Abstract:
A differential inductor is formed from branch coils that are staggered with respect to one another rather than concentrically coiled within one another. Each coil is formed from conductive strips. The conductive strips with the largest voltage swings thereon are shielded from one another by conductive strips with lower voltage swings thereon. This shielding allows the effective capacitance of the differential inductor to be lowered, which in turn raises the range of frequencies at which the differential inductor can operate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is directed to an improved design for differential inductors that has a high self-resonance frequency. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   As of this writing, wireless devices have become ubiquitous in American society. Pagers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants and the like (collectively “mobile terminals”) can be found in home and business environments. Likewise, the availability of affordable wireless routers has caused a surge in the number of wireless local area networks. Common to most of these devices are wireless transmitters and receivers. In these wireless transmitters and receivers, it is common to have an on-chip voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a tuned amplifier, a power amplifier, or an up-conversion mixer amidst the electronic components that form such devices. These elements typically rely on inductors for at least part of their functionality. 
   As mobile terminals become more common, the various communication industries have perceived that the public believes that smaller is better when it comes to mobile terminals. As a result, there is an industry-wide effort to miniaturize components within mobile terminals. Some components are inherently difficult to miniaturize. One such component that resists miniaturization is an inductor, which, as noted, can be present in a VCO, a tuned amplifier, a power amplifier, or an up-conversion mixer. An early effort to create smaller inductors was the use of a differential inductor. 
   A differential inductor is a special case of an inductor, which is physically designed for symmetry or near-symmetry between its two ends (i.e., a “symmetric” inductor), in which the two ends are used as inputs for AC signals that are out of phase. In this document, the term “differential inductor” is used as a synonym for “symmetric inductor” with regard to purely physical design properties, as well as being used in its usual sense of defining a driving condition for the inductor&#39;s inputs. Specifically excluded from the definition of “differential inductor” are two separate, non-intertwined inductors which happen to be symmetric with respect to each other (usually mirrored) and/or happen to be differentially driven. While the literature sometimes refers to such a driven pair of inductors as a differential inductor, for the purposes of this document, such an inductor is referred to herein as a differentially driven pair of inductors. 
   Differential inductors are typically laid out with overlapping, oppositely wound (with respect to the respective inputs) coils containing one or more loops. The oppositely wound coils effectively almost double the inductance of the element in approximately the same space that a single coil inductor would occupy. The oppositely wound coils of the differential inductor position oppositely charging loops next to each other. This positioning creates a large effective capacitance (C EFF ) within the differential inductor. This effective capacitance lowers the self-resonance frequency (F SR ) of the differential inductor according to 2πF SR =1/√(LC EFF ), where L is the total inductance of one differential branch, in effect limiting the frequency range over which the differential inductor can operate. 
   To address this limited operating range, conventional circuit design spreads the loops of the inductor farther apart; however, this has at least two disadvantages. First, spreading the loops consumes more space, which, as already mentioned, is at a premium in mobile terminals. Second, when the loops are spread apart, the magnetic coupling of the loops decreases, so that the inductor has a lower inductance. This lower inductance is offset by adding windings, which also takes up more space. Thus, there is a need for an improved differential inductor that does not take up excessive amounts of space within the mobile terminal. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides an improved differential inductor that furthers the goals of miniaturization. While the differential inductor of the present invention is well-suited for use in a mobile terminal, it is also useful in any device that has a differential inductor or two differentially driven inductors (usually matched by mirroring to be symmetric about an axis) which can be replaced by the differential inductor of the present invention. 
   The present invention winds the coils of a differential inductor to provide partial electrical shielding between the two branches by staggering the branches with respect to one another. The staggering causes the portions of the loops of the coil with the most voltage swing thereon to be positioned proximate portions that are close to ground and thus have little or no voltage swing. This positioning lowers the effective capacitance of the differential inductor and allows for a higher self-resonance frequency. This in turn allows for a broader range of operating frequencies. In effect, the present invention shields those portions of the differential inductor that are highly positive or highly negative from one another by positioning portions of the differential inductor that are close to ground therebetween. 
   The mitigation of the effective capacitance is accomplished with little or no sacrifice in magnetic coupling. In this regard, this invention is based on the fact that effective capacitance is dependent on charge and voltage swings of electrically coupled elements, while mutual inductance is dependent on electric current through magnetically coupled elements. The mutual inductance is desirable when the current winds in the same sense (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise) under the differential driving condition. This invention tends to conserve the totality of desirable couplings of current segments relative to the conventional implementations, while reducing the capacitive coupling of the oppositely driven branches of the differential inductor. Only the totality of the desirable magnetic couplings of current carrying segments is important to the total effective inductance of a branch, and not the segments&#39; identification with one branch or the other. Thus, as the structure is staggered to minimize the effective capacitance, the magnetic coupling in totality is preserved, because for every segment that is moved away for effective capacitance reasons, another segment takes its place with the same spacing and sense of current direction, effectively preserving the total inductance. 
