Abstract:
Methods and apparatus are disclosed for processing sperm cells to accomplish preservation for future use while minimizing the adverse effects of such preservation. Sperm cells may be collected from a male animal and subjected to a first preservation step, including potentially a first cryopreservation step. Preserved sperm may then be revived, including potentially by thawing, and treated by any of various processing steps to mitigate the adverse effects of preservation. Treated sperm may then be subjected to a second preservation step, including potentially a second cryopreservation step, perhaps enabling a delayed use of the sperm at a future time.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Fertilization techniques such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization techniques have been conducted in attempt to increase the fertility rates of livestock. Furthermore, effective pre-selection of sex has been accomplished in many species of livestock following the development of safe and reliable methods of sorting, generally, or specifically separating sperm cells into enriched X chromosome bearing and Y chromosome bearing populations. Separation of X chromosome bearing sperm cells from Y chromosome bearing sperm cells, as well as collection, handling, sorting, separation, storage, transportation, use, fertilization, or insemination techniques, or sperm cell and semen processing generally, can be accomplished as disclosed herein and as disclosed by various patent applications, for example: PCT/US99/17165; PCT/US01/45023; PCT/US01/15150; PCT/US98/27909; PCT/US01/45237, PCT/US01/18879, PCT/US00/30155, PCT/US01/02304, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,071,689, 6,372,422, U.S. divisional application No. 10/081,955, U.S. provisional application No. 60/400,486, and U.S. provisional application No. 60/400,971, each included in Exhibit A attached, and each hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     Although the various devices and methods of sperm cell processing, generally, and the collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, and insemination of sperm cells have been improved over the past several years, significant problems remain with respect to maintaining sperm quality, such as viability, motility, functionality, and preservation and stimulation relative to such techniques, especially with regard to artificial insemination (in vivo) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. One potential consequence is the reduction in fertility rates. Sperm quality, such as the viability of sperm separated into enriched X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations could be compared directly in-vitro (for example, in conjunction with IVF procedures) and in-vivo (for example, in conjunction with artificial insemination procedures), is generally reduced during traditional sperm cell processing. More generally, traditional processing techniques addressing sperm viability, motility, functionality, preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination may have not yielded preferred fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, or sperm quality, generally. 
     As one example of traditional sperm processing, techniques of sperm sorting for the breeding of mammals may be limited, for example, with regard to sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, and fertility rates, in circumstances wherein the sorter apparatus is a relatively long distance from the males or when the sorter apparatus is a relatively long distance from the receiving females to be inseminated or otherwise fertilized with processed sperm. Some of the techniques incorporated by reference may achieve to some degree sperm cell viability, motility, or functionality, and desirable fertility rates, while addressing, for example, sperm preservation during transportation to the sorter apparatus. However, further techniques achieving sufficient sperm cell quality, such as viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, and maintained or enhanced fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, may be desirable, especially for any one or a combination of various sperm processing steps, such as, for example, collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination of semen or sperm cells, especially the preservation of the sorted sperm cells from the sorter apparatus to the site of fertilization (potentially via collected individual samples or “straws”), or at any other stage of sperm processing. 
     As another example of the limitations of traditional sperm processing, traditional processing techniques may be limited with regard to sperm cell quality, generally, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, due to the type and the extent processing involved. Known processing techniques such as preservation or sorting, for example, may degrade sperm quality, and further reduce fertility rates, insemination rates, and fertilization rates. The degradation of sperm quality and/or the reduction of fertility rates, insemination rates, and fertilization rates may have previously proven problematic in circumstances that may have required further steps of sperm cell preservation, such as in circumstances wherein the sorter apparatus is a relatively long distance from the males or when the sorter apparatus is a relatively long distance from the receiving females to be inseminated or otherwise fertilized with processed sperm. 
     It may have been traditionally understood that additional processing steps in the processing of sperm cells or semen having a concentration of sperm cells would degrade sperm quality and reduce fertility rates, insemination rates, and fertilization rates to such an extent that additional processing steps, generally, would be avoided. Specifically, it may also have been traditionally understood that processing steps such as preservation, specifically cryopreservation, and sorting might be too damaging to the sperm cells, especially in processing sequences incorporating both cryopreservation and sorting. Furthermore, it may have even been suggested and taught in traditional methods that preservation of sperm, such as cryopreservation, provided after previous processing steps so as to preserve the sperm for later procedures, such as for in vivo or in vitro techniques, could not be accomplished without compromising the sperm cells and the technique itself to such a degree that the results of the later procedures would be detrimentally affected. Accordingly, such concerns may have even been demonstrated in traditional sperm cell processing procedures, teaching away from subsequent processing steps such as sorting and cryopreservation, or processing steps incorporating multiple cryopreservation steps. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention addresses the variety of previously identified and potentially unaddressed problems associated with reduced sperm cell quality, such as viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and of preservation. Sperm cells that may have been or will be processed by one or more steps of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination and potential reductions in fertility rates, insemination rates, or fertilization rates are further addressed. The instant invention also addresses the variety of problems associated with sperm cell quality of sperm cells that have been separated into enriched X-chromosome bearing and Y-chromosome bearing populations, potentially sperm cells separated or sorted through techniques such as flow sorting, and the potential reduction in fertility rates. More generally, the present invention addresses traditionally low fertility rates of in vivo artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, and sperm cell quality issues such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, achieving results that may have been unexpected to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the present invention addresses numbers of processed sperm potentially needed to obtain desired pregnancy rates, and further in consideration of pregnancy rates obtained respective of sorted and unsorted preserved sperm. 
