Abstract:
A method and concomitant apparatus for adapting the behavior of an MPEG-like encoder to information discontinuities within a received information stream, such that encoding quality and random access to a resulting encoded stream is retained near information discontinuity point without adversely impacting buffer utilization parameters. Specifically, an anchor frame comprising an I-frame preceding an information discontinuity is encoded as a P-frame, while an anchor frame following the information discontinuity is encoded as an I-frame.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/080,536, filed Apr. 3, 1998. 
    
    
     The invention relates to communications systems generally and, more particularly, the invention relates to a method and concomitant apparatus for adaptively encoding an information stream in response to indicia of an information stream discontinuity. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In several communications systems the data to be transmitted is compressed so that the available bandwidth is used more efficiently. For example, the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) has promulgated several standards relating to digital data delivery systems. The first, known as MPEG-1 refers to ISO/IEC standards 11172 and is incorporated herein by reference. The second, known as. MPEG-2, refers to ISO/IEC standards 13818 and is incorporated herein by reference. A compressed digital video system is described in the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) digital television standard document A/53, and is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The above-referenced standards describe data processing and manipulation techniques that are well suited to the compression and delivery of video, audio and other information using fixed or variable length digital communications systems. In particular, the above-referenced standards, and other “MPEG-like” standards and techniques, compress, illustratively, video information using intra-frame coding techniques (such as run-length coding, Huffman coding and the like) and inter-frame coding techniques (such as forward and backward predictive coding, motion compensation and the like). Specifically, in the case of video processing systems, MPEG and MPEG-like video processing systems are characterized by prediction-based compression encoding of video frames with or without intra- and/or inter-frame motion compensation encoding. 
     In a typical MPEG encoder, a received video stream comprising a plurality of video frames is encoded according to a predefined group of pictures (GOP) structure. That is, the received video stream is encoded to produce a GOP comprising, e.g., an intra-coded frame (I-frame), followed by one or more forward predicted coded frames (P-frames) and bi-directional (i.e., forward and backward) predicted frames (B-frames). In the case of a scene change in the received video stream, the first frame of the new scene may be significantly different than the previous anchor frame. Thus, the encoder may need to intra-code a very large percentage of the macroblocks in the first frame. In this situation, encoders typically encode the frame as an anchor frame, from which subsequent frames within the predefined GOP structure will be predicted. 
     Unfortunately, if the new anchor frame was targeted to be coded as a P-frame, its intra-coding impacts the rate control (RC) predictions utilized by the encoder. Depending on how RC is done, this can affect the coded quality of the P-frame itself and the quality over the few frames that are encoded after the P-frame. In particular, the effect is felt the most when the previous anchor frame was an I-frame. 
     In addition, unless the first anchor frame after a scene change is declared an I-frame, rather than a P-frame with most or all of its macroblocks intra-coded, random access (i.e., independent decodability) is not gained near the start of the scene change. Thus, to retain random access, some encoders simply code the first frame after a scene change as an I-frame, whether it was scheduled to be a P-frame or a B-frame. Such encoder behavior also impact the RC behavior of the encoder. 
     Therefore, it is seen to be desirable to address the above-described problems by providing a method and concomitant apparatus for adapting the behavior of an MPEG-like encoder to scene changes within a received video stream such that encoding quality and random access to the encoded stream is retained near scene change points. More generally, it is seen to be desirable to provide a method and concomitant apparatus for adapting the behavior of an MPEG-like encoder to information discontinuities within a received information stream of any type, such that encoding quality and random access to the encoded stream is retained near information discontinuity points. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention comprises a method and concomitant apparatus for adapting the behavior of an MPEG-like encoder to information discontinuities within a received information stream, such that encoding quality and random access to a resulting encoded stream is retained near information discontinuity point without adversely impacting buffer utilization parameters. Specifically, an anchor frame comprising an I-frame preceding an information discontinuity is encoded as a P-frame, while an anchor frame following the information discontinuity is encoded as an I-frame. 
     Specifically, in a system compression coding a sequence of unencoded information frames to produce a sequence of encoded information frames substantially in accordance with a group of frames (GOF) information structure, each GOF comprising at least one sub-GOF, each sub-GOF comprising at least anchor frame, each anchor frame comprising one of an intra-coded frame (I-frame) and a forward predicted frame (P-frame), a method according to the invention comprises the step of adapting, in response to an inter-frame information discontinuity within the sequence of unencoded information frames, the GOF information structure such that a first anchor frame following the information discontinuity comprises an I-frame, and a first anchor frame preceding the information discontinuity comprises a P-frame. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 depicts an MPEG-like encoding system  100  according to the invention; 
     FIG. 2 depicts a flow diagram of an adaptive frame switching routine  200  suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of an MPEG-like encoding system  100  according to the invention; 
     FIG. 4 depicts a flow diagram of an adaptive frame switching routine  400  suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of an MPEG-like encoding system  500  according to the invention; 
     FIG. 6 depicts a controller suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 or FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention will be described within the context of an MPEG-like encoding system that encodes an input information stream IN to produce an encoded output information stream OUT that nominally conforms to a group of frames (GOF) or group of pictures (GOP) data structure. Each GOF/GOP data structure comprises N frames arranged as a plurality of sub-GOF or sub-GOP data structures having a maximal size of M frames. Each sub-GOF/GOP comprise a respective anchor frame (e.g., an I-frame or a P-frame) and, optionally, one or more non-anchor frames (e.g., B-frames). In response to an inter-frame information discontinuity within the input information stream IN, the invention adapts the encoded output information stream such that the first anchor frame following the information discontinuity comprises an I-frame, while the first anchor frame preceding the information discontinuity comprises a P-frame. 
     FIG. 1 depicts an MPEG-like encoding system  100  according to the invention. Specifically, FIG. 1 depicts an MPEG-like encoding system  100  comprising a first encoding module  101 , a second encoding module  102 , a controller  103 , a selector  104  and an output buffer  160 . The MPEG-like encoding system  100  receives and encodes an input information stream IN comprising a plurality of uncompressed information frames, illustratively a sequence of images forming a video information stream, to produce an encoded output information stream OUT. 
