Abstract:
A wrought aluminium material with improved damage tolerance while preserving the high strength of the material is disclosed. Furthermore, a cast aluminium material of a precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy is disclosed, the material comprising grains having two distinct zones with a first centre zone enriched in elements capable of reacting peritectically with aluminium and a second zone, surrounding the first zone, enriched in elements capable of reacting eutectically with aluminium.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to a damage tolerant aluminium material having a layered microstructure as well as to precipitation hardenable type aluminium alloys suitable for producing said aluminium material and to a method for producing said aluminium material. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The invention relates to the production of aluminium materials, and in particular to the production of damage tolerant wrought aluminium materials. 
         [0003]    From the prior art it is known that for conventionally produced aluminium materials, strength, ductility and damage tolerance are generally inversely related to one another such that an increased level of tensile strength usually deteriorate ductility and damage tolerance 
         [0004]    In a previous method known from EP1987170 an alloy is used comprising wt %: Mn max 0.6, Cr max 0.3, Zr max 0.25, Mg 0.25-1.2, Si 0.3-1.4, Ti 0.1-0.4, where Ti is present in solid solution and incidental impurities, including Fe and Zn, up to 0.5 is included, with the balance being Al. The preferred Si/Mg-ratio is 1.4. The alloy is cast to billets and then homogenised and the billets are extruded to produce a material with improved crush resistant properties. 
         [0005]    Extruded or rolled material resistant to stress corrosion cracking is presented in JP2008076297. The compositions used in this patent result in a conventional microstructure with a homogenous distribution of alloying elements. This patent also claims that the casting rate and cooling rate after casting must be high to keep the grain size of the cast structure small. A material of high damage tolerance is hereby not produced. 
         [0006]    In EP2103701 an aluminium alloy comprising Si 0.68-0.77, Fe 0.16-0.24, Cu 0.24-0.32, Mn 0.68-0.77, Mg 0.58-0.67, Cr &lt;0.04, Zn &lt;0.1, Ti &lt;0.1, V&lt;0.04, other elements &lt;0.3, balance Al is used to produce products for the automotive industry with a yield strength of more than 280 MPa. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    It is an object of the present invention to provide conditions for enabling production of a wrought aluminium material with improved damage tolerance while preserving the high strength of the material. 
         [0008]    The object is achieved by means of a cast aluminium material in accordance with independent claim  1 , an aluminium alloy in accordance with independent claim  10  and a controlled method of producing a cast aluminium material in accordance with independent claim  12 . Embodiments are given by the dependent claims. 
         [0009]    A wrought aluminium material having a microstructure composed of alternating layers with significantly different mechanical properties providing a superior combination of strength, ductility and damage tolerance to the wrought aluminium material is thus achieved. 
         [0010]    The layered structure is formed by deformation of an precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy comprising a cast structure composed of grains having two zones; a first centre zone enriched in elements capable of reacting peritectically with aluminium and a second zone, surrounding the first, enriched in elements capable of reacting eutectically with aluminium. In order to achieve an effect of the layered structure the aluminium alloy should comprise peritectic alloying elements with a combined partition coefficient of above 3, preferentially above 5 and most preferentially above 8, at a proportion of more than 0.02 times the content of wt % eutectic elements. 
         [0011]    The invention provides an aluminium material of an precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy comprising a cast structure composed of grains, dendrites or cells having two distinct zones with a first centre zone enriched in elements capable of reacting peritectically with aluminium and a second zone, surrounding the first zone, enriched in elements capable of reacting eutectically with aluminium, the first zone occupying 1-85%, preferably 10-70%, most preferably 20-50% of the total billet volume measured on the cross section as peritectic hills in the interference contrast in LOM. 
         [0012]    The invention further provides a wrought aluminium material produced by deformation of the cast aluminium material, whereby a material with a layered microstructure is produced, as well as a method for producing said material by controlling the casting speed so as to produce a two-zone cast structure, the first zone occupying 1-85%, preferably 10-70%, most preferably 20-50% of the total volume measured on the cross section as peritectic hills in the interference contrast in LOM. 