     Accordingly, broad objects of the present invention are to provide systems to address sperm cell quality, such as viability, motility, functionality, and preservation, and to address fertilization rates, insemination rates, and fertilization rates. Each of the broad objects of the present invention may be directed to one or more of the various and previously described concerns. 
     One object of the present invention is to provide methods and systems of semen and sperm cell processing and preservation, and methods and systems of producing a mammal and methods of producing mammalian embryos. A further object of the present invention is to provide preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination, potentially provided alone or in combination with any one or a combination of various sperm processing steps, such as, for example, collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination of semen or sperm cells. One related object is to provide such systems in relation to the preservation of sperm cells and one or more sequences of sperm cell processing, such as the preservation of sorted sperm cells, and further in some instances, for example, preservation to a sorter apparatus, preservation from a sorter apparatus, preservation to the site of fertilization (potentially via individual sperm samples or “straws”), or at any other stage of sperm processing. 
     A related object of the invention is to provide systems of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination for semen or sperm cells to achieve desirable levels of fertility rates. One related goal is to provide systems of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination to maintain and enhance sperm viability, motility, functionality, preservation, stimulation, and levels of fertility rates. 
     A third object is to address sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, in the context of fertilization and insemination, and in some embodiments, in the context of in vivo or in vitro techniques. A related goal of the present invention is to provide systems that achieve desirable levels of fertility rates. A second goal of the present invention is to provide systems that achieve desirable levels of fertility rates in combination with collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, fertilization, or insemination techniques, and combinations of such techniques. A third goal of the present invention is to provide systems that achieve individual sperm samples of processed sperm cells, such as straws, of desired viability, motility, functionality, preservation, stimulation, or other characteristics, or combinations of characteristics, potentially resulting in desirable levels of fertility rates. Another related goal is to provide systems that achieve sufficient numbers of processed sperm potentially needed to obtain desired pregnancy rates, and further in consideration of pregnancy rates obtained respective of processing techniques, such as the sorting of sperm cells, and in some cases, sperm or sperm cells previously preserved. 
     A further object is to address sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, for semen or sperm cells obtained from various species of mammals, including, but not limited to equids, bovids, felids, ovids, canids, buffalo, oxen, elk, or porcine; or obtained from prize, endangered, or rare individuals of a mammal species; or obtained from zoological specimens. A related goal of the present invention, therefore, is to address sperm cell quality, generally, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, for semen or sperm cells obtained from various species, individuals, and specimens so as to maintain or enhance sperm viability, motility, functionality, preservation, stimulation, fertility rates, or other characteristics, or combinations of characteristics. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide systems of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination for semen or sperm cells obtained from various species of mammals, including, but not limited to equids, bovids, felids, ovids, canids, buffalo, oxen, elk, or porcine; or obtained from prize, endangered, or rare individuals of a mammal species; or obtained from zoological specimens. A related goal of the present invention, therefore, is to provide systems of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination for semen or sperm cells obtained from various species, individuals, and specimens so as to maintain or enhance sperm viability, motility, functionality, preservation, stimulation, fertility rates, or other characteristics, or combinations of characteristics. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide systems that achieve individual samples of processed sperm, such as straws, of desired sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, or other characteristics, or combinations of characteristics, as well as providing desirable levels of fertility rates, insemination rates, or fertilization rates. 
     Another significant object of the invention is to provide systems of sperm cell separation that can maintain or enhance a greater sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, or other characteristics, or combination of characteristics, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates, for sperm cells throughout a flow sorting process such as a process incorporating a flow cytometer. 
     Another significant object of the invention can be to provide systems of maintaining or enhancing sperm cells at greater sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, or other characteristics, or combination of characteristics, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, or fertilization rates, for purposes of in vivo insemination or in vitro fertilization of various species, such as those described above, or even insemination with a low or reduced number of sperm cells compared to the usual number or typical number of sperm cells used in such insemination procedures whether or not such sperm cells are separated into enriched X chromosome bearing or Y chromosome bearing sperm cells. 