     First encoding module  101  receives and encodes the input information stream IN to produce a first encoded information stream S 101  that partially conforms to a group of frames (GOF) or group of pictures (GOP) data structure. The first encoded information stream S 101  only partially conforms to the GOF or GOP data structure because the first encoding module  101  encodes every anchor frame as a forward predicted coded frame (P-frame), even if the frame was scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure, to be an intra-coded frame (I-frame). Thus, first encoded information stream S 101  includes sub-GOFs or sub-GOPs having P-frames as anchor frames. The first encoded information stream S 101  is buffered in a sub-GOF/GOP buffer and then coupled to a first input of selector  104 . 
     Second encoding module  102  receives and encodes the input information stream IN to produce a second encoded information stream S 102  comprising only intra-coded anchor frames. Specifically, the second encoding module  102  encodes every anchor frame as an intra-coded frame (I-frame), even if the frame was scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure utilized by the first encoding module  101 , to be a P-frame. Such a frame is denoted as dual-coded frame, since it is encoded as an I-frame by the second encoding module  102  and as a P-frame by the first encoding module  101 . Thus, second encoded information stream S 102  includes only intra-coded anchor frames. The second encoded information stream S 102  is buffered in a sub-GOF/GOP buffer and then coupled to a second input of selector  104 . Additionally, each frame encoded by second encoder  102  is reconstructed (i.e., decoded) to provide a reference anchor frame suitable for use in a motion prediction portion of the first encoding module  101 , as will be discussed below. 
     Output buffer  160  produces a rate control signal RC indicative of a buffer utilization level of a far end decoder buffer. The rate control signal RC is coupled to the first encoding module  101  and the second encoding module  102 . The encoding modules utilize the rate control signal to adapt quantization parameters of their respective encoding processes, such that the bit rate of their respective output signals S 101  and S 102  may be controlled, thereby avoiding buffer overflow or underflow in a far end decoder buffer. 
     Controller  103  is coupled to a control input of the selector  104  and also produces a first encoder control signal C 1  and a second encoder control signal C 2  for controlling, respectively, first encoding module  101  and second encoding module  102 . The controller  103  normally operates in a continuous mode of operation, wherein the information steam provided to the output buffer conforms to a defined GOF/GOP data structure. To prevent, e.g., the occurrence of consecutive I-frame type anchor frames in that provided information stream, the controller  103  enters a discontinuous mode of operation in the event of, e.g., a scene change or other information stream discontinuity. In the discontinuous mode of operation, the controller  103  changes the first (temporally) anchor frame from an I-frame to a P-frame. This is possible because each anchor frame is dual coded as both an I-frame and a P-frame, as previously mentioned. To detect such an information discontinuity, the controller  103  receives at least one of the input information stream IN and a mode decision indication signal MD from the second encoding module  102 . The detection of an information discontinuity will be described below. Briefly, where more than a threshold number of macroblocks are selected for intra-coding (rather then inter-coding or predictive coding), the present information frame being encoded is inherently sufficiently different from an anchor frame from which predictions are based to conclude that an information discontinuity, such as a scene change, has occurred. 
     First encoding module  101  comprises an adder  155 , a mode decision module  105 P, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) module  110 P, a quantizer (Q) module  115 P, a variable length coding (VLC) module  120 P, an inverse quantizer (Q −1 )  125 P, an inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT −1 ) module  130 P, a subtractor  156 , a buffer  135 P, a rate control module  140 P, a motion compensation module  145 P, a motion estimation module  150 P and an anchor frame storage module  170 . Although the second encoding module  102  comprises a plurality of modules, those skilled in the art will realize that the functions performed by the various modules are not required to be isolated into separate modules as shown in FIG.  1 . For example, the set of modules comprising the motion compensation module  145 P, inverse quantization module  125 P and inverse DCT module  130 P is generally known as an “embedded decoder.” 
     In the case of the input information stream IN comprising a video information stream, the video information stream represents a sequence of images on the input signal path IN which is digitized and represented as, illustratively a luminance and two color difference signals (Y, C r , C b ) in accordance with the MPEG standards. These signals are further divided into a plurality of layers (sequence, group of pictures, picture, slice, macroblock and block) such that each picture (frame) is represented by a plurality of macroblocks. Each macroblock comprises four (4) luminance blocks, one C r  block and one C b  block where a block is defined as an eight (8) by eight (8) sample array. The division of a picture into block units improves the ability to discern changes between two successive pictures and improves image compression through the elimination of low amplitude transformed coefficients (discussed below). The digitized signal may optionally undergo preprocessing such as format conversion for selecting an appropriate window, resolution and input format. 
     Subtractor  155  generates a residual signal (also referred to in the art as simply the residual or the residual macroblock) by subtracting a predicted macroblock on the signal path PF from an input macroblock on the signal path IN. 
     The mode decision module  105 P receives the residual macroblock (i.e., the predicted macroblock) from the subtractor  155  and the input macroblock from the signal path IN. If the predicted macroblock is substantially similar to the input macroblock (i.e., the residuals are relatively small and are easily coded using very few bits), then the mode decision module  105 P selects the residual signal from the subtractor  155  for inter-coding. That is, the macroblock will be encoded as a motion compensated macroblock, i.e., motion vector(s) and associated residual(s). However, if the difference between the predicted macroblock and the input macroblock is substantial, the residuals are difficult to code. Consequently, the system operates more efficiently by directly coding the input macroblock rather than coding the motion compensated residual macroblock. 
     The above selection process is known as a selection of the coding mode. Coding the input macroblock is referred to as intra-coding, while coding the residuals is referred to as inter-coding. The selection between these two modes is known as the Intra-Inter-Decision (IID). The IID is typically computed by first computing the variance of the residual macroblock (Var R) and the variance of the input macroblock (Var I). The coding decision is based on these values. There are several functions that can be used to make this decision. For example, using the simplest function, if Var R is less than Var I, the IID selects the Inter-mode. Conversely, if Var I is less than Var R, the IID selects the Intra-mode. 
