Abstract:
A self-contained system containing an antenna, a circuit board, and a power source. The antenna consists of two loop elements mounted perpendicular to each other on a circular metal plate that acts both as part of the radiating system and as a shield between the circuitry and the radiator. The circuit board includes a transmitter, a receiver, and other circuitry for storing information and executing software. The antenna has a high gain, is omnidirectional in two orthogonal polarizations, and has a high degree of isolation between the two loop elements. To achieve omnidirectionality, in one mode, the antenna operates by using each loop element in a time-sequence of brief on/off states. In another mode, the transceiver uses both loop elements simultaneously with the signals on the two loop elements in phase quadrature.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to a compact, high-efficiency, electrically small loop antennas for use in both transmitters and receivers of portable communication devices. 
     The physical size of modem compact communication devices (such as radio tags, personal communicators and pagers) often are dictated by the size of the antenna needed to make them function effectively. To avoid devices that are too large, pagers have made use of electrically small rectangular loop antennas as receive-only antennas with the maximum dimension of any antenna elements that constitute the antenna on the order of one-tenth of a wavelength or less of the receiving frequency. However, these small antennas tend to be inefficient as a result of their very low radiation resistance and comparatively high resistive loss. Likewise, as a result of their high inductive reactance (or Q) they tend to be sensitive to their physical environment. These small antennas have been known to cause parasitic oscillations in attached radio frequency (RF) circuitry. Finally, because of their low efficiency, these small antennas are inadequate as transmitter antennas. 
     To overcome the disadvantages of electrically small loop antennas, there is continuing need for antennas small in physical dimension (each element less than one-tenth of a wavelength, for example); having relatively high efficiency; capable of being placed in close proximity to associated electronic circuits without adversely affecting performance; capable of being used effectively for both transmitting and receiving; relatively insensitive to orientation and surroundings; easy to manufacture using standard, low-cost components; and capable of having radiation patterns altered to support different applications. 
     There is a need for antennas in general and in particular for efficient, dual-polarization, and three-dimensionally omnidirectional antennas that operate at VHF or UHF frequencies. 
     Such antennas are useful for general telecommunications applications. A particular need for such antennas exists in electronic inventory and tracking systems as an interrogator of radio tags attached to various remotely located items such as boxes or vehicles within a given area such as a warehouse or a parking lot. In such an application, a need exists for a relatively compact, structurally robust antenna that can satisfy the following conditions: 
     (1) Is tunable at high frequencies (specifically 315 and 433 MHz). 
     (2) Operates efficiently enough to communicate with other antennas as far away as three-hundred feet while meeting the FCC limitations on maximum radiated power. 
     (3) Is capable of communicating with antennas with unknown orientations and hence unknown polarization responses. 
     (4) Where an array of two antenna elements is employed, minimal coupling between the antenna elements so that there is minimal signal distortion passed on to the receiver circuitry. 
     The term &#34;omnidirectional&#34; as used to describe antenna performance had various meanings in the literature. The term &#34;omnidirectional&#34; is often used when the radiation pattern of the antenna is constant in a single plane and usually only refers to the radiation pattern for a single polarization. The typical examples of this class of omnidirectional antennas are the short dipole and the small loop antenna. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,560,983 and 4,479,127 describe electrically small loop antennas with this type of omnidirectionality. However, that type of two-dimensional, single-polarization omnidirectionality is not sufficient for many purposes. When the antennas are not coplanar and the orientations of the other antennas are unknown, it is necessary to have a broader type of omnidirectionality. 
