Abstract:
A process for reducing carbon dioxide to at least one useful product includes two redox couple electrolyte solutions separated by a first membrane having photosensitizers. The carbon dioxide to be reduced is separated from one of the redox couple electrolyte solutions by another membrane having a catalyst. Water provides hydrogen ions which participate in the reduction of carbon dioxide via a separator. In the operation both membranes are illuminated and produce excited solar sensitizers which cause electron transfer from a first redox solution to the second redox solution and then to the carbon dioxide to react with the hydrogen ions, reducing the carbon dioxide to provide at least one product.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to photoelectrical chemical methods and apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide. 
     2. Summary of the Invention 
     A process and apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide to at least one useful product includes two redox couple electrolyte solutions separated by a first membrane having photosensitizers. The carbon dioxide to be reduced is separated from one of the redox couple electrolyte solutions by another membrane having photosensitizers and a catalyst. Water provides hydrogen ions which participate in the reduction of the carbon dioxide via a separator. in operation both membranes are illuminated and produce excited photosensitizers which cause electron transfer from a first redox solution to a second redox solution and thence to the carbon dioxide thereby, in cooperation with the hydrogen ions, reducing the carbon dioxide to provide at least one product. 
     The objects and advantages of the invention will appear more fully hereinafter from a consideration of the detailed description which follows, taken together with the accompanying drawings wherein one embodiment of the invention is illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not to be construed as defining the limits of the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a photo system constructed in accordance with the present invention for reducing carbon dioxide to at least one useful product. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic energy diagram of the electron transfer of the system shown in FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a photochemical reduction cell 1 made of material which permits the passage of light while not passing a fluid, is divided into three chambers 5, 6 and 7 by membranes 10 and 11. Membranes 10 and 11, which may be made of Nafion, contain photosensitizer material represented by blocks 12 and 17, respectively. Further membrane 11 also contains a catalyst (not shown) on the surface that will be in contact with the CO 2 , as hereinafter explained. Membrane 10 with photosensitizers 12 may be also referred to as photosystem II, while membrane 11 with photosensitizers 17 may also be referred to as photosystem I. 
     Photosystem II may use photosensitizers 12 from the following elements: n-TiO 2 , n-Fe 2  O 3 , n-WSe 2 , p-InP, methylene blue or porphyrins while photosystem I may use photosensitizers 17 from the following elements: p-InP, p-WSe 2 , p-GaAs, p-CdTe, n-WSe 2 , n-CdSe, Ru(bipy) 3  Cl 2  or phthalocyanines. 
     Chamber 5 contains an aqueous electrolyte , while chamber 6 contains another aqueous electrolyte. By way of example, the solution in chamber 5 may have a redox system R II  /O II  from the following redox systems: H 2  O/O 2 , Br -  /Br 2 , H 2  /H 2  O, methylene blue, Fe +2  /Fe +3  or EDTA. Chamber 6 may have a redox system R I  /O I  from the following redox systems: I -  /I 2 , S 2-  /S n   2- , triethanolamine or methyl viologen. 
     The following table I shows preferred combinations of R II  /O II , R I  /O I , photosystem II and photosystem I. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________R.sub.II /O.sub.II   Photosystem II               R.sub.I /O.sub.I                         Photosystem I______________________________________H.sub.2 O/O.sub.2   n-TiO.sub.2, n-Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3               None      p-InP or p-WSe.sub.2,                         p-GaAs or p-CdTeBr.sup.- /Br.sub.2   n-WSe.sub.2 I.sup.- /I.sub.2                         n-WSe.sub.2H.sub.2 /H.sub.2 O or   p-InP       S.sup.2- /S.sub.n.sup.2-                         n-CdSemethyleneblueFe.sup.+2 /Fe.sup.+3   methylene blue               Triethanol-                         Ru(bipy).sub.3 Cl.sub.2               amineEDTA    Porphyrins  Methyl viologen phthalocyanines______________________________________ 
    
     The nature of the CO 2  predominant reduction product is highly dependent upon the catalyst on the surface of membrane 11. For example, if the catalyst is a nickel amalagam, zinc amalagam or lead, the predominant product is formic acid. Other typical products may be formaldehyde, methanol and methane. Materials for this purpose may be selected from Table II. 
