Abstract:
A device for braking a vehicle includes a first brake pad and a first back plate coupled to the first brake pad and comprising a first plurality of ridges provided on a first face of the first brake plate. The device and corresponding method provide an improved manner for cooling existing brake systems.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of pending U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/214,283, filed on Sep. 4, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/334,195, filed on May 26, 2016, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Although the first disc brakes were developed in the 1890s, mass production in the U.S. did not begin until 1955. Eventually disc brakes surpassed drum brakes in popularity. 
         [0003]    Typically, brake pads are steel plates with friction material bound to a surface that faces a disc brake rotor. Brake pads operate by converting the kinetic energy of a vehicle to thermal energy via friction. In normal use, two brake pads are included in a brake caliper with the friction surfaces facing the disc brake rotor. When the brakes are hydraulically applied, the caliper clamps the two brake pads together into the spinning rotor, which slows or stops the vehicle. Because of the heat expelled during the braking process, brake pads usually require regular replacement. Depending on the properties of the material used for the brake pads, the disc wear rates will vary. 
         [0004]    Disc brakes are increasingly used on heavy vehicles, such as vans or commercial vehicles, where brake pads can experience increased friction. This increased friction expels more heat via the brake pads to the surrounding atmosphere. The increased heat and friction causes the braking components to warp at a rapid rate, resulting in inadequate brake pads. Others have tried alternatives to dissipate the increased heat including holes or slots in the disc, more pads per caliper, and the use of different materials, such as ceramic, Kevlar, and plastic. However, a need still exists for a cost effective brake pad or brake pad attachment that allows more heat to dissipate from the brake pad assembly. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    In one aspect, a device for braking a vehicle includes a first brake pad and a first back plate coupled with the first brake pad. The first back plate includes a first plurality of ridges provided on a first face of the first back plate. In another aspect, a second back plate is coupled with a second brake pad and positioned opposite the first brake pad. The second back plate includes a second plurality of ridges provided on a first face of the second back plate. In some embodiments, the first back plate is made of metal. In some embodiments, the first plurality of ridges includes a plurality of peaks and a plurality of valleys formed along the first back plate. 
         [0006]    In some embodiments, the first and second pluralities of ridges include at least one peak and at least one valley. In other embodiments, the first and second brake pads include a gap. In another aspect, the first and second pluralities of ridges are triangular in shape. In some embodiments, each of the first and second pluralities of ridges includes a plurality of peaks and a plurality of valleys formed along a length of the first plate and the second plate, respectively. 
         [0007]    In some embodiments, a device for dissipating heat from a vehicle brake pad assembly includes a first brake pad and a first back plate coupled to the first brake pad. The first back plate includes a first plurality of peaks and a plurality of valleys which form a first plurality of triangular ridges. In another representation, a second back plate is coupled to a second brake pad. The second back plate includes a second plurality of peaks and a second plurality of valleys which form a second plurality of triangular ridges. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the first plurality of ridges is formed along a length of the first back plate and the second plurality of ridges is formed along an entire length of the second back plate. In some embodiments, the first and second brake pads are facing each other on opposite sides of a rotor. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exploded view of a brake caliper assembly; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top, front isometric view of an embodiment of an improved braking device; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  illustrates a top, left isometric view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  illustrates a top plan view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  illustrates a front plan view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  illustrates a rear plan view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  illustrates a bottom plan view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  illustrates a right side elevational view of the braking device of  FIG. 2 , the left side being a mirror image thereof; 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  illustrates an enlarged view of the device of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  illustrates a graph of the differences in brake pad temperatures for multiple brake pads during multiple braking methods; 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  illustrates a graph of the differences in rotor temperatures for multiple brake pads during multiple braking methods; and 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  illustrates a graph of the differences in stopping distances for multiple brake pads during multiple braking methods. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]    Before any embodiments are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings. 