     Typically an army of two or more antenna elements with complementary polarization responses and complementary radiation patterns operating simultaneously gives greater omnidirectionality. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,777 describes an array of vertical monopole antennas and horizontal dipole antennas arranged on alternating coplanar and concentric circles. U.S. Pat. No. 3,945,013 describes an array consisting of a vertical monopole antenna and a slot antenna sensitive to horizontal polarization. In using antennas of these types it has been found first, that to achieve the required efficiency, the monopoles were too long to be structurally robust, and second, that to achieve the desired gain for a slot antenna resulted in low efficiency due to dielectric losses in the plastic material filling the slot even though such material provides greater structural robustness. Hence these types of designs have been found unsatisfactory. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,440,542 and 3,721,989 describe crossed loop antenna arrays consisting of multiple windings around ferrite cores. These antennas operate at 535-1650 kHz and 10-14 kHz respectively. These antennas are more compact and structurally more robust than antennas that use monopoles. Although those antennas are described as &#34;omnidirectional&#34;, the omnidirectionality is for a single polarization, the vertical polarization, in the plane containing the ferrite cores. In other words, they have the same type of limited omnidirectionality mentioned above. In the plane of the ferrite cores (the omnidirectionality for the vertical polarization) the horizontal polarization radiation pattern has a null. Another shortcoming is that these antennas are inefficient for use at UHF frequencies. These antennas have a very large inductance due to the large number of turns of wire and to the high permeability of the ferrite cores. Tuning these antennas at UHF frequencies requires an impractically small capacitance (about 0.3-0.6 milli-pico-farads). Also, although not explicitly discussed these antennas are very inefficient in that they have high loss resistance relative to their radiation resistance and hence have very low gain. Typical gains for small loop antennas are on the order of about -20 dB. Furthermore, the use of ferrite cores at UHF frequencies would increase the loss resistance and hence decrease the efficiency prohibitively. 
     In the above-identified application entitled EFFICIENT ELECTRICALLY SMALL LOOP ANTENNA WITH A PLANAR BASE ELEMENT, an electrically small rectangular loop antenna is mounted on a rectangular, metal base plate. In that application, the base plate was planar base element that formed part of the radiating system and also acted as a shield between the circuitry and the radiator. That application included a new design for a capacitive matching network contained in windows in the metal plate. In that application, frequencies were used such that the overall dimensions of the radiator were of the order of λ/10 where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. Thus, the radiation pattern tended to have the limited single polarization, two-dimensional omnidirectionality mentioned above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention described in the following paragraphs is part of a serf-contained system containing the antenna, a circuit board, and a power source. The antenna consists of two loop elements mounted perpendicular to each other on a circular metal plate that acts both as part of the radiating system and as a shield between the circuitry and the radiator. The circuit board includes a transmitter, a receiver, and other circuitry for storing information and executing software. 
     The antenna consisting of the two loop elements and the circular metal plate has the following performance capabilities: (1) It has a gain of 0 to 2 dBd (decibels with reference to a gain of 1.6, that is, of a lossless, half-wavelength dipole antenna) depending on the frequency. (2) It is omnidirectional in two orthogonal polarizations; that is, the radiation pattern of the antenna is highly isotropic in three dimensions (constant in amplitude over a broad range of directions) for two orthogonal polarizations. (3) It has a high degree of isolation between the two loop elements; that is, the response of the two loop elements in the antenna is highly decoupled to a level of at least -20 dB decoupling. 
     In order to achieve omnidirectionality, the antenna operates by using each loop element in a time-sequence of brief on/off states. In this way the transceiver uses only one of the loop elements at any instant. Because the radiation patterns of the two loop antennas are complementary, that is, the null of one loop&#39;s radiation pattern lies in the peak of the other&#39;s radiation pattern, the result is that almost all locations will receive essentially equal signals from the antenna, although not simultaneously. It is also possible to operate the antenna in another mode in which the transceiver uses both loop elements simultaneously with the signals on the two loop elements in phase quadrature (the signals are ninety ° out of phase with each other). The above facts about the radiation pattern also apply to this mode of operation except that all antennas at all locations can communicate with the crossed-loop antenna simultaneously. A unique feature of this phase quadrature mode of operation, that may be desirable for some applications, is that the radiated field is circularly polarized whereas the field is linearly polarized in the one loop element at a time mode of operation. 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention consists of two rectangular loops mounted vertically on top of a circular metal base plate (see FIGS. 1, 2, and 3). Each rectangular loop is made by bending a copper tube into three sides of a rectangle that form two short sections extending vertically from the base plate and a long horizontal section between the vertical sections. The base plate completes the circuit for the current that flows in both of the rectangular loops. The two loops connect to the base plate so that the plane containing one loop is perpendicular to the plane of the other loop. One of the loops has slightly taller vertical sections than the other loop so that the horizontal section of the second loop may pass under the horizontal section of the first without making contact. 
