Abstract:
A micro-organism production system having at least one micro-organism growth unit for maintaining therein micro-organisms in solution. Upon the receipt of a predetermined amount of live organisms, liquid and nutrients within the at least one micro-organism growth unit and the application of radiation thereto, the system produces the rapid growth of micro-organisms within the at least one micro-organism growth unit.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority of the following provisional applications all by the current inventor, Jonathan L. Gal: Ser. No. 61/021,700 entitled Micro-organism Production System filed Jan. 17, 2008; Ser. No. 60/971,036 entitled Micro-organism Production System filed Sep. 10, 2007; and Ser. No. 60/950,731 entitled Micro-organism Production System filed Jul. 19, 2007, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Over the past 5-10 years, the acceptance and use of ethanol and biodiesel have grown dramatically in the U.S. In 2006, ethanol consumption in U.S. vehicles reached nearly 5 billion gallons, and biodiesel consumption is estimated at about 1 billion gallons. Together, these alternative fuels accounted for about 3% of our nation&#39;s total crude oil consumption, most of which comes from other countries. In contrast to the large amounts of foreign crude oil imported into the US, the ethanol and biodiesel used in the U.S. were produced in the U.S. using farm crops (corn and soybeans) as a feedstock. These alternative fuels—known as “biofuels” because they are made from living materials—also have environmental benefits; and it is relatively easy for car manufacturers to produce ethanol and biodiesel vehicles, as the engines and fuel systems for such vehicles are very similar to traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles. Clearly, ethanol and biodiesel are very valid alternatives as fuels for our nation&#39;s vehicles. 
         [0003]    However, a problem with these new fuels is emerging, as the volumes of their use grow. The problem is simply that there is not enough farmland in the U.S. to supply the quantities of soybeans and corn needed to replace the U.S. demand for crude oil and its 
         [0004]    Derivatives like gasoline and diesel fuel. Even today, with only 3% of U.S. crude oil demand being supplied by ethanol and biodiesel, the prices of corn and soybeans have skyrocketed, and concerns about food price inflation driven by ethanol demand for corn are mounting. 
         [0005]    Micro-Organisms like algae and bacteria offer a potential solution to this problem. For example, photosynthetic micro algae, which are commonly known as “pond scum” and/or “red tide,” are single celled living organisms that consume carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and nutrients as they grow. A colony of micro algae, after being dried, can be broken down into three types of materials: starch, oil, and protein, using existing technologies. The starch component, like corn starch, can then be further processed into ethanol fuel, using existing technologies. The oil component, like crude oil, can then be processed into biodiesel fuel or other commodities, using existing technologies. In addition, the protein component can be used as livestock feed or fertilizer, using existing technologies. Other commercially important commodities can also be derived from algae and its components, including but not limited to, plastic resins, human nutritional supplements, and food alternatives. 
         [0006]    Algae and other micro-organisms can be produced economically in large quantity on much less land than that required by corn and soybeans. Estimates vary, but it is generally accepted that the per acre yield of biomass from algae can theoretically be at least 10 times greater than corn or soybeans and, with the right equipment, some believe that it yields may eventually be more than 100 times greater than corn or soybeans. Yields of that magnitude offer the possibility that the entire U.S. crude oil supply could eventually be replaced by alternative fuels based on algae, or other photosynthetic micro-organisms, that are grown entirely within the borders of the U.S., without significant disruption to the food industry or the real estate industry. However, efforts to achieve these theoretical yields in practice have run into difficulties. To date problems have been encountered achieving such high yields on a commercial scale profitably, consistently, and reliably. 
         [0007]    One of the keys to energy independence lies in developing new equipment, processes, and systems that will enable people to grow and harvest high yields of micro-organisms like photosynthetic algae or bacteria consistently, economically, and reliably. 
       SUMMARY  
       [0008]    One embodiment of the present invention provides, but is not limited to, a micro-organism production apparatus which includes a substantially rigid support member being of a predetermined height having a first end and a second end, the member being made of a material that permits radiation to pass there through, a tubular growth structure circumscribing the support member and capable of maintaining therein micro-organisms in solution, the tubular structure capable of permitting radiation to pass there through, and the tubular structure having a length substantially greater than the predetermined height of the support member; a radiation transmitting component adjacent at least the first end of the support member capable of directing incoming radiation onto the tubular growth structure; and a reflecting structure circumscribing the tubular growth structure and located adjacent the second end of the support member capable of redirecting radiation towards the tubular growth structure; wherein upon the receipt of a predetermined amount of live organisms, liquid and nutrients within the tubular growth structure and the application of radiation through the radiation transmitting component, the apparatus produces the rapid growth of micro-organisms within the growth structure. 
