Abstract:
A truss for use in building construction having a center portion adapted to “go plastic” during a seismic event, and two outer portions at opposite ends, which remain inelastic during such event. The center portion features spaced opposed upper and lower C-channels connected to interposed spaced gussets, which gussets are connected by both vertical angle members and crossed bars. The crossed bars are also connected at their midpoints to a connection plate.

Description:
RELATION TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from the co-pending provisional application of Gilbert A. Peterson, Ser. No. 60/098,530 filed Aug. 31, 1998. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention pertains to open web type trusses used in the construction of earthquake resistant buildings. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The special moment truss frame of this invention is seen to be a replacement for the wide-flange steel beams currently utilized in moment resisting frame construction techniques. This invention arose, after a University of Michigan study that resulted in a study of a draft guide for designing special moment—resisting truss frames was released. This study outlined the problems to be overcome, and the inventor of this application has found one means to solve those problems. 
     More specifically, the structural engineering world has been shifting to what is known as “performance based design” wherein the energy of a seismic event is absorbed by the structure, such that a certain amount of deformation of the structure transpires as a result of the seismic event, but the superstructure while undergoing deformation and deflection, survives the seismic event such that the building remains standing, subsequent to the seismic event. Then after things calm down, replacement components can be put into place as may be determined to be structurally beneficial, while the building is being utilized. The invention of this application is based upon the concepts embodied in performance based design. 
     This is a totally different thought process from the previous approach, of creating a building structure to limit the deformation, i.e., stand tall and erect and not be influenced by the seismic event. Performance based design operates on the premise that it&#39;s OK to deform and deflect, so long as the building does not fall. The truss of this invention employs this new approach in its engineering. 
     In today&#39;s cost competitive world, cost savings over prior art truss designs were desired. Therefore during the development stage, means were looked at to eliminate plates and welded connections wherever possible to achieve these cost savings. 
     Bearing all of this in mind, and being knowledgeable of the seismic event criteria to be included in the design of a new truss, that would permit a certain amount of deformation, yet would permit the building to continue to stand after a seismic event, the truss of the invention came to be. 
     It is one object of this invention to provide a new type of truss. 
     It is a second object to provide a new truss that is particularly applicable to utilization in Zone 4, ie. highly susceptible seismic geographic areas. 
     It is a third object to provide a truss which when utilized can shorten construction time, and reduce the cost of construction of the building. 
     It is a forth object to provide a construction technique that eliminates many welding steps and the associated inspection efforts related thereto. 
     Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter. 
     The invention accordingly comprises the device possessing the features properties and the relation of components which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the appended claims. 
    
    
     For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 is a bottom perspective view of a standard open web truss attached to a column. (Prior Art) 
     FIG. 2 shows the special moment truss frame of this invention interposed between two standard open web truss units. 
     FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the combined standard web frame and the new truss of this invention interposed. 
     FIG. 4 is a close-up elevational view of one element utilized in this invention, taken along the line  3 — 3 . 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the connection of the Special Moment Truss Frame of this invention to a typical wide flange vertical column employed in the framing of a large building. 
     FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line D—D of FIG. 5 
     FIG. 7 is a typical architectural rendering of a truss according to this invention, spanned between two vertical columns. 
     FIGS. 10 and 11 are close-up diagrammatical views illustrating the type of tie-in or connection to be made between the truss of this invention and the spaced columns at opposite ends. 
     FIGS. 8,  9 ,  12 ,  13 , and  14  are close-up diagrammatic views of the junctions of various members of the truss illustrated. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A special moment—resisting truss frame is disclosed which can be bolted on both of its ends to vertical columns. The truss frame has two different parts; a center part which is able to achieve a plastic state while the outer portions on opposite ends thereof, remain in the inelastic range during the course of a seismic event. The truss can be bolted into place to achieve lower costs and time savings. The center portion of the truss comprises a series of X shaped bars connected to corner gussets, which gussets are disposed between opposed spaced top and bottom “C” channel members in an open web system. The outer portions of the truss are of the more conventional wide flange and angle members design. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 depicts the conventional metal framing of the prior art used in the construction of the skeleton of a building. 
     The truss of this invention on the other hand is seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 and one key element is seen in FIG.  4 . 
     The top and bottom members of the truss are a pair of opposed and spaced C-channels. See FIG. 4, which is an end view of the pair of channels. The channels are designated  12 TL and  12 TR for top left and right and  12 BL and  12 BR for bottom left and right. See FIG.  3 . 
     The reader is now directed to FIG.  2 . Here, gusset  14  at the upper terminals, and gusset  22  along the interior and gusset  18  at the lower terminals and  26  at the interior are seen to be welded between the opposed C-channels. Vertical angle members  24  are welded to the gussets to span between gussets  16 ,  18  and to span between gussets  22 ,  26 . The gap  34  between the channels is equivalent to the thickness of the gussets. Gap  36  is the space between the opposed C-channels  12 L,  12 R at both the top and bottom of the truss. 
     Crossed square bars  28  and  30  are welded ( 38 ) to diagonally opposed gussets, per FIG.  2 . One bar goes to the obverse side of the two gussets to which it is connected and one bar goes to the reverse side of its gusset. The bars are joined at the connector plate  32 . It is believed that non-square shaped bars can also be employed as bars,  28 ,  30 . 
     While two sections having these X bars are shown in the Figures, the number of segments in a truss is theoretically unlimited. Often three, four or even more sections can be linearly aligned. 
     Reference is now made to FIG.  5 . Here the inventive apparatus  10  is seen to be attached to a typical wide flange column  75 , by a single pass filet weld,  77  to flange  76  which requires no preheat or ultrasonic testing. Such connections, especially when contrasted to those that require a doubler plate can reduce labor cost for attachment by as much as 90%. See also FIG. 6 the sectional view taken along line D—D of FIG. 5 which illustrates the weld. 
     FIG. 7 is an architectural type drawing which lays out the various members of the truss as attached to the two columns. FIGS. 8 through 14 illustrate in close-up detail the type of junction used at the particular point on the truss denoted. Thus FIG. 10 shows the junction of the truss to a flanged column in the manner described infra. Reference is also made to FIG. 2 which spells out these details to a greater degree. 
     There is significant cost savings in material, shop fabrication time and erection time available from the use of the special moment truss frame of this invention. This can be seen from a viewing of the following table. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SQUARE 
                 TIME 
                   