         [0022]    The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use embodiments of the invention. Various modifications to the illustrated embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles herein can be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from embodiments of the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not intended to be limited to embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The following detailed description is to be read with reference to the figures, in which like elements in different figures have like reference numerals. The figures, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of embodiments of the invention. Skilled artisans will recognize the examples provided herein have many useful alternatives and fall within the scope of embodiments of the invention. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exploded view of a brake caliper assembly  20 . The brake caliper assembly  20  includes a caliper  22  and a caliper bracket  24 , which holds one or more braking devices  26 . When a brake piston  28  activates, the caliper bracket  24  compresses the braking devices  26 , thereby pressing on a disc brake rotor  30  to slow the vehicle. The illustrated brake caliper assembly  20  is depicted to provide context for the embodiments disclosed herein and is not intended to be a limiting application of the braking device  26 . 
         [0024]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top, front isometric view of an embodiment of the braking device  26  as disclosed herein. The braking device  26  includes a back plate  32  and a friction lining pad  34  attached to the back plate  32 . The back plate  32  may be made of any number of materials including, but not limited to, one or more of steel, aluminum, epoxy-coated metal, copper-coated steel, or any other suitable material(s). The friction lining pad  34  may be made of any number of materials including, but not limited to, one or more of ceramic, Kevlar, plastic, semi-metallic material, organic material with petroleum-based resin, sintered metal, copper, brass, steel, glass, rubber, high-heat resin, or any other suitable material(s). 
         [0025]    Still referring to  FIG. 2 , the friction lining pad  34  is shown in two pieces, a first piece  36  and a second piece  38 , separated by a gap  40 . Optionally, the friction lining pad  34  may be made of a single, unitary piece or may be separated into multiple pieces. It is envisioned that any number of separate pieces may be used for the friction lining pad  34 . The back plate  32  is shown coupled to the friction lining pad  34 . The back plate  32  may be coupled to the friction lining pad by heat and pressure (with or without copper coating), glue, mechanical interlocks, or in any other suitable manner. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3 and 8 , the back plate  32  includes a plurality of cooling channels or ridges  42 , which include a plurality of peaks  44  and a plurality of valleys  46 . The plurality of ridges  42  are shown having a generally triangular configuration; however, any geometric shape is envisioned including, but not limited to, squares, rectangles, circles in the form of a sinusoidal wave, trapezoids, ellipses, pentagons, octagons, any other suitable shape, or any combination of the foregoing shapes and/or other suitable shapes. In the illustrated embodiment, the plurality of ridges  42  form equilateral triangles, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter below. Still referring to  FIG. 3 , the plurality of ridges  42  are shown parallel to an axis A, which extends longitudinally along a length of the back plate  32 . In an illustrative embodiment, the plurality of peaks  44  and the plurality of valleys  46  are parallel to the axis A, for aerodynamic reasons, as will be described below. It is envisioned that the plurality of peaks  44  and the plurality of valleys  46  could be provided along a different axis along the back plate  32 . 
         [0027]    Now referring to  FIG. 4 , a top view of the braking device  26  is illustrated. The back plate  32  may include a first locating tab  48  and a second locating tab  50 , which are used for attaching and centering the braking device  26  within the brake caliper assembly  20 . While the illustrated embodiment includes locating tabs  48 ,  50  for holding the braking device  26  in place, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any number of locating tabs could be used depending on the vehicle within which the device  26  would be attached. In another embodiment, the braking device  26  need not include locating tabs  48 ,  50 . 
         [0028]    Referring to  FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 , thicknesses of the back plate  32  and the friction lining pad  34  are depicted. Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 8 , the illustrated back plate  32  has a plate thickness X 1  of between about 1 mm and about 10 mm, or between about 3 mm and about 8 mm, or about 5 mm. The friction lining pad  34  has a pad thickness X 2  of between about 2 mm and about 15 mm, or between about 5 mm and about 12 mm or about 9 mm. When combined, the back plate  32  and the friction lining pad  34  provide a total thickness X 3  of between about 4 mm and about 25 mm, or between about 10 mm and about 20 mm or about 16.5 mm for the braking device  26 . As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, the total thickness X 3  of the device  26  may be limited by the available space within the vehicle and/or the rotor assembly within which the braking device  26  is mounted. As a result, a total thickness X 3  restriction exists within any rotor assembly due to the available space. Thus, the plate thickness X 1  and the pad thickness X 2  must be varied to accommodate such a restriction. As the plate thickness X 1  increases, the pad thickness X 2  may necessarily be decreased to accommodate the total thickness X 3  restriction. 