     Optionally, the mode decision module  105 P provides an output signal MD indicative of the presence or absence of an information stream discontinuity. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the output signal MD indicates the number of macroblocks within a particular information frame that have been selected, by the IID process, as intra-coded macroblocks. A large number of intra-coded macroblocks within a particular information frame indicates that the information frame is substantially different from a preceding information frame. Such a substantial difference may be due to an information discontinuity, such as a scene cut or scene change in an input video information stream. The controller may be conditioned to interpret excursions beyond a predefined number of intra-coded macroblocks within one frame as indicative of a scene cut. The operation of the controller will be described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3. 
     The selected block (i.e., input macroblock or residual macroblock) is then coupled to the discrete cosine transform (DCT) module  110 P. The DCT module  110 P applies a discrete cosine transform process to each block of the received macroblock to produce a set of, illustratively, eight (8) by eight (8) blocks of DCT coefficients. The DCT basis function or subband decomposition permits effective use of psychovisual criteria which is important for the next step of quantization. It should be noted that while the DCT module may be adapted to process any size block or macroblock, though the eight by eight block size is commonly used in MPEG-like compression systems. The DCT coefficients produced by the DCT module  110 P are coupled to the quantizer module  115 P. 
     The quantizer module  115 P quantizes the received DCT coefficients to produce a quantized output block. The process of quantization reduces the accuracy with which the DCT coefficients are represented by dividing the DCT coefficients by a set of quantization values with appropriate rounding to form integer values. The quantization values can be set individually for each DCT coefficient, using criteria based on the visibility of the basis functions (known as visually weighted quantization). Namely, the quantization value corresponds to the threshold for visibility of a given basis function, i.e., the coefficient amplitude that is just detectable by the human eye. By quantizing the DCT coefficients with this value, many of the DCT coefficients are converted to the value “zero”, thereby improving image compression efficiency. The process of quantization is a key operation and is an important tool to achieve visual quality and to control the encoder to match its output to a given bit rate (rate control). Since a different quantization value can be applied to each DCT coefficient, a “quantization matrix” is generally established as a reference table, e.g., a luminance quantization table or a chrominance quantization table. Thus, the encoder chooses a quantization matrix that determines how each frequency coefficient in the transformed block is quantized. 
     The rate control module  140 P controls the quantization scale (step size) used to quantize the DCT coefficients and/or controls the number of DCT coefficients that are coded by the system in response to a rate control signal RC produced by the output buffer  160 . The rate control signal RC produced by the output buffer  160  indicates a utilization level of the output buffer  160 . The primary task of the rate control module  140 P is to manage the fullness or utilization level of the output buffer  160 , from which a constant output bit rate is provided to a transmission channel. The constant bit rate must be maintained even though the encoding rate may vary significantly, depending on the content of each image and the sequence of images. 
     The rate control module  140 P adjusts the output bit rate of the first encoding module  101  by selecting a quantizer scale for each frame in a manner maintaining the overall quality of the video image while controlling the coding rate. Namely, a quantizer scale is selected for each frame such that target bit rate for the picture is achieved while maintaining a uniform visual quality over the entire sequence of pictures. In this manner, the rate control module  140 P operates to prevent buffer overflow and underflow conditions on the decoder side (e.g., within a receiver or target storage device, not shown) after transmission of the output information stream OUT. 
     Optionally, the rate control module  140 P is responsive to a rate control signal RC 1  indicative of a utilization level of the buffer  135 P. As previously noted, the buffer  135 P is used to hold, e.g., at least one encoded sub-GOF/GOP comprising an anchor frame (i.e., an I-frame or a P-frame) and a plurality of non-anchor frames (i.e., B-frames) according to the GOF/GOP data structure. Therefore, if the capacity of the buffer  135 P is limited, then the rate control module  140 P must ensure that the buffer  135 P does not overflow. 
     Another important task of the rate control module  140 P is to insure that the bit stream produced by the encoder does not overflow or underflow a decoder&#39;s input buffer. Overflow and underflow control is accomplished by maintaining and monitoring a virtual buffer within the encoder. This virtual buffer is known as the video buffering verifier (VBV). To ensure proper decoder input buffer bit control, the encoder&#39;s rate control process establishes for each picture, and also for each macroblock of pixels comprising each picture, a bit quota (also referred to herein as a bit budget). By coding the blocks and the overall picture using respective numbers of bits that are within the respective bit budgets, the VBV does not overflow or underflow. Since the VBV mirrors the operation of the decoder&#39;s input buffer, if the VBV does not underflow or overflow, then the decoder&#39;s input buffer will not underflow or overflow. 
     To accomplish such buffer control, the rate controller makes the standard assumption in video coding that the current picture looks somewhat similar to the previous picture. If this assumption is true, the blocks of pixels in the picture are motion compensated by the coding technique and, once compensated, require very few bits to encode. This method works very well, as long as the actual number of bits needed to code the picture is near the target number of bits assigned to the picture, i.e., that the number of bits actually used is within the bit quota for that picture. 
     The quantized DCT coefficients (e.g., an 8×8 block of quantized DCT coefficients) produced by the quantizing module  115 P are coupled to the variable length coding (VLC) module, where the two-dimensional block of quantized coefficients is scanned in a “zigzag” order to convert it into a one-dimensional string of quantized DCT coefficients. This zigzag scanning order is an approximate sequential ordering of the DCT coefficients from the lowest spatial frequency to the highest. Variable length coding (VLC) module  120  then encodes the string of quantized DCT coefficients and all side-information for the macroblock using variable length coding and run-length coding. 
     To perform motion prediction and compensation, the first encoding module  101  regenerates encoded anchor frames for use a reference frames. Specifically, the quantized DCT coefficients (e.g., an 8×8 block of quantized DCT coefficients) produced by the quantizing module  115 P are coupled to the inverse quantizing (Q −1 ) module  125 P, where an inverse quantizing process is performed on each macroblock. The resulting dequantized DCT coefficients (e.g., an 8×8 block of dequantized DCT coefficients) are passed to the inverse DCT (DCT −1 ) module  130 P, where an inverse DCT process is performed on each macroblock to produce a decoded error signal. The error signal produced by the DCT −1  module  130 P is coupled to an input of adder  156 . 