         [0009]    The tubular growth structure may be wound around the support member. The micro-organism production apparatus may further include a filtering component being adjacent to or incorporated as part of the radiation transmitting component capable of permitting predetermined wavelengths of radiation to pass onto the tubular growth structure. The support member and the growth structure may be made of transparent material. The radiation transmitting component may be a Fresnel lens, a diffractive or refractive element or a holographic element. 
         [0010]    Another embodiment of the present invention provides, but is not limited to, a micro-organism production apparatus includes a substantially tubular, coiled growth structure made of a substantially rigid material capable of maintaining therein micro-organisms in solution, the tubular structure having a first end and a second and capable of permitting radiation to pass there through. 
         [0011]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides, but is not limited to, a micro-organism production apparatus including a substantially a substantially rigid support member having a first end and a second end, the member being made of a material that permits radiation to pass there through; a reflecting structure circumscribing the support member and located adjacent the second end of the support member to form a growth cavity there between capable of maintaining therein micro-organisms in solution. 
         [0012]    Still another embodiment of the present invention provides but is not limited to, a micro-organism production system including a substantially rigid support member being of a predetermined height having a first end and a second end, the member being made of a material that permits radiation to pass there through; micro-organism growth means for maintaining therein micro-organisms in solution; a radiation transmitting component adjacent at least the first end of the support member capable of directing incoming radiation onto the micro-organism growth means; a reflecting structure circumscribing the micro-organism growth means and located adjacent the second end of the support member capable of redirecting radiation towards the micro-organism growth means; means for providing carbon dioxide interconnected to a first end of the micro-organism growth means; a two way valve and a pump interposed between the means for providing carbon dioxide and the first end of the micro-organism growth means; means for providing live organisms and a source of liquid and nutrients interconnected to a second end of the micro-organism growth means; and another two way valve and another pump interposed between the means for providing live organisms and the source of liquid and nutrients and the second end of the micro-organism growth means; wherein upon the receipt of a predetermined amount of the live organisms, liquid and nutrients within the micro-organism growth means and the application of radiation through the radiation transmitting component, the system produces the rapid growth of micro-organisms within the growth means. 
         [0013]    The micro-organism growth means and the support member may be a substantially rigid, coiled tubular member, it may be a coiled tubular member circumscribing the support member, or it may be a growth cavity between the support member and the reflecting structure. The micro-organism growth means may include a plurality of micro-organism growth units. The micro-organism production system may further include a housing substantially encompassing the plurality of micro-organism growth units. The micro-organism production system may further include a system for positioning the plurality of growth units in a pre-selected direction. The micro-organism production system may further include means for controlling the feeding of live micro-organisms in the micro-organism growth means. The micro-organism production system may further include means for providing an auxiliary source of energy from heat generated within the housing. 
         [0014]    An even further embodiment of the present invention provides, but is not limited to, a method of producing micro-organisms which includes the steps of, but not limited to providing live organisms, water and nutrients into at least one transparent micro-organism growth unit; providing a source of radiation and directing the source of radiation to the at least one growth unit, the at least one growth unit may be substantially rigid and substantially vertically upright and being of substantial length; filtering the radiation such that only a preselected wavelength of the radiation reaches the at least one micro-organism growth unit; providing CO 2  to the growth unit; permitting growth of micro-organisms within the at least one growth unit until the growth unit becomes substantially opaque or until a predetermined time interval has occurred; stopping the provision of CO 2  to the at least one growth unit; harvesting the micro-organisms from the at least one growth unit; removing any excess liquid from the harvested micro-organisms; and recycling the excess liquid back into the system for future use. 
