Abstract:
The present invention is related to a method for inducing the cancer cell apoptosis or inhibiting the cancer cell migration by inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This Non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No(s). 100112343 filed in Taiwan, Republic of China Apr. 8, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
       FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is related to a method for inducing the cancer cell apoptosis or inhibiting the cancer cell migration by inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Cancer is the first leading cause of death and the liver cancer is the most lethal cancer along the years in Taiwan. The main cause of cancer is due to cell abnormal transformation or abnormal proliferation, wherein, a solid lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic) which looks like a swelling is so called tumor. The tumor is classified as solid tumor and non-solid tumor. The solid tumor includes hepatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colon cancer, melanoma, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, etc. Most of the non-solid tumors are hematologic malignancies which include leukemia, malignant lymphoma, etc. Recently, the rate of suffering from hepatic cancer and colon cancer is getting higher and higher. How to treat these cancers becomes a serious issue. 
         [0004]    The research of aging has become a general focus in the whole world, and it is found that aging is associated with elevated oxidative stress and increased cancer risk. Cancer occurrence is positively correlated with the process of aging. Cancer and aging share some common mechanisms for their biological functions. 
         [0005]    Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an important cellular defense system against oxidative stress by removing excessive Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The major function of PPP is to generate NADPH to provide more reduced forms of glutathione counteracting the damaging effects of ROS. 
         [0006]    Most cancers were found with increased activities of pentose phosphate pathway. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) is an enzyme involved in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to convert the ribulose-5-phosphate into ribose-5-phosphate wherein the ribose-5-phosphate is an important source of synthesis DNA and RNA in cells. Many researches show that RPI is involved in the aging pathway and the anti-oxidant pathway. However, there is no research shows that RPI can be used as an important index for cancer detection. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention provides a method for inducing the cancer cell apoptosis by the way of inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A in said cancer cell. 
         [0008]    The invention also provides a method for inhibiting the cancer cell migration by the way of inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A in said cancer cell. 
         [0009]    As mentioned above, wherein said cell is solid cancer cell. 
         [0010]    As mentioned above, wherein said solid cell is colon cancer cell or hepatic cancer cell. 
         [0011]    As mentioned above, wherein the way of inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A is to add a RNAi, siRNA or miRNA into said cancer cell or to knockdown a ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A(hRPIA) gene in said cell. 
         [0012]    As mentioned above, wherein the way of inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A is to add a small molecule, an antibody or a peptide into said cancer cell. 
         [0013]    As mentioned above, wherein the way of inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A is to add a RNAi, siRNA or miRNA into said cancer cell, the RNAi, siRNA or miRNA is the complementary sequence of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A. 
         [0014]    The invention further provides a method of enhancing the sensitivity of cancer cells for chemotherapeutic agents by inhibiting the expression of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A in said cancer cell. 
         [0015]    To summary briefly, the present invention provides a method for regulating the ribose-5-phosphate in cancer cell by inhibiting the expression or activity of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A in said cell, so as to inhibit the migration of cancer cells or cancer tissues in the patient and to induce the cancer cell apoptosis or cancer tissue death to prevent and/or cure the cancer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  shows the mRNA level of hRPIA in HCC tissue and hepatic cancer cell line. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows the examination result of hRPIA protein level following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  shows the examination result of cell viability following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  shows the examination result of hRPIA protein level following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in colon cancer cells. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  shows the examination result of cell viability following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in colon cancer cells. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  shows the examination result of hRPIA protein level following hRPIA over-expression in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  shows the examination result of cell viability following hRPIA over-expression in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  shows the examination result of hRPIA protein level following hRPIA over-expression in colon cancer cells. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  shows the examination result of cell viability following hRPIA over-expression in colon cancer cells. 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  shows the influence of chemotherapeutic agents following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  shows the influence of chemotherapeutic agents following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in colon cancer cells 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  shows the examination result of cell motility following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  shows the examination result of cell motility following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in colon cancer cells. 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  shows the examination of caspase-3 and β-catenin protein level following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in hepatic cancer cells. 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  shows the examination of caspase-3 and β-catenin protein level following hRPIA siRNA knockdown in colon cancer cells. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0031]    To further illustrate the present invention, the following specific examples are provided. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Examine the mRNA level of hRIPA in HCC tissue and cancer cells 
       [0032]    To examine the expression level of human ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A (hRPIA) in the liver tumor biopsies from the cancer patients and cancer cell lines. The mRNA level of hRPIA was measured by real-time PCR in the liver tumors and normal liver tissues of the same HCC patients. The results are shown as  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B  respectively. 