     Naturally, further significant objects and goals of the invention are disclosed and clarified in the proceeding description of the invention. 
     Accordingly, to achieve the various objects and goals of the invention, the present invention in one embodiment is a method of sperm cell processing, and the steps provided as obtaining sperm cells, cryopreserving the sperm cells, thawing the sperm cells, processing the sperm cells; and cryopreserving the sorted sperm cells. A further embodiment of the invention is a method of producing a mammal, comprising the method steps of obtaining sperm cells, cryopreserving the sperm cells, thawing the sperm cells, sorting the sperm cells, cryopreserving the sorted sperm cells, thawing the sorted cryopreserved sperm cells, inseminating at least one egg with the sorted cryopreserved sperm cells, fertilizing the at least one egg, and producing a mammal from the at least one fertilized egg. 
     Furthermore, to achieve the various objects and goals of the invention, the present invention is directed to embodiments providing for artificial insemination (in vivo) and in vitro fertilization procedures. Additionally embodiments may be further directed to the production of mammals or mammalian embryo, and may further be directed to establishing sperm samples such as straws, pellets, or the like, and the processing of semen. 
     Additional embodiments of the invention are disclosed throughout the description of the invention and in the following claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Each Figure contained in each of the applications set out in Exhibit A are to be considered hereby incorporated by reference as part of this description of the instant invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram for one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram for a second embodiment of the present invention, potentially provided in combination with the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , in some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention discloses semen and sperm cell processing and preservation techniques and systems of preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination, addressing one or more sperm cell characteristics or sperm quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, as well as fertility rates, insemination rates, fertilization rates. Further, sperm cell characteristics or sperm quality may be addressed within the context of various processing techniques, such as collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination techniques. 
     Sperm cell quality may refer to any one or a combination of the various attributes of sperm cells previously mentioned or further mentioned herein, such as, for example, viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation of the sperm, or fertility rates, insemination rates, or fertilization rates corresponding to the sperm (such as in the fertility of the sperm). Sperm cell characteristic may refer to any one or a combination of various biological, chemical, physical, physiological, or functional attributes of one or more sperm cells, such as chromosome bearing attributes of the cell, or in some embodiments may refer to sperm cell quality as previously described. 
     Semen or sperm cell processing techniques may refer to any one or a combination of preservation, stimulation, insemination, fertilization, sorting, selection, separation, or thawing, and may be specifically directed to any one or a combination of collection, handling, selection, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination techniques. 
     Sperm samples may refer to a volume containing sperm cells, potentially including semen, carrier fluid or other materials, and may comprise a pellets, straws, or other known forms of sperm samples. 
     MAINTAINING OR ENHANCING THE SPERM QUALITY  
     Sperm cells may be maintained or enhanced in accordance with the present invention, and in some embodiments through sperm processing, such as through sperm cell sorting and preservation, and in accordance with fertilization and insemination techniques. Embodiments may provide preservation of the sperm or sperm cells, or other techniques as may be disclosed in the previously mentioned patent applications and the references listed in the List of References to be Incorporated by Reference, each application and reference expressly incorporated by reference to the extent consistent with the present description, and as further described below. 
     Sperm cells may also be maintained or enhanced in some embodiments by preservation and stimulation techniques as further described below, and also in further combination with the processing, stimulation, preservation, fertilization, and insemination techniques in the previously mentioned patent applications and the references listed in the List of References to be Incorporated by Reference. 
     Accordingly, the present invention may provide a method of sperm cell processing.  FIG. 1  shows one process for sperm cell processing in accordance with the present invention. As shown, the sperm cells may be obtained  10  from a mammalian source, either directly or in various combinations of steps, such as through a storage facility. The sperm cells may be cryoperserved  20 , as further described below. Subsequently, the sperm cells may be thawed  30 . Further processing  40 , further described below, may then be performed on the sperm cells prior to another cryopreservation of the sperm cells. 
     Sperm cell processing, generally, and the process previously described may be conducted for insemination and fertilization. Therefore, an embodiment of the present invention may provide a method of producing a mammal, as shown in  FIG. 2 . After proceeding with previous processing, or in some embodiments as proceeding with the features  10 ,  20 ,  30 ,  40 , and  50 , the insemination of the mammal may performed. In one embodiment, the cryopreserved sperm cells may be thawed  60  and the insemination  70  and fertilization  80  of at least one egg with the sperm cells may be conducted. A mammal may then be produced  90  from the egg fertilized by the cryopreserved, processed, cryopreserved, and thawed sperm cells. 