         [0015]    These and further embodiments are described in greater detail herein below; and for a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and detailed description and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a schematic overview of the Micro-Organism production system (MOPS) of this invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a single MOPS “growth unit” of this invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of a single MOPS “growth unit” of this invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3   b  is a cross-section of a single MOPS “growth unit” of this invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  is a pictorial, exploded view of eight (8) growth units assembled into a framing &amp; housing system of this invention; 
           [0021]      FIGS. 5-8  illustrate schematic diagrams of four main phases of operation of the MOPS of this invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a single MOPS growth unit of this invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 10   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of the growth unit of this invention depicted in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 10   b  is a pictorial, cross-sectional view of the growth unit of this invention represented in  FIGS. 9 &amp; 10   a;    
           [0025]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a single growth unit of this invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 12   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of the growth unit of this invention, which is depicted in  FIG. 11   l;    
           [0027]      FIG. 12   b  is a pictorial, cross-sectional view of the growth unit of this invention, which is represented in  FIGS. 11 &amp; 12   a;    
           [0028]      FIG. 13  is a top view of still another embodiment of a single growth unit of this invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 14   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of the growth unit of this invention, which is depicted in  FIG. 13 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 14   b  is a pictorial, cross-sectional view of the growth unit of this invention, which is represented in  FIGS. 13 &amp; 14   a;    
           [0031]      FIG. 15  is a pictorial, exploded view of the housing &amp; framing of the MOPS of this invention depicted in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 16  is a pictorial view of the housing &amp; framing of the MOPS of this invention depicted in  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 17   a  is a plan view of a MOPS “installation” of this invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 17   b  is a pictorial, exploded view of two manifold connections that connect MOPS growth units together in a MOPS array of this invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 18   a  is a plan view of the MOPS of this invention as depicted in  FIG. 9  installation; 
           [0036]      FIG. 18   b  is pictorial, exploded view of two manifold connections that connect MOPS growth unit of  FIG. 18   a  together in a MOPS array of this invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 19  is another embodiment of a MOPS installation of this invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 20  is still another embodiment of the framing and housing of a MOPS installation; 
           [0039]      FIG. 21  is still a further embodiment of a single MOPS growth unit of this invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 22   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of a single MOPS growth unit of this invention, which is depicted in  FIG. 21 ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 22   b  is a pictorial, exploded, cross-sectional drawing of the single MOPS growth unit of this invention, which is depicted in  FIGS. 21 &amp; 22   a;    
           [0042]      FIG. 23   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of another embodiment of a single MOPS growth unit; 
           [0043]      FIG. 23   b  is a pictorial, exploded, cross-sectional view of the single MOPS growth unit depicted in  FIG. 23   a;    
           [0044]      FIG. 24   a  is a pictorial, exploded view of the single MOPS growth unit; 
           [0045]      FIG. 24   b  is a pictorial, exploded, cross-sectional view of the single MOPS growth unit of this invention, as depicted in  FIG. 24   a;    
           [0046]      FIG. 25  is a top view of another alternative embodiment of the MOPS of this invention; 
           [0047]      FIG. 26  is a top view of yet another alternative embodiment of the MOPS of this invention; 
           [0048]      FIG. 27  is a top view of yet another alternative embodiment of the MOPS of this invention; 
           [0049]      FIGS. 28   a  &amp;  28   b  represent an embodiment of a wall panel of the MOPS housing of this invention; 
           [0050]      FIGS. 29   a  &amp;  29   b  represent an alternative embodiment of a wall panel of the MOPS housing of this invention; and 
           [0051]      FIGS. 30   a ,  30   b , &amp;  30   c  represent yet another alternative embodiment of a wall panel of the MOPS housing of this invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0052]    The present invention may be understood by the following detailed description, which should be read in conjunction with the attached drawings. The following detailed description of certain embodiments is by way of example only and is not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0053]    A schematic overview of the Microorganism Production System (MOPS) invention is shown in  FIG. 1 . The MOPS is a system designed to harness the natural process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants and other photosynthetic organisms, to produce algae and other microorganisms on a commercial scale which can then be converted, using other equipment and processes, into ethanol &amp; biodiesel, two alternative fuels that are gaining market acceptance rapidly in the US as well as other parts of the world. 
         [0054]    In addition, the microorganisms produced by this system may have other uses in the energy, fuel, and food industries. For example, dried micro organisms may be useful as a feedstock for various “gasification” technologies that are being used and developed for the production of electricity. They may also be burned directly (rather than being converted to ethanol &amp; biodiesel before burning) in electricity generation or heat production. 
         [0055]    Furthermore, the micro organisms produced by this invention may be convertible into “cellulosic ethanol” using entirely new processes that are currently being developed in that arena. In addition, the system can also be used to produce food quality microorganisms for use in the human &amp; animal food, vitamin, &amp; supplement industries. In addition, finally, the microorganism produced by this system may have applications, which are not contemplated here or developed yet by anyone at this time. This patent application covers all possible applications of the MOPS. 
         [0056]    The MOPS is designed to produce the maximum possible return on investment in whatever application is contemplated. This goal corresponds closely with and incorporates the goal of maximizing yield per acre per year, but it is not precisely the same measure. 
         [0057]    Using return on investment as a goal, rather than simply yield per acre, means that the cost of building and operating the equipment is factored into the equations. 
