Abstract:
Water soluble salts of a β-polyaspartic acid, i.e., a polyaspartic acid having predominantly beta linkages in the amino acid residue chain thereof, are eminently well suited as dispersants for particulate matter in an aqueous medium.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/927,257, filed on 7 August 1992, abandoned which application, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/665,101, filed on 6 March 1991, abandoned. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to certain water-soluble polyaspartic acid salts and their use as dispersants. 
     Background of the Invention 
     The inhibition and dispersion of a broad variety of mineral and metal oxide scales and particulates in water is a common technology used in many different industries. For example, it is used widely in water treatment to prevent scale form forming on heat transfer surfaces and in pipes, in laundry and cleaning products to prevent suspended particles such as dirt from re-adhering to cleaned surfaces, in toothpastes and mouth washes as an anti-tartar agent, in paints and coatings to suspend pigments for ease of shipping, mixing and uniform application, and in polymer systems where emulsion droplets need to be suspended, to name a few. 
     Examples of the different types of scale and particulates dispersed include CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 , BaSO 4 , Fe 2  O 3 , clays such as kaolin, TiO 2 , Zn(OH) 2 , Ca 3  (PO) 4 , Mg(OH) 2 , Mn 2  O 3 , and many others. 
     Most dispersants used today are of the synthetic variety, usually a water soluble polymer made from acrylic acid, acrylamide, their derivatives, maleic acid, vinyl esters, and the like. These polymers are non-biodegradable and potentially toxic to the environment. α-Polyaspartic acid also has been suggested as a dispersant; however, its use for this purpose has not met with widespread acceptance by the industry. 
     Starch and lignin based dispersants, although biodegradable, tend to be poorer performers compared to their polyacrylate counterparts. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Water soluble salts of β-polyaspartic acid are excellent agents for suspending in water a variety of inorganic and organic particles. Due to biodegradability of β-polyaspartic acid, its salts are acceptable for use in a variety of industrial products and processes. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings, 
     FIG. 1 depicts temperature versus time reaction curves for thermal condensation of L-aspartic acid; the interrupted line indicates the oil temperature in the reactor and the continuous line the reaction mixture temperature; and 
     FIGS. 2-4 depict other temperature versus time reaction curves for thermal condensation of L-aspartic acid; again the interrupted line indicates the oil temperature in the reactor and the continuous line indicates the reaction mixture temperature. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The starting polysuccinimides (anhydropolyaspartic acids) from which the β-polyaspartic acids are synthesized are produced by the thermal condensation of powdered L-aspartic acid at controlled temperatures to produce polysuccinimide in high yields. The term &#34;yield&#34; as used herein means the theoretical yield based on the starting molecular weight of the aspartic acid. The presently attainable relatively high yields optimally occur above the initiation temperature of 370° F., preferably occur above about 420° F., and most preferably occur above about 440° F. 
     While a reactant temperature of less than 370° F. may produce polysuccinimide over a period of many hours, the theoretical yields will be low. Usually, the conversion of the L-aspartic acid to polysuccinimide will be less than 70% and will require a reaction time period of many days. On the other hand, we have found that as the reactant temperature is increased in a controlled manner to above 370° F., the percent conversion increases to greater than 90% and the reaction times become greatly reduced. 
     The thermal condensation of L-aspartic acid to polysuccinimide using the above reaction conditions produces a characteristically shaped &#34;temperature vs. time&#34; reaction curve characterized by an initial, rapid rise in reactant temperature which is followed by an endotherm signalling the beginning of the reaction. Immediately following the onset of the endotherm there is evaporative cooling, followed first by a temperature rise, and then by a second endotherm, which is followed by an evaporative cooling plateau. The temperature then rises to a substantially constant temperature plateau. The condensation reaction has gone to at least 95% conversion at a temperature approximately midway between the final plateau and the time the temperature begins to rise to that plateau. 
     In the following examples, the color of each product sample was noted. 