         [0029]    Still referring to  FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 , in a typical braking device  26 , based upon values retrieved from www.alibaba.com, the cost in U.S. dollars of a typical friction lining pad  34  is about $7.80 more than the cost of a back plate  32 . The average cost of a typical friction lining pad  34  is about $13.00 while the cost of a typical back plate  32  is about $5.20. As such, from a cost perspective, reducing the pad thickness X 2  is beneficial to both consumers and producers. The foregoing cost estimates are utilized only to provide a relative cost for a back plate  32  and a friction lining pad  34 . 
         [0030]    If the thickness X 1  of the back plate  32  increases by about 5 mm, then due to the total thickness X 3  restriction, the thickness X 2  of the friction lining pad  34  necessarily must be decreased by about 5 mm. Based upon the aforementioned prices, utilizing less of the friction lining pad  34  reduces the cost of the device  26 . Also, due to an increased thickness of the back plate  32 , the height of the plurality of ridges  42  is greater than the height of a brake pad having a flat back plate. Further, the plurality of ridges  42  increase the surface are of the back plate  32 , which allows for more contact with air particles that flow across the back plate  32 . As a result, a faster cooling rate is achieved, as will be described below. Due to a more efficient cooling rate, the friction lining pad  34  does not wear out as quickly, thus, the life of the thinner brake pad is not reduced. Still further, the life of the friction lining pad  34  remains the same as a typical brake pad due to the increased surface area along the back plate  32 , even though the typical brake pad has a thicker lining pad. 
         [0031]    Conversely, increasing the thickness X 2  of the friction lining pad  34  is also beneficial to the consumer and producer. Still referring to  FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 , because the surface area along the back plate  32  is still greater than if the back plate  32  were flat, and, thus, more heat is expelled, an increased thickness X 2  necessarily increases the life span of the braking device  26 . If the pad thickness X 2  increases, then the friction lining pad  34  has more material, which will wear down at the same rate as a typical brake pad. In this embodiment, the back plate  32  still includes a plurality of ridges  42  that aid in cooling the friction lining pad  34 . More particularly, heat generated at the friction lining pad  34  emanates outwardly to the back plate  32  and dissipates more quickly due to air moving through the ridges  42 . Combining the thicker friction lining pad  34  and the more efficient cooling of the back plate  32 , the life of the braking device  26  (and the friction lining pad  34 ) increases. Although this particular embodiment of the braking device  26  may cost more due to the increased thickness X 2  of the friction lining pad  34 , the life span of the braking device  26  increases. Thus, consumers benefit because the braking device  26  does not need to be replaced as often. If consumers use a commercial service to change the braking device  26 , they can also save money on labor costs because they need not replace the braking device  26  as often. 
         [0032]    Still referring to  FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 , as one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, a thicker back plate thickness X 1  allows for a thinner friction lining pad thickness X 2  due to more efficient heat dissipation. For example, if the back plate thickness X 1  increases, heat from the friction lining pad  34  dissipates more quickly due to an increased surface area of the back plate  32 . The heat released from the device  26  can be modeled with Newton&#39;s Law of Cooling, which states that q=h c A(T s −T a ), where q is the rate of heat transfer per unit time (Joules), A is the heat transfer surface area (m 2 ), h c  is the convective heat transfer coefficient (no unit of measurement), and (T s −T a ) is the temperature difference (° C.) between the surface and the air. Therefore, in an embodiment having an increased plate thickness X 1 , to maintain a similar brake pad wear rate, a decreased pad thickness X 2  may be utilized because the friction lining  34  pad cools more quickly and wears down more slowly due to the increased rate of heat transfer, q, resulting from the greater surface area of the back plate  32 . 
         [0033]    As stated above, the plurality of ridges  42  increases the surface area along the back plate. In some embodiments, the plurality of ridges  42  comprise isosceles triangles, and in other embodiments, the triangles are equilateral triangles. Using equilateral triangles for the plurality of ridges  42  provides twice the surface area for the back plate  32 . In one non-limiting example, if the back plate  32  is 10 cm wide and 30 cm long, then a flat version of such a back plate has a surface area of about 300 cm 2  (surface area=10 cm×30 cm). If the back plate  32  includes the plurality of ridges  42  (total of 100) running parallel to the length, then each individual ridge  52  has a base of 0.1 cm (base length=10 cm/100). Further, each side of the equilateral triangle has a length of 0.1 cm. As a result, the total surface area of the back plate  32  is 600 cm 2  (surface area=100 ridges×0.1 cm×2 sides/ridge×30 cm). Referring back to Newton&#39;s Law of Cooling, q=h c A(T s −T a ), the heat transfer rate is linearly proportional to the surface area. As such, if the surface area doubles, then the heat transfer rate doubles. 
         [0034]    Referring to another example wherein the back plate  32  is 10 cm wide and 30 cm long, using triangles where the first angle Θ is more than 60°, the plurality of ridges  42  provides less surface area for the back plate  32 . If the height of the plurality of ridges  42  in this example remains the same as the previous equilateral triangular ridges, then the height of the ridge is 0.087 cm (height=0.1 cm/2*√3). If the first angle Θ at the peak of the ridge is 70°, then, using the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of each base of the ridge is 0.12 cm and the length of each side of the triangle is 0.11 cm long. As a result, about 83 ridges can fit on the 10 cm plate. Therefore, the total surface area of the back plate  32  is about 548 cm 2  (surface area=83 ridges×0.11 cm/side×2 sides/ridge×30 cm). 
