Abstract:
A method and apparatus to reduce the emissions of an exhaust stream is provided. One feature of the present invention includes a control unit for metering a reagent into the exhaust stream. The control unit adjusts a quantity of the reagent to be metered into the exhaust stream. One embodiment of the present invention concerns a method of removing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases from a diesel engine by introducing ammonia into the exhaust stream. This Abstract is provided for the sole purpose of complying with the Abstract requirement rules that allow a reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the disclosure contained herein. This Abstract is submitted with the explicit understanding that it will not be used to interpret or to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/378,861, filed May 7, 2002, titled: “Emission Control System,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention generally relates to emission control systems. More particularly, the invention concerns a method and apparatus to decrease the emissions of compression and spark ignition engines.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions contribute significantly to photochemical smog and also to acid rain. NOx includes both nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), both of which will be referred to as NOx. NOx is generated during the combustion of fossil fuels and a major generator of NOx is the diesel engine. Currently, new emissions standards for diesel engines are being proposed. For example, the European Euro-5 and the proposed US-2007 standards require a significant reduction in both NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions.  
           [0004]    In addition, diesel emissions have been classified as Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) in the State of California. Under the Federal Clean Air Act, California must meet certain clear air requirements established by the Federal Government in order to qualify for federal highway funding. It is unlikely that those guidelines can be met without reducing emissions from mobile sources. Diesel mobile sources produce a disproportionate percentage of all emissions due to the inherent nature of the fuel and the engine.  
           [0005]    In response, diesel engine manufacturers are developing systems to treat the exhaust stream of their diesel engines. Most of these solutions, however, make a clear trade off between emissions and fuel consumption. Some proposed systems are even associated with a distinct fuel penalty. Of course, fuel efficiency is extremely important, as the engine operator incurs an increased operational cost.  
           [0006]    Another problem is that diesel engines typically last longer than other types of engines, and older engines produce more toxic emissions than newer engines.  
           [0007]    Therefore, there exists a need for an emission control system that can reduce both NOx and PM emissions without incurring a fuel penalty, and that can be retrofitted to existing diesel engines.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The present invention reduces emissions generated by a diesel engine by injecting ammonia into the exhaust stream. The present invention efficiently injects ammonia, and can be incorporated into new engine designs or retrofitted to existing engines.  
           [0009]    One feature of the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for metering a reagent into a flowing medium, for instance for introducing ammonia into an exhaust stream containing NOx. The present invention can adjust a concentration of the reagent, such as ammonia, even when an abrupt change occurs in the concentration of NOx in the exhaust stream.  
           [0010]    Therefore, even if the discharge amount and the concentration of NOx change abruptly, an optimum amount of ammonia can be supplied, and the NOx in the exhaust stream can be substantially eliminated.  
           [0011]    These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated from review of the following detailed description of the invention, along with the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a first embodiment of an emission control system constructed according to the present invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of an emission control system constructed according to the present invention;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a third embodiment of an emission control system constructed according to the present invention;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a fourth embodiment of an emission control system constructed according to the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of one embodiment of an ammonia diffuser nozzle located in an exhaust pipe;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 6 is a side elevation view of another embodiment of an ammonia diffuser nozzle located in an exhaust pipe;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of yet another embodiment of an ammonia diffuser nozzle located in an exhaust pipe; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 8 is a side elevation view of a final embodiment of an ammonia diffuser nozzle located in an exhaust pipe.  
     
    
       [0020]    It will be recognized that some or all of the Figures are schematic representations for purposes of illustration and do not necessarily depict the actual relative sizes or locations of the elements shown.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]    In the following paragraphs, the present invention will be described in detail by way of example with reference to the attached drawings. Throughout this description, the preferred embodiment and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than as limitations on the present invention. As used herein, “the present invention” refers to any one of the embodiments of the invention, or equivalents thereof.  
         [0022]    The present invention provides a method of reducing NOx emitted from an engine, by employing a controller that communicates with a plurality of sensors that provide information to the controller. The controller then regulates an amount of ammonia that is introduced into the engine&#39;s exhaust gas stream by analyzing the information provided by the plurality of sensors.  
