Abstract:
An optical arrangement with a light source includes an optical element that is fastened in a mount. The light source emits radiation and the optical element is acted on thereby such that the heat that results lacks symmetry corresponding to the shape of the optical element. A connecting structure is provided between the optical element and the mount and has a symmetry that does not correspond to the shape of the optical element and effects an at least partial homogenization of the temperature distribution in the optical element.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/826,823, filed Apr. 15, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/934,817 filed Aug. 21, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/255,137, filed Feb. 19, 1999, now abandoned, which claims priority to German Application No. 198 07 094.2, filed Feb. 20, 1998. The entire contents of the above-mentioned applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    This invention relates to an optical arrangement with a light source and an optical element, and more particularly to projection exposure systems for microlithography, in which a thermal effect that is not rotationally symmetrical that results from the irradiation from the light source is compensated. Microlithography notoriously is the art of producing structures in the micrometer and submicrometer range—inter alia for microelectronic devices—by photolithography. 
         [0003]    This situation is of particular importance in wafer scanners with a slit-shaped image field: either a narrow rectangle slit with a width to length ratio of e.g. typically 1:5 to 1:9, or an arcuate shape, particularly in mirror systems. 
         [0004]    Active compensation of the imaging errors resulting from asymmetric thermal effects is known from European Patent EP-A 0 678 768, and its counterpart U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,273 to Unno by regulated or controlled non-rotationally-symmetrical heating or cooling and also, by way of a suggestion, by mechanical stressing. 
         [0005]    The like was described earlier in European Patent EP-B1 0 532 236, preferably as heating for mirrors. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The invention has as its object to markedly reduce or render symmetrical, by the simplest possible means, the change of the properties of optical elements due to light absorption and the resulting heating, particularly in projection exposure systems. 
         [0007]    This object is achieved by an optical arrangement and by projection exposure systems having an optical arrangement with the following features: 
         [0008]    An optical arrangement with a light source, that emits radiation, having a mount, and an optical element fastened in the mount. The optical element, is acted on by the radiation such that heat results from the radiation that lacks symmetry corresponding to the shape of the optical element. A connecting structure between the optical element and the mount has a symmetry that does not correspond to the shape of the optical element and effects an at least partial homogenization of temperature distribution in the optical element. 
         [0009]    Active, controlled or regulated operations on the optical elements are dispensed with. The total energy input into the arrangement is reduced by the avoidance of active elements and particularly of a heating system. 
         [0010]    On the other hand, the invention with asymmetrical cooling departs from the proven constructional principles of mountings with high symmetry, which principles particularly for projection exposure systems have heretofore been driven to the utmost. 
         [0011]    The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  shows schematically a lens with a slit-shaped illumination and tab connections of different materials; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  shows schematically a lens with dipole-like illumination and connections to the mounting, of different cross sections; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3   a  shows schematically a lens with a slit-shaped illumination in a symmetrical mounting with a cooling body of non-rotationally-symmetrical shape; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3   b  shows a section along section line IIIb-IIIb of  FIG. 3   a;    
           [0016]      FIG. 3   c  shows a section along section line IIIc-IIIc  FIG. 3   a;    
           [0017]      FIG. 4  shows schematically in cross section a variant with a cooling tab and heat conducting cable; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5   a  shows a FEM model with symmetrically arranged like cooling bodies; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5   b  shows schematically in cross section another variant with a cooling tab and heat conducting cable; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  shows a FEM model similar to  FIG. 5   a , but with the cooling body varied in position, size and material; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  shows a variant with a cooling body with temperature-induced variation of the cooling effect; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  shows, in schematic section, a mirror with different cooling effected by webs of different materials; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  shows schematically a general view of a projection exposure system. Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    The arrangement of  FIG. 1  shows a lens mount  2  in which a lens  1  is held as free as possible from stress and fixed exactly in position, by numerous webs  21 - 28  (eight are shown). The webs  21 - 28  (spokes, tabs) are adhered to the edge of the lens, or connected by other jointing methods. 
         [0025]    The lens  1  is illuminated in a slit-shaped cross section  10 . The problem in just those projection exposure systems that operate in the VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) and DUV (deep ultraviolet) region is that the lens materials have a considerable absorption, and consequently there is a considerable supply of heat into the cross section  10 . The related rise in temperature brings about a change of the refractive index, and in addition a deformation due to thermal expansion. The overall result is a change of the lens operation, with astigmatic operation. 
         [0026]    Cooling takes place to only a small extent by means of the surrounding gas (usually helium in projection exposure systems) and by thermal radiation. The heat is transferred to the mount  2  primarily via the lens body  1 , the joint spot (adhesive), and the gas in the surroundings of the joint spot, and the webs  21 - 28 . 