     Furthermore, embodiments further support in vivo and in vitro techniques. Accordingly, a female of the species of the mammal from which sperm was obtained may be inseminated with the previously processed sperm cells, such as sorted and cryopreserved sperm cells as previously described. At least one egg of the female may then be fertilized and a mammal produced from the at least one fertilized egg. In accordance with in vitro procedures, after insemination and fertilization of at least one egg, a mammalian embryo may be produced, potentially developing into a mammal. 
     Each of the embodiments previously described may be considered departures from traditional sperm cell processing and the production of mammals and mammalian embryo. It has been traditionally viewed that such processing of sperm cells could not sufficiently ensure sperm quality or provide adequate rates of fertility, insemination, fertilization, or pregnancy. However, and as been taught in the various references cited herein and incorporated by reference, sperm cells may in fact be processed to achieve, for example, the sorting of sperm cells, potentially to differentiate sperm cells as either X chromosome bearing or Y chromosome bearing sperm cells, in some instances to provide for preselection of the sex of a mammal or mammalian embryo. The present invention also provides for such processing, and in some preferred embodiments, additional features of preservation heretofore traditionally thought not to be feasible commercially, or even possible, and heretofore providing a solution to those previously identified but unaddressed issues. 
     Obtaining Sperm 
     Semen, and in particular sperm cells, may be obtained and otherwise heretofore processed from mammals in accordance with the present invention such as equids, bovids, felids, ovids, canids, buffalo, oxen, elk, or porcine, or other mammal species. Further, some embodiments may provide obtaining and processing semen or sperm cells from prized mammal species, endangered mammal species, rare individuals of a mammal species, and even from zoological specimens or individuals. The resulting mammal or mammalian embryo may be produced in accordance with the techniques as previously described and as further described below. Sperm samples may be established, in some embodiments, as previously described. 
     Sample Preservation 
     Sperm samples are cryopreserved, such as by freezing, using various preservation techniques, such as freezing in a Hepes-buffered crydiluent. Sperm cells may be provided as pellets or straws and may be thawed using various thawing techniques, for example, with ram spermatozoa. Other sperm samples may be provided throughout the processing of sperm cells, and may or may not be cryopreserved when established as a sperm sample or when provided to inseminate or fertilize an egg. 
     One or more additives, singularly or in combination, may be introduced into the semen, sperm cells, or sperm sample. In one embodiment, a cryodiluent may be introduced into the sperm sample to preserve the sperm cells. The introduction of the additive or additives, such as a cryodiluent, into the sperm sample, and in some embodiments with as a cryopreservation step, potentially referred to as freezing, may maintain or enhance sperm cells, and may further maintain or enhance sperm quality, sperm cell quality, such as sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and fertility rates, and potentially one or more sperm cell characteristics. In other embodiments of the present invention, an additive or additives, such as cryodiluent, singularly or in combination, could be removed from the sperm sample. The removal of the cryodiluent or other additives from the sperm sample, and in some embodiments with cryopreservation steps, may maintain or enhance sperm cells, and may further maintain or enhance sperm quality, such as maintaining or enhancing sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, fertility rates, and potentially one or more sperm cell characteristics. 
     Sperm Processing 
     Sperm cells may also be maintained or enhanced in some embodiments of the present invention as part of sperm processing techniques, and sperm quality may further be maintained or enhanced, such as maintaining or enhancing sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, and potentially one or more sperm cell characteristics. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the sperm sample may be preserved, as previously described, such as through cryopreservation, such as freezing, or other preservation techniques such as those disclosed in the previously mentioned patent applications and the references listed in the List of References to be Incorporated by Reference. 
     Accordingly, cryodiluent or other additives, singularly or in combination, may be introduced into the sperm sample to preserve or stimulate the sperm. In one preferred embodiment, the introduction of the cryodiluent or other additives into the sperm sample contributes to the preservation of the sperm through cryopreservation, freezing the sperm sample, and therefore maintaining or enhancing the sperm cells, and further maintaining or enhancing sperm quality, such as maintaining or enhancing sperm cell viability, motility, functionality, and potentially one or more sperm cell characteristics. As previously mentioned, the cyrodilutent or other additives may be introduced into the sperm sample prior to sample preservation or as sample preservation. The sample may then be processed such as through collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination techniques as disclosed in the previously mentioned patent applications and the references listed in the List of References to be Incorporated by Reference. 
