Abstract:
A method for treating waste material includes screening the material to produce “unders” that pass a screen and “overs” that do not. The overs are hydrothermally treated to produce a partially hydrolyzed biomass. The unders from the waste material, and the partially hydrolyzed biomass, are anaerobically digested. The method can also include recovering, and anaerobically digesting, volatile organic compounds from the hydrothermal treatment. A system for treating waste material comprises a screening device, an autoclave, and an anaerobic digester. The screening device separates the waste material into unders and overs, the autoclave receives the overs from the screening device and processes the overs with steam to produce a partially hydrolyzed biomass, and the digester receives and anaerobically digests the unders of the waste material and the partially hydrolyzed biomass. The system can also include an eductor coupled to the autoclave and configured to discharge to the digester.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/427,454 filed on Apr. 30, 2003 and entitled “Process and System for Treatment of Organic Waste Materials,” and claims benefit therefrom pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, and which has now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,015,028. This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/031,218 filed on Jan. 6, 2005 and entitled “Organic Waste Material Treatment System,” which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/427,454, and which has now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,316,921. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to processing of waste materials, and more particularly to systems and processes for handling organic waste materials. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Landfilling has traditionally been the method of waste handling, but landfilling can cause environmentally unacceptable pollution discharges to the water and, as real estate values increase, is considered to be an unattractive use of land. Thus, current waste management strategies seek to limit the amount of refuse directed to landfills. Recycling and composting programs have become widely accepted for both commercial and residential waste to reduce the demands on landfills. 
     Generally, recycling programs require separating the waste by type, either at a point of collection (source separated) or further along, such as at a transfer station. Recyclable components can include glass, metals, and plastics, while compostable components can include agricultural wastes, plant matter, food stuffs, wood, cardboard, and paper. Once separated, waste materials are commonly referred to as “source separated,” and source separated materials that are collected together from separate collection points constitute a “single stream.” 
     Compost facilities have been built to process non-recyclable waste, either in the form of municipal solid waste with provisions for contamination removal, or source separated organic waste. An alternative to composting for non-recyclable waste streams are refuse-to-energy plants where material is burned to create energy. Refuse-to-energy plants first process waste by grinding and then burning the ground material. Although efforts are made to separate out hazardous materials from the waste stream, these plants have had a history of emissions and operational problems related to contaminants. The residual ash created from this burning has also, in some cases, been found to be hazardous. 
     Anaerobic digestion presents another alternative for handling organic waste materials. The primary objective of anaerobic digestion is the production of a mixture of hydrocarbon gases (“biogas”), which may be utilized as an energy source to generate electricity and/or heat. Any solid material remaining at the completion of the anaerobic digestion process is typically disposed of by conventional landfilling or composted into a soil amendment. 
     Because of the high capital costs associated with anaerobic digestion equipment, and the environmental issues associated with refuse-to-energy plants, composting has become the dominant method in the United States for the management and re-use of organic waste materials generated in rural and suburban settings. The growing use of composting as a preferred alternative to disposal of organic waste material has also created some environmental problems. These problems include emissions of noxious gases and ozone pre-cursors, runoff from the compost facility, and high energy consumption during material processing. These problems may become particularly acute if the organic waste material contains large amounts of food waste or other high moisture content waste. 
     Commercial-scale composting is also subject to a variety of financial considerations including capital investment related to accommodating peak seasonal feedstock deliveries, compost process time, and controlling the timing of compost production to match the seasonal demand of the agricultural industry and other compost buyers. Further, the compost produced by these facilities is a low-value product, therefore municipalities have to pay to have the waste accepted. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, organic waste materials are treated via a multi-stage process involving anaerobic hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion of the liquid hydrolysis product, and aerobic composting of the solids remaining after hydrolysis. The organic waste materials may be pre-treated by adding an amount of a liquid inoculant sufficient to raise the moisture content of the organic waste to a minimum of sixty percent. The organic waste material is then placed within a sealed hydrolysis vessel, which takes the form of a cylindrical polymer bag in some embodiments. Hydrolysis of the organic matter within the vessel results in the production of a liquid product, which is removed from the vessel via a conduit that communicates with the vessel&#39;s interior. Removal of the liquid may be performed either continuously, at specified intervals, or at the completion of the hydrolysis process. 
