Abstract:
A broadband optical switch with high process tolerance designed and fabricated using Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLC) technology. A 2×2 configuration of the switch is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) configuration that includes two 3 dB adiabatic couplers and two identical arms. Each adiabatic coupler is characterized by two straight branches having different widths, separated over a coupling length by a changing spacing therebetween and blending in a symmetric intersection area, which connect to two symmetric branches. The two adiabatic couplers are connected by the two arms with their symmetric branches facing each other along an optical propagation axis. Switch control is realized by changing an optical property of one or both of the MZI arms. Implementation in silica-on-silicon PLCs provides switches with an exceptional broadband range (1.2-1.7 μm), very high extinction ratios (&gt;34 dB), low fabrication sensitivity and polarization independent operation.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/341,240 filed Dec. 20, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The rapid progress in modern telecommunication brings with it an increasing demand for a fast and efficient way to rout information between many users. As optical fibers replace old copper wires, a need for a low-cost direct optical switching is rising. Such optical switching components should operate within contemporary communication network systems that support Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) for various applications, such as optical add drop multiplexing (OADM), optical cross connections (OXC), protection, restoration, etc.  
           [0003]    In order to achieve higher capacity more communication channels are required. Therefore, a broader bandwidth of optical components is essential. Such broadband components must be fabricated in large numbers with low cost and high reliability. Reliable solid-state devices with no moving parts are suitable for mass production, as was demonstrated in the microelectronics industry. Planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology is one of the most promising solid-state technologies, and a Mach Zehnder-Interferometer (MZI) is one of the most successful and useful structures built in this technology.  
           [0004]    The MZI was invented more than century ago. It has been extensively used in the design of all-optical switches, filters, attenuators, etc. However, a standard MZI is not broadband, due to the high wavelength dependency of its couplers, and in some configurations, also due to the length difference between its two arms.  
           [0005]    Few attempts to produce broadband MZI optical switches were made in the past. One approach, for thermo-optical silica-based switches, proposes Wavelength-Insensitive Couplers (WINCs) instead of directional couplers, where each WINC is actually a complete MZI by itself (Kitoh T. et al. “Novel broad-band optical switch using silica-based planar circuit”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4, pp. 735-737, 1992). This device is very long and uses three electrical drivers and three active electrodes, thus having complicated control and consuming high electrical power. In addition, its Extinction Ratio (ER) performance is insufficient—17 dB over the spectral range of 1.25-1.65 μm.  
           [0006]    Cohen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,868 employed broadband adiabatic couplers (first described by Henry C. H. et al. “Analysis of mode propagation in optical waveguide devices by Fourier expansion”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27 pp. 523-530, 1991) in their proposed MZI switch. At the core of the couplers are two closely adjacent waveguides of gradually varying widths, layed out so that the separation between the two is constant. These couplers and MZI switches have a few disadvantages: they must be very long in order to be adiabatic, and the coupling effect of the small (few μm) gap between the coupler&#39;s waveguides is very sensitive to fabrication, e.g. to over-etch, material stresses, etc., resulting in a deteriorated extinction ratio, or alternatively in a narrowed operational wavelength window. Under normal fabrication conditions, the ER over the spectral range of 1.25-1.6 μm is only 5 dB, which is also insufficient for most current applications.  
           [0007]    Silberberg in U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,207 introduced 2×2 digital optical switches (DOS) via an electro-optic effect, and fabricated in materials such as Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3 ) with large electro-optic coefficients. The proposed DOS has an optical step-like response to the switching voltage. It is based on an asymmetric waveguide junction structure, composed from two input waveguides of unequal width, a wide central region and a symmetric output branching. In contrast with a MZI, a DOS has only two functional states, controlled by the electrical field. This allows the incoming optical signals to be routed to either one of the output ports (i.e. a “digital” response instead of the useful analog response of MZI switches).  
           [0008]    There is thus a widely recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have a high-tolerance broadband MZI switch that does not suffer from the disadvantages of previous switches, as listed above, and which has in particular a wavelength independent response and higher ERs.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    We have developed various embodiments of an optical MZI switch, which can be fabricated using standard PLC technologies, and which has a broader operational wavelength band and better process tolerance in comparison with other known optical switches. Furthermore, the optical switch of the present invention has much smaller dimensions than other broadband optical switches, without any tradeoff in other properties (ERs, loss, polarization dependent loss (PDL), power consumption, etc.).  
