Abstract:
The present invention relates to methods and compositons for isolation of nucleic acids from cells. In particular aspects, this invention relates to the use of chaotropic compositions, such as guanidine hydrochloride or guanidinium isothiocyanate, in combination with polyanionic compositions, such as those containing sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., heparin or heparitin sulfate), for the isolation of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA). This method involves disrupting and lysing cells using a nucleic acid releasing composition containing a chaotropic component for the release of nucleic acids from the cell (guanidine hydrochloride or guanidinium isothiocyanate). The released nucleic acids are collected by ethanol precipitation and resuspended before exposure to a polyanion-containing protein dissociating composition which promotes the dissociation of nucleic acid associated proteins from the resuspended nucleic acids. The isolated nucleic acids are washed, further collected by ethanol precipitation and resuspended in a selective buffer prior to further use.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The government may own certain rights in the present invention pursuant to NIH grant No. 177590. 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to methods and compositions for isolation of nucleic acids from cells. In particular aspects, this invention relates to the use of chaotropic compositions, such as guanidine hydrochloride or guanidinium isothiocyanate, in combination with polyanionic compositions, such as those containing sulfated polysaccharides (heparin), for the isolation of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Techniques for isolating nucleic acids from cells have been employed for many years. With the increasing importance of molecular biology, biochemistry, virology and cellular biology, along with the recent technological advances in these disciplines, the need for isolated quality nucleic acids has increased considerably. It is not sufficient to now merely ,isolate, nucleic acids prior to their utilization in different experiments. The isolation of nucleic acids is one important initial step in any protocol where the use of nucleic acids is envisioned, whether it be DNA or RNA. In fact, the success of an entire experimental protocol may lie in the initial steps of isolating quality nucleic acids. 
     Thus, within the last few years, it has been an aim of molecular biologists to identify isolation procedures for nucleic acids which yield quality material in acceptable quantities. An important `quality` of the isolated nucleic acid is that the product be essentially free of contaminating substances which might otherwise interfere with subsequent experimental manipulations. For example, the contaminating substances may be proteins or residual compounds or chemicals used during the isolation procedure. 
     It is particularly desirable to isolate nucleic acids that are relatively intact and thus not appreciably degraded. This is important where one seeks to obtain nucleic acids in excess of 10 kilobases. Nucleic acid isolation often precedes a tedious experimental protocol which, more than likely, will require extensive handling and manipulations of the nucleic acids. However, it is often difficult to isolate intact, high molecular weight DNA (size in excess of 15 kilobases) because the size of the DNA itself imposes inherent handling problems (1-3). With this information in mind, and in order to improve recovery of amount of nucleic acid isolated, as well as quality, handling and processing time for isolating nucleic acids are a concern when developing new protocols. 
     Once isolated, nucleic acids will typically need to be dissolved in a buffer of choice. If the isolated nucleic acids is not capable of being dissolved in the required buffer system, then even relatively intact and purified nucleic acids will not be useful. Difficulties in resuspending the isolated nucleic acid product have presented problems (4). Thus, nucleic acid isolation methods should reproducibly generate intact nucleic acids which are essentially free of contaminating substances, which will dissolve in a selective buffer and are, therefore, functional in a variety of different experimental designs (restriction enzyme analyses, cloning into specific vectors, mutating by point mutation, etc.). 
     Enzymes are often employed to assist in purifying nucleic acids free of associated macromolecules, such as protein, lipids, etc. However, the use of enzymes (pronase, RNAse, DNAse, etc.) to selectively eliminate one component involves a risk factor that is difficult to measure. For example, elimination of RNA from DNA samples will require the use of specially purified RNAse that are `essentially DNAse free`. Thus, a valuable sample of DNA is potentially at risk of becoming degraded where even minute amounts of DNAse remain in the RNAse. 
     Inactivating nucleases, inherent components of most cells, present another problem with which the investigator must deal with. When cells are disrupted, nucleases are released which will tend to degrade the nucleic acid sought to be isolated. A variety of denaturants (e.g., urea, SDS, guanidine hydrochloride and guanidinium isothiocyanate) have been employed with varying degrees of success to inactivate endogenous nucleases and proteases (5-11). Unfortunately, these agents alone have not been shown to provide isolated nucleic acids of the highest quality. 
     As noted, it is not uncommon to isolate nucleic acids which are degraded due to the extensive handling required by the individual protocol. The average size of DNA obtained from currently available isolation protocols is typically on the order of about 20-40 kilobases (2,3,7). A protocol which would eliminate some handling would thus offer an advantage over existing protocols. Also, a protocol which would allow for the isolation of even higher molecular weight nucleic acids (e.g., greater than 75 kilobases) would be useful for a variety of different experimental approaches (preparation of cosmid libraries, etc). 
     Organic solvents, such as phenol have also been utilized to aid in the elimination of proteins. Organic solvents are helpful in nucleic acid purification protocols, but present a tedious problem in terms of safety as well as in eliminating traces of remaining solvents. These solvents may retard the dissolution of the nucleic acid into an appropriate buffer as well as hinder further enzymatic manipulation of the nucleic acid (4,11). 
     In light of these and other drawbacks in the prior art for isolating nucleic acids, there is a need for an isolation method which is generally applicable to numerous cell types, as well as reproducible, efficient and inexpensive. The invention disclosed herein presents methods and compositions which allow for the timely, efficient, inexpensive and straightforward purification of nucleic acids without worry of degradation, elimination of wrong components, or producing a product which will not be functional in further experimentation. The invention described herein relates to the efficient purification of high molecular weight nucleic acids (often greater than 75 kilobases) which are relatively free of unwanted components, are essentially intact, are usually able to dissolve in an appropriate buffer system, and are thereby functional in a variety of experimental protocols ranging across many different disciplines of research. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In its broadest scope, the present invention provides a method for the isolation of nucleic acids from a variety of cell sources. This method includes the use of compositions which release and dissociate proteins from nucleic acids. More particularly, the present invention describes a method of nucleic acid isolation which involves the novel use of nucleic acid releasing and protein-dissociating compositions at a level effective to promote the release of nucleic acid-associated proteins. The nucleic acids obtained from this invention will generally be relatively intact and essentially free from contaminating components. Further, they dissolve in a selective buffer and are thereby functional in a variety of protocols. 
     Employing this invention for the isolation of nucleic acids yielded unexpected and surprising results, in that many of the foregoing limitations are routinely eliminated. Combining a chaotropic composition along with a polyanion containing protein dissociating component produces quality nucleic acids from a variety of sources. The methods and compositions described herein have also been found to be efficient and rapid, as well as straightforward. Although the techniques of this invention do not require extensive equipment or technical experience, they are readily adaptable to automation. 
     A method and specific compositions for isolating nucleic acids from cells are detailed. In general, this method involves disrupting and lysing cells using a nucleic acid releasing composition containing a chaotropic component for the release of nucleic acids from the cell. The released nucleic acids are collected by precipitation, such as with ethanol, and resuspended prior to exposure to a polyanion-containing protein dissociating composition. This polyanion-containing protein dissociating composition promotes the dissociation of nucleic acid associated proteins from the resuspended nucleic acids. The isolated nucleic acids are further collected by precipitation, washed and resuspended in a selective buffer prior to further use. Collecting the nucleic acids may be further accomplished by centrifuging the ethanol precipitated nucleic acids. 
     In accordance with the present invention, nucleic acids may be isolated from either eukaryotic or prokaryotic systems. The source of nucleic acids isolated from a eukaryotic system ranges from blood components to solid tissue biopsy samples. The efficacy of the method presented herein does not generally depend on the source of the cells. However, it is contemplated that this protocol will prove effective with a wide range of cell types and sources from different species, tissues and the like. 
     In accordance of this invention, the phrase nucleic acids shall be defined to comprise either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) or both. In certain instances where specific identification is required, the individual terms DNA or RNA shall be used. If the specific identification is not required then the general phrase nucleic acids will be employed. 
     Although advantages will be realized without the use of enzymes, enzymes can be employed to specifically eliminate RNA or DNA (defined as RNAse or DNAse, respectively). Furthermore, there are a number of different proteases known to those skilled in the art which effectively digest proteins. While any one of these are suitable for protein digestion, optimum results are obtained with proteinase K (e.g., in a 0.5% vol/vol sarcosyl solution, about 100 micrograms/ml, 30-60 minutes at 37° C.). 
     Disruption and lysing of cells is achieved in accordance with the invention through the use of a nucleic acid releasing composition containing a chaotropic component. As used herein, the phrase `nucleic acid releasing composition containing a chaotropic component` refers generally to chemical compositions which effectively promote the release of nucleic acids and proteins by dissolving the cells through the action of disruption and lysis. The nucleic acid releasing composition will preferably contain a chaotropic agent, salt, detergent and a reducing agent. However, many of the individual, major compounds found in the nucleic acid releasing composition will often be a matter of choice, as discussed below. 
     Of particular interest to this overall disclosure is the release of nucleic acids and proteins, as well as endogenous proteases and nucleases, which occurs during the disruption and lysis of the cells. During the initial disruption and lysis step, the endogenous proteases and nucleases should be effectively and instantaneously inactivated. This inactivation is necessary for protecting the released nucleic acids from rapid degradation. Inactivation of the endogenous proteases and nucleases is achieved through the inclusion of a chaotropic component in the nucleic acid releasing composition. 
     The chaotropic component of the nucleic acid releasing composition is both an effective protein denaturant and a strong inhibitor of nucleases. The effect of a chaotropic agent on growing cells is an almost instantaneous dissolution of the cells. Typically chaotropic agents useful in the practice of the invention include guanidine hydrochloride, guanidinium isothiocyanate and urea. Agents having chaotropic capability which are useful in releasing nucleic acids from chromatin structures will generally be familiar to those skilled in the art. While all the foregoing chaotropic agents will provide advantages in accordance with the invention, the use of guanidinium isothiocyanate or guanidine hydrochloride is particularly preferred for optimum nucleic acid isolation. 
     Effective concentrations for the above compounds are generally known to those familiar with the art. Usually, the molarities of guanidine-containing chaotropic agents effective for cellular disruption and lysis range from concentrations of about 3M to about 7M guanidine. In the inventors` hands, optimum results are typically obtained with about 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate. However, the use of other chaotropic components in the known ranges would also be effective. 
     In certain embodiments, and particularly with regard to the nucleic acid releasing composition, it will often prove beneficial to incorporate a surface-active anionic detergent to further aid in lysis and disruption of the cells. The type of anionic detergent included in this solution is not critical, and to those skilled in the art, it is apparent that either sarcosyl, sarcosine, sodium dodecyl sulfate (lauryl sulfate) or lithium dodecyl sulfate would likely prove equally as effective. 
     A further component which may be included in the nucleic acid releasing composition is a sulfhydryl reducing agent which aids in the disruption and lysis of the cells, as well as the dissociation of the proteins from the nucleic acids. A variety of different sulfhydryl reducing agents may be employed, with mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol (DTT) being preferred. 
     Typically, the nucleic acid releasing composition will further include salt, at a concentration effective to aid in the dissociation, purification and eventual dissolution of the isolated nucleic acids. Salt concentrations ranging from about 0.lM to about 0.9M are generally effective in dissociating proteins from nucleic acids. Optimum results are usually obtained with a salt concentration of about 0.4M to 0.6M. The type of salt included in the nucleic acid releasing composition is not critical. For example, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate or other derivatives thereof, would suffice, however, optimum results are obtained with either sodium chloride or sodium acetate. 
     As noted, the method of this invention further involves the use of a polyanion-containing protein-dissociating composition to promote the effective dissociation of the resuspended nucleic acids from the proteins. This composition is comprised generally of a sulfated polysaccharide containing a polyanion component. The effective concentrations of the sulfated polysaccharide will preferably range from about 0.1 to 1.0 milligram per milliliter. Optimum concentrations for the sulfated polysaccharide will be more or less in the range of the concentration of DNA in the sample (e.g. from 0.2 to 1.2 milligram per milliliter). The preferred sulfated polysaccharide polyanion for use in the practice of the invention is heparin. However, other sulfated polysaccharides are known in the art and it is proposed that these alternatives will provide benefits in accordance with the invention. For example, heparitin sulfate (heparan sulfate), would also suffice in the polyanion-containing protein-dissociating composition. With regard to heparin, the particular salt employed in not believed to be particularly crucial. However, preferably either the sodium or lithium derivative is employed, with lithium being preferred. 
     In certain further embodiments, the polyanion-containing protein-dissociating composition will further include a phosphate source (preferably sodium derivative) in the range of about 10 to 25 mM. The inclusion of phosphate aids in solubilizing of the chromatin, often 95% or more. Less rapid and incomplete solubilization is obtained with potassium salt. Sulfate components, ATP and GTP may also be effective in aiding in the solubilization of chromatin. However, for optimal chromatin solubilization, the polyanion-containing protein-dissociating composition should contain phosphate in concentrations ranging from 2 mM to 10 mM. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1. Analysis of Isolated DNA from K562 Cells and Peripheral Blood Cells 
     DNA was isolated from about 5×10 6  K562 cells or from leukapheresis samples of peripheral blood cells according to the protocol presented in the Detailed Description of the Invention. K562 cell line was derived from a Philadelphia chromosome positive patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (12). The peripheral blood was obtained from patients, with one form of leukemia, from the Department of Hematology, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel and the buffer system was TAE (0.04M Tris Acetate, 0.001M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA was stained with etidium bromide (500 micrograms per liter) in 1×TAE and photographed under ultraviolet light. The molecular weight markers in lanes 1 and 8 are Hind III digested lambda DNA: 23.1 Kb, 9.4 Kb, 6.6 Kb, 4.4 Kb, 2.3 Kb, 2.0 Kb and 0.56 Kb, as well as Hae III digested φ×174 DNA: 1.35 Kb, 1.08 Kb, 0.87 Kb, 0.60 Kb, 0.28 Kb and 0.23 Kb, respectively. Lanes 2 and 3 are undigested K562  DNA, lanes 4 through 7 are undigested DNA obtained from leukapheresis samples of peripheral blood cell from patients WC, EF, RL and RM. 
     FIG. 2. Restriction Enzyme Digestion of Human Genomic DNA 
     The isolated DNA was digested with a predetermined restriction enzyme overnight at 37° C. The restricted DNA was then separated on an agarose gel (0.7%) and run in TAE buffer at 20 volts for 17 hours. The DNA was stained with ethidium bromide (500 μl/1 in 1×TAE) and photographed under ultraviolet light. Hind III digested lambda DNA and Hae III digested φ×174 were used for molecular weight markers. 
     Lanes 1 and 2 Molecular Weight Markers 
     Lanes 3 DNA `EF` Digested with BamH I 
     Lane 4 DNA `EF` Digested with Bg2II 
     Lane 5 DNA `EF` Digested with EcoRI 
     Lane 6 DNA `EF` Digested with Hind III 
     Lane 7 DNA `EF` Digested with Pst I 
     Lane 8 DNA `EF` Digested with Pvu II 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Overview of Procedure for Nucleic Acid Isolation 
     As noted, the practice of the invention is believed to be applicable to the isolation of any nucleic acid polymer, regardless of source or amount of material to work with. Due to the relative ease and efficiency of isolation using the present technique, the invention will likely find particular application in the isolation of nucleic acids where only minute amounts of materials are available. Set forth below is a preferred protocol for practicing the isolation technique of the invention, set forth in a manner which is directly applicable to isolation starting with a relatively small sample, e.g., about 0.5 to 5 million cells or so. Where larger samples are employed one will desire to simply increase the proportions of materials accordingly. Of course, in light of the following disclosure, those of skill will recognize that many modifications can be made in this procedure and nevertheless obtain benefits in accordance with the invention. 
     In the practice of preferred aspects of the invention, about 0.5 to 5×10 6  cells are dissolved in 400 microliters of the nucleic acid releasing composition (solution I). For larger amounts of starting material, the cells or tissue should be dissolved in a 4% volume/volume or weight/volume solution of the releasing composition employed. One will generally dissolve the cells in the releasing composition by simply swirling them in the releasing composition in a manner to achieve a uniform disruption and dissolution of cellular debris. Optimal results are obtained when the cells are dispersed or suspended in a small volume (e.g., up to about 1/10 volume) of physiological saline. However, certain cells may be particularly difficult to disrupt, such as yeast, bacteria or plants. In such instances, more strenuous mechanical assistance, such as vortexing or even homogenization, may be needed. Improved dissolution of bacterial cells may be effected by the addition of 1/10 volume of 10 N NaOH for 5 minutes with gentle swirling followed by the addition of 1/10 volume glacial acetic acid and centrifugation of the precipitate. 
     Once solubilized in the releasing compositions, the nucleic acid is found to be particularly stable, probably due to the highly chaotropic nature of the releasing composition employed which effectively inhibits degrading enzymes as well as microbial growth. It is believed that the lysed cells can be stored, preferably in the dark, at room temperature up to 6-8 months and perhaps longer without degradation of nucleic acids. 
     Once the cells have been solubilized to the extent possible in the releasing composition, it may be found for certain cell types or nucleic acid sources such as plants or yeast that there may be some degree of insoluble debris. In these instances, one will probably desire to remove any such insoluble debris. This can most readily be achieved by simply centrifuging the mixture to a degree that will pellet any such debris. Centrifugation will generally prove the easiest and most effective means of removing debris, but other means can be employed. 
     One will then desire to remove the solubilized nucleic acids from the solution by precipitation. Precipitation is a fairly important aspect of the invention in that, due to the ability to more or less preferentially precipitate nucleic acids as opposed to other cellular components such as proteins, it results in a significant purification of nucleic acids. Precipitation of DNA is most readily achieved by the addition of room temperature absolute ethanol, for example, at a level of about 2.5 volumes (thus making the solution about 70% ethanol). While ethanol precipitation is preferred, there are likely other means of precipitation which can be employed where desired, such as the addition of room temperature 2-propanol (isopropanol), at a level of about 1 volume (thus making the solution about 50% isopropanol). The precipitation is initiated by rocking the tube to gently mix the two solutions. Interestingly, the inventor has found that precipitation at room temperature is quite effective, and avoids potential problems of precipitation of RNA and proteins. 
     The precipitated material can then be collected by standard techniques such as decanting or pipetting off the supernatant. For smaller amounts of starting materials, the precipitated nucleic acids may be collected by simply centrifuging this preparation in a standard low speed blood bank centrifuge. Of course, centrifugation is not crucial and if done excessively may actually cause DNA to clump. Other separation techniques may be employed for removing the precipitated nucleic acids, including even manual removal of the supernatant with a pipette, e.g., where larger amounts of materials are being dealt with. 
     Following precipitation, the liquid is decanted or aspirated off and the tube containing the precipitated DNA is inverted and allowed to drain on its side to allow the substantial removal of the alcohol-dissolving solution containing the solubilized cell components. Usually, no more than 5 minutes is required. This preparation does not need to be dried because drying will both concentrate any contaminants and also render the DNA more difficult to solubilize because of compacting. 
     For the purposes of RNA isolation, after cells have been solubilized in the nucleic acid releasing composition and the DNA precipitated by the addition of 21/2 vol ethanol at room temperature and removed, the remaining solution of solubilized cells, in approximately 70% ethanol, is placed at -20° C. for approximately one hour and the RNA precipitated by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C. Immediately after removal of DNA, the yield of RNA in some types of samples can be improved by lowering the pH, for example by addition of acid, such as glacial acetic acid at from 1/50 v/v to 1:3 v/v. 
     After precipitation, the RNA is redissolved in the releasing composition, reprecipitated within 2 to 21/2 vol ethanol at -20° for one hour then the RNA is repelleted by centrifugation at 10,000 g×15 min. at 4° C. At this point, the RNA can be treated in a variety of manners which are most consistent with its ultimate use: (1) it can be washed twice in cold 70% ethanol, sedimented and dried and resuspended in DEP treated water or the buffer of choice; (2) it can be dissolved in a modified polyanion solution (called Solution II-R) which is 1 mM EDTA, pH8; 10 mM Na phosphate, pH 7.2; and 500 μg/ml lithium heparin (e.g., Sigma Type IV) in diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP) treated water, precipitated by the addition of 21/2 vol high-salt ethanol (Solution III), cooled to -20° C. for one hour, centrifuged at 10,000 g×15 minutes at 4° C., then washed twice in cold 70% ethanol, sedimented, dried and resuspended in DEP treated water or the buffer of choice; or (3) it can be dissolved PK buffer (0.1M Tris-Cl, pH7.4, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 0.2% SDS), treated with proteinase K to a final concentration of 200 μg/ml for 1-2 hours at 37° C., heated to 60° C., then 0.5 vol 60° C. water saturated phenol is added, followed by 0.5 vol chloroform/isoamyl (24:1), mixed for 10 minutes at 60° C., cooled on ice, centrifuged at 2000g×10 minutes at 4° C., reextracted again with phenol/chloroform-isoamyl alcohol at  60° C., twice with chloroform-isoamylalcohol at room temperature, precipitated with 2 1/2 vol ethanol, washed x 2 in 70% ethanol and resuspended in DEP treated water or buffer of choice. 
     For DNA, once the excess ethanol has been removed from the DNA, the material is dissolved in the polyanion-containing protein dissociating composition. This step is an important aspect of the invention because at this point the DNA will still tend to have a significant amount of proteins and/or chromatin material associated with it. To accomplish the polyanion-mediated protein dissociation, one will desire to dissolve the nucleic acid sample in about 1 volume of the polyanion-containing protein-dissociating solution (e.g., solution II) by gentle swirling. (Thus, where the starting cells were brought up originally in about 400 microliters of solution I, one will desire to employ about 400 microliters of solution II at this step). The weight of the Li-heparin in the DNA/Solution II should approximate the weight of DNA therein. 
     At this point, one may occasionally desire to employ one or more enzyme treatments to assist in removing unwanted materials. For example, where one desires to isolate DNA, one may desire to employ a DNAse-free RNAse in order to assist in the removal of RNA. Additionally, to remove proteins, a protease such as pronase or proteinase K treatment may be employed. If a protease digestion is employed, it has been found to be preferred to include a detergent such as SDS at a concentration of about 0.1% vol/vol. Techniques for the carrying out of such digestions are well known to those of skill in the art. Of course, where one desires to employ both a nuclease and protease, it will generally be desirable to conduct the nuclease treatment prior to the protease treatment, to take advantage of the proteases ability to assist in removing the nuclease. 
     After dissolution of the nucleic acid in the dissociating composition, and any enzymatic digestion which may be desired, the nucleic acids are then again precipitated by the addition of high salt in ethanol followed by gently mixing. The supernatant is then decanted. Centrifugation at 500 g or less for 1 min. or less may e helpful in recovering DNA from very small samples. The DNA is then washed in a lower concentration of salt in ethanol and then in aqueous ethanol. Finally, the DNA is suspended in water or buffer of choice using gentle rocking if necessary to aid in dissolution. 
     Should the resuspended DNA be too dilute to be useful, the DNA can again be reprecipated by the addition of about 2 volumes of high salt ethanol solution, washed with low salt ethanol, followed by aqueous ethanol. It is then redissolved in an appropriately smaller volume. The sample of isolated nucleic acids is now ready for further experimentation. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The examples which follow are illustrative of laboratory techniques found by the present inventor to constitute preferred modes for practicing various aspects of the invention. However, those of skill in the art, in light of the present disclosure, will appreciate that various modifications and alterations can be made in the structuring and carrying out of the invention, and still remain within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     The materials and methods listed below were employed in carrying out the studies reported in the particular enumerated examples which follow. 
     Procedure for DNA Isolation 
     1. Five×10 5  to 1×10 7  cells are dissolved in about 400 microliters of Solution I (Nucleic Acid Releasing Composition). For larger amounts of material (e.g., white blood cells from persons with leukemia, leukapheresis samples, or solid tissue) 3×10 7  cells per ml Solution I or a 4% solution (vol/vol or wt/vol) of cells or minced tissue is prepared using Solution I (gently rocking at room temperature (RT)). It is believed that the lysed cells can be stored in the dark at room temperature for up to several months without appreciable degradation. 
     2. Assuming a starting volume of 400 μl, about 2.5 volumes of room temperature absolute ethanol (i.e., about 1 ml) is added to precipitate DNA. The tube is rocked for 30 seconds to gently mix the two solutions. 
     3. For very small amounts of starting materials, the nucleic acids may be collected by spinning this preparation in a standard blood bank centrifuge (e.g., Scientific Products, Model #C1387), 500X, 1 minute, room temperature. The liquid is then decanted or aspirated off and the tube with the collected nucleic acid allowed to drain on its side for 2-5 minutes (do not dry under vacuum). 
     4 Then, about 1 volume (i.e., 400 microliters) of Solution II (Polyanion-Containing Protein-Dissociating Composition) is added and the mixture gently swirled to allow the contents to dissolve. 
     5. For routine Southern blotting, Option 1 and Option 2, shown below, are not necessary. However, for other uses these options may be advantageously employed: 
     OPTION 1. Add 100 μg/ml DNAse free RNAse, incubate at 37° C., 30-60 minutes. 
     OPTION 2. Add 1/4 vol 5x PK buffer (0.5M Tris-Cl pH 7.4, 0.25M NaCl, 0.05M EDTA, 1% vol/vol SDS), proteinase K (100-200 μg/ml.), incubate at 37° C., 30-60 minutes. 
     6. About 2 volumes (i.e., 800 microliters) of Solution III (0.5M Na Acetate in 75% ethanol) is then added, and the mixture rocked gently to precipitate the desired DNA. For very small concentrations of starting material, the collection of the precipitated DNA may be facilitated if the sample is centrifuged as described in Step 3. 
     7. The precipitated DNA is then washed two times with 800 microliters (2 volumes) of Solution IV (0.075M Na Acetate in 75% ethanol). If needed in order to collect the precipitated material, the centrifugation may be repeated. 
     8. The precipitated nucleic acid is then washed one time with 800-1200 microliters (2-3 volumes) of 70% ethanol. If needed, the centrifugation is repeated. 
     9. The precipitated nucleic acid is then dissolved in an appropriate amount of a desired buffer, such as IX TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA pH8) or water. The preparation can be placed on a rocker or incubated at room temperature (or 37° C.) for about 10-60 minutes to allow dissolution of the precipitated nucleic acid. The nucleic acid is now ready for further analysis. 
     Solutions Employed for Nucleic Acid Isolation Procedure 
     SOLUTION I NUCLEIC ACID RELEASING COMPOSITION 
     4M guanidinium isothiocyanate 
     25mM Na Citrate pH 7.0 
     0.5% sarcosyl 
     0.1M mercaptoethanol 
     0.5M Na Acetate 
     SOLUTION II POLYANION-CONTAINING PROTEIN-DISSOCIATING COMPOSITION 
     10mM EDTA pH 7.6 
     10mM Na Phosphate pH 7.2 
     500μg/ml lithium heparin (Sigma Type IV) 
     SOLUTION III 
     75% ethanol 
     0.5M Na Acetate 
     SOLUTION IV 
     75% ethanol 
     0.075M Na Acetate 
     SOLUTION V 
     absolute ethanol (room temperature) 
     SOLUTION VI 
     70% ethanol (room temperature 
     SOLUTION VII 
     DNAse free RNAse 
     SOLUTION VIII 
     RNAse free DNAse 
     SOLUTION IX 
     proteinase K 
     Chemical Formulations of Solutions for Nucleic Acid Isolation Procedure 
     SOLUTION I NUCLEIC ACID RELEASING COMPOSITION 
     250 g guanidinium isothiocyanate 
     293 mls H 2  O 
     17.6 mls 0.75M Na Citrate pH 7.0 
     26.4 mls 10% sarcosyl 
     35.9 g Na Acetate 
     Heat to 65° C. to dissolve. Solution I is completed by adding 0.72 ml mercaptoethanol/100 ml stock. This completed Solution I is stable for one month at room temperature. 
     SOLUTION II POLYANION-CONTAINING PROTEIN-DISSOCIATING COMPOSITION 
     2 ml 0.5M EDTA pH 7.6 
     1 ml lM Na Phosphate pH 7.2 
     or 0.8 ml 1M Na 2  HPO 4  and 0.2 ml 1M 
     NaH2P04 
     92.5 ml H 2  O 
     50 mg lithium heparin 
     SOLUTION III 
     25 ml 2M Na Acetate 
     75 ml absolute ethanol 
     SOLUTION IV 
     25 ml 0.3M Na Acetate 
     75 ml absolute ethanol 
     SOLUTION VII 
     DNAse free RNAse 100 μg/ml (Cat no 109142 Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals or equivalent (BMB)) 
     SOLUTION VIII 
     RNAse free DNAse (BMB Cat No. 776785) 
     SOLUTION IX 
     Proteinase K 100 μg/ml (BMB Cat. No. 161519) 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Comparison of A 260  /A 280  Ratios and Amount of Recovered DNA from Either One or Five×10 6  K562 Cells 
     DNA was isolated from ranges of from 0.5 or 1×10 6  K562 cells according to the above described protocol. The isolated DNA was resuspended in water and the absorbance at 260 nm, 280 nm and 320 nm was determined in a standard spectrophotometer. The data, averaged for several experiments, is presented in Table I. 
     When the starting amount of cells is 1×10 6  (as determined by a hemacytometer or by Coulter counter), the spectrophotometric readings for A 260 , A 280  and A 320  were reproducible as determined by the amount of variance observed from reading to reading. A low variance was also observed when determining the amount of DNA recovered from 1×10 6  cells (+/-7 μg). The average A 260  /A 280  ratio observed from 1×10 6  cells was 1.72. This is indicative of little remaining residual protein in the DNA preparations. The average amount of recovered DNA isolated from 1×10 6  cells was 25 μl per million cells. 
     When isolating DNA from 0.5×10 6  K562 cells, according to the protocol described above, the reproducibility was maintained from one experiment to another when analyzing the amount of recovered DNA and the A 260  /A 280  ratio. The amount of recovered DNA was 23.9 μl per 1×10 6  K562 cells. This amount was similar to the that which was recovered from 1×10 6  cells. The A 260  /A 280  ratio obtained when isolating DNA from 0.5×10 6  cells was almost identical to the ratio obtained when isolating DNA from 1×10 6  cells (Table I). This indicated that the yield of recovered DNA was similar regardless of the starting amount of cells. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________A.sub.260 /A.sub.280 RATIOS AND AMOUNT OFRECOVERED DNA FROM 1 AND 0.5 × 10.sup.6 K562 CELLS______________________________________Starting cell number          1 × 10.sup.6                       0.5 × 10.sup.6number of isolations          12           3A.sub.260 nm   0.334+/-0.094                       0.159+/-0.004A.sub.280 nm   0.193+/-0.062                       0.093+/-0.003A.sub.260 /A.sub.280 nm          1.72         1.71A.sub.320 nm   0.041+/-0.022                       0.017+/-0.004DNA per total volume          25.0+/-7.0 μg                       11.9+/-0.3 μgDNA per million cells          25.0+/-7.0 μg                       23.9+/-0.6 μg______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Analysis of Isolated DNA from K562 Cells and Peripheral Blood Cells 
     DNA was isolated from 1×10 6  K562 cells or from 7 mls of leukaphoresis samples of peripheral blood cells according to the above described protocol. The isolated DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under ultraviolet light. The amount of degradation as well as contaminating RNA in this preparation of DNA was determined by carefully analyzing the gel. As was observed in FIG. 1, there was very little contaminating RNA migrating at a faster rate on the 1% agarose gel. The appearance of the expected high molecular weight bands from the undigested forms of the isolated DNA indicated that the isolated DNA was essentially intact and therefore, not degraded. 
     The appearance of a `smear` of DNA above and below undigested DNA bands would be an indication of degraded DNA. As was observed in FIG. 1, there was no discernible `smear` above and below the bands of DNA, thus, the isolated DNA appeared to be intact. This preparation of isolated DNA had very little RNA remaining as well. 
     Next, the ability of the isolated DNA to be successfully digested with selected restriction endonucleases was assessed. In these studies, the isolated DNA was digested with a predetermined restriction endonuclease overnight at 37° C. The enzyme treated DNA was then separated on an agarose gel (0.7%) and the gel electrophoresed in TAE buffer at 20 volts for 17 hours. The DNA was stained with ethidium bromide (500 μg/l in 1×TAE) and photographed under ultraviolet light. Hind II digested lambda and Hae III digested phi φ×174 DNA were used for molecular weight markers. 
     The results of the foregoing restriction enzyme 2 analysis is shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen, the `EF` DNA sample tested in this assay was capable of being digested significantly with each of the enzymes tested, including BamHi, BgIII, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI and PvuII. The results shown in FIG. 2 should be compared to those shown for the undigested DNA sample, found in lane 5 of FIG. 1, which is believed to dramatically demonstrate the ability of the isolated DNA to be enzymatically digested. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Southern Blot of DNA Isolated from the Above Described Method 
     To test the functionality of the isolated DNA from the above protocol, a Southern blot may be performed. The isolated DNA is separated on an agarose gel, stained, photographed, transferred to nitrocellulose filter, probed with a radioactive indicator, washed, dried, exposed to x-ray film, developed and then analyzed for the proper cross reactivity depending on the indicator used. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis on DNA Isolated with the Above Mentioned Protocol 
     The DNA isolated by employing the above described protocol may further analyzed by pulse field electrophoresis. This gel system allows the investigator to analyze high molecular weight DNA (greater than 75 kilobases) for assessing its molecular weight. This size determination is done by comparing the isolated test DNA to DNA isolated from a control DNA exemplary techniques for performing suitable pulse field gel electrophoresis is set forth in reference 13. 
     The references listed below are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for or teach methodology, techniques and/or compositions employed herein. 
     REFERENCES 
     1. Bahnak, Nucleic Acids Res., 16(3):1208-1211, 1988. 
     2. Gustafson et al., Analytical Biochemistry, 165:294-299, 1987. 
     3. Lippke et al., Applied Environmental Microbiology, 53:2588-2589, 1987. 
     4. Jeanpierre, Nucleic Acids Res., 15(22):9611-9612, 1987. 
     5. Holm et al., Gene, 42:169-173, 1986. 
     6. Hoffman et al., Gene, 57:267-272, 1987. 
     7. Krawetz et al., J. Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 12:29-36, 1986. 
     8. Bowtell, Analytical Biochemistry, 162:463-465, 1987. 
     9. Miller et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 16(3):1215, 1988. 
     10. Chirgwin et al., Biochemistry, 18:5294, 1979. 
     11. Noll, et al., Methods in Enzymology, Volume XII, &#34;Nucleic Acids&#34;, Part B, 129-160, 1968. 
     12. Lozzio, C.B. and Lozzio, B.B., Blood 45:321-334, 1975. 
     13. Lai et al. (198a), Biotechnicues, 7:34-42. 
     While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the composition, methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.