     The liquid hydrolysis product transferred from the vessel, which may be temporarily stored in a holding tank, is passed to a conventional anaerobic digester. In a thermophilic digester, methanogenic bacteria convert organic matter that is dissolved and/or suspended in the liquid hydrolysis product to a biogas product. The biogas product may be combusted prior to release to the atmosphere in order to reduce or eliminate emissions of flammable or otherwise objectionable gaseous species, such as methane. Thermal energy produced by combustion of the biogas may be utilized to supply heat and/or electrical power for processing operations. The liquid digester product remaining after completion of the digestion process can be removed from the digester and employed as inoculant for hydrolysis of subsequently processed organic waste material. 
     After completion of hydrolysis, the remaining solid waste material may be removed from the vessel and composted under aerobic conditions. The composting process may be implemented as a static reversed air aerobic composting system, wherein the solid waste material is placed in a pile atop a pad adapted with an array of ports that communicate with a manifold. A blower, coupled to the manifold, draws ambient air through the solid waste material, through the ports, and into the manifold. The ambient air drawn into the manifold is passed through a biofilter to remove undesirable species before being discharged back to the atmosphere. Alternatively, after completion of hydrolysis, the remaining solid waste material may be composted using an aerobic static pile (“windrow”) process, positive or negative aerated static pile or other suitable process. The end result of the composting process is a decomposed material that may be used as a soil amendment. 
     The foregoing waste material treatment processes present several advantages over prior art techniques including the reduction of emissions of ozone precursors and other noxious or otherwise objectionable gases, lowering the net energy requirements associated with the composting process, and the ability to rapidly and inexpensively scale to meet peak throughput demands by adjusting the number and capacity of the relatively low-cost hydrolysis vessels. 
     In other exemplary embodiments of the invention, waste material is treated by screening the material to produce “unders” and “overs.” The overs are hydrothermally treated to produce a partially hydrolyzed biomass, and the unders and the partially hydrolyzed biomass are anaerobically digested. The waste material can be a source separated organic waste or municipal solid waste, for example. In some embodiments, hydrothermally treating the overs includes mechanical mixing of the overs in an autoclave. Hydrothermally treating the overs can also include recovering volatile organic compounds. In these latter embodiments, hydrolyzing the partially hydrolyzed biomass and the unders of the waste material can include hydrolyzing the volatile organic compounds. 
     Some additional embodiments include sorting the waste material prior to screening the waste material, while other embodiments include sorting the overs after screening the waste material. Here, sorting is used to remove certain types of materials, such as recyclable materials and hazardous materials, from the waste material. The moisture content of the overs can be adjusted, in some embodiments, before hydrothermally treating the overs. Further, the partially hydrolyzed biomass can be screened to produce unders and overs thereof, where the unders are anaerobically digested. In these embodiments, the overs of the partially hydrolyzed biomass can also be sorted. 
     In another exemplary process for treating waste material, waste material is hydrothermally treated with steam to produce a partially hydrolyzed biomass, volatile organic compounds are recovered from the steam, and the partially hydrolyzed biomass and the volatile organic compounds are anaerobically digested. The method can further comprise screening the waste material to produce unders and overs thereof, and anaerobically digesting the unders. In some embodiments the partially hydrolyzed biomass is screened to produce unders and overs thereof, and the unders of the partially hydrolyzed biomass are anaerobically digested. In these latter embodiments, the method can also comprise sorting the overs of the partially hydrolyzed biomass. 