         [0058]    Microorganisms like algae &amp; bacteria come in many different varieties, shapes, sizes, and colors. In fact, there are tens of thousands of different known species in existence; and there are probably many more species that have not yet been discovered. In addition, some scientists are developing genetically engineered species of photosynthetic bacteria and algae, which may work well in the MOPS. Each species, whether natural or engineered, has its own unique characteristics and biochemical needs; but in general, photosynthetic micro organisms like algae and bacteria need the following resources in order to grow and reproduce: sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. 
         [0059]    In nature, microorganisms such as photosynthetic algae tend to find everything they need in situations like, for example, the surface of a fresh water pond. There, they have access to water &amp; nutrients in the pond, sunlight from the sun, and carbon dioxide in the air. It turns out, however, that the resources available in a fresh water pond are generally far greater than the algae can actually utilize, due to certain natural phenomenon that restrict growth. The MOPS is designed to create a carefully controlled, manmade environment that overcomes these natural inhibitors to the growth of algae and other microorganisms. It regulates temperature, keeping it in the optimum range throughout the year. It filters &amp; diffuses sunlight in a manner that allows for as many algae cells to be irradiated by the preferred wavelengths of radiation as possible, thus maximizing the utilization of sunlight. Water and nutrient flow are precisely controlled and water is recycled, in order to maximize utilization of those resources. Carbon dioxide is injected in a carefully controlled and filtered manner that should also improve the returns on investment of the system. The system is completely sealed and closed other than certain filtered openings, which prevents contamination by unwanted organisms that may inhibit growth of the desired organism. In addition, it is scaleable in a manner that supports cost effective and efficient manufacturing, assembly, operation, and maintenance of the system. 
         [0060]    The MOPS is capable of being scaled up to produce commercially useful quantities of fuel. The scaled up MOPS is capable of comprising of hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, or even more MOPS “growth units”  1 . An embodiment of a single MOPS “growth unit”  1  is depicted in  FIGS. 2 ,  3   a , and  3   b . It should further be realized that the concepts set forth with respect to growth unit  1  apply to other embodiments as well. Further, any source of radiation, natural or artificial, which may be of different wavelengths, may be used with this invention. Therefore, the terms radiation and light may, at times, be interchangeable. More specifically the major components of growth unit  1  are set forth as follows: 
         [0061]    The “Support Tube”  2  is a transparent or translucent tube through which radiation can pass easily with minimal loss of radiation. This could be glass, plastic, or any other translucent or transparent material of sufficient strength to hold the other components in the proper positions around it. The tube is erected substantially vertically, although other angles? The vertical may also be used under certain conditions, with one end open to a source of radiation. The height of the tube should be up to 500 times greater than the internal diameter of the tube. The thickness of the tube can be up to several feet in thickness. For cost effectiveness, the thickness should be as small as possible, while still maintaining sufficient strength. For example, but not limited thereto, the support tube  2  can be made of clear polycarbonate is approximately 4 feet tall, 18 inches interior diameter, and 1/16 th  inch thick. 
         [0062]    The “Growth Tube”  3  is a translucent or transparent tube, which carries the microorganisms in solution with their necessary nutrients and their supply of gases, including carbon dioxide. In order to ensure that the microorganisms do not shade each other out, this tube  3  should have a fairly narrow diameter, approximately up to 1200 inches. In order to facilitate the maximum transmission of radiation to the growing organisms, this tube should be made of a thin, clear, translucent, or transparent material; and will function most effectively when airtight. In order to maximize the number of organisms within the tube that are exposed to, for example, sunlight, the growth tube  3  should be as long as possible, anywhere up to 1,000,000 times the height of the support tube  2 . 
         [0063]    The growth tube  3  is wrapped around the support tube  2  in a manner that maximizes the length of the growth tube  3  that contacts or is adjacent to the surface of the support tube  2 , so that the utilization of incoming light and radiation is maximized. As an example of the growth tube  3 , it can have a 2 inch interior diameter, be about 150 feet long and be ⅛ th  inch thick, although these dimensions are only for purposes of example and not limitation. These dimensions can have the effect of increasing the light utilization significantly, compared to the natural algae pond. Other combinations of dimensions and ratios can also be used. In addition, the growth tube  3  can be made of rigid or substantially rigid material that holds its own shape, in which case the support tube  2  is not necessary. Alternatively, the growth tube  3  can be supported by some sort of framing or other support components, not shown, which would also obviate the need for the support tube  3 . 