           [0010]    Conventional MZI switches make use of directional couplers. However, such couplers have a wavelength-dependent response. In order to achieve a broadband switch operation, we have developed an improved adiabatic coupler with essentially flat characteristics over a wide range of wavelengths. Its key components are two straight but non-parallel waveguides of different widths, which intersect forming a small angle, and blend into a symmetric structure so that smooth (adiabatic) conversion of optical modes occurs as the optical signals propagate towards the intersection. Modes of the wide/narrow waveguides are converted into symmetrical/anti-symmetrical modes respectively. An optional, wide intermediate waveguide is located immediately after the intersection, in which case two symmetrical output branches (e.g., S-bends) separate the modes to two output signals that are, depending on the symmetry of the mode, either in phase or having a phase difference of π radians.  
           [0011]    This coupler design was found to have a high tolerance to process related perturbations such as over-etch, deviation of the media&#39;s refractive index from the expected value, etc. Moreover, its performance is superior to prior art designs of adiabatic couplers (broader bandwidth, better 3 dB characteristics, and higher tolerance) even though our improved 3 dB coupler is shorter than prior art couplers. In particular, by using S-bends at the output of the coupler instead of a linear adiabatic splitter, we shorten the device while maintaining its quality of performance.  
           [0012]    In a preferred embodiment, the couplers are preferably integrated into a 2×2 MZI switch, which shows better performance (broader bandwidth, higher extinction ratios and higher tolerance) compared with other broadband optical switches. In another preferred embodiment, a 1×2 (or, if reversed, a 2×1) optical switch is obtained by replacing one of the adiabatic couplers with a Y-splitter. The Y-splitter has a very broad bandwidth, which, at a minimum, encompasses the bandwidth of the adiabatic coupler. It is also generally shorter than the coupler.  
           [0013]    The optical switch of the present invention can be used, as is, to direct light in an optical network. It can also be integrated into a large circuit of planar waveguides containing a few switches and other optical components.  
           [0014]    According to the present invention there is provided a 2×2 optical switch having a main propagation axis, comprising a first 3 dB adiabatic coupler having a first pair of symmetric branches, the first coupler further characterized by having two straight branches with different widths and separated over a coupling length by a changing spacing therebetween, a second 3 dB adiabatic coupler having a second pair of symmetric branches, the second coupler further characterized by having two straight branches with different widths separated over a coupling length by a changing spacing therebetween, the first and second adiabatic couplers facing each other with their respective symmetric branches along the main propagation axis in a mirror image, two identical arms connecting the first and second pairs of symmetric branches optically to each other along the main propagation axis, and at least one active element coupled to at least one of the two identical arms for dynamically changing an optical property of the at least one arm, whereby the implementation of the switch in a planar lightwave circuit provides a switch which is practically polarization independent, and which has a low loss and a very high extinction ratio over an exceptionally broad band range.  
           [0015]    According to the present invention there is provided an optical switch having a main propagation axis, comprising a Y-splitter that includes an input waveguide and a first pair of symmetric branches, a 3 dB adiabatic coupler having a pair of second symmetric branches, the coupler further characterized by having two straight branches with different widths and separated over a coupling length by a changing spacing therebetween, the Y-splitter and the adiabatic coupler facing each other with their respective symmetric branches along the main propagation axis in a mirror image, two identical arms connecting the first and second pairs of branches optically to each other along the main propagation axis, and at least one active element coupled to at least one of the identical arms for dynamically changing an optical property of the at least one arm, whereby the implementation of the switch in a planar lightwave circuit provides a switch which is practically polarization independent, has a low loss and a very high extinction ratio over an exceptionally broad band range.  
           [0016]    According to the present invention, there is provided a 3 dB broadband adiabatic coupler, comprising two straight branches having different widths, separated over a coupling length by a changing spacing therebetween, and blending in a symmetric intersection area having a proximal and a distal end, and two output bends connected to the intersection area at the distal end. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an improved adiabatic coupler as suggested herein, used for the construction of the optical switches.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a broadband MZI 2×2 optical switch, comprising two adiabatic couplers, two arms and an active component.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a broadband MZI 1×2 optical switch, comprising an adiabatic Y-splitter, an adiabatic coupler, two arms and an active component.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 shows theoretical and experimental extinction ratios results of the 2×2 broadband MZI switch as a function of wavelength. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0022]    The present invention is of a broadband optical switch based on a broadband adiabatic 3 dB coupler within MZI configurations, which is preferably fabricated using standard PLC technologies, and which has broader operational wavelength band and better process tolerance in comparison with other known optical switches. The optical switch of the present invention can be made much shorter than other broadband optical switches, without any tradeoff in other properties (extinction ratio, loss, PDL, power consumption, etc.).  
