Abstract:
There is provided an apparatus and method for measuring and monitoring the torque exerted by a cyclist during pedaling of a human-powered vehicle, as for example a bicycle, including an electromagnetic emitter which is adapted to be fixed securely to a rear wheel hub, for generating and directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a rim of the wheel, and a detector mounted on the wheel for detecting the movement of the beam when torque is applied to the wheel, the movement being indicative of an angular displacement of the hub with respect to the rim and directly proportional to the torque. Either alone or using optical elements, the beam is directed to travel at least a distance between the emitter and the rim before detection. The measurement can be used to provide a power output.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention generally relates to measurement of the torque transmitted by a driving wheel and in particular, though not exclusively, by the driving wheel of a cycle. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Mechanical power produced by human powered transport is a parameter that reflects both the rider performance and the efficiency of the propulsion system. Monitoring of power output while cycling can help to maintain comfortable and sustainable pedaling over long periods of time. Knowledge of power produced by a rider is very important for people commuting by bike to their work or study and also for those performing fitness exercises. In modern training programmes power measurement is the ultimate tool routinely used by professional coaches to examine performance of elite-level cyclists. 
         [0003]    In order to perform power monitoring the vehicle e.g. bicycle, should be equipped with a portable system able to acquire, to calculate and to display data throughout the riding process. After more than three decades of development, a wide range of devices for measuring dynamic parameters in bicycles have been proposed. These devices have been implemented more or less successfully to all moving parts of the bicycle propulsion system, starting from the crank through the chain to the spokes. Operating in various ways, these power meters utilise a similar physical principle: measuring the force applied to one of the moving elements of the power delivery system and the element velocity caused by this force. Force can be measured in power metering systems directly or indirectly—as a momentum produced by this force—a torque. To avoid any inaccuracy in the power measurements an ideal power meter should not be in contact with the propulsion system. In practice, the power converted to the vehicle motion is not equal to the power produced by the human body due to energy loss in transmission elements. In order to measure an actual power the measurement should be performed as close to the power output as possible. For example in bicycles the power output is at the point of contact between the rear wheel tyre and the ground. This property is also important for power meters used on tandems—vehicles driven by more than one cyclist. 
         [0004]    Torque measurements are typically performed in the prior art using strain gauges fixed to the pedals, the crank and the chain wheel. International patent application, WO89/000401 to Schoberer (1989) discloses a power meter with deformation elements built in to the chain ring. The deformation is measured by strain gauges and the angular velocity is calculated by counting rotations of the crank. Acquired data is used to calculate the torque created on the crank. However, in order to install this power meter the existing chain ring needs to be removed. As it is produced from precise parts this power meter is expensive and not transferable from bike to bike. Another method to measure power on bicycles is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,847 to Gerlitzski (2002). An optical sensor placed on the bottom bracket is used to measure the distance the pedal spindle twists and the angular velocity of the spindle is measured several times per crank revolution. This power meter requires the replacement of the bottom bracket with a specially designed bracket. Due to the specifics of construction the device can be used to measure the power input from the left leg only. A power meter based on the direct measurement of the force exerted in a drive chain is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,848 to Cote et al. (2002). The system includes chain vibration and velocity sensors. The frequency of vibration is translated to the chain tension and used with the value of its velocity to calculate the power output. The accuracy of this method is very dependent on correct system installation, which is not straightforward and needs to be performed by skilled personnel. Another power meter based on direct force measurements is disclosed in U.S. patent application 2007/245835 to Hauschildt (2007). The device uses a flexible force sensor inserted in a cycling shoe to record the force applied by the cyclist to the pedal. This data is used in an approximate mathematical model of cycling to calculate an averaging power input from a cyclists&#39; foot. This does not make a measurement of the propulsion system. A power metering system based on the monitoring of the rear wheel twisting is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,612 to Mercat (1989). Angular divergence between the hub and the rim created by torque is detected using a disk and a hoop attached to the hub and the rim respectively. Openings formed in the disk and the hoop pass in front of photosensitive detectors. The signal produced by both detectors is used to compute the torque. The method essentially consists in measuring the angular displacement of a peripheral region of the wheel in relation to its central region. Since on a majority of bicycles this displacement is very small, the signal to noise ratio produced by this device is high. This fact makes the data acquisition process unstable and the method unreliable. To install this power meter to a bicycle requires the mounting of a large and specifically built hoop and disk. The installation must be done by a reasonably skilled mechanic with specific tools for the job. Furthermore, using a bike equipped with the perforated hoop may be hazardous for the rider and for other people around. 
         [0005]    It is to the provision of an accurate, transferable, safe, simple and non-expensive device for monitoring torque transmitted by a driving wheel produced by a rider of a human powered vehicle that the present invention is primarily directed. A power meter using the torque measurement is also provided. 