         [0035]    Referring to yet another example, using triangles where the first angle Θ is less than 60° creates more surface area on the back plate  32  but structural integrity is lost with such triangular ridges. In this example, while still modeling the back plate as a 10 cm wide by 30 cm long plate, if the height of the triangular ridges remains the same as the previous equilateral triangular ridges, then the height of the ridge again is 0.087 cm. If the first angle Θ at the peak of the ridge is 50°, then, using the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the base is 0.080 cm and the length of each side of the triangle is 0.096 cm. If each ridge has a base length of 0.080 m, then 125 ridges can fit on the 10 cm plate. Therefore, the total surface area is 720 cm 2  (surface area=125 ridges×0.096 cm/side×2 sides/ridge×30 cm). However, the structural integrity of these ridges is not as strong as the equilateral triangle, wherein the symmetry of the equilateral triangle helps distribute the force applied to the back plate  32  when the brake caliper assembly  20  is activated. 
         [0036]    As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the first locating tab  48  is coupled with a curved top side  54  and is generally perpendicular to a first lateral side  56 , which joins to a first bottom side  58 . The first bottom side  58  connects to a second bottom side  60 . The second bottom side  60  joins to a curved bottom side  62 , which also connects to a third bottom side  64 . The third bottom side  64  joins to a fourth bottom side  66 . The fourth bottom side  66  intersects a second lateral side  68 . The second lateral side  68  is generally perpendicular to the second locating tab  50 , which connects to the curved top side  54 . 
         [0037]    Still referring to  FIG. 7 , the back plate  32  and/or friction lining pad  34  may be any suitable shape, which may or may not be the same as one another. For instance, the friction lining pad  34  may be a square, a rectangle, an oval, or any other suitable shape. The first piece  36  of the friction lining pad  34  may have a first gap face  70 , a first rotor face  72 , a first curved side  74 , and a second curved side  76 . The second piece  38  of the friction lining pad  34  may similarly have a second gap face  78 , a second rotor face  80 , a third curved side  82 , and a fourth curved side  84 . In one embodiment, the gap faces  70 ,  78  of the pieces  36 ,  38  are formed to mate with the disc brake rotor  30 , such that when the brake caliper assembly  20  is activated, the entire friction lining pad  34  contacts the disc brake rotor  30  to brake the wheel of the vehicle. 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , a side view of the braking device  26  is shown. The plurality of peaks  44  and the plurality of valleys  46  are more clearly defined in this view. A first ridge  42   a , which comprises a first peak  44   a , a first valley  46   a  and a second valley  46   b , is pointed out for purposes of describing an illustrative embodiment of one of the plurality of ridges  42 . The plurality of ridges  42  may be formed having the same geometric shape, or may have different shapes. For example, a single peak may be in the shape of a triangle, while another peak may be in the shape of a square, while another may be in the shape of a semicircle. However, in an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of peaks  44  and the plurality of valleys  46  are the same shape and are equilateral triangles. Equilateral triangles have experimentally been found to be the best option as they provide the strongest structural integrity of the embodiments tested, while maintaining a maximized surface area. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 9 , the first ridge  42  has a height H and a width W. In one embodiment, the plurality of ridges  42  have the same height H and the same width W as the first ridge  42 . The height H may be between about 1.00 mm and about 2.50 mm, or between about 1.50 mm and 2.00 mm, or about 1.905 mm. The width W may be between about 1.50 mm and about 3.50 mm, or between about 2.00 mm and about 3.00 mm, or about 2.54 mm. 
         [0040]    An enlarged view of the first ridge  42 , including the first peak  44 , a portion of the first valley  46   a , and a portion of the second valley  46   b , is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The first ridge  42  has a first leg  94  and a second leg  96 . The first ridge  42  may be further defined by the width W. The width W, as determined by the height of the ridge H and the first angle Θ of the first peak  44   a , restricts how many ridges may be disposed along the back plate  32 , and thus, defines the surface area of the back plate  32 . In an illustrative embodiment, dimensions of the legs  94 ,  96  and the width W are the same because, together, the legs  94 ,  96  and the width W form an equilateral triangle. Further, the first ridge  42 , which defines an equilateral triangle, includes a first angle Θ, a second angle Ω, and a third angle β. The angles Θ, Ω, and β of the plurality of ridges  42  may be the same or different depending on the shape and/or other dimensions of the plurality of peaks  44  and/or valleys  46 , as described above. In some embodiments, if a triangular peak is followed by a squared peak or a different shaped peak, different angles may be used. 