     The color of L-aspartic acid is white. Polysuccinimides vary in color according to the temperature of the sample taken during the course of the reaction. From low temperature to high, the colors vary as follows: light pink, to pink, to tannish pink, to tan, to light yellow, to yellow. These colors generally correspond to the percent conversion of the L-aspartic acid, in the same order with light pink indicating the lowest percent conversion and yellow indicating the highest percent conversion. Products exhibiting the pink colors were found to have less than 70% conversion. Heretofore, the technical literature has never reported any other color but pink for thermally condensed L-aspartic acid. The polysuccinimides suitable for making the present dispersants for the practice of the method aspect of this invention are free of pure pink color. The polysuccinimides used to prepare the polyaspartic acid dispersants of this invention have a water content less than 1%. Usually such polysuccinimides are substantially water-free. 
     A series of experiments were conducted to thermally polymerize solid phase L-aspartic acid. In each instance, the powdered L-aspartic acid was added to an oil-jacketed reaction vessel and heated. Samples were taken throughout the polymerization reaction. Those samples were analyzed for percent conversion to the polysuccinimide. The color and temperature of the samples were noted as well. 
     Each of conversion, color, and production of polyaspartic acid are described below. 
     The conversion of L-aspartic acid to polysuccinimide was determined as follows: A specific amount of the reaction mixture or product was dissolved in an aliquot of dimethylformamide (DMF). The dissolution was allowed to proceed for 4 to 5 hours until all of the polysuccinimide dissolved in the DMF. Unreacted L-aspartic acid was filtered out. Conversion of L-aspartic acid was determined using the following formula: ##EQU1## Where: A=weight of initial sample 
     B=weight of residue (unreacted L-aspartic acid) 
     The percent conversion of the L aspartic acid to the polysuccinimide in the reaction can be increased in reduced time periods by increasing the temperatures used in a manner discussed in greater detail hereinbelow. 
     Where a thermal fluid is used to heat the L-aspartic acid and as its temperature is brought to a maintenance temperature of at least 480° F. in a reasonable time period, at least 90% conversion can be effected within 4 hours. 
     Where the thermal fluid used to heat the L-aspartic acid is brought to a maintenance temperature of at least 550° F. within a reasonable time period, at least 90% conversion can be effected within 2 hours. 
     Continuous and batch processes can be used. Some process examples include fluidized bed, stirred reactor, and indirectly heated rotary driers. 
     Once initiation temperature is achieved, temperatures in the range of 420°-520° F. produce polysuccinimide at yields greater than 80%. Typically at temperatures between 420°-450° F., 90% conversions will be obtained. 500° F. will produce a 90% conversion in 4 hours and 550° F. will produce a 90% conversion in 1.5-2 hours. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Polysuccinimide 
     A 500-ml, covered, stainless steel beaker charged with 400 grams of powdered, L-aspartic acid was placed in an oil bath. The oil bath was quickly heated to a 450° F. maintenance temperature. The sample was stirred throughout the experiment. 
     The condensation reaction was observed to begin when the first endotherm was reached, after about 30 minutes. The first endotherm of the reaction mixture peaked at 395° F. at an oil temperature of 439° F. 
     Evaporative cooling immediately followed this first endotherm. Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. The reaction mixture temperature dropped to a low of 390° F. during this period and the oil temperature rose to 450° F. maintenance temperature. 
     Following the temperature drop, the reaction mixture began to heat up. At about 1.7 hours, a second endotherm occurred. At this endotherm, the reaction mixture temperature was 420° F. and the oil temperature was 450° F. Steam coming from the system evidenced water loss. 
     Evaporative cooling continued to take place until the conclusion of the second endotherm. Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. 
     At the conclusion of this period, the reaction mixture was then heated up and maintained at an equilibrium temperature of 434° F. 
     A &#34;time vs. temperature&#34; plot of the foregoing reaction is depicted in FIG. 1. 
     Table 1, below, provides data developed during this experiment. Samples were taken at the times indicated and analyzed for percent conversion to polysuccinimide. 
     The color of the reaction mixture is provided. Color was observed to vary with product temperature. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________POLYMERIZATIONTime, hr   Product, °F.              Oil, °F.                        Conv, % Color______________________________________0.0     340        345        0      White0.5     400        440       22      Light Pink1.1     396        451       23      Light Pink1.7     422        457       32      Pink4.2     416        451       58      Pink5.5     420        452       81      Tan7.1     430        454       97      Tan______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of Polysuccinimide at Relatively Higher Temperatures 
     A 500-ml covered, stainless steel, beaker charged with 400 grams of powdered, L-aspartic acid was placed in an oil bath. The oil bath was quickly heated to a 500° F. maintenance temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred throughout the experiment. 