     TABLE II 
     Chalcogenides (Ni, Co, Mo, W): formed in situ 
     Titanium oxide: thin-filming coating or particles 
     SrTiO 3  : thin-film coating or particles 
     NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) 
     Metal coatings: Pb, In 
     Amalgams (Ni, Zn) 
     Chrysene 
     Ethyl acrylate 
     Phthalocyanines (Ni, Co) 
     Porphyrins 
     Methyl viologen: dissolved species 
     A source 30 provides CO 2  through a valve 32 to chamber 7 in reduction cell 1. Another chamber 35 is formed by a separator 36 which also permits the passage of light and hydrogen ions but not electrolyte. A source 40 provides water through a valve 42 to chamber 35. The reduced CO 2  or product is drawn off by way of a line 44 via pump 47 through a valve 50 and provided to storage means 55. 
     A biasing circuit may be used to improve the electron transfer. Such a circuit includes an electrode 60 which is connected to the negative terminal of a battery 64 whose positive terminal is connected to a potentiometer 68. Potentiometer 68 is connected to another electrode 70. 
     THEORETICAL DISCUSSION 
     The left surface of membrane 10 subjected to direct illumination will typically consist of an n-type semiconductor material thereby generating a negative photopotential. This negative photopotential is a result of excitation of electrons from the valence to conduction band of the semiconductor material. Electron holes left in the valence band will drive the oxidation of R II  →O II  on the illuminated side of PS II. R II  /O II  represents reduced/oxidized species in the solution. Ideally, as in the case of natural photosynthesis, this couple should be H 2  O/O 2 . In practice, however, not many n-type semiconductors are stable enough to evolve oxygen. Those that can do it (TiO 2 , SrTiO 3 , Fe 2  O 3 ) have relatively large band gaps, which means they do not absorb a major portion of sunlight. When a low band gap material such as n-WSe 2  is used, a redox couple such as Br +  /Br 2  has been found necessary to achieve semiconductor stability. Operation with H 2  O/O 2  would lead to photocorrosion effects at the semiconductor. With the use of battery 64, potentiometer 68 and auxiliary electrode 60, the oxidized species O II  (such as bromine) is reduced back to R II  (such as bromide). The auxiliary electrode 70 is biased with a positive voltage so that it oxidizes water species to oxygen. 
     While an oxidation reaction occurs on the left side of PS II, a corresponding reduction reaction O I  →R I  occurs on the right side. This occurs because electrons in PS II become photoexcited to higher energy levels (i.e., more negative potentials), as shown in FIG. 2. The left side of PS I will also interact with R I  /O I . Thus, R I  /O I  acts like a charge transfer relay. The equilibrium electrochemical potential of R I  /O I  is more negative than R II  /O II  ; consequently, when excitation of the semiconductor material corresponding to PS I occurs, its photoexcited electrons will be able to reach much higher levels compared to the photoexcitation level of PS II. Electron holes will oxidize R I  to O I  on the left side of PS I. On its right side, the highly energized photoexcited electrons will have the potential to reduce CO 2  species. However, competing reactions such as reduction of water species to hydrogen will also occur. It is here that the role of surface catalyst, previously referred to in Table II, will be important. The catalyst for each semiconductor/electrolyte system will be chosen to efficiently produce the most desirable reaction product (e.g. Pb, In, or Hg to produce formic acid). 
     For both PS I and PS II, n- or p-type semiconductor materials can be used depending upon the direction of illumination. n-type semiconductors will generate a negative photopotential, drive an oxidation reaction on its illuminated surface, and a reduction reaction on its dark side. p-Type material will generate a positive photopotential, drive a reduction reaction on its illuminated surface, and an oxidation reaction on its unilluminated side. The net effect of the overall process will be an electron movement through the photo-reducing membrane from the left side to the right side. To keep electroneutrality in the system, this charge movement has to be balanced by equal migration of positive charges. Nafion membranes are good cation exchangers for species such as H + . The protons will be used on the right side with CO 2  to produce, for example, formic acid. Thus water is consumed in the overall process for CO 2  reduction. 
     Separator 36 on the right side of the cell is provided to pass the hydrogen ions while preventing intermixing of the reduced CO 2  species with oxygen produced at the positive auxiliary electrode. The oxygen evolved will be vented out from the system. Battery 64, potentiometer 68 and the electrodes 60 and 70 may be used to increase the current necessary for the CO 2  reduction process. 
     The present invention as hereinbefore described is an electrophotochemical method and apparatus for reducing CO 2  to a useful product.