Abstract:
A micromachined apparatus includes micromachined thermistor having first and second ends physically and thermally coupled to a substrate via first and second anchor structures to enable a temperature-dependent resistance of the micromachined thermistor to vary according to a time-varying temperature of the substrate. The micromachined thermistor has a length, from the first end to the second end, greater than a linear distance between the first and second anchor structures.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This non-provisional application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/607,597, filed Sep. 7, 2012 and entitled “Micromachined Thermistor and Temperature Measurement Circuitry (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,022,644), and Method of Manufacturing and Operating Same,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/533,148, entitled “Micromachined Thermistor and Temperature Measurement Circuitry, and Method of Manufacturing and Operating Same,” filed Sep. 9, 2011. Each of the above-identified patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     INTRODUCTION 
     The present inventions are directed to, among other things, a micromachined thermistor (and the method of manufacturing such a thermistor) having predetermined and/or high correlation of resistance to ambient temperature and, preferably, limited, minimized and/or reduced stress-resistance dependence and/or improved long-term stability. In one embodiment, the thermistor includes one or more micromachined thermistor structures which are fabricated from a temperature-sensitive crystalline material (for example, doped or undoped semiconductor material(s) such as, for example, monocrystalline, polycrystalline and/or amorphous silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium arsenide) using any micromachining processing or fabrication techniques now known or later developed. In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, the thermistor may include one or more micromachined thermistor structure which are fabricated from a metal material (for example, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium and/or copper (or alloys thereof)). 
     For example, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be fabricated from a doped monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon (for example, doped with a p-type impurity (such as, for example, boron, aluminum, gallium, or other element in group 13 of the periodic table as well as compounds) or an n-type impurity (such as, for example, phosphorus and/or arsenic)) using well-known deposition, lithographic and/or doping techniques. In another embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be fabricated from platinum, molybdenum, titanium and/or copper (or alloys thereof). Indeed, in another embodiment, the thermistor includes a plurality of thermistor structures including at least one micromachined thermistor structure fabricated from a doped monocrystalline or polycrystalline semiconductor material and at least one micromachined thermistor structure fabricated from a metal material. 
     Where the micromachined thermistor structure includes or is fabricated from a impurity doped semiconductor material, in one embodiment, the impurity dopant type and/or doping levels (both of which may depend on a given base or substrate material of the structure) may be selected to provide a predetermined, increased, linearized enhanced and/or maximum sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance) relative to undoped or intrinsic semiconductor material. In another embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure is doped with a dopant type and/or at doping levels that provide a predetermined increase in sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance) in relation to a predetermined and/or minimum sensitivity to doping variations (which may depend on manufacturing controllability and/or tolerances of the doping operation) and/or linearity of the change of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance) over temperature (for example, an operating or predetermined temperature range). For example, in one embodiment, the impurity doping levels provide a predetermined enhancement of the sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance) but such sensitivity over a range of doping levels (for example, the manufacturing controllability and/or tolerances of the doping operation) is within a predetermined sensitivity range. In this way, although the dopant and doping levels may not provide a maximum sensitivity to the temperature dependent characteristic of the micromachined thermistor structure, such dopant and/or levels provide an increase in the temperature dependent characteristic, relative to an undoped base material of the structure, and a sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic (for example, resistance) over manufacturing variations or tolerances in doping operations or concentrations is within a predetermined range or limits. 
     Notably, in one embodiment, the doping processes (which may employ multiple masking processes) of the micromachined thermistor structure may include a plurality of impurity dopant types and/or a plurality of doping levels, which, in sum, provide a net doping concentration. In one embodiment, the doping processes may include (i) a first impurity dopant type at first doping level and (ii) a second impurity dopant type (which is the same impurity type as the first impurity dopant type) at a second doping level. In another embodiment, the doping processes may include counter-doping which includes (i) a first impurity dopant type at first doping level and (ii) a second impurity dopant type (which is opposite the first impurity dopant type) at a second doping level. In the context of counter-doping, the dominant impurity type and the net doping concentration of the micromachined thermistor structure depend on, among other things, the impurity dopant types and the doping levels of such impurities. Indeed, in another embodiment, the doping processes of the thermistor (which may employ multiple masking processes) may provide a first region of the thermistor (for example, the electrical contacts) having first impurity dopant type(s) and/or first impurity doping level(s), and a second region of the thermistor (for example, the micromachined thermistor structure) having second impurity dopant type(s) and/or second impurity doping level(s). 
     The thermistor of the present inventions may be a discrete device or integrated on a substrate or die with one or more other structures (for example, one or more mechanical structures of a micro- or nano-electromechanical device (MEMS or NEMS device, respectively, hereinafter collectively “MEMS device”)). In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, the thermistor may be integrated with circuitry as an integrated circuit type device. In this regard, the thermistor of the present inventions (which may have one or more micromachined thermistor structures) may be integrated on a die including integrated circuitry and/or one or more MEMS devices having one or more other structures (for example, one or more mechanical structures of a micro- or nano-electromechanical device). 
     In one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be partially, substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate. For example, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be vertically and/or horizontally released and/or suspended (for example, in a cantilever-like manner) above the substrate to limit and/or reduce changes in the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of the structure due to stresses in the substrate (for example, internal or external stresses introduced during operation). In these embodiments, the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of the micromachined thermistor structure, which is partially, substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, are substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in the substrate and, as such, provide a more accurate and/or a more reliable representation of the ambient temperature regardless of the non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of the thermistor (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     In one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor is unsealed or not encapsulated, but is exposed to the ambient atmosphere. In another embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure is sealed or encapsulated in a cavity. Here, the micromachined thermistor structure may be sealed or encapsulated in a cavity using any technique now known or later developed. (See, for example, MEMS fabrication, encapsulation and packaging process as described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,146,917; 6,307,815; 6,352,935; 6,477,901; 6,507,082; 6,936,491; 7,075,160; and/or 7,514,283). Moreover, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor is sealed or encapsulated in a cavity having a predetermined environment and fluid (for example, a cavity having a vacuum environment or having a predetermined pressure and/or fluid (for example, hydrogen and/or an inert gas such as helium). (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,283). Indeed, in one embodiment, a fluid (for example, gas or liquid such as, for example, helium, argon, nitrogen, an oil, a silicon liquid and a silicon gel) may be disposed in the cavity and/or around the thermistor to, for example, enhance thermal conductivity/contact with other portions of the die, other structures disposed or fabricated in the die (for example, a MEMS device such as a MEMS resonator, accelerometer, gyroscope, pressure sensor and/or combinations thereof) and/or with structures disposed or fabricated in a related/associated die (for example, a MEMS device disposed or fabricated in the related/associated die). 
     The micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor may include one or more anchors which secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate of the discrete, integrated and/or integrated circuit device. In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor may include one or more anchors which secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the encapsulation structure of the discrete, integrated and/or integrated circuit device. Notably, the one or more anchors may be displaced (for example, laterally) relative to the signal flow (for example, current flow) through or in the micromachined thermistor structure. In this way, the impact of internal or external stress introduced into the micromachined thermistor structure via the anchors may be limited, minimized and/or reduced in relation to the temperature dependent output signal. 
     The micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor may include a stem-loop or hairpin loop shape (hereinafter collectively, “loop-shape”). Under these circumstances, the anchors are located in close proximity (for example, juxtaposed) such that the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate and/or encapsulation material/structure of the sensor or the integrated device. In this way, displacement of or impact on the micromachined thermistor structure (or portions thereof) due to internal or external stress may be limited, minimized and/or reduced thereby limiting and/or reducing the impact on the thermistor&#39;s temperature dependent output signal. 
     Moreover, a loop-shape (wherein the anchors of the micromachined thermistor structure are located in close proximity) may increase the rigidity, restoring force and/or resonant frequency of the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor in response to external forces or vibration applied to the substrate (particularly in those embodiments where the micromachined thermistor structure is partially, substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, or “free-standing” relative to the substrate). In addition to limiting and/or reducing the impact of such external forces on the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of the micromachined thermistor structure (which will improve the accuracy and/or reliability of the temperature dependent output signal of the structure), the rigidity, restoring force and/or resonant frequency of the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor will reduce or minimize stiction concerns—wherein the micromachined thermistor structure comes in physical contact with nearby structure, the substrate and/or the cover (in those embodiments where the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor is encapsulated or a protective cover is disposed over the structure). 
     The micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor may also include (in whole or in part) a serpentine or undulating shape. For example, where the micromachined thermistor structure includes a loop-shape, one or more of the legs or portions of the loop-shape of the micromachined thermistor structure may include a serpentine or undulating shape or structure to, among other things, increase the amplitude of the output signal corresponding to the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure, increase resistance of the overall structure and/or limit and/or reduce the impact on the micromachined thermistor structure (or portions thereof) of internal or external stress. Indeed, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure includes one or more major portions of the loop-shape of the micromachined thermistor structure which are symmetrical or substantially symmetrical (for example, in relation to an axis of the structure), such major portions may include symmetrical or substantially symmetrical serpentine or undulating shapes. 
     In addition, in one embodiment, the thermistor includes two or more electrical contacts to input and/or output signals from the thermistor. The electrical contacts facilitate measurement of a temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure (and/or change therein) of the thermistor. In one embodiment, the thermistor includes two electrical contacts to facilitate a 2-point sensing configuration/architecture where measurement circuitry samples, detects and/or measures the temperature dependent characteristics (and/or changes therein) of the micromachined thermistor structure (for example, resistance or change in resistance of the micromachined thermistor structure). In another embodiment, the thermistor includes four electrical contacts to facilitate implementation of 2-point, 3-point or 4-point sensing configurations/architectures wherein a 4-point sensing configuration/architecture may facilitate more accurate measurement of the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance), and/or change therein, of the thermistor with minimal, reduced, little or no contribution to the overall or measured resistance due to, for example, (i) the electrical contacts or signal path to the measurement circuitry and/or (ii) non-idealities of the measurement circuitry. 
     Notably, in one embodiment, one or more of the electrical contacts of the thermistor and/or the micromachined thermistor structure are physically integrated or disposed in one or more of the anchors of the thermistor. Indeed, where the anchors are laterally displaced relative to the signal flow (for example, current flow) through or in the micromachined thermistor structure, it may be advantageous to physically integrate or dispose the electrical contacts in the anchors of the thermistor to limit and/or reduce the impact of internal or external stress introduced into the micromachined thermistor structure via the anchors and thereby limit and/or reduced the impact of such forces on the temperature dependent output signal. In this way, the thermistor provides a more accurate and/or a more reliable representation of the ambient temperature regardless of the non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of the thermistor (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     In those embodiments where the micromachined thermistor structure provides information which is representative of another structure (for example, a one or more mechanical structures of a MEMS device), a thermal coupler may be employed to enhance the thermal coupling of the structure with the micromachined thermistor structure. In this way, the thermistor provides a more accurate and/or a more reliable representation of the temperature of the other structure even where the structures are disposed in a cavity having a vacuum environment. Indeed, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may share or physically contact the other structure (for example, the micromachined thermistor structure may share an anchor with one or more mechanical structures of a MEMS device). Such an embodiment enhances the thermal exchange between the thermistor and the other structure and, where the structures are disposed in a cavity having a vacuum environment, such an exchange may dramatically enhance the accuracy and reliability of the representation of temperature of the other structure by the thermistor. 