     Motion estimation module  150 P receives the input information stream IN and a stored anchor frame information stream AOUT. The stored anchor frame information stream AOUT is provided by the anchor frame storage module  170 , which stores an input anchor frame information stream AIN that is provided by the second encoding module  101 , and will be discussed in more detail below. Briefly, the stored anchor frame information stream AOUT represents a decoded version of the intra-coded first anchor frame of a GOF or GOP presently being encoded by the second encoding module  102  (and first encoding module  101 ). 
     The motion estimation module  150 P estimates motion vectors using the input information stream IN and the stored anchor frame information stream AOUT. A motion vector is a two-dimensional vector which is used by motion compensation to provide an offset from the coordinate position of a block in the current picture to the coordinates in a reference frame. The reference frames can be forward predicted coded frames (P-frames) or bidirectional (i.e., forward and backward) predicted frames (B-frames). The use of motion vectors greatly enhances image compression by reducing the amount of information that is transmitted on a channel because only the changes between the current and reference frames are coded and transmitted. The motion vectors are coupled to the motion compensation module  145 P and the VLC module  120 P. 
     The motion compensation module  145 P utilizes the received motion vectors to improve the efficiency of the prediction of sample values. Motion compensation involves a prediction that uses motion vectors to provide offsets into the past and/or future reference frames containing previously decoded sample values that are used to form the prediction error. Namely, the motion compensation module  150 P uses the previously decoded frame and the motion vectors to construct an estimate of the current frame. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will realize that the functions performed by the motion estimation module and the motion compensation module can be implemented in a combined module, e.g., a single block motion compensator. 
     Prior to performing motion compensation prediction for a given macroblock, a coding mode must be selected. In the area of coding mode decision, the MPEG and MPEG-like standards provide a plurality of different macroblock coding modes. Specifically, MPEG- 2  provides macroblock coding modes which include intra mode, no motion compensation mode (No MC), frame/field/dual-prime motion compensation inter mode, forward/backward/average inter mode and field/frame DCT mode. 
     Once a coding mode is selected, motion compensation module  145 P generates a motion compensated prediction frame (e.g., a predicted image) on path PF of the contents of the block based on past and/or future reference pictures. This motion compensated prediction frame on path PF is subtracted, via subtractor  155 , from the input information frame IN (e.g., a video image) in the current macroblock to form an error signal or predictive residual signal. The formation of the predictive residual signal effectively removes redundant information in the input video image. As previously discussed, the predictive residual signal is coupled to the mode decision module  105 P for further processing. 
     The VLC data stream produced by the VLC encoder  120 P is received into the buffer  135 P, illustratively a “First In-First Out” (FIFO) buffer capable of holding at least one encoded sub-GOF/GOP according to the GOF/GOP data structure. The VLC data stream stored in buffer  135 P is selectively coupled, via selector  104 , to the output buffer  160 , illustratively a FIFO buffer. 
     A consequence of using different picture types and variable length coding is that the overall bit rate into the output buffer  160  is variable. Namely, the number of bits used to code each frame can be different. In applications that involve a fixed-rate channel for coupling the output information stream OUT to, e.g., a storage medium or telecommunication channel, the output buffer  160  is used to match the encoder output to the channel for smoothing the bit rate. Thus, the output signal OUT of FIFO buffer  160  is a compressed representation of the input information stream IN. 
     Second encoding module  102  comprises a discrete cosine transform (DCT) module  110 I, a quantizer (Q) module  115 I, a variable length coding (VLC) module  120 I, an inverse quantizer (Q −1 ) module, an inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT −1 ) module  130 I, a buffer  135 I and a rate control module  140 I. The various modules included within the second encoding module  102  are connected together and operate in substantially the same manner as previously described with respect to the first encoding module  101 . As such, only differences between the two encoding modules will be discussed in detail. The primary difference between the two encoding modules is that the second encoding module  102  only encodes those input information frames scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure, to be encoded as anchor frames. By contrast, the first encoding module  101  encodes all the input information frames per the GOF/GOP data structure. 
     The controller  103  causes the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG. 1 to operate in one of several operating modes, namely a continuous operating mode and a discontinuous operating mode. The controller  103  normally operates in a continuous mode of operation, wherein the information steam provided to the output buffer conforms to a defined GOF/GOP data structure. To prevent, e.g., the occurrence of consecutive I-frame type anchor frames in that provided information stream, the controller  103  enters a discontinuous mode of operation in the event of, e.g., a scene change or other information stream discontinuity. In the discontinuous mode of operation, the controller  103  changes the first (temporally) anchor frame from an I-frame to a P-frame. This is possible because each anchor frame is dual coded as both an I-frame and a P-frame, as previously described. The operation of the controller  103  will be described in more detail below with respect to Table 1 and FIG.  2 . 
     The discontinuous mode of operation is entered when the controller  103  determines that an information discontinuity within the input information stream IN has occurred, e.g., a scene change or “scene cut” within an input video stream. In the continuous mode of operation, controller  103  adapts selector  104  such that the first encoder output stream S 101  and second encoder output stream S 102  are selected in a manner producing, at the output of switch  104 , an information stream conforming to the GOF/GOP data structure. Specifically, the controller  103  causes switch  104  to select, as the first frame in a GOF or GOP being formed, the I-frame within the second encoder output stream S 102  associated with first frame of the GOF or GOP. That is, the I-frame version of the dual coded frame is selected. The controller  103  then causes selector  104  to select, as the remaining frames in the GOF or GOP being formed, the anchor frames and non-anchor frames associated with the remaining frames of the GOF or GOP. This process is repeated for each GOF or GOP until the controller  103  enters the discontinuous mode of operation. 