     An exemplary system for treating waste material comprises a screening device, an autoclave, and a digester. The screening device separates the waste material into unders and overs, the autoclave is configured to receive the overs from the screening device and to process the overs with steam to produce a partially hydrolyzed biomass, and the digester is configured to receive the unders of the waste material and the partially hydrolyzed biomass. The digester can comprise, for example, a two-stage anaerobic digester. An exemplary screening device is a trommel. Additional embodiments include a mixer and infeed system disposed between the screening device and the autoclave. Still other embodiments comprise an eductor coupled to the autoclave and configured to discharge to the digester. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a symbolic diagram of an organic waste treatment system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a symbolic longitudinal cross-sectional view of the flexible hydrolysis vessel of the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting a process for treating organic waste material, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a symbolic side view of an apparatus for static reverse air composting, in accordance with a specific implementation of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of a process for treating waste material in accordance with a specific implementation of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  depicts major components of an organic waste treatment system in accordance with a specific implementation of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  symbolically depicts the major components of an organic waste treatment system  100  implemented in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. A flexible hydrolysis vessel  110  contains a volume of an organic waste material  115  having a relatively high moisture content and density. The hydrolysis vessel  110  has pliable walls formed from a polymer or other material that is substantially impermeable to gases and liquids. The ends of vessel  110  are closed and sealed to provide an anaerobic environment for the hydrolysis of the organic waste material  115 . Details regarding the construction of vessel  100  are set forth below in connection with  FIG. 2 . 
     The vessel  110  rests on a supporting surface  118 , which is sloped along the longitudinal axis of vessel  110  such that the bottom portion of a first end  120  of the vessel  110  is situated lower than the bottom portion of the opposite end  122  of the vessel. This condition causes liquids produced during the anaerobic hydrolysis of the organic waste material  115  to flow under the influence of gravity to a region of the vessel interior proximate to the first end  120 . As described below in connection with  FIG. 2 , liquid flow within vessel  110  may be facilitated by placement of one or more perforated pipe structures within the vessel  110 . 
     At the completion of the anaerobic hydrolysis process, or at specified intervals during the anaerobic hydrolysis process, collected liquid (including dissolved and suspended organic compounds) is removed from the interior of the vessel  110  via a conduit  124 . The conduit  124  can comprise a pipe formed from a suitable material, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), that is resistant to attack by organic acids and other corrosive compounds that can be contained within the hydrolysis liquids. A valve (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) integrated with, or located exterior to the vessel  110 , can be opened to effect flow of the collected liquid out of the vessel. The liquid flows through the conduit  124  and, in some embodiments, into a holding tank  130 . The holding tank  130  can serve as a reservoir to store the liquid until a digester  140  is available for further processing. When digester  140  becomes available, a suitable quantity of liquid is pumped by pump  132  from the holding tank  130  through a line  134  into the digester  140 . 
     The digester  140  can be in the form of a conventional closed digester vessel in which the hydrolysis liquid product is combined with methane-producing bacteria and incubated for a predetermined period to produce biogas and a liquid digester product (inoculant). The interior of digester  140  can be adapted with conventional membranes, heaters, and other structures, as appropriate, to facilitate and optimize the digestion process. Digesters of this general description are available from industrial suppliers such as Onsite Power Systems, Inc. of Camarillo, Calif. 
     The biogas is preferably combusted prior to release to the atmosphere to destroy methane (a primary component of the biogas) and other flammable, noxious, and other species for which emission to the environment is undesirable, dangerous, and/or regulated. Thermal energy produced by combustion of the biogas may be utilized for various purposes, including electrical power generation, which may in turn be used to drive various components of the waste treatment system  100 , including blowers and pumps. An electrical generator  150  (which may comprise, for example, a conventional turbine generator or microturbine) can be provided for this purpose. Additionally, hot exhaust gases resulting from the biogas combustion can be passed through a heat exchanger (not shown) to produce heated air and/or liquid streams for use in the digester  140  or in other components of the waste treatment system  100 , or in related apparatus. The exhaust gases from biogas combustion can be subjected to filtration and/or other pollutant control processes, as appropriate, prior to atmospheric venting. In yet another alternative embodiment, the biogas is processed and refrigerated to produce liquid natural gas (LNG), which may be stored or shipped offsite for use as an energy source. 
     While the system  100  is depicted as having a single hydrolysis vessel  110  and digester  140 , those skilled in the art will recognize that commercial implementations may include any number of hydrolysis vessels and digesters, as suited to a specific application and required throughput. Multiple hydrolysis vessels  110  and/or digesters  140  can be arranged and linked in various suitable arrangements. For example, multiple hydrolysis vessels  110  may be arranged in parallel to supply liquid to a single holding tank  130  and digester  140 . Alternatively, multiple hydrolysis vessels  110  may be coupled to a plurality of digesters  140 , each of which may be brought on-line or off-line as appropriate according to throughput and maintenance requirements. 