     As intimated above, the thermistor may electrically couple to measurement circuitry. In one embodiment, the measurement circuitry includes resistance, voltage and/or current sensors (for example, an ohm meter, a voltmeter and/or a current meter). Any resistance, voltage and/or current sensors, whether now known or later developed, may be employed in conjunction with the thermistors of the present inventions. Indeed, the measurement circuitry may be configured in a 2-point configuration/architecture (for example, ohm meter type circuitry coupled to electrical connection or contact points of the thermistor). In another embodiment, the measurement circuitry may be configured in 3-point or 4-point configuration/architecture (for example, current meter and voltmeter type circuitry coupled to electrical connection or contact points of the thermistor). The circuitry may include a bridge network, configuration or architecture (for example, a Wheatstone bridge). Such bridge may be 2 or 4 element, and may be AC or DC excited, and may include one or more active or passive elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors and/or transistors/diodes. 
     Notably, the measurement circuitry may be partially or wholly (i) integrated on the same substrate or die as the thermistor or (ii) disposed on a separate or different die. 
     Importantly, in one aspect, the present inventions are directed to measurement circuitry and methods of operating such circuitry. In one embodiment of this aspect, the measurement circuitry minimizes the impact of non-idealities of the measurement system and/or configuration to measure the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance introduced via the measurement circuitry) by measuring a parameter (for example, capacitance) that is a measure of but different from the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure (for example, resistance). 
     Moreover, such inventions provide a low noise temperature sensing with high accuracy, low power, and/or low area using a thermistor element as the micromachined temperature sensitive device (for example, one or more of the thermistors of the present inventions wherein the resistance of the micromachined thermistor structure depends on or changes with temperature). For example, in one embodiment, the measurement circuitry includes a switched capacitor network that creates a low noise adaptable reference resistor for comparison purposes, a frequency divider that is controlled by a digital Sigma-Delta modulator (also known as a Delta-Sigma modulator—which hereinafter identified as a “Sigma-Delta” modulator) to achieve an accurately controlled switching frequency for the switched capacitor network, a chopping method to mitigate the effect of 1/f noise and circuit offsets, a pseudo-differential VCO-based analog-to-digital converter structure to efficiently convert the analog error between the MEMS-based resistance value and the effective resistance of the switched capacitor network into a digital code, and an overall feedback loop that changes a Sigma-Delta modulator input in response to that error. In this way, the measurement circuitry minimizes the impact of non-idealities of the measurement system and/or configuration to measure the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance introduced via the measurement circuitry) by measuring a parameter (for example, capacitance) that is a measure of but different from the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure (for example, resistance). 
     The measurement circuitry may electrically couple to data processing circuitry. Here the data processing circuitry, using the output signal of the measurement circuitry (which may be a measure of the temperature dependent resistance and/or change therein), may determine and/or generate data which is indicative or representative of a temperature and/or change therein. The data processing circuitry may be partially or wholly (i) integrated on the same substrate(s)/die(dice) as the thermistor and/or measurement circuitry or (ii) disposed on a separate or different substrate/die. Notably, the data processing circuitry may be one or more processors, one or more state machines, one or more processors implementing software, one or more gate arrays, programmable gate arrays and/or field programmable gate arrays (whether integrated or otherwise). Indeed, the processing circuitry may be any circuitry now known or later developed which determines, calculates and/or generate data which is indicative or representative of a temperature (and/or change therein) based on or using the output signal of the measurement circuitry. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the course of the detailed description to follow, reference will be made to the attached drawings. These drawings show different aspects of the present inventions and, where appropriate, reference numerals illustrating like structures, components, materials and/or devices in different figures are labeled similarly. It is understood that various combinations of the structures, components, and/or devices, other than those specifically shown, are contemplated and are within the scope of the present inventions. 
       Moreover, there are many inventions described and illustrated herein. The present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, certain permutations and combinations are not discussed and/or illustrated separately herein. 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  illustrate block diagram representations of a thermistor, implemented in various system configurations, according to certain aspects of certain embodiments of the present inventions, wherein  FIG. 1A  illustrates a thermistor including a micromachined thermistor structure disposed on or in a substrate,  FIG. 1B  illustrates a thermistor (according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein) electrically coupled to measurement circuitry, and  FIG. 1C  illustrates a thermistor (according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein) electrically coupled to measurement circuitry, which is coupled to data processing circuitry (notably, the data processing circuitry, in certain embodiments, employs the data which is representative of the ambient temperature, as measured by the measurement circuitry, to calculate, generate and/or determine data which is indicative or representative of temperature); 
         FIGS. 1D-1F  illustrate block diagram representations of the system architecture of  FIG. 1C  (which includes a thermistor) in conjunction with clock generation circuitry (for example, one or more integer and/or fractional phase locked loops (PLLs), delay locked loops (DLLs), digital/frequency synthesizer (for example, a direct digital synthesizer (“DDS”), frequency synthesizer, fractional synthesizer and/or numerically controlled oscillator) and/or frequency locked loops (FLLs)), wherein in  FIGS. 1E and 1F , the system also includes a MEMS device (for example, a MEMS resonator, accelerometer, gyroscope, pressure sensor and/or combinations thereof) and the clock generation circuitry may employ the output signal of the MEMS device as a reference signal to generate a clock output signal having a predetermined, substantially stable frequency, and the data processing circuitry employs the data from the thermistor (which provides information of the operating temperature of the MEMS device) to adjust the operation of the clock generation circuitry (for example, adjust, change one or more values or parameters of the PLL or DLL circuitry in accordance with or to accommodate for changes in temperature—see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,622); 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate top views of exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure, in one embodiment, may include a loop-shape wherein the anchors are located in close proximity such that the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate, ( FIG. 2A ), may include a generally linear or straight shape such that the anchors are located at distant ends ( FIG. 2B ), or may include a generally curved and/or undulating shape ( FIG. 2C ) wherein again the anchors are located at distant ends, or, as discussed in connection with other embodiments, combinations thereof; notably, in these exemplary illustrated embodiments, the electrodes are disposed or integrated in or on the anchors; moreover, the shapes of the micromachined thermistor structure of these embodiments are merely exemplary and the inventions hereof are not limited to any particular shape—but may take any shape now known or later developed; 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  illustrate cross-sectional views of the portion of the exemplary thermistor of  FIGS. 2A-2C  (along dotted line A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D, and E-E respectively), wherein  FIG. 3A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the anchors and electrodes,  FIG. 3B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a center section of the micromachined thermistor structure which is (i) disposed and suspended over (for example, in a cantilever-like manner) and/or (ii) vertically and horizontally released from the substrate,  FIG. 3C  illustrates an end portion of the micromachined thermistor structure which is also (i) disposed and suspended over (for example, in a cantilever-like manner) and/or (ii) vertically and horizontally released from the substrate,  FIG. 3D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an end portion of the micromachined thermistor structure wherein the sectional view of  FIG. 3D  is perpendicular to the sectional view of  FIG. 3C , and  FIG. 3E  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the anchor and electrode of the exemplary thermistor of  FIGS. 2A and 2B ; 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  illustrate cross-sectional views (along dotted line B-B of  FIGS. 2A-2C ) at various stages of manufacturing of the exemplary thermistors of  FIGS. 2A-2C , wherein  FIG. 4A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of substrate prior to formation of the micromachined thermistor structure (wherein in this exemplary illustration, the starting wafer may be a semiconductor-on-insulator wafer or a metal-on-insulator-on-substrate type wafer,  FIG. 4B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the micromachined thermistor structure after definition or formation (using, for example, well-known lithographic and etching techniques),  FIG. 4C  illustrates the micromachined thermistor structure after removal of the sacrificial or insulating layer wherein the micromachined thermistor structure is (i) disposed and suspended over (for example, in a cantilever-like manner) and/or (ii) vertically and horizontally released from the substrate, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor includes two anchors located in close proximity such the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate, two electrical contacts disposed or integrated in or on the anchors, and a micromachined thermistor structure including (i) a loop-shape and (ii) a serpentine or undulating shape in a center section or portion of the micromachined thermistor structure wherein the serpentine or undulating shape, among other things, may increase the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure, increases resistance of the overall structure and/or limits and/or reduces the impact on the micromachined thermistor structure (or portions thereof) of internal or external stress; 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor includes four electrical contacts disposed or integrated in or on the anchors, which are located in close proximity such the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate; notably, the shape of micromachined thermistor structure is substantially similar to that of  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 5C  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor includes four electrical contacts—two electrical contacts are disposed or integrated in or on associated anchors (which are located in close proximity such the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate) and two electrical contacts are free-standing above/over the substrate and not disposed or integrated in or on anchors; notably, the shape of micromachined thermistor structure is substantially similar to that of  FIGS. 5A and 5B ; 
         FIG. 5D  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor includes three electrical contacts—two electrical contacts are disposed or integrated in or on associated anchors (which are located in close proximity such the anchors secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate) and one electrical contacts are free-standing above/over the substrate and not disposed or integrated in or on anchors; notably, the shape of micromachined thermistor structure is substantially similar to that of  FIGS. 5A and 5B ; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate a cross-sectional view, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 5A , wherein the micromachined thermistor structure is (i) disposed and suspended over (for example, in a cantilever-like manner) and/or (ii) vertically and horizontally released from the substrate, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; notably, the exemplary thermistor of  FIG. 6B  includes a passivation layer (for example, grown and/or deposited silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride materials) on the thermistor structure to, among other things, improve the long term stability of the thermistor (wherein the temperature dependent characteristics of the thermistor may be more stable over time (for example, less change in resistance over time); notably, a passivation layer may be comprised of a plurality of layers each having one or more different materials (for example, a silicon nitride layer disposed on a silicon oxide layer); 
         FIG. 6C  illustrates a cross-sectional view, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 5A , wherein the thermistor includes a material (for example, a compliant like material such as a gel, soft plastic or rubber (for example, silicon rubber) like material) that does not communicate appreciable stress to the micromachined thermistor structure but protects the thermistor structure to, among other things, improve the long term stability of the thermistor (wherein the temperature dependent characteristics of the thermistor may be more stable over time (for example, less change in resistance over time); 
         FIGS. 7A-7C  illustrate exemplary measuring techniques and architectures to determine the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance), wherein, in  FIG. 7A , ohm meter type circuitry may be coupled to the thermistor, in a 2-point measurement architecture/configuration, to measure a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor in response to the ambient temperature of the micromachined thermistor structure; in  FIG. 7B , current meter and voltmeter type circuitry may be coupled to the thermistor, in a 4-point measurement architecture/configuration, to measure a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor wherein the resistance of the thermistor is determined by applying/forcing a current, I, across the F+/F− terminals, and sensing a voltage, V, across the S+/S− terminals; and, in  FIG. 7C , current meter and voltmeter type circuitry may be coupled to the thermistor, in a 3-point measurement architecture/configuration, to measure a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor wherein the resistance of the thermistor is determined by applying/forcing a current, I, across the F+/F− terminals, and sensing a voltage, V, across the S+/S− terminals; notably, the measuring circuitry of  FIGS. 7B and 7C  may measure a parameter (for example, capacitance) although representative of temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure, is different from the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of the micromachined thermistor structure; 