     In the discontinuous mode of operation, the controller  103  determines if the discontinuity has occurred within one sub-GOF/GOP from the start of a new GOF or GOP information structure. If this is not the case (i.e., the previous anchor frame was a P-frame and, hence, not the first frame of a new sub-GOF/GOP), then the controller  103  starts a new sub-GOF/GOP by encoding the anchor frame after the information discontinuity as an I-frame. However, if the discontinuity occurs within one sub-GOF/GOP of the scheduled I-frame, the controller  103  causes selector  104  to select the P-frame version of the dual-encoded previous anchor frame along with the associated non-anchor frames (i.e., the B-frames of the sub-GOF/GOP) The controller  103  then causes selector  104  to select the I-frame version of the dual encoded anchor frame immediately after the information disc continuity. In effect, the scheduled first sub-GOF/GOP of a new GOF/GOP is made the last sub-GOF/GOP of the previous GOF/GOP information structure and a new GOF/GOP information structure is started with the anchor frame after discontinuity as its first frame. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FRAME 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 SCENE 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 GOF/GO 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                 P 
               
               
                 S101 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                 S102 
                 I 
                   
                   
                 I 
                   
                   
                 I 
                   
                   
                 I 
                   
                   
                 I 
                   
                   
                 I 
               
               
                 Output1 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
               
               
                 Output2 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 I 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
                 B 
                 B 
                 P 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 1 depicts information useful in understanding the invention. The first row of table 1 identifies a frame number (i.e., 1-18) associated with each of a plurality of input information frames, illustratively video frames, provided to the invention. The second row of table 1 depicts a scene number (i.e., 1-2) associated with each of the input video frames of the first row. It is important to note that the scene number of transitions from scene 1 to scene 2 after the 11th frame. 
     The third row of table 1 depicts a desired GOF/GOP data structure used to encode the video input frames (i.e., IBBPBBPBB . . . ). The desired GOF/GOP data structure is the structure intended to be imparted to the output information stream OUT provided by the output buffer  160  to, e.g., a transmission channel. It must be noted that the exemplary GOF/GOP data structure depicted in Table 1 is for illustrative purposes only, the invention may be practiced using any GOF/GOP data structure. 
     The fourth row depicts the output information stream S 101  of the first encoding module  101  of the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  1 . As previously discussed, the first encoding module  101  receives and encodes the input information stream IN to produce a first encoded information stream S 101  that partially conforms to a group of frames (GOF) or group of pictures (GOP) data structure, illustratively the GOF/GOP data structure depicted in the third row of Table 1. The first encoded information stream S 101  only partially conforms to the GOF or GOP data structure because the first encoding module  101  encodes every anchor frame as a P-frame, even if the frame was scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure, to be an I-frame. Thus, first encoded information stream S 101  includes sub-GOFs or sub-GOPs having P-frames as anchor frames. 
     The fifth row depicts the output information stream S 102  of the second encoding module  102  of the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  1 . As previously discussed, the second encoding module  102  receives and encodes the input information stream IN to produce a second encoded information stream S 102  comprising only intra-coded anchor frames. Specifically, the second encoding module  102  encodes every anchor frame as an intra-coded frame (I-frame), even if the frame was scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure utilized by the first encoding module  101 , to be a P-frame. Thus, second encoded information stream S 102  includes only intra-coded anchor frames. 
     The sixth row depicts an output information stream OUT provided by the output buffer  160  of the of the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  1 . Specifically, the sixth row depicts the adaptation made to the GOF/GOP data structure in response to a change from a first scene (frame 11) and a second scene (frame 12). Referring to the GOF/GOP structure defined in the third row, frame 13 is scheduled to be encoded as a P-frame. However, since a new scene started at frame 12, the first anchor frame of the first sub-GOF/GOP following the scene change will be encoded as an I-frame. Since frame 10 (a dual coded anchor frame) is already scheduled to be an I-frame, the controller causes the P-frame version of frame 10 to be selected for output, while the I-frame version of frame 13 is selected for output. In this manner, the undesirable situation of outputting two closely proximate I-frames (i.e., frames 10 and 13) is avoided. 
     The seventh row depicts an alternate output information stream OUT provided by the output buffer  160  of the of the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  1 . Specifically, the sixth row depicts the adaptation made to the GOF/GOP data structure in response to a change from a first scene (frame 11) and a second scene (frame 12), where the first frame of the new scene (i.e., frame 12) is encoded as an I-frame, rather than the first anchor frame (i.e., frame 13) of the new scene as depicted in row 6. 
     FIG. 2 depicts a flow diagram of an adaptive frame switching routine  200  suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  1 . Specifically, the routine  200  of FIG. 2 may be implemented as a control routine within the controller  103 , or as a logical function between cooperating modules of the MPEG-like encoder  100  of FIG.  1 . The routine  200  provides adaptive fame switching within the context of an encoding system simultaneously encoding anchor frames as both I-frames and P-frames (i.e., dual coded frames). 
     The routine  200  of FIG. 2 is entered at step  205 , where a variable LAST_INTRA is set equal to 0. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 , where the query is made as to whether a received input information frame to be encoded is scheduled (per the GOF/GOP data structure) to be encoded as an I-frame. If the query at step  210  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  215 . 
     At step  215  the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is stored in a first buffer (i.e., BUFFER_I). The routine  200  then proceeds to step  220 , where the received frame is encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is stored in a second buffer (i.e., BUFFER_P). The routine  200  then proceeds to step  225 , where the LAST_INTRA variable is set equal to 1. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     If the query at step  210  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  230 . At step  230  a query is made as to whether the received frame is scheduled to be encoded as a B-frame. If the query at step  230  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  235 , where a query is made as to whether the LAST-INTRA variable is equal to 1. If the query at step  235  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  240 , where the received frame is encoded as a B-frame, and the encoded B-frame is stored in a third buffer (i.e., BUFFER_B). The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . If the query at step  235  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  245 , where the received frame is encoded as a B-frame, and the encoded B-frame is sent to an output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     It should be noted that the first buffer (i.e., BUFER_I), the second buffer (i.e., BUFFER_P) and the third buffer (i.e., BUFFER_B) may comprise unique memory modules, portions of the same memory module, internal memory of, e.g., controller  103  or any other available memory, including a portion of an encoder output buffer. The location of the various memory locations does not impact the practice of the invention, since one skilled in the art and informed by the teachings of this disclosure will readily devise modifications to the invention suitable for a variety of memory configurations. 