         [0023]    All waveguides in the present invention support, unless otherwise specified, a single optical mode for all relevant wavelengths. However, waveguides that support a second optical mode can sometimes be used, provided that only the fundamental mode is excited during operation. This usually dictates a typical waveguide width of a few μm for switches designed to operate in the standard infrared bands of commercial optical communication networks.  
         [0024]    The principles and operation of a broadband optical switch according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description.  
         [0025]    Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an adiabatic coupler  10  used for the fabrication of the optical switch of the present invention. Elements of FIG. 1 have been rescaled for clarity, and do not necessarily represent actual proportions. Coupler  10  has a typical size of a few millimeters. FIG. 1 shows coupler  10  with two input waveguides (ports) P 1  and P 2  that can connect the coupler (and the switch incorporating it) to other integrated components on the optical chip, or to any other light inputs. In order to bring the two input waveguides P 1  and P 2  into a close enough proximity, two bends  16  and  18  are used. Bends  16  and  18  reduce the distance between the waveguides, while keeping the size of the component as short as possible. On the other hand, the distance between the waveguides at the end of the bends should be still large enough to suppress evanescent mode coupling between the two waveguides. Two adiabatic tapers  20  and  22  ending in ends  24  and  26  respectively, are used to vary the width of one or both waveguides, so that, at ends  24  and  26 , the two waveguides have different widths. Tapers  20  and  22  lead respectively to two straight waveguide sections, a narrow section (or coupler branch)  28  and a wide section (or coupler branch)  30 . The width change induced by the tapers may be equal or non-equal (and of equal or opposite sign); the important factor is that coupler branches  28  and  30  that start respectively at ends  24  and  26  have different widths. For, example, in FIG. 1, branch  28  is narrowed (hereafter “narrow branch  28 ”) and branch  30  is widened (hereafter “wide branch  30 ”) by the same amount relative to input waveguides P 1  and P 2 . Tapers  24  and  26  may be placed in any section of the two waveguides between the input ports and branches  28  and  30 . For example, the tapers may be placed before the bends (just after the input ports), after the bends (as shown in FIG. 1), or along the bends. Narrow branch  28  and wide branch  30 , are laid out in a non-parallel fashion, so that the spacing in between the two becomes smaller with distance from ends  24  and  26  until they intersect at a proximal end  34  of an intersection area  36  and blend into a symmetric structure. In contrast with prior art couplers, the internal (proximal) edges of branches  28  and  30  are not parallel over the length of the light coupling interaction, i.e. from ends  24  and  26  to area  36 . The combination of non-equal width branches separated by a changing spacing therebetween constitutes a key difference between the structure of the coupler of the present invention and those of prior art couplers, specifically in Cohen &#39;868, and is responsible for a significant performance improvement, as shown later herein.  
         [0026]    The non-parallel layout is defined by a small angle α, which is chosen small enough for the coupler to be sufficiently adiabatic. Typically, α is less then 0.15 0 . In order to improve the fabrication insensitivity of the switch, intersection area  36  can be modified in a number of ways. For example, intersecting branches  28  and  30  can be shifted sidewise (separated from each other so that their intersection is not at a single point) by a small amount, so that a small intersection blunt  34 ′ is formed between the waveguides at the interface with intersection area  36  or with an optional mediating waveguide  36 ′. Mediating waveguide  36 ′ is preferably a wide (on the order of the combined width of branches  28  and  30 ) and relatively short (relative to the coupler) symmetric waveguide placed after the intersection of branches  28  and  30 . Mediating waveguide  36 ′ should support at least two optical modes—symmetric and anti-symmetric. By introducing blunt  34 ′, the sharp intersection angle, which common fabrication processes cannot produce properly, is avoided. The blunt must be small enough to avoid significant transition loss. Thus, the blunt is a small gap between the waveguides, typically smaller or equal to one tenth of the average width of the waveguides.  
         [0027]    Optional bend elements can be inserted between tapers  20 ,  22  and branches  28  and  30  respectively, and between these branches and mediating waveguide  36 ′ in order to realize an adiabatic adjustment of the optical propagation pathways to the slightly different angular orientations of branches  28  and  30 .  
