Abstract:
A landmine detection system comprises a ground-penetrating radar for probing the surface of the ground for landmines and other anomalies. The radar is swept back and forth across a lane while a user proceeds forward. A navigation sensor and processor keep track of all the parts of the lane that have been probed. A user display presents a visual graphic that represents the lane and the parts of it that have been probed. The user is then able to swing the radar to areas that are indicated as having been skipped in previous passes, e.g., to get 100%. coverage.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/820,498, filed Mar. 28, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to non-invasive methods and systems for probing the earth, and more specifically to radars that can image and detect landmines and other similar anomalies in the ground. And in particular, such landmine detection systems in which the users are guided by navigation devices. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Many valuable and/or dangerous objects are buried in the ground, and digging them up to see what is there is often not possible or practical. A number of different physical phenomena have been used as the basis of various kinds of non-invasive probes, e.g., electromagnetic, radar, and neutron-gamma signature. Metal detectors are commonly used by treasure hunters to find coins and other metal objects buried in the ground. Ground-penetrating radars have been developed as another way to “see” what is underground without damaging or setting-off the buried objects. Such radars have been very useful in locating certain types of anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines. 
     Michael D. Bashforth, et al., describe a wide band stepped frequency ground penetrating radar in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,029, issued Mar. 12, 1996. Such relates to attempts to increase the average signal power and to preserving phase information so digital signal processing can extract more information about objects in the soil. The radar transmitter steps in frequency from 100 MHz to 1,000 MHz, and data is taken at 2.0 MHz step intervals. Both in-phase and quadrature data are collected for over 900 samples. The received signals are combined with samples from the transmitter to detect any phase shifting that may have been caused by objects in the ground, e.g., landmines and waste containers. 
     The present inventors, Larry Stolarczyk and Gerald Stolarczyk, describe the measuring of the thickness of ground deposit layers with a microstrip antenna, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,172, issued Dec. 10, 1991. Interpolation tables are used to lookup the layer thickness values corresponding to antenna conductance and resonance measurements. Such resonant microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) and their resulting measurements are used to guide coal-seam drum-cutter equipment for more efficient mining of natural deposit ores. The RMPA driving-point impedance (S 11 ) changes significantly when a solid, gas, or liquid layer thickness overlying the RMPA varies. 
     The RMPA can be swept above a soil surface to find buried landmines, utilities, and other shallow-buried objects. These objects don&#39;t necessarily need to be made of metal to be found. What is needed is that the dielectric constants of the objects and the medias they are buried in must differ, e.g., for contrast. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,503, issued Jun. 23, 1998 to Stolarczyk, et al., describes mounting such RMPA on a rotating drum or arm of a coal, trona, or potash mining machine. A ground-penetrating-radar transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna can be mounted on a cutting drum to detect deeply buried objects and anomalous geology just ahead of the mining. A radar frequency downconverter is used so low-cost yet-accurate measurement electronics can be built. A first phase-locked loop (PLL) is operated at the resonant frequency of the patch antenna or at each sequentially stepped radar frequency. A second PLL is offset from the first PLL by an intermediate frequency (IF) and is called a tracking PLL. The measurement speed can be delayed by the sequential way in which the PLL&#39;s lock on to signals, so a solution to that delay is described. 
     Many unfortunate tragedies have resulted from mine fields that were supposedly “clear”. The fault is not in the detectors themselves, but in the way they are used. A typical handheld-portable detector mounted on a mast is swung left and right while the user moves forward. This results in a Z-pattern with open folds at each extreme. If the forward progress is too fast, some parts of the lane may not be thoroughly probed. If these skipped parts conceal consequentially undetected landmines, a tragedy thereafter lies in wait. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     Briefly, a landmine detection system embodiment of the present invention comprises a ground-penetrating radar for probing the surface of the ground for landmines and other anomalies. The radar is swept back and forth across a lane while a user proceeds forward. A navigation sensor and processor keep track of all the parts of the lane that have been probed. A user display presents a visual graphic that represents the lane and the parts of it that have been probed. The user is then able to swing the radar to areas that are indicated as having been skipped in previous passes, e.g., to get 100% coverage. 
     An advantage of the present invention is that a ground-penetrating radar is provided that finds landmines and other objects buried in the ground. 
     A further advantage of the present invention is that a landmine detection system is provided that assists the user in obtaining 100% coverage of lanes through mine fields. 
