Abstract:
A carrier head with a housing, a lower flexible membrane that defines a first chamber, an upper flexible membrane that defines a second chamber, and a pressure distribution assembly positioned between the upper flexible membrane and the lower flexible membrane. A lower surface of the lower flexible membrane provides a substrate mounting surface, and a portion of the upper flexible membrane can be biasable into contact with an upper surface of the lower flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly can include an upper surface in contact with the upper flexible membrane and a lower surface in contact with the lower flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly can be configured to transfer pressure from a portion of the upper flexible membrane to a more concentrated region of the substrate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to Provisional U.S. Application Serial No. 60/143,197, filed Jul. 9, 1999, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates generally to chemical mechanical polishing of substrates, and more particularly to a carrier head for chemical mechanical polishing. 
     Integrated circuits are typically formed on substrates, particularly silicon wafers, by the sequential deposition of conductive, semiconductive or insulative layers. After each layer is deposited, it is etched to create circuitry features. As a series of layers are sequentially deposited and etched, the outer or uppermost surface of the substrate, i.e., the exposed surface of the substrate, becomes increasingly nonplanar. This nonplanar surface can present problems in the photolithographic steps of the integrated circuit fabrication process. Therefore, there is a need to periodically planarize the substrate surface. In addition, plaranization is needed when polishing back a filler layer, e.g., when filling trenches in a dielectric layer with metal. 
     Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one accepted method of planarization. This planarization method typically requires that the substrate be mounted on a carrier or polishing head. The exposed surface of the substrate is placed against a rotating polishing pad. The polishing pad may be either a “standard” or a fixed-abrasive pad. A standard polishing pad has a durable roughened or soft surface, whereas a fixed-abrasive pad has abrasive particles held in a containment media. The carrier head provides a controllable load on the substrate to push it against the polishing pad. Some carrier heads include a flexible membrane that provides a mounting surface for the substrate, and a retaining ring to hold the substrate beneath the mounting surface. Pressurization or evacuation of a chamber behind the flexible membrane controls the load on the substrate. A polishing slurry, including at least one chemically-active agent, and abrasive particles if a standard pad is used, is supplied to the surface of the polishing pad. 
     The effectiveness of a CMP process may be measured by its polishing rate, and by the resulting finish (absence of small-scale roughness) and flatness (absence of large-scale topography) of the substrate surface. The polishing rate, finish and flatness are determined by the pad and slurry combination, the relative speed between the substrate and pad, and the force pressing the substrate against the pad. 
     A reoccurring problem in CMP is non-uniform polishing. Due to a variety of factors, some portions of the substrate tend to be polished at a different rate than other parts of the substrate. This non-uniform polishing can occur even if a uniform pressure is applied to the backside of the substrate. In addition, a substrate arriving at the polishing apparatus may have an initial thickness that is non-uniform. Therefore it is desireable to provide a carrier head that can apply different pressures to different regions of the substrate during chemical mechanical polishing to compensate for non-uniform polishing rates or for non-uniform initial thickness of the substrate. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, the invention is directed to a carrier head that has a housing, an upper flexible membrane coupled to the housing to define an upper pressurizable chamber, and a pressure distribution assembly positioned below the upper flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly transfers pressure from a portion of the upper flexible membrane to a more concentrated region of a substrate. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The pressure distribution assembly may include a disk-shaped plate, an annular ring, or a disk-shaped plate and an annular ring surrounding the disk-shaped plate. The carrier head may include a lower flexible membrane having a substrate mounting surface. Both the upper flexible membrane and the pressure distribution assembly may contact an upper surface of the lower flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly may include a rigid member to contact the upper flexible membrane and a cushion positioned below the rigid member. The surface area of the lower surface of the cushion may be less than the surface area of the upper surface of the rigid member. The carrier head may include an edge load ring to contact a perimeter portion of the substrate. 