         FIG. 7D  illustrates exemplary measuring technique and architecture employing a bridge-type circuit to determine the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance), in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions wherein at least one portion of the bridge corresponds to the temperature dependent parameter of the micromachined thermistor structure; 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates a cross-sectional view, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 5A  wherein the exemplary thermistor is disposed in a cavity via thin-film encapsulation structure, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates a cross-sectional view, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 5A  wherein the exemplary thermistor is sealed, for example, in a TO-8 “can” (or like structure) and/or in a cavity via a wafer or glass substrate bonded to the thermistor die or substrate, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 9A-9E  illustrate cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 5A , at various stages of manufacturing, wherein  FIG. 9A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the micromachined thermistor structure after formation and prior to release from the substrate,  FIG. 9B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the micromachined thermistor structure after providing or depositing a sacrificial layer on the micromachined thermistor structure,  FIG. 9C  illustrates a cross-sectional view after forming, depositing, growing and/or providing an encapsulation layer on and/or over sacrificial layer and prior to release of the micromachined thermistor structure from the substrate (via removal or etching of the sacrificial layer from around the micromachined thermistor structure), and  FIG. 9D  illustrates a cross-sectional view after releasing of the micromachined thermistor structure from the substrate wherein the sacrificial layer is removed or etched from around micromachined thermistor structure thereby substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure; in one embodiment, the vents are closed and the cavity sealed after releasing micromachined thermistor structure, for example, via deposition forming, depositing, growing and/or providing another encapsulation layer (see  FIG. 9E ); notably, in one embodiment, vents (not illustrated in this series of figures) are formed in encapsulation layer and the sacrificial layer is removed or etched around micromachined thermistor structure using well known processing techniques; in this way, the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure, which is released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing”, are relatively and/or substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in substrate and, as such, provide a more accurate and/or reliable representation of the ambient temperature notwithstanding any non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of thermistor (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto); 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate top views of an exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure includes (i) a loop-shape and (ii) a serpentine or undulating shape in a plurality of portions of the micromachined thermistor structure wherein the serpentine or undulating shape, among other things, increases the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure, increases resistance of the overall structure and/or limits and/or reduces the impact on the micromachined thermistor structure (or portions thereof) of internal or external stress; notably, exemplary thermistors illustrated in  FIG. 10B  includes an anchor which is offset or displaced from signal (for example, current flow I signal ) through or in the micromachined thermistor structure such that the impact of internal or external stress introduced into the micromachined thermistor structure via the offset or displaced anchor may be limited, minimized and/or reduced in relation to the temperature dependent output signal; 
         FIG. 10C  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure includes the shape and attributes of  FIG. 10B , however, in this exemplary illustrated embodiment, the thermistor includes two electrical contacts to be implemented in a 2-point measurement architecture/configuration, wherein, for example, ohm meter type circuitry may measure a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor in response to the ambient temperature (see, for example,  FIG. 7B ); 
         FIG. 10D  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure includes the shape and attributes of  FIGS. 10B and 10C , however, in this exemplary illustrated embodiment, the thermistor includes three electrical contacts to be implemented in a 3-point measurement architecture/configuration, wherein, for example, current meter and voltmeter type circuitry may be coupled to the thermistor of  FIG. 10D , in a 3-point measurement architecture/configuration, to measure a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor wherein the resistance of the thermistor is determined by applying/forcing a current, I, across the F+/F− terminals, and sensing a voltage, V, across the S+/S− terminals (see, for example,  FIG. 7C ); 
         FIGS. 11A-11C  illustrate cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIGS. 10A-10D , in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions, wherein the exemplary thermistor of  FIG. 11B  is disposed in a cavity via thin-film encapsulation structure, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions, and the exemplary thermistor of  FIG. 11C  is sealed, for example, in a TO-8 “can” (or like structure) and/or in a cavity via a wafer or glass substrate bonded to the thermistor die or substrate, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrate a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure (i) is substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended over, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, and is substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in the substrate, and (ii) includes a serpentine or undulating shape which, among other things, increases the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure, increases resistance of the overall structure and limits and/or reduces the impact on the micromachined thermistor structure (or portions thereof) of internal or external stress; 
         FIGS. 12C and 12D  illustrate a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure is substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended over, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, and is substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in the substrate; 
         FIG. 12E  illustrates a top view of an exemplary thermistor according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the micromachined thermistor structure includes a beam, having varying widths, which is substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended over, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, and is substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in the substrate; 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  illustrate cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A, of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in (i)  FIGS. 12A and 12B  and (ii)  FIGS. 12C and 12D , respectively, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate discrete thermistor devices, in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions, wherein the thermistor of  FIG. 14A  includes one micromachined thermistor structure and  FIG. 14B  includes more than one micromachined thermistor structure (in this exemplary illustrated embodiment, the thermistor includes two micromachined thermistor structures—although the thermistor may include more than two micromachined thermistor structures); 
         FIG. 14C  illustrates a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die with a MEMS device, wherein the MEMS device includes one or more MEMS structures and may be, for example, one or more gyroscopes, resonators, pressure sensors, micro-channel and/or accelerometers; 
         FIGS. 14D and 14E  illustrate a thermistor having a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die with a MEMS device, wherein data from the thermistors may provide, for example, information which is representative of (i) a temperature gradient in/on the die, (ii) hot spots in/on the die, and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of the die, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; notably, the multiple thermistors may be implemented in any of the embodiments described and illustrated herein including any of the embodiments of  FIG. 14 ; moreover, although two or four thermistor structures are illustrated, three or more than four thermistor structures may also be implemented to provide, for example, additional or more granular temperature dependent data of more than two or four regions of the die; 
         FIGS. 14F and 14G  illustrate a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions—which may include one or more micromachined thermistor structures) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die with integrated circuitry, for example, circuitry of or associated with measuring the temperature dependent data of the thermistor, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; notably, as mentioned above, although two thermistor structures are illustrated, more than two thermistor structures may be implemented to provide additional or more granular temperature dependent data (for example, data which is reflective (i) a temperature gradient in/on the die, (ii) hot spots in/on the die, and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of the die) of more than two regions of the die; 
         FIG. 14H  illustrates a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) having one or more thermistor structures fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die with a MEMS device and integrated circuitry, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; although not illustrated, where the thermistor includes a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures, such structures may be dispersed over or in the die to facilitate acquisition of data which is may provide information which is representative of (i) a temperature gradient in/on the die, (ii) hot spots in/on the die, and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of the die; 
         FIGS. 14I-14K  illustrate stacked die architectures wherein a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die alone or with a MEMS device is stacked with a die having integrated circuitry, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; notably, all permutations and combinations of stacked die architectures including thermistors, MEMS devices and/or integrated circuitry are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 14L  illustrate a stacked die architecture wherein a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die, is stacked with (i) a die having a MEMS device and (ii) a die having integrated circuitry, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 14M  illustrates a stacked die architecture wherein a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) is fabricated, manufactured or integrated, with a MEMS device, on a die which includes (i) a thickness and/or (ii) a thermal insulating material (for example, a silicon nitride or silicon oxide) at the interface of the dice of the stacked die architecture that reduces and/or minimizes the temperature gradient between the thermistor and the MEMS device due to, for example, heat transfer from the die containing the integrated circuitry, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 14N  illustrates a stacked die architecture wherein a thermistor having a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) is fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die with a MEMS device, wherein data from the thermistors may provide, for example, information which is representative of (i) a temperature gradient in/on the die, (ii) hot spots in/on the die, and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of the die, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 14O and 14Q  illustrate stacked die architectures wherein a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die, is stacked side-by-side with a die having a MEMS device and on a die having integrated circuitry, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions, wherein a thermal coupler (for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy (an “island” of such epoxy on or above the integrated circuit die that “bridges” both dice or secures both dice to the integrated circuit die), metal trace or bar (which may be disposed on or suspended above the integrated circuit die and “bridges” both dice to provide more extensive thermal communication between the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device; 
         FIGS. 14P and 14R  are cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A, of the stacked die architectures of  FIGS. 14O and 14Q , respectively, wherein the stacked architecture illustrated in  FIG. 14P  includes the dice of the MEMS device and the thermistor secured or fixed to an exposed surface of the package or die of the integrated circuit via an adhesive (for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy) and the stacked architecture illustrated in  FIG. 14R  includes a thermal coupler bridging the dice of the MEMS device and the thermistor, wherein the thermal coupler may be, for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy (for example, an “island” of such epoxy on or above the integrated circuit die that “bridges” both dice), which secures both dice to the integrated circuit die and facilitates more extensive thermal communication between the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device; 
         FIG. 14S  illustrates stacked die architecture including a thermal coupler and thermal isolator, wherein a thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die, is stacked side-by-side with a die having a MEMS device and on a thermal coupler which is disposed on a thermal isolating material (for example, a polyimide film) which, in turn, is disposed on or above the die containing the integrated circuitry, wherein the thermal coupler (for example, a metal film, or a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy) provides more extensive thermal communication between the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device and the thermal isolator reduces thermal transfer from the integrated circuitry die to the MEMS device die and/or the thermistor die; 
         FIGS. 14T and 14U  are cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A, of certain embodiments of the stacked die architectures of  FIG. 14S , wherein the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 14T  illustrates the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device secured to the thermal coupler via, for example, an adhesive (which may facilitate thermal communication to the thermal coupler (for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy) and the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 14U  illustrates an adhesive-thermal coupler (for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy) securing the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device directly to a thermal isolating material (for example, a polyimide film) which is disposed on or above the integrated circuit; 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates a cross-sectional view a micromachined thermistor structure of a thermistor, according to one or more or the present inventions, integrated in, on and/or above a substrate which includes one or more other structures (for example, one or more mechanical structures of a micro- or nano-electromechanical device), according to one or more of the present inventions; notably, in this illustrated embodiment, the other structure and thermistor are disposed in, on and/or above the substrate and formed (in whole or in part) in, on and/or from an active layer and in and/or on die; as such, the other structure (for example, MEMS or NEMS structure) and micromachined thermistor structure are “coplanar” on the die; 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a micromachined thermistor structure of a thermistor, according to one or more or the present inventions, and a MEMS or NEMS structures, according to one or more of the present inventions; notably, in this illustrative embodiment, the MEMS/NEMS structure is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a first active layer and the micromachined thermistor structure is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a second active layer (which, relative to the substrate base, may be above or below the first active layer; and, as such, the thermistor and MEMS/NEMS device are “stacked” on the same die; 
         FIG. 15C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of two micromachined thermistor structures of a thermistor, according to one or more or the present inventions, and a MEMS or NEMS structures, according to one or more of the present inventions; notably, in this illustrative embodiment, the MEMS/NEMS structure and one of the micromachined thermistor structures are fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a first active layer, and a second micromachined thermistor structure is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a second active layer (which, relative to the substrate base, may be above or below the first active layer; and, as such, the thermistor and MEMS/NEMS device are coplanar and stacked on the same die; 