     A still further advantage of the present invention is that a landmine detection system is provided that can coordinate and share its findings with its peers. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is a landmine detection system is provided that can indicate where to begin sweeping according to downloaded coordinates. 
     These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment which is illustrated in the various drawing figures. 
    
    
     IN THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of a ground-penetrating radar system embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of a landmine locating system embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of a landmine sweeping system embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 represents a landmine detecting system  100 . An area of the ground  102  is systematically scanned by a ground-penetrating radar unit  104 . A resonant microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) sensor  106  is moved in a search pattern over area  102 . A sonic position-locating device  108  has a probe  110  that can determine where the RMPA sensor  106  is stationed. A display screen  112  presents a graphical user interface (GUI) which represents the area  102  and any buried objects in the area that have been detected and located. Such information is also preferably relayed to a platoon leader&#39;s console  114 . 
     The RPMA sensor  106  is part of a ground-penetrating radar and is driven by a three-port directional coupler. A reflected-wave output port is buffered by a wideband isolation amplifier and a reflected-wave sample is analyzed to extract measured values of the real and imaginary parts of the load impedance, e.g., the driving point impedance of RMPA. Each such port will vary in a predictable way according to how deeply an object is buried in the soil. Calibration tables can be empirically derived. Reflections also occur at the interfaces of homogeneous layers of material in the soil. The reflected-wave signals are prevented from adversely affecting transmitted-signal sampling by putting another wideband isolation amplifier in front of the input port of the directional coupler. A suppressed-carrier version of the transmitted signal is mixed with the reflected-wave sample, and the carrier is removed. Several stages of filtering result in a DC output that corresponds to the values of the real and imaginary parts of the load impedance. The suppressed-carrier version of the transmitted signal is phase shifted 0° or 90° to select which part is to be measured at any one instant. 
     The landmine detecting system  100  is typically calibrated by vertically sweeping the RMPA antenna sensor head  106  up a foot above the soil and then back down to the soil surface while collecting a number of readings at known elevations. During operation, the RMPA sensor head  106  is horizontally scanned over the area  102 . The whole of the measured I and Q values are graphically interpreted to represent buried objects on the graphics display  112 . Such graphics data may also be radioed to a nearby computer command console  114 . 
     The difference between the calibration value at a specific height is subtracted from the measurement value of impedance in real time. Such difference may be represented by a color or grayscale value on each pixel of the graphics display  112 . The difference represents the landmine signal (S) to geologic noise (GN) ratio. The graphical display of the different impedance values can form a number of recognizable silhouette images of buried objects for expert identification. 
     The sonic position-locating device  108  is based on devices that measure the time-of-flight of soundwaves through the air. A couple of reference stations are positioned in the immediate area, and the position of the RMPA sensor  106  is triangulated between them. Such an arrangement may be impossible to deploy in some situations, or it may be too time-consuming and clumsy. In these instances, a fully self-contained landmine locating device is necessary. 
     FIG. 2 represents a landmine locating system embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  200 . The landmine locating system  200  is used to search a ground surface patch  202  for buried landmines. For example, such area can be an arbitrary one-meter square having imaginary corners labeled A-B-C-D. A sweep  204  begins by passing an RMPA sensor  206  back and forth over in a Z-pattern over patch  202 . A radar  208  transmits radio signals through the RMPA sensor  206  into the soil of patch  202  and detects any return signals. The variations and quality of such return signals hint at the material makeup of the soil and any buried objects directly under the RMPA sensor  206 . A navigation sensor  210  is attached to the RMPA sensor  206  to track its location changes over patch  202 . A navigation processor  212  converts signals from the navigation sensor  210  into a series of position solutions that describe the actual course of track  204 . A display processor  214  interprets the presence of buried landmines and suspicious objects from an output of radar  208 , and tags them with the simultaneous position solutions obtained from navigation processor  212 . A user display presents a graphic  218  on a screen. 
     A user can then be guided by the information presented in graphic  218  to resweep past points that were missed in the original track  204 . In FIG. 2, the points that were actually visited in patch  202  are represented as blacked-out squares  220  in graphic  218 . The user has only to sweep back and forth until all the squares of graphic  218  are blackened. A cursor  222  can be included in the display to help orient the user and guide the progress. 
     A reset or other pushbutton can be included to allow the user to signal the start of a sweep of a new patch  202  at any arbitrary starting point. Such initialization would be done by the display processor  214 . The starting point can be represented as corner “C”. The orientation and scope of the line C-D can be illicited from the first linear sweep of track  204 . 
