Abstract:
A control system for a multiphase permanent magnet motor compensates for physical variations among individual motor phase circuit elements. The control system successively develops a control voltage for switched energization of the motor phase windings that is closely matched with particular parameters of the corresponding windings. The system can be applied to a motor in which each stator phase component comprises a ferromagnetically isolated stator electromagnet, the electromagnet core elements being separated from direct contact with each other and formed with separate phase windings. A digital signal processor may be utilized that applies an algorithm incorporating the parameters as constant values, the parameters for a particular phase being accessed for generating the appropriate control signals for energizing that phase.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application contains subject matter related to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/826,423 of Maslov et al., filed Apr. 5, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/826,422 of Maslov et al., filed Apr. 5, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/966,102, of Maslov et al., filed Oct. 1, 2001, and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/993,596 of Pyntikov et al., filed Nov. 27, 2001, all commonly assigned with the present application. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to rotary electric motors, more particularly to the precise control of brushless permanent magnet motors. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The above-identified copending patent applications describe the challenges of developing efficient electric motor drives for vehicles, as a viable alternative to combustion engines. Electronically controlled pulsed energization of windings of motors offers the prospect of more flexible management of motor characteristics. By control of pulse width, duty cycle, and switched application of a battery source to appropriate stator windings, functional versatility that is virtually indistinguishable from alternating current synchronous motor operation can be achieved. The use of permanent magnets in conjunction with such windings is advantageous in limiting current consumption. 
     In a vehicle drive environment it is highly desirable to attain smooth operation over a wide speed range, while maintaining a high torque output capability at minimum power consumption. Motor structural arrangements described in the copending applications contribute to these objectives. Electromagnet core segments may be configured as isolated magnetically permeable structures in an annular ring to provide increased flux concentration. Isolation of the electromagnet core segments permits individual concentration of flux in the magnetic cores, with a minimum of flux loss or deleterious transformer interference effects with other electromagnet members. 
     Precision controlled performance within brushless motor applications involves the fusion of nonlinear feedforward compensation coupled with current feedback elements. However, feedforward compensation expressions typically rely heavily upon various circuit parameters, such as phase resistance, phase self-inductance and the like, which are depicted illustratively in the equivalent circuit diagram for an individual motor phase in FIG. 1. V t  (t) denotes the per-phase voltage input, R t  denotes the per-phase winding resistance, and L t  represents the per-phase self-inductance. E t  (t) represents the opposing back-emf voltage of the motor per phase and can be approximated by the following expression: 
     
       
         E t =(K ei ω)sin( N   t θ t ) 
       
     
     where K ei  denotes the per-phase back-emf voltage coefficient, ω(t) represents the rotor velocity, N t  denotes the number of permanent magnet pairs, and θ t (t) represents the relative displacement between the i th  phase winding and a rotor reference position. 
     Due to phenomena affected by mechanical/manufacturing tolerances and other structural characteristics, each motor phase will exhibit a range of values for each circuit element. Factors that can affect the magnitudes of the circuit parameters include: the net flux linkage of the electromagnet core; fluctuations in the inductance of the core with respect to the electrical circuit; variations in the resistance of the phase winding due to changes in manufacturing tolerances such as the cross sectional area and winding tension; variations in the permeability of the core (related to the grade and the processing and finishing history of the material); phase winding technique (uniform or scrambled wound) or the build quality of the coils on each stator core; position of the electromagnet and permanent magnet interaction (i.e., permeance of the magnetic circuit); variations in the air gap flux density, which is dependent on the permanent magnet rotor magnet sub assembly; residual magnetic flux density; biasing magnetic field due to external magnetic fields; shape of coil wire (rectangular, circular or helical); winding factor achieved in the coil; manufacturing tolerances achieved in the core geometry which could alter the cross sectional tolerance of the core; the effective length over which the coil is wound. 