       FIG. 2  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view depicting the anaerobic hydrolysis vessel  110 . In some embodiments t vessel  110  takes the form of an elongated, generally cylindrical container having thin walls formed from a polymer material. Desirable properties of the polymer material include impermeability to gases and liquids, high resilience (to avoid tearing), and high resistance to chemical attack from organic acids and other compounds formed during hydrolysis. Containers of this general description are available from commercial suppliers such as Ag-Bag International Limited of Warrenton, Oreg. The dimensions of the vessel  110  may be selected in view of the required throughput, structural integrity, and space considerations. In an exemplary commercial implementation, vessel  110  has a diameter of approximately five to ten feet, and a length in the range of 100-200 feet. Initially, at least one end of the vessel  110  is left open to enable placement of the organic waste material  115  into the vessel  110 . As described below in connection with  FIG. 3 , filling of vessel  110  can be accomplished using a conventional bagging machine. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 2 , one or more perforated drainage pipes  201  can be placed within the interior of vessel  110  to facilitate the flow of liquids generated during the hydrolysis process to the first (lower) end of the vessel. Pipe  201  is located at or near the bottom portion of the interior and traverses substantially the length of the vessel  110 . Liquids that enter the pipe  201  through perforations in the pipe wall exit the pipe  201  at a mouth  203  opening to the unfilled region of the vessel  110  adjacent to the vessel&#39;s lower end  120 . Placement of the perforated pipe  201  within the vessel  110  can be accomplished by employing an apparatus and method substantially similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,843 (“Method for Treatment of Bagged Organic Materials” by Garvin et al.). 
     Vessel  110  is further adapted with a port  202  located proximate to the first (lower) end  120  to enable removal of the hydrolysis liquid product. The port  202  is coupled to the conduit  124  by a flange  204  so that accumulated liquids flow into the conduit  124  to the holding tank  130 . Vessel  110  can be coupled to the conduit  124  throughout the hydrolysis stage to continuously withdraw the hydrolysis liquid. Alternatively, the conduit  124  can be coupled to vessel  110  only when drainage of the hydrolysis liquid is desired, such as at periodic intervals or at the completion of the hydrolysis process. One or more valves, which may be integrated with the port  202 , or located externally thereto, can be provided for this purpose. 
       FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary process for treating organic waste material  115  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Although the process  300  is described below in terms of its application to the exemplary waste treatment system  100 , the process should not be construed as being limited to implementing the system in the  FIG. 1 . In an optional step  302 , the organic waste material  115  is pre-treated prior to placement within the vessel  110 . The organic waste material  115  can comprise multiple waste streams, including without limitation agricultural waste, food waste, residential lawn/garden waste, and cannery waste. The pre-treatment step  302  can include blending of two or more of these waste streams. The blending proportions (percentages of each waste stream in the organic waste material) can be adjusted to optimize various properties of the organic waste material, such as the carbon to nitrogen ratio. The blended material can then be processed to reduce the average particle size and increase the surface area available for reaction. Such processing can include, for example, crushing, grinding, or shredding. According to one implementation, the waste material  115  is ground to a maximum particle size (longest dimension) of 1.5 inches. 
     The pre-treatment step  302  may further include the addition of a liquid inoculant to the waste material. The addition of the inoculant supplies the anaerobic bacteria required for the hydrolysis reactions to occur and can also be used to increase the moisture content of the waste material. Inoculant is available in bulk from commercial suppliers; however, according to a preferred implementation, the inoculant is wholly or partially comprised of the liquid digester product produced by digestion of a previously processed batch of organic waste material. Use of the liquid digester product as the inoculant confers a substantial economic benefit by removing the need to purchase commercial inoculant and additionally avoids the costs associated with disposal/treatment of the liquid digester product. The amount of inoculant added to the organic waste material  115  should be sufficient to raise the moisture content to at least (and preferably significantly greater than) sixty percent by weight. The resultant organic waste material  115  will typically have a density of approximately 800-1000 pounds/cubic yard. 