         [0064]    One, or more, “Light/Radiation Diffusing Component”  4  is attached to one open end of the support tube  2 , closing the end. The radiation diffusing component  4  can be any one of a number of different kinds of lenses made of glass, plastic, or other materials, which have the effect of spreading, or diffusing, light from a single source like the sun. An example of such a component  4  could be a negative Fresnel lens because it is a low cost lens that diffuses radiation effectively, although the present invention is not limited to just such a lens and can use different or reflective lenses as well. Other lenses, including but not limited to double concave lenses, single concave lenses, double convex lenses, single convex lenses, and custom built lenses built of glass, plastic, or other materials could also be used to spread the incoming sunlight. In addition to various types of lenses, other types of diffusers can be used. For example, some types of paper diffusers or conventional fluorescent light diffusers, which may not be generally thought of per se, as a “lens” can also be used. The radiation diffusing component  4  can also be supported by a framing that is part of the roof of the housing  11 , as depicted in  FIGS. 4 ,  15 , &amp;  16 . 
         [0065]    Zero, one, or more, “Radiation Filter(s)”  5  are also attached to the open end of the support tube  2 , in order to select the wavelengths of radiation that are most beneficial for the growth of the particular micro-organism to be grown. Since the MOPS can be used for any one of a number of different micro-organisms, which may have different wavelength preferences, any one, or more, of a number of different radiation filters  5 , such as, but not limited to a UV filter, can be attached at this point. The radiation filter(s) can also be supported by a framing that is part of the roof of the housing  11 , as depicted in  FIGS. 4 ,  15 , &amp;  16 ; and they can also be located on either side of the diffusing component  4  or they can be added as a film or a coating that is adhered to, sprayed, or painted, onto the surface of the radiation diffusing component  4 . 
         [0066]    One, or more, “Reflecting Surface(s)”  6  are attached at one end or proximate an end of the support tube  2  opposite diffusing component  4  and also around the exterior of the growth tube  3 . The purpose of these reflecting surfaces is to capture any “leftover light” that is not utilized by the growing microorganisms on the first pass and reflect it back towards the growth tube  3  so that it can be utilized. The “Reflecting Surface” can be a mirror of any shape or any other reflective surface like a reflective foil. In an embodiment of the invention, a mirror or other Reflective Surface  6  will be fixed to one end of the support tube  2 , opposite to the diffusing component  4 . In addition, a reflective surface  6  can also be affixed to the interior surface of the housing  11 , both of which are other surfaces that may be exposed to “leftover light” or other radiation; and it is desirable to reflect that light and/or radiation back towards the growing microorganisms so that it can be utilized rather than wasted. 
         [0067]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , two “Gas/Air Filters”  7  are attached to either end of the growth tube  3 , so that any gas pumped into the growth tube  3  as a source of carbon dioxide, will be as clean as possible, in order to avoid contamination of the system with unwanted organisms. These filters could be any one of numerous different filters currently on the market, but they should be made of a pore size that excludes most, if not all, living organisms, without exclude molecular sized gases. Filters  7  may be of the type typically used for medical &amp; research situations where contamination with unwanted organisms must be prevented, but they should be in an appropriate size for the MOPS. 
         [0068]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 , one, or more, “Two Way Valves &amp; Connectors”  8  are attached at either end of the growth tube  3 , in order to control the inputs and outputs coming into and out of the growth tube  3  during different phases of its operation. These should preferably be air tight in all respects, and will preferably coincide with the dimensions of the growth tube  3 . It is also possible to use automated valve systems that are driven either by timers or by sensors that detect the appropriate time to switch them. 
         [0069]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 , one, or more, “Pumps, Compressors, &amp; Regulators”  9  are attached to the system at either end of the growth tube  3 . Pumps  9  substantially coincide with the inlet dimensions of the growth tube  3 . The pump  9  at one end of the system can be a one-way or a two-way pump. That pump  9  will either pump “seed organisms” into the system, or it will pump water &amp; nutrients into the system, depending on how that the valve is set and on which phase of operation the system is functioning. The pumps  9  at the other end of the system are preferably two-way pumps  9 , though one of them could be a one way pump  9 . Either one will pump CO 2  into the system, or it will suck the finished organism laden solution out of the system for harvest. Making it a two way pump  9  saves having to disconnect and reconnect when switching directions. The other pump  9  at this end, which is preferably a one-way pump  9  will pump “residual water” from the centrifuge back into the water and nutrient chamber for reuse, which allows the system to recycle water thus making it a more profitable and resource efficient system. A wide variety of pumps  9  may suit these purposes, but they should preferably be strong enough to get the job done efficiently and cost effectively. The two way pump  9  that pumps the finished organism laden solution out of the growth tube  3  and into the centrifuge or collection device, in particular, should preferably be strong enough to suck a fairly thick &amp; viscous solution of microorganisms, because the finished, organism laden solution may be—but not necessarily—very thick and viscous, depending on the type of organism grown and on the duration of growth between harvest, the description of which is provided below. 