     In another aspect, the invention may be directed to a carrier head that has a housing, a lower flexible membrane coupled to the housing to define a first chamber, an upper flexible membrane coupled to the housing to define a second chamber, and a pressure distribution assembly positioned between the upper flexible membrane and the lower flexible membrane. A lower surface of the lower flexible membrane provides a substrate mounting surface, and a portion of the upper flexible membrane is biasable into contact with an upper surface of the lower flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly includes an upper surface in contact with the upper flexible membrane and a lower surface in contact with the lower flexible membrane. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The pressure distribution assembly may be configured to transfer pressure from a portion of the upper flexible membrane to a more concentrated region of the lower flexible membrane. The pressure distribution assembly may includes a disk-shaped plate, an annular ring, or a disk-shaped plate and an annular ring surrounding the disk-shaped plate. The pressure distribution assembly may include a rigid member to contact the upper flexible membrane, and a cushion positioned below the rigid member to contact the lower flexible membrane. The carrier head may include an edge load ring to contact a perimeter portion of the substrate. 
     Potential advantages of implementations of the invention may include the following. The distribution of pressure on the substrate may be controlled. Both the pressure and the loading area of the flexible membrane against the substrate may be varied to compensate for non-uniform polishing. The carrier head may be able to either increase or decrease the pressure at the substrate center relative to the pressure on other portion of the substrate. Non-uniform polishing of the substrate may be reduced, and the resulting flatness and finish of the substrate may be improved. The carrier head may be useful in a variety of polishing procedures. 
     Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description, including the drawings and claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a chemical mechanical polishing apparatus. 
     FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a carrier head according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 2B is graph of an exemplary distribution of pressure on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  2 A. 
     FIG. 2C is graph of an exemplary distribution of pressure on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  2 A. 
     FIG. 2D is a schematic cross-sectional view of the carrier head of FIG. 2A showing the controllable center loading area. 
     FIG. 2E is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  2 D. 
     FIG. 2F is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  2 D. 
     FIG. 3A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a carrier head that includes a solid center plate. 
     FIG. 3B is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  3 A. 
     FIG. 3C is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  3 A. 
     FIG. 3D is a schematic cross-sectional view of the carrier head of FIG. 3A showing the controllable center loading area. 
     FIG. 3E is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  3 D. 
     FIG. 3F is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  3 D. 
     FIG. 4A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a carrier head that includes a both a solid center plate an annular ring. 
     FIG. 4B is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  4 A. 
     FIG. 4C is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  4 A. 
     FIG. 5A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a carrier head that includes an edge load ring. 
     FIG. 5B is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the backside of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  5 A. 
     FIG. 5C is graph of an exemplary pressure distribution on the front surface of the substrate from the carrier head of FIG.  5 A. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, one or more substrates  10  will be polished by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) apparatus  20 . A description of a similar CMP apparatus may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,574, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The CMP apparatus  20  includes a series of polishing stations  25  and a transfer station  27  for loading and unloading the substrates. Each polishing station  25  includes a rotatable platen  30  on which is placed a polishing pad  32 . Each polishing station  25  may further include an associated pad conditioner apparatus  40  to maintain the abrasive condition of the polishing pad. 
     A slurry  50  containing a chemically active agent (e.g., deionized water for oxide polishing) and a pH adjuster (e.g., potassium hydroxide for oxide polishing) may be supplied to the surface of the polishing pad  32  by a combined slurry/rinse arm  52 . If the polishing pad  32  is a standard pad, the slurry  50  may also include abrasive particles (e.g., silicon dioxide for oxide polishing). Typically, sufficient slurry is provided to cover and wet the entire polishing pad  32 . The slurry/rinse arm  52  includes several spray nozzles (not shown) to provide a high pressure rinse of the polishing pad  32  at the end of each polishing and conditioning cycle. 
     A rotatable multi-head carousel  60  is supported by a center post  62  and rotated thereon about a carousel axis  64  by a carousel motor assembly (not shown). The multi-head carousel  60  includes four carrier head systems  70  mounted on a carousel support plate  66  at equal angular intervals about the carousel axis  64 . Three of the carrier head systems position substrates over the polishing stations, and one of the carrier head systems receives a substrate from and delivers the substrate to the transfer station. The carousel motor may orbit the carrier head systems, and the substrates attached thereto, about the carousel axis between the polishing stations and the transfer station. 
