  near nerve  101 . Illumination source  408  permits practitioner to quickly and accuracy guide illuminated  448  ablation probe  372  into position. Illumination  448  from ablation probe as seen by practitioner  775  is used as an additional aide in depth estimation. Selectable nerve simulation current  811  aids nerve  101  location within region  1204 . This novel probe placement system gives practitioner confidence system is working correctly so s/he can concentrate on the delicate procedure. Accurate probe location permits use of minimal energy during ablation, minimizing damage to non-target structures and reducing healing time and patient discomfort. 
         [0145]    Region  1203  shows the general shape of the ablation region for conical tip  301 . Tip  301  is positioned in close proximity to target nerve  101 . Ablation generally requires one or a series of localized ablations. Number and ablation intensity/energy are set by the particular procedure and the desired permanence. 
         [0146]    Five ablation regions are illustrated  140 ,  141 ,  142 ,  143 , and  144 ; however, there could be more or less regions. Ablation starts with area  144 , then the probe is moved to  143  and so on to  140 , conversely, ablations could start at  140  and progress to  144 . Also, the practitioner could perform rotating motions, thus further increasing the areas of ablation and permanence of the procedure. Between each ablation procedure  540  ( FIG. 5C ), a small nerve stimulation test current  811  is emitted from electrode  301 . The approximate effective range of the nerve stimulation current  811  is shown by  1204 . Testing nerve response after each ablation allows the practitioner to immediately check level of nerve conduction. Without probe  372  removal, the practitioner receives immediate feedback as to the quality of the ablation. Then minor probe position adjustments are made before conducting additional ablations (if required). 
         [0147]      FIG. 10  illustrates another example of a system for use with the methods and procedures described herein. First the probe electrode  301  is positioned in the desired location relative to the target nerve  101  ( FIG. 10 ), then the user initiates the treatment via switch(s)  410  and  310  using the selected power setting  404  ( FIG. 10 ). The controller configures the generators  411  ( FIG. 10 ) and  412  to the amplitude frequency and modulation envelope, delivering 50 KHz-2.5 MHz of 5 to 500 watts of available energy. The summing junction  413  combines the RF outputs as the application requires and passes them to the pulse-width modulator  415  for output power control. The output of modulation generator  420  is applied to the multiplier  415  with radio frequency RF signals  422  and  423 . This permits complex energy profiles to be delivered to a time variant non-linear biologic load. All of these settings are based on the information provide to the generator by the installed probe  371  the selected power  404  settings, and the modulation envelope  420  ( FIG. 10 ) settings, which are then loaded by the generator  421 . 
         [0148]    For example, both a high amplitude sine wave  910  ( FIG. 15 ), used for cutting, and a pulse-width modulated (or PWM) sine wave  920 , used for coagulation, are well known to electro-surgery art. Precise power rates and limits of average total power are controlled via integrator  435  minimizing damage to nearby structures or burning close to the skin for shallow procedures. Where nearby structures  111  ( FIG. 8B ) are too close to be avoided by electrodes such as  371  ( FIG. 9A ) and  372  ( FIG. 9B ), additional probe geometries as taught in herein offer additional methods to direct energy and limit ablation to a smaller region, thereby avoiding other structures. For safety a hardwired switch  436  disables the power amplifier in the event of a system fault, the probe is unplugged or over power condition, thus protecting both the patient and practitioner. 
         [0149]    The output of the modulator  415  is applied to the input of the power amplifier  416  section. The power amplifier&#39;s  416  outputs are then feed into the impedance matching network  418 , which provides dynamic controlled output to the biologic loads that are highly variable and non-linear, and require dynamic control of both power levels and impedance matching. The tuning of the matching network  418  is performed for optimal power transfer for the probe, power level, and treatment frequencies settled. The system&#39;s peak power is 500 watts for this disclosed embodiment. Precise control is established by the proximity of the tip and the control loops included in the generator itself. The final energy envelope  420  is delivered to probe tip  301  and return electrodes  302 . 