   Those skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the present invention and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in association with the accompanying drawing figures. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
     The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional differential inductor with oppositely wound coils; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a first embodiment of the differential inductor of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a second embodiment of the differential inductor of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates a side view of a third embodiment, wherein the differential inductor has more than two layers and the overpasses and underpasses are highlighted; 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates a second side view of the third embodiment, wherein the vias connecting the various layers are highlighted; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a top layer of the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A and 4B ; 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a middle layer of the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A and 4B ; and 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a bottom layer of the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and illustrate the best mode of practicing the invention. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the invention and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims. 
   The present invention is an improved differential inductor suitable for use in an on-chip voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a tuned amplifier, a power amplifier, an up-conversion mixer or similar electronic component that uses a differential inductor and for which there are demands to conserve space. However, the present invention is not limited to such environments and can be used in any environment in which an inductor is used. The present invention functions by providing staggered or offset inductive coils. The staggered coils create shielding between the portions of the coils that are highly positive or highly negative by positioning portions of coils that are electrically of similar polarity and/or closer to ground therebetween. Before explaining the present invention, a brief review of a conventional differential inductor is provided. The discussion of the present invention begins with reference to  FIG. 2  below. 
   While inductors are generally understood in the industry, for the sake of clarity in the present invention, a few common terms are specifically defined. A “coil” is formed from one or more loops and extends from a feed point to ground. A “loop” is something having a shape that is generally circular or curved over on itself. This definition is meant to include non-traditional loop shapes such as squares, hexagons, octagons, and the like, all of which can be interpreted to curve over on themselves. In the present invention, loops are made from one or more conductive strips. The conductive strips may be linear or curved as needed or desired depending on the ultimate shape of the loop they form. 
   A few additional comments are in order. With regard to the use of + and − signs in the figures, these are used to represent relative phase or polarity of the driving attribute, and are not meant to denote absolute signal direction. When the signals applied to the symmetric inputs are out of phase (“drive”), two symmetric points labeled + and − will be out of phase while two non-symmetric points labeled + and − will have opposite polarity about ground, but will not be perfectly out of phase. 
   In most places in the present description, the concept of relative “charge” states may be replaced with the concept of relative signal states. The driving condition is usually supplied by a voltage or current controlling device, while the charge is not directly controlled. Nevertheless, the present description uses “charge,” which in general tracks the signal state, as the appropriate conceptual descriptor. 
   A conventional differential inductor  10  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The differential inductor  10  includes a positive coil  12  and a negative coil  14 . The coils  12 ,  14  travel from feed points  16 ,  18 , respectively, to a common ground  20 . The coils  12 ,  14  are generally formed from a conductive material or materials such as aluminum, copper, gold, tungsten, platinum or the like and are separated where they cross (indicated generally at  22 ) by some form of oxide, such as a silicon oxide, or some other insulative material as is well understood. The coils  12 ,  14  travel in opposite directions from their respective feed points to the common ground  20 . In the embodiment illustrated, the positive coil  12  travels inwardly in a clockwise direction and the negative coil  14  travels inwardly in a counter-clockwise direction. Each coil  12 ,  14  is formed from a series of concentric loops  24 ,  26 , respectively. As illustrated, positive coil  12  has outer loop  24 A, middle loop  24 B, and inner loop  24 C. Likewise, negative coil  14  has outer loop  26 A, middle loop  26 B, and inner loop  26 C. 
   As is well understood, outer loops  24 A,  26 A are electrically distant from common ground  20  and thus have a relatively large voltage swing thereon, especially in comparison to inner loops  24 C,  26 C, which are electrically close to common ground  20 . 
   As seen by the location generally marked by circle  28 , loops  24 A,  26 A are positioned in a horizontal plane in very close proximity. Because loops  24 A,  26 A are electrically distant from common ground  20  and have large voltage swings thereon, a large effective capacitance is created therebetween. This effective capacitance lowers the self resonance frequency of the differential inductor  10 , which in turn lowers the effective operating frequency range of the differential inductor  10 . 