     The base plate is a thin circular disk of copper sheet metal attached to a relatively thicker circular disk of plastic material. The plastic backing provides mechanical strength and has minimal electrical effects due to its extreme thinness compared to the wavelength. The base plate acts both as a radiator and a shield for the circuitry. The base plate acts as a radiator because the resonant current that flows through the loops also flows through the base plate. The base plate in effect enhances the radiating area of the loops and hence the radiation resistance because it forms an image of the loops (the image is imperfect due to the finite size of the base plate, so the effective area increases by a factor between unity and the limiting value of two). 
     The base plate acts as a shield because its thickness is approximately ten times the skin depth at the operating frequency so that virtually none of the resonant current penetrates from the top surface to the bottom surface. Furthermore, the majority of the current that flows on the base plate naturally flows in a region directly below the horizontal sections of the two rectangular loops and hence very little current can flow around the metal disc&#39;s edge onto the bottom surface of the disk. This natural tendency is further enhanced by positioning the capacitors within the windows (to be discussed next) in a manner that forces the currents to start out from one leg of one of the loops in the direction toward the other leg of the same loop, that is, in the direction parallel to the horizontal section of the loop. 
     Capacitors for tuning the frequency response of the antenna and structures for the voltage feed reside in four rectangular windows cut out of the metal base plate at the locations where the vertical sections of the loops meet the plane of the metal plate. The rectangular windows form two pairs, one for each of the loop elements. In each pair one rectangular window is larger than the other one. The two larger windows are similar in shape and size and the two smaller windows are similar in shape and size. The plastic backing of the base plate is exposed in the rectangular windows. Each loop&#39;s vertical leg connects to a small rectangular metal island inside the rectangular windows. 
     The larger rectangular windows contain a specially shaped metal strip that connects to a feed point at one end, to the metal island on which one leg of each half-loop connects through an adjustable-capacitance impedance element at another point, and to the base plate through constant-capacitance impedance elements at yet another point. Electrically speaking, the adjustable-capacitance impedance elements are in series with the loop as well as the voltage source. The constant-capacitance impedance elements are electrically in series with the loop, but parallel to the voltage source. 
     The smaller rectangular windows contain a small rectangular strip of metal that serves as a structure on which to solder two constant-capacitance impedance elements. One of the capacitors connects from the metal island on which one leg of each half-loop connects to the metal strip and the other capacitor connects from the metal strip to the base plate. Electrically, the two capacitors and the metal strip are in series with each other and the loop. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of a crossed-loop antenna and a metal base plate. 
     FIG. 2a shows a side view of the FIG. 1 embodiment of a crossed-loop antenna with a view from a direction orthogonal to the taller of the two crossed loops. FIG. 2b shows a side view of the FIG. 1 embodiment of a crossed-loop antenna with a view from a direction orthogonal to the shorter of the two crossed loops. 
     FIG. 3 shows a top sectional view of the FIG. 1 embodiment. 4c show the radiation pattern of the antenna of FIG. 1 showing the variation of the amplitude of two orthogonal components of the electric field, E, with respect to location in space. 
     FIG. 4a shows the geometry and a spherical coordinate system (r,θ,φ) that is convenient for depicting the radiation pattern. 
     FIG. 4b shows the horizontal, E.sub.φ, and locally vertical, E.sub.θ, polarization patterns with respect to variation in azimuthal angle, φ; that is, in a plane of constant z=r cos θ. 
     FIG. 4c shows the horizontal and locally vertical polarization patterns with respect to variations in polar angle, θ; that is, in a plane of constant φ. 