         [0150]    Directed Ablation 
         [0151]    In addition to the substantial radially-symmetric ablation patterns with probes as taught in  371  ( FIG. 9A ) and  372 , switching or dividing ablation power to multiple electrodes ( FIG. 9D ) can generate an asymmetric ablation zone. This high intensity source  608  with probe  610  ( FIGS. 12A and 1B ) minimizes damage to nearby structures  111  or the burning of skin  330  in shallow procedures. Also,  FIGS. 8B and 9D  identify probe configurations for selective or asymmetric ablation. 
         [0152]    Power Feedback 
         [0153]    The power amplifier output  430  and buffered the feedback signals  437  can be connected to an Analog to Digital converter (or ADC)  431  for processor analysis and control. Said signals  437  control power modulation  420  settings and impact the impedance matching control signals  419 . This integrated power signal  437  is recorded to the operating-condition database ( FIG. 16A ) for later procedure review. This power level is also compared to reading taken from the probe  1492  ( FIG. 16B ) as compared against procedure maximums, which if exceeded will in turn disable the amplifier output, thereby protecting the patient from error or equipment fault. Similarly, limits from the probe and generator sensors such as temperature  330  can optionally be used to terminate or substantially reduce the modulated power levels and ultimately the procedure. 
         [0154]    The controllers described herein can also verify a selected procedure  1415  ( FIG. 16A ) for compatibility with installed probe. If incompatible, the user is also prompted to select a different power setting  404 , procedure, or probe  371 . If probe  371  matches power setting  404 , the system enables power amplifier  416 , guide light source  408 , and low-voltage nerve simulation  732 . Both of these procedures are enforced by a mandatory “hand shake” protocol and the serialized information, which must be present and properly verified by the electronic circuitry for a procedure to be instituted. During a clinical procedure, information is required to be conveyed by the embedded electronics contained within the probe, which provides another way of enforcing this protection and thus again preventing unauthorized re-use. The ultimate goal is prevent cross-contamination between patients. The probe will accomplish this by being unique, serialized, and given the above procedures. Once plugged in, the probe will enter the serial number into the data logging system via the serial bus  403  and circuit logic will thereafter prevent re-use of the probe and cross-contamination that would occur. Further, this scheme will prevent the use of unauthorized third party probes, for they will not be activated, preventing potential inferior or uncertified probes from being used and presenting potential danger to the patient. 
         [0155]    Optical Probe Guidance 
         [0156]    Disclosed invention provides optical sources  408  that aid in probe placement ( FIG. 17 ) by supplementing stimulation source  732  and acting as preliminary guide. Probe  771  is selectable between nerve stimulator or current  811  measurement and to or from the auxiliary probe tip  702 . The ablation probe switch  367  selects low-energy stimulator/receiver or high-energy ablation to or from probe  371 ,  372 ,  373 , and  374 . In this mode, the physician operator will have previously placed marks  755  on the surface of the skin by various means described. The physician operator  775  will then see the tip when the  448  if the optical illumination is turned on. It  448  will provide a bright spot under the skin indicating the location of the tip in relation to the marks  755 . The physician  775  will then guide the probe tip  301  into precise alignment under these marks  755  so as to enable ablation of that target tissue  101 . Alternative Probe Configurations 
         [0157]      FIG. 19  is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of a single axis electrosurgical probe  2000  having a longitudinal probe axis  2001 , which is similar to the probes described above. However, probe  2000  of  FIG. 19  features substantially equal surface area conductive electrodes  2002  and  2004  located along a longitudinal axis. A probe  371  also having substantially equal surface area electrodes  301  and  302  is shown in above. 