         [0041]    In an exemplary embodiment, all three angles, Θ, Ω, and β, are 60° to reflect the preference for the equilateral triangular peaks and valleys. The equal lengths of the legs  94 ,  96  and the base  98  and the  60  degree angles Θ, Ω, and β of equilateral triangles allow for a maximized surface area along the back plate  32  and provide the structural integrity necessary for forces applied to the back plate  32  when the brake caliper assembly is activated. Although in one embodiment, all three angles, Θ, Ω, and ( 3 , are 60°, these angles can be increased or decreased based upon the desired surface area and/or structural integrity of the back plate  32 . The first angle Θ may be between about 15° and about 120°, or between about 30° and about 90°, or about 60°. Because the thickness X 1  of the back plate  32  is pre-determined due to any one of the above mentioned restrictions, the angles utilized determine the lengths of the legs  94 ,  96  and the width W. As the first angle Θ increases, the lengths of the legs  94 ,  96  increase and the length of the width W increases, however, the number of ridges that can be included along the back plate  32  decreases. Conversely, as the first angle Θ decreases, the lengths of legs  94 ,  96  decrease and the width W decreases, however the number of ridges that can be included along the back plate  32  increases. As the lengths of the legs  94 ,  96  and the width W are altered, particularly the lengths of legs  94 ,  96 , the surface area of the back plate  32  changes. Further, as the first angle Θ increases above 60°, the plurality of ridges loses structural integrity. By using equilateral triangles, the structural integrity and the surface area of the plurality of ridges  42 , and, subsequently the back plate  32 , are maximized. 
         [0042]    The greater surface area of the back plate  32  allows heat to dissipate more quickly from the friction lining pad  34 . The equilateral triangular ridges on the back plate  32  of the preferred embodiment are ideal for strength and for creating the greatest surface area for heat dissipation. The more quickly the friction lining pad  34  cools, the quicker the vehicle can stop with the least wear to the friction lining pad  34 . In previous back plate designs, the back plates are modeled to allow air flow directly across the planar back plate, generally with laminar flow, to cool the back plate and, as a result, the friction lining pad cools due to convection cooling as discussed above. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the plurality of ridges  42  form channels through which air flows over the plurality of valleys  46  and the plurality of peaks  44  of the plurality of ridges  42 . Ideally, each of ridges  42  is parallel to the direction of air flow to achieve the most efficient cooling. In the parallel scheme, the air contacts the greatest surface area of the back plate  32 . For example, if the plurality of ridges  42  were perpendicular to the direction of air flow, the first ridge  42   a  would form a mountain, and the air flow would be directed above the other channels. Due to fluid dynamics, the air flow in this situation does not flow up and down the first ridge  42   a , but rather passes over the remaining plurality of ridges  42  without entering the plurality of valleys  46 . In the preferred design, with the plurality of ridges  42  parallel to the direction of air flow, the air contacts the hot particles in the channels, pushes them out of the brake caliper assembly  20 , and replaces those hot particles with cooler air. In some embodiments, the plurality of ridges  42  are only disposed along a portion of the back plate  32 , wherein a portion of the back plate  32  has a planar surface. 
       Testing 
       [0043]    Multiple road tests were conducted to determine performance characteristics of several brake pads, including a device embodying characteristics of the brake pad device  26  discussed above (hereinafter, “brake pad device”) and a prior art brake pad (hereafter, “prior art brake pad”). Temperature profiles and stopping distances were measured to determine the performance of the brake pad device and the prior art brake pad. Each of the brake pad device and the prior art brake pad were tested during comparable weather and road conditions. Accordingly, the following examples are presented for illustrative purposes and should not be regarded as limiting. 
         [0044]    Road tests were performed on the brake pad device and a prior art brake pad having the following specifications and being tested under the following conditions. The brake pads, i.e. the brake bad device and the prior art brake pad, were separately installed on a 2009 Volkswagen Routan SEL Minivan (VIN #2V8HW54X59R500958), weighing 6,050 pounds, for each of the tests. For testing, the torque of the wheels of the Minivan were set to 100 lb f -ft. Static testing temperatures of 150 degrees Fahrenheit were consistently reproduced with the rotors using a generator, fans, and temperature gun throughout testing. After each test, a laser gun temperature sensor was used to monitor temperature profiles. Additionally, the stopping distances were recorded. The same driver was used during all tests. 
         [0045]    A first road test (“Road Test #1”) was conducted. Napa Premium Brakes (Part #55-8439-M) were used to represent the prior art brake pads, and were the only brake pads used during the first road test. During the first road test, the air temperature was 80 degrees Fahrenheit, with a humidity level of 81%, and a pavement temperature of 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Information on the atmospheric conditions during Road Test #1 is shown in Table No. 2. 
         [0046]    A second road test (“Road Test #2”) was conducted. A brake pad device similar to the brake pad device  26 , described in the embodiments above, was installed on the aforementioned Minivan and multiple trials were performed. During the road test, the air temperature was 86 degrees Fahrenheit, with a humidity level of 82%, and a pavement temperature of 130.2 degrees Fahrenheit. Information on the atmospheric conditions during Road Test #2 is shown in Table No. 2. Table No. 1 also lists the different road tests and the type of brake pad used for each road test. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Brake Specification 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Road Test Number 
                 Type of Brake Pad 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Prior Art Brake Pad 
               