     In one embodiment, cryodiluent or other additives, singularly or in combination, may be introduced into a sperm sample previously collected and the sample cryopreserved, such as through freezing, and followed by a thaw of the sample and subsequent processing, including collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination processing techniques. One such processing step may be provided as sorting, and in some embodiments as the separation of X chromosome bearing sperm cells from Y chromosome bearing sperm cells, potentially into a high purity population sample or samples. Various benefits may be achieved through such a sperm processing technique. For example, various methods of sorting as described in the previously mentioned patent applications achieve a separation of X chromosome bearing sperm cells from Y chromosome bearing sperm cells while minimizing damage to the viable sperm cells. Further, non-viable sperm, contamination, or crydiluent or other additives, for example, may be eliminated through such separation techniques. Additionally, other aspects of sperm quality may be maintained or enhanced, particularly that of sperm cell motility and functionality. The sperm sample may further be stimulated during the processing to maintain or enhance sperm quality as previously described. One such method of sperm processing known in the art is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,759, hereby incorporated by reference in this description, disclosing a flow cytometer sorting technique. 
     The processing of sperm cells may be performed by sorting the sperm cells as previously described, or in some embodiments, accordance with the following process. Sorting may comprise, in some embodiments, as a selecting of sperm cells based upon at least one desired characteristic, potentially sperm cell quality characteristics, such as viability, motility, functionality, stimulation, and preservation, or one or a combination of various sperm cell characteristics such as biological, chemical, physical, physiological, or functional attributes of one or more sperm cells, such as chromosome bearing attributes of the cell. The sperm cells may be stained, preferably with Hoechst 33342 or like stain or dye, or in combination with such stains or dyes, and the sperms cells differentiated based upon the staining and selection. The cells may then be separated based upon the differentiation and collected. The sperm cells may be so processed in accordance with the various techniques of those references cited herein and expressly incorporated by reference. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Preserving and Processing Sample 
     In one embodiment of a preserving and processing technique, 200 μl of thawed spermatozoa was placed onto a 2ml separation gradient (90%:45%) of PURESPERM™ media, a human preparation, and a Tris based diluent. The gradient preparations were then centrifuged at 1000g for 15 minutes. The post-PURESPERM™ media pellet was removed, slowly diluted 1:4 with warm Tris based diluent and centrifuged at 650g for 3 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the sperm stained, incubated and sorted as previously described. The Tris based diluent was used as the staining medium and ANDROHEP® extender (Minitub, Germany) plus 20% egg yolk was used as the collection medium. 
     The above example is one of various embodiments of the inventive technique, providing preservation of sperm, such as through cryopreservation or freezing, thawing the sperm, identifying the sperm, such as through staining, and sorting the sperm, such as into X and Y chromosome bearing populations. 
     Although the previous example provides a sperm preservation technique and processing technique of sperm collection, preservation, thaw and separation, other techniques are encompassed by and explicitly disclosed in the present invention. For example, one or a combination of various collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination techniques may be performed as part of this present inventive technique. In one embodiment, sperm may be collected, followed by separation of X chromosome bearing sperm cells from Y chromosome bearing sperm cells. A preservation step prior to sperm cell separation may not be needed, for example, during circumstances in which the sorter apparatus is readily available after sperm collection. The sorted sperm sample or samples may then be preserved as an additional step and as previously described, potentially for further handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization or insemination. The sorted sperm sample may further be stimulated during the processing to maintain or enhance sperm quality as previously described. The next example describes one example of a processing technique. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Processing Samples 
     Sorted samples were centrifuged at 700 g for 6 min. at room temperature (24C). The supernatant was removed and the sorted sperm could be used “fresh” for Al or in an IVF system; or the remaining pellet was extended 1:4 with the Hepes based cryodiluent, potentially the same diluent used for an original cryopreservation of the sperm, and frozen using various techniques, such as those previously described and as described below. The refrozen and sorted sperm were thawed using methods such as a glass tube shaken in a 37° C. waterbath, and then could be used in an Al or IVF system. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Processing Samples 
     The use of spermatozoa sorted from frozen-thawed pellets in the ovine mammal regarding in vitro fertilization systems. Frozen-sorted and frozen-sorted-frozen sperm used in an ovine IVF system were slowly diluted with 0.5 ml of IVF media, and in some embodiments, using ovine IVF protocol, and centrifuged in a Falcon tube with a tight lid at 300 g for 6 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the remaining sperm quickly placed in the IVF well at a concentration of one million motile sperm/ml. Preferably, a high standard of media preparation (i.e. use of eggs less than 24 hours old, ultracentrifugation of egg yolk diluents and meticulous filtering) and handling of the samples (i.e. constant temperature) is required. 
     Other preservation, processing, fertilization, and insemination techniques need not include a separation step. For example, the sperm may be collected, followed by a preservation step and subsequent handling, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination. 
