Abstract:
5-carboxyphthalide is obtained with very high purity and in high yields by a convenient process comprising reaction of terephthalic acid  
                         
 
     with paraformaldehyde HO(CH 2 ) n H in oleum.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of 5-carboxyphthalide, a starting material for the manufacture of the well-known antidepressant drug citalopram, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-isobenzofurancarbonitrile.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which has successfully been marketed as an antidepressant drug for some years. It has the following structure:  
                         
 
           [0003]    and it may be prepared by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,884 according to which 5-cyanophthalide is subjected to two successive Grignard reactions, i.e. with 4-fluorophenyl magnesium halogenide and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl magnesium halogenide, respectively, and the resulting dicarbinol compound is subjected to a ring closure reaction by dehydration. The 5-cyanophthalide may in its turn be obtained by reaction of 5-carboxyphthalide with a dehydrating agent and a sulfonamide of the formula H 2 N—SO 2 —R wherein R is NH 2 , alkyloxy, optionally substituted phenyloxy, or substituted phenyl in order to obtain 5-cyanophthalide, cf. our co-pending Danish patent application No. PA199801718.  
           [0004]    5-Carboxyphthalide has been described as a useful intermediate in the polymer and paint industry. However, no reliable commercial source is available at present. A known process comprises catalytic hydrogenation of trimellithic acid (DE-A1 2630927). This process provides a mixture of the 5- and 6-carboxyphthalides and, accordingly, it requires elaborate and costly purification. According to J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, p. 1695-1696, 5-carboxyphthalide is synthesised by reaction of terephthialic acid with trioxanie in liquid SO 3 . During this process, trioxane sublimates and precipitates thereby obstructing the equipment.  
           [0005]    Though a number of other methods failed, it has now been found that 5-carboxyphthalide may be prepared from terephthalic acid in high yields by a convenient, cost-effective procedure.  
         DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the manufacture of 5-carboxyphthalide  
                         
 
           [0007]    comprising reaction of terephthalic acid  
                         
 
           [0008]    with paraformaldehyde, HO(CH 2 ) n H, in oleum.  
           [0009]    By the process of the invention, 5-carboxyphtlialide is obtained with very high purity and in high yields (&gt;about 75%). Furthermore, as compared with the prior art process (J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, p. 1695-1696), the process of the invention takes place without precipitation of sublimated trioxane which obstructs the equipment e.g. by precipitating in condensers.  
           [0010]    The oleum used is conmercially available oleum. So the following are available from Aldrich/Fluka:  
           [0011]    12-17% SO 3  (Fuming sulfuric acid) 15% oleum  
           [0012]    18-24% SO 3  (Fuming sulfuric acid) 20% oleum  
           [0013]    27-33% SO 3  (Fuming sulfuric acid) 30% oleum  
           [0014]    From other sources 20% oleum contains 20-25% SO 3    
           [0015]    In the method of the invention, the terephthalic acid is condensed with paraformaldehyde liberating water, which reacts with the SO 3 . When the reaction is complete, 5-carboxyphthalide may be isolated as follows. The reaction mixture is hydrolysed with water. The condensed product, 5-carboxyphthalide inclusive possible diphthalide unpurities may then be filtered off, and the 5-carboxyphitbalide may be dissolved in aqueous medium by adjusting pH to about 6.7 to 7.3, leaving possible diphthalide impurities in the solid phase The diphthalide present may be filtered off whereupon 5-carboxyphthalide may be precipitated by acidification, filtered off, washed with water and dried.  
           [0016]    Preferably 1.0-1.33 equivalents CH 2 O and 1.0-2.5, preferably 1.0-2.0 are used. More preferably 1.25-1.5 equivalents SO 3  per equivalent terephthalic acid are used. Most preferably, about 1.37 equivalents (corresponding to about 33 kg 20-25% oleum/kg terephthalic acid) are used per equivalent terephthalic acid.  
           [0017]    The reaction of terephthalic acid with paraformaldehyde is carried out at elevated temperature, conveniently at about 50-148° C., preferably 115-125° C. or 138-148° C. The reaction time is not cntical and may easily be determined by a person skilled in the art, a reaction time of 17-21 hours is preferably used for a 210 kg batch at 115-1250C. The time is decreased with increasing temperature.  
           [0018]    The adjustment of pH to 6.3 to 7.3 in order to dissolve the 5-carboxyphthalide formed may be effected by NaOH, e.g. about 10% aqueous NaOH.  
           [0019]    Acidification in order to precipitate the 5-carboxyphthalide may be carried out by adding sulphuric acid until pH=2.  
           [0020]    The terephthalic acid used as a starting material is commercially available. 
       
    
    
     EXAMPLES  
       [0021]    The invention is father illustrated by the following example.  
       Example 1  
       [0022]    5-Carboxyphthalid  
         [0023]    Terephthalic acid (10 kg) is charged into a reactor. Oleum (20% (18-24% SO 3 ); 6 kg/kg terephthalic acid ) is added and then paraformaldehyde (1.33 equivalents, 0.24 kg/kg terephthalic acid) is added. The mixture is agitated at 125° C. for 17 hours. Water (13 kg/kg terephthalic acid and filter aid is added, the temperature is adjusted to about 70° C. The precipitate is filtered of, washed with water and suspended in water. The pH of the suspension is adjusted to about 7 with NaOH, activated carbon, 0.07 kg/kg terephthalic acid is added, and then the mixture is filtered, the precipitate is rinsed with water. The temperature of the filtrate is adjusted to about 65° C. and the pH is adjusted to about 2 with 50% sulfuric acid. The 5-carboxyphtlhalide precipitated is separated by filtration washed and dried. Yield 83%.  
       Example 2  
       [0024]    5Carboxyphthalid  
         [0025]    Oleum (20-25% SO 3  43 kg) is charged into a reactor. Terephthalic acid (13 Kg) and then paraformaldehyde (3.8 Kg) is added. The mixture is agitated at 138-148° C. for 4½ hours. Water (87 L) is added and the temperature is adjusted to about 100° C. The precipitate is filtered of, washed with water and suspended in water. The pH of the suspension is adjusted to about 7 with NaOH (about 10%), activated carbon, 0.5 Kg is added, and then the mixture is filtered, the precipitate is rinsed with water. The temperature of the filtrate is adjusted to about 85° C. and the pH is adjusted to about 2 with 96% sulfuric acid. The 5-carboxyphthalide precipitated is separated by filtration washed and dried. Yield 82%.