     Next, in a step  304 , the pretreated organic waste is placed within the vessel  110 . Placement of the waste within the vessel  110  can be achieved by employing a bagging machine of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,532 and sold by Ag-Bag International Limited. Generally, such machines include a conveyor for transferring material from a hopper into a feed tunnel, and a rotor for compressing the material and propelling the compressed material into an elongated bag having an open end affixed to the tunnel exit. A bagging machine can further include a ram that is temporarily inserted within the interior of the vessel  110  to push the waste material  115  along the length of the vessel  110 . As depicted in  FIG. 2 , the entire interior volume of vessel  110  is filled with organic waste material  115  except for a region adjacent to the first (lower) end  120 , which is left unfilled to accommodate the liquid product that is generated by the hydrolysis of the waste material  115 . In a typical implementation utilizing a vessel having a length of 200 feet, the unfilled region will have a length of approximately 10 feet. The vessel  110  is sealed at the completion of filling step  304  to create an anaerobic environment for hydrolysis of the organic waste material  115 . Prior to sealing, air remaining in the bag can optionally be removed using a vacuum pump (not shown) in order to reduce the oxygen concentration within the vessel  110 . 
     The organic waste material  115  is then incubated in a step  306  within the sealed vessel  110  for a specified period. During this period, the organic waste material  115  undergoes hydrolysis, wherein bacteria or other agents convert a portion of the hydrocarbon compounds in the waste material  115  to organic acids, alcohols, and/or aldehydes. Hydrolysis of the organic waste material  115  results in the production of a liquid hydrolysis product, which flows under gravity to the unfilled region of vessel  110 . The liquid hydrolysis product contains suspended and dissolved organic compounds, as well as dissolved gases. Removal of these compounds from the organic waste material  115  during the hydrolysis process may substantially reduce emissions of ozone precursors and noxious gases produced in the subsequent composting phase. The time period during which organic waste material  115  undergoes hydrolysis will vary according to feedstock composition, temperature, and digester requirements, but will typically be on the order of three weeks. It is noted that the organic waste material  115  may be stored within vessel  110  for a longer period of time in order to match production of the compost end product to seasonal demand. 
     Next, in a step  308 , the accumulated liquid hydrolysis product is removed from the interior of the vessel  110  and transferred through the conduit  124  to the holding tank  130 . Removal and transfer of the liquid hydrolysis product can be performed continuously, at predetermined intervals during hydrolysis, or after the completion of hydrolysis. If removal and transfer of the liquids is performed intermittently, flow of the liquid from the vessel  110  interior may be controlled by a valve associated with the port  202  or the conduit  124 . The liquid hydrolysis product is subsequently pumped into the digester  140  and incubated under anaerobic conditions to produce a biogas product and a liquid product, which may be used as an inoculant in the manner described above. 
     In a step  310 , the organic material  115  is removed from the vessel  110  and subjected to further decomposition under aerobic conditions. This step may be implemented, for example, as a static reverse air aerobic decomposition process. In this process, which is illustrated by  FIG. 4 , the organic waste material is arranged in a pile  402  atop a supporting pad adapted with an array of air ports  404  distributed along the length and/or across the width of the pile  402 . The outer periphery of the pile  402  is exposed to the atmosphere. The air ports  404  communicate with at least one manifold  406 . A blower  408 , or similar device, reduces the pressure within the manifold  406  to below ambient pressure. The resultant pressure gradient draws ambient air through the pile  402 , through the air ports  404 , and into the manifold  406 . This action provides a flow of air into the interior of the pile  402  to facilitate aerobic decomposition reactions. The air drawn through manifold  406  is preferably passed through a biofilter to remove objectionable gas components prior to venting the air stream back to the atmosphere. Step  310  can be alternatively implemented by employing any one of a number of suitable prior art techniques, such as the forced-air composting process described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,843 or any conventional windrow-based process. 
     By utilizing the processes discussed above, a high-quality compost may be advantageously derived from food waste and other high moisture content feedstocks while avoiding the environmental problems of traditional composting methods and the need for large capital expenditures associated with conventional hydrolysis equipment. It should be noted that the process and system described above can be advantageously applied to a wide range of organic waste materials, including without limitation municipal solid waste (MSW), biosolids, sludge, agricultural wastes, cannery wastes, manures, green and wood wastes, and other waste streams having organic content. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . In the embodiments described above, hydrolysis in the vessel  110  proceeds typically over the span of weeks or more. While this is acceptable in some circumstances, in other situations much faster processing is desirable. As described below, an autoclave can be employed to accelerate the hydrolysis of organic waste material.  FIG. 5  shows a flow diagram for an exemplary process  500 , while  FIG. 6  depicts the major components of an organic waste treatment system  600  implemented in accordance with the process  500 . 