               
                 2 
                 Brake Pad Device 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Conditions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Road Test Number 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Air Temperature (° F.) 
                 80 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 Humidity (%) 
                 81 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    During both of the road tests, i.e., Road Test #1 and Road Test #2 described above, seven trials were performed for differing braking methods, including: a long stop at 60 mph, a light stop at 35 mph, a hard stop at 30 mph, a panic stop at 30 mph, a panic stop at 60 mph, a light stop-go-stop at 30 mph, and a hard stop-go-stop at 60 mph. During all of the trials, the temperature of the left brake, the right brake, the left rotor, and the right rotor were measured. Additionally, the stopping distances for all trials, excluding the stop-go-stop trials, were measured. The results of each of the trials, which were completed during one of the two road tests, are present in Table No. 3 and 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Road Test #1 Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT 
                 Stopping 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Left 
                 Right 
                 Left 
                 Right 
                 Distance 
               
               
                   
                 Brake 
                 Brake 
                 Rotor 
                 Rotor 
                 (feet) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 LONG STOP 
                 140 
                 159 
                 223 
                 237 
                 333′ 5″ 
               
               
                 (60 mph-0) 
               
               
                 LIGHT STOP 
                 180 
                 141 
                 185 
                 198 
                 130′ 6″ 
               
               
                 (35 mph-0) 
               
               
                 HARD STOP 
                 171 
                 184 
                 180 
                 180 
                  55′ 7″ 
               
               
                 (30 mph-0) 
               
               
                 PANIC STOP 
                 125 
                 162 
                 172 
                 159 
                  35′ 4″ 
               
               
                 (30 mph-0) 
               
               
                 PANIC STOP 
                 130 
                 136 
                 246 
                 235 
                 132′ 4″ 
               
