Abstract:
A process for the removal of heavy oil/bitumen from oil/hydrocarbon wet and/or water wet tar sand. The tar sand is mixed with an inorganic liquid such as water or a treated effluent and an inorganic solid which is a silicate or metasilicate for a period of time sufficient for the inorganic liquid and the inorganic solid to interact and strip the heavy oil/bitumen from the tar sand. The process includes additional steps to produce clean heavy oil/bitumen and clear effluent.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention deals with the addition of an inorganic liquid e.g. water and an inorganic additive e.g. a silicate and/or a metasilicate, such that when both additives interact, they combine to remove the heavy oil/bitumen from either oil/hydrocarbon wet, or water wet, tar sand. Each type of tar sand could be weathered/deteriorated or not. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Background Art 
         [0004]    Extraction of the heavy oil from tar sands falls into two classes—open pit mining and in situ mining. With the open pit mining process, the tar sand is transported to an extraction plant, where a hot water process separates the bitumen (heavy oil) from the tar sands. 
         [0005]    In situ methods are used on the tar sands deposits which are too deep to be mined, and include but are not limited to, stem injection, solvent injection, and firefloods. The latter involves the injection of oxygen with part of the resources being burnt so as to provide the necessary heat. 
         [0006]    Of all the in situ methods, steam injection is the favoured method. 
         [0007]    The environmental problems associated with all the methods which presently exist are very well documented and include the following:
       1) The use of large amounts of fresh water   2) Holding ponds   3) Tailing ponds   4) Evolution of carbon dioxide   5) The use of a large amount of energy.       
 
         [0013]    The present invention solves all the problems listed above. 
         [0014]    It is particularly worth noting that this invention also solves issues not addressed by Trinidad and Tobago Patent # TT/A/2008/00122. More specifically the latter patent does not address the following (which are all addressed in the process described herein):
       Cleaning up of the effluent and its reuse.   The actual yield of oil was never obtained in patent #TT/A/2008/00122—yield was calculated by virtue of ashing of the spent clay/sand.   Removal of heavy oil from oil wet/hydrocarbon wet tar sands. Patent #TT/A/2008/00122 is specifically for the water wet tar sand found in Trinidad &amp; Tobago.   Patent #TT/A/2008/00122 does not address the issue of cost effectiveness.   Patent #TT/A/2008/00122 requires a mixing time of &gt;24 hrs.   Patent #TT/A/2008/00122 does not improve the yield of the heavy oil without the use of demulsifiers       
 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0021]    Into the mechanical mixer is placed tar sand (oil or water wet), an inorganic liquid e.g. water or treated effluent, and an inorganic solid. This inorganic solid belongs to the class of silicates/metasilicates and is designed so as to interact with the inorganic liquid e.g. water so that the two combined strip the heavy oil/bitumen off the sand grains. 
         [0022]    No demulsifiers are used in the process. 
         [0023]    The mixture is passed through two meshes (cm size) which trap the oil to which is attached some clay and sand. The effluent is then recirculated into the mixing vessel and passed through the strainers. This process is repeated until the vessel is clear of sand and clay. 
         [0024]    The heavy oil/bitumen once released from the tar sand contains clay/sand which is advantageous to the process. Hence a mixing time is utilised which allows optimal release of the bitumen/heavy oil and still allows the bitumen/heavy oil to have sufficient clay/sand incorporated so as to facilitate the straining process. 
         [0025]    The residue in the meshes therefore consists of the oil (which is mostly clean but to which is attached some sand and clay), whilst the filtrate consists of muddy effluent and free sand. 
         [0026]    The process yields:
       Effluent-water which is a muddy ‘solution’ of clay with the denser sand settling at the bottom (Photo 2).   Oil which is mostly clean but to which is attached some sand and clay.       
 
         [0029]    To remove further clay and sand (and sometimes small pebbles) the dirty oil is washed with water or treated effluent of a temperature not higher than 58° C. The oil is cleaner (Photo 3), but still not completely clean and the effluent is still muddy coloured. 
         [0030]    All the effluent is pooled together (Photo 2). 
         [0031]    To the oil is added a diluent and another inorganic solid chemical. The function of this second inorganic chemical e.g. a chloride or sulphate or nitrate, is two-fold:
       1. to enter into the clay/sand/water part of the oil (which does not dissolve into the diluent), and strip all the solids/water from the oil, and   2. to react with the first added inorganic solid, and precipitate the clay from the effluent. This chemical reaction is instantaneous, and the effluent is clean within minutes.       
 
         [0034]    The heavy oil/bitumen from point 1 above is centrifuged for a maximum of 30 minutes at a minimum of 5000 rpm (Photo 4). There are no rags and there is complete separation producing clean oil. 
         [0035]    The diluent used herein is toluene, but any other diluent may be used e.g. condensate, d-limonene etc. 
         [0036]    After centrifugation, the BSW (bottoms, sediment and water) is added to the effluent. The instant precipitate which results traps clay from the effluent causing the water to be crystal clear, but yellow in colour (Photo 5). 
         [0037]    The yellow colour is thought to be the inorganic soluble salts which are present in the tar sand solids or may be as a result of weathering/deterioration during storage (FIG. 5). 
         [0038]    Photos 6 (a and b) shows the difference in colours of the oil/hydrocarbon wet tar sand and the water wet tar sand. 
         [0039]    To ensure that the water is fit to be released into the environment or reused, an acid e.g. hydrochloric acid is added to bring the pH to 6-8. 
         [0040]    As stated, the process of clay precipitation is instant and clear effluent can be obtained by two methods:
       1. Using the extracted clay and sand as a filtration bed for the water with the precipitated clay and sand.   2. Centrifugation of the treated effluent for a maximum of 15 minutes at a maximum of 5000 rpm.       
 
         [0043]    Any carry over of oil in the effluent, is recovered in the centrifugation step. At this stage there is no free oil left in the solids, with any oil present being closely adhered to the solids (see process efficiency). The solids can therefore be placed back into the environment. 
         [0044]    Photos 7 (a and b) show the solids from the oil/hydrocarbon wet and water wet tar sands. 
         [0045]    With filtration, if there is any oil carry-over, it will not be easily recovered even though the oil is trapped in the filtration bed. The solids from the filtration cannot be replaced into the environment as there would be residual diluent which produces an odor. Furthermore, with filtration there is inefficient recovery of the treated effluent. 
         [0046]    Of the two methods stated herein for obtaining clean effluent, centrifugation is the preferred option. 
         [0047]    The process described herein is cost effective, both in terms of the cost to produce a barrel of oil and the cost to treat the associated effluent. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0048]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the process for the removal of heavy oil/bitumen from water wet and/or oil/hydrocarbon wet tar sand and the cleaning up of the resulting effluent. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0049]    Into a mechanical mixer is placed the following: 
         [0050]    30-65% by weight of oil wet or water wet tar sand 
         [0051]    30-65% by weight of an inorganic liquid e.g. water at ambient temperature or reused inorganic liquid at ambient temperature 
         [0052]    0.05-5% of a silicate or metasilicate 
         [0053]    Mixing time is up to a maximum of 3 hours. However, for very weathered/deteriorated samples a mixing time up to a maximum of 6 hours can be used. 
         [0054]    This process could be batch or continuous. 
         [0055]    Weight of the second inorganic chemical e.g. chlorides or nitrates or sulphates is 0.05-5% by weight. The amount of 37% hydrochloric added being 0.05-1.5% by weight. 
         [0056]    6) Results—Oil 
         [0057]    Tar Sand samples used were:
       Weathered (deteriorated) water wet tar sand from Trinidad and Tobago—TT. A large sample size of this tar sand was exposed to the elements e.g. rain for &gt;24 hrs at an average temperature of 30° C. A 5 gal sample was then taken from the under surface of the load and stored in the lab. Use was made of the sample as needed—the sample was not refrigerated.   Oil wet tar sand obtained from the USA-OW. This sample was also not refrigerated, and was used within a year of receipt. This sample was taken from different locations which were then mixed together for homogeneity.   Water wet tar sand obtained from Canada-WW. This sample was also not refrigerated, and was used within 2-3 months of receipt. This sample was taken from different locations which were then mixed together for homogeneity.       
 