     At 30 minutes, the reaction began when the first endotherm was reached. The first endotherm of the reaction mixture peaked at 405° F. at an oil temperature of 465° F. 
     Evaporative cooling immediately followed the first endotherm. Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. The reaction mixture temperature dropped to a low of 390° F. during this period, and the oil temperature rose to 490° F. 
     At about 1.3 hours, a second endotherm occurred. At this second endotherm, the reaction mixture temperature was 438° F. and the oil temperature was 495° F. 
     Evaporative cooling continued to take place until the conclusion of the second endotherm. Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. The reaction mixture temperature dropped to a low of 432° F. during this period and the oil temperature rose to 499° F. 
     A diminution in evaporative cooling was evidenced by a steady rise in reaction mixture temperature between approximately 2.7 hours and 3.2 hours. At 3.2 hours a temperature plateau was attained. No further increase in conversion was noted beyond that point. 
     A &#34;time vs. temperature&#34; plot of the foregoing reaction is depicted in FIG. 2. 
     Table 2, below, provides data developed during this experiment. Samples were taken at the times indicated and analyzed for percent conversion to polysuccinimide. 
     The color of the reaction mixture is provided. Color was observed to vary with product temperature. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________POLYMERIZATIONTime, hr  Product, °F.             Oil, °F.                       Conv, % Color______________________________________0.0    256        316        0      White0.5    406        464        7      Light Pink1.3    437        496       43      Pink2.3    438        497       81      Pink3.1    470        499       90      Tannish Pink3.8    476        500       95      Tannish Pink6.0    476        502       98      Light Yellow______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Rapid Preparation of Polysuccinimide 
     A 500-ml covered, stainless steel, beaker charged with 400 grams of powdered, L-aspartic acid was placed in an oil bath. The oil bath was quickly heated to a 550° F. maintenance temperature. The sample was stirred throughout the experiment. 
     At 24 minutes, the reaction began when the first endotherm was reached. The first endotherm of the reaction mixture peaked at 410° F. at an oil temperature of 470° F. 
     Evaporative cooling immediately followed the first endotherm. Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. The reaction mixture temperature dropped to a low of 395° F. during this period. 
     A second endotherm occurred at 1 hour at a reaction mixture temperature of 442° F. 
     Evaporative cooling continued to take place until the conclusion of the second endotherm. The reaction mixture temperature dropped to a low of 440° F. during this period. 
     A diminution in evaporative cooling was evidenced by a steady rise in reaction mixture temperature between approximately 1.5 hours and 2.1 hours. At about 2.1 hours a temperature plateau was attained. No further increase in percent conversion was noted beyond about 2 hours. 
     A &#34;time vs. temperature&#34; plot of the foregoing reaction is depicted in FIG. 3. 
     Table 3, below, provides data developed during this experiment. Samples were taken at the times indicated and analyzed for percent conversion to polysuccinimide. 
     The color of the reaction mixture is provided. Color was observed to vary with product temperature. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________POLYMERIZATIONTime, hr  Product, °F.             Oil, °F.                       Conv, % Color______________________________________0.0    330        348        0      White0.5    405        470       11      Light Pink1.0    436        520       36      Light Pink1.4    439        536       66      Pink1.8    462        540       92      Tannish Pink2.0    495        544       94      Tannish Pink2.4    510        547       96      Light Yellow3.4    512        548       98      Yellow______________________________________ 
    
     Production scale product runs were conducted as follows: 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Pilot Plant Test Run 
     PREPARATION OF POLYSUCCINIMIDE 
     A DVT-130 drier, mixer manufactured by the Littleford Brothers, Inc., of Florence, Ky. was used. The jacketed drier utilizes an oil as a thermal fluid and a plough blade impeller. The drier has a stack open to the atmosphere and a heat transfer area of 10 ft 2 . The reactor&#39;s oil reservoir was preheated to 550° F. to provide an oil inlet temperature of about 500° F. 