     Other methods can also be used to establish a reference point, grid orientation, and area size for patch  202 . For example, it would be advantageous to adopt the reference points, orientation, and scale of printed or electronic map models in prior use by the users. To do this, the system  200  would have to be programmed with the information and its current location coordinates downloaded, e.g., with a keyboard. A global positioning system (GPS) receiver can be used for both manual and automatic position coordinate programming and downloading. A wireless uploading of graphic  218  and its coordinates to a central database would also be useful when a larger area or region was being simultaneously swept for landmines by a large company of users, and/or repetitively swept piecemeal by a few users over many hours and days. That way, maps of “cleared” areas could be electronically disseminated to people who need to immediately travel in the region. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the navigation sensor  210  comprises an X-Y accelerometer. The navigation processor  212  is then an inertial-navigation type. For example, a dual-axis acceleration sensor based on thermodynamics. Such a device is marketed by MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems &amp; Integrated Circuit (MEMSIC) of Andover, Mass., as model MX202A. A bubble of heated gas, a thermal bubble, is induced over a semiconductor chip. Any movement of the bubble is interpreted as being due to velocity effects. Bandwidths of up to 160-Hz, and resolutions of one milli-gravity (mG) are typical. Other such devices by other manufacturers will probably also deliver acceptable performance. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, the navigation sensor  210  comprises a GPS-receiver antenna. The navigation processor  212  is then a GPS receiver. In still further embodiments, inertial navigation and GPS receivers are combined so accurate position fixes are constantly available to the display processor  214 . During times the GPS receiver loses signal, the inertial navigation can provide position-fix interpolations. The systematic drift suffered by inertial navigation techniques can be routinely and automatically canceled by the GPS receiver&#39;s position solutions. 
     FIG. 3 represents a landmine sweeping system embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  300 . The landmine sweeping system  300  can be used in a wide theater of operations in which thousands of landmines have been buried-and-forgotten over many square miles. In essence, many individual handheld portable detectors are randomly deployed over various parts of the region. As each detector sweeps a small part of the area, the exact lanes swept and the objects found are time-tagged, location-tagged, and cataloged into a theater-database. A patchwork compilation of all the information contributed by all the independent detectors is generated from a central point of operations and disseminated back out to people and vehicles that must travel in the mine fields. 
     For example, landmine sweeping system  300  is used to find buried landmines  302  in a lane or other path. A ground-penetrating radar  304  illuminates the lane with radio signals and detects any return signals. The signals returned will vary in strength and phase according to the material deposits within the lane. The contrasts and tomography will reveal silhouettes that can be identified. Alternatively, the radar  304  can be based on a neutron generator and gamma-ray detector. Explosives generally comprise large amounts of nitrogen fixed in various compounds, and nitrogen atoms will return a very distinctive gamma-ray signature when bombarded with neutrons. The neutron generator may be based on a deuterium-tritium (D-T) accelerator tube, or a longer-life but weaker emitting deuterium-deuterium (D-D) accelerator tube. Such generators are common in borehole logging, and other equipment. (E.g., as supplied by Activation Technology Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colo.) 
     The instantaneous location of radar  304  is tracked by an inertial-navigation sensor  306  and a navigation satellite receiving antenna  308 . Such inertial-navigation sensor  306  preferably comprises a thermal bubble accelerometer, e.g., as supplied by MEMSIC. The navigation satellite receiving antenna  308  is preferably a Global Positioning System (GPS) type for receiving transmissions from a constellation of orbiting GPS-satellites  309 - 311 . A navigation processor  312  uses these signals to compute the near-exact position of radar  304  and they further provide precise time information. An anomaly processor  313  generates a data item representing the landmine  302  and any designation or identification that was automatically determined or manually input. A display processor  314  combines information developed by the navigation and anomaly processors and generates video graphics. The time and position information is used to tag a data item representing landmine  302  in a database  316 . A wireless radio  318  reports its findings through a central-operations wireless transceiver  320  to a central database  322 . Regional maps  324  are input to and updated by the database  322 . Such maps can be downloaded and annotated to the display processor  314  and a user display  326  to show a user where to start a sweep, and what particular spots need to be swept. A graphic  328  represents a user display that indicates the user&#39;s current position, the relative areas swept in black, and the areas to-be-swept by the user in white. 
     Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.