         [0061]    Due to the extreme weathering of the TT sample, this was used as a reference only, with the results below pertaining only to WW and OW. 
         [0062]    6A Moisture Content 
         [0063]    A 30 g sample each of OW and WW was removed from the larger samples and air dried in the lab. Each sample was brought to constant weight, and the % moisture obtained. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tar Sand Type 
                 % Moisture 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 OW 
                 1.96 
               
               
                   
                 WW 
                 7.48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]    6B Maximum Theoretical Yield on Air Dried Tar Sand Samples 
         [0065]    Once constant weight was arrived at, each tar sand sample was ashed using ASTMD 2415. 
         [0066]    This procedure yields the maximum theoretical yield as ashing removes not only the bitumen/heavy oil, but also any water of hydration, volatile matter from clay and other minerals and other extraneous organic matter (Attwooll, A. W. &amp; Broome, D. C. , 1962,  Trinidad Lake Asphalt ; Third Edition (Private Circulation), London: The Baynard Press.) 
         [0067]    This would give rise to a decrease in the % inorganics (clay/sand) and an increase in the % organics. This invention therefore uses all the organic material which is removed after ashing as the bitumen/heavy oil portion—hence the maximum yield. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Ash (inorganics) results 
                   
               
               
                   
                 are for duplicate experiments, 
               
               
                   
                 with the average of the 
               
               
                 Tar Sand Type 
                 2 experiments in brackets 
                 % Organics (subtraction) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 OW (air dried) 
                 90.00, 89.01 (89.55) 
                 10.45 
               
               
                 WW (air dried) 
                 89.36, 89.40 (89.38) 
                 10.62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    6C Actual % Yield 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Actual Wt. of heavy 
               
               
                 Tar Sand Type 
                 Density (g/cc)** 
                 API Gravity** 
                 oil/bitumen (g)** 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 OW 
                 0.997 
                 10.32 
                 129.93 
               
               
                 WW 
                 1.013 
                 8.02 
                 141.96 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Results obtained by independent testing. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum Theoretical 
                 Yield of 
               
               
                   
                 Wt. Of Tar sand 
                 Wt. of Bitumen/Heavy 
                 the Process 
               
               
                 Tar sand Type 
                 Used (g) 
                 Oil Expected (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 OW 
                 1534 
                 160.30 
                 81.05 
               
               
                 WW 
                 1652 
                 175.44 
                 80.91 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0069]    The figures for both the OW and the WW samples are the minimum yields which would be obtained when use is made of the process stated herein. 
         [0070]    It is a well-known fact that water wet samples weather (deteriorate) faster than the oil/hydrocarbon wet tar sand and refrigeration is required after mining to halt this deterioration. Once weathered it becomes more difficult to extract the heavy oil/bitumen from the tar sand and yields are reduced. The samples used in this patent were not refrigerated so as to test the process described herein on the most challenging samples. Samples that had been refrigerated, would have been less weathered and would produce higher yields than described in the table above. 
         [0071]    Additionally, the moisture content was not considered in the actual yields. This was due to the fact that when each tar sand type is being processed, the samples of tar sand used will each have different moisture levels. 
         [0072]    6D Efficiency of Process 
         [0073]    After extraction of the heavy oil/bitumen from the tar sand (oil wet and water wet), treating of the effluent and centrifugation, the solids (clay/sand) from the tar sand, were then air dried. A representative portion of each inorganic (clay/sand) sample from the tar sand was ashed as per ASTM D2415. This would remove any residual organics left in the tar sand and would give an indication of the residual organics left in the tar sand after extraction of the heavy oil/bitumen giving an efficiency of the process. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Ash (inorganics) results 
                   
               
               
                   
                 are for duplicate experiments, with 
               
               
                 Type of tar sand 
                 the average of the 2 experiments in 
                 % Organics 
               
               
                 (air dried) 
                 brackets 
                 (by subtraction) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 OW 
                 95.99, 95.79 (95.89) 
                 4.11 
               
               
                 WW 
                 94.81, 93.63 (94.22) 
                 5.78 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    The efficiency of the process is 94-95% for water wet tar sand and 95-96% for oil (hydrocarbon) wet tar sand. 
         [0075]    Results—Effluent 
         [0076]    As stated, the function of the second inorganic chemical which is used in the process is two-fold, to remove the clay/sand/water which is still in the oil and just as importantly to produce an instant reaction which precipitates the clay. 
         [0077]    There is immediate separation of the dirty effluent, and crystal clear water (though with a yellow tinge) can be observed rising to the top. 
         [0078]    The mixture is centrifuged at a maximum of 5000 rpm for a maximum of 15 minutes. 
         [0079]    To ensure the quality of the water the BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) values were obtained for both the WW and OW tar sands. 
         [0080]    6E BOD &amp; COD-OW 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 EMA Permissible 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                   
                   