         [0158]    In an equal electrode surface area implementation, one of the conductive electrodes  2002 ,  2004  may be selectively connected to a stimulation current source or an ablation current source as described above. The other electrode  2002 ,  2004  may be unconnected or connected as a ground or return path for the connected current source. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 19  conductive electrode  2002  is configured to be connected to the ablation source making electrode  2002  the active electrode. Thus electrode  2004  is in this embodiment a return electrode. Either electrode  2002 ,  2004  may be connected to a current source or return with appropriate switches. 
         [0159]    Since electrodes  2002  and  2004  have substantially equal surface area, the local heating formed upon the application of RF ablation energy to the active electrode  2002  results in a heating zone having a substantially symmetrical ellipsoid form. 
         [0160]    The single axis electrosurgical probe  2000  of  FIG. 19  also features a dielectric insulator  2006  positioned along the probe axis between the conductive electrodes  2002  and  2004 . The dielectric insulator  2006  may have any suitable length, and probes with alternative length insulators may be manufactured for specific ablation procedures. Varying the length of the dielectric insulator  2006  varies the gap dimension  2008  between the electrodes  2002  and  2004 . Varying the gap dimension  2008  provides for optimization of the current density within the ablation zone, varies the length of the ablation zone and permits the use of higher voltages, if desired. Thus, the gap dimension may be selected in conjunction with other parameters such as electrode surface area and ablation current to achieve select ablation volumes and tissue temperatures for specific applications. 
         [0161]    The probe  2000  of  FIG. 19  also features a blunt tip  2010  rather than the conical tip  351 , chiseled tip  352  or other tips of the probes described herein. The blunt tip  2010  of  FIG. 19  has a smooth rounded profile and is advantageous in certain instances to allow the probe to be easily advanced and maneuvered under the skin minimizing the risk of puncture or the cutting of adjacent tissue or anatomical structures. Thus, a blunt tip  2010  may significantly reduce the bruising or other trauma associated with a procedure. 
         [0162]    The probe  2000  of  FIG. 19  may include a sensor  2012 . The sensor may be a temperature sensor  2012 . A temperature sensor provides for active temperature monitoring within the ablation zone. Alternatively, a single axis electrosurgical probe of any configuration may be implemented with a Kalman filter as taught by Conolly U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,384 which patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Kalman filters are also used to estimate tissue temperature within an ablation volume. Kalman filters are suitable for use where well-defined tissue state changes occur at specific temperatures due to protein denaturation such as the denaturation of collagen at 65 C. Kalman filter temperature monitoring is advantageous because the bulk and cost of a separate temperature sensor can be avoided. 
         [0163]      FIG. 20  is a schematic view of an asymmetrical single axis probe  2014  also defining a longitudinal probe axis  2015 . The probe  2014  features a first conductive electrode  2016  and a second conductive electrode  2018  having different surface areas. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 20 , the first electrode  2016  is an active electrode and the second electrode  2018  having a larger surface area is a return electrode. A probe having any surface area ratio between an active and return electrode may be fabricated and used to achieve specific ablation results. In addition, the relative positions of the active electrode  2016  and the return electrode  2018  with respect to the tip of a given probe may be switched. In one embodiment the ratio of the active electrode  2016  to the surface area of the return electrode  2018  is 1:3. Other ratios including 1:8 may be implemented to achieve specific results. The surface area ratio may further be adjustable using a sleeve or other mechanism which will shield or cover a portion of on or both electrodes thus increasing or decreasing the length of the gap defining dielectric insulator  2019 . Generally, asymmetrical electrode surface areas will result in asymmetrical heating and ablation because of the higher current density of the RF ablation energy at the electrode with smaller surface area, For example, upon the application of RF energy to the active electrode of the  FIG. 20  embodiment, a tissue volume proximal the active electrode  2016  may be asymmetrically heated due to the greater current density resulting from the relatively small surface area of the active electrode  2016 . Asymmetrical tissue heating coupled with precise RF power integration taught herein and various probe geometries permits the formation of selected repeatable and controlled ablation volumes. 
