Abstract:
The tire of the invention incorporates an active nylon flipper in each bead region. The flipper is active in the sense that it actively absorbs differential shearing strains that arise between each turnup end of the ply and each rigid metal bead during heavy-duty service. In conjunction with each of the two flippers, a chipper protects the portion of the ply lying closest to the wheel rim when the tire is mounted. A nylon patch overlaps the respective end of each chipper, the turnup end of the ply, and the radially outermost part of each flipper. The shearing modulus of the nylon material of each flippers and each patch is intermediate between the shearing moduli of the adjacent materials, which thus distributes and absorbs shearing stresses in ways that reduce the tendency of the turnup ends and the radial most part of the chippers to separate from the adjacent tire structures during heavy-duty operation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to pneumatic tires for trucks and more particularly to means of preventing separation of ply turnup ends. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A pneumatic vehicle tire typically includes a pair of axially separated inextensible beads. A circumferentially disposed bead filler apex extends radially outward from each respective bead. At least one carcass ply extends between the two beads. The carcass ply has axially opposite end portions, each of which is turned up around a respective bead and secured thereto. Tread rubber and sidewall rubber is located axially and radially outward, respectively, of the carcass ply. 
     The bead area is one part of the tire that contributes a substantial amount to the rolling resistance of the tire, due to cyclical flexure which also leads to heat buildup. Under conditions of severe operation, as with truck tires, the flexure and heating in the bead region can be especially problematic, leading to separation of mutually adjacent components that have disparate properties such as the respective moduli of elasticity. In particular, the ply turnup ends are prone to separation from adjacent structural elements of the tire. More specifically, the ply is reinforced with materials such as nylon, polyester, rayon and metal which have much greater stiffness (i.e., modulus of elasticity) than does the adjacent rubber compound of which the bulk of the tire is made. The difference in elastic modulus of mutually adjacent tire elements leads to separation when the tire is stressed and deformed during use. 
     A variety of structural design approaches have been used to manage the separation of tire elements in the bead regions of tires. For example, one method has been to provide a “flipper” surrounding the bead and the bead filler. The flipper works as a spacer that keeps the ply from making direct contact with the inextensible beads, allowing some degree of relative motion between the ply, where it turns upward under the bead, and the respective beads. In this role as a spacer, the flipper reduces the inevitable disparities of strain on the ply and on the adjacent rubber components of the tire (e.g., the filler apex, the sidewall rubber, in the bead region, and the elastomeric portions of the ply itself). 
     The flipper is often made of a square woven cloth that is typically a textile in which each fiber, thread or cord has a generally round cross-section. When the flipper is cured in the tire, the stiffness of the fibers/cords becomes essentially the same in any direction within the plane of the textile flipper. 
     Examples of flippers are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,489,614 and 3,253,693. The latter Patent also discloses data on radial and circumferential deformations within the tire. Such deformations result in shearing stresses during normal operation of the tire, but especially during severe operating conditions. Circumferentially directed shear deformations correlate with high shearing stresses within portions of the tire where the flippers overlap the radially oriented cords that reinforce the ply. 
     Also, given that the ply is, on each side of the tire, clamped around, or anchored to, or “turned up” about, the respective bead, there exists a “turn-up end” (as viewed in the cross section of a tire) that extends radially outward within, and circumferentially about, each sidewall. Limits on the length of the ply turnup ends are made in order to locate the ends of the ply in positions where radial deformations of the tire are relatively small. Generally the ends of the turnup ends of the ply do not extend beyond one third of the interior section height of the tire (i.e., the section height as measured from the nominal rim diameter to the inner diameter of the tire at its equatorial plane). 
     Stresses that result in the deposition of energy (i.e., the generation of heat) in the bead region and in the region where the turnup ends terminate are frequently accompanied by strains that contribute to separation failures at the turnup ends. A balanced design for a reinforced bead assembly of a tire has stress characteristics that lead to reduced flexural energy generation (heat buildup) and to strain characteristics that can be uniformly borne by mutually adjacent tire components in the bead region, including the turnup ends. 