     Typically, motor control strategies assume uniformity of parameter values over the entire motor. One median parameter value is taken to represent all corresponding circuit elements of the motor. This lumped parameter approach often leads to degradation in tracking performance due to over/under compensation of the control strategy due to parameter value mismatch within individual phase compensation routines. Such assumed parameters are prone to even greater discrepancies with stator structures configured as autonomous ferromagnetically isolated core components. Thus, the need exists for an individualized circuit parameter compensation that accounts for the parameter variations in the separate phase windings and stator phase component structures. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention fulfills this need, while maintaining the benefits of the separated and ferromagnetically isolated individual stator core element configurations such as disclosed in the copending applications. The ability of the present invention to implement a control strategy that compensates for individual phase circuit elements offers a higher degree of precision controllability since each phase control loop is closely matched with its corresponding winding and structure. This ability is obtained, at least in part, by establishing in a control system for a multiphase motor one or more sets of parameters, the parameters of each set specifically matched with characteristics of a respective stator phase. Successive switched energization of each phase winding is governed by a controller that generates signals in accordance with the parameters associated with the stator phase component for the phase winding energized. Such control provides advantages with motors of a variety of construction and can be applied to a motor in which each stator phase component comprises a ferromagnetically isolated stator electromagnet, the electromagnet core elements being separated from direct contact with each other and formed with separate phase windings. 
     A digital signal processor may be utilized that applies an algorithm incorporating the parameters as constant values, the parameters for a particular phase being accessed for generating the appropriate control signals for energizing that phase. Other parameters are variable in dependence upon selected states of the system, such as position, temperature and other external conditions. Alternatively, the controller may be provided with a separate loop for each phase, each loop executing a control algorithm containing the parameters for the respective phase. The algorithms may contain components based on the current sensed in each phase, the sensed position and speed of the rotor, the sensed conditions received as input signals to the controller. 
     The present invention is particularly advantageous in applications in which the motor is intended to track a variable user initiated input, such as electric vehicle operation. In response to torque command input signals, per-phase desired current trajectories are selected by the controller in accordance with an expression that includes the particular parameters for each phase. 
     Additional advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawing and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit diagram for an individual motor phase. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a motor control system in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial circuit diagram of a switch set and driver for an individual stator core segment winding of a motor controlled by the system of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional cutaway drawing of motor structure suitable for use in the control system of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates torque controller methodology for use in the control system of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 6 is a partial block diagram that illustrates a variation of the controller methodology of FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a motor control system in accordance with the present invention. Multiphase motor  10  is comprises rotor  20  and stator  30 . The stator has a plurality of phase windings that are switchably energized by driving current supplied from d-c power source  40  via electronic switch sets  42 . The switch sets are coupled to controller  44  via gate drivers  46 . Controller  44  has one or more user inputs and a plurality of inputs for motor conditions sensed during operation. Current in each phase winding is sensed by a respective one of a plurality of current sensors  48  whose outputs are provided to controller  44 . The controller may have a plurality of inputs for this purpose or, in the alternative, signals from the current sensors may be multiplexed and connected to a single controller input. Rotor position sensor  46  is connected to another input of controller  44  to provide position signals thereto. The output of the position sensor is also applied to speed approximator  50 , which converts the position signals to speed signals to be applied to another input of controller  44 . 
     The sequence controller may comprise a microprocessor or equivalent microcontroller, such as Texas Instrument digital signal processor TMS320LF2407APG. The switch sets may comprise a plurality of MOSFET H-Bridges, such as International Rectifier IRFIZ48N-ND. The gate driver may comprise Intersil MOSFET gate driver HIP40821B. The position sensor may comprise any known sensing means, such as a Hall effect devices (Allegro Microsystems 92B5308), giant magneto resistive (GMR) sensors, capacitive rotary sensors, reed switches, pulse wire sensors including amorphous sensors, resolvers, optical sensors and the like. Hall effect current sensors, such as F.W. Bell SM-15, may be utilized for currents sensors  48 . The speed detector  50  provides an approximation of the time derivative of the sensed position signals. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial circuit diagram of a switch set and driver for an individual stator core segment winding. Stator phase winding  34  is connected in a bridge circuit of four FETs. It is to be understood that any of various known electronic switching elements may be used for directing driving current in the appropriate direction to stator winding  34  such as, for example, bipolar transistors. FET  53  and FET  55  are connected in series across the power source, as are FET  54  and FET  56 . Stator winding  34  is connected between the connection nodes of the two series FET circuits. Gate driver  46  is responsive to control signals received from the sequence controller  44  to apply activation signals to the gate terminals of the FETs. FETs  53  and  56  are concurrently activated for motor current flow in one direction. For current flow in the reverse direction, FETs  54  and  55  are concurrently activated. Gate driver  46  alternatively may be integrated in sequence controller  44 . 