     Furthermore, one or more preservation steps may be conducted as part of preservation, processing, fertilization, and insemination techniques, or combinations thereof, such preservation in some embodiments comprising cryopreservation, such as through freezing of the sperm sample, and subsequent steps of thawing, occurring before, concurrent with, or after one or more other processing techniques. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Sex-Sorting and Re-Cryopreservation of Frozen-Thawed Ram Sperm for in Vitro Embryo Production 
     Application of sperm sorting to breeding of livestock and wildlife may be limited when the sorter is a long distance from the male(s), as previously described, but would be facilitated by the sorting of cryopreserved and thawed sperm, such as frozen-thawed sperm (Lu KM ex al., Theriogenology 1999:52:1393–1405) and cryopreserving or re-freezing it. High purity sorting with maintained quality of frozen-thawed rain sperm may be achieved after processing to remove the cryodiluent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional capacity of frozen-thawed sperm after sorting and a second cryopreservation/thawing step. Frozen semen from 2 rams (n=2 ejaculates per ram) was used throughout. Post-thaw sperm treatments comprised (i) unsorted (Control); (ii) sorted (Frozen-Sort) and (iii) sorted then re-frozen (Frozen-Sort-Frozen). X and Y sperm were separated using a high-speed sorter SX MOFLO® cell sorter, Cytomation, Colo. USA) after incubation with Hoechst 33342 and food dye to eliminate non-viable sperm. Reanalysis revealed high levels of purity for X- and Y-enriched samples for all treatments (87.0+/−4.5%). For IVF, 472 IVM oocytes were inseminated with 1×10(6) motile sperm/mL. After 3 h in SOF medium, oocytes were transferred to Sydney IVF cleavage medium COOK® cleavage medium, QLD, Australia) for 4 d followed by Sydney IVF blastocyst medium COOK® blastocyst medium) for an additional 3 d culture in 5% O2: 5% CO2: 90% N2. Oocytes were assessed for cleavage at 24 and 48 h post-insemination (p.i.). At 52 h p.i., uncleaved oocytes were stained with orcein for assessment of maturation and fertilization. Data from 3 replicates were analyzed by ANOVA, Chi-square and Fisher Exact Test. At insemination, % motile sperm (+/−SEM) was higher (P&lt;0.001) for Frozen-Sort (85.8+/−2.4%) and Frozen-Sort-Frozen (66.7+/−7.7%) than Control (36.7+/−2.1%). Maturation rate was 95.6% (451/472). Cleavage of oocytes in a parthenogenetic control group (no sperm) was low (2/56; 3.6%). Polysperminc fertilization was low (9/451; 2.0%) and did not differ among treatments. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Fertilization &amp; early embryo development of oocytes after 
               
               
                 incubation with frozen-thawed unsorted (Control), frozen-thawed 
               
               
                 &amp; sorted (Froz-Sort) &amp; frozen-thawed, sorted then frozen-thawed 
               
               
                 (Froz-Sort-Froz) ram sperm. Values in parentheses are percentages. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 No. of 
                 No. of mature oocytes 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mature 
                 undergoing cleavage 
                 No. of cleaved oocytes 
               
               
                   
                 oocytes 
                 after insemination 
                 forming blastocysts 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 fertilized d   
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 6 
                 Day 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Control 
                  40 (67.8) 
                 26 (44.1) 
                  36 (61.0) 
                  4 (11.1) 
                  13 (36.1) 
                 16 (44.4) a   
               
               
                 Froz-Sort 
                 110 (63.6) 
                 67 (38.7) 
                 109 (63.0) 
                 24 (22.1) 
                  34 (31.2) 
                 57 (52.3) ab   
               
               
                 Froz-Sort-Froz 
                  94 (57.7) 
                 71 (43.6) 
                  91 (55.8) 
                 23 (25.3) 
                 347 (40.7) 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   (64.8) bc   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   d Monospermic fertilization. Within column, values with different superscripts differ (P &lt; 0.05). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Fertilization and cleavage rates were consistently high across treatments. Blastocyst development rate was higher for oocytes fertilized with Froz-Sort-Froz than with Control sperm. These results demonstrate that frozen-thawed ram sperm can be sex-sorted for either immediate or future use in an IVF system after re-cryopreservation. 
     The above example is one of various embodiments of the inventive technique, providing preservation of sperm, such as through cryopreservation, such as freezing, thawing the sperm, sorting the sperm, such as into X and Y chromosome bearing populations, preserving the sorted sample, such as through cryopreservation or freezing, and further including thawing the sperm sample for use, such as for fertilization or insemination. 