     More particularly, radial-ply truck tires in which the one or more plies are reinforced with steel fibers or cords are prone to ply ending or turnup separation when exposed to severe service. Part of the cause of separation is related to the stresses described above and to the disparate moduli of elasticity of the respective metal and adjacent polymeric rubber compounds. As the tire undergoes flexure during heavy-duty use, flexure of the sidewalls in the region near to and immediately radially outward of the beads experience repeated flexural deformations in one or more directions, such as the radial and axial directions. Ply separation is especially problematic if the tire is overinflated or underinflated. 
     Prior to the use of steel-reinforced radial ply construction, the plies were reinforced with materials having substantially lower moduli of elasticity than that of steel. Accordingly, the stresses associated with heavy-duty tire use were more easily accommodated by the respectively adjacent components, such as the ply reinforcing materials and the adjacent rubber polymeric materials. (Such tires were, of course, less durable than are those having metal reinforced plies.) Still, disparities of respective moduli of elasticity could lead to ply separation under severe conditions, especially in region near the ply endings. 
     In addition to the use of flippers as a means by which to reduce the tendency of a ply to separate, another method that has been used involves the placement of “chippers.” A chipper is a circumferentially deployed metal or fabric layer that is disposed within the bead region in the portion of the tire where the bead fits onto the wheel rim. More specifically, the chipper lies inward of the wheel rim (i.e., toward the bead) and outward (i.e., radially outward, relative to the bead viewed in cross section) of the portion of the ply that turns upward around the bead. Chippers serve to stiffen, and increase the resistance to flexure, of the adjacent rubber material which itself is typically adjacent to the turnup ply endings. 
     Examples of patents of prior art uses of flippers and/or chippers are as follows: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,309,971 (Baker et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,722 (Klepper et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,462,448 (Kawaguchi et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,976 (Mezzanotte) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,184 (Motomura et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,551 (Mezzanotte) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,183 (Takahashi et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,901 (Pogue et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,638,705 (Devienne et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,028,903 (Lessig) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,958,360 (Mcacklem et al) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,902,273 (Lessig) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,501,372 (Benson) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,131,636 (Nellen) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 1,682,922 (McKone) 
     The U.S. Pat. No. 4,319,621 (Motomura et al) discloses several embodiments for use of an inventive metal chipper composed of a reinforcing element embedded in rubber and formed of 1 to 50 helically formed metal filaments. The FIG. 4 d  illustrates an embodiment using the metal chipper ( 4   3 ), constituted with reinforcing element (β) composed of the helically formed filaments ( 6 ), as a flipper folded around the bead ring ( 2 ) from the inside to the outside thereof between the bead ring ( 2 ) and the carcass ply ( 3 ) and extended upwardly over the upper end of the turn-up portion ( 3 ′) of the carcass ply ( 3 ). A chafer ( 5   1 ) reinforced with conventional steel cords and chafers ( 5   2  and  5   3 ) each reinforced with nylon cords are further arranged outside the carcass ply ( 3 ), the turn-up portion ( 3 ′) of the carcass ply ( 3 ) and the metal chipper ( 4   3 ). 
     Each of these prior art patents can be distinguished from the present invention in that they do not include one or more of the features discussed below in the Description of the Preferred Embodiment of the present invention. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a bead region design that can reduce ply ending separation initiation and propagation within radial unisteel tires exposed to severe service conditions. 
     Generally, another object of the present invention is to reduce the flexural heat buildup associated with the cyclical shearing stresses and concomitant cyclical shearing strains in the bead regions of truck tires exposed to severe operating conditions. 