         FIG. 16  is a graphical illustration of a relationship of temperature versus resistivity for different doping concentrations of a semiconductor material wherein DC4 is greater than DC3 is greater than DC2 is greater than DC1; notably, using conventional doping techniques, the ability to control (within a predetermined tolerance or range) the doping concentration DC4 is greater than DC3 is greater than DC2 is greater than DC1, wherein the amount of doping (if any) of the thermistor may depend on or include competing consideration between temperature versus resistivity and controllability of the doping processes and uniformity; 
         FIG. 17A  illustrates, in block diagram form, a thermal coupler disposed between a MEMS device and a thermistor, to enhance the thermal coupling between the MEMS device with the thermistor, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 17B-17D  illustrate top views of exemplary lateral thermal couplers disposed between exemplary thermistors and MEMS devices, according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 17E  illustrates, in a general diagram form, a vertical thermal coupler disposed between a MEMS device and a thermistor, to thermal couple the MEMS device with the thermistor, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 17F  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of the die of  FIG. 17E  sectioned along A-A, wherein an exemplary vertical thermal coupler is disposed between a portion of an exemplary thermistor and a portion of a MEMS device, according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 17G  illustrates, in a general diagram form, horizontal/lateral and vertical thermal couplers disposed between MEMS device(s) and a thermistor, to thermally couple the MEMS device(s) with the thermistor, in accordance with certain aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIG. 18  illustrate a top view of exemplary an exemplary thermistor which shares structural features with a MEMS device, according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate discrete thermistor devices, in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions, wherein the thermistor of  FIG. 19A  includes a micromachined metal thermistor structure and  FIG. 19B  includes a micromachined metal thermistor structure and a micromachined semiconductor thermistor structure; notably, although at times the description below may appear to be directed to a micromachined semiconductor thermistor structure, the inventions, embodiments and features are entirely applicable to a micromachined metal thermistor structure and, although for the sake of brevity, the discussion is not repeated specifically in the context of the micromachined metal thermistor structure—one skilled in the art understands that such inventions, embodiments and features are entirely applicable to micromachined metal thermistor structure according to the aspects and embodiments of the present inventions; 
         FIGS. 20A-20D  illustrate top views of exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor may include four or more anchors which secure, attach and/or physically couple the thermistor structure to the substrate, electrical contacts disposed or integrated in or on one or more of the anchors, and a micromachined thermistor structure includes (i) a loop-shape and, in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , (ii) a serpentine or undulating shape; 
         FIGS. 21A-21F  illustrate top views of exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor are released via the vents; the vents may be located (i) directly over portions of the micromachined thermistor structure (see  FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21D ), and/or (ii) remote from portions of the micromachined thermistor structure (see  FIG. 21C ), and/or (iii) adjacent to portions of structure  12  (see  FIGS. 21E and 21F ) 
         FIGS. 22A-22F  illustrate cross-sectional views, along dotted line A-A of the exemplary thermistor illustrated in  FIG. 21D , at various stages of manufacturing, wherein  FIG. 22A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the micromachined thermistor structure after formation and prior to release from the substrate,  FIG. 22B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the micromachined thermistor structure after providing or depositing a sacrificial layer on the micromachined thermistor structure,  FIG. 22C  illustrates a cross-sectional view after forming, depositing, growing and/or providing an encapsulation layer on and/or over sacrificial layer and prior to release of the micromachined thermistor structure from the substrate (via removal or etching of the sacrificial layer from around the micromachined thermistor structure),  FIG. 22D  illustrates a cross-sectional view after forming vents in the encapsulation layer,  FIG. 22E  illustrates a cross-sectional view after releasing of the micromachined thermistor structure from the substrate wherein the sacrificial layer is removed or etched from around micromachined thermistor structure thereby substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure; in one embodiment, the vents are closed and the cavity sealed after releasing micromachined thermistor structure, for example, via deposition forming, depositing, growing and/or providing another encapsulation layer (see  FIG. 22F ); 
         FIGS. 23A-23D  illustrate top views of exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary thermistor may include two electrical contacts and a micromachined thermistor structure includes (i) a loop-shape and, in  FIGS. 23A and 23B , (ii) a serpentine or undulating shape; 
         FIGS. 24A and 24B  illustrate top views of exemplary thermistors according to certain aspects and embodiments of the present inventions wherein the exemplary micromachined thermistor structure includes (i) a loop-shape and (ii) a serpentine or undulating shape; and 
         FIGS. 25A-25C  illustrate micromachined thermistor structures including loop-shapes having different bending radii wherein  FIG. 25A  includes a sharper bending radius in relation to the bending radius of the loop-shape of  FIGS. 25B and 25C ; notably, it may be advantageous to increase the bending radius of a loop-shape to facilitate more uniform current flow throughout the micromachined thermistor structure and in particular, through the loop-shape portion of the micromachined thermistor structure. 
     
    
    
     Again, there are many inventions described and illustrated herein. The present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. For the sake of brevity, many of those combinations and permutations are not discussed separately herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. In one aspect, the present inventions are directed to a thermistor and the method of manufacturing a thermistor which includes a predetermined and/or high correlation of resistance to ambient temperature and, preferably, limited, minimum and/or reduced stress-resistance dependence. In one embodiment, the thermistor includes a micromachined thermistor structure which is fabricated from a temperature-sensitive crystalline material (for example, doped or undoped semiconductor material(s) such as, for example, monocrystalline, polycrystalline and/or amorphous silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium arsenide). For example, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be fabricated or formed from a doped monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon (for example, doped with a p-type impurity (such as, for example, boron, aluminum, or other element in group 13 of the periodic table as well as compounds) or an n-type impurity (such as, for example, phosphorus and/or arsenic) using well-known deposition, lithographic, etching and/or doping techniques. 
     In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, in another embodiment, the thermistor may include one or more micromachined thermistor structures which is/are fabricated from a metal material (for example, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum and/or copper (or alloys thereof)). For example, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be fabricated or formed from platinum and/or copper (or alloys thereof) using well-known deposition, lithographic, and/or etching techniques. Indeed, in another embodiment, the thermistor includes a plurality of thermistor structures including a first micromachined thermistor structure fabricated from a doped monocrystalline or polycrystalline semiconductor material and a second micromachined thermistor structure fabricated from a metal material. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1A, 2A-2C and 3A-3E , in exemplary embodiments, thermistor  10  includes a micromachined thermistor structure  12  which is disposed on, above and/or in substrate  14 . In this exemplary illustrated embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  is disposed above substrate  14 . In this regard, micromachined thermistor structure  12  is substantially or entirely released (vertically and horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14 . In this way, the impact of internal or external stress introduced during operation on the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12  is limited, reduced and/or minimized (relative to, for example, micromachined thermistor structure  12  that is disposed in substrate  14 ). That is, the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , which is released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, are relatively and/or substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in substrate  14  and, as such, provide a more accurate and/or reliable representation of the ambient temperature notwithstanding any non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of thermistor  10  (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C and 4A , thermistor  10  may be formed in or on substrate  14 . The substrate  14  may be, for example, a doped or undoped semiconductor material, a glass material, or an insulator material. For example, substrate  14  may be a portion of a semiconductor-on-insulator wafer or a portion of a standard type wafer having active layer  14   c  disposed on sacrificial layer  14   b  (for example, a silicon oxide or silicon nitride) which is disposed on substrate base  14   a  (which may be a semiconductor, a glass, or an insulator). With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C, 4A and 4B , micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be defined or formed in active layer  14   c  (for example, a semiconductor or metal) using well-known lithographic and etching techniques. Thereafter, layer  14   b  (for example, insulator or sacrificial layer of substrate  14 ) may be removed or etched thereby partially, substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and/or horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure  12  (in whole or in part) from substrate  14  (which, in the illustrated embodiment, includes substrate base  14   a ). (See,  FIG. 4C ). Notably, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be fabricated using any processing or fabrication techniques now known or later developed. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C , micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include portions that include one or more loop-shapes, linear or straight, or curved and/or undulating, or, as discussed in connection with other embodiments, combinations thereof. Where micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes loop-shape anchors  16  of thermistor  10  may be located in close proximity. That is, with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 3A , in this exemplary illustrated embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes a loop-shape wherein anchors  16  are located in close proximity. In this embodiment, anchors  16  secure, attach and/or physically couple the micromachined thermistor structure  12  to substrate  14 . In this way, displacement of or impact on micromachined thermistor structure  12  (or portions thereof) due to internal or external stress may be limited, minimized and/or reduced thereby limiting and/or reducing the impact of such forces on the temperature dependent output signal of thermistor  10 . 
     Moreover, a loop-shape (wherein anchors  16  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  are located in close proximity) may increase the rigidity, restoring force and/or resonant frequency of micromachined thermistor structure  12  of the thermistor  10  in response to, for example, internal or external forces applied to substrate  14  (e.g., vibration)—particularly in those embodiments where micromachined thermistor structure  12  is partially, substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14  (which improves the accuracy and/or reliability of the temperature dependent output signal of thermistor  10 ). In one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes a resonant frequency of greater than 200 kHz, and preferably greater than 500 kHz. 
     Notably, a higher rigidity, restoring force and/or resonant frequency of micromachined thermistor structure  12  may increase the restoring force and, as such, reduce, minimize and/or eliminate stiction concerns—wherein micromachined thermistor structure  12  may physically contact and “attach” to a nearby structure/material (for example, active layer  14   c , substrate base  14   a  and/or a cover (in those embodiments where the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor is encapsulated or a cover is disposed over the micromachined thermistor structure)). As such, in those embodiments where micromachined thermistor structure  12  is partially, substantially or entirely released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14 , it may be advantageous to include a physical design of micromachined thermistor structure  12  that the rigidity, restoring force and/or resonant frequency of the micromachined thermistor structure  12  be greater than the impact of estimated or anticipated externally forces to or vibration of thermistor  10 . In this way, the restoring force of micromachined thermistor structure  12  of thermistor  10  will reduce or minimize stiction concerns. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C, 3A and 3E , thermistor  10  also includes electrical contacts  18  to, for example, couple to measurement circuitry  100 . (See, for example,  FIGS. 1B-1F ). In certain embodiments, electrical contacts  18  are integrated or disposed in or on anchor  16  of thermistor  10 . For example, with reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C, 3A and 3E , electrical contacts  18  are integrated or disposed in or on anchors  16  of thermistor  10 . The thermistor  10  may employ any design, form or type of electrical contact now known or later developed to facilitate acquisition of the temperature dependent output signal of thermistor  10 ; that is, the output signal which is representative of the ambient temperature of micromachined thermistor structure  12 . 
     With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2C, 3A-3E and 4A-4C , the material(s) comprising micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include one or more impurity dopants. The impurity dopant may be acceptor type(s) or donor type(s). Moreover, the impurity dopant(s) may be introduced into active layer  14   c  during formation of layer  14   c  and/or at any stage of the fabrication process, including, for example, at stages  FIGS. 4A, 4B and/or 4C . Any technique now known or later developed may be employed to incorporate one or more dopants into the material(s) comprising micromachined thermistor structure  12 . 
     The impurity dopant type and/or doping levels thereof (both of which may depend on a given base or substrate material of the structure) may be selected to provide a predetermined, increased, enhanced and/or maximum sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance). In one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure is doped with a dopant type and/or at doping levels that provide a predetermined and/or maximum increase in sensitivity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the structure (for example, resistance) in relation to or versus a predetermined and/or minimum sensitivity to doping variations (which may also depend on manufacturing controllability and/or tolerances of the doping operation). (See, for example,  FIG. 16 ). Here, although the dopant and/or doping concentrations may not provide a maximum sensitivity and/or linearity of the temperature dependent characteristic of the micromachined thermistor structure (see, for example, DC1 in  FIG. 16 ), such dopant and/or levels may provide an increase in the temperature dependent characteristic, relative to other doping concentrations or levels (for example, a lightly or an undoped base material) of the structure, and a sensitivity and/or linearity of the temperature dependent characteristic (for example, resistance) over manufacturing variations or tolerances in doping operations/concentrations is within a predetermined and/or acceptable range or limits (see, for example, DC2 in  FIG. 16 ). 