     If the query at step  230  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  250 , where a query is made as to whether an information discontinuity (e.g., a scene change in a video input stream) has been detected. If the query in step  250  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  272 , where a query is made as to whether the LAST_INTRA variable is set equal to 1. If the query at step  272  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  274 , where the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     If the query at step  272  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  276 , where the contents of the second buffer (i.e., BUFFER_P) are transferred to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  278 , where the contents of the third buffer (e.g., BUFFER_B) are transferred to the output buffer, and to step  280 , where the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  282 , where the LAST_INTRA variable is set equal to 0. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     If the query at step  250  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  255 , where a query is made as to whether the LAST_INTRA variable is set equal to 1. If the query at step  255  is answered negatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  260 , where the received frame is encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     If the query at step  255  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  200  proceeds to step  262 , where the LAST_INTRA variable is set equal to 0. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  264 , where the contents of the first buffer (i.e., BUFFER_I) are transferred to the output buffer, and to step  268 , where the contents of the third buffer (i.e., BUFFER_B) are transferred to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  270 , where the received frame is encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  200  then proceeds to step  210 . 
     The above-described flow routine depicts an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention. Specifically, the above described routine depicts the concurrent encoding of a received anchor frame as both an I-frame and a P-frame. It is important to note that the first, second, third and output buffers are only used to store encoded (i.e., compressed) information frames. Thus, the memory requirements of the system are reduced at the cost of increased processing requirements. The inventor has determined that the added processing cost of such a system (e.g., the addition of a second encoding module) may be more than offset by an associated decrease in memory expense. 
     In the above-described embodiment of the invention the second encoding module  102  encodes every anchor frame as an I-frame. It must be noted that the second encoding module  102  may also be controlled to encode as I-frames only those frames that are scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure, to be encoded as P-frames. That is, in another embodiment of the invention the first encoding module  101  encodes input frames as I-frames, P-frames and B-frames in accordance with the GOF/GOP data structure. Contemporaneously, the second encoding module  102  encodes as I-frames only those frames scheduled, per the GOF/GOP data structure, to be encoded as P-frames. 
     In this alternate embodiment of the invention, the controller  103  in substantially the same manner as previously described, except that during the continuous mode of operation the controller  103  only causes the output stream S 101  of the first encoding module to be coupled to the output buffer  160 . This is because the output stream S 101  of the first encoding module  101  is properly encoded per the GOF/GOP data structure. In the discontinuous mode of operation, the controller  103  couples the output stream S 102  of the second encoding module  102  to the output buffer  160  when a P-frame within the first encoding module output stream S 101  must be replaced by an I-frame. 
     FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of an MPEG-like encoding system  300  according to the invention. Specifically, FIG. 3 depicts an MPEG-like encoding system  300  comprising an encoding module  101 , a controller  103  and an output buffer  160 . The MPEG-like encoding system  300  receives and encodes an input information stream IN comprising a plurality of uncompressed information frames, illustratively a sequence of images forming a video information stream, to produce an encoded output information stream OUT. 
     The encoding module  101  receives and encodes the input information stream IN to produce an encoded information stream S 101  that substantially conforms to a group of frames (GOF) or group of pictures (GOP) data structure. The first encoded information stream S 101  is buffered in a sub-GOF/GOP buffer  135 P and then coupled to the output buffer. The encoded frames stored within the sub-GOF/GOP buffer  135 P may be modified by the controller  103 , as will be discussed below. The encoding module  101  includes various elements which operate in substantially the same manner as corresponding elements of the first encoding module  101  described above with respect to FIG.  1 . As such, only differences in the operation of the various elements will be described in detail below. Specifically, the encoding module  101  comprises an adder  155 , a mode decision module  105 P, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) module  110 P, a quantizer (Q) module  115 P, a variable length coding (VLC) module  120 P, an inverse quantizer (Q −1 )  125 P, an inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT −1 ) module  130 P, a subtractor  156 , a buffer  135 P, a rate control module  140 P, a motion compensation module  145 P, a motion estimation module  150 P and an anchor frame storage module  170 . 
     The primary difference between the encoding module  101  of FIG.  3  and the first encoding module  101  of FIG. 1 is that the output of the inverse DCT module  130 P (i.e., the last anchor frame) is stored in the anchor frame storage module  170  and coupled to the motion estimation module  150 P for estimating motion vectors (rather than an unencoded I-frame from the second encoding module of FIG.  1 ). Additionally, the unencoded version of for each frame that is scheduled, per the GOF/GOP structure to be an I-frame is also stored in the anchor frame storage module  170 . Thus, the anchor frame storage module contains the reconstructed anchor frame preceding the last I-frame and the unencoded version of the last I-frame. In this manner, in the case of the I-frame being re-encoded (i.e., a scheduled I-frame encoded as such) as a P-frame, the reconstructed anchor frame preceding the I-frame is used (along with the unencoded version of the I-frame) to predict a P-frame replacement for the encoded I-frame. 
     Output buffer  160  operates in substantially the same manner as the output buffer  160  of FIG.  1 . The output buffer  160  produces a rate control signal RC indicative of a buffer utilization level of a far end decoder buffer. The rate control signal RC is coupled to the encoding module  101 , which uses the rate control signal RC to adapt, e.g., quantization parameters such that the bit rate of the output information stream OUT may be controlled, thereby avoiding buffer overflow or underflow in a far end decoder buffer. 
     Controller  103  produces an encoder control signal C 1  for controlling the encoding module  101  and receives at least one of the input information stream IN and a mode decision indication stream MD from the encoding module  101 . The controller  103 , of FIG. 3 detects information discontinuities in the manner previously described with respect to FIG.  1 . While the controller  103  of FIG. 3 also operates in one of a continuous mode and a discontinuous mode, and the end results of the two operating modes are the same (with respect to the GOF/GOP data structure adaptation), the operation of the; controller  103  in these modes is slightly different than the operation of the controller  103  of FIG.  1 . 
     In the continuous mode of operation, the encoding module  101  of FIG. 3 encodes the input information stream IN in the above-described manner to produce an encoded information stream S 101 . The encoded information stream is stored in a temporary buffer (sub-GOF/GOP buffer  135 P) prior to being coupled to the output buffer. 