         [0013]    The wrought aluminium material is an excellent candidate material especially in applications requiring damage tolerance, such as automobile parts where damage tolerance is a prerequisite. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic drawing of a cross section of the as-cast material according to the present invention, wherein A signifies the centre zone enriched in peritectic elements and B signifies the surrounding zone enriched in eutectic elements in a grain, and a schematic drawing of a layered structure obtained after deformation. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  shows the redistribution of Mg+Si− in different areas of a grain for the solidified AlMgSi alloy containing 1.2% (Mg+Si) as a function of the content of wt % of peritectic alloying elements in these areas, revealed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  compares damage tolerance in bending of two aluminium materials with the same strength level, wherein a) shows a conventional aluminium material and b) shows an aluminium material according to the present invention, and wherein the reference numbers signifies 1—perpendicular crack, 2—small arrested longitudinal cracks. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    In this invention the damage tolerant wrought aluminium material is composed of alternating layers with significantly different mechanical properties which remain distinct on a microscopic level within the finished structure, see  FIG. 1 . This layered structure exhibits enhanced degree of damage tolerance at high strength. Damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely. 
         [0018]    The present invention provides in one aspect a process for producing a damage tolerant aluminium material in which the casting process produces a cast structure composed of grains having two zones; in which 1-85% of their volume consists of a zone enriched in peritectic elements, hereinafter called the “peritectic zone” and 15-99%, of the volume consisting of a surrounding zone enriched in eutectic elements, hereinafter called the “eutectic zone”. The solidification process of the invention is referred to as extended peritectic solidification, and we have found that at a given proportion of selected peritectic alloying elements in relation to eutectic elements, a cast structure with two distinct zones with different compositions is formed within each grain, as opposed to a conventional homogenous cast structure. This extended peritectic solidification leads to a very strong redistribution of alloying elements, yielding the desired two-zone structure. The development of the two-zone structure is dependent on the control of the casting process, e g the geometry of the casting, the casting speed, the metal head and temperature of the melt. 
         [0019]    The peritectic zone is defined as a microstructure constituent which has at least 0.02×[wt % eutectic elements]×[Σk of peritectic elements], wherein Σk is the combined partition coefficient. The peritectic elements are able to suppress the local content of eutectic elements to a fraction of the alloy content. In that way the desired two zone microstructure is formed. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows an example of eutectic element redistribution within one grain as a function of the local content of peritectic alloying elements revealed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy for an AlMgSi alloy with about 1.2 wt % of Mg+Si. It is clearly seen that when the local content of peritectic alloying elements is above 0.2% then a microstructure with two distinct zones is formed (the Mg+Si—rich zone and Mg+Si—poor zone), with an Mg+Si ratio between the second and the first zone of 1:2 or less. 
         [0021]    The strength of peritectic alloying elements is defined by their combined partition coefficients Σk which must be above 3, preferentially above 5 and most preferentially above 8, and their content which must be above 0.02×[wt % eutectic alloying elements], enabling a suppression of the local eutectic element content in the peritectic zone to &lt;0.8×[the average eutectic alloying elements content of the alloy in wt %]. Below a partition coefficient of 3 the two zone structure is not produced. If the partition coefficient is more than 3, but less than 8, the two zone structure is formed but is less pronounced and may thus for some cases not provide a sufficient layered structure in the wrought product. 
         [0022]    The combined partition coefficient is calculated as a sum of the individual coefficients for binary system at the peritectic temperature; (7.5 for Ti, 3.9 for V, 2.5 for Mo, 1.9 for Nb, 2.5 for Zr, 2 for Cr, 1.1 for Zn, 2.7 for W, 2.4 for Hf, 2.5 for Ta). 