         [0033]    When the mRNA level of hRPIA in each patient&#39;s liver cell is higher than in normal liver cell for 2-fold is defined as significantly increment; otherwise when the mRNA level of hRPIA in each patient&#39;s liver cell is lower than in normal liver cell for 0.5-fold is defined as significantly decrement. 
         [0034]    As shown in  FIG. 1A , in the stage I (n=17), II (n=17), III (n=15) of HBV-induced hepatocarcinoma, the average level of hRPIA gene expression was significantly higher in the tumor tissues than the normal liver tissues from HCC patients. A similar hRPIA mRNA expression patterns in stage I (n=17), II (n=17), III (n=9) of HCV-induced hepatocarcinoma were also obtained ( FIG. 1B ). 
         [0035]    To summary briefly, the mRNA level of hRPIA in each patient&#39;s liver cell is higher than in normal liver cell. 
       Example 2 
     Examine the Cell Growth of Liver Cancer Cell after Knockdown of hRPIA 
       [0036]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in cancer cells reduces cell growth, we used specific siRNA to knock down hRPIA expression. To quantify the cancer cell survival rate under the treatment of siRNA against hRPIA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA (SEQ NO.2), we perform western blot to examine the protein level of hRPIA in Hep3B, PLC5 and HepG2 which were treated with siRNA-hRPIA (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37□, 5% CO 2  for 48 hours respectively) as shown in  FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 2B  and  FIG. 2C  respectively. As shown in the figs, the protein level of hRPIA in the cancer cells is lower after adding siRNA. 
         [0037]    Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA reduces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIG. 3A , the transfection of Hep3B cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. A similar data was obtained in PLC5 and HepG2 ( FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 3C  respectively). 
         [0038]    As shown above, the cell viability is decreased after knockdown of hRPIA in hepatic cancer cell line. 
       Example 3 
     Examine the Cell Growth of Colon Cancer Cell after Knockdown of hRPIA 
       [0039]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in cancer cells reduces cell growth, we used specific siRNA to knockdown hRPIA expression. To quantify the cancer cell survival rate under the treatment of siRNA against hRPIA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA (SEQ NO.2), we perform western blot to examine the protein level of hRPIA in SW480 and SW620 which were treated with siRNA-hRPIA (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37□, 5% CO 2  for 48 hours respectively) as shown in  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B  respectively. As shown in the figs, the protein level of hRPIA in the cancer cells is lower after adding siRNA. 
         [0040]    Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA reduces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIG. 5A , the transfection of SW480 cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. A similar data was obtained in SW620 ( FIG. 5B ). 
         [0041]    As shown above, the cell viability is decreased after knockdown of hRPIA in colon cancer cell line. 
       Example 4 
     Examine the Cell Growth of Liver Cancer Cell after Over-Expression of hRPIA 
       [0042]    To examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cell growth, we used pcDNA3-RPIA to over-express the hRPIA in Hep3B, PLC5 and HepG2 and used western blot to examine the protein level of hRPIA, as shown in  FIG. 6A ,  FIG. 6B  and  FIG. 6C  respectively. The protein level of hRPIA in the cancer cells is higher after adding pcDNA3-RPIA. 
         [0043]    Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIG. 7A , the cell viability is higher in Hep3B cells after adding pcDNA3-RPIA into cells. A similar data was obtained in PLC5 and HepG2 ( FIG. 7B  and  FIG. 7C  respectively). 
         [0044]    As shown above, the cell viability is increased after over-expression of hRPIA in hepatic cancer cell line. 
       Example 5 
     Examine the Cell Growth of Colon Cancer Cell after Over-Expression of hRPIA 
       [0045]    To examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cell growth, we used pcDNA3-RPIA to over-express the hRPIA in SW480 and SW620 and used western blot to examine the protein level of hRPIA, as shown in  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  respectively. The protein level of hRPIA in the cancer cells is higher after adding pcDNA3-RPIA. 
         [0046]    Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIG. 9A , the cell viability is higher in SW480 cells after adding pcDNA3-RPIA into cells. A similar data was obtained in SW620 ( FIG. 9B ). 
         [0047]    As shown above, the cell viability is increased after over-expression of hRPIA in colon cancer cell line. 
       Example 6 
     Examine the Influence of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Cell Growth of Liver Cancer Cell after Knocking Down of hRPIA 
       [0048]    To examine the influence of chemotherapeutic agents on cell growth of liver cancer cell after knocking down of hRPIA, we used specific siRNA to knockdown hRPIA expression and then added 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by 0, 5, 15, 25 μg/mL into Hep3B, PLC5 and HepG2. Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B and  10 C respectively, suppression of hRPIA protein expression by si-hRPIA RNA significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity caused by 5-fluorouracil treatment in Hep3B, PLC5 and HepG2 cells as compared to si-negative control transfected cells. 