     Another object of the present invention is to employ a bead-region design feature, specifically the incorporation of a textile strip (i.e., a circumferentially disposed “patch”) over both sides of the ply turnup ends and the radially outermost portions of the chipper so as to reduce deformation and shearing stress gradients and thus improve the tire&#39;s overall resistance to initiation and propagation of ply ending separation in the bead region. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to incorporate in the bead region of truck tires a combination of chippers, active flippers and a textile “patch” (circumferentially disposed axially outward of the ply turnup and the chipper) which operate in relation to one another in such a way as to provide spacers having such physical properties as modulus of elasticity which are intermediate between those of otherwise adjacent materials having significantly different moduli of elasticity (e.g., steel ply reinforcing wires/cords and rubber). 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to achieve the above objectives by means of the incorporation of a smaller number of components than are used in standard tire constructions wherein gum strips are applied at the radially outermost ply and chipper endings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a pneumatic radial ply tire having a tread, a carcass comprising a radial ply, a belt structure located between the tread and the radial ply, two inextensible beads, and two sidewalls. The ply is reinforced with a high-modulus material, and it is wrapped around the beads with its turnup ends extending radially outward beneath the sidewalls. Nylon fabric flippers are circumferentially disposed to between the beads from the wrapped ply, separating them from direct contact. Chippers made of steel cords are disposed circumferentially between the portion of the ply that wraps around the bead in the portion of the tire bead region that makes direct contact with the wheel rim when the tire is mounted. Nylon fabric patches are circumferentially disposed over the radially outermost reaches of the axially outwardmost parts of the chippers, the ply turnup ends and the flippers, overlapping the ends of each respective part. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The structure, operation, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon contemplation of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a prior art tire incorporating a flipper; 
     FIG. 2 shows a close up view of the bead region of the prior art tire shown in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 3 shows a closeup cross-sectional view of the bead region of the tire according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     “Apex” or “bead filler apex” means an elastomeric filler located radially above the bead core and between the plies and the turnup plies. 
     “Axial” and “Axially” means the lines or directions that are parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire. 
     “Bead” or “Bead Core” generally means that part of the tire comprising an annular tensile member of radially inner beads that are associated with holding the tire to the rim; the beads being wrapped by ply cords and shaped, with or without other reinforcement elements such as flippers, chippers, apexes or fillers, toe guards and chafers. 
     “Carcass” means the tire structure apart from the belt structure, tread, undertread over the plies, but including the beads. 
     “Casing” means the carcass, belt structure, beads, sidewalls and all other components of the tire excepting the tread and undertread, i.e., the whole tire. 
     “Chipper” refers to a narrow band of fabric or steel cords located in the bead area whose function is to reinforce the bead area and stabilize the radially inwardmost part of the sidewall. 
     “Circumferential” most often means circular lines or directions extending along the perimeter of the surface of the annular tread perpendicular to the axial direction; it can also refer to the direction of the sets of adjacent circular curves whose radii define the axial curvature of the tread, as viewed in cross section. 
     “Cord” means one of the reinforcement strands, including fibers, with which the plies and belts are reinforced. 
     “Equatorial Plane” means the plane perpendicular to the tire&#39;s axis of rotation and passing through the center of its tread; or the plane containing the circumferential centerline of the tread. 
     “Flipper” refers to a reinforcing fabric around the bead wire for strength and to tie the bead wire in the tire body. 
     “Gauge” refers generally to a measurement and specifically to thickness. 
     “Inner Liner” means the layer or layers of elastomer or other material that form the inside surface of a tubeless tire and that contain the inflating fluid within the tire. 
     “Lateral” means a direction parallel to the axial direction. 
     “Normal Load” means the specific design inflation pressure and load assigned by the appropriate standards organization for the service condition for the tire. 
     “Ply” means a cord-reinforced layer of rubber-coated radially deployed or otherwise parallel cords. 
     “Radial” and “radially” mean directions radially toward or away from the axis of rotation of the tire. 
     “Radial Ply Structure” means the one or more carcass plies or which at least one ply has reinforcing cords oriented at an angle of between 65° and 90° with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. 
     “Radial Ply Tire” means a belted or circumferentially-restricted pneumatic tire in which at least one ply has cords which extend from bead to bead are laid at cord angles between 65° and 90° with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. 
     “Section Height” means the radial distance from the nominal rim diameter to the outer diameter of the tire at its equatorial plane. 