         [0070]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 , one, or more, “Centrifuges”  10  is attached to the “harvest” line of the system. When the organism laden solution is harvested, it will be made up of microorganisms, leftover water, leftover nutrients, and some leftover gases. This possibly viscous, but very wet and liquid, solution will flow straight into a centrifuge  10 , or into some other intermediary collection device(s), before going to the centrifuge, where it will be spun and dried down, The centrifuge  10  spins its contents very fast, causing the water to separate from the other contents. Any one of a large number of conventional centrifuges  10  could be used for this purpose, as long as they are powered appropriately for the size of the MOPS system being operated and for the organism that is being grown in the MOPS system at that time. In some cases, downstream processing technologies like “sonification” may prefer to accept “wet algae” (algae in solution with water prior to drying) as their input rather than dried algae, in which case this drying step and centrifuge  10  can be omitted. After centrifugation, dried algae is collected in a “Harvest Container”  33 , while the leftover water solution is channeled into a separate “Collecting Component”  34 , from which is can be recycled back into the system for re-use in the next cycle. 
         [0071]    Referring to  FIGS. 20 ,  28   b , one, or more, “Housing(s)”  11  where shown, is provided around the units  1  and other parts, in order to (a)maintain a consistent temperature range at all times, (b)prevent wind damage to the units  1  and other parts; (c)provide a support framework for the diffusing component  4 , the radiation filter  5 , the growth units  1 , and other components; and (c)in certain embodiments, to provide a framework on which to affix a reflective surface  6 . The side panels  12  of the housing  11  should be of a structural &amp; wind resistant layer  13 . In addition, depending on the particular embodiment to be built, the side panels  12  can also consist of an insulative layer  14 , a reflective surface  6 , and strips of photovoltaic surfaces  15 . The housing  11  can also include, depending on the location of the installation  25 , a manual or thermostatically controlled heating &amp; cooling system that should be selected for cost effectiveness, not shown. 
         [0072]    The roof of the housing  11  may be made of 3 layers: the diffusing component  4 , the radiation filter  5 , and a retractable “Insulative Roof”  40  that can be closed at night to prevent heat loss and opened during the day to allow sunlight to enter. Alternatively, these three layers can be fused into a single layered roof that accomplishes all of the functions with a single layer, as shown in  FIG. 15 . In yet another embodiment, not shown, a permanent roof that is both insulative and clear can be substituted for the retractable layer of insulation. 
         [0073]    In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 16 , the cooling system of the housing  11  is comprised of one or more low level side air vent(s)  16  on the sides of the housing and one or more chimney vent(s)  17  on the top of the housing. In addition, a wind turbine  18  can be affixed within the chimney vent  17 , in order to generate some electricity from the cooling of the housing  11 . As the housing  11  cools, a pressure gradient (also known as “wind”) is generated within the housing  11 , causing the warm air inside the housing  11  to escape out the chimney vent  17  as cool air enters through the side vents. As the warm air escapes, it turns the wind turbine  18 , which generates some electricity. Although electricity generation is not the primary purpose of this invention, the relatively small amounts of electricity generated by a cooling system of this nature may be sufficient to power the pumps  9 , valves  8 , centrifuge  10 , and other electrical components that may be incorporated into the system. Alternatively, electricity generated in this manner can be stored in a battery in order to power the heating system for the housing  11  during colder months of operation. 
         [0074]    Nutrients, water, and seed stock are fed into a growth unit  1 , according to FIGS.  1  &amp;  5 - 8 . As shown in  FIGS. 17   b  and  18   b , feeding pipe  19  is also connected to an air vent  21 , via a valve  8 , which serves to vent the system during certain phases of operation, as shown in  FIGS. 1 , &amp;  5 - 8 . When a plurality of growth units I are connected together, as in a module  22  (see  FIGS. 14 and 15 , for example), or when a plurality of modules  22  are connected together, as in a complete installation  25  as shown in  FIG. 16 , the feeding pipes  19  are configured in a manifold configuration, preferably as shown in  FIGS. 17   a  and  17   b  but can also be configured as shown in  FIG. 18   a  and  18   b , or in other configurations not shown. 