     Each carrier head system  70  includes a polishing or carrier head  100 . Each carrier head  100  independently rotates about its own axis, and independently laterally oscillates in a radial slot  72  formed in the carousel support plate  66 . A carrier drive shaft  74  extends through the slot  72  to connect a carrier head rotation motor  76  (shown by the removal of one-quarter of a carousel cover  68 ) to the carrier head  100 . Each motor and drive shaft may be supported on a slider (not shown) which can be linearly driven along the slot by a radial drive motor to laterally oscillate the carrier head  100 . 
     During actual polishing, three of the carrier heads are positioned at and above the three polishing stations. Each carrier head  100  lowers a substrate into contact with the polishing pad  32 . The carrier head  100  holds the substrate in position against the polishing pad and distributes a force across the back surface of the substrate. The carrier head  100  also transfers torque from the drive shaft  74  to the substrate. 
     Referring to FIG. 2A, the carrier head  100  includes a housing  102 , a retaining ring  110 , and a substrate backing assembly  120  which includes two pressurizable chambers, such as an internal chamber  130  and an external chamber  132 . Although unillustrated, the substrate backing assembly can be suspended from a base assembly, and the base assembly can be connected to the housing by a separate loading chamber that controls the pressure of the retaining ring on the polishing surface. In addition, the carrier head can also include other features, such as a gimbal mechanism (which may be considered part of the base assembly). A description of a similar carrier head with these features may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/470,820, filed Dec. 23, 1999, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The housing  102  can be connected to the drive shaft  74  (see FIG. 1) to rotate therewith during polishing about an axis of rotation which is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the polishing pad. The housing  102  may be generally circular in shape to correspond to the circular configuration of the substrate to be polished. Two passages  104 ,  106  may extend through the housing  102  for pneumatic control of the internal chamber  130  and the external chamber  132 , respectively. 
     The retaining ring  110  may be a generally annular ring secured at the outer edge of the housing  102 . A bottom surface  112  of the retaining ring  110  may be substantially flat, or it may have a plurality of channels to facilitate transport of slurry from outside the retaining ring to the substrate. An inner surface  114  of the retaining ring  110  engages the substrate to prevent it from escaping from beneath the carrier head. 
     Still referring to FIG. 2A, the substrate backing assembly  120  includes an inner membrane  122 , an outer membrane  124 , and an annular support structure  126 . The volume between the housing  102  and the inner membrane  122  forms the internal chamber  130 , whereas the volume between the inner membrane  122  and the outer membrane  124  forms the external chamber  132 . 
     The internal and outer membranes  122  and  124  can be formed of a flexible material, such as an elastomer, such as chloroprene or ethylene propylene rubber, or silicone, an elastomer coated fabric, a thermal plastic elastomer (TPE), or a combination of these materials. The bottom surface of a central portion of the inner membrane  122  or the top surface of a central portion of the outer membrane  124  have small grooves to ensure that fluid can flow and/or a textured rough surface to prevent adhesion when the internal and outer membranes are in contact. The outer edge of the inner membrane  122  may be clamped between a clamp ring  123  and the housing  102  to form a fluid-tight seal, whereas the outer edge of the outer membrane  124  may be clamped between the retaining ring  110  and the housing  102  to form a fluid-tight seal. 
     The support structure  126  can be a generally rigid annular body located inside the external chamber  132 . The support structure  126  can have an “L-shaped” cross-section, although many other implementations are possible. The support structure  126  can be affixed to the bottom surface of the inner membrane  122  by an adhesive layer  127 . Alternatively, the support structure need not be secured to the rest of the carrier head, and may be held in place by the internal and external flexible membranes. An annular pad or cushion  128 , such a piece of carrier film, is secured to a lower surface of the support structure  126 . 
     For a polishing operation, either or both the internal chamber  130  and the external chamber  132  are pressurized, e.g., to pressures P upper  and P lower , respectively. As shown in FIG. 2A, if the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is sufficiently low (relative to the pressure in the external chamber  132 ), then the inner membrane  122  does not contact the outer membrane  124 . However, an annular middle section  136  of the inner membrane  122  does press downwardly on the annular support structure  126 , causing the annular cushion  128  to press downwardly on the upper surface of the outer membrane  124 . 