     “Section Width” means the maximum linear distance parallel to the axis of the tire and between the exterior of its sidewalls when and after it has been inflated at normal pressure for 24 hours, but unloaded, excluding elevations of the sidewalls due to labeling, decoration or protective bands. 
     “Sidewall” means that portion of a tire between the tread and the bead. 
     “Toe guard” refers to the circumferentially deployed elastomeric rim-contacting portion of the tire axially inward of each bead. 
     “Tread width” means the arc length of the tread surface in the plane includes the axis of rotation of the tire. 
     “Turnup end” means the portion of a carcass ply that turns upward (i.e., radially outward) from the beads about which the ply is wrapped. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Prior Art Embodiment 
     FIG. 1 shows in meridional cross-sectional view a prior art tire  10  having a tread  12 , a single carcass ply  14 , an inner liner  23 , belt structure  16  comprising belts  18 , 20 , carcass structure  22 , two sidewalls  15 , 17 , and bead regions  24   a , 24   b  comprising bead filler apexes  26   a , 26   b  and beads  28   a , 28   b . The tire  10  is suitable for mounting on a rim of a vehicle such as a truck. The carcass ply  14  includes a pair of axially opposite end portions  30   a , 30   b , each of which is secured to a respective one of the beads  28   a , 28   b . Each axial end portion  30   a  or  30   b  of the carcass ply  14  is turned up and around the respective bead ( 28   b , in FIG. 2) to a position sufficient to anchor each axial end portion  30   a , 30   b.    
     The carcass ply  14  is a rubberized ply having a plurality of substantially parallel extending carcass reinforcing members made of such material as polyester, rayon or similar organic polymeric compounds. The carcass ply  14  engages the axial outer surfaces of the flippers  32   a , 32   b . Flipper  32   b  is shown in FIG. 2, which shows a close-up detail view of the bead region of the prior art tire  10 . Additional prior art tires incorporating chippers and/or flippers are addressed below in relation to the present invention and their respective differences from the present invention. 
     Summary of the Inventive Features 
     FIG. 3 shows, in cross-sectional view, the bead region of a tire incorporating the present invention, shown mounted on a wheel rim  70 . Carcass ply  50  wraps around bead  52   b  and is separated from the bead by the flipper  54 . The flipper  54  is a fabric layer disposed around the bead wire  52   b  and inward of the portion of the carcass ply  50  which turns up under the bead. The flipper  54  is made of a material having physical properties (such as shearing modulus of elasticity) that are intermediate between those of the rigid metal bead material and the less rigid material of the carcass ply  50 . The flipper  54  therefore serves as an active strain-relieving layer separating the rigid metal beads from the less rigid carcass ply  50 . Carcass ply  50  is reinforced with metal as is conventional in the tire art. 
     FIG. 3 also shows a chipper  56 . The chipper  56  consists of a narrow band of steel cloth located in the bead area for the purpose of reinforcing the bead area and stabilizing the axially inwardmost part of the sidewall  57 . The flipper  54  and the chipper  56 , along with the nylon patch  58  uniting them, are discussed separately below, and then in operational conjunction with one another. 
     The Flipper 
     The flipper  54  of the present invention wraps around the bead  52   b  and extends radially outward into the sidewall regions of the tire. The axially inward portion  55  of flipper  54  terminates within the bead-filler apex  59   b . The axially outward portion  60   b  of the flipper  54  lies radially beyond the turnup end  62   b , which itself is located radially beyond the radially outermost reach of the chipper  56  (discussed separately below). The axially outwardmost portions  62   b  of the turnup ends of the ply  50  extend radially outward by a distance of between about 15 millimeters and about 30 millimeters beyond the top of a wheel rim flange  72  of the wheel rim  70 . 