         [0023]    The solidification rate of the precipitation hardenable aluminium alloy with the addition of peritectic elements during casting must be slow to give sufficient time for the redistribution described above and to produce a microstructure with at least 1% of peritectic zone. The development of the two-zone structure is dependent on the control of the casting process, as mentioned above, and thus the solidification rate. The solidification rate should preferably be such that it corresponds to a casting rate of maximally 90 mm/min under the conditions of the examples given below, reference being made especially to Table 2. Generally, the solidification time, i.e. the time between completely liquid and completely solidified material, during casting should be controlled to at least 75 seconds, preferably at least 100 seconds, for all compositions of the alloy within the scope of the invention. 
         [0024]    After shaping of the cast material, such as rolling, extrusion, or forging, a layered structure of alternate soft and hard layers is obtained. For this reason the layered material obtained from a peritectic/eutectic starting structure in accordance with this invention gives rise to superior combinations of damage tolerance and tensile strength. 
         [0025]    After casting, the aluminium alloy may be homogenised. The aim of the homogenising treatment is usually to dissolve Mg and Si, to level off possible residual stresses resulting from the casting process, to form dispersoid type particles for controlling the wrought grain structure, and to spheroidise sharp or needle shaped intermetallic compounds formed during solidification of the aluminium alloy. According to the present invention a redistribution of the alloying elements is not desired. Therefore, if the material is to be homogenized, a low homogenisation temperature is favoured against a high homogenisation temperature, with the main aim of increasing the difference in mechanical properties between the zones After homogenisation, the alloy is cooled, for example by means of air cooling. Further the alloy may be preheated, preferably to a temperature in the range of less than 500° C. and extruded, rolled of forged. After extrusion, rolling or forging the aluminium alloy of the invention is quenched, ideally press-quenched, for example by means of water, water spray, forced air, other cooling liquid or by means of nitrogen. 
         [0026]    In a following step, the material is aged to desired level of mechanical and physical properties. Preferably, the alloy of the present invention is artificially aged to a desired temper, which would ideally be an overaged temper such as T7, in particular when used for applications requiring a high capacity for absorbing kinetic energy by plastic deformation. Alternatively the aluminium alloy can be aged to a T6 condition for higher strength or to an underaged condition, or subjected to a stabilisation anneal at a temperature in a range of 50 to 120° C. to improve cold formability and/or additional heat treatment response. 
         [0027]    After the complete processing treatment cycle, the material can be processed into products of many kinds. The aluminium alloy is particularly suitable for applications which, amongst other things, require a high damage tolerance, such as crash components suitable for application in automotive and railway vehicles. Although the aluminium alloy according to the invention is preferably processed via extrusion, it is also suitable in rolled and forged constructions, for example as a suspension part in a car, for which damage intolerant material has an adverse effect on the fatigue performance of the component. 
         [0028]    The increased ductility and damage tolerance is due to a layered structure, which increases the strain to the onset of necking and retards the localisation of strain during necking, and to an increased resistance to fracture, which is reflected in increased true fracture strains. 
       Selection of Alloying Elements 
       [0029]    The improved properties are not critically dependent upon the composition of the aluminium, provided that the desired microstructure can be developed. Thus, all precipitation hardenable aluminium alloys, such as 2XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX and 8XXX alloys, may be used to produce the material according to the invention. 
         [0030]    It has been found that in order to obtain an adequate level of strength AlMgSi alloys containing 0.3-1.5% Mg and 0.3-1.5% Si should have peritectic alloy additions of at least 0.02×[wt % eutectic alloying elements] sufficient to produce an adequate amount of two-component structure in the cast and homogenised material and to produce a layered structure after hot processing. Elements capable of a peritectic reaction with Al are Nb, Ti, V, Mo, Cr, Zn, Zr, Hf, Ta, and W. 
         [0031]    A preferred composition according to the present invention is given by an aluminium alloy comprising the alloying elements, in wt. %:
       Si 0.3 to 1.5, preferably 0.5-1.1   Mg 0.3 to 1.5, preferably 0.5-1.5, and more preferably 0.65-1.2   Cu &lt;0.5, preferably &lt;0.4, most preferably &lt;0.25   Mn &lt;0.6, preferable 0.05-0.3, more preferably 0.08 to 0.15   Nb &lt;0.3, preferably 0.02 to 0.15,   V&lt;0.3   Ti &lt;0.2   Mo &lt;0.2   Cr &lt;0.3   Zr &lt;0.2   Zn &lt;0.2   Fe &lt;0.5, preferably &lt;0.3
 