         [0164]      FIG. 21  schematically illustrates an alternative asymmetrical probe  2020 , which is similar in many respects to the asymmetrical probe  2014  of  FIG. 20 . The asymmetrical probe  2020  of  FIG. 21 , however, features an active electrode  2022  having a surface area greater than that of the return electrode  2024 . In the  FIG. 21  embodiment current density is higher at the relatively smaller surface area electrode  2024 , thus ablation energy is concentrated in the dielectric insulator gap  2025  between the electrodes  2022  and  2024  nearer return electrode  2024  and away from the tip of the probe. 
         [0165]      FIG. 22  is a schematic view of one embodiment of a multiple electrode probe  2026 . The multiple electrode probe  2026  includes a substantially needle-shaped probe body  2028  which defines a longitudinal probe axis  2029 . More than two electrodes are associated with the probe body and positioned at various locations along the probe axis. In the  FIG. 22  embodiment the electrodes include an active electrode  2030 , a return electrode  2032 , and a stimulation electrode  2034 . In this embodiment the active electrode is positioned near the tip of the multiple electrode probe  2026 , the return electrode  2032  is positioned away from the tip and the stimulation electrode  2034  is positioned between the active electrode  2030  and the return electrode  2032 . It should be noted that the position of the various electrodes with respect to each other and the tip may be varied to achieve specific ablation and probe positioning advantages. In addition, the connection of any given physical electrode as an active electrode, return or stimulation electrode may be varied at the discretion of the user with a simple switching mechanism between the electrode and the ablation or stimulation energy sources. Alternatively, a separate ground or return path  2035  may be utilized with any configuration of electrodes. The various electrodes of the multiple electrode probe  2026  are separated by a first dielectric insulator  2036  and a second dielectric insulator  2038 .  FIG. 23  schematically illustrates the multi-polar probe  2026  of  FIG. 22  with the addition of a curved section  2040  opposite the portion of the probe body  2028  associated with the electrodes. The curved section  2040  may in certain instances allow the practitioner to achieve optimal probe positioning with a minimum of unnecessary tissue disruption. A multiple electrode probe  2026  may be implemented with dielectric insulators  2036 ,  2038  of varying dimensions, sensors or electrodes of different surface areas, all as described above, to achieve desired ablation results. 
         [0166]      FIG. 23-25  schematically illustrates an alternative embodiment of a multiple electrode probe  2042 . The multiple electrode probe  2042  of  FIG. 23-25  includes a probe body  2044  Which defines a longitudinal probe axis  2045 . Multiple electrodes  2046 - 2062  are associated with the probe body  2044  at separate locations along the probe axis. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 23-25  the electrodes are uniformly sized and spaced. It is important to note, however, that different sizes of electrodes and non-uniform spacing of the electrodes may be implemented to achieve specific ablation results. Preferably, each of the electrodes  2046 - 2062  may be selectively connected with one or more switches to a stimulation current source, an ablation current source, a ground for the stimulation current source a ground for an ablation energy source or left unconnected. As described in detail below, the flexibility provided by switched connection of each electrode to a current source or ground provides certain advantages in probe location and ablation. In addition, the multiple electrode probe  2042  could be deployed in conjunction with a separate return electrode  2064 , typically placed in contact with tissue away from the ablation site. 
         [0167]    Placement Methods 
         [0168]    Several methods of properly positioning a probe adjacent to a selected nerve for ablation energy application are discussed above. For example, probe placement methods featuring florescence marker dyes, optical probe guidance and electronic probe guidance with the use of low energy nerve stimulation current are discussed in detail. Certain of the alternative probe configurations as illustrated in  FIGS. 19-25  provide for refined probe placement methods using variations of the basic electrical stimulation techniques described above. 
         [0169]    The single axis electrosurgical probe  2000  of  FIG. 18  or the asymmetric probes  2014 ,  2020  described herein can each be properly positioned using an iterative technique, as described above with reference to  FIGS. 11A-C . The iterative placement method may be refined for uses with multiple electrode probes such as are depicted in  FIGS. 16-20 . 