     The motor of the present invention is suitable for use in driving a vehicle wheel of an automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, or the like. FIG. 4 is a cutaway drawing of the motor structure that can be housed within a vehicle wheel, the stator rigidly mounted to a stationary shaft and surrounded by a rotor for driving the wheel. The motor  10  comprises annular permanent magnet rotor  20  separated from the stator by a radial air gap. The rotor and stator are configured coaxially about an axis of rotation, which is centered in the stationary shaft. The stator comprises a plurality of ferromagnetically isolated elements, or stator groups. Core segments  32 , made of magnetically permeable material separated from direct contact with each other, have respective winding portions  34  formed on each pole. In this example, seven stator groups arc shown, each group comprised of two salient electromagnet poles allocated circumferentially along the air gap. The rotor comprises a plurality of permanent magnets  22 , circumferentially distributed about the air gap and affixed to an annular back plate  24 . Reference is made to the Maslov et al. application Ser. No. 09/966,102, discussed above, for a more detailed discussion of a motor embodying this construction. It should be appreciated, however, that the vehicle context is merely exemplary of a multitude of particular applications in which the motor of the present invention may be employed. The concepts of the invention, more fully described below, are also applicable to other permanent magnet motor structures, including a unitary stator core that supports all of the phase windings. 
     In the vehicle drive application example, one of the user inputs to the controller represents required torque indicated by the user&#39;s throttle command. An increase in throttle is indicative of a command to increase speed, which is realized by an increase in torque. Another external input to the controller processor may include a brake signal that is generated when the driver operates a brake pedal or handle. The processor may respond by immediately deactivating the motor drive or, instead, vary the drive control to reduce torque and speed. A separate external deactivation signal can be applied to immediately respond to the driver&#39;s command. 
     The control system torque tracking functionality should maintain steady state operation for a constant input command through varying external conditions, such as changes in driving conditions, load gradient, terrain, etc. The control system should be responsive to the driver&#39;s throttle input to accurately and smoothly accommodate changes in torque commands. FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates torque controller methodology using feedforward compensation expressions that take into account sensed motor operation conditions as well as individual circuit parameter values to obtain these objectives. For precision torque tracking, the per-phase desired current trajectories are selected according to the following expression:          I   di     =       (       2                   τ   d           N   s          K   τ1         )          sin        (       N   τ          θ   1       )                                
     where I d1  denotes per-phase desired current trajectory, τ d  denotes the user&#39;s requested torque command, N t  represents the total number of phase windings, K t  denotes a per-phase torque transmission coefficient and θ t  represents relative positional displacement between the i th  phase winding and a rotor reference point. The per-phase current magnitude is dependent on the per-phase value of the torque transmission coefficient K τt . 
     In order to develop the desired phase currents the following per-phase voltage control expression is applied to the driver for the phase windings: 
     
       
           V   t ( t )= L   i   dI   d1   /dt+R   t   I   t   +E   t   +k   s   e   t   
       
     
     FIG. 5 represents the methodology, generally indicated by reference numeral  60 , by which the controller derives the components of this voltage control expression in real time, utilizing the torque command input and the signals received from phase current sensors, position sensor and speed detector. The external user requested (desired) torque command τ d (t), responsive to the throttle, is input to controller function block  62  and rotor position θ is input to controller function block  64 . Block  64  produces an output representing excitation angle θ t (t) based on the rotor position, the number of permanent magnet pole pairs (N t ) the number stator phases (N s ), and the phase delay of the particular phase. The output of controller function block  64  is fed to controller function block  62 . Using the excitation angle input thus received, controller function block  62  determines, in accordance with the expression set forth above, how phase currents are distributed among the N s  phases such that the user requested torque τ d (t) is developed by the motor. Controller function block  66  calculates the difference between the desired phase current I dt (t) received from block  62  and the sensed phase current I t (t) to output a phase current track error signal e i (t). This error signal is multiplied by gain factor k s  in controller function block  68 . The effect of the current feedback gain is to increase overall system robustness via the rejection of system disturbances due to measurement noise and any model parameter inaccuracies. The output of block  68  is fed to controller function block  70 . Block  70  outputs time varying voltage signals V t (t) to the gate drivers  52  for the selective controlled energization of the phase windings  34 . V t (t) has components that compensate for the effects of inductance, induced back-emf and resistance. 