         [0075]    Algae are harvested through a drainage pipe  20  as shown in  FIGS. 17   b  and  18   b , according to the schematic diagrams in  FIGS. 1 , and  5 - 8 . This drainage pipe  20  is also connected, via a valve  8 , a filter  7 , and a pressure regulator  9  to CO 2  source  21 . When a plurality of growth units I are connected together, as in a module  22 , or when a plurality of modules  22  are connected together, as in a complete installation  25 , the drainage pipes  20  are configured in a manifold configuration, preferably as shown in  FIGS. 17   a  and  17   b , but can also be configured as shown in  FIGS. 18   a  and  18   b , or in other configurations not shown. 
         [0076]    With growth module  22  as shown in  FIG. 4  made up in one embodiment, of eight growth units  1  per module  22 , modules  22  can be mass produced in order to supply a wide variety of customer size demands. As pointed out before, these numbers of units are for example and not limitation. A manufacturing and assembly line can be created, in which modules  22  move through the production line just as cars move through mass production lines. Smaller customers can order small numbers of modules  22 , while larger customers can order larger numbers of modules  22 . By using modular scaling of this nature, all sized customers can benefit from the economies of mass production, which will enable people to utilize this technology on both small and large point sources of CO 2 . In addition, when scaling a MOPS installation  25 , certain pumps  9 , valves  8 , and connectors  9  can be combined and connected in parallel or in series and by manifolding. Some suggested methods of connection, though not limiting, are shown in  FIGS. 17   a ,  17   b ,  18   a , and  18   b.    
         [0077]    Alternatively, the MOPS can be scaled in several other ways. First, it can be scaled such that a plurality of growth units  1  are enclosed in a larger perimeter of housing  11 , as shown in  FIG. 20 . Alternatively, in some locations, a plurality of growth units or modules  22  can be installed underground, as shown in  FIG. 19 . An underground installation  29  could not only provide insulation and wind protection for the systems, but also some protection against more violent events including but not limited to acts of war, tornadoes, hurricanes, tropical storms, severe thunderstorms, or lightning strikes. If installed below the ground, a MOPS should still be installed with its uppermost components very close to the ground level, so that it does not suffer from shading that could result from installing it far below the surface of the ground. 
         [0078]    Various different kinds of conventional support footings, not shown, can be used to situate MOPS modules  22 , depending on the preferences of the site owner(s), manager(s), and operator(s). Some options include but are not limited to concrete block footings, concrete slab footings, and also a rail system on which individual MOPS units can be shuttled around the installation  25  quickly and easily for installation, maintenance, or other purposes. 
         [0079]    MOPS growth units  1 , modules  22 , or complete installations  25  can also be mounted on a motorized base that tracks the sun throughout the day, so that it is perfectly aligned with the sun as the sun crosses the sky during the course of the day, which may help to optimize the utilization of sunlight by the system. 
         [0080]    Conventional monitoring instrumentation, not shown, could be included in a MOPS installation, including but not limited to: CO 2  sensors, NO x  sensors, SO x  sensors, O 2  sensors, thermometers, turbidity sensors, pH meters, and nutrient concentration monitors. Such monitors can also be used as triggers for valves and other components that need to be switched at appropriate times, depending on operating parameters that can be measured with a sensor. In addition, as shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  15 , &amp;  16 , MOPS modules  22  can be affixed with a motorized, automatic, Insulative Roof  40  that is closed at night to keep the interior of the module  22  warm and opened during the day to allow radiation into the module. 
         [0081]    It may also be advantageous to install large mirrors or other reflective surfaces  6  around the periphery of a large MOPS setup, in order to reflect additional solar radiation towards the growth tubes. Other modifications that improve the utility and profitability of larger scale MOPS setups over the single unit setup that is described here are also considered as part of the present invention. 
         [0082]    As protection against animals, vandals, terrorists, enemy combatants, or other threats to its integrity, a MOPS installation  25  could also be surrounded by a perimeter security fence, not shown, of appropriate dimensions for the location. 
         [0083]    In an alternative embodiment wherein the numeral  35  is utilized to designate or represent a series of alternative embodiments of the growth units  1 , the growth tube  3  is replaced by a growth cavity  28  as depicted in  FIG. 9-14 . The growth cavity  28  is bounded on the interior side by a transparent or translucent, inner surface  29 , a reflective surface  6  on the outer side, and two end caps  30  on the top and bottom, respectively as shown in  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b . This alternative embodiment  35  is proportioned and shaped in a manner similar to the embodiment described above. The end caps  30  have ports  31 , which function in the same manner as the two ends of the growth tubes  3 ; and radiation passes through a radiation diffusing component  4  and a radiation filter  5  in the same manner as described above with respect to the growth unit  1 . 