               
                 (60 mph-0) 
               
               
                 STOP-GO-STOP 
                 172 
                 167 
                 175 
                 183 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 (LIGHT 30 mph) 
               
               
                 STOP-GO-STOP 
                 193 
                 168 
                 240 
                 232 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 (HARD 60 mph) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Road Test #2 Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT 
                 Stopping 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Left 
                 Right 
                 Left 
                 Right 
                 Distance 
               
               
                   
                 Brake 
                 Brake 
                 Rotor 
                 Rotor 
                 (feet) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 LONG STOP 
                 139 
                 137 
                 200 
                 214 
                 278′ 
               
               
                 (60 mph-0) 
               
               
                 LIGHT STOP 
                 136 
                 128 
                 164 
                 168 
                 123′ 5″ 
               
               
                 (35 mph-0) 
               
               
                 HARD STOP 
                 137 
                 136 
                 166 
                 176 
                  59′ 8″ 
               
               
                 (30 mph-0) 
               
               
                 PANIC STOP 
                 143 
                 129 
                 139 
                 168 
                  29′ 1″ 
               
               
                 (30 mph-0) 
               
               
                 PANIC STOP 
                 154 
                 152 
                 249 
                 230 
                 113′ 5″ 
               
               
                 (60 mph-0) 
               
               
                 STOP-GO-STOP 
                 142 
                 121 
                 153 
                 153 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 (LIGHT 30 mph) 
               
               
                 STOP-GO-STOP 
                 140 
                 148 
                 225 
                 231 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 (HARD 60 mph) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    In order to compare the results, the results from Tables No. 3 and 4 are further presented in Tables No. 5 and 6. The temperature profiles of the temperature readings from the left brake pads during each road test are shown in Table No. 5. The temperature profile of the temperature readings from left rotor during each of the road tests are shown in Table No. 6. Additionally, Table No. 5 is presented graphically in  FIG. 10  and Table No. 6 is presented graphically in  FIG. 11 . Further, the stopping distances for Minivan during trials from each of the road tests are shown in Table No. 7 and are presented graphically in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Left Brake Pad Temperature (° F.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Stop 
                 Long 
                 Hard 
                 Stop 
                 Stop  
                 Panic 
                 Panic 
               
               
                   
                 Light 
                 Stop  
                 Stop  
                 n Go 
                 n Go  
                 Stop  
                 Stop  
               
               
                   
                 (35) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Prior Art 
                 180 
                 140 
                 171 
                 172 
                 193 
                 125 
                 130 
               
               
                 Pads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Brake 
                 136 
                 139 
                 137 
                 142 
                 140 
                 143 
                 154 
               
               
                 Pad 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Device 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Left Rotor Temperature (° F.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Stop 
                 Long 
                 Hard 
                 Stop 
                 Stop  
                 Panic 
                 Panic 
               
               
                   
                 Light 
                 Stop  
                 Stop  
                 n Go  
                 n Go  
                 Stop  
                 Stop  
               
               
                   
                 (35) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Prior Art 
                 185 
                 223 
                 180 
                 175 
                 240 
                 172 
                 246 
               
               
                 Pads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Brake 
                 164 
                 200 
                 166 
                 153 
                 225 
                 139 
                 249 
               
               
                 Pad 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Device 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Stopping Distances (Feet and Inches) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Stop 
                 Long 
                 Hard 
                 Stop 
                 Stop 
                 Panic 
                 Panic 
               
               
                   
                 Light  
                 Stop  
                 Stop 
                 n Go 
                 n Go 
                 Stop  
                 Stop  
               
               
                   
                 (35) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
                 (30) 
                 (60) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Prior Art 
                 130′ 6″ 
                 333′ 5″ 
                 55′ 7″ 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 35′ 4″ 
                 132′ 4″ 
               
               
                 Pads 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Brake 
                 123′ 5″ 
                 278′ 
                 59′ 8″ 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 29′ 1″ 
                 113′ 5″ 
               