     FIG. 5 depicts an assembly drawing of a transceiver including an antenna and an electrical circuit assembled in a housing. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 shows a crossed-loop antenna which is a radiation device including a first conductive loop 1, a second conductive loop 2 and a conductive planar base element 3 Each of the loops 1 and 2 is analogous to the conductive loop in the above-identified cross-referenced application entitled Efficient Electrically Small Loop Antenna with a Planar Base Element. The planar base element 3 includes rectangular windows 7, 13, 20, and 26. 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b show two different side views of the FIG. 1 antenna. FIG. 2a is a view from the direction perpendicular to the plane of the taller loop 1. FIG. 2b is a view from the direction perpendicular to the plane of the shorter loop 2. Loop 1 includes (with reference to the planar base element 3) two vertical elements 1(a) and 1(b) and a horizontal element 1(c). The vertical elements 1(a) and 1(b) are more or less perpendicular to the plane of a circular, copper base plate of planar base element 3. Loop 2 includes (with reference to planar base dement 3) two vertical elements 2(a) and 2(b) and a horizontal element 2(c). Each of the two loop 1 and 2 is typically formed from a single copper tube of circular cross section by bending it into three sides of a rectangle with slightly rounded comers. The planar base element 3 is formed of a circular, copper layer formed on a thin circular plastic board 4. In the embodiment shown, the plastic board 4 is made from conventional printed circuit board material. Two feed nodes 5 and 6 run perpendicular to the plane of the planar base element 3 and connect to the base element 3 via a hole through the plastic board 4. 
     In the preferred embodiments, for 315 MHz and 433 MHz operation, the planar base element 3 is 248 mm in diameter. The combination of the copper plate and the plastic backing material for planar base element 3 is 1.7 mm thick. In the 433 MHz embodiment, the taller loop 1 stands 37 mm above the base plate as measured at the midpoint of element 1(c) (all measurements referring to the copper tubes forming the two loops 1 and 2 are measured at the center of the tube). The distance between the attachment points on the base plate of the vertical elements 1(a) and 1(b) is 142 mm. Also, in the 433 MHz embodiment the shorter loop 2 stands 29 mm above the planar base element 3 and the distance between the vertical elements 2(a) and 2(b) is 142 mm. In the 315 MHz embodiment, the taller loop 1 stands 40 mm above the planar base element and the distance between the vertical elements 1(a) and 1(b) is 187 mm. Also, in the 315 MHz embodiment, the shorter loop 2 stands 31 mm above the planar base element 3 and the distance between the vertical elements 2(a) and 2(b) is 187 mm. In both the 315 MHz and the 433 Mhz embodiments, the copper tube is 6 mm in diameter. 
     FIG. 3 shows a top view of the circular, copper-clad planar base element 3. In FIG. 3, four rectangular windows 7, 13, 20, and 26 are cut out of the copper plate of the planar base element 3. Each of the rectangular windows exposes the plastic board 4. These exposed parts of the plastic board 4 are labeled 8, 14, 21, and 27 in FIG. 3. Metallic traces, or metal &#34;islands&#34;, etched on the plastic in each of these windows provide convenient locations for soldering capacitors. The feed nodes 5 and 6 are near windows 13 and 26. Each feed node splits into two nodes 5(a) and 5(b) and 6(a) and 6(b). Each node connects to the metal of base element 3 or to a metal island inside the rectangular windows through holes in the plastic board 
     Rectangular window 7 exposes dielectric material 8 from the plastic board 4. Element 1(a) of loop 1 connects to a rectangular metal trace or island 9 inside rectangular window 7. Another rectangular trace or island 10 also inside rectangular window 7 serves as a point to solder capacitors 11 and 12. Capacitor 11 connects from metal island 9 to metal island 10 and capacitor 12 connects from metal island 10 to the copper base plate 3. 