     For example, in one embodiment, the micromachined thermistor structure may be fabricated or formed from a doped monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon (for example, doped with a p-type impurity (such as, for example, boron, aluminum, or other element in group 13 of the periodic table as well as compounds (for example, boron difluoride, BF 2 ) having acceptor type characteristics)) using well-known fabrication techniques (including deposition, lithographic, etching and/or doping techniques). It may be advantageous to implement boron doping levels in a silicon material which provides an impurity concentration of greater than 10 16  cm −3  and less than 10 18  cm −3 . In this way, the sensitivity of the resistance of the micromachined thermistor structure, over a certain temperature range (Ta to Tc), is relatively linear. 
     Notably, in one embodiment, the doping processes of the micromachined thermistor structure may include a plurality of impurity dopant types and/or a plurality of doping levels, which, in sum, provide a net doping concentration. In one embodiment, the doping processes may include (i) a first impurity dopant type at first doping level and (ii) a second impurity dopant type (which is the same impurity type as the first impurity dopant type—for example, boron, aluminum and gallium) at a second doping level. In another embodiment, the doping processes may include counter-doping which includes (i) a first impurity dopant type at first doping level and (ii) a second impurity dopant type (which is opposite the first impurity dopant type—for example, boron and phosphorus) at a second doping level. Here, the dominant impurity type and the net doping concentration of the micromachined thermistor structure are dependent on, among other things, the impurity dopant types and the doping levels of such impurities. 
     In another embodiment, the doping processes of the thermistor may provide a first region of the thermistor (for example, the electrical contacts) having first impurity dopant type(s) and/or first impurity doping level(s), and a second region of the thermistor (for example, the micromachined thermistor structure) having second impurity dopant type(s) and/or second impurity doping level(s). For example, in a region in and/or around the electrical contacts, the doping concentration may be heavier relative to the micromachined thermistor structure which is lightly doped to increase the sensitivity to variations in temperature. Moreover, the heavily doped regions (electrical contact and, in certain embodiments, the anchors) are less sensitive to local stress and tend to include a greater electrical and thermal conductivity. 
     Notably, all permutations and combinations of doping properties (for example, implantation strength/energy), impurity dopant types and/or a plurality of doping levels/concentrations are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. 
     With reference to  FIG. 5A , in one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  of thermistor  10  may include (in whole or in part) a serpentine or undulating shape (see area  20 ). For example, where micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes a loop-shape, one or more of the legs or portions of the loop-shape of the micromachined thermistor structure may include a serpentine or undulating shape or portion  20  to, among other things, increase the sensitivity of the signal corresponding to the temperature dependent characteristics of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , increase resistance of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , and/or limit and/or reduce the impact on micromachined thermistor structure  12  (or portions thereof) of internal or external forces (for example, stress and/or vibration). The serpentine or undulating portion  20  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be substantially or entirely released (vertically and horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14 . (See,  FIG. 6A  wherein portion  20  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  is vertically and horizontally released from the substrate). The serpentine or undulating portion  20  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  may limit, reduce and/or minimize the impact of internal or external stresses introduced during operation of micromachined thermistor structure  12  (for example, the stiction attributes or characteristics of micromachined thermistor structure  12 ). 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 5A , in one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes symmetry of one or more major portions of the loop-shape of the micromachined thermistor structure (for example, in relation to an axis of the structure—symmetry axis  20  in  FIG. 5A ). Here, the major portions of the loop-shape include symmetrical or substantially symmetrical serpentine or undulating shapes. 
     The thermistor  10  may include two or more electrical contacts  18  to input and/or output signals from the thermistor. (See,  FIGS. 2A-2C and 5A-5C ). The electrical contacts  18  facilitate measurement of a temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure (and/or change therein) of thermistor  10 . In one embodiment, thermistor  10  includes two electrical contacts  18  (see, for example,  FIGS. 2A-2C and 5A ) to facilitate a 2-point sensing configuration/architecture where measurement circuitry samples, detects and/or measures the temperature dependent characteristics (and/or changes therein) of the micromachined thermistor structure  12  (for example, resistance or change in resistance of micromachined thermistor structure  12 ). (See,  FIG. 7A ). In another embodiment, thermistor  10  includes four electrical contacts  18  (see  FIGS. 5B and 5C ) to facilitate implementation of 2-point or 4-point sensing configurations/architectures wherein a 4-point sensing configuration/architecture may facilitate more accurate measurement of the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance), and/or change therein, of thermistor  10  with minimal, reduced, little or no contribution to the overall or measured resistance due to, for example, (i) the electrical contacts or signal path to the measurement circuitry and/or (ii) non-idealities of the measurement circuitry. (See, for example,  FIG. 7B ). In one embodiment, a current (I) is applied to thermistor  10  through F+/F− electrical contacts (via the current source), and the resulting voltage is sensed at the S+/S− electrical contacts (via the voltage measurement circuitry). The voltage measurement circuit may be designed to include a large or high input impedance so that little to no current flows in/out of the S+/S− or electrical contacts thereby facilitating a highly accurate measurement of the resistance (or change therein) of thermistor  10 . 
     In yet another embodiment, thermistor  10  includes three electrical contacts  18  (see,  FIG. 5D ) to facilitate implementation of 2-point or 3-point sensing configurations/architectures wherein in a 3-point measurement architecture/configuration, the measuring circuitry measures a resistance or changes in resistance of the thermistor wherein the resistance of the thermistor is determined by applying/forcing a current, I, across the F+/F− terminals, and sensing a voltage, V, across the S+/S− terminals (see, for example,  FIG. 7C ). Like a 4-point sensing configuration/architecture, a 3-point sensing configuration/architecture may facilitate more accurate measurement of the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance), and/or change therein, of thermistor  10  with minimal, reduced, little or no contribution to the overall or measured resistance due to, for example, (i) the electrical contacts or signal path to the measurement circuitry and/or (ii) non-idealities of the measurement circuitry. Here again, the voltage measurement circuit may be designed to include a large or high input impedance so that little to no current flows in/out of the S+/S− or electrical contacts thereby facilitating a highly accurate measurement of the resistance (or change therein) of thermistor  10 . 
     Notably, the present inventions may employ any measuring technique or architecture now known or later developed. For example, a bridge-type circuit (See, for example,  FIG. 7D ) may be employed to determine the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance) wherein at least one portion of the bridge corresponds to the temperature dependent parameter of the micromachined thermistor structure. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the electrical contacts  18  of thermistor  10  are physically integrated or disposed in one or more of anchors  16  of thermistor  10 . (See,  FIGS. 2A-2C, 3A, 3E, 5A and 5B ). However, in other embodiment, one or more (or all) of the electrical contacts  18  are not physically integrated or disposed in one or more of anchors  16  of thermistor  10 . (See,  FIGS. 5C and 5D ). The anchors  16  and electrical contacts  18  may be fabricated using any technique and/or material now known or later developed; in one embodiment, such anchors and contacts are fabricated using the techniques and/or materials described and/or illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,491. 
     The micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be sealed or encapsulated in a chamber—thereby protecting micromachined thermistor structure  12  from the external environment and/or controlling the environment/conditions (for example, pressure) in which micromachined thermistor structure  12  operates/resides. Indeed, prior to, during and/or after sealing the chamber, the environment within the chamber may be defined, for example, via materials and processing techniques that provide predetermined characteristics of the environment in the chamber, for example, predetermined pressure and/or fluid (for example, an inert gas or anti-stiction fluid). (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,930,367, 7,449,355 and 7,514,283). Such a configuration reduces the likelihood of contamination of the components of thermistor  10 , including micromachined thermistor structure  12 , which may improve stability and reliability of thermistor  10 . Notably, the environment within the chamber may be defined using any technique now known or later developed. 
     In one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be sealed in a cavity via thin-film encapsulation process and structure. (See,  FIG. 8A ). Briefly, in one exemplary embodiment, after defining micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see  FIGS. 5A and 9A ), a process of fabricating a thin-film encapsulation structure starts with depositing or providing sacrificial layer  24  over micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see  FIG. 9B ). Thereafter, layer  26  is provided, for example, formed, deposited and/or grown (see  FIG. 9C ). Vents (not illustrated in this series of figures) are then formed in encapsulation layer  26  and the sacrificial layer  24  is removed or etched around micromachined thermistor structure  12  thereby substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure  12 . (See,  FIG. 9D ). As noted above, in this way, the impact of internal or external stresses introduced during operation on the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12  is limited, reduced and/or minimized (relative to, for example, micromachined thermistor structure  12  that is disposed in substrate  14 ). That is, the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , which is released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing”, are relatively and/or substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in substrate  14  and, as such, provide a more accurate and/or reliable representation of the ambient temperature notwithstanding any non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of thermistor  10  (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     After releasing micromachined thermistor structure  12 , in one embodiment, the vents may be closed and the cavity sealed via another deposition of a layer  28 . (See,  FIG. 9E ). A detailed discussion of an exemplary thin film encapsulation technique is described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,936,491, 7,075,160, and 7,514,283. Notably, the micromachined thermistor structure may be sealed or encapsulated using any technique now known or later developed. In one embodiment, the vents may be sealed via attaching a die, wafer or glass substrate (which may include other structures or integrated circuitry thereon) to encapsulation layer  26 . 
     In one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  is unsealed or not encapsulated and thereby directly exposed to the external atmosphere/environment. Indeed, in those embodiments where micromachined thermistor structure  12  is unsealed or not encapsulated, it may be advantageous to include a passivation layer on micromachined thermistor structure  12 . (See,  FIG. 6B ). In one embodiment, the passivation layer is a silicon oxide and/or a silicon nitride material which is deposited or thermally grown. Such a passivation layer may improve long term stability of the thermistor wherein the relationship between temperature and resistance is more stable over the life of the thermistor. 
     With reference to  FIG. 6C , in another embodiment, a passivation material (for example, a compliant like material such as a gel, soft plastic or rubber-like material (for example, silicon rubber)) may be employed to protect micromachined thermistor structure  12  and improve long term stability of thermistor  10  (wherein the temperature dependent characteristics of the thermistor may be more stable over time (for example, less change in resistance over time). The passivation material of this embodiment is selected and/or applied in such a manner as to not communicate appreciable stress to the micromachined thermistor structure. In this way, the impact of internal or external stress introduced into micromachined thermistor structure  12  as a result of the passivation is limited and/or managed in relation to the temperature dependent output signal. 
     In another embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be sealed, for example, in a TO-8 “can” (or like structure) and/or in a cavity via a wafer or glass substrate  30  bonded to the thermistor die or substrate. (See,  FIG. 8B ). In this regard, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be sealed in a chamber, for example, a hermetically sealed metal container (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,815) or bonded to a semiconductor, metal or glass-like substrate having a chamber to house, accommodate or cover micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,146,917, 6,352,935, 6,477,901, and 6,507,082). In the context of the hermetically sealed metal container, the substrate on, or in which, the resistive structure would reside may be disposed in and affixed to the metal container. The hermetically sealed metal container typically serves as a primary package as well. 
     Notably, as intimated above, after or during sealing of the chamber, an anti-stiction fluid may be incorporated into the chamber. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,930,367 and 7,449,355). In this way, the anti-stiction characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure of the thermistor may be enhanced. Indeed, gases (for example, argon, nitrogen and/or helium) may be trapped within the chamber 
     With reference to  FIGS. 10A and 10B , the serpentine or undulating shape of micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be symmetrical about axis  22 . In this embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  includes a loop-shape, wherein both legs or portions of the loop-shape of the micromachined thermistor structure include a serpentine or undulating shape or portion  20  to, among other things, increase the sensitivity of the signal corresponding to the temperature dependent characteristics of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , increase resistance of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , and/or limit and/or reduce the impact on micromachined thermistor structure  12  (or portions thereof) of internal or external forces (for example, stress and/or vibration). In this embodiment, the serpentine or undulating portion  20  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  are substantially or entirely released (vertically and horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14 . (See,  FIG. 11A  wherein portion  20  of micromachined thermistor structure  12  is vertically and horizontally released from substrate). It should be noted that micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include any shape or configuration now known or later developed. 