         [0170]    In probe embodiments where the stimulation electrode is positioned in between the ablation electrodes  2030 ,  2032 , the above described iterative method guarantees that the target nerve is positioned within an elliptical ablation zone  2064  (see  FIG. 17 ) which will be formed between the active electrode  2030  and return electrode  2032  upon the application of RF ablation energy. 
         [0171]      FIG. 23-25  shows an alternative embodiment of a multiple electrode probe  2042  placed in various orientations with respect to a target nerve  2066 . For example in  FIG. 23 , the multiple electrode probe  2042  is placed transverse the nerve  2066 , in  FIG. 24  the multiple electrode probe  2042  is placed parallel to a portion of the nerve  2066  and  FIG. 25  shows the multiple electrode probe  2042  placed across the target nerve  2066  at an angle. As is described in detail above, each of the electrodes  2046 - 2065  may preferably be selectively connected to a stimulation current source, an ablation energy source, a ground or left unconnected. The electrodes  2046 - 2062  may be connected manually or switched and activated electronically. 
         [0172]    The multiple electrodes of the  FIG. 23-25  embodiment of the multiple electrode probe  2042  provides for certain advanced placement and ablation procedures. For example,  FIG. 23  illustrates a method for locating and selectively applying energy to a target nerve  2066 , which runs substantially transverse the probe at a point along the axial length of the probe  2042 . This placement method features the practitioner initially positioning the probe across the target nerve  2066 . The electrodes  2046  through  2062  are then activated sequentially with stimulating current, in adjacent active/ground pairs (bipolar mode) or individually with reliance upon an external ground  2064  (mono-polar mode). The practitioner may then observe the response of one or more muscles associated with the target nerve as stimulation current is applied to successive electrodes  2046 - 2062 . 
         [0173]    For example, with reference to  FIG. 23 , stimulation current may be applied between electrodes  2046  and  2048 . The practitioner notes that there is no corresponding muscle response. Stimulation current may next be applied between electrodes  2048  and  2050 . Again, no muscle response is observed by the practitioner. Sequentially, stimulation current is then applied to successive electrode pairs. When the stimulation current is applied between electrodes  2054  and  2056  there may be a mild muscle response. When the stimulation current is applied between electrodes  2056  and  2058  however, a strong muscle response will be observed. Continuing on, the stimulation is then applied between electrodes  2058  and  2060 . Here a greatly reduced muscle response is observed indicating that the nerve is crossing the probe substantially between electrodes  2056  and  2058 . Subsequently, ablation energy may be applied between designated electrodes  2056  and  2058  to ablate nerve  2066 . 
         [0174]      FIG. 24  illustrates a similar nerve location and ablation procedure wherein the nerve  2066  is substantially parallel to and adjacent to the axial length of the probe  2042  adjacent electrodes  2048  through  2056 . In this second example the practitioner first applies stimulation current is applied between electrodes  2046  and  2048 . A mild muscle response or no muscle response may be observed. When stimulation current is applied between electrodes  2048  and  2050 , a strong muscle response is noted by the practitioner. 
         [0175]    Sequentially, the stimulation current is then applied between electrodes  2050  and  2052  with similar strong muscle response observed. This sequential stimulation and response process is observed through the activation of electrodes  2056  and  2058  where the muscle response is substantially diminished or not observable. This is an indication that electrodes  2048  through  2056  are all in contact with the nerve  2042 . The electrodes  2048  through  2056  may then be switched to the ablation current source activated and sequentially or simultaneously in bi-polar pairs or individually in bi-polar or mono-polar mode to ablate the nerve  2042 . The nerve could be ablated along a select length defined by the number of electrodes activated by the practitioner. This method could also be implemented in mono-polar mode whereby stimulation or ablation energy is applied between one or more electrodes  2046  through  2062  and a separate return electrode applied externally on the body. 