         [0028]    Without optional mediating waveguide  36 ′, branches  28  and  30  can be connected directly at a distal end  31 ′ of intersection area  36  to, respectively, two completely symmetrical branches  40  and  42  of a symmetrical side  43  of the coupler. However, mediating waveguide  36 ′ improves tolerance, and can reduce optical transition loss. Symmetric branches  40  and  42  connect mediating waveguide  36 ′ to two coupler output ports Q 1  and Q 2  respectively. The lengths and radii of symmetrical branches  40  and  42  may be equal or different from those of input bends  16  and  18 . Symmetrical side  43  may include bends, similar to input bends  16  and  18 . As with blunt  34 ′, a small blunt  44  may be introduced between of symmetrical branches  40  and  42  at an interface  46  with intersection area  36  or with mediating waveguide  36 ′, in order to improve the tolerance to fabrication. An angle β between of symmetrical branches  40  and  42  at interface  46  can also be optimized for the specific realization. β is generally on the same order as α.  
         [0029]    The geometry of mediating waveguide  36 ′ can be further optimized for a specific embodiment and process parameters, as long as the element retains it symmetry relative to the propagation axis, so that no transitions occur between symmetrical and anti-symmetrical modes. For example, the geometry optimization may include varying its length or width, changing its width continuously (namely forming a taper), splitting part of mediating waveguide  36 ′ into two parallel waveguides, etc. Notwithstanding the limitation cited above, small deviations from symmetry, such as lateral offsets of mediating waveguide  36 ′, a tilt, etc., may sometime be used in order to compensate for any asymmetry of the optical transition from coupler branches  28 ,  30  to mediating waveguide  36 ′, and from mediating waveguide  36 ′ to branches  40 ,  42 . Another way to achieve the same goal is to place an active element on mediating waveguide  36 ′ that is able to change mediating waveguide&#39;s  36 ′ refractive index.  
         [0030]    In operation, any signal reaching adiabatic coupler  10  through port P 2  which is connected to wide branch  30 , should exit the coupler converted into a symmetric output mode. Thus, symmetric branches  40  and  42  hold signals that propagate in phase while carrying, each one, fifty percent of the total input power from P 2 . Any signal reaching the adiabatic coupler through narrow branch  28  (i.e. input through port P 1 ) should exit adiabatic coupler  10  converted into an anti-symmetric output mode. Thus, symmetric branches  40  and  42  hold coherent signals which propagate with a relative phase difference of π while carrying, each one, fifty percent of the total input power from P 1 . This behavior is practically wavelength insensitive and polarization independent on a broad bandwidth.  
         [0031]    The optical characteristics of the coupler are completely reversible, namely, identical coherent (and in phase) inputs through port Q 1  and Q 2  (symmetrical input) should result in an output through the wide leg (port P 2 ). A phase difference of π between the input signals through Q 1  and Q 2  (anti-symmetrical input) should result in an output through the narrow leg (port P 1 ).  
         [0032]    The coupler can also be modified in order to get a different partition of power between the two outputs (for example, 60% instead of 50% of the input power in one of the output ports) if branches  40  and  42  are not symmetric. This can be achieved if their widths are not equal, or if they form different angles with the propagation axis at their interface with mediating waveguide  36 ′, or both.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a complete 2×2 MZI switch  48 . As in FIG. 1, this is a schematic rescaled figure, and the actual proportions might be quite different. The switch is composed of two adiabatic couplers of the type described above: an input coupler  10  with two input ports P 1  and P 2 , and a reversed output coupler  50  with two output ports P 3  and P 4 , which is a mirror image of input coupler  10  with respect to the plane orthogonal to the optical propagation axis. Preferably, couplers  10  and  50  are identical. However they may be generally non-identical. The MZI arms are two well-separated waveguides  52  and  54  that connect the inward branches of the two couplers. Arms  52  and  54  must have identical cross-sections and equal length, so that, in the passive state of the switch, no excess phase difference is generated between the modes in the arms. In the simplest embodiment, arms  52  and  54  are simply straight parallel waveguides.  
         [0034]    An active element  60  that controls the switch is located in proximity to (usually above, due to heat sink issues or on both sides of) one or both of the MZI arms. FIG. 2 shows such an element on arm  52 . Element  60  changes, in a well-known way, the optical length of the light propagating through the arm, via a modification of the refractive index in the arm. Preferably, the same active element structure (e.g. a metal electrode) is fabricated along both arms to preserve symmetry, even if one of the active elements is never actually used (always passive). Moreover, a fabrication process-induced asymmetry of the arms, or coupler related phase-difference deviation from the desired value, may result in a shift of the minimal/maximal transmission point from the passive (zero voltage) operational state. This shift can be corrected by applying an active adjustment of the index in one of the arms at the OFF-state, thus improving the ER of the switch. If the active component can only increase/decrease the refractive index (e.g. a thermo-optical heater), and if only one active component is fabricated, it can only actively correct the passive state when the minimal transmission point has shifted towards the one (positive voltage) side of the transmission characteristics of that active component. However, if active elements are fabricated on both MZI arms, each with its own independent power control, there can always be active compensation for the asymmetry effect, because instead of lowering the index on one arm we can increase the index on the other arm, whichever side the zero transmission point (OFF-state) has moved to. The active elements may be implemented in a number of different embodiments, as follows: some materials (such as silica), commonly used for the fabrication of planar integrated optical devices, have relatively high thermo-optic coefficients. When the optical media is made from such materials, a suitable choice for the active element may be an electric heater (a resistor), connected to a controllable voltage source. The heater raises the temperature of the media when electrical current passes through it. In this case, the two arms of the MZI should be well separated so that they would be thermally isolated from each other. For materials with high electro-optic coefficients (e.g. LiNbO 3 ) the active element may be composed of few electrodes, connected to a controllable voltage source. The electrostatic field generated by the electrodes mediates a change in refractive index of the optical media.  
         [0035]    The active element may be designed to generate stress. An application of stress to the wafer can cause a refractive index changes via the photo-elastic effect. Other types of active elements can be used as well, provided that they mediate a sufficient optical phase shift.  
         [0036]    In operation, without any refractive index changes in the arms, light inserted into switch  48  from port P 1  through narrow branch  28  of input coupler  10  will be emitted through a narrow branch  62  and port P 3  of output coupler  50 . Similarly, light inserted through P 2  and wide branch  30  of coupler  10  will exit through a wide branch  64  and port P 4  of coupler  50 . This is a passive “bar” state of switch  48 . A passive “cross” state of the switch, i.e. when light input at P 1  is output at P 4 , and light input at P 2  is output at P 3 , is obtained when output coupler  50  is replaced by its mirror image with respect to the optical propagation axis.  
         [0037]    An operational change from a bar to a cross state or vice versa can be achieved by turning on the active element  60  (for example, in one embodiment, applying voltage to a heater) so that we shift the phase of the light signal in the corresponding arm of the MZI switch. A phase shift of π will result in reversal of the switching state, from bar to cross (or from cross to bar, if cross is the passive state). Although different wavelengths require different changes of the refractive index to achieve a π phase shift, this does not spoil the broadband extinction ratio in the output port which is turned off in the passive operational state, though this may cause some loss at that port (typically 0.3-0.5 dB). Furthermore, this loss can be eliminated altogether if the switch operates within applications in which the wavelength of the incoming signal is always known beforehand (e.g., real time power/wavelength monitoring), so the switch can be dynamically adapted to this wavelength (by resetting the operation switching power to the specific value needed in that case). The passive state of the MZI switch is less sensitive to deviation from exact 3 dB power split of the couplers if the two couplers are identical. This property can be exploited in well-designed photonic circuit architectures.  
         [0038]    Beside the 0 and π phase shift states, the optical switch of the present invention can also operate in all intermediate (analog) states by producing only a partial phase shift between 0 and π (partial heating power). It has therefore, besides the strictly ON-OFF switching application, many extended capabilities such as integrated optical output power control (e.g. Variable Optical Attenuator—VOA), built-in power equalization, multicasting, broadcasting etc.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a MZI switch according to the present invention. This is a 1×2 switch  100  with one adiabatic coupler  50  and a Y-splitter  102 . Splitter  102  has an input port O 1 , connected through a preferably straight waveguide  104  to an adiabatic taper  106  of small angle γ, which is typically of the same order as α and β. Taper  106  is designed to increase the width of waveguide  104 , leading to a split into two symmetric waveguides (branches)  108 ,  110  of identical cross section, which intersect at an interface  112  with taper  106 . A small blunt (not shown) may be fabricated between these waveguides at their meeting region with interface  112  in order to improve process tolerance. Symmetric straight waveguides  108  and  110  are typically at the same small angle γ so that they depart adiabatically to a point  113  where two symmetrical bends  114  and  116  connect waveguides  108  and  110  respectively to two MZI arms  52  and  54 . Alternatively, other symmetric output branches can be used in place of  108  and  110 . Keeping the exit angle γ small minimizes the losses of the component. The other components of the 1×2 switch are identical to those used to construct the 2×2 switch of FIG. 2, and are shown and numbered in FIG. 3 in a manner identical to that in FIG. 2.  
         [0040]    In operation, an optical input inserted through port O 1  is converted in the Y-splitter to two optical signals of the same intensity and phase, in an essentially wavelength independent way. In the passive operational state, the symmetrical signal is transmitted through the adiabatic coupler to a port P 4  connected to “wide” leg  64 . In the active state, a difference in optical length between the arms yields a phase difference of π between the signals propagating in the two arms. This anti-symmetrical signal is transmitted through the adiabatic coupler to a port P 3  connected to “narrow” leg  62 . Thus, light inserted from port O 1  can be switched to either output ports.  
         [0041]    The  1 × 2  switch can operate also in reverse, as a 2×1 switch. In its passive state, the switch will transmit to output port O 1  only light inserted through the wide leg (at P 4 ). Optical inputs inserted through the narrow leg (at P 3 ) will not be transmitted. By turning the active element  60  “ON”, and mediating a π optical phase difference between the arms, the input from the narrow leg is transmitted, and the other input is suppressed. In case of multicasting, VOA and other applications that utilize an intermediate phase difference between the arms, the optical element  60  can be used also in various intermediate states, so that only part of the light will be transmitted.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0042]    A broadband optical switch according to the present invention was designed and fabricated in Silica (channel buried waveguides) on Silicon (substrate) with Δn=0.75% (between the core and the clad of the waveguides, the clad being also silica but with a different refractive index) utilizing the thermo-optic effect. The length of the 2×2 configuration (FIG. 2) was about 20 mm, whereas the length of the 1×2 configuration (FIG. 3) was about 15 mm. The width difference between the wide and narrow legs of the adiabatic couplers in each switch was typically about 0.4 micrometer, while the typical width of each leg was around 4 micrometer (e.g one was typically 3.8 micrometer, the other 4.2 micrometer). The actual leg width is less important than the width difference. Both devices provided similar performances, except for a better extinction ratio (ER) of the 2×2 configuration at the cross output. The ER results (theoretical and experimental) of the 2×2 configuration as function of wavelength are depicted in FIG. 4. The theoretical results (full line), obtained via a vectorial finite-difference beam-propagation method, fit the experimental results (full circles) with very high accuracy.  
         [0043]    The device was optimized for highest ER at the middle of the broad wavelength-band range. A very good agreement was obtained between experimental results and theory. Each point was measured at optimum OFF and ON voltages. Nevertheless, by using only one value for all OFF states and one value for all ON states (both optimized to wavelength 1.42 μm for all wavelengths), spectral ERs between 25 to 30 dB were obtained. Optimizing at wavelength 1.55 μm, yielded ERs of 34-40 in the C+L bands, and ERs of 20-25 dB in the 1.3 μm window. These ERs are significantly better than any reported to date in prior art switches. The 1×2 configuration shows ERs of about 5 dB less than the 2×2, mainly due to its higher sensitivity to coupler deviation from 3 dB power split; however, it has similar ER in both outputs, and is shorter. If one requires a smaller window, e.g., S+C+L bands (which is still considered a broadband), similar results can be obtained with even shorter lengths, such as 12-15 mm.  
         [0044]    The loss per switch was found to be 0.3 dB. The requirement for broadband operation, without prior knowledge of the input wavelength, produces an additional loss of up to 0.3 dB/sw?. The polarization dependence of the new switch is also very low (&lt;5 mW shift at the off state), and it is practically polarization independent. The power consumption is similar to a conventional MZI (0.1-0.5W, depending on optical and metal layer designs). Switching time (rise and fall times, 10%-90%) is about 1 ms.  
         [0045]    To conclude, the present invention discloses a realized broadband solid-state optical switch, better than all its predecessors, and suitable for future requirements of optical communication networks.  
         [0046]    All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.  
         [0047]    While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made.