and inevitable impurities each &lt;0.05, total &lt;0.15, and balance aluminium.
       
 
         [0044]    For optimising the strength of the Al—Mg—Si alloys, the Mg and Si content should be chosen so as to ensure that as much Mg and Si as possible is used for making hardening precipitates. It is commonly known that the hardening particles have a molar Si/Mg ratio of approximately 1. The Si content is in a range of 0.3% to 1.5%, preferably 0.5-1.1%. In this range the strength is optimized when used in combination with the Mg content in a range of 0.3% to 1.5%, preferably in a range of 0.5% to 1.5%, and more preferably in a range of 0.65% to 1.2%. The range Mg/Si should preferably &gt;1, so that a surplus of Mg is formed. By surplus Mg or Si it should be understood the Mg or Si that does not form precipitates. The surplus Mg contributes little to the overall strength of the material but has a positive effect on the strength of grain boundaries. The surplus Mg limits the diffusion of Si to grain boundaries and is important in improving damage tolerance in combination with the layered structure. 
         [0045]    With a Mn content in the range of &lt;0.6%, preferably in the range of 0.05% to 0.3%, and more preferably in the range of 0.08% to 0.15%, the aluminium alloy in accordance with the invention is less sensitive for hot-cracking during and after extrusion and heat-treatments and provides a fine-grained recrystallized microstructure. Moreover with a Mn content in the above mentioned range an optimum in mechanical properties and extrudability is obtained by the beneficial effect of Mn on the hot ductility and on the formation of alpha-type Fe-containing intermetallics. 
         [0046]    The peritectic alloying elements must be selected in such a way as to obtain a combined partition coefficient Σk above 3, preferentially above 5 and most preferentially above 8 and the strength of peritectic reaction of above 0.02×[wt % eutectic elements]×[Σk]. The empirical results indicate that there is an additional synergy effect between peritectic alloying elements selected from; Ti, Zr, V, Mo, Cr, Zn, Hf, Ta, and W, preferably; Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mo and Nb and most preferably Ti, V, Mo and Nb able to increase the power of peritectic reaction above that calculated from a sum of the individual coefficients for binary system at the peritectic temperature×Σk (&lt;8). 
         [0047]    Cu can be present in the aluminium alloy according to the invention up to 0.5%. In a preferred embodiment Cu is present at 0.4% maximum, and more preferably 0.25% maximum. 
         [0048]    The optional addition of Cr and/or Zr is not only used to strengthen the peritectic component but also to control the grain structure. Therefore, one or both of Cr and Zr can be added in a range of &lt;0.3% Cr and/or &lt;0.2% Zr. When added a non-recrystallised grain structure may be obtained. 
         [0049]    Zn is considered to be an impurity element and can be tolerated up to 0.2%, but is preferably less than 0.1%. 
         [0050]    Although Fe provides a slight increase in strength, it should be present in an amount not more than 0.5%, preferably less than 0.3% to reduce the risk of adverse formation of intermetallic particles which could initiate fracture during use of the final component. 
         [0051]    The balance is aluminium and inevitable impurities, such as resulting from the raw material used or the manufacturing process. Typically each impurity element is present at 0.05 wt. % maximum and the total of impurities is 0.15 wt. % maximum. 
         [0052]    The invention is now illustrated by some examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0053]    Table 1 lists the chemical compositions in weight percent of some comparative materials (alloys C, E, F, G) and alloys which fall within the scope of the present invention (alloys A, B, D). All these aluminium alloys were DC cast to evaluate the effect of composition and casting speed on the development of the peritectic component. 
         [0054]    Table 2 gives the list of alloys and casting speeds of some comparative variants and variants which produced the cast structure with above 20% of peritectic component according to the present invention (variants A2, A3 and B2, B3). 
         [0055]    The casting billets having a diameter of 254 mm with the peritectic component above 20% (variants A2 and B2 and D) and the comparative materials (alloys C, E-G) were processed by the steps of:
       Homogenizing by holding at 545° C.;   air cooling;   preheating to about 460° C.;   extruding with a two hole die into a box profile;   press-quenching with water;   ageing with different practices.       
 