     Upon detecting an information discontinuity, the controller  103  enters the discontinuous mode of operation. If it is deemed appropriate to recode the last encoded anchor frame as a P-frame (i.e., the presently scheduled P-frame will be encoded as an I-frame), then the unencoded version of the last encoded anchor frame (presumably an I-frame) is retrieved from the anchor storage module  170  and encoded as a P-frame using the reconstructed anchor frame preceding, temporally, the unencoded version of the unencoded I-frame (also stored in the anchor storage module). Thus, the MPEG-like encoder of FIG. 3 implements an “on demand” re-encoding of a previously encoded I-frame as a P-frame. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a flow diagram of an adaptive frame switching routine  400  suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in FIG.  3 . Specifically, the routine  400  of FIG. 4 may be implemented as a control routine within the controller  103 , or as a logical function between cooperating modules of the MPEG-like encoder  300  of FIG.  3 . The routine  400  provides adaptive fame switching within the context of an encoding system providing demand based encoding of anchor frames as either I-frames or P-frames as necessary. 
     The routine  400  is entered at step  402 , where a variable LAST_INTRA is set equal to 0. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 , where a query is made as to whether a received information frame is scheduled (per the GOF/GOP data structure) to be encoded as an I-frame. If the query at step  404  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  406 , where the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is stored in a first buffer (i.e., BUFFER_I). The routine  400  then proceeds to step  408 , where the variable LAST_INTRA is set equal to 1. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  410 , where the received frame and a previously reconstructed reference frame (i.e., an anchor frame) are stored in a non-encoded buffer (e.g., anchor storage module  170 ). The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 . 
     If the query at step  404  is answered negatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  412 , where a query as to whether the received frame is scheduled to be encoded as a B-frame is made. If the query in step  412  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  414 , where a query is made as to whether the variable LAST_INTRA is equal to 1. If the query at step  414  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  416 , where the received frame is encoded as a B-frame, and the encoded B-frame is stored is a second buffer (i.e., BUFFER_B). The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 . If the query in step  414  is answered negatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  418 , where the received frame is encoded as a B-frame and the encoded B-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 . 
     If the query at step  412  is answered negatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  420 , where a query is made as to whether an information discontinuity (e.g., a scene change) has been detected. 
     If the query at step  420  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  422 , where a query is made as to whether the variable LAST_INTRA is equal to 1. If the query in step  422  is answered negatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  424 , where the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 . 
     If the query in step  422  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  426 , where the previously saved reference frame is re-encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  428 , where the contents of the second buffer (i.e., BUFFER_B) are coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  430 , where the received frame is encoded as an I-frame, and the encoded I-frame is coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  432 , where the variable LAST_INTRA is set equal to 0, and to step  404 . 
     If the query at step  420  is answered negatively, then the routine proceeds to step  434 , where a query is made as to whether the variable LAST_INTRA is equal to 1. If the query at step  434  is answered negatively, then the routine  400  proceeds to step  436 , where the received frame is encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is sent to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  404 . 
     If the query at step  434  is answered affirmatively, then the routine  400  then proceeds to step  438 , where the contents of the first buffer (BUFFER_I) are coupled to the output buffer, and to step  440 , where the contents of the second buffer (BUFFER_B) are coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds  444 , where the received frame is encoded as a P-frame, and the encoded P-frame is coupled to the output buffer. The routine  400  then proceeds to step  446 , where the variable LAST_INTRA is set equal to 0, and on to step  404 . The adaptive frame switching routine  400  of FIG. 4 accomplishes substantially the same function as the adaptive frame switching routine  200  of FIG. 2, except that the routine  400  of FIG. 4 tends to require more memory resources and less processing resources than the routine  200  of FIG.  2 . This is because the routine  400  of FIG. 4 requires the storage of the unencoded (i.e., uncompressed) information frame scheduled to be the first frame of a GOF or GOP and the reconstructed anchor frame prior to it. 
     FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of an MPEG-like encoding system  500  according to the invention. Specifically, FIG. 5 depicts an MPEG-like encoding system  500  comprising an M-frame delay module  510 , an encoding module  101 , a controller  103  and an output buffer  160 . The MPEG-like encoding system  500  receives and encodes an input information stream IN comprising a plurality of uncompressed information frames, illustratively a sequence of images forming a video information stream, to produce an encoded output information stream OUT. Since the MPEG-like encoding system  500  of FIG. 5 is substantially similar to the MPEG-like encoding system  300  previously described with respect to FIG. 3, only the differences between the two systems will be discussed in detail. 
     In the MPEG-like encoding system  500  of FIG. 5, the M-frame delay module  510 , illustratively a “First In-First Out” (FIFO) buffer, receives the input information stream IN and provides a delayed input information stream IN to the encoder  101 . As previously discussed, a GOF/GOP data structure comprises N frames arranged as a plurality of sub-GOF or sub-GOP data structures having a maximal size of M frames. Thus, the 
     M-frame delay module  510  is capable of holding at least one sub-GOF/GOP according to the GOF/GOP data structure. 
     The encoding module  101  receives and encodes the delayed input information stream IN to produce an encoded information stream S 101  that substantially conforms to a group of frames (GOF) or group of pictures (GOP) data structure. The first encoded information stream S 101  is coupled to the output buffer  160 . The encoding module  101  includes various elements which operate in substantially the same manner as corresponding elements of the first encoding module  101  described above with respect to FIG.  1  and FIG.  3 . As such, only differences in the operation of the various elements will be described in detail below. Specifically, the encoding module  101  comprises an adder  155 , a mode decision module  105 P, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) module  110 P, a quantizer (Q) module  115 P, a variable length coding (VLC) module  120 P, an inverse quantizer (Q −1 )  125 P, an inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT −1 ) module  130 P, a subtractor  156 , a rate control module  140 P, a motion compensation module  145 P, a motion estimation module  150 P and an anchor frame storage module  170 . 
     The primary difference between the encoding module  101  of FIG.  5  and the encoding module  101  of FIG. 3 is that the encoding module  101  of FIG. 5 does not include a buffer  135  (nor the associated optional rate control signal RC 1 ), as previously depicted in the encoding module  101  of FIG.  3 . Additionally, the anchor frame storage module  170  of the encoding module  101  of FIG. 5 does not store the unencoded information frame that is scheduled, per the GOF/GOP structure to be the first frame of a GOF or GOP (i.e., the I-frame), as previously depicted in the encoding module  101  of FIG.  3 . Finally, the mode decision module  105 P of the encoding module  101  of FIG. 5 does not provide an optional mode decision signal MD 1  to the controller, as previously depicted in the encoding module  101  of FIG.  3 . 