     Consideration should be given to fertility rates respective of preservation and processing procedures, such as separation for sex-sorting and cryopreservation of sperm samples, as the next Example describes, and in combination with cryopreservation, thawing, processing, and subsequent cryopreservation, as disclosed in this description. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Effect of Dose of Sperm Processed for Sex-Sorting and Crypreservation on Fertility in Ewes 
     Lambs have been produced after artificial insemination (Al) with low numbers (2–4×10 6 ) of cryopreserved sex-sorted sperm. Fewer ewes were pregnant after Al with X- or Y-sorted frozen-thawed (25%, 15% respectively) than with a commercial dose of unsorted frozen-thawed sperm (54%). The object of the present study was to determine the minimum numbers of sorted frozen-thawed sperm required to obtain pregnancy rates similar to those obtained with unsorted sperm. 
     A sample of sperm from single ejaculates of 2 rams was stained, incubated, analyzed and sorted using a modified high speed cell sorter (MOFLO® cell sorter Cytomation, Fort Collins, Colo. USA) as previously described. Sperm were processed at 15,000–18,000/serc without sex-sorting into 10 ml centrifuge tubes pre-soaked with 1% BSA in sheath fluid containing 0.2 ml Tris-buffered medium and 20% egg yolk (v/v). For every sample, 1.3×10 6  sperm were sex-sorted and analyzed to determine purity. Sorted and unsorted (control) samples were extended with a zwitterions-buffered diluent containing 13.5% egg yolk and 6% glycerol and frozen as 250ul pellets containing 5×10 6  sperm. The time of estrus was controlled in 144 Merino ewes by progestagen sponges (FGA, Vetrepharm A/Asia, Sydney) inserted intravaginally for 12 days and an injection of 400 I.U of PMSG (Pregnecol, Vetrepharm A/Asia) at sponge removal (SR). Thirty-six h after SR 134 ewes were injected with 40 μg GnRH (FERTAGYL® GnRH, Intervet) to control the time of ovulation. One hundred and eleven ewes were inseminated in the uterus by laparoscopy 57–60 h after SR with 5, 10, 20 or 40×10 6  sorted or unsorted frozen-thawed sperm. Thirteen ewes not given GnRH were inseminated with a commercial dose of unsorted frozen-thawed sperm. Thirteen ewes not given GnRH were inseminated with a commercial dose of unsorted frozen-thawed sperm 57–58 h after SR. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound on d53. The data were analyzed by Chi-square. 
     Sperm motility after thawing was 37.8+/−1.78% (sorted) and 42.9+/−0.93% (unsorted). Seven of 13 (53.8%) ewes not given GnRH were pregnant. Of the GnRH-treated ewes the proportion pregnant was affected by the number of sperm inseminated (p&lt;0.05) but not by ram or type of sperm (p&gt;0.05). For ewes inseminated with sorted or unsorted (control) frozen-thawed sperm, pregnancy rate was higher for inseminates of 10 and 40×10 6  than for 5 and 20×10 6  sperm (Table 2). The results suggest that a minimum of 40×10 6  sorted frozen-thawed sperm inseminated close to the time of ovulation are required to obtain commercially acceptable pregnancy rates. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pregnancy after intrauterine insemination of ewes 
               
               
                 with frozen-thawed control and sorted ram sperm. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Dose (x10 6   
                 No. ewes 
                 No. ewes 
                 % ewes 
               
               
                   
                 sperm) 
                 inseminated 
                 pregnant 
                 pregnant 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5 
                 30 
                 10 
                 33.3 a   
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 28 
                 16 
                 57.1 b   
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 29 
                 10 
                 34.5 a   
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 23 
                 16 
                 69.6 a   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   ab Within columns different superscripts differ (p &lt; 0.05). 
               
               
                   
                   a This research was supported by XY, Inc; CO, USA; The Australian Research Council, Vetrephann A/Asia. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The invention can further include a sperm sample, such as a straw, and in some embodiments straws utilized in IVF, produced in accordance with any of the above described embodiments of the invention, such as any of the processing, stimulation, preservation, fertilization, and insemination techniques, and be of maintained or enhanced sperm quality, such as a straw of desired viability, motility, functionality, or other characteristics, or combinations of characteristics, potentially resulting in desirable levels of fertility rates, and in some embodiments, particularly for equine mammals. The sperm sample or straw may be particularly suited for individual production embryos. 
     The invention can further include a mammal produced in accordance with any of the above described embodiments of the invention, or can include a mammal of predetermined sex in accordance with the various embodiments of the invention that provide sperm cell insemination samples having an enriched population of either X-chromosome bearing sperm cells or enriched population of Y-chromosome bearing sperm cells, or a mammal produced in accordance with any embodiment of the invention in which a sperm cell insemination sample containing a low number of sperm cells compared to the typical number used to inseminate that particular species of mammal is used, or elk progeny produced in accordance with the invention as described above. 