         [0062]    A comparison of alloy B and D with a similar peritectic/eutectic element ratio indicates that an addition of Nb to the alloy gives rise to a two zone structure, while the addition of Cr does not provide this effect. Nb does therefore seem to give a synergetic effect with the other alloying elements, in addition to what is expected by its contribution to the overall peritectic reaction. 
         [0063]    Table 3 shows the mechanical properties of the alloys A2, B2, C and D in T6 (195° C. for 4.5 h). “Rm” is the ultimate tensile strength, “Rp0.2” is the 0.2% yield strength and A5 (the elongation at fracture). Damage tolerance is defined as a measure of development of perpendicular cracks. When such cracks are developed as shown in  FIG. 3 , the material is considered not damage tolerant. A comparison of the behaviour in bending of one-component material with the two-component material according to the present invention is shown in  FIG. 3 . In  FIG. 3   b , showing the material according to the invention, only small arrested layered cracks are visible. The layered material according to the invention is able to arrest short layered cracks between the layers as compared to extensive perpendicular cracking of the comparative material ( FIG. 3   a ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical composition of alloys A-G, all in wt %, balanced  
               
               
                 aluminium and unavoidable impurities. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Peritectic 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elements/ 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Eutectic 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 elements 
                 Mg/Si 
               
               
                 Alloy 
                   
                 Mg 
                 Si 
                 Nb 
                 V 
                 Ti 
                 Mn 
                 Fe 
                 Cu 
                 ratio 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 Invention 
                 0.83 
                 0.61 
                 0.02 
                 0.08  
                 0.05 
                 0.09 
                 0.19 
                 0.12 
                 0.104 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 B 
                 Invention  
                 0.95 
                 0.58 
                 0.05 
                 0.06  
                 0.04 
                 0.1 
                 0.19  
                 0.2 
                 0.098 
                 1.64 
               
               
                 C 
                 Comparative 
                 0.62 
                 0.93 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.5 
                 0.2 
                 0.08 
                 0.013 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 D 
                 Invention 
                 0.6 
                 0.65 
                 — 
                 0.05 
                 — 
                 0.16 
                 0.19 
                 0.21 
                 0.056 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 E 
                 Comparative 
                 0.58 
                 0.63 
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 — 
                 0.1 
                 0.18 
                 0.2 
                 0.033 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 F 
                 Comparative 
                 0.55 
                 0.58 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.15 
                 0.21  
                 0.08 
                 0.027 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 G 
                 Comparative  
                 0.83 
                 0.61 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.04 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.014 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Casting speed and the development of peritectic component  
               
               
                 above 20% after casting of 10″ billets and the  
               
               
                 subsequent layered structure of the final material. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Casting  
                   
                 Layered  
               
               
                   
                   
                 speed 
                 Peritectic 
                 structure 
               
               
                   
                 Cast  
                 millimeters/ 
                 Component  
                 in the  
               
               
                 Alloy 
                 material 
                 minute 
                 above 20% 
                 final material 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A1 
                 Invention 
                 80 
                 YES 
                 YES 
               
               
                 A2 
                 Invention 
                 85 
                 YES 
                 YES 
               
               
                 A3 
                 Comparative 
                 90 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 B1 
                 Invention 
                 80 
                 YES 
                 YES 
               
               
                 B2 
                 Invention 
                 85 
                 YES 
                 YES 
               
               
                 B3 
                 Comparative 
                 90 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 C 
                 Comparative 
                 85 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 D 
                 Comparative 
                 95 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 E 
                 Comparative 
                 85 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 F 
                 Comparative 
                 85 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                 G 
                 Comparative 
                 85 
                 NO 
                 NO 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mechanical properties and damage tolerance  
               
               
                 of the alloys in T6 (195° C. for 4.5 h) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ageing 195° C. for 4.5 hours 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Alloy 
                 Rp0.2 (MPa) 
                 Rm (MPa) 
                 A5 (%) 
                 Damage tolerance 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A2 
                 297 
                 311 
                 12.5 
                 YES 
               
               
                 B2 
                 301 
                 317 
                 12.6 
                 YES 
               
               
                 C 
                 309 
                 328 
                 12.2 
                 NO 
               
               
                 D 
                 289 
                 303 
                 13.2 
                 NO