         [0023]    The present invention can be retrofitted to existing engines, or installed as original equipment. One embodiment of the present invention comprises a diesel engine NOx and PM emission reduction retrofit system. By incorporating a “retrofit” system, the engine owner will achieve immediate and significant reductions in NOx and PM emissions on most diesel, natural gas, and “lean-burn” vehicles, ships, generators, and other equipment that emit NOx. Another embodiment of the present invention may be incorporated into a new engine design.  
         [0024]    The present invention may use any form of ammonia, such as urea, aqueous ammonia, or gaseous ammonia, or liquid ammonia. The ammonia is introduced into the exhaust stream to reduce NOx and combines an electronic controlled diffusion system together with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (“SCR”) component. A noticeable reduction in the NOx emission of a diesel motor can be achieved by applying SCR. In the SCR method, ammonia (NH 3 ) is injected into the exhaust stream as a reduction agent. The present invention has already demonstrated its ability on diesel engines to reduce NOx by 75% or more and PM by 40% or more, and CO and HC by 70% or more over most engine operating parameters. In addition, the present invention may also reduce ammonia slip, which is the unintentional emission of ammonia in the exhaust stream. Moreover, simultaneous with the NOx reduction, hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are reduced.  
         [0025]    The ability of ammonia as a reductant to achieve significant reductions of NOx has been well established for over 35 years in stationary power generator applications. The uniqueness of the present invention is its safe and cost effective ability to create substantial reductions of mobile, as well as fixed source NOx emissions.  
         [0026]    One embodiment of the present invention includes a controller that directs an ammonia injector to emit precise amounts of ammonia into an engine&#39;s exhaust stream. This embodiment also comprises a combination of a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), and the above-mentioned selective catalytic reduction (SCR) to create a NOx reduction system that increases the reactive temperature range between the NOx and ammonia from anywhere between 275° Fahrenheit (F.) to about 1200° F.  
         [0027]    This embodiment injects ammonia into the exhaust system between an engine exhaust manifold and a SCR (selective catalytic reaction) converter, and employs a mixer element to mix the ammonia with the exhaust gases. Preferably, the mixer element comprises a group of blades, fins, tabs, or other suitable components to mix the ammonia with the exhaust gases.  
         [0028]    In a preferred embodiment, ammonia injection occurs at a location where the exhaust gases do not exceed the auto ignition temperature of ammonia, which is about 1200° F., but at a high enough temperature to cause reaction of the ammonia with NO and NO2 (NOx) in the exhaust system prior to the exhaust gases reaching the SCR catalyst.  
         [0029]    By being able to precisely control the amount and timing of ammonia injected necessary to reduce NOx, without any waste or slippage, that is without excess ammonia exiting the exhaust system, the size and weight of the on-board ammonia storage tank can be greatly reduced—in other words, many tank size options are available depending on user requirements. Thus, the safety concern of carrying very large ammonia storage tanks has been virtually eliminated.  
         [0030]    One feature of the present invention is a computer control unit, or controller  1  that varies the amount of ammonia injected into the exhaust stream in proportion to the amount of NOx being produced at any given time. The control unit  1 , is designated as a “controller box” in FIGS.  1 - 2 , and as a “Extengine ADEC” in FIG. 3, and as a “control unit” in FIG. 4.  
         [0031]    The present invention has a very high rate of reduction of NOx without the introduction of unneeded amounts of ammonia, with little or no slippage. “Slippage” refers to ammonia that is not fully utilized in the process of reducing NOx, and is then released into the atmosphere. Slippage is mostly a problem in systems in which a steady quantity of ammonia is injected into an exhaust system. With stationary, steady state heavy-duty engines, it is possible to inject a known steady quantity of ammonia without much slippage. But with mobile sources, or non-steady-state sources, the state of the engine is constantly changing, along with the amount of NOx and particulates being produced. If a steady quantity of ammonia is injected, the possibility of slippage is greater: any time very little NOx is being produced, too much ammonia could be injected into the system, with the inevitable result of significant slippage.  