         [0027]    According to the invention, the webs  21 - 28  in this embodiment are constituted of different materials, so that they have different thermal conductivities. For example, the webs  21 ,  25  next to the slit-shaped cross section  10  are of silver, with very good thermal conductivity; those furthest away  23 ,  27  are of lead, with a low thermal conductivity, and the webs in between 22, 24, 26, 28 are of aluminum with medium thermal conductivity. The temperature distribution in the lens  1  is thus relatively lowered between the webs  21 ,  23 , and relatively raised between the webs  23 ,  25 , whereby there result a homogenization and symmetrization of the temperature distribution and a reduced disturbance of the optical properties of the lens  1 . 
         [0028]    In practice, further properties of the materials used, such as their strength, elasticity, and thermal expansion are to be considered. Simulation calculations for the mechanical, thermal and optical properties, using the Finite Element Method, make possible an optimized selection and embodiment of the arrangement. 
         [0029]    An alternative, which however is also suitable for combination with the above described embodiment, is shown in  FIG. 2 . Here the lens  1  and mount  2  are connected by means of webs  211 - 214  (for clarity, only four are shown; in practice there are more) with different cross sections and thus different thermal conduction. Different mechanical properties are prevented by means of each web  211 - 214  having similar spring joints  221 - 224 . The thermal conduction over the adjacently situated narrow gaps (only minimal mobility of the joints is required) takes place sufficiently effectively by means of the filling gas (helium) or by a flexible metal cable (stranded conductor) (see  FIG. 6   b ). 
         [0030]    The exact combination is established here also with the support of simulation calculations. A combination with the use of different materials as shown in  FIG. 1  opens up wider possibilities of matching. 
         [0031]    Additionally, a “dipole” illumination of the lens with two eccentric light spots  101 ,  102  is shown in this  FIG. 2 , as occurs in the region of the diaphragm plane and equivalent planes of projection exposure systems with symmetrical oblique illumination. Astigmatic errors due to light absorption also arise therewith, and can be reduced by passive compensating cooling. 
         [0032]      FIGS. 3   a - 3   c  show a variant of the invention with an additional thermally conducting element  3 , which is provided only for the equalizing cooling. 
         [0033]    The lens  1  and mount  2  are in this case connected with uniform webs or with selectively cooling webs according to  FIG. 1  or  2 . Any other mounting technique is likewise usable. 
         [0034]    The thermally conducting element  3  is connected fast to the mount  2  with good thermal conduction, and covers portions of the lens  1  through which no light passes and which are thus outside the illuminated surface  10 , also shown here as a slit. 
         [0035]    This covering is preferably free from contact, at a spacing of about 0.1 mm, so that a good thermal transfer is assured by means of the filling gas, but no stresses can be transmitted into the lens  1 . Better thermal conduction of course results when the gap between the lens  1  and the thermally conducting element  3  is filled with adhesive, a gel, liquid crystals, or the like material which transmits as little stress as possible. 
         [0036]    The thermal conduction and its local distribution is set by the shape of the thermally conducting part  3 ;  FIG. 3   b  shows how the part  3  extends to the neighborhood of the illuminated region  10  in the direction A-A of the length of the slit, and  FIG. 3   c  shows that the distance is kept large in the transverse direction B-B. 
         [0037]    With the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3   a  of the thermally conducting element  3 , with numerous fingers or spokes, their width, shape, and distribution can be made use of for the adjustment of the thermal conduction. In an embodiment as an unbroken disk or as a perforated diaphragm, the thickness of the thermally conducting element can be locally different. It is also possible to make the individual fingers, analogously to the webs  21 - 28  of  FIG. 1 , of different thermally conducting materials. The thermally conducting element  3  can of course also be arranged on both sides of the lens  1 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  shows, in an illustration corresponding to  FIG. 3   b , a manner in which the cooling element  3  can be brought into material contact or shape-fitting contact with the lens  1  without impairing the mechanical properties of the mount  2  and the connecting portions  21 . For this purpose, the cooling element  3  is provided with a flexible, heat-conducting cable  30 —e.g., a stranded copper wire—and is connected to a heat sink  20 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 5   a  shows in plain view the finite element model of a quadrant of a lens  1  of quartz glass (middle thickness 14.4 mm, upper radius of curvature 1600 mm, lower radius of curvature 220 mm, biconvex, diameter 160 mm). Eight solid tabs ( 51 ,  52 ,  53 ) of aluminum are uniformly distributed, arranged on the lens  1  in the manner which will be apparent from the cross section,  FIG. 5   b . They are 30 mm wide, 2 mm thick above the lens and covering it for 6 mm radially, outside which they are a further 8 mm long radially, with a thickness of 4 mm. At the outer edge, they are kept to the base temperature by flexible, thermally conductive stranded wires  50 , for example. 