     With reference to  FIG. 10A , thermistor  10  may include one or more anchors that are displaced relative to the signal flow (for example, current flow) through or in the micromachined thermistor structure. (See, anchor  16  and signal I signal ) In this way, the impact of internal or external stress introduced into the micromachined thermistor structure via anchor  16  are limited, minimized and/or reduced in relation to the temperature dependent output signal (I signal ). That is, locating the anchors distant from the path of the signal flow used in connection with the measurement of the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , the output of micromachined thermistor structure  12  provides a more accurate and/or a more reliable representation of the ambient temperature regardless of the non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of thermistor  10  (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     As indicated above, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include any shape now known or later developed including a shape which is not a loop-shape. (See, for example,  FIGS. 12A-12E ). Here, anchors  16  of thermistor  10  (which secure, attach and/or physically couple the micromachined thermistor structure  12  to substrate  14 ) are not located in close proximity so as to form a loop-shape. In these embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  is substantially or entirely released (vertically and horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to substrate  14 . (See, the cross-sectional view of  FIGS. 13A and 13B ). In this way, the impact of internal or external stresses introduced during operation on the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12  is limited, reduced and/or minimized (relative to, for example, micromachined thermistor structure  12  that is disposed in substrate  14 ). That is, the temperature dependent characteristics (for example, resistance) of micromachined thermistor structure  12 , which is released (vertically and/or horizontally), suspended, and/or “free-standing” relative to the substrate, are relatively and/or substantially independent of internally or externally induced stresses in substrate  14  and, as such, provide a more accurate and/or reliable representation of the ambient temperature notwithstanding any non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of thermistor  10  (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). 
     Notably, micromachined thermistor structure  12 , regardless of shape, configuration and/or architecture, may be sealed or encapsulated in a chamber—thereby protecting micromachined thermistor structure  12  from the external environment and/or controlling the environment/conditions (for example, fluid and pressure) in which micromachined thermistor structure  12  operates/resides. Any encapsulation technique, now known or later developed, may be employed. (See, for example, the cross-sectional view of an exemplary thin film encapsulation technique in  FIG. 11B  the cross-sectional view of a “can” (or like structure) and/or in wafer, die or glass substrate bonded to the thermistor die or substrate in  FIG. 11C , each being in relation to the exemplary illustrated embodiment of micromachined thermistor structure  12  of  FIG. 10 ). 
     The thermistor of the present inventions may be a discrete device. For example, thermistor  10  may be formed in and/or on die  34  (for example, any of the embodiments described and/or illustrated herein, including any combinations and permutations thereof). (See, for example,  FIG. 14A ). The thermistor  10  may include one or more micromachined thermistor structures  12 . (See, for example,  FIGS. 14A and 14B ). Where the thermistor includes a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures, the circuitry (for example, data processing circuitry) may calculate, assess and/or determine (i) a temperature gradient in/on die  34 , (ii) hot spots in/on die  34 , and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of die  34 . In this regard, the circuitry may receive a plurality of data samples which are indicative or representative of temperature and which correspond to a plurality of different spatial regions in/on die  34  and, in response thereto, calculate and/or determine a temperature gradient in/on die  34 , identify hot spots in/on die  34 , and/or calculate and/or determine an average temperature across/in portions of die  34 , for example, a given time. 
     Notably, techniques and/or circuitry of the present inventions may implement any form of averaging. For example, the techniques and/or circuitry of the present inventions may spatially average the temperature dependent data from the micromachined thermistor structures. In addition thereto, or in lieu thereof, the techniques and/or circuitry may temporally average the temperature dependent data from the micromachined thermistor structures. The temporal averaging may be implemented via low-pass filtering including multi-order filters such as, for example, one or more second-order Butterworth-type filters). 
     In another embodiment, one or more micromachined thermistor structures  12  may be integrated in, on and/or above a substrate  14  which includes one or more other structures (for example, one or more mechanical structures of a micro- or nano-electromechanical device (MEMS or NEMS device, respectively, hereinafter collectively “MEMS device”)). Here, both MEMS device  36  (which includes a MEMS structure  38  and, in certain embodiments, drive and/or sense electrodes  40 ) and thermistor  10  (having one or more micromachined thermistor structures) are disposed in, on and/or above substrate  14  and formed in, on and/or from (for example, as described herein) active layer  14   c  and in and/or on die  34 . (See,  FIGS. 14C-14E and 15A ). In one embodiment, MEMS structure  38  and micromachined thermistor structure  12  are fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from, in whole or in part, in active layer  14   c , and, as such, MEMS structure  38  and micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be considered “coplanar configuration”. (See,  FIG. 15A ). In another embodiment, MEMS structure  38  is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a first active layer and micromachined thermistor structure  12  is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from a second active layer (which, relative to the substrate base, may be above or below the first active layer). (See,  FIG. 15B ). In this way, thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36  are fabricated and/or arranged in a “stacked configuration” on die  34  such that MEMS structure  38  and micromachined thermistor structure  12  are fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from different active layers. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 14D and 14E , thermistor  10  includes a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures  12  and, as such, the circuitry (for example, data processing circuitry) may calculate, assess and/or determine (i) a temperature gradient in/on die  34  (including across MEMS structure  38  of MEMS device  36 ), (ii) hot spots in/on die  34 , and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of die  34  (including in relation to MEMS structure  38  of MEMS device  36 ). Here, circuitry may receive a plurality of data samples which are indicative or representative of temperature and correspond to a plurality of different spatial regions in/on die  34  and calculate and/or determine temperature related data (for example, the gradient in/on die  34 , hot spots in/on die  34  and/or an average temperature across/in portions of die  34 ). In response, the circuitry may control or adjust the control of other circuitry (for example, the clock generation circuitry—see, for example,  FIGS. 1D-1F ). 
     In yet another embodiment, thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36  are fabricated in a coplanar configuration and a stacked configuration. In this regard, a first thermistor structure  12   a  and MEMS structure  38  are fabricated, formed and/or disposed in or from active layer  14   c , and a second thermistor structure  12   b  is fabricated, formed and/or disposed in a different active layer (which, relative to the substrate base, may be above or below the first active layer). (See, for example,  FIG. 15C ). 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 15A-15C , micromachined thermistor structure  12 , regardless of shape, configuration, architecture, integration and/or packaging, may be sealed or encapsulated in a chamber—thereby protecting micromachined thermistor structure  12  from the external environment and/or controlling the environment/conditions (for example, fluid and pressure) in which micromachined thermistor structure  12  operates/resides. Any encapsulation technique, now known or later developed, may be employed. (See, for example, the cross-sectional view of an exemplary thin film encapsulation technique in  FIG. 11B  the cross-sectional view of a “can” (or like structure) and/or in wafer, die or glass substrate bonded to the thermistor die or substrate in  FIG. 11C ). 
     Notably, where micromachined thermistor structure  12  is integrated with a MEMS structure  38 , in one embodiment, the dopant type and/or doping concentrations employed in connection with fabricating micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be different from the dopant type and/or doping concentrations employed in connection with the MEMS structure  38 . For example, in one embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include a first doping type or dopant (for example, a p-type impurity (such as, for example, boron) and MEMS structure  38  may include a second doping type or dopant (for example, an n-type impurity (such as, for example, phosphorus and/or arsenic). In another embodiment, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include a first doping type (for example, a p-type impurity (such as, for example, boron) and at a first doping concentration, and MEMS structure  38  may include the same doping type (for example, p-type impurity) but at a second doping concentration. That is, with reference to  FIG. 16 , the doping concentration of micromachined thermistor structure  12  may be at a first range or level (for example, see DC1 or DC2) and the doping concentration of MEMS structure  38  may be at a second range or level (for example, see, DC4). 
     The different doping types and/or concentrations of the micromachined thermistor structure and the MEMS structure may be implemented using conventional processing techniques. For example, during doping of the micromachined thermistor structure or MEMS structure, the other is protected via a mask. All techniques for controlling the dopant type and/or doping concentrations in connection with micromachined thermistor structure and the MEMS structure are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. 
     It should be noted that MEMS device  36  may include one or more MEMS structures and may be, for example, one or more gyroscopes, resonators, pressure sensors and/or accelerometers, made in accordance with well-known fabrication techniques, such as lithographic and other precision fabrication techniques, which form mechanical components to a scale that is generally comparable to microelectronics. Indeed, MEMS device  36  may be or may include any MEMS structure now known or later developed. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 14F and 14G , thermistor  10  (which, in  FIG. 14F  includes one thermistor structure and in  FIG. 14G  includes two thermistor structures; as noted above, thermistor  10  may include more than two structures) may be integrated with circuitry  42  as an integrated circuit type device. In this regard, thermistor  10  of any one or more embodiments of the present inventions may be integrated on die  34  including integrated circuitry  42 . The integrated circuitry  34  may be any circuitry now known or later developed. Indeed, the integrated circuitry may be measurement circuitry, data processing circuitry and/or clock generation circuitry. (See, for example,  FIGS. 1B-1F ). 
     Briefly, with continued reference to  FIGS. 1B-1F , the measurement circuitry receives the output(s) of thermistor  10  and generates data which is representative of the temperature of the micromachined thermistor structure. The data processing circuitry receives the output of the measurement circuitry and processes the measured value(s). In one embodiment, the data processing circuitry includes analog-to-digital circuitry (A/D converter) to generate a digital representation of the measured value. See, for example,  FIGS. 1C-1F ). The data processing circuitry may also include circuitry to calculate one or more parameters or values for clock generation circuitry to generate parameters or values for a given operating temperature and/or compensate for changes in the operating temperature. (See, for example,  FIGS. 1D-1F  and U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,622). In this regard, where the MEMS device is a MEMS resonator, the data processing circuitry may generate one or more temperature dependent parameters or values for the clock generation circuitry. 
     For example, where the clock generation circuitry includes one or more phase locked loops (PLLs), delay locked loops (DLLs), digital/frequency synthesizer (for example, a direct digital synthesizer (“DDS”), frequency synthesizer, fractional synthesizer and/or numerically controlled oscillator) and/or frequency locked loops (FLLs), the data processing circuitry may employ the data which is representative of the temperature of the micromachined thermistor structure to adjust the parameters or values applied to such circuitry based on a measured operating temperature and/or changes in the operating temperature. Here, the output of MEMS device  36  is employed as the reference input signal (i.e., the reference clock). The PLL, DLL, digital/frequency synthesizer and/or FLL may provide frequency multiplication (i.e., increase the frequency of the output signal of the MEMS oscillator). The PLL, DLL, digital/frequency synthesizer and/or FLL may also provide frequency division (i.e., decrease the frequency of the output signal of the MEMS oscillator). Moreover, the PLL, DLL, digital/frequency synthesizer and/or FLL may also compensate using multiplication and/or division to adjust, correct, compensate and/or control the characteristics (for example, the frequency, phase and/or jitter) of the output signal of the MEMS resonator/oscillator. 