     Output buffer  160  operates in substantially the same manner as the output buffer  160  of FIG.  3 . The output buffer  160  produces a rate control signal RC indicative of a buffer utilization level of a far end decoder buffer. The rate control signal RC is coupled to the encoding module  101 , which uses the rate control signal RC to adapt, e.g., quantization parameters such that the bit rate of the output information stream OUT may be controlled, thereby avoiding buffer overflow or underflow in a far end decoder buffer. 
     Controller  103  produces an encoder control signal C 1  for controlling the encoding module  101 . The controller  103  receives at the input information stream IN and detects information discontinuities within that information stream. In response to the detection of an information discontinuity within the (undelayed) input information stream IN, the controller  103  dynamically adapts the GOF/GOP data structure used by the encoder such that an I-frame is not included within both of two consecutive sub-GOF/GOP groups of encoded frames. 
     To illustrate the operation of the controller  103  of FIG. 5, consider the case of a the input information stream IN providing a sub-GOF/GOP including an information discontinuity to the M-frame delay module  510 . The controller  103  monitors the input stream and detects the information discontinuity prior to the encoder  101  receiving the delayed input information stream IN′. The controller  103  causes the encoder  101  to encode, as a P-frame, the anchor frame of the sub-GOF/GOP including the information discontinuity. The controller  103  also causes the encoder  101  to encode, as an I-frame, the first frame following the information discontinuity (e.g., the first video frame of a new scene) or the anchor frame of the next sub-GOF/GOP. 
     Since the controller  103  examines each sub-GOF/GOP prior to the sub-GOF/GOP being coupled to the encoder  101 , the controller  103  is able to determine the most appropriate method of coding the examined sub-GOF/GOP. That is, the controller provides, via control signal C 1 , information about a next sub-GOF/GOP to be encoded to the rate control module  140 P. Thus, the buffer utilization predictions of the rate controller  140 P are enhanced, thereby providing enhanced encoding functionality to the encoder  101  (e.g., bit budget safety margins may be reduced, thereby allowing higher quality encoding by allocating more bits to each frame. It should be noted that the effect of an unexpected scene change to a particular sub-GOF/GOP can be spread across the entire GOF or GOP to minimize any quality degradation experienced by the particular sub-GOF/GOP. Moreover, since the last sub-GOF/GOP of a scene is likely to be less important, in terms of preserving visual fidelity, than the first sub-GOF/GOP of a scene, the bits allocated for the last sub-GOF/GOP of a current scene can be reduced, thereby allowing for a corresponding increase in bit allocation to the next sub-GOF/GOP to improve the quality of the I-frame in the new scene. 
     It is important to note that the encoder  101  of FIG. 5 encodes each anchor frame only once, rather than always twice (per FIG. 1) or sometimes twice (per FIG.  3 ). 
     FIG. 6 depicts a controller  103  suitable for use in the MPEG-like encoder depicted in either FIG. 1 or FIG.  3 . The controller  103  comprises a microprocessor  103 - 4  as well as memory  103 - 8  for storing an a simultaneous encoding, adaptive frame switching routine  200  and/or an “on demand” encoding, adaptive frame switching routine  400 . The microprocessor  103 - 4  cooperates with conventional support circuitry  103 - 6  such as power supplies, clock circuits, cache memory and the like as well as circuits that assist in executing the software routines. As such, it is contemplated that some of the process steps discussed herein as software processes may be implemented within hardware, e.g., as circuitry that cooperates with the microprocessor  103 - 4  to perform various steps. The controller  103  also contains input/output circuitry  103 - 2  that forms an interface between the various encoding modules ( 101  and  102 ) and the selector ( 104 ). Although the controller  103  is depicted as a general purpose computer that is programmed to perform adaptive frame switching and associated control functions in accordance with the present invention, the invention can be implemented in hardware as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). As such, the process steps described herein (e.g., with respect to FIG.  2  and FIG. 4) are intended to be broadly interpreted as being equivalently performed by software, hardware, or a combination thereof. 
     The controller  103  of the present invention may be used to execute the control routines described in FIG.  2  and FIG.  4 . However, it must also be noted that the controller  103  may also be used to implement the MPEG-like encoders of FIG. 1, FIG.  3  and FIG. 5 entirely in software. As such, the controller  103  of FIG. 6 is shown receiving the input information stream IN and produce the output information stream OUT. In such a software implementation, the controller  103  performs the functions described above with respect to the MPEG-like encoders of FIG. 1, FIG.  3  and/or FIG.  5 . 
     It should be noted that the buffer  135 P of the encoder  101  of, e.g., FIG. 3, may store encoded frames in a “linked list” manner. That is, each of the stored encoded frames may be associated with a pointer variable that identifies, e.g., the next encoded frame in a sequence of encoded frames. In this manner, selecting an I-frame instead of P-frame for inclusion in the encoder output stream S 101  comprises “de-linking” the de-selected frame and “linking” the selected frame. That is, the pointer of the encoded frame preceding the de-linked frame is made to point to the linked frame. Similarly, the pointer associated with the linked frame is made to point to the frame following the de-linked frame. 
     The invention advantageously utilizes the bit budget of a GOF/GOP structure such that the bit budget is not “wasted” on intra-coding a last sub-GOF/GOP in an information stream. Moreover, the invention operates to substantially prevent decoder buffer overflow conditions caused by tightly spaced intra-coded information frames (e.g., two consecutive I-frames). Moreover, it is noted that informational qualities, such as visual information qualities, of the dual-coded information frame are assumed to be nearly identical for both the I-frame and the P-frame are. Thus, in addition to a GOF/GOP quality enhancement, there is no discernable information degradations imparted to any individual frame within the GOF/GOPs effected by the operation of the invention. 
     The present invention can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The present invention also can be embodied in the form of computer program code embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits. 
     Although various embodiments which incorporate the teachings of the present invention have been shown and described in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate these teachings.