     Rectangular window 13 exposes dielectric material 14 from the plastic board 4. Element 1(b) connects to metal island 15 inside rectangular window 13. There is another metal trace or island 16 inside rectangular window 13. One side 5(b) of feed node 5 is at one end of metal island 16 near the other side 5(a) of feed node 5. In either transmit or receive mode, a potential difference appears between nodes 5(a) and 5(b). A variable capacitor 17 connects from metal island 15 to metal island 16. Capacitors 18 and 19 are parallel to each other and they connect from metal island 16 to the copper plate of planar base element 3. 
     Rectangular window 20 exposes dielectric material 21 from the plastic board 4. Leg 2(a) of loop antenna 2 connects to a rectangular metal trace or island 22 inside rectangular window 20. Another rectangular trace or island 23 also inside rectangular window 20 serves as a point to solder capacitors 24 and 25. Capacitor 24 connects from metal island 22 to metal island 23 and capacitor 25 connects from metal island 23 to the copper base plate 3. 
     Rectangular window 26 exposes dielectric material 27 from the plastic board 4. Element 2(b) connects to metal island 28 inside rectangular window 26. Them is another metal trace or island 29 inside rectangular window 26. One side 6(b) of feed node 6 is at one end of metal island 29 near the other side 6(a) of feed node 6. In either transmit or receive mode, a potential difference appears between nodes 6(a) and 6(b). A variable capacitor 30 connects from metal island 28 to metal island 29. Capacitors 31, 32, and 33 are parallel to each other and they connect from metal island 29 to the copper plate of planar base element 3. 
     FIG. 4 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna for two orthogonal polarizations of the electric field, E, when the antenna operates in the one loop element at a time mode of operation. The radiation pattern shown here is the complementary pattern assuming that the test antenna records the maximum of the electric field received from the two loops 1 radiating at different times. FIG. 4a defines a spherical coordinate system with radial coordinate, r, polar angle (or colatitude), θ, and azimuth angle (or longitude), φ. In any particular direction, the most convenient components of the electric field to use for this discussion are the E.sub.θ and E.sub.φ components. The E.sub.φ component is called the horizontal component and the E.sub.θ is called component the &#34;locally vertical component&#34;. FIG. 4b shows the radiation patterns for the horizontal and the locally vertical polarizations in a plane defined by the equation z=r cos θ=constant as functions of azimuth angle, φ. The horizontal polarization at any location is proportional to cos θ. Thus, the horizontal polarization radiation pattern is not strictly omnidirectional; there is a null in the horizontal polarization radiation pattern in the z=0 plane. However, for angles between θ=0° to θ=60° and between θ=120° to θ=180° (a region coveting haft of the total sphere at any given radius), the horizontal polarization amplitude is within 3 dB of its peak value at θ=0° . FIG. 4c shows the radiation patterns for the horizontal and the locally vertical polarizations measured in the y=0 plane as functions of polar angle, θ. These patterns exhibit dual-polarization omnidirectionality within a tolerance of about 3 dB over a broad range of directions. 
     Transceiver Assembly--FIG. 5 
     FIG. 5 depicts an assembly drawing of a transceiver including an antenna and an electrical circuit assembled in a housing. In FIG. 5, planar base element 3 and the first loop 1 and second loop 2 are assembled within the housing including the elements 55, 57, 58 and 60. The housing also includes spacers 54, 55, 56 and 57. The electrical circuitry 59 is mounted on a ground plane 51. The ground plane includes a first connection 50-1 and a second connection 50-2 to the planar base element 3 by the connectors 50-1 and 50-2. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the electrical circuitry 59 is spaced apart from the antenna formed of loops 1 and 2 and the planar base element 3 both by the planar base element 3 which is on one side of the loop 2 and 3 and by the electrical circuit ground plane 51. This structure in FIG. 5 establishes the isolation of the electrical circuitry 59 from the radiation device formed of elements 1, 2 and 3. The radiation loops 1 and 2 are connected by conductors 52 and 53 to the electrical circuit 59 which together with the first and second conductor 50-1 and 50-2 complete the conduction path between the electrical circuit 59 and the radiation device.