         [0049]    As shown above, after knocking down of hRPIA in hepatic cancer cell line, the cell is easier to be killed by chemotherapeutic agents. 
       Example 7 
     Examine the Influence of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Cell Growth of Colon Cancer Cell after Knocking Down of hRPIA 
       [0050]    To examine the influence of chemotherapeutic agents on cell growth of colon cancer cell after knocking down of hRPIA, we used specific siRNA to knock down hRPIA expression and then added 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by 0, 5, 15, 25 μg/mL into SW480 and SW620. Further, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to examine whether the over-expression of hRPIA in cancer cells induces cancer cell viability. As shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B  respectively, suppression of hRPIA protein expression by si-hRPIA RNA significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity caused by 5-fluorouracil treatment in SW480 and SW620 cells as compared to si-negative control transfected cells. 
         [0051]    As shown above, after knocking down of hRPIA in colon cancer cell line, the cell is easier to be killed by chemotherapeutic agents. 
       Example 8 
     Examine the Cell Motility of Liver Cancer Cell after Knockdown of hRPIA 
       [0052]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in cancer cells reduces cell motility, we used specific siRNA to knock down hRPIA expression. To quantify the cancer cell survival rate under the treatment of siRNA against hRPIA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA(SEQ NO.2) for 0, 18 and 24 hours, we perform wound healing assay to examine the cell motility of hRPIA in Hep3B which were treated with siRNA-hRPIA (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37° C., 5% CO 2  for 48 hours) as shown in  FIG. 12  respectively. As shown in the figs, the cell motility is lower after adding siRNA. 
         [0053]    As shown above, the cell motility is decreased after knockdown of hRPIA in hepatic cancer cell line. 
       Example 9 
     Examine the Cell Motility of Colon Cancer Cell after Knockdown of hRPIA 
       [0054]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in colon cancer cells reduces cell motility, we used specific siRNA to knock down hRPIA expression. To quantify the cancer cell survival rate under the treatment of siRNA against hRPIA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA(SEQ NO.2) for 0, 14 and 24 hours, we perform wound healing assay to examine the cell motility of hRPIA in SW480 which were treated with siRNA-hRPIA (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37□, 5% CO 2  for 48 hours) as shown in  FIG. 13  respectively. As shown in the figs, the cell motility is lower after adding siRNA. 
         [0055]    As shown above, the cell motility is decreased after knockdown of hRPIA in colon cancer cell line. 
       Example 10 
     Examine the Influence of hRPIA on β-Catenin and Caspase-3 Protein Expression of Liver Cancer Cells 
       [0056]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in hepatic cancer cells induces cell apoptosis, we used specific siRNA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA (SEQ NO.2) to knock down hRPIA expression. Next, we used western blot to examine the protein level of caspase-3 and β-catenin. As shown in  FIG. 14A , the transfection of Hep3B (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37° C., 5% CO 2  for 48 hours) cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in an increased activity of caspase-3. A similar data was obtained in PLC5 and HepG2 ( FIG. 14B  and  FIG. 14C  respectively). In addition, in  FIG. 14C , the transfection of HepG2 cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in a significant reduction of β-catenin protein level. However, the transfection of Hep3B and PLC5 cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in a slightly reduction of β-catenin protein level. 
         [0057]    As shown above, after knocking down hRPIA expression, the protein level of β-catenin is decreased, which means the cell motility is decreased, and the protein level of caspase-3 is increased, which means the cell is going to apoptosis. 
       Example 11 
     Examine the Influence of hRPIA on β-Catenin and Caspase-3 Protein Expression of Colon Cancer Cells 
       [0058]    To examine whether the knockdown of hRPIA in colon cancer cells induces cell apoptosis, we used specific siRNA which sequence is: UUCACUUCACUCCAUUUGUGUACCC (SEQ NO.1) and; GGGUACACAAAUGGAGUGAAGUGAA (SEQ NO.1) to knock down hRPIA expression. Next, we used western blot to examine the protein level of caspase-3 and β-catenin. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the transfection of SW480 which were treated with siRNA-hRPIA (cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum with DMEM in 37° C., 5% CO 2  for 48 hours) cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in an increased activity of caspase-3. In addition, the transfection of SW480 cells with siRNA against hRPIA resulted in a significant reduction of β-catenin protein level. 
         [0059]    As shown above, after knocking down hRPIA expression, the protein level of β-catenin is decreased, which means the cell motility is decreased, and the protein level of caspase-3 is increased, which means the cell is going to apoptosis. 
         [0060]    Although the present invention has been described in terms of specific exemplary embodiments and examples, it will be appreciated that the embodiments disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications and alterations might be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.