         [0084]    Other alternative embodiments of the invention are shown in  FIG. 21-24 . In this set of embodiments, the outer surfaces  32  of the growth units  1  are made of transparent or translucent material, rather than reflective material; and the interior wall panels  29   a ,  29   b ,  30   a ,  30   b  of the modules  22  are lined with a reflective material on surface  6 . 
         [0085]    In yet another set of embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 25 ,  26 , &amp;  27 , the growth cavity  28  is a single, continuous cavity that extends all the way to the walls of the modules, rather than being separate cavities for each growth unit  1 . In this set of embodiments, the inner surfaces  29  create radiation channels through which radiation is spread throughout a continuous growth cavity  28  rather than in separate growth cavities, as in other embodiments. 
       Mode of Operation 
       [0086]    The following mode of operation is described with reference to  FIGS. 5-8 : 
         [0087]    1. Seed Phase: 
         [0088]    Now referring to  FIG. 5 , the MOPS system is “seeded” with appropriate contents. A small amount of live organisms, water, and the appropriate nutrient mixture are seeded into the growth tube  3  or growth cavity  28  by pumping them from the seed chamber  26  and the nutrient chamber  27  through 2-way valve  8  and pump  9 . A wide variety of microorganisms can be grown in the MOPS, including photosynthetic bacteria and photosynthetic algae. In one embodiment, the algae species Cyanophyceae Genus Oscillatoria (a.k.a OSCIL2) is used, but there are many others that may also prove to be profitably grown in the MOPS. The specific formulation for nutrients will depend on the exact species of microorganism that is being grown. In one embodiment, although not limited thereto, a nutrient solution called, “SERI Type I” which comprises CaCl2, MgCl 2 −6H 2 0, Na 2 SO 4 , KCl, NaHCO 3 , NaCl, &amp; CaSO 4  may be used. 
         [0089]    2. Growth Phase: 
         [0090]    Now referring to  FIG. 6 , while the seeded tube(s)  3  or cavity(ies)  28  stands in the sunlight, filtered CO 2  from source  21  is diffused through the growth tube  3  or growth cavity  28  by way of filter  7 , valve  8 , and pump  9 . The CO 2  source  21  can be any one of several sources, including: atmospheric air, bottled CO 2 , or emissions from a power plant or other industrial source. It is desirable for the CO 2  source  21  (and its corresponding emissions from the top of the system) to be filtered with a very fine air filter  7 , in order to prevent contamination of the system, by simply attaching two very fine air filters  7  onto either end of the system, as shown in the drawings, or by other equivalent means. 
         [0091]    As the CO 2  is diffused through the growth unit  1 , radiation strikes the surface of the growth tube  3  or growth cavity  28 ; and the micro-organism is simply allowed to grow for a period of time until the entire growth tube  3  or growth cavity  28  becomes opaque with algae or until such other time as harvest is desirable or profitable or otherwise chosen by the operator or by appropriate sensors. 
         [0092]    Generally, it will be advantageous to utilize a fairly short growth cycle, in order to produce optimum yields, productivity, and profitability of the MOPS. If allowed to grow for too long, before harvesting and reloading the system, the algae solution will become thick with algae, which will reduce the productivity. Although it may seem counter-intuitive to harvest the solution before it becomes very thick with algae, approximately 3 days, although not limited thereto, may be used for maintaining a high rate of algae growth on a consistent basis. 
         [0093]    3. Harvest Phase: 
         [0094]    Now referring to  FIG. 7 , the CO 2  source  21  is shut off during the harvest phase, and the entire contents of the growth tube  3  or growth cavity  28  are pumped out of the growth tube via pump  9  into the chamber of the centrifuge  10  via valve  8 , or into some other intermediary collection device prior to being transferred into the centrifuge  10 . 
         [0095]    4. Drying Phase: 
         [0096]    Now referring to  FIG. 8 , the liquid solution of micro-organisms is spun-dried in the centrifuge  10 , in order to remove the water from the solution, leaving behind “dried micro-organisms” which may also be referred to as “dried algae” or by other names, which is the final product of the MOPS. Residual water is produced during the drying phase and is collected in a collecting component  34  and then recycled back into the nutrient chamber  27  via a pump  9  and a valve  8 . 
         [0097]    Although the invention has been described with respect to various embodiments, it should be realized that this invention is also capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the appended.