     In this configuration, as shown in FIGS. 2B-2C, a pressure P cushion  is applied to an annular middle region of the backside of the substrate where the cushion  128  contacts the outer membrane  124 . The pressure P cushion  applied by the cushion  128  is given approximately by the following equation:          P   cushion     =         A   membrane       A   cushion       ·     P   upper                              
     where A membrane  is the surface area of the lower section of the inner membrane  122 , i.e., the combined surface area of the center portion  134  and the annular portion  136 , and A cushion  is the surface area of the cushion  128  in contact with the outer membrane  124 . The pressure P lower  in the external chamber  132  is applied to the remainder of the substrate. Thus, in the configuration of FIGS. 2A-2C, the carrier head  100  can apply different pressures to the substrate in two independent zones, one beneath the cushion, and one for the remainder of the substrate. 
     As shown in FIG. 2D, as the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is increased, a central portion  134  of the inner membrane  122  bows downwardly until it contacts the upper surface of the outer membrane  124 . The resulting pressure distributions are shown in FIGS. 2E-2F. In the configuration of FIGS. 2D-2E, the carrier head  100  can apply different pressures to three zones of the substrate: one beneath the cushion  128 , one where the inner membrane  122  contacts the outer membrane  124 , and one for the remainder of the substrate. 
     Eventually, the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is high enough that the inner membrane  122  engages the outer membrane in virtually all of the available contact area. At and above this pressure, the pressure P cushion  applied by the cushion  128  is given approximately by the following equation:          P   cushion     =         A   plate       A   cushion       ·     (       P   upper     -     P   lower       )                              
     where A plate  is the surface area of the support structure  126  in contact with the inner membrane  122  and A cushion  is the surface area of the cushion  128  in contact with the outer membrane  124 . At pressures between the critical pressure at which the inner membrane  122  contacts the outer membrane  124  and the pressure at which the inner membrane  122  fully engages the outer membrane  124 , there is a more complex relationship between the pressure applied by the cushion  128  and the pressure is the chambers. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2D, the contact area of the inner membrane  122  against the outer membrane  152 , and thus the diameter of the associated loading area, may be controlled by varying the pressures in the internal and external chambers  130  and  132 . As noted, by pumping fluid into the internal chamber  130 , the central portion  134  of the inner membrane  122  is forced downwardly and into contact with the outer membrane  124 . As the pressure in the internal chamber  130  continues to increase, the diameter of the contact area also increases. Conversely, by pumping fluid out of the internal chamber  130 , the central portion  136  of the inner membrane  122  is drawn upwardly and pulled away from the outer membrane  152 , thereby decreasing the diameter of the loading area. Moreover, if the support structure  126  is affixed to the inner membrane  122 , then further evacuation of the internal chamber  130  can lift the support structure  126  away and out of contact with the outer membrane  124 . 
     Carrier head  100  may also be operated in a “standard” operating mode, in which the internal chamber  130  is vented or evacuated to lift away from the substrate, and the external chamber  132  is pressurized to apply a uniform pressure to the entire backside of the substrate. 
     Referring to FIG. 3A, in another implementation, the carrier head  100   a  includes a rigid disk-shaped support structure  126   a  rather than an annular support structure. In this implementation, the cushion  128   a  can also be a solid circular disk-shaped pad located near the center of the substrate. As shown in FIG. 3B, if the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is sufficiently low (relative to the pressure in the external chamber  132 ), then the inner membrane  122  does not contact the outer membrane  124 . However, a center portion  134   a  of the inner membrane  122  does press downwardly on the disk-shaped support structure  126   a , causing the cushion  128   a  to press downwardly on the upper surface of the outer membrane  124 . In this configuration, as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C, a first pressure P cushion  is applied to a central region of the substrate where the cushion  128  contacts the outer membrane  124 , and the external chamber pressure P lower  is applied to the remainder of the substrate. Thus, the carrier head  100   a  can apply different pressures to the substrate in two independent zones, one for the portion of the substrate beneath the cushion  128   a , and one for the remainder of the substrate. The cushion pressure P cushion  can be calculate in a fashion similar to that of the implementation in FIGS. 2A-2C. 
     As shown in FIG. 3D, as the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is increased, an annular region  136 a of the inner membrane  122  bows downwardly until it contacts the upper surface of the outer membrane  124  in an annular contact area. The resulting pressure distributions are shown in FIGS. 3E-3F. As the pressure in the internal chamber  130  continues to increase, the width of this annular contact area also increases. Thus, in this configuration, the carrier head  100   a  can apply different pressures to the substrate in three independent zones, one for the portion of the substrate beneath the cushion  128   a , one where the inner membrane  122  contacts the outer membrane  124 , and one for the remainder of the substrate. The cushion pressure P cushion  can be calculate in a fashion similar to that of the implementation in FIGS. 2D-2F. 
     Referring to FIG. 4A, in another implementation, the carrier head  100   b  includes both a rigid disk-shaped support structure  140  and an annular support structure  144  surrounding the disk-shaped support structure  140 . A disk-shaped cushion  142  can be secured to the disk-shaped support structure  140 , and an annular cushion  146  can be secured to the annular support structure  144 . The inner membrane  122  presses downwardly on the disk-shaped support structure  140  and the annular support structure  144 , causing the associated cushion  142  and  146  to press downwardly on the upper surface of the outer membrane  124  and create two regions of increased pressure on the backside of the substrate. As with the previously described implementations, if the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is sufficiently low (relative to the pressure in the external chamber  132 ), then the inner membrane  122  does not contact the outer membrane  124 . However, as the pressure in the internal chamber  130  is increased, an annular region of the inner membrane  122  bows downwardly until it contacts the upper surface of the outer membrane  124  in an annular contact area. 
     In this configuration, with the external chamber vented or with P lower =0, as shown in FIGS. 4B-4C, the carrier head  100   b  applies pressure to three different zones on the substrate. A first pressure P annular  is applied to an annular region of the substrate where the annular cushion  144  contacts the outer membrane  124 , a second pressure P center  is applied to a central region of the substrate where the disk-shaped cushion  140  contacts the outer membrane  124 , and a third pressure P upper  is applied to another annular region of the substrate where the inner membrane  122  contacts the outer membrane  124 . If the external chamber  132  is not vented or a zero pressure, then the carrier head  100   b  effectively applies pressure to four different zones (the fourth zone being the portion of the substrate not covered by the other three zones). 
     Referring to FIG. 5A, in another implementation, the carrier head  100   c  includes an edge control ring  150 . The edge control ring  150  is a generally annular rigid member positioned between the retaining ring  110  and the outer membrane  124 . The edge control ring  150  includes a first flange portion  154  which extends outwardly toward the inner surface  114  of the retaining ring  110  to maintain the lateral position of the external spacer ring and a second flange portion  156  which extends inwardly into the “S-shaped” section of the outer membrane  124 . A compressible pad or cushion  152  is secured, e.g., with adhesive, to the bottom surface of the edge load ring  150 . The edge load ring functions as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/200,492, filed Nov. 15, 1998, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference. The pressure P ELR  applied by the edge load ring to the substrate is given by the following equation:          P   ELR     =         A   upper       A   lower       ·     P   lower                              
     where A upper  is the surface area of the edge load ring  150  that contacts the outer membrane  124  and A lower  is the surface area of the cushion  152  that contacts the substrate  10 . 
     As shown in FIGS. 5B-5C, the carrier head  100   c  applies pressure to four different zones on the substrate. A first pressure P cushion  is applied to an annular region of the substrate where the annular cushion  128   c  contacts the outer membrane  124 , a second pressure P upper  is applied to a central region of the substrate where the inner membrane  122  contacts the outer membrane  124 , a third pressure P ELR  is applied by the edge load ring  150 , and a fourth pressure P lower  is applied to the remainder of the substrate by the external chamber  132 . Of course, the carrier head could include a disk-shaped support structure rather than an annular support structure. In addition, the carrier head could include a central disk-shaped support structure, an annular support structure surrounding the disk-shaped support structure, and an edge load ring, in which case the carrier head would apply pressure to five different zones on the substrate. 
     The configurations of the various elements in the carrier head, such as the flexible membranes and the support structure, are illustrative and not limiting. A variety of configurations are possible for a carrier head that implements the invention. For example, the internal chamber can be either an annular or a solid volume. The internal and external chambers may be separated either by a flexible membrane, or by a relatively rigid backing or support structure, or by a combination of flexible and rigid parts. 
     The present invention has been described in terms of a number of embodiments. The invention, however, is not limited to the embodiments depicted and described. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.