     To compensate for the presence of inductance within phase windings, the term LdI dt /dt, wherein dI dt /dt denotes the standard time derivative of the desired phase current I dt (t), is input to the controller function block  70  to be added in the phase voltage calculation. Determination of LdI dt /dt, is made at controller function block  72 , acting upon the received inputs of τ d (t), θ i (t) and ω(t). To compensate for the induced back-emf voltage the term E t  is added in the phase voltage calculation as an input to function block  70  from controller function block  74 . The back-emf compensation value is derived from the excitation angle and speed, received as inputs to block  74  using back-emf coefficient K ei . To compensate for voltage drop attributed to phase winding resistance and parasitic resistance, the term R t  I i (t) is added in the phase voltage calculation as an input to function block  70  from controller function block  76 . 
     In operation, controller  44  successively outputs control signals V t (t) to the gate drivers for individual energization of respective phase windings. The gate drivers activate the respective switch sets so that the sequence in which windings are selected comports with a sequence established in the controller. The sequence is transmitted to the gate drivers through the link only generally illustrated in the diagram of FIG.  5 . Each successive control signal V i (t) is related to the particular current sensed in the corresponding phase winding, the immediately sensed rotor position and speed, and also to model parameters, K ei  and K τt , that have been predetermined specifically for the respective phases. Thus, for each derived control signal V i (t), in addition to receiving timely sensed motor feedback signals, the controller must access the parameters specific to the particular phase to which the control signal corresponds. The controller thus has the ability to compensate for individual phase characteristic differences among the various stator phases. To prevent over/under compensation of the voltage control routine, the per-phase circuit parameters utilized are exactly matched to their actual phases values. 
     The per-phase torque transmission coefficient K τt  captures the per-phase torque contribution of each phase. This parameter is proportional to the ratio of the effective torque generated per current applied for that phase. The torque developed by the phase is a function of the magnetic flux density developed in the core material of the phase, which produces the effective air gap flux density. The design of the electromagnetic core geometry takes into account current density, which is a function of the ampere-turns on each portion of the core in order to optimize induction in the material without driving the core into saturation. However, the magnetic properties of the core material are often non-homogeneous throughout the stator core. If the motor is configured with separated, ferromagnetically autonomous electromagnet cores, inconsistencies can be even more pronounced. Variations in winding and inductance also contribute in determining the torque constant and the back-emf coefficient parameters. There will be degradation in the effective flux buildup in the core if air pockets are formed in the windings. Although high packing factors can be achieved through uniform winding, there can be variations in wire manufacturing. Thus, if a nominal motor torque transmission coefficient and a nominal back-emf coefficient are utilized by the controller, the variation in properties of the phases produces overall motor output torque ripple. The torque controller methodology represented in FIG. 5 avoids this problem by applying the per-phase torque transmission coefficient and back-emf coefficients predetermined for each phase. 
     The computations illustrated in FIG. 5 are performed successively in real time. The expression shown in block  62  has been selected to provide the desired currents for tracking torque in the preferred embodiment. This expression can be modified if factors other than precisely tracking changes in torque input commands are also of significance. For example, in some vehicle environments, degree of acceleration and deceleration may be of consideration to avoid unnecessarily rough driving conditions. The expression in block  62  thus can be changed to accommodate additional considerations. 
     The controller methodology illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed in an integrated execution scheme in which particular phase parameters are substituted for each generated control voltage output. Alternatively, the controller  44  may provide a separate control loop for each stator phase n, as represented in the partial block diagram of FIG.  6 . For each of the N s  motor phases, a corresponding control loop  60   i  is provided. Each loop contains the relevant parameters for the respective motor phase. The control loops arc activated in accordance with the appropriate motor phase energization sequence and need only the sensed motor feedback signals for generation of the control voltages. 
     In this disclosure there is shown and described only preferred embodiments of the invention and but a few examples of its versatility. It is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein. For example, in the control methodology illustrated in FIG. 5, the desired per-phase current I dt (t) can be determined in real time from the received inputs of τ d (t), θ t (t) by reference to values stored in look-up tables. Look-up tables would be provided for each stator phase. 
     As can be appreciated, the motor of the invention can be utilized in a wide range of applications in addition to vehicle drives. While it is preferred, in the implementation of a vehicle drive, that the rotor surround the stator, other applications may find advantageous utility with the stator surrounding the rotor. Thus, it is within the contemplation of the invention that each inner and outer annular member may comprise either the stator or rotor and may comprise either the group of electromagnets or group of permanent magnets.