     The reactor was charged with 110.4 lb of powdered, L-aspartic acid. Hot oil began to flow through the jacket, and the impeller speed was set at 155 rpm. Both the product and oil temperatures rose steadily. At a product temperature of 390° F., there was a sudden, endothermic reaction which caused the product temperature to drop (see FIG. 4). Water loss was evidenced by the evolution of steam. A sample taken revealed that the powder had changed from white to pink. Three percent of the material was converted to polysuccinimide. 
     Thereafter, product temperature began to rise steadily until it reached a plateau at 428° F. which continued for an hour. Throughout this whole reaction, steam evolved, and the conversion increased in a linear fashion. At the end of the hour, the product temperature rose to 447° F. at which time the reaction underwent a second endotherm. Immediately after this endotherm, steam ceased to evolve. Shortly after this point, the reaction was at least 88% complete. Following the second endotherm, the product slowly changed from a pink to a yellow color. The final conversion was measured at 97%. 
     A &#34;time vs. temperature&#34; plot of the foregoing reaction is depicted in FIG. 4. 
     Table 4, below, provides data developed during this experiment. Samples were taken at the times indicated and analyzed for percent conversion to polysuccinimide. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________POLYMERIZATIONTime, hr  Product, °F.             Oil, °F.                       Conv, % Color______________________________________0.0     70        375        0      Light Pink0.8    390        394        3      Light Pink1.1    396        504       15      Light Pink1.5    423        501       24      Pink2.0    430        500       41      Pink2.6    430        506       61      Pink3.6    444        505       84      Tannish Pink4.5    471        508       88      Tannish Pink5.8    466        506       97      Light Yellow______________________________________ 
    
     The above data and procedures may be summarized as follows: Polysuccinimides may be produced using the steps of 
     (a) heating powdered L-aspartic acid to at least 370° F. to initiate the condensation reaction, then 
     (b) raising the reaction mixture temperature to at least 420° F., and 
     (c) maintaining at least the 420° F. temperature until at least 80% conversion has occurred. 
     When the reaction mixture temperature is raised to at least 440° F. for a sufficient period of time a 95% conversion can be achieved. 
     PREPARATION OF β-POLYASPARTIC ACID SALTS 
     β-Polyaspartic acid salts suitable for use in practicing the present invention was produced from polysuccinimide using the hydrolysis procedure described below. 
     A slurry was made from a measured amount of polysuccinimide and softened water. Sodium hydroxide was added dropwise to hydrolyze polysuccinimide to the polyaspartic acid. The completion of the hydrolysis was attained at pH 9.5. 
     Bases other than sodium hydroxide can be used to produce the corresponding salts. Suitable bases include ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and other alkaline and alkaline earth hydroxides, and the like. 
     Generally, the base can be added to the slurry until the pH has been raised to 9.5, and a clear solution has been formed. 
     The pH may be adjusted to higher levels, if desired. At pH values ranging between 11 and 12, the polyaspartic acid solutions have a bright yellow color. These higher pH solutions are useful when compatibility with higher pH slurries is required. 
     Polyaspartic acids are made up of alpha and beta peptide bonds. The polyaspartic acids used for dispersants to practice this invention contain between 50% to about 75% of beta peptide groups and can have a weight average molecular weight in the range of about 1,000 to about 5,000. The preferred dispersants contain 60% to 75% of beta peptide bonds. 
     Polyaspartic acid salts suitable for the present purposes are derived from polyaspartic acids that are made up of aspartic acid residues connected by means of predominantly beta(β)-carbonyl peptide bonds although alpha(α)-carbonyl peptide bonds can be present as well. These polyaspartic acids can be represented by the general formula ##STR1## wherein m designates the number of beta linked residues and n designates the number of alpha linked residues with the further proviso that m≧n. The weight average molecular weight of the presently contemplated polyaspartic acids within the purview of the foregoing formula is in the range of about 1,000 to about 5,000. That is, the suitable polyaspartic acids contain at least 50% of beta-linked residues, usually 50% to about 75% of beta-linked residues, and preferably about 60% to about 75% of beta-linked residues. The term &#34;beta-polyaspartic acid&#34; and &#34;β-polyaspartic acid&#34; are used herein to designate such acids where m≧n in the foregoing general formula. 
     Water-soluble salts of the β-polyaspartic acids are formed in the presence of counterions such as ammonium (NH 4   + ), the alkaline cations such as Na + , K + , Li + , the alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ba 2+ , as well as Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , and the like. 
     Gel permeation chromatography was utilized to determine the molecular weights of the β-polyaspartic acid produced. The molecular weight determinations were made on the polysuccinimide that was hydrolyzed using the hydrolysis procedure described herein. 
     Rohm &amp; Haas 2000 Mw polyacrylic acid and Rohm &amp; Haas 4500 Mw polyacrylic acid were utilized as standards. The molecular weights provided for the β-polyaspartic acids as described herein and in the claims are based on these standards unless otherwise noted, and are reported as weight average molecular weights (Mw), because molecular weights based on gel permeation chromatography can vary with the standards utilized. 
     The molecular weights for the β-polyaspartic acid produced according to the hereinabove described procedure fell within the range of 1,000 Mw to 5,000 Mw, regardless of the degree of conversion. 
     A wide variety of both inorganic and organic particles can be effectively suspended by the present β-polyaspartic acid salts. 
     THE INORGANIC PARTICLES 
     One group of inorganic particles that can be effectively treated may be generically described as the alumino-silicates which encompass a wide number of clays. The alumino-silicates also include a large number of inorganic ion exchange materials illustrated by the base exchange clays and the synthetic zeolites illustrated by the molecular sieves. It is well known in the art that certain of the alumino-silicates described above contain elements other than aluminum, silicon, and oxygen. When such additional elements are present, for instance magnesium, the solids are considered to be alumino-silicates. 
     A particularly broad class of inorganic particles capable of being suspended by the present β-polyaspartic acid salts are pigments. Illustrative of such materials are the finely divided particles of calcium carbonate, titania, and silica. These materials find use in the form of aqueous suspension in the manufacture of paints, paper, ceramic slurries and many other well known commercial products. 
     The invention is particularly useful in its ability to produce stabilized iron oxide suspensions. 
     ORGANIC PARTICLES 
     These particles include a wide variety of organic materials illustrated by such materials as dirt, which includes silt. Other such organic materials are carbon particles and a variety of finely-divided water insoluble polymers which are often found in coating compositions in the form of latexes. Illustrative of such latexes are polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, synthetic rubbers, e.g., polybutadienes, and the like. A particularly useful application for the suspending agents of the invention is their use in the suspension polymerization of a variety of water insoluble polymers. 
     The size of the particulate solids that may be suspended using the β-polyaspartic acid salts described herein will vary. The individual particles can be as small as 0.01 micron in diameter and as large as about 1 millimeter in diameter. Typical particle sizes of the suspended solids usually is in the range of 50-500 microns. The particle sizes are described herein with reference to the average particle size of the particular particulate substance present in a given suspension. 
     The amount of the water soluble salt of the β-polyaspartic acid used to suspend a variety of solids in water may range between 0.5 and 200 ppm, reported as β-polyaspartic acid. A typical dosage to suspend clays, iron oxides, dirt, and the like, is within the range of 1 to 50 ppm. The optimum dosage will depend upon the particular β-polyaspartic acid salt used, the pH value of the aqueous suspension, and the nature of the particles themselves with respect to their composition and size. 
     In the Examples below, the salt forms of the dispersants were used; however, the amounts thereof are calculated and reported as the corresponding acid so as to conform with industry practice. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Kaolin Dispersion 
     One gram of kaolin was mixed with CaCl 2  ·2H 2  O in one liter of water. The pH of the resulting slurry was adjusted to a value of about 8.0 and poured into 100-ml graduated cylinders. Known concentrations of dispersants were then added to the cylinders and the contents thereof thoroughly mixed. A suspension without dispersant was used as control. 
     Aliquots were taken from the graduated cylinders at 2 and 24 hours and tested for dispersion using a Hach Laboratories&#39; Model No. 1860A turbidimeter. The results were noted and reported in terms of relative Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Relatively higher NTU values correspond to superior kaolin dispersion by the polymers inasmuch as relatively higher NTU values indicate a relatively larger amount of particles in suspension. 
     The samples were also scanned with UV/VIS light from 900 nm to 200 nm and the absorbance (ABS) recorded at 450 nm. 
     The following results were obtained for Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) and absorbance (ABS), respectively: 
     
                                           TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________        Dispersant        β-Polyaspartic Acid, Na salt                          Polyacrylic Acid, Na Salt   Control        @ 10 ppm              @ 50 ppm                    @ 100 ppm                          @ 10 ppm                                @ 50 ppm                                      @ 100 ppm__________________________________________________________________________NTU (2 hours)   61   150   150   150   150   150   130NTU (24 hours)   10   45    65    82    25    25    28ABS (2 hours)      0.19        0.95  0.98  0.98  0.65  0.54  0.44ABS (24 hours)      0.03        0.12  0.16  0.21  0.07  0.06  0.07__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Kaolin Dispersion with Fe 3+   
     This assay followed the same procedures as the kaolin dispersion test of Example 5 except that ferric chloride (10 ppm; calculated as CaCO 3 ) was added to each graduated cylinder. The following data compares polyaspartic acid salt performance with polyacrylic acid salt performance. 
     The observed results are set forth in Table 6, below. 
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________        Dispersant        β-Polyaspartic Acid, Na salt                          Polyacrylic Acid, Na salt   Control        @ 10 ppm              @ 50 ppm                    @ 100 ppm                          @ 10 ppm                                @ 50 ppm                                      @ 100 ppm__________________________________________________________________________NTU (2 hours)   36   150   120   150   150   140   140ABS (2 hours)      0.11           0.89                 0.38                       0.92                             0.66                                   0.48                                         0.47__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Ferric Oxide Dispersion 
     700 ppm Fe 2  O 3  were mixed with 200 ppm Ca 2+  (calculated as CaCO 3 ) in one liter of water. The pH of the resulting slurry was adjusted to a fixed value. The slurry was thoroughly mixed and transferred to 100-ml graduated cylinders. Known concentrations of dispersants were added thereto. 
     Samples were taken at 4 hours and sample turbidity was measured with a Cole-Parmer Model No. 8391-35 nephelometer. The relatively higher NTU values correspond to superior ferric oxide dispersion by the polymers. 
     The results are reported below in Table 7. 
     
                                           TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________        Dispersant        β-Polyaspartic Acid, Na salt                        Polyacrylic Acid, Na salt   Control        @ 1 ppm             @ 3 ppm                  @ 100 ppm                        @ 1 ppm                             @ 3 ppm                                  @ 100 ppm__________________________________________________________________________NTU (4 hours)   181  233  222  284   196  209  210__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Calcium Carbonate Dispersion 
     Freshly prepared, precipitated CaCO 3  was added to solutions containing 500 ppm of Ca 2+  (calculated as CaCO 3 ) and 250 ppm of Mg 2+  (added as MgCl 2  ·6H 2  O; calculated as CaCO 3 ) in one liter of water and were thoroughly mixed. The pH of the solution was adjusted to a value of about 9.0, and the solution was poured into 100-ml graduated cylinders. Next, 7 ppm of the dispersant were added to each aliquot of solution and the solutions were allowed to stand for 30 minutes and 1 hour. 
     Supernatant was taken from each cylinder and the turbidity of the samples was measured with a Cole-Parmer Model No. 8391-35 nephelometer. The relatively higher NTU values indicate superior calcium carbonate dispersion by the polymers. 
     The results are reported in Table 8, below. 
     
                       TABLE 8______________________________________        Dispersant, 7 ppm          β-Polyaspartic                       Polyacrylic Acid,   Control          Acid, Na salt                       Na salt______________________________________NTU (30 min.)     43.5     71.5         68.3NTU (1 hour)     24.3     30.8         29.3______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Titanium Dioxide Dispersion 
     One gram of titanium dioxide was mixed with 200 ppm Ca 2+  (calculated as CaCO 3 ) in one liter of water and adjusted to a fixed pH value of about 8.0. The resulting suspension was thoroughly stirred and poured into 100-ml graduated cylinders. Known amounts of dispersant were added to each. 