         [0176]      FIG. 25  illustrates a substantially similar nerve location and ablation procedure wherein the multiple elect-rode probe  2042  crosses the nerve  2066  diagonally or at an oblique angle to the probe axis. Thus,  FIG. 25  illustrates a method for angular positioning of the probe  2042  relative to the nerve  2066 . In this example stimulation current applied as described above at electrodes  2052 ,  2054 , and perhaps  2056  would result in a response in the associated muscle. If a larger number of electrodes elicit a muscle response, this is an indication of a broader nerve/probe contact area resulting from a more parallel contact placement of the probe  2042  relative to the nerve  2066 . Such a determination of angular placement can be enhanced by Fabricating a probe with relatively short distance between adjacent electrodes, relative to the diameter of a nerve of interest. The practitioner may also maneuver the probe to attain a muscle response from more or less electrodes as desired providing the opportunity to ablate a greater or lesser length of the never without axially repositioning the probe. 
         [0177]    The above methods of angular probe positioning and sequential stimulation may be combined with the iterative techniques also described above. For example, the stimulation current generator may be set at a relatively high level initially and reduced when the general location of the nerve with respect to certain electrodes is determined. 
         [0178]    For example, the stimulation current threshold (to elicit an observable response) between electrodes  2048  and  2050  of  FIG. 25  would be higher than the threshold between electrodes  2050  and  2053 . This information could be indicated graphically, numerically or audibly to allow the practitioner to reposition the probe for more parallel or more transverse positioning of probe  2042  relative to nerve  2066 . 
         [0179]    The apparatus and methods described above may be implemented with various features which enhance the safety, ease of use and effectiveness of the system. For example, the probe may be implemented with an ergonomic and functional handle which enhances both operational effectiveness and provides for the implementation of safety features. Individual probes may be carefully managed, preferably with system software to assure that a selected probe functions properly, is sterile and not reused, and that the proper probe is used for each specific treatment procedure. Similarly, safeguards may be included with the system to assure that the operator is certified and trained for the specific treatment protocol selected. Various treatment management methods and specific treatment therapies may be selected for both the best results and for enhanced patient safety. In one embodiment, the treatment, therapeutic, and safety methods may be implemented with and rigorously controlled by software running on a processor associated with the ablation apparatus and system as is described in detail below. 
         [0180]    System Management Method 
         [0181]    The concurrent goals of patient safety, procedure efficiency and therapeutic success can be advanced through an effective system management method. A system management method such as is described herein may be implemented through computer software and hardware including computer processors and memory operating within or in association with the control console and the probe system described herein. Various interfaces between a practitioner, the control console, and the probe system may be present. In addition the hardware associated with an ablation system, including the probe stimulation current source, ablation current source, and the probe system may be in communication with and provide feedback to the system processor. Alternatively, the steps of the system management method could be implemented manually. 
         [0182]    In a software and processor based system embodiment, the techniques described below for managing, an electrosurgical probe and system may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein refers to code or logic implemented with or stored upon a medium or device (e.g., magnetic storage medium such as hard disk drives, floppy disks, tape), optical storage (e.g., CD-ROMs, optical disks, etc,), volatile and non-volatile memory devices e.g., EEPROMs, ROMs, PROMs, RAMS, DRAMs, SRAMs, firmware, programmable logic, etc.). Code in the computer readable medium is accessed and executed by a processor. The code in which implementations are made may further be accessible through a transmission media or from a file server over a network. In such cases, the article of manufacture in which the code is implemented may comprise a transmission media such as network transmission line, wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radio waves, infrared, optical signals, etc. Of course, those skilled in the an will recognize that many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the implementations and that the ankle of manufacture may comprise any information bearing medium known in the art. 