     With reference to both  FIGS. 5 and 6 , an initial waste material is received  501 , for example, on a tipping or sorting floor  605 . Depending on the source of the waste material, the waste material can be sorted  502  to remove various unsuitable materials that typically fall into three categories, hazardous waste, recyclable items, and problematic items. The sorting  502  can be performed either on the sorting floor  605  or in a sorting line  610 , depending on the quantity and quality of the initial waste material. 
     Sorting to remove hazardous waste  503 , such as batteries, pesticides, and paint, removes materials that would otherwise contaminate the end product or pose worker safety problems. Recyclable items such as glass, certain plastics, and certain metals, are removed  504  and directed to appropriate recycling facilities. Problematic items are removed  505  that can interfere with the operation of down-stream processes such as screening and autoclaving. One type of problematic material includes those objects that can wrap around other materials while in a rotating drum environment, for instance, rope, hose, and clothing. Buckets and other large items can also be problematic. Additionally, lumber generally cannot be hydrolyzed within the time constraints of the autoclave process, and therefore is also removed. 
     It will be appreciated that sorting  502  is not essential where the initial waste material is known to already be substantially free of deleterious materials, though sorting  502  can still be performed. For example, where the initial waste material is a source separated organic waste material, the amounts of the hazardous, recyclable, and problematic items are typically small and can alternately be addressed by screening  508 . Screening  508  can be accomplished with a screening device  615  such as one or more trommels. A suitable screen size for the screening device  615  is in the range of ½″ to 2″. 
     Screening  508  is primarily used, however, to classify the waste material into “unders” and “overs,” those particles that have either passed through a screen with a particular mesh size, or have not passed through the screen. The unders, which include a disproportionate weight fraction of the total moisture in the waste material, can be further ground or macerated into a pulp and transferred to an energy recovery process  510 . An anaerobic digestion system  620  for energy recovery  510  is shown in  FIG. 6  and described in more detail below. Removing the unders from the waste material reduces the amount of waste material that is directed to subsequent processing and reduces the moisture content of that waste material. Where the initial waste material is a source separated organic waste, food waste can comprise a substantial fraction of the unders. 
     As noted, the overs from the screening  508  are further processed. In some embodiments that do not include sorting  502 , the overs can include unsuitable materials, like recyclable items, that will be removed from the waste material only after further processing. After screening  508 , the overs are directed to a loading process  512 . Here, the composition of the waste material can optionally be adjusted  514  as needed to obtain a more optimal mixture for further processing. For instance, drier material such as paper can be added where the moisture content of the overs is too high. Alternately, wetter materials or water can be added to the overs to increase moisture content. A moisture content of about 60% is considered optimal but potentially the optimal moisture content may be between 50% and 65%. Similarly, other materials can be added as needed to adjust the pH and the composition of the waste material. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the loading process  512  is performed by an optional mixer  625  (for adjusting  514  the waste material) and an infeed system  630 . It is noted that water, or other materials, can also be added to the waste material while in the infeed system  630 . This can be done to either make additional adjustments  514  after processing in the mixer  625 , or in the alternative, to increase the moisture content of the waste material without using the mixer  625 . The infeed system  630  transfers the waste material to a hydrothermal treatment  516 , represented in  FIG. 6  by one or more autoclaves  635 , through the use of a gravity conveyor system and/or a mechanical ram, for example. 
     The hydrothermal treatment  516  reduces the waste material to a useable biomass by using mechanical mixing and steam under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the useable biomass is produced with a uniform pulp consistency. Also in some embodiments, the hydrothermal treatment  516  does not fully hydrolyze the cellulose in the waste material into soluble sugars, but rather generates a product that can be more readily hydrolyzed by further processes. 