         [0040]    The displayed surface of the lens  1  is exposed to an introduction of 1 W/cm.sup.2 of heat by light absorption in the region  4 , which approximates to about a right angle in the selected element division. The temperature increase in the middle point then reaches 7.6 milli-degrees. The isotherms 0.1-0.9 are shown drawn in and indicate the course of the lines with the corresponding fraction of this temperature increase. With a higher introduction of heat, the temperature increase is linearly scaled over a wide range. 
         [0041]    It is quite evident that in this embodiment with a symmetrical cooling arrangement, the temperature distribution which is obtained is distributed with marked asymmetry over the whole lens. 
         [0042]    In the embodiment according to the invention, which is shown in  FIG. 6 , the cooling tabs situated on the Y-axis are omitted. The cooling tabs  510  situated on the X-axis are doubled in width and in addition are made of silver, which conducts heat better. The tabs  52  between remain unaltered, as likewise the heat supply in the region  4 . 
         [0043]    The temperature increase at the middle point now becomes 9.2 milli-degrees. The isotherms now show good rotational symmetry up to about 0.7 times the maximum temperature increase and to half the lens diameter. 
         [0044]    The mechanical mounting of the lens  1  can either take place by means of the cooling tabs  510 ,  52 , or an optional mounting technique is provided which preferably has comparatively small thermal conduction. 
         [0045]      FIG. 7  shows a variant, similar to  FIGS. 3   a - c , in which the fingers  31 ,  32  of the thermally conducting element are constituted of bimetal—two layers of material of different thermal expansion. To the left in the Figure, the bimetal strip  31  is bent away from the lens  1  at the low temperature t 1 , and can take up only little heat. To the right in the Figure, the bimetal strip  32  is straight at the higher temperature T 2  and is situated at a small spacing from the lens  1 , so that it can carry away much heat. 
         [0046]    The invention can of course also be applied to prismatic parts, gratings, or mirrors, and likewise to all optical components subject to uneven heat loading, in addition to the lenses as shown in the foregoing embodiments. 
         [0047]      FIG. 8  shows an embodiment specially adapted to a mirror  6 . The mirror  6  is supported on a mounting  7  by means of supports  71 - 77 , which are individual webs or support rings, distributed on its back side. 
         [0048]    The cooling action is adjusted according to requirements, to match the illuminated surface  10 , by the distribution of the supports  71 - 77  on the back side of the mirror  6 , by their shape, and also by means of the specific thermal conductivity of their material (e.g., silver at the middle  74 , lead  72 ,  76  at the edges  72 ,  76 , and otherwise ( 73 ,  75 ) aluminum, and the outer edge  71 ,  77  of glass ceramics). 
         [0049]    The different thermal expansion of the materials for the supports  71 - 77  can be used if necessary in order to compensate for deformations of the mirror  6  due to heating, or else to cause them in a targeted manner. In the latter case, disturbances of other optical elements which cooperate in a system with the mirror  6  can be compensated. 
         [0050]      FIG. 9  shows, in a schematic overview, the complete optical system of a projection exposure system for microlithography. A DUV excimer laser serves as the light source  61 . A beam-forming optics  62  with zoom axicon objective  63  an optional diaphragm  64  (e.g. variable, conventional, ring aperture, dipole aperture, quadrupole aperture) and a homogenizing quartz rod  65  illuminates the REMA diaphragm  66 , which is imaged by the following REMA objective  67  as a sharp-edged homogeneous light spot, in particular as a narrow scanning slit, on the mask  68 . 
         [0051]    The following reducing projection objective  69  images the mask  68  onto the wafer  70 . The lenses  671  and  672  of the REMA objective  67  and  692  of the projection objective  69  are situated in near field planes and therefore are now preferred optical elements on which the cooling according to the invention is used. This cooling reduces the imaging errors arising due to the narrow slit-shaped illuminated field in a scanner in which the mask  68  and wafer  70  are synchronously scanned. 
         [0052]    The lens  691  is arranged nearest the aperture diaphragm  690  of the projection objective  69 . It is specially strained by special kinds of illumination, for example, a dipole aperture (see  FIG. 2 ). However, this disturbance can also be reduced by the asymmetric cooling according to the invention. 
         [0053]    It is clear that the description of the Figures only describes examples for the invention. In particular, multifarious combinations of the described features are possible according to the invention, and the cooling can be adjustably embodied, in order to adjust, to adapt to changes, and so on. It is clear that the description of the Figures only describes examples for the invention. In particular, multifarious combinations of the described features are possible according to the invention, and the cooling can be adjustably embodied, in order to adjust, to adapt to changes, and so on.