         [0183]    Therapeutic Treatment Protocols 
         [0184]    As disclosed herein tissue ablation or a nerve block or other minimally invasive electrosurgical procedure may be performed with precisely applied RE energy. A fundamental requirement of the therapeutic RF waveform is to heat and denature human tissue in a small area over a selected time frame, for example, less than 25 seconds. Laboratory experiments indicate this to be a suitable time required to adequately ablate a small motor nerve. Longer or shorter treatment times may be required for other applications. The temperature required to denature the fine structure of the selected tissue, primarily proteins and lipids is approximately 65.degree. C. and above. 
         [0185]    To safely achieve appropriate ablation, nerve block or other treatment goals, the RE waveform may be generated and applied to meet the following criteria: 1. The probe temperature will be limited to less than 160.degree. C. in order to prevent excess damage to collateral tissue areas. 2. The probe temperatures will preferably be held to between 90.degree. and 105.degree. C. This range ill prevent excessive tissue sticking as well as aid in the growth of an appropriate ablation lesion. 
         [0186]    Initial RE power application should bring the temperature of the probe tip to a working therapeutic temperature in controlled manner, causing minimal overshoot. The time frame for the initial warming phase may be between 0.2 to 2.5 seconds. 
         [0187]    To achieve the foregoing generalized goals, specific treatment protocols may be developed. In one embodiment of the present invention, the delivery of a specific therapeutic protocol (also described as an “energy bolus”) herein is automated. Automation can increase safety and treatment effectiveness since the practitioner may concentrate on probe placement while the system assures the delivery of the selected energy bolus. For example, the system controller  401  may be configured to control the waveform of energy supplied to an electrosurgical probe connected to the system. In particular, the wave shape, waveform modulation or pulse time may be controlled. Also, the total time during which power may be applied and maximum power or voltage limits may be set. In addition, a specific treatment protocol may be actively controlled according to feedback such as the probe temperature, adjacent tissue temperature, tissue impedance or other physical parameters which may be measured during the delivery of treatment energy. Specific energy delivery prescriptions or energy boluses may be developed for specific treatment goals. These energy prescriptions may be stored in memory associated with the controller as a permitted therapeutic protocol. A representative therapeutic energy protocol  3250  is shown in tabular form on  FIG. 26 . 
         [0188]    The therapeutic protocol  3250  of  FIG. 27  is optimized for the therapeutic ablation of a human nerve having a diameter of approximately 1 millimeter. As shown on  FIG. 27 , the treatment protocol  3250  is generally designed to rapidly heat tissue during an initial phase  3252 . Rapid heating during the initial phase has been shown to minimize perceived pain and reduce muscle stimulation from the subsequent application of pulsed RF energy. A second phase  3254  includes constant power application resulting in a slower ramp to a desired therapeutic tissue/probe temperature. As also shown on  FIG. 27 , a third phase  3256  includes the maintenance of a constant temperature at reduced power to grow the ablation lesion to a desired size. 
         [0189]    The therapeutic treatment protocol  3250  illustrated on  FIGS. 26 and 27  is only one treatment protocol which has been found suitable for the ablation of a small motor nerve. Other treatment protocols may be developed for other or the same therapeutic goals. In all cases, the level of tissue ablation is substantially exponentially related to the product of time and temperature above 40 degree. C. as is well known in the art as the Arrhenius rate. Thermal heat transport through target tissue may be calculated with a finite difference algorithm. Tissue properties may be specified on a 2D mesh and such properties can be arbitrary functions of space and time. Arrhenius rate equations may be solved for the extent of ablation caused by elevated temperatures. In addition, optical and electrical properties which are characteristic of ablated tissue may be measured and determined through histological studies. Thus, various therapeutic protocols such as that illustrated in  FIGS. 26 and 27  may be developed and optimized for the controlled achievement of desired therapeutic results. Preferably the therapeutic protocols are automatically delivered to assure that the selected enemy bolus is precisely delivered. 
         [0190]    The devices and systems described below are provided as examples of details of construction and arrangement of components. The invention includes variations of devices, systems and methods that capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having” “containing” “involving,” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.