     The flipper  54  is made of nylon fabric. Nylon is defined herein as an example of thermoplastic polymers capable of extension when woven into fabrics, sheets, etc. of extreme toughness, strength and elasticity. For example, the nylon used in the present invention can have the following physical characteristics: The nylon fabric can be woven, or it can be of a monofilament or even a multifilament type of material in which all the cords run in the same direction. The nylon fabric of the flippers  54  can have a thread pitch of between about 5 and about 30 ends per inch (about 2-12 ends/cm) and an overall thickness in the range of about 0.3 to about 1.2 mm, preferably about 10 to about 20 ends per inch (about 4-8 ends/cm) and 0.5 to about 1.0 mm gauge, and most preferably between about 10 and about 20 ends per inch (about 4-8 ends/cm). The nylon cords of the flipper  54  are oriented at an angle of between about 20 degrees and about 50 degrees with respect to the radial direction, and most preferably at an angle of between 25 degrees and 35 degrees. 
     As can be inferred from contemplation of FIG. 3, the flipper  54  is deployed about the bead  52   b  which is itself circumferentially disposed within the tire. The flipper  54  disposed such that its axially inward portion  55  extends radially outward from the bead to a distance which is approximately axially adjacent to the top of the rim flange  72  of a wheel  70 . On its axially outward side, the flipper  54  extends radially outward from the bead to a location  60   b  that is also approximately equal to the height of the wheel&#39;s rim flange  72 . The radialmost reach of the end  60   b  of the flipper  54  extends between about 7 millimeters and about 15 millimeters beyond the radialmost reach of the ply turnup end  62   b . (The view of the elements of the bead region shown in FIG. 3 are mirror-image symmetric with the corresponding elements of the bead region on the other side of the tire.) 
     The flipper is called “active” because it actively absorbs (i.e. during tire deflection) the differential strain between the very rigid bead  52   b  and the less rigid metal reinforced ply  50  by the positioning of the flipper ends relative to the top rim flange level. This will also be the case for the “patch” outward as described later. 
     The Chipper 
     The chipper  56  is made of steel cords. Each chipper  56  (one for each bead, only one is shown in FIG. 3) is disposed adjacent to the portion of the ply  50  that is wrapped around the bead  52   b . More specifically, the chipper  56  is disposed on the opposite side of the portion of the ply  50  from the flipper  54 . The axially inwardmost portion of the chipper  56  lies in the portion of the bead region that, when the tire is mounted on a wheel  70 , would lie closest to the circularly cylindrical part  74  of the wheel. The axially and radially outwardmost portion of the chipper  56  lies in the portion of the bead region that, when the tire is mounted on a wheel, would lie inward of the circular portion of the wheel-rim flange  70 , being separated from the circular portion of the wheel-rim flange by tire rubber  64 . In other words, as can be seen in FIG. 3, the chipper  56  is disposed circumferentially about the radially inwardmost portion of carcass ply  50  where it turns up under the bead  52   b . The chipper  56  can extend radially outward, being more or less parallel with the turned up end  62   b  of the ply  50 , for example to a distance of about 10 mm to about 30 mm beyond the radial-most reach of the turned up ends  62   b  of the ply  50 , of the radial-most reach of the turnup end of the ply. There are, of course, two chippers, only one of which is shown in FIG.  3 . The disposition of the second chipper (not shown) is mirror-symmetric with respect to the bead-region elements shown in FIG.  3 . 
     The chipper  56  protects the portion of the ply that wraps around the bead from the strains in the rubber that separates the chipper from the wheel rim  70 . The chipper  56  reinforces the bead area and stabilizes the radially inwardmost part of the sidewall  57 . In other words, the chipper  56 , being of a relatively flexible steel cords material encompassed with an elastomeric material, absorbs deformation in a way that minimizes the transmission of stress-induced shearing strains that arise inward from the wheel rim  70 , through the rubber portion  64 , to the turned up portion  62   b  of the ply  50  where the chipper is most immediately adjacent to the rigid bead  52   b.    
     In a prior art tire, the radially outermost portion of a chipper, corresponding to  68  in FIG. 3, would be exposed to high shearing stresses in the bead region. The differential shearing strains, between the chipper and the much less rigid adjacent rubber, would tend to induce separation of the chipper end  68  from the adjacent rubber  64 . The mode of separation arises from the disparity of the physical properties, in particular the disparity of the respective shear moduli of elasticity, of the chipper material and the adjacent low shear modulus of the rubber. Therefore, among the inventive features of the present invention is the use of a nylon “patch”  58  which overlays the radially outwardmost end  68  of the chipper  56  as well as the radially outermost end  60   b  of the turned up end  62   b  of the ply  50 . 