     Samples were taken at 2 and 24 hours, and the turbidity thereof was measured with a Cole-Parmer Model No. 8391-35 nephelometer. The relatively higher NTU values correspond to superior dispersion by the polymers. 
     The results are complied in Table 9, below. 
     
                                           TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________        Dispersant        β-Polyaspartic Acid, Na salt                         Polyacrylic Acid, Na salt   Control        @ 1 ppm             @ 10 ppm                   @ 100 ppm                         @ 1 ppm                              @ 10 ppm                                    @ 100 ppm__________________________________________________________________________NTU (2 hours)   282  320  412   459   331  480   594NTU (24 hours)    21   22   36    49    23   41    44__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Zinc Hydroxide Dispersion 
     250 ppm of Ca 2+  (calculated as CaCO 3 ) and 125 ppm Mg 2+  (added as MgCO 3  ; calculated as CaCO 3 ) were made into a solution. An inhibitor was added at this time prior to the addition of 0.01 g/L of zinc chloride. Equal amount of sodium hydroxide was added for each test. White precipitate of zinc hydroxide was evident. The activity of the dispersant was measured by nephelometry using a Cole-Parmer Model No. 8391-35 nephelometer. The higher the observed NTU values, the better the dispersant. The results of each test are reported in Table 10, below. 
     
                                           TABLE 10__________________________________________________________________________   Dispersant   β-Polyaspartic Acid, Na salt                    Polyacrylic Acid, Na saltControl @ 5 ppm        @ 10 ppm              @ 50 ppm                    @ 5 ppm                         @ 10 ppm                               @ 50 ppm__________________________________________________________________________NTU   27   38   39    155   32   37    195__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The β-polyaspartic acid utilized in Examples 5-10, above, was prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example 4, above. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Comparison of the Dispersion Activity of Various Polyaspartic Acids 
     Three different polyaspartic acid (PAA) salt forms were obtained. All three salts were sodium salts. Two were predominantly α-polyaspartic acid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63178, U.S.A.) derivatives and one was a derivative of predominantly β-polyaspartic acid, prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example 4, above. The molecular weights of each polyaspartic acid were determined using gel permeation chromatography. The efficacies of kaolin, iron oxide and soil dispersions utilizing the above mentioned forms of polyaspartic acids were compared nephelometrically. The turbidity of each dispersion was ascertained using a Cole-Parmer Model No. 8391-35 nephelometer. The observed dispersion data are presented in Table 11, below. 
     
                       TABLE 11______________________________________DISPERSION DATASamples     Molecular Weight                     NTU     % increase______________________________________Kaolin at 100 ppm of PAA for 2 hoursControl                   358     --β-polyaspartic acid,       5000          410      15%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       5000          395      10%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       10000         400      12%Na saltIron Oxide at 100 ppm of PAA for 4 hoursControl                   335     --β-polyaspartic acid,       5000          460      37.3%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       5000          367      9.7%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       10000         310     -7.0%Na saltSoil at 100 ppm of PAA for 2 hoursControl                    46     --β-polyaspartic acid,       5000           55      19.5%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       5000           45     -2%Na saltα-polyaspartic acid,       10000          52      12%Na salt______________________________________ 
    
     Aqueous suspensions of other solids can be suspended effectively using β-polyaspartic acid salts as the suspending agent or dispersant. Table 12, below, sets forth the expected results. 
     
                       TABLE 12______________________________________                   β-Polyaspartic       Concentration                   Acid Salt   ExpectedSolids      of Solids (ppm)                   Dosage (ppm)                               Results______________________________________Kaolin      1000        50          excellentIron Oxide   700        50          goodCalcium Carbonate        500         7          goodTitanium Dioxide       1000        10          excellentZinc Hydroxide        10         50          fairBentonite   1000        50          excellentZeolite     1000        50          excellentSilica      2000        100         poorCarbon      1000        50          goodProteins     100        10          excellentStarch      1000        50          goodDirt        1000        50          excellentCalcium Phosphate       1000        50          goodMagnesium   1000        50          goodHydroxideMagnesium Oxide       1000        50          excellentManganese    100        50          fairHydroxide______________________________________ 
    
     The foregoing description and examples are intended as illustrative but not limiting. Still other variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.