         [0032]    Another feature of the present invention is its ability to act as a combination SCR/SNCR emission control system. For example, one embodiment of the present invention may include an ammonia nozzle  10  that is placed into the exhaust pipe  31  at the exhaust manifold  30 . The higher temperature exhaust will react with the ammonia, even without a catalyst (the SNCR component). As the exhaust emissions continue through the exhaust pipe a secondary reaction occurs within the oxidation and reduction catalyst (the SCR element  19 ). Because of this dual reactive function as both a SNCR and SCR system, the present invention is capable of reducing NOx emissions over the entire range of temperatures (from 1200° F. to 250° F.) at which a typical mobile engine will operate. Therefore, all NOx emissions produced, regardless of operating temperature, will be reduced by the present invention.  
         [0033]    The present invention can achieve large reductions of NOx emissions from vehicles powered by diesel engines, however, other embodiments of the invention will work equally well with vehicles powered by gasoline and natural gas.  
         [0034]    The present invention can also be incorporated into new engine designs with additional benefits. For example, incorporation of the present invention may result in reduced consumption of petroleum through the use of revised injection/compression timing. Where appropriate, particularly on new OEM diesel engines, the elimination of the exhaust gas recycle (EGR) component on a new engine can increase operating performance, thereby reducing fuel consumption.  
         [0035]    In addition, the installation of the present invention will permit an engine to be adjusted to run leaner, should the owner, distributor, or OEM so desire, thereby saving fuel, without unduly increasing NOx or other emissions. It is estimated that a reduction in fuel consumption of about 8% may be achieved. Also, the engine compression ratio may be increased, resulting in greater power, again without unduly increasing emissions of NOx or PM. This could result in a savings in fuel operating costs of about 8%.  
         [0036]    In a preferred embodiment, the present invention utilizes the injection of ammonia that will be supplied to the system from a replaceable and/or refillable DOT approved tank similar to those used to contain propane, which is released into the exhaust stream by a pressure regulator, or ammonia injection nozzle  10 . As NOx is being created, fuel flow, and other sensors send signals to the controller box that directs the NH 3  solenoid valve to open, thereby dispersing the ammonia, in a proportion necessary to effectively eliminate the NOx being created. Various embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in FIGS.  1 - 4 .  
         [0037]    One embodiment of the present invention consumes approximately between ¼ and ½ pound of ammonia for each pound of NOx reduced. The present invention may use ordinary, readily-available liquid ammonia in order to achieve the projected and anticipated levels of reduction of NOx and other harmful emissions. Alternative embodiments may use other forms of ammonia such as urea or aqueous ammonia.  
         [0038]    The present invention can work equally well on engines powered by gasoline, natural gas or diesel, and does not require any change or modification in the fuel.  
         [0039]    The present invention should be attractive to the target market sector of owners of fleets of heavy-duty diesel vehicles for the following reasons: 1) the technology will be easy to add-on, as a retrofit kit; 2) the technology will not reduce engine efficiency or power, and will not increase operating fuel costs; 3) fleet owners may be able to realize savings of 5-8% in fuel costs; 4) the technology will allow fleet owners to comply with federal clean air regulations; 5) fleet owners may become eligible for trading credits, which they can sell on the open market; 6) and because of the extremely cost-effective nature of the present invention (approximately $3,283 per ton of NOx reduced compared to $15,000+ per ton average price during 2000), the cost to the fleet owner of installing the proposed technology will be minimized.  
         [0040]    The present invention utilizes a computerized unit, or controller  10  that controls the amount of ammonia being injected into the system. The present invention measures the amount of NOx being produced by the engine at any given moment. The controller  10  then injects an amount of ammonia needed to reduce the amount of NOx being produced. Under most engine load conditions, the actual amount of ammonia that is injected is very small.  
         [0041]    Illustrated in FIG. 3, one embodiment of the present invention is comprised of sensors for exhaust gas temperature  7 ,  8 , intake air temperature  3 , engine load information, turbo boost  26 , throttle position  4 , engine rpm  5 , exhaust back-pressure  6 , NH 3  temperature  17 , a NOx sensor  9 , ammonia bottle, or tank heater  15 , the electronic controller (designated as the “Extengine ADEC 1”), the SCR catalysts  19 , a pre-catalyst  18  and a slip-catalyst  20 . The controller  1  is responsible for controlling the amount of ammonia being injected for NOx reduction, while minimizing any ammonia slip, and may also include circuitry for a redundant fail-safe and OBD (On Board Diagnostic) system that may include a warning light  27 , and a data port  25 .  
         [0042]    The controller  1  calculates the correct amount of ammonia needed, by analyzing the information supplied by the various sensors, together with the engine speed information, and compares these values with the appropriate point of the injection map that is contained in the vehicle&#39;s original engine control system. The amount of ammonia being injected is controlled by an ammonia metering solenoid, or other suitable valve  11  that introduces the ammonia into the exhaust system at a location before the SCR converters  19 , but after the pre-converter  18  (see FIG. 3).  
         [0043]    The controller  1 , includes at least one general purpose digital computer with associated computer code, or logic for analyzing the data received from the sensors, and instructing the various components communicating with the controller  1 .  
         [0044]    Referring to FIGS.  5 - 8 , several arrangements for introducing ammonia into the exhaust stream are illustrated. The ammonia nozzle  10  may comprise any of the following embodiments.  
         [0045]    Specifically, in FIG. 5, an ammonia nozzle  15  is located within an exhaust pipe  10 . The ammonia nozzle  15  includes at least two ports  17  that introduce ammonia into the exhaust stream. The ports  17  are inset below the contour of the nozzle  15 , thereby minimizing any disruption in the flow of the exhaust stream and reducing the build-up of any particulate matter over the ports  17 . Similarly, FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative nozzle  15  configuration. The ports are located on projections that extend from the nozzle  15 . Because the ports  17  are facing downstream of the exhaust stream, particulate matter does not accumulate on the ports  17 .  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative nozzle  15  configuration. The nozzle  15  has a “teardrop” shape that minimizes drag in the exhaust stream and also minimizes particulate buildup over the ports  17 .  
         [0047]    Finally, FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a nozzle  15 . The nozzle  15  is substantially U-shaped and protects the port  17  from accumulation of particulates in the exhaust stream. It will be appreciated that other nozzle  15  configurations can be incorporated into the present invention to introduce ammonia into the exhaust stream of an exhaust pipe  10 .  
         [0048]    Any one of the above-described nozzle  15  configurations may also be designed to mix the ammonia with the exhaust stream so that the exhaust gases and ammonia are mixed together before reaching the various catalysts. This mixing may be facilitated by orienting the ports  17  in different directions, or the mixing may be accomplished by the insertion of a vortex generator or other type of device into the exhaust pipe. In addition, the present invention may include a device to direct the flow of the exhaust stream over the catalyst so the exhaust is disbursed evenly over the catalyst&#39;s surface. This device may include directing elements located in the exhaust pipe to direct the flow of the exhaust gases.  
         [0049]    In addition, the present invention, may for example, includes a fail-safe system that detects any ammonia leaks. In a preferred embodiment, electromagnetic valves will assure shutoff of the ammonia supply in case of accidents or system malfunctions. Replacing or refilling of the ammonia tank  14  may be performed without any release of ammonia by employing of a quick-connect system.  
         [0050]    As discussed above, the present invention employs multiple sensors operating with the controller  1 . The controller  1 , designated as “controller box” in FIGS. 1 and 2, and as “Extengine ADEC” in FIG. 3, and as “control unit” in FIG. 4, may obtain signals from some of, or all of the following sensors:  
                                                                                       Crankshaft Sensor:   Supplies information about           engine speed and injection pulses.       Throttle Position Sensor:   Supplies information about fuel           flow (throttle position) and together           with engine speed represents engine           load.       Turbo Boost Sensor:   Supplies information about engine load.            Exhaust gas temperature sensors:            At Manifold:   Supplies information about           Exhaust Temperature right at the           exhaust manifold. This information can           be used to “predict” the           creation of NOx. During heavy           acceleration the exhaust temperature           at the manifold changes more rapidly           than at the converter. This information           about “temperature-spread” can be           used to adjust NH 3  flow during           acceleration and deceleration.       At the Converter:   Supplies information about Catalytic           Converter Temperature and is           used to compensate NH 3  flow           depending on converter temperature           (cold—no NH 3 , hot—extra NH 3 ).           This added feature results in           greater NOx reduction and less           chance for ammonia slip.       Exhaust Backpressure   Supplies information about Exhaust       Sensor:   Backpressure. Excessive           exhaust backpressure may be caused           by a non-regenerating PM           trap, or a clogged SCR catalyst or           a clogged Pre-catalyst. (The           vehicle operator may be warned by an           audible and/or visual signal,           or by an engine shut-down).       Intake Air Temperature   Since intake are temperature is       Sensor:   directly affected by the production           of NOx, this sensor supplies           information about Intake Air           Temperature and is used to compensate           NH 3  flow.       NH 3  Line Temperature   This information is needed to enable       Sensor:   reliable operation in all           climate conditions. Since the mass of           the ammonia changes with           temperature, this sensor provides the           NH 3  temperature.       NOx Sensor:   The NOx sensor allows the system to           operate in a closed-loop           mode. This gives added controllability           of the amount of ammonia           being injected. This assures a short           system reaction time during           transient conditions and maximum           emissions reduction.       NH 3  Tank Temperature   This information is needed to enable       Sensor:   reliable operation in all climate           conditions. This information is used to           control the ammonia tank heating           element.       NH 3  Tank Pressure Sensor:   This sensor, in combination with           the pulse-width information of           the injector, determines if the system           is being used and if ammonia           is being consumed. In case the system is           not being used, or the           ammonia tank is empty, the use of           the vehicle can be prohibited.           (A vehicle operator warning may           include: an audible and/or visual           signal, or engine shutdown after 3           restarts). This sensor is also           used for ammonia leak detection in           a catastrophic event and system           shutdown.            The controller 1, designated as “controller box” in FIGS. 1 and 2,       and as “Extengine ADEC” in FIG. 3, and as “control unit” in FIG. 4,       may send signals to the following units:            NH 3  Injector:   Receives pulse-width signals from the           controller for accurate NH 3             delivery.       NH 3  Shut-Off Valve:   Isolates the high-pressure NH 3  in           the tank from the rest of the           system. The Shut-off valve is only           open when the engine is           running. Also controls system           shutdown in case of Ammonia leak           detection (rapid drop in pressure).       Diagnostic Light and   The controller is equipped with self-       Error Codes:   diagnostic logic. The system           will inform the operator or technician           which sensor is malfunctioning by           flashing a light in the dashboard. The           vehicle must go to an authorized service           center where the problem can be           repaired and the Diagnostic Light reset.            The present invention may also include the following components:            Pressure Regulator:   Accurately regulates NH 3  pressure.       NH 3  Tank Heater:   Works with the NH 3  Tank Temperature           Sensor and regulates NH 3             temperature under cold climate           conditions.       Pre-Catalytic Converter:   Removes substantial amounts of HC           and CO and encourages the formation           of NO 2 . The presence of up to 50%           NO 2  in the exhaust stream increases the           efficiency of the SCR catalysts.       SCR Converter:   The formulation of the “wash coat”,           as well as the Catalytic           Converter sizing, is an important           feature of the present invention.       Ammonia Slip Converter:   The Ammonia Slip Conveter can be           considered a cleanup-catalyst           and reduces any ammonia from the           exhaust stream unused by the SCR.       Catalyzed Diesel   Removes soot particles from the       Particulate Trap:   exhaust stream and when used in           place of the Pre-Catalytic Converter,           removes substantial amounts           of HC and CO and encourages the           formation of NO 2 . The           presence of up to 50% NO 2             in the exhaust stream increases the           efficiency of the SCR catalysts.       Fast response NOx/NH 3     fast response NOx or NH 3         Sensors:   sensors may be used as feedback           sensors, with the data sent to           the controller 1 to optimize NOx           reduction.                  
 
         [0051]    As shown in FIG. 4, the present invention may also include some of the following components for an emission control system using urea or aqueous ammonia: an air fan or pump to help vaporize the ammonia; a liquid pump to pressurize the urea or aqueous ammonia; and a heater to heat the urea or aqueous ammonia. The heater may comprise an ammonia-carrying tube that is wound about the inner diameter of the exhaust pipe  31 , or it may comprise a heating element that heats the urea or aqueous ammonia.  
         [0052]    In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the urea or aqueous ammonia (NH 3 .H 2 O) is stored in a pressurized tank. From there it is piped through the pump to the ammonia metering solenoid. From there the ammonia, which in this embodiment uses ammonia in a water solution at about 27% to about 32% ammonia. To liberate the ammonia from the water/ammonia solution, at least two options are available: The water/ammonia solution is routed through the heater, schematically illustrated in FIG. 4. The heater may comprise a heating mechanism where the temperature is hot enough to turn the water into steam and liberate the ammonia as ammonia gas. This can be achieved by routing the water/ammonia mixture through a coiled metal tube, which is placed inside the exhaust pipe  31  as discussed above. The length of the coiled pipe can be increased or decreased and the location of the pipe can be optimized to liberate the ammonia from the water/ammonia mixture. Alternatively, the water/ammonia solution is routed through a tubular electric (or other shape) heater where the temperature is hot enough to turn the water into steam and liberate the ammonia as a gas. The length of the tubular electric (or other shape) heater (heating element) can be increased or decreased and the heating power can be increased or decreased so that the temperature is optimum to liberate the ammonia from the water/ammonia mixture.  
         [0053]    The ammonia and water vapor is next routed into the exhaust pipe  31  where it mixes with the exhaust gas stream at a location upstream of the SCR catalyst. A mixer may be placed in the exhaust pipe  31  to aid in the mixing of the exhaust gases with the ammonia.  
         [0054]    Generally, once routed through the heater element the urea undergoes hydrolysis and thermal decomposition producing ammonia. This hydrolysis continues when the urea/aqueous ammonia mixes with the hot exhaust gas. The mixture of exhaust gases and ammonia (decomposed urea/aqueous ammonia) enters the SCR catalyst where nitrogen oxides are reduced to nitrogen.  
         [0055]    One feature of the present invention is that the controller  1  also monitors the exhaust gas temperature. When the temperature drops below a predetermined value, somewhere between about 150° C. to about 250° C., depending on the catalyst type and configuration, the controller  1  closes the urea supply to prevent catalyst deactivation and secondary emissions (ammonia slip) that may occur at low temperatures.  
         [0056]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the controller  1  calculates the correct amount of ammonia needed, by “reading” the information supplied by the various sensors, together with the engine speed information, and compares these values with the appropriate point of the factory-programmed Injection-Map. A fail-safe system assures that possible ammonia leaks do not go undetected and the on-board-diagnostic (OBD) system alarms the vehicle operator of any problems. Electromagnetic valves, or a shut-off solenoid  22  assures the auto-shutoff of the ammonia supply in case of accidents or system malfunctions. Replacing or refilling of the ammonia tank  14  is performed entirely without any accidental release of the reducing agent by using quick-release connectors.  
         [0057]    Another embodiment of the present invention may account for changes to the ambient temperature. Generally, a change in ammonia storage pressure, caused by changes to ambient temperature, will change the amount of ammonia being delivered. In addition, the vapor pressure of ammonia changes with the increase or decrease of the ammonia temperature and therefore, in cold climates, a heater for the ammonia tank  14  may be necessary. For example, a blanket-type heater, which may be controlled by the controller  1 , could maintain the ammonia at a temperature of about 80 to about 110 degrees F. at all times.  
         [0058]    One embodiment of the present invention may employ an open-loop configuration where a pre-programmed map of engine NO x  emissions is used to control the ammonia/urea/aqueous injection rate as a function of engine speed, load, exhaust temp, intake air temp, an other parameters. This open-loop configuration is generally capable of about 80% NO x  reduction. However, an alternative embodiment, employing a closed-loop system may be employed for more demanding applications requiring 90%+ NO x  reduction targets. The closed-loop system may require NO x  sensors of 40−20 ppm NO x  sensitivity having low cross-sensitivity to NH 3  for closed-loop operation. The use of a closed loop system may also minimize the amount of engine calibration work that is generally required in the development of open-loop systems.  
         [0059]    The above-described invention includes several features including: monitoring if the system is being used and how much ammonia is being consumed; a self-diagnostic logic; ammonia leak detection; exhaust backpressure monitoring; data storage and system monitoring; and a Diagnostic Port for Runtime Data and System Information that can be accessed with a portable computer. All the system perimeters of the present invention are adjustable, and the present invention also incorporates easy and safe removal and replacement of ammonia containers.  
         [0060]    In addition to the above-described controller and associated sensors, the present invention also employs several catalysts. Referring to FIG. 3, one embodiment of the present invention may employ three different catalysts in series: a diesel oxidation catalyst, or pre-catalyst  18 , a SCR catalyst  19  and a guard oxidation catalyst or ammonia slip converter  20 . The ammonia is introduced into the exhaust pipe between the pre-catalyst  18  and the SCR  19 . The ammonia then reacts on the SCR catalyst with the NOx present in the exhaust gas to form nitrogen (N 2 ) Finally, the ammonia slip converter  20  eliminates any secondary emissions of ammonia during dynamic operation.  
         [0061]    In the SCR catalyst, ammonia reacts with NOx according to the following reactions:  
         4NH 3 +4NO+O 2 →4N 2 +6H 2 O   (3)  
         2NH 3 +NO+NO 2 →2N 2 +3H 2 O   (4)  
         4NH 3 +2NO 2 +O 2 →3N 2 +6H 2 O   (5)  
         [0062]    Of these three reactions, reaction (4) is appreciably more facile than either reaction (3) or (5), occurring at a significant rate at much lower reaction temperatures. Thus, if an appreciable proportion of the NOx in the exhaust consists of NO 2  (ideally 50%) the SCR catalyst will perform much more efficiently. For this reason, the present invention may include a pre-catalyst  18 , shown in FIG. 3. The pre-catalyst  18  enables a significant improvement in the low temperature NOx removal performance of the present invention. This technology enables simultaneous NOx conversions of 75-90% and PM conversions of 75-90% to be obtained on existing engines.  
         [0063]    In the ammonia slip converter catalyst  20 , ammonia reacts with NOx according to the following reactions:  
         4NH 3 +3O 2 →2N 2 +6H 2 O  
         4HC+5O 2 →4CO 2 +2H 2 O  
         2CO+O 2 →2CO 2    
         [0064]    Generally, a SCR catalyst is a homogenous, extruded base metal catalyst (TiO 2 —V 2 O 5 —WO 3 ). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the SCR catalyst may use a  100  to 400 cpsi/6.5 mil ceramic substrate coated with a V 2 O 5 /WO 3 /TiO 2  mixture.  
         [0065]    In summary, the present invention reliably and instantaneously introduces the correct amount of ammonia to the exhaust gas stream in order to efficiently reduce the amount of noxious NOx. In addition, the present invention synergistically arranges several catalytic converters and particulate traps to achieve a significant reduction in NOx, CO and particulate matter emissions.  
         [0066]    Thus, it is seen that an apparatus and method for control of emissions is provided. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the preferred embodiments, which are presented in this description for purposes of illustration and not of limitation, and the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow. It is noted that various equivalents for the particular embodiments discussed in this description may practice the invention as well.