     The chipper  56  of the present invention is made of steel cords having a mesh of between about 10 and about 18 ends per inch, preferably between about 12 and about 16 ends per inch. The wire cord gauge of the chipper is between about 0.6 mm and about 1.5 mm. The chipper cords are oriented at an angle of between about 25 degrees and about 35 degrees with respect to the radially oriented steel cords that reinforce the ply; most preferably it is oriented between about 27 and about 30 degrees. 
     The Nylon Patch 
     The nylon patch  58  shown in FIG. 3, is circumferentially disposed about the bead structure  52   b  in such a way as to over lie the radially outermost regions  68  of the chipper  56  and the turned up ends  62   b  of the ply  50 . 
     The nylon patch  58  performs a function similar to that of those of the chipper  56  and the active flipper  54 . More specifically, the material of the nylon patch, because it has properties of shear modulus of elasticity that are intermediate between those of the low-modulus rubber and the much higher modulus reinforcing materials of the ply  50  and the chipper  56 , works to intermediate or absorb shearing stresses in the rubber parts which might otherwise induce separation of the flexible rubber from the less flexible material of the chipper and the ply. 
     The nylon patch  58  is made of nylon fabric having a thread pitch of between about 5 and about 30 ends per inch (epi) and an overall thickness in the range of about 0.3 to about 1.2 mm, and 0.5 to about 1.0 mm gauge, preferably about 10 to about 20 ends per inch, and most preferably between about 10 and, about 15 ends per inch and 0.5 to 0.8 mm cord gauge. The nylon fibers of the nylon patch  58  are oriented at an angle of about 45 degrees with respect to the angle of the nylon threads of the flipper  54 . The radially outwardmost portion  67  of the patch  58  reaches to a minimum level such as extending by at least 5 mm avove the flipper  55  upper end  60   b  and preferably between 10 and 15 mm. The radially inwardmost portion of the patch overlaps preferably about a minimum of 10 mm with the wire chipper  56 . 
     Operational Dynamics of the Inventive Features 
     The flipper  54  and the patch  58  serve to provide materials that act as strain buffers between respective tire elements which have disparate shear moduli of elasticity. More specifically, the flipper  54  introduces an intermediate material between the rigid bead  52   b  and the less rigid bead wrapping portion of the steel reinforced ply  50 . 
     The radially and axially outermost portion  60   b  of the flipper  54  serves a similar strain-relieving intermediating presence between the axially inwardmost portion of the radially outermost extreme region of the turned up end  62   b  of the ply  50  and the relatively less rigid (i.e., having relatively lower shear modulus of elasticity) material of the bead filler apex  59   b.    
     The chipper  56  serves a similar, albeit more rigid, intermediating strain reliever disposed between the portion of the ply  50  that wraps around and ascends radially outward from the rigid bead  52   b.    
     Finally, the patch  58 , which overlies the radially outer most portions of the turnup ends  62   b  of the ply  50  and the radially outermost portion  68  of the chipper  56 , likewise presents a strain absorbing presence that intermediates between the high strains of the low-modulus rubber portion  64  and the relatively lower strains of the higher modulus materials respectively of the ply end  62   b  and the chipper end  68 . 
     The net effect of the incorporation of the combined inventive features of the steel cords chipper  56  and the flipper  54  and the patch  58  is a set of strain buffers that relieve or absorb the kinds of differential shearing strains that otherwise, were the chippers, flippers and patches not present, would more likely lead to separation of the adjacent materials having disparate shearing moduli of elasticity. Furthermore, this reinforced construction results in increased durability of the tire by means of the incorporation of a smaller number of components than for standard constructions with gum strips at ply and chipper ending. 
     While the invention has been described in combination with embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing teachings. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.