     Initially, the organic fraction of the waste material, which typically will include paper, consists of three primary components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The cellulose and hemicellulose are carbohydrates made of sugars linked together in long chains called polysaccharides that form the structural portion of plant cell walls. The cellulose itself is in a crystalline structure made of glucose sugar molecules wrapped in a sheath of hemicellulose and lignin which partially protects the cellulose material from microbial attack. The initial hydrolysis of the material during the hydrothermal treatment  516  disrupts portions, or all, of the sheath, making the cellulose accessible. Further hydrolysis during the hydrothermal treatment  516  ruptures and fractions the waste material at the cellular level and leads to saccharification of the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of the waste material, as well as partial to complete dissolution of compounds in non-cellulostic cells. 
     The autoclave  635  of  FIG. 6  performs the hydrothermal treatment  516  in a rotating drum over approximately a two hour period. The rotating drum, typically about 8 feet in diameter and about 30 feet long, includes a door at one end for loading and unloading. The drum can be rotated up to about 10 revolutions per minutes (rpm) and can also be tilted between a negative  12  degrees for unloading to a plus 45 degrees for gravity loading. The drum operates at pressures between minus 5 pounds per square in gauge (psig) to 50 psig at temperatures from ambient to about 300° F. Suitable autoclave systems and operating conditions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,329 and 5,655,718. 
     In some embodiments, steam from the autoclave  635  is processed through an eductor  640 . In the eductor  640  the steam is condensed and water-soluble volatile organic compounds that have been adsorbed by the steam can be recovered  518  ( FIG. 5 ) for energy recovery or other uses such as producing a fertilizer product. More specifically, water is cycled from the autoclave  635  to the eductor  640  and back to the autoclave  635 , and volatile organic compounds, some of which are acidic, are leached out of the waste material and concentrated in a tank of the eductor  640 . The water, once saturated with volatile organic compounds, can be directed to energy recovery  510  in the anaerobic digester  620 . Steam lines connecting the autoclave  635  to the eductor  640 , and other supporting components for the autoclave  635  and eductor  640 , such as pumps and heaters, have been omitted from  FIG. 6  for clarity. Such omitted components are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The partially hydrolyzed biomass from the autoclave  635  can be further screened  520 , for example, with a second trommel  645  to separate out any remaining non-biomass or inert materials. A suitable screen size for the second trommel  645  is in the range of ½″ to 2″. It will be appreciated that the screening  520  may not be necessary where the initial waste material is sufficiently uniform and free of non-biomass or inert materials, or where the screening  508  is sufficient. Similarly, in some embodiments all of the initial waste material is sent directly to the hydrothermal treatment  516  and screening  520  is the only screening. In these embodiments, depending on the quality of the initial waste material, a sorting  522  can also be performed, for example, on a sorting line  650  like the sorting line  610  described above. As shown, recyclable items are sent for recycling  524  while inert materials are directed to landfilling  526 . Alternately, as described above, the inert materials can be aerobically composted to create a soil amendment. 
     The unders from the screening  520 , or the entire output from the hydrothermal treatment  516 , in those circumstances where screening  520  is unnecessary, is directed to energy recovery  510 . Energy recovery  510  can be achieved, for instance, in either a one or a two stage anaerobic digester. In some embodiments, the two stage digester  620  further hydrolyzes the partially hydrolyzed biomass, generates methane, and leaves lignin and residual material that can then be composted and biodegraded further to create a soil amendment. A suitable methanogenic process is a two stage high solids anaerobic digestion system described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,378. This system consists of hydrolysis and biogasification reactors that facilitate the formation of methane gas in a process that allows energy recovery in an environmentally friendly manner. Alternately, the partially hydrolyzed biomass can be processed to produce ethanol or a liquid fertilizer. In some embodiments, methane, or other products, produced by energy recovery  510  can be used to power the process  500 . 
     1521 The entire process  500 , except the energy recovery  510  in some embodiments, takes place in a controlled environment to prevent unwanted air and water emissions. The controlled environment can be an enclosed negative air building, for example. As noted, in some embodiments any or all of the partially hydrolyzed biomass, the unders from screening  508 , and the recovered volatile organic compounds, can be transported to another facility for the energy recovery  510 . 
     In the foregoing specification, the present invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described present invention may be used individually or jointly. Further, the present invention can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. It will be recognized that the terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used herein, are specifically intended to be read as open-ended terms of art.