     With reference to  FIG. 14H , thermistor  10  (in accordance with any aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) may be integrated MEMS device  36  and integrated circuitry  42  on die  34 . In this embodiment, die  34  may include, in addition to thermistor  10 , a MEMS resonator/oscillator (MEMS device  36 ) and data processing and clock generation circuitry to provide an integrated temperature compensated MEMS oscillator. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,622). 
     The multiplication or division (and/or phase adjustments) by the clock generation circuitry may be in fine or coarse increments. For example, the clock generation circuitry may include an integer PLL, a fractional PLL and/or a fine-fractional-N PLL to precisely select, control and/or set the output signal of the MEMS resonator/oscillator. In this regard, the output of MEMS device  36  may be provided to the input of the fractional-N PLL and/or the fine-fractional-N PLL (hereinafter collectively “fractional-N PLL”), which may be pre-set, pre-programmed and/or programmable to provide an output signal having a desired, selected and/or predetermined frequency and/or phase. Again, the data processing circuitry may employ the data which is representative of the temperature of the micromachined thermistor structure to adjust the parameters or values applied to such circuitry based on a measured operating temperature and/or changes in the operating temperature. 
     In other embodiment, the thermistor die (the die in/on which thermistor  10  is fabricated) is physically coupled and stacked with other die, for example, die having integrated circuitry  42  and MEMS device  36 . (See, for example,  FIGS. 14I-14N ). In certain embodiments, thermistor die  34   a  is stacked with integrated circuitry  42 , and in other embodiments, die  34   a , which includes thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36 , is stacked with integrated circuitry  42 . As noted above, thermistor  10  may include one or more micromachined thermistor structures  12  wherein, in those embodiments, where thermistor  10  includes more than one thermistor structure, circuitry may receive a plurality of temperature data samples corresponding to a plurality of different spatial regions in/on die  34  and calculate and/or determine temperature related data (for example, the gradient in/on die  34 , hot spots in/on die  34  and/or an average temperature across/in portions of die  34 ). In response, the circuitry may control or adjust the control of circuitry (which employs the output of the MEMS device  36 ). All combinations and/or permutations of stacking, integration and/or number of thermistor structures are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. 
     Notably, in a stacked die configuration/architecture, it may be advantageous to minimize any temperature gradient between the thermistor and the MEMS device. That gradient may be due to, for example, thermal transfer from the integrated circuit die to the MEMS device die. For example, in one embodiment, the MEMS device die includes a MEMS resonator/oscillator to generate an output that is employed by clock generation circuitry to generate an clock output signal (see, for example,  FIGS. 1E and 1F ), wherein changes in temperature of the MEMS resonator due the operation of circuitry on the integrated circuit die may impact the frequency of the output of the MEMS resonator. As such, in one embodiment, with reference to  FIG. 14M , die  34   a  includes (i) a thickness which is greater than the thickness of a standard die and/or (ii) a thermal insulating material (for example, a silicon nitride or silicon oxide) disposed between die  34   a  and die  34   b . In this way, the temperature gradient between the thermistor and the MEMS device is reduced or minimized and the temperature dependent output signal of thermistor  10  is more representative of the temperature of the MEMS structure of MEMS device  36 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 14N , the stacked die architectures may include a thermistor having a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions). Here, a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures  12  are fabricated, manufactured or integrated on die  34   a  with a MEMS device, wherein data from the thermistors may provide, for example, information which is representative of (i) a temperature gradient in/on die  34   a , (ii) hot spots in/on the die, and/or (iii) an average temperature across/in portions of die  34   a . A die including a plurality of micromachined thermistor structures  12  may be implemented in any of the stacked die configurations, including, for example, the configuration of  FIG. 14M . 
     As intimated above, where the thermistor is disposed in a die which is different from the die of the MEMS device and/or the die of the integrated circuitry, the dice may be configured in a stacked die architecture (See, for example,  FIGS. 14J-14L and 14O . In this regard, the thermistor (in accordance with aspects and/or embodiments of the present inventions) may be fabricated, manufactured or integrated on a die which is stacked with (i) a die having a MEMS device and/or (ii) a die having integrated circuitry. The dice may be stacked on each other or in a side-by-side configuration. For example, where each of the thermistor, MEMS device and integrated circuitry fabricated, manufactured or disposed on a different die, the dice may be stacked on each other (see, for example,  FIG. 14L ) or in a side-by-side configuration (see, for example,  FIG. 14O ). 
     With reference to  FIGS. 14Q and 14R , in one embodiment of the stacked die architecture, a thermal coupler is employed to facilitate thermal transfer/equilibrium between the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device. In one embodiment the thermal coupler provides a low resistance thermal path or connection between the thermistor and the MEMS device. In this way, the output of the thermistor is more representative of or more closely correlates to the temperature of the MEMS device. 
     In one embodiment, the thermal coupler is a thermal and/or electrical conductive epoxy wherein an “island” of such epoxy on or above the integrated circuit die may encompass the dice of the thermistor and the MEMS device as well as secure or fix each die to the integrated circuit die. In another embodiment, the thermal coupler is a metal trace or bar (which may be disposed on or suspended above the integrated circuit die. Again, the thermal coupler may be any material which provides a low resistance thermal path or connection between the thermistor and the MEMS device so that the output of the thermistor is more representative of or more closely correlates to the temperature of the MEMS device. 
     In another embodiment, the stacked die configuration may employ a thermal coupler to provide a low resistance thermal path or connection between the thermistor and the MEMS device and thermal isolator to thermally isolate and/or reduce thermal transfer of heat to/from the integrated circuitry die from/to the MEMS device die and/or the thermistor die. With reference to  FIG. 14S and 14T , in one embodiment, die  34   a  of thermistor  10  and die  34   b  of MEMS device  36  are arranged in side-by-side arrangement and fixed or secured on a thermal coupler. The thermal coupler is fixed or secured (directly or indirectly) to a thermal isolator which is fixed or secured (directly or indirectly) to die  34   c  of integrated circuitry  42 . In this way, the thermal coupler enhances the correlation between the output of the thermistor and the temperature of the MEMS device. The thermal isolator reduces thermal transfer to/from integrated circuitry die  34   c  from/to MEMS device die  34   b  and/or thermistor die  34   a.    
     In one embodiment, the thermal isolator is a thermally isolating material, for example, a polyimide film. The thermal coupler may be a metal (for example, a metal film) such as copper or aluminum. The thermal coupler may be a thermally conductive adhesive, as described above. Where the thermal coupler is electrically conductive, it may be advantageous that the thermally isolating material also be electrically isolating to enhance the reliability of the stacked die configuration. 
     With reference to  FIG. 14U , in another embodiment, the dice of the thermistor and MEMS device are fixed or secured (directly or indirectly) to the thermal isolator via an adhesive-thermal coupler (for example, a thermally and/or electrically conductive epoxy). Such a configuration eliminates the separate thermal coupler and, instead combines the adhesive and coupler. 
     Notably, the present inventions may employ a plurality of alternating thermal isolators and conductors in a stacked configuration (for example, an integrated circuitry die—isolator—conductor—isolator—conductor . . . thermistor fixed or secured to a thermal conductor (via, for example, an adhesive such as a thermal epoxy)). This embodiment may enhance or improve the thermal isolation between (i) the integrated circuit die and (ii) the thermistor die (and MEMS die—if applicable) and/or thermal coupling between the thermistor die and MEMS die (where a MEMS device is included). Moreover, a plurality (for example, two or three) thermal isolator layers and thermal coupling layers may provide improved thermal isolation and/or thermal coupling relative to a thermal isolator and thermal coupler having substantially equal thickness to the plurality isolator layers and/or coupling layers, respectively. 
     The die having one or more thermistors according to any of the embodiments described and/or illustrated herein, whether stacked or not, may be packaged using any technique, configuration and/or packaging structure now known or later developed. (See, for example, the techniques and/or structure of U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0290364 (including the provisional application upon which the aforementioned non-provisional application is based)). For example, in one embodiment, the die on which thermistor resides in or on (whether or not the thermistor is integrated with other structures and/or integrated circuitry) may be coupled to a lead frame (chip-on-lead (COL), chip-on-paddle (COP), and chip-on-tape (COT) packages) and thereafter encapsulated in a mold compound. In another embodiment, the thermistor die (whether or not the thermistor die includes other structures (for example, MEMS device) and/or integrated circuitry) may be coupled to another die in a stacked configuration and the combination coupled to a lead frame (for example, COL, COP, COT packages) and thereafter encapsulated in a mold compound. 
     Notably, the die may be interconnected using any technique now known or later developed including bond wires and/or balls (for example, in a flip-chip configuration), and/or a through-silicon via architecture—thereby providing vertical connections through the body of the die. 
     In yet another embodiment, the thermistor die (or stacked die architecture) may be disposed, configured and/or provided in a surface mount “package.” Such thermistor die may include other structures (for example, MEMS device) and/or integrated circuitry. Again, the die having one or more thermistors according to any of the embodiments described and/or illustrated herein, whether stacked or not, may be packaged using any technique, configuration and/or packaging structure now known or later developed. 
     As mentioned above, the thermistor of the present inventions may electrically couple to measurement circuitry. (See, for example,  FIGS. 1B-1F ). For example, in one embodiment, the measurement circuitry includes resistance, voltage and/or current sensors (for example, an ohm meter, a voltmeter and/or a current meter). Any resistance, voltage and/or current sensors, whether now known or later developed, may be employed in conjunction with the thermistors of the present inventions. Indeed, the measurement circuitry may be configured in a 2-point configuration/architecture (for example, ohm meter type circuitry coupled to electrical connection or contact points of the thermistor) or a 3-point or 4-point configuration/architecture (for example, current meter and voltmeter type circuitry coupled to electrical connection or contact points of the thermistor). Importantly, in one aspect, the present inventions are directed to measurement circuitry and methods of operating such circuitry. In one embodiment of this aspect of the inventions, the measurement circuitry provides low noise temperature sensing with high accuracy, low power, and/or low area using a thermistor element as the micromachined temperature sensitive device (for example, one or more of the thermistors of the present inventions wherein the resistance of the micromachined thermistor structure depends on or changes with temperature). For example, in one embodiment, the measurement circuitry includes a switched capacitor network that creates a low noise adaptable reference resistor for comparison purposes, a frequency divider that is controlled by a digital Sigma-Delta modulator to achieve an accurately controlled switching frequency for the switched capacitor network, a chopping method to mitigate the effect of 1/f noise and circuit offsets, a pseudo-differential VCO-based analog-to-digital converter structure to efficiently convert the analog error between the MEMS-based resistance value and the effective resistance of the switched capacitor network into a digital code, and an overall feedback loop that changes a Sigma-Delta modulator input in response to that error. In this way, the measurement circuitry minimizes the impact of non-idealities of the measurement system and/or configuration to measure the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure and/or change therein (for example, resistance introduced via the measurement circuitry) by measuring a parameter (for example, capacitance) that is a measure of but different from the temperature dependent characteristics of the micromachined thermistor structure (for example, resistance). 
     The measurement circuitry and methods of operating such circuitry according to this aspect of the present inventions is described and illustrated in detail in ATTACHMENT A to the Provisional Application. 