                   
               
               
                 PROJECT 
                 FT. 
                 SAVED 
                 $$$ SAVED 
                 COMMENTS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Gateway Oaks 
                 84,000 
                 2 months 
                 $200,000 
                 Customer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of building 
                   
                 pleased 
               
               
                 Johnson 
                 44,000 
                 1 month 
                 $50,000 
                 Same 
               
               
                 Ranch 
               
               
                 Roseville 
                 120,000 
                 2 months 
                 $200,000 
                 Same 
               
               
                 Center 
               
               
                 Sierra Point 
                 120,000 
                 +/−30% 
                 $200,000 
                 Other $$$ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 saving too 
               
               
                 Glendale 
                 80,000 
                 3 months 
                 $200,000 
                 C.P. 
               
               
                 Carlsbad 
                 60,000 
                 2 months 
                 $50,000 
                 C.P. 
               
               
                 Anaheim 
                 130,000 
                 3 months 
                 $400,000 
                 C.P. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In this table all dollar amounts are rounded off and time saved refers to total construction time reduction when compared to same building being built using conventional truss erection techniques. It is to be noted that Glendale, Carlsbad and the Anaheim projects are all located in Zone 4 seismic areas in the state of California. Zone 4 seismic areas are those geographical areas most susceptible to earthquakes. 
     Cost savings achievable using the special moment truss frame of this invention (SMTF) are found in the areas of materials and shop fabrication, and erection in both time and money. On the material side, it is a documented fact that an open web steel joist typically weighs about 20% less than a wide flange beam capable of carrying the same gravity loads. In addition to the weight savings is the fact that fabrication costs for open web framing are about 20% less than fabrication cost of wide flange beams. 
     The combination of less weight per square foot of building area and less cost per pound to produce equals about a 30% savings overall on the material, when the SMTF of this invention is utilized as opposed to the prior art conventional wide flange framing technique. Where 100 tons of wide flange framing would normally be used on a building site, only 80 tons of open web framing featuring the SMTF on this invention. 
     Results in a cost savings of $42,000. 
     Fabrication time is cut in half versus conventional wide flange frames due to the fact that normally, there is a split of responsibility between the steel fabricator who just provides the columns and the joist manufacturer who fabricates all the horizontal framing. Since the SMTF is made by the joist manufacturer, fabrication durations are measured in days rather than weeks. 
     Erection time savings can vary based on quantity and size frames along with inspection requirements. The minimum savings should be 20% with a potential reduction of as much as 70% if the inspection methodology requires ultrasonic testing of each pass of a wide flange moment connection. On a standard commercial office building of approximately 100,000 square feet there would be at least a two week reduction in the erection schedule, by avoidance of this inspection period. 
     As a result of the Northridge Earthquake, new codes have been implemented by U.B.C. that require conventional moment frames to have additional requirements such as doubler plates added at all flange-to-column connections. 
     Requirements of this nature substantially increase the quantity of weld passes required to complete the full penetration weld. On some projects such as hospitals or municipal buildings, inspection procedures require cool down, ultrasonic testing and preheat between every pass, requiring days to complete one connection. 
     The SMTF connection as discussed above, requires only a single pass fillet weld without preheat or ultrasonic testing reducing the labor costs as much as 90%. This is achieved by moving the inelastic deformation to a special link element at the midspan of the truss. 
     The combination of material, shop fabrication savings and erection savings relates to a cost reduction of a significant $5.00 per square foot, when the savings to be had are calculated on such a basis. 
     Savings can also be had way back at the design stage of the building in some instances, thus, if the drawings are prepared in conjunction with the development of the contract documents this can save on the average of four to six week sin the overall schedule of construction. 
     In conclusion is seen that I have devised a new truss which resists both vertical and lateral shear, and which truss&#39;s ultimate configuration is related to the columns with which it is employed in order to carry or bear both types of load within predefined drift limits. 
     Since certain changes may be made in the above described apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.