                   
                 Level for Inland 
               
               
                 Name 
                 Method Used 
                 Units 
                 Results** 
                 Surface Water 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BOD5 
                 SMEWW 5210B 
                 mg · L −1   
                 16.2 
                 30 
               
               
                 Chemical 
                 SMEWW 5220 D 
                 mg · L −1   
                 106 
                 250 
               
               
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                 Demand 
               
               
                 (COD) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Results obtained by independent testing pH of the tested effluent - 8.14 (Please note - the OW effluent was not diluted) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]    BOD &amp; COD-WW 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 EMA Permissible 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                   
                   
                   
                 Level for Inland 
               
               
                 Name 
                 Method Used 
                 Units 
                 Results** 
                 Surface Water 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BOD5 
                 SMEWW 5210B 
                 mg · L −1   
                 10.8 
                 30 
               
               
                 Chemical 
                 SMEWW 5220 D 
                 mg · L −1   
                 312 
                 250 
               
               
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                 Demand 
               
               
                 (COD) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Results obtained by independent testing pH of the tested effluent - 7.32 (Please note - the WW effluent was not diluted) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0082]    The BOD results of the effluent from each tar sand type clearly show that there is little or no carry over of oil/diluent in the effluent. 
         [0083]    The COD results are believed to be caused by any oxidisable soluble salts present in the tar sand solids. 
         [0084]    6F Volume of Water Recovered 
         [0085]    The solids present in the tar sand (oil wet and water wet) have an affinity for water and even after centrifugation, each residual solid type still contained some water. 
         [0086]    At this point, the clay/sand present in each tar sand type is a wet solid and can be placed back into the environment. 
         [0087]    In an attempt to recover even more clean water, each residual solid was compressed (for e.g. by hand) and re centrifuged. 
         [0088]    The results are as stated below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % Recovery (hand 
                 % Total recovery 
               
               
                   
                 % Recovery (centrifugation) 
                 compression)* 
                 results are for duplicate 
               
               
                   
                 results are for duplicate experiments, 
                 results are for duplicate 
                 experiments, with the 
               
               
                   
                 with the average of the 2 experiments in 
                 experiments, with the average of 
                 average of the 2 experiments 
               
               
                 Tar Sand Type 
                 brackets 
                 the 2 experiments in brackets 
                 in brackets 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 WW 
                 67.12, 70.11 (68.62) 
                 6.90, 6.67 (6.79) 
                 74.02, 76.78 (75.4)  
               
               
                 OW 
                 73.56, 75.11 (74.34) 
                 2.75, 2.13 (2.44) 
                 76.31, 77.23 (76.77) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *One would expect mechanical compression to lead to even further recovery than that obtained by hand compression 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0089]    6G 70% of the water used can be recovered with 15 minutes from the WW tar sands. The rest can be recovered within the time frame that is required for additional compression to occur. The BOD and COD of the resulting water are stated herein. 
         [0090]    73-75% of the water used can be recovered within 15 minutes from the OW tar sands. The rest can be recovered with the time frame that is required for additional compression to occur. 
         [0091]    The BOD and COD of the resulting water are stated herein. 
         [0092]    6H As the water loss with each tar sand type is significant; an attempt was made to ascertain where the loss could have occurred. 
         [0093]    After centrifugation and squeezing etc., the clay/sand from each tar sand type was air dried to constant weight in the lab. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Tar Sand Type 
                 Weight Before (g) 
                 Weight After (g) 
                 % Moisture 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 OW 
                 207.12 
                 173.62 
                 16.17 
               
               
                 WW 
                 210.61 
                 178.95 
                 15.03 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0094]    The loss could therefore be simply water absorbed/absorbed by the clay and/or both determinate and indeterminate errors. 
         [0095]    6I To produce one barrel of heavy oil using the process described herein requires 4.68 barrels of water of which 75% is recovered and becomes reused effluent which meets the BOD and COD specifications stated above, and 25% is added (make-up) water.