               
                 Pad 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Device 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    When referencing  FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 , it should be noted that the prior art brake pads are referred to as the “Regular Pads” and the braking device similar to the brake pad device  26  is referred to as the “Test Pads”. 
         [0050]    As previously mentioned, the brake pad device used throughout Road Test #2 is similar to the device  26  in that it included a back plate similar to the back plate  32  that had included thereon a plurality of ridges. The plurality of ridges increased the surface area of the back plate and therefore increased the possible surface area from which heat could transfer to the surrounding environment during warming thereof. As provided in the examples above and  FIG. 10 , the measured temperatures along the brake pad device were found to be lower than those measured along the prior art device for the trials that included the light stop trial at 35 mph, the long stop trial at 60 mph, the hard stop trial at 30 mph, the stop-and-go stop trial at 30 mph, and the stop-and-go stop trial at 60 mph trials. However, the measured temperatures for the prior art brake pad (Road Test #1) were found to be lower for each of the panic stop at 30 mph and the panic stop at 60 mph trials. Overall, measured temperatures for the brake pad device were found to be lower for five out of seven braking methods. 
         [0051]    The results of road tests seem to indicate that the back plate used along the brake pad device allowed for heat to dissipate more quickly from the brake pad device, which resulted in a lower temperature therealong. The results of Road Test #1 and Road Test #2 show the brake pad device having lower temperature readings for five out of seven readings. These lower temperature readings may be attributed to an increased cooling rate produced by the plurality of ridges that were included on the back plate of the brake pad device. During the two trials where the temperature readings measured along the brake pad device were higher than those measured along the prior art device, i.e., the panic stop trial at 30 mph and the panic stop trial at 60 mph, the increased temperature could be attributed to ambient conditions during Road Test #2 (when the brake pad device was tested). During Road Test #2, a higher ambient air temperature and pavement temperature were measured than the measured air and pavement temperatures of the prior art brake pad device trials (Road Test #1). With a higher air and pavement temperature, it would be expected that analyzed parts of the car (including the brake pad device  26 , the rotor  30 , etc.) fr Road Test #2 may have had a higher initial or resting temperature than the car parts of Road Test #1. 
         [0052]      FIG. 11  and Table No.  6  depict the temperature profile for the left rotor. The left rotor that utilized the device similar to the brake pad device  26 , had lower temperature readings for the light stop trial at 35 mph, the long stop trial at 60 mph, the hard stop trial at 30 mph, the stop-and-go trial at 30 mph, the stop-and-go trial at 60 mph, and the panic stop trial at 30 mph. It can be gleaned from the results of Road Test #1 and Road Test #2 that the left rotor utilizing the brake pad device  26  had lower temperature readings for six out of the seven different braking trials outlined above. As previously mentioned, the trial where the temperature readings of the brake pad device were higher than those of the prior art brake pad could be due to the ambient temperature of Road Test #2 being higher than that of Road Test #1. 
         [0053]      FIG. 12  and Table No. 7 depict the stopping distances for the trials of the prior art brake pads and the trials of the brake pad device similar to the brake pad device  26  described above. During the following trials, the brake pad device was found to have a shorter stopping distance than the prior art brake pad: the light stop trial at 30 mph, the long stop trial at 60 mph, the panic stop trial at 30 mph, and the panic stop trial at 60 mph. However, the prior art brake pad had a shorter stopping distance for the hard stop at 30 mph. No stopping distances were recorded for the stop-and-go 30 mph and 60 mph trials. 
         [0054]    Overall, the results of Road Test #1 and Road Test #2 demonstrate that the brake pad device  26 , along with the rotor, generally had lower temperature readings than the prior art brake pads and rotor. As illustrated from the results of the testing, due to the a more effective cooling rate produced by the brake pad device similar to the brake pad device  26 , the friction lining pad thereof would not wear out as quickly as the friction lining pad of a prior art brake device. Therefore, the brake pad device  26  would have a longer life span and would not need to be replaced as often as the prior art brake pads. Further, as the brake pad device  26  would have a longer life span, the safety of automobile brakes may be increased. Additionally, the brake pad device  26  had shorter stopping distances, which would also potentially increase vehicle safety. 
         [0055]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the invention has been described above in connection with particular embodiments and examples, the invention is not necessarily so limited, and the numerous other embodiments, examples, uses, modifications and departures from the embodiments, examples, and uses are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto. The entire disclosure of each patent and publication cited herein is incorporated by reference, as if each such patent or publication were individually incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0056]    Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.