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention seeks to overcome the problems associated with the prior art by providing a torque monitoring apparatus and, in an embodiment, to give an improved power meter which is universal and allows monitoring of power output produced by riders of different types of human-powered vehicles. Further objects, each being within at least one embodiment of the present invention, provide an improved power meter which is simple and inexpensive to use and manufacture; which is universal, transferable and can be mounted on most common types of bicycles and tandems; which is based on a contactless method; which is accurate and reliable; and which measures an actual power output. 
         [0007]    Other and further objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the following description and accompanying drawings hereinafter and are more fully delineated in the appended claims. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for monitoring torque transmitted by a driving wheel of a human powered vehicle, said apparatus comprising an electromagnetic emitter which is adapted to be fixed securely to a central region of said wheel for generating and directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a rim of said wheel, and a detector mounted on said wheel for detecting the movement of the beam when torque is applied to said wheel, said movement being indicative of an angular displacement of said central region with respect to said rim and directly proportional to the torque, and wherein said beam travels at least a distance between said emitter and said rim before detection. In this way, a more accurate measurement of the angular displacement i.e. the twist of the wheel and hence the torque applied, can be obtained as the beam will deviate further over a longer distance. The detector may be a one-dimensional optical position sensitive detector as is known in the art while the emitter may be a laser device, as is also known in the art. 
         [0009]    Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a magnetic sensor which is adapted to count rotations of said wheel and thereby monitor angular velocity. Advantageously, the apparatus includes a microprocessor programmed to provide a power output based on the monitored parameters and calibration values. This may be stored and/or displayed for the rider and/or trainer. 
         [0010]    In an embodiment, said emitter is fixed securely to a hub of said wheel and said detector is mounted on said rim. In this way a simple, transportable, unobtrusive and easily mountable apparatus is provided. Advantageously, a cylindrical lens may be located at an input of said detector to focus said beam onto said detector. 
         [0011]    Preferably, said emitter generates a beam at intervals synchronised with the wheel rotation. In this way, the beam direction can be selected to increase the safety of the apparatus. 
         [0012]    Optionally, the apparatus further comprises one or more optical elements to direct said beam towards said detector. In this way, the distance between the emitter and detector can be increased to further enhance the deviation of the beam and improve the signal to noise ratio. The optical element may comprise a retro-reflector mounted on said rim, to reflect said beam to said detector mounted on said central region. In this arrangement the distance is doubled. Alternatively, the optical elements may comprise a mirror and a prism, wherein said emitter and said detector are located on a stay of said vehicle, said mirror being secured to said hub and said prism being secured to said rim. By mounting the emitter and detector on the seat stay or the chain stay, all electrical components are attached to non-moving elements of the vehicle which allows simple components to be used thereby reducing the cost. 
         [0013]    In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a tube, said tube being arranged between said emitter and said detector to substantially contain said beam. In this way the detector, emitter and beam path are not affected by mud or other debris as the vehicle is operated. 
         [0014]    According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of monitoring torque transmitted by a driving wheel of a human powered vehicle, comprising measuring an angle of twist of said wheel when torque is applied and wherein said angle is measured by detecting the deflection of a beam produced by an emitter fixed to a central region of said wheel, said beam travelling at least a distance between said emitter and a rim of said wheel before detection. 
         [0015]    Preferably, the method further comprises measuring a wheel torsion coefficient by fixing said rim in relation to said central region and applying a known torque to a sprocket of said wheel. Preferably also, the method further comprises measuring an angular velocity of said wheel and calculating a power output. In this way, a power output meter is realised. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    In order that the present invention can be more readily understood and be put into practical effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1A  is a side view of a typical bicycle with which the present invention is used and detailed with the main forces operating in a system; 
           [0018]      FIG. 1B  is a side view of a rear wheel of the bicycle shown on  FIG. 1A  and detailed with the main forces operating in a system; 
           [0019]      FIG. 1C  is a fragmentary side view of the rear wheel shown on  FIG. 1B  and its deformation; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2A  is a side view of a rear wheel and apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an optical displacement system mounted to the hub and the rim; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of the rear wheel shown on  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a side view of a rear wheel and apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating operation with an optical displacement system and a magnetic switch mounted to the seat stay; 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a graphical representation of a typical profile of a measured signal; 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a fragmentary side view of a rear wheel and apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a reflective optical displacement system mounted to the hub and the rim; 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a fragmentary perspective view of the rear wheel and apparatus according to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, illustrating reflective optical elements mounted on the hub and on the rim and a laser and a position sensitive detector mounted on the seat stay; and 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a side view of a rear wheel and