     With reference to  FIG. 17A , in one embodiment, a thermal coupler  46  interconnects thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36 . The thermal coupler  46  provides a low resistance thermal path or connection between the thermistor  10  and the MEMS device  36 . In this way, thermistor  10  outputs data which is more representative of the operating temperature of the MEMS structure of MEMS device  36 . The thermal coupler  46  may be any material now known or later developed that provides a low resistance thermal path. In one embodiment, thermal coupler  46  may be a semiconductor or metal material—for example, the same material used to fabricate the MEMS structure of MEMS device  36  and/or micromachined thermistor structure  12  of thermistor  10 . Moreover, the thermal coupler may be disposed laterally relative to the MEMS and thermistor structures (in a coplanar configuration) and/or vertically disposed relative to the MEMS and thermistor structures (in a stacked configuration). (See,  FIGS. 17B-17D  and  FIGS. 17E-17F , respectively). For example, in one embodiment, the thermal coupler(s) interconnect anchors of the MEMS and thermistor structures. Indeed, in one embodiment, the MEMS and thermistor structures share one or more anchors which provide a low resistance thermal path or connection between thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36 . (See,  FIG. 18 ). Notably, die  34  may include one or more thermistor structures, one or more MEMS structures, and a plurality of thermal couplers  46  to provide low resistance thermal paths or connections between thermistor  10  and MEMS device  36 . In one embodiment, one or more micromachined thermistor structures  12  may be integrated or embedded in the MEMS device and coupled to the MEMS structure via one or more thermal couplers  46 . (See, for example,  FIG. 17H ). 
     As mentioned above, in addition to or in lieu of a thermistor including one or more micromachined thermistor structures which are fabricated from a temperature-sensitive crystalline material (for example, doped or undoped semiconductor material(s) such as, for example, monocrystalline, polycrystalline and/or amorphous silicon, germanium, silicon/germanium, silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium arsenide), the thermistor may include one or more micromachined thermistor structure which are fabricated from a metal material (for example, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum and/or copper (or alloys thereof)). (See,  FIGS. 19A and 19B ). The features, embodiments and/or inventions discussed and/or illustrated herein are fully applicable to thermistor  10  having one or more micromachined thermistor structure which are fabricated from a metal material. For the sake of brevity, such discussions will not be repeated. 
     There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. While certain embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the inventions have been described and illustrated, it should be understood that many others, as well as different and/or similar embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the present inventions, are apparent from the description and illustrations. As such, the embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the inventions described and illustrated herein are not exhaustive and it should be understood that such other, similar, as well as different, embodiments, features, attributes and advantages of the present inventions are within the scope of the present inventions. 
     Indeed, the present inventions are neither limited to any single aspect nor embodiment thereof, nor to any combinations and/or permutations of such aspects and/or embodiments. Moreover, each of the aspects of the present inventions, and/or embodiments thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with one or more of the other aspects of the present inventions and/or embodiments thereof. 
     For example, micromachined thermistor structure  12  may include any shape now known or later developed. In one embodiment, the thermistor structure  12  includes “rounded” corners to reduce stress points/regions of the structure. (See, for example,  FIGS. 20A-20D, 21A-21F, 23A-23D, 24A and 24B ). In addition, “sharp” corners in the current path of the structure may present increased concentrations of electrical current density in the micromachined thermistor structure. As such, structures having “rounded” corners may reduce the potential of increased current concentrations within the micromachined thermistor structure. 
     In addition, to facilitate signal/current flow in micromachined thermistor structure  12 , it may be advantageous to locate anchors (or portions/areas under stress) remote from the signal flow (for example, current flow) through or in the micromachined thermistor structure. (See, for example, anchor  16  in the exemplary micromachined thermistor structure embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 20A-20D, 21A-21F, 23A-23D, 24A and 24B ). In this way, thermistor  10  may provide a more accurate and/or a more reliable representation of the ambient temperature regardless of the non-temperature related/dependent ambient operating conditions of the thermistor (for example, substrate stress or forces (internal or external) applied thereto). A detailed technical discussion of certain aspects of the deformation of a silicon resistor structure due to stress (from the package or otherwise) is provided in ATTACHMENT B to the Provisional Application. 
     Where thermistor  10  is encapsulated, for example, via a MEMS fabrication, encapsulation and packaging process as described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,491 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,160, vents are formed in an encapsulation layer to etch or remove a sacrificial layer thereby substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure. With reference to  FIGS. 21A-21F, 23A-23D , vents  44  may be located (i) directly over portions of micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see, for example,  FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21D ), or (ii) remote from portions of micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see, for example,  FIG. 21C ), or (iii) adjacent to portions of structure  12  (see, for example,  FIGS. 21E and 21F ). 
     Briefly, with reference to  FIGS. 22A-22F , in one exemplary embodiment, as discussed above, after defining micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see  FIG. 22A ), a process of fabricating a thin-film encapsulation structure starts with depositing or providing sacrificial layer  24  over micromachined thermistor structure  12 . (See  FIG. 22B ). Thereafter, layer  26  is provided, for example, formed, deposited and/or grown. (See  FIG. 22C ). Vents  44  are then formed in encapsulation layer  26 . (See  FIG. 22D ). Notably, in the illustrated embodiment, vents  44  are formed in encapsulation layer  26  directly over portions of micromachined thermistor structure  12  (see, for example,  FIG. 21A ). Thereafter, sacrificial layer  24  is removed or etched around micromachined thermistor structure  12  thereby substantially or entirely releasing (vertically and horizontally) micromachined thermistor structure  12 . (See,  FIG. 22E ). 
     After releasing micromachined thermistor structure  12 , in one embodiment, vents  44  may be closed and cavity  50  is sealed via deposition of layer  28 . (See,  FIG. 22F ). Notably, material corresponding to layer  28  may collect in vents  44  (as illustrated in  FIG. 22F ), enter cavity  50 , and/or deposit on micromachined thermistor structure  12 . As such, it may be advantageous to locate vents  44  (ii) remote from portions of micromachined thermistor structure  12 . (See, for example,  FIG. 21C ). 
     As mentioned above, MEMS device  36  may include one or more MEMS structures and may be any shape or device now known or later developed. For example, the MEMS device may include one or more structures to provide a gyroscope, resonator, pressure sensor and/or accelerometer, made in accordance with well-known fabrication techniques, such as lithographic and other precision fabrication techniques, which form mechanical components to a scale that is generally comparable to microelectronics. 
     In certain embodiments, the micromachined thermistor structures include one or more loop-shape portions. The radii of the loop-shape portions may differ and be designed and fabricated to facilitate a more uniform current flow throughout the micromachined thermistor structure and in particular, through the loop-shape portion of the micromachined thermistor structure. (Compare  FIGS. 25A, 25B and 25C ). Notably, the loop-shape portion of the micromachined thermistor structures may include portions that are not curved but the combination, as a whole, is loop-shaped. For example, with reference to  FIG. 25C , the loop-shaped portion may include one or more straight portions between or separating two curved end portions wherein the combination, as a whole, is loop-shaped. 
     Notably, although, at times, the present inventions have been described and/or illustrated in relation to or in the context of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. For example, the semiconductor layer of the SOI substrate may be materials in column IV of the periodic table, for example, silicon, germanium, carbon; also combinations of these, for example, silicon germanium, or silicon carbide; also of III-V compounds, for example, gallium phosphide, aluminum gallium phosphide, or other III-V combinations; also combinations of III, IV, V, or VI materials, for example, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum carbide, or aluminum oxide; also metallic silicides, germanides, and carbides, for example, nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, tungsten carbide, or platinum germanium silicide; also doped variations including phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, boron, or aluminum doped silicon or germanium, carbon, or combinations like silicon-germanium; also these materials with various crystal structures, including single/mono crystalline, polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous; also with combinations of crystal structures, for instance with regions of single crystalline and polycrystalline structure (whether doped or undoped). Notably, the mechanical and/or thermistor structures may be comprised of the same materials as described above with respect to the first semiconductor layer. 
     Other substrates are also suitable—including, an insulating material (for example, a ceramic material, a glass material, a silicon oxide material and a silicon nitride material). The substrate may be a semiconductor material of a standard wafer (for example, a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon wafer) having an insulator or sacrificial layer deposited thereon. Moreover, the substrate may be a metal material. All substrates now known or later developed are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. 
     It should be further noted that various structures (for example, the structures of the thermistor and/or MEMS device), circuits and/or circuitry (for example, the measurement circuitry (including the material in ATTACHMENT A to the Provisional Application), data processing circuitry and clock generation circuitry) disclosed herein may be described using computer aided design tools and expressed (or represented), as data and/or instructions embodied in various computer-readable media, in terms of their behavioral, register transfer, logic component, transistor, layout geometries, and/or other characteristics. Formats of files and other objects in which such structure and/or circuit expressions may be implemented include, but are not limited to, formats supporting behavioral languages such as C, Verilog, and HDL, formats supporting register level description languages like RTL, and formats supporting geometry description languages such as GDSII, GDSIII, GDSIV, CIF, MEBES and any other suitable formats and languages. Computer-readable media in which such formatted data and/or instructions may be embodied include, but are not limited to, non-volatile storage media in various forms (e.g., optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage media) and carrier waves that may be used to transfer such formatted data and/or instructions through wireless, optical, or wired signaling media or any combination thereof. Examples of transfers of such formatted data and/or instructions by carrier waves include, but are not limited to, transfers (uploads, downloads, e-mail, etc.) over the Internet and/or other computer networks via one or more data transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.). 
     Indeed, when received within a computer system via one or more computer-readable media, such data and/or instruction-based expressions of the above described structures, circuits and/or circuitry may be processed by a processing entity (e.g., one or more processors) within the computer system in conjunction with execution of one or more other computer programs including, without limitation, net-list generation programs, place and route programs and the like, to generate a representation or image of a physical manifestation of such structures, circuits and/or circuitry. Such representation or image may thereafter be used in device fabrication, for example, by enabling generation of one or more masks that are used to form various components of the circuits in a device fabrication process. 
     Moreover, the various structures various structures (for example, the structures of the thermistor and/or MEMS device), circuits and/or circuitry (for example, the measurement circuitry (including the circuitry of material in ATTACHMENT A to the Provisional Application), data processing circuitry and clock generation circuitry) disclosed herein may be represented via simulations using computer aided design and/or testing tools. The simulation of the various structures (for example, the structures of the thermistor and/or MEMS device), circuits and/or circuitry (for example, the measurement circuitry (including the circuitry of the material in ATTACHMENT A to the Provisional Application), data processing circuitry and clock generation circuitry), and/or characteristics or operations thereof, may be implemented by a computer system wherein characteristics and operations of such structures and/or circuitry, and techniques implemented thereby, are imitated, replicated and/or predicted via a computer system. The present inventions are also directed to such simulations of the inventive structures and circuitry, and/or techniques implemented thereby, and, as such, are intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. The computer-readable media corresponding to such simulations and/or testing tools are also intended to fall within the scope of the present inventions. 
     It should be noted that the term “circuit” may include, among other things, a single component (for example, electrical/electronic and/or microelectromechanical) or a multiplicity of components (whether in integrated circuit form, discrete form or otherwise), which are active and/or passive, and which are coupled together to provide or perform a desired function. The term “circuitry” may include, among other things, a circuit (whether integrated or otherwise), a group of such circuits, one or more processors, one or more state machines, one or more processors implementing software, one or more gate arrays, programmable gate arrays and/or field programmable gate arrays, or a combination of one or more circuits (whether integrated, discrete or otherwise), one or more state machines, one or more processors, one or more processors implementing software, one or more gate arrays, programmable gate arrays and/or field programmable gate arrays. The term “data” may mean, among other things, a current or voltage signal(s) whether in an analog or a digital form. 
     Notably, the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. Moreover, in the claims, the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.