     The invention further includes various processing, preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination techniques as disclosed herein and as disclosed in the previously mentioned patent applications and references. Accordingly, the various semen and sperm cell processing systems and systems of preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination, embodiments, in various embodiments addressing sperm quality such as one or more sperm cell characteristics, such as viability, motility, functionality, or fertilization rates consistent with the disclosures of the previously mentioned patent applications and references. Further, sperm cell characteristics may be addressed within the context of various collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, or insemination techniques, and in those or other various embodiments, within the context of assaying, testing, or determining the biological, chemical, physical, physiological, or functional attributes of sperm cells. Therefore, systems of the present invention may provide sperm cell processing, stimulation, preservation, fertilization, and insemination, for example, incorporating flow sorting techniques, high purity separation techniques, low dose fertilization and insemination techniques, heterospermic insemination procedures, such as to assess comparative viability, motility, function, or fertility processed in various pressure environments within a sorter, as but a few examples. 
     The disclosure incorporated by reference, such as the various examples provided of separating X chromosome bearing sperm cells from Y chromosome bearing sperm cells, and other disclosed techniques of collection, handling, separation, storage, transportation, usage, fertilization, and insemination are not meant to limit the present invention to any particular embodiment, whether apparatus, method, or otherwise. The descriptions incorporated by reference and the various examples should not be construed to limit the present invention to only techniques for sperm sorting or only techniques for sperm preservation. This disclosure, however, may be understood to incorporate the various techniques in the context of the various embodiments of the present invention. Further, the present invention should be considered to incorporate such techniques of sperm processing, preservation, stimulation, fertilization, and insemination consistent with the features disclosed. 
     As can be easily understood from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. It involves both a sperm cell process system including both techniques as well as devices to accomplish sperm cell processing. In this application, various sperm cell processing techniques are disclosed as part of the results shown to be achieved by the various devices described and as steps which are inherent to utilization. They are simply the natural result of utilizing the devices as intended and described. In addition, while some devices are disclosed, it should be understood that these not only accomplish certain methods but also can be varied in a number of ways. Importantly, as to all of the foregoing, all of these facets should be understood as encompassed by this disclosure. 
     Further, each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners. This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of an embodiment of any apparatus embodiment, a method or process embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these. Particularly, it should be understood that as the disclosure relates to elements of the invention, the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms or method terms—even if only the function or result is the same. Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered as encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. As but one example, it should be understood that all actions may be expressed as a means for taking that action or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each physical element disclosed should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the action which that physical element facilitates. Regarding this last aspect, as but one example, the disclosure of a “cryopreserver” should be understood to encompass disclosure of the act of “cryopreserving”—whether explicitly discussed or not—and, conversely, were there effectively disclosure of the act of “cryopreserving”, such a disclosure should be understood to encompass disclosure of a “cryopreserver” and even a “means for cryopreserving.” Such changes and alternative terms are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description. 
     Any acts of law, statutes, regulations, or rules mentioned in this application for patent; or patents, publications, or other references mentioned in this application for patent are hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unless its utilization in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation, common dictionary definitions should be understood as incorporated for each term and all definitions, alternative terms, and synonyms such as contained in the Random House Webster&#39;s Unabridged Dictionary, second edition are hereby incorporated by reference. Finally, all references listed in the information statement filed with the application are hereby appended and hereby incorporated by reference, however, as to each of the above, to the extent that such information or statements incorporated by reference might be considered inconsistent with the patenting of this/these invention(s) such statements are expressly not to be considered as made by the applicant(s). 
     Thus, the applicant(s) should be understood to claim at least: i) each of the sperm cell processing methods as herein disclosed and described, ii) the related systems, devices, and multiple apparatus disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these systems and methods, iv) those alternative designs which accomplish each of the functions shown as are disclosed and described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applications enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) the resulting products produced by such systems or components, and ix) methods and apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and with reference to any of the accompanying examples, x) the various combinations and permutations of each of the elements disclosed, and xi) each potentially dependent claim or concept as a dependency on each and every one of the independent claims or concepts presented. 
     The Applicant may have presented claims with an set of initial dependencies. Support should be understood to exist to the degree required under new matter laws—including but not limited to European Patent Convention Article 123(2) and United States Patent Law 35 USC 132 or other such laws—to permit the addition of any of the various dependencies or other elements presented under one independent claim or concept as dependencies or elements under any other independent claim or concept. 
     Further, if or when used, the use of the transitional phrase “comprising” is used to maintain the “open-end” claims herein, according to traditional claim interpretation. Thus, unless the context requires otherwise, it should be understood that the term “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, are intended to imply the inclusion of a stated element or step or group of elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other element or step or group of elements or steps. Such terms should be interpreted in their most expansive form so as to afford the applicant the broadest coverage legally permissible.