   The present invention spaces the conductive strips that have large oppositely charged voltage swings from one another, and through this spacing reduces the effective capacitance of the differential inductor. A first embodiment of this is seen in  FIG. 2 . Specifically, a differential inductor  30  is illustrated. The differential inductor  30  includes a positive coil  32  and a negative coil  34 . Coils  32 ,  34  travel in loops  36 ,  38 , respectively to a common ground  40  in a non-conventional arrangement. Positive coil  32  has a first loop  36 A, and a partial second loop  36 B. Likewise, negative coil  34  has a first loop  38 A, and a partial second loop  38 B. Where the coils  32 ,  34  cross one another, an underpass  42  is formed. This underpass may be formed through the use of an alternate level of metal with interconnecting vias or other forms of fill, through an insulative material as is well understood. While underpasses are shown, it is also contemplated that an equivalent overpass could also be used. Grounding underpasses  44  connect the coils  32 ,  34  to the common ground  40  as illustrated. 
   As noted above, the further from the common ground  40 , the larger the voltage swings present on the conductive strips forming the loops. The present invention positions similarly charged portions of the coils  32 ,  34  proximate to one another. Thus, at circle  46 , first loop  36 A is positioned proximate partial second loop  36 B. It should be appreciated that the effective capacitance contributed by similar polarity neighbors is small, because of the small relative voltage swing therebetween. Where oppositely charged strips are positioned proximate one another, the present invention helps alleviate the effective capacitance by making sure that at least one of the conductive strips is electrically close to the common ground  40 . Thus, for example, at circle  48 , first loop  36 A is beside partial second loop  38 B. Partial second loop  38 B is of opposite polarity relative to first loop  36 A and is close to the common ground  40 , and thus, does not experience large voltage swings. Since partial second loop  38 B does not experience large voltage swings, the effective capacitance between first loop  36 A and partial second loop  38 B is less than would be found in a conventional system. Another way of looking at the present invention is that lines that have large voltage swings thereon are spaced away from oppositely charged lines. For example, first outer loop  36 A, which is electrically distant from the common ground  40  and thus has large voltage swings thereon, is spaced from oppositely charged first outer loop  38 A by intervening similar-polarity loop  36 B on the left side of the Figure and by intervening opposite-polarity, but close-to-ground, partial second loop loop  38 B, on the right side of the Figure. In this manner, the effective capacitance is reduced. 
   The preferred embodiment of the principle initially explored in  FIG. 2  is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , a differential inductor  50  is shown. Differential inductor  50  is formed from positive coil  52  and negative coil  54 . Coils  52 ,  54  are staggered with respect to one another and wound in opposite directions. Coils  52 ,  54  terminate at common ground  56 . 
   In this embodiment, positive coil  52  is formed from an outer loop  58 A, a middle loop  58 B, and an inner loop  58 C. Each loop is formed from one or more conductive strips, such as  58 A′,  58 A″,  58 A′″, and  58 A″″. Negative coil  54  is formed from an outer loop  60 A, a middle loop  60 B, and an inner loop  60 C. 
   As is readily seen, the outer loops  58 A,  60 A are spaced from one another by middle and inner loops. As a specific example, conductive strip  58 A″ is spaced from conductive strip  60 A″ by middle loop  58 B and inner loop  58 C, while conductive strip  60 A′ is spaced from conductive strip  58 A″″ by middle loop  60 B and inner loop  60 C. Inner coils  58 C and  60 C are electrically close to the common ground  56  and thus have low voltage swings. In contrast, the outer coils  58 A and  60 A are electrically distant from the common ground  56  and thus have large voltage swings. However, the staggered position of the present invention causes these large voltage swings to be spaced away from one another, which reduces the effective capacitance of the differential inductor  50 . Even where an outer coil  58 A or  60 A is close to an oppositely charged coil (such as  60 A′″ and  58 C″), one of the conductive strips will be electrically close to the common ground  56  and thus will not create a large effective capacitance therebetween. 
   In short, the present invention is designed around the concept that strongly oppositely charged conductive strips should not be near neighbors, and in the preferred embodiment, that near neighbors should be of as similar polarity as possible (i.e., sign and magnitude). In the event that near neighbors cannot be of a similar sign and magnitude, then at least one of the near neighbors should be electrically close to ground. Strongly charged segments are those conductive strips that are electrically distant from the ground, such as those that can be found near the feed points or in the outer loops  58 A,  60 A. Weakly charged conductive strips are those conductive strips that are electrically proximate to the ground, such as those found in inner loops  58 C,  60 C. Near neighbors are those conductive strips that are next to one another such as  58 A′″ and  58 B″″ or  60 A′″ and  58 C″. If a conductive strip is interposed between two conductive strips, then the conductive strips on either side of the interposing conductive strip are not near neighbors (for example, conductive strip  58 A″″ is not a near neighbor to conductive strip  60 B′ because conductive strip  60 C′ is interposed therebetween). 
   By spacing the portions of the differential inductor  50  that have high voltage swings, not only is the effective capacitance lowered, but the Q of the differential inductor is raised and the operating frequency range of the differential inductor  50  is likewise increased. 
   When constructing a differential inductor according to the present invention, it is preferred that the inductor be symmetrical about the ground point. However, this leaves plenty of room for variation in the structure as evidenced by the differences between the embodiment of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . Likewise, while the differential inductors  30 ,  50  are shown with the coils positioned parallel to the edges of the paper, it should be appreciated that with respect to a board on which they are mounted, the edges may be rotated forty-five degrees or as needed or desired so that the mounting may be correct for practical hook up on an orthogonal grid. 
   Additionally, while the differential inductors  30 ,  50  are shown with two and three loops, respectively, it should be appreciated that the number of loops can be varied as needed to achieve a desired inductance in the differential inductor. Likewise, while a square loop is shown, it is possible, although not necessarily desired to have a rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, circular, or the like loop. In such a circumstance, the staggering remains the same, but the geometries of the loops change slightly. 
   Another embodiment is illustrated in remaining  FIGS. 4A–7  wherein a multilayer differential inductor  62  is illustrated. A multilayer differential inductor may be used to create higher inductances than may be available with a single layer differential inductor such as the embodiment of  FIG. 3 . For example, the embodiment of  FIGS. 4A–7  has been made with an inductance of 10 nH whereas the embodiment of  FIG. 3  has been made with an inductance of 3.6 nH. The differential inductor  62  is made by positioning coils on different metal layers within a multi-layer substrate or die. In an exemplary embodiment, metal  1  to metal  8  (M 1 –M 8 ) are conventional metal layers within a multi-layer substrate or die, and the layers may be positioned thereon as is further explained below. 
   As illustrated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , there are three main layers, including: a top layer  64 , a middle layer  66 , and a bottom layer  68 . Top layer  64  is primarily positioned on metal  8  (M 8 ) with underpasses  70  ( FIG. 4A ) positioned on metal  7  (M 7 ). Middle layer  66  is primarily positioned on metal  5  (M 5 ) with overpasses  72  on metal  6  (M 6 ). Metal vias  74  ( FIG. 4B ) drop from M 8  to M 5  to connect the top layer  64  to the middle layer  66 . Bottom layer  68  is primarily positioned on metal  2  (M 2 ). Metal vias  76  connect middle layer  66  to bottom layer  68 . 
   The embodiment of  FIGS. 4A–7  follows the same principles that were described above, wherein conductive strips with large voltage swings are separated from one another and shielded from one another by conductive strips with lower voltage swings. This helps reduce the effective capacitance of the inductor. Points  78 ,  80  ( FIG. 5 ) represent the feed points of the differential inductor  62 . The coils wind inwardly until they reach the metal vias  74  which drop down to the middle layer  66  ( FIG. 6 ). The middle layer  66  has coils which keep winding in the same direction until they reach the metal vias  76 . Metal vias  76  drop down to the bottom layer  68  ( FIG. 7 ), which has a Y-shaped conductor  82 . The Y-shaped conductor  82  connects to a ground at the leg of the Y, point  84 . The Y-shape provides a point of symmetry between the two branches of the differential inductor  62 . Note that in this embodiment, the lateral near neighbors, as well as the vertical near neighbors, are of similar polarity. Thus, the term “near neighbors” is used herein to describe lateral and vertical positionings. 
   Additionally, strapping may be used in layers metal  4  and metal  1  (omitted from drawings for conciseness) so that the conductive strips have a lower resistance. Because M 8  is typically very thick, and the other layers M 1 –M 7  are thinner, strapping can be used to achieve the same resistance, as is well understood in the industry. As this is an implementation detail not critical to practicing the invention, it is not shown explicitly. 
   Again, while squares coils are illustrated, it should be appreciated that other geometries may also be used, such as hexagons, octagons, circles, and the like. 
   With reference to the grounding of the center point or point of symmetry of the differential inductor, this may be an explicit, connected ground, or a virtual ground by virtue of the differential driving condition. The more exact the symmetry of the physical design and the more exact the out-of-phase driving condition, the more perfect would be the virtual ground at the center point. In practical implementations where the symmetry (especially the physical symmetry) is not exact, the virtual ground point is not stationary, and stability is achieved in usual practice by physically grounding the approximate point of symmetry. 
   The advantages cited herein will reduce effective capacitance whenever the signals are of opposite polarity, even if not exactly “differential,” and it is intended that implementations in such applications are also within the scope of the present invention. 
   Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow.