Abstract:
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system supplies electric power to computers, medical apparatus or other critical loads when a primary power supply fails. The UPS system includes an electrical machine drivingly connected to a turbine which can be rotated by a motive fluid from a fluid supply. The electrical machine can be a dual purpose electrical machine (a motor/generator) or a two unit machine (one motor and one generator in a single housing or in separate housings) drivingly connected to a turbine which can be rotated by a motive fluid supply. When power is supplied from the primary power supply to the critical load, the electrical machine acts as a motor to rotate the turbine, and energy is stored by the turbine rotor in the form of rotational momentum. When power from the primary power supply fails, the rotational momentum of the turbine rotor initially rotates the electrical machine which acts as a generator to provide power to the critical load. If the power loss or failure is extended, the turbine motor is driven by combustion products, steam, compressed gases or other motive fluids to maintain the rotary motion of the turbine and the generator.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems which provide electric power to critical loads when primary power supplies fail due to total power losses or deterioration which is that the power does not satisfy the end users&#39; requirements. 
     UPS systems are widely used to assure that, when a primary power supply fails due to equipment malfunction, downed lines or other reasons, electric power will continue to be supplied to critical loads such as hospital operating room equipment, computer systems and computerized manufacturing equipment. UPS systems avoid equipment failures, costly downtime and equipment damage. 
     UPS systems traditionally take two basic forms, inverter-based and rotary. A typical inverter-based UPS system has a utility-powered rectifier connected to a DC buss which charges a string of chemical storage batteries. When the primary power supply fails, electronic circuitry converts direct current from the batteries into alternating current which operates the critical load. In an off-line or line-interactive UPS, this AC output is used to power the critical load only when power is unavailable from the primary power supply. In a double conversion UPS, the AC output provides power to the critical load at all times. 
     A typical rotary UPS uses a motor which drives a generator. The generator supplies alternating current to the critical load at all times. The motor is typically a DC motor that is driven during normal operations by rectified DC from the primary power supply, and driven during primary power supply interruptions by a battery string. During very brief power interruptions, the rotational momentum of the motor and generator can supply power to the critical load. 
     For inverter-based and rotary UPS systems, flywheel systems are available as a clean and reliable alternative or complement to chemical batteries. Such flywheel systems include a flywheel connected to an electrical machine which can operate as a motor and as a generator. The electrical machine is powered by the DC buss to operate as a motor when acceptable power is being received from the primary power supply. When power from the primary power supply fails, the electrical machine is rotated by the kinetic energy of the flywheel, and it acts as a generator to supply power to the DC buss. 
     Large UPS systems in the range of 20KW to 2 MW often use prime movers (fuel-burning engines) to drive backup generators during prolonged power outages. The prime movers are costly and complicated, and they require extensive ongoing maintenance. The engines may fail to start, resulting in loss of power to the critical load. In some localities, ordinances limit the running time or the number of starts per year of the engines for backup generators, which limits testing and overall usefulness of such systems. 
     Energy storage systems currently used to provide power to a DC buss are expensive and complicated. In battery energy storage systems, there is a risk that undetected battery damage or corrosion of battery terminals will result in a failure to deliver power when needed. Batteries have a limited life and they require expensive ventilation, drainage, air conditioning and frequent maintenance. Flywheel energy storage systems, while avoiding most disadvantages of batteries, are expensive since they are mechanically complex and they require complicated power electronics. 
     In some existing systems, power from the primary power supply is rectified and transmitted to a DC buss, converted to low frequency AC by a converter, and used to power a critical load. The associated UPS system has a high speed gas turbine, and a backup generator driven by the turbine. The backup generator is a brushless permanent magnet alternator which generates high frequency AC which is rectified and transmitted to the DC buss. The DC output buss provides power to an inverter, and the inverter converts the DC to a low frequency AC which powers the critical load. When the power from the primary power supply is present, the turbine rotor is stationary. When a brief outage occurs, a battery string supports the DC buss. When there is an extended power failure, a battery is connected to the generator which then, acting as a motor, brings the turbine rotor up to speed. When a predetermined minimum speed is attained, fuel is supplied to the gas turbine to sustain the rotation of the turbine, and power from the generator is supplied to the DC buss. Such systems are expensive and complicated compared to the present invention because they require a separate energy storage system. 
     A primary object of the present invention is to provide a UPS which is less complicated and less expensive than existing battery/generator/turbine UPS systems of the type described above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one respect, the method of the invention is performed by supplying electric power from said primary power source to said motor means to rotate said turbine rotor which stores kinetic energy as rotational momentum; and, operating said apparatus in an emergency mode in which said machine rotor is rotated by rotational momentum of said turbine rotor to supply electric power to a critical load. 
     Preferably, the turbine rotor includes a plurality of parallel discs which are separated by spaces, and the method includes the step of introducing motive fluid from the fluid supply into peripheral regions of said spaces to rotate said turbine rotor. The motive fluid may be provided by (1) burning a fuel to produce an exhaust gas, and using said exhaust gas as said motive fluid (2) providing a source of compressed gas, and using said compressed gas as said motive fluid, or (3) boiling water to produce steam, and using said steam as said motive fluid. 
     According to the preferred method, the primary power source is disconnected from the critical load when the primary power source fails. The electric power supplied to the critical load may be direct current or alternating current. 
     In another respect, the method of the invention is performed by supplying electric power to a rotary electrical machine which is operating in a motor mode, while transmitting rotational motion from said electrical machine to a rotor of a turbine whereby said rotor stores kinetic energy in the form of rotational momentum; transmitting said rotational momentum of said rotor to said electrical machine when the primary power source fails; and, operating said electrical machine in a generator mode to supply electric power to said critical load. Preferably, a flow of motive fluid to said rotor is directed to the rotor to prevent its rotational deceleration. 
     In yet another respect, the method of the invention includes the steps of (1) operating an apparatus in a non-emergency mode in which power is supplied from the primary power supply to said electrical machine, said fluid supply is inactive, and said electrical machine rotates said turbine rotor which stores kinetic energy as rotational momentum; and, (2) activating said fluid supply to direct motive fluid to the turbine rotor to sustain rotation of the turbine rotor and the electrical machine rotor to generate electric power which is supplied to the critical load. Preferably, after the primary power supply has failed and before the fluid supply is activated, the apparatus is operated in a transitional mode in which rotational momentum of said turbine rotor rotates said electrical machine rotor to generate electric power which is supplied to the critical load. 
     When the electrical machine has a motor unit and a generator unit which have separate windings from each other, and the apparatus is operating in its non-emergency mode, said motor unit drives said generator unit, and said generator unit generates electric power for the critical load. When said electrical machine includes a dual purpose unit which operates as a motor at some times and as a generator at other times, said unit is operated as a motor when the apparatus is in its non-emergency mode and it is operated as a generator when the apparatus is in its emergency mode. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of the invention, including a fragmentary view of a preferred turbine design; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of the invention which is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1 but includes circuitry for correcting small disturbances in the power from the primary power supply by making waveform injections into the power transmitted to the critical load. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of the invention in which the UPS is on-line in the respect that it supplies power to the critical load when suitable power is available and when the primary power supply has failed. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the system of FIG. 1, a turbine  2  has its rotor  4  drivingly connected to the rotor  6  of a rotary electrical machine  8  which is operable, at different times, as a motor and as a generator. The shafts of the turbine rotor  4  and the electrical machine rotor  6  are coupled together, either directly or indirectly by gearing or other means, so that the electrical machine rotor  6  can drive the turbine rotor  4 , and the turbine rotor can drive the electrical machine rotor. Many kinds of motor/generator machines  8  can be used but, due to their simplicity and low cost, switched reluctance machines and homopolar inductor alternator machines are preferred. 
     The primary power supply represented schematically by box  10  in FIG. 1 can be an electric utility, a cogenerator, a small power producer, or a user-operated system; and it can include generation facilities, transmission lines, distribution networks and other components known in the industry. 
     At the end user&#39;s site, there is a controller  14  and a critical load  16  (a computer system, automated manufacturing equipment, etc.) which normally receives electric power from the primary power supply via the distribution line  12 , a local conductor  18 , and a normally closed static switch  20 . The controller  14  includes power electronics of a type known in the art which can drive the electrical machine at a variable frequency. The power electronics can also receive power from the electrical machine at a variable frequency and convert it to a constant frequency to power the critical load. 
     The controller  14  has an input line  24  connected to the transmission line, a power line  26  connected to the motor/generator  8 , a control line  27  connected to the static switch  20 , and a control line  28  connected to a combustion system  30 . The combustion system  30  and the nozzle  44  constitute a fluid supply which is normally inactive but is capable, when activated, to direct a flow of, motive fluid (exhaust gases) against the turbine rotor  4  to rotate the turbine. 
     Preferably, the turbine  2  is a Testa turbine of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,061,206, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The Tesla turbine  2  shown in FIG. 1 has a rotor shaft  34  and a plurality of parallel discs  38  which are rotationally fixed to the shaft and are separated by annular spaces  40 . A stationary housing  42  encloses the discs. A fluid supply includes a tangential nozzle  44  for introducing steam, combustion products, or other motive fluids tangentially into the housing  42 , and into the peripheral regions of the spaces  40  between the discs  38 . The boundary layer effect of the motive fluid on the surfaces of discs  38  rotates the turbine rotor, and the fluid moves in an inward spiral toward the turbine shaft. The fluid exits from the spaces  40  via aligned exhaust holes  46  in the discs, and it flows into opposed exhaust chambers  48  which lead to exhaust conduits  50 . Axial thrust on the rotor is minimized by using this opposed dual exhaust system. If desired, a flywheel may be mounted on the turbine shaft to provide a greater moment of inertia and angular momentum. 
     Combustion products are the preferred motive fluid for the turbine. Such combustion products are generated by the combustion system  30  which receives and mixes fuel and air from a fuel supply  52  and an air supply  54 . The combustion system ignites and burns the fuel, and the resulting exhaust gases are directed by the turbine nozzle  44  against the turbine rotor to drive the turbine. 
     The turbine system may have conventional components known in the art, including compressors for fuel and air, igniters, separate combustion chambers, cooling systems and various devices such as recuperators that are used to improve turbine efficiency. 
     The Tesla turbine has a number of advantages over traditional bladed turbines, including: simplicity of construction, low cost, high tolerance for particulate contaminants in the air and fuel, reduced maintenance requirements, low audible noise, adaptability for use with multiple fuels, low rotor stress concentrations, high moment of inertia per unit of mass, high moment of inertia per unit of volume, ability to operate at higher tip speeds, ability to store more energy as angular momentum, and reduced thrust bearing requirements when opposed dual exhausts are used. 
     When the primary power supply is functioning normally, the static switch  20  is on, and the critical load  16  is powered by the primary power supply through the static switch  20 . Power from the primary power supply also powers the controller  14  and the motor/generator machine  8  which acts as a motor to keep the turbine  2  rotating against windage and bearing losses. The turbine rotor stores kinetic energy as rotational momentum. 
     When the controller  14  detects a failure in the primary power supply, as when there is a total power loss or when the waveform does not satisfy specifications determined by firmware, software or both, the controller  14  changes the signal in line  27  to turn off the static switch  20 , and the UPS system then operates in a transitional mode in which the momentum of the turbine rotor  4  rotates the rotor of the electrical machine  8 . 
     The output of generator  8  will have a high frequency which will decrease as the rotor slows down due to dissipation of angular momentum. The controller  14  includes known power electronic circuitry which converts the generator output to standardized alternating current which has a voltage and a frequency corresponding to those normally provided by the primary power supply to the critical load, typically 60 Hz. When the system is operating in the transitional mode, no energy is supplied to the turbine, and the combustion system  30  is inactive. 
     After the turbine rotor  4  has decelerated to a predetermined angular velocity due to dissipation of its rotational momentum, the controller  14  initiates the emergency mode of the system by sending a signal via line  28  to activate the combustion system  30 . The combustion system ignites a fuel-air mixture to produce exhaust gases in a manner well known in gas turbine technology. These exhaust gases are directed against the rotor by the nozzle  44 , and they act as a motive fluid to rotate the turbine rotor  4  and the coupled electrical machine rotor  6  which continue to generate electric power for the critical load  16  until the fuel supply is exhausted. 
     The embodiment of FIG. 2 is similar in most respects to the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, but it has a reactor  60 , usually an inductor, in the local conductor  18 ′ which connects the static switch  20 ′ to the critical load  16 ′. The controller  14 ′ in FIG. 2 performs the same functions as the controller  14  in FIG.  1 . It makes line interactive corrections when there are small disturbances to the power received from the distribution line  12 ′. The controller  14 ′ these disturbances, and its power electronics generate a corrective waveform which, as is known in the art, is injected by line  62  into the local conductor  18 ′ on the load side of the reactor  60 . Energy for these injections can come from the distribution line  12 ′ to the controller  14 ′, from small energy storage elements such as capacitors in the controller  14 ′ and from the angular momentum of the turbine when the electrical machine  8  operates briefly as a generator. 
     It is believed that the systems of FIGS. 1 and 2 will achieve efficiencies of about 98% while powered by the primary power supply. The only losses are attributable to electrical spinning of the turbine and to dissipation in the static switch and reactor. Air pollution caused by the turbine exhaust is substantially lower than that from a typical diesel engine, so longer legally permissible running times are possible. Turbines fired by natural gas or propane are typically allowed to operate indefinitely. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of the invention. This is an on-line UPS system in which the load  16 ″ is completely isolated from the waveform properties of the primary power supply  10 ″ at all times. In this embodiment, the electrical machine includes the motor unit  8   m  and a generator unit  8   g  which are located on opposite sides of a conventional gas turbine  2 ″. The shafts of the motor unit  8   m , gas turbine  2 ″ and generator unit  8   g  are drivingly connected together. The motor unit has rotor and stator windings which are independent from the rotor and stator windings of the generator unit. The motor and generator units are shown in separate housing but, if desired, they can be in a single housing. The motor and generator units  8   m ,  8   g  simultaneously perform their respective functions as a drive motor and as an electrical generator. 
     The motor  8   m  is driven by power from the primary power supply  10 ″ and it keeps the turbine  2 ″ spinning while the primary power supply is “up”. If switched reluctance or high frequency (greater than 60 Hz) homopolar inductor alternator machines are used, a power electronics drive is used because such machines cannot be directly connected to the primary power supply. The output of generator  8   g  powers the critical load  16 ″ at all times. 
     The power electronics can be omitted from the controller  14 ″ in situations which do not require precise frequencies and voltages. For example, a turbine with a high angular momentum may be driven at a speed which causes the generator output to be at a desired frequency such as 60 Hz. If the primary power supply fails, the rotational momentum of the turbine rotor and any flywheel which may be attached to it will be great enough to maintain a near-60Hz frequency and an acceptable voltage until the turbine combustion system is activated. 
     The controller  14 ″ has power conversion electronics which convert the generator&#39;s output to clean sinusoidal AC at the normal frequency and voltage of the primary power supply. The power converter electronics are always “warmed up” and driving the full power of the load. Although FIG. 3 shows the motor  8   m  and generator  8   g  as separate entities on opposite sides of the turbine, they can be incorporated into a single machine with separate windings or other arrangement which enable it to operate simultaneously as a motor and generator. 
     If the UPS system of FIG. 3 fails or requires maintenance, power from the primary power supply  10  can optionally bypass the motor/turbine/generator set and be fed directly to the critical load  16 . Such bypass power is fed from the primary power supply via lines  64  and a bypass switch  66 . 
     The motor  8   m  in the embodiment of FIG. 3 may be a standard inexpensive induction motor driven directly by the primary power supply. If the turbine rotor has a sufficiently high moment of inertia relative to the output torque of motor unit  8   m , the motor unit  8   m  may be electrically connected to the primary power source by a variable speed drive (VSD), not shown, which is used when the turbine rotor is accelerated from a dead stop to its normal operational velocity. Once the VSD brings the rotor to speed, a relay connects the motor  8   m  directly to the primary power supply for efficient full-power operation. This relay is open during primary power supply outages. 
     The on-line configuration shown in FIG. 3 is believed by some users to achieve the ultimate in power quality and reliability. However, it is more expensive than the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 because it requires two rotating electrical machines or one larger machine capable of continuous simultaneous operation as a motor and as a generator at the rated power. The efficiency of this configuration is typically 90 to 94%. This is lower than the efficiency of the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2 because, in the FIG. 3 embodiments, the two rotating electrical machines operate continuously at their rated power. 
     From the foregoing description, persons skilled in the art will recognize that this invention provides effective, uncomplicated, low maintenance, and relatively inexpensive ways of providing an uninterrupted supply of electrical power to a critical load. It will also be recognized that the invention may take many forms other than those disclosed in this specification. Accordingly, it is emphasized that the invention is not limited to the disclosed methods and apparatuses, but is intended to include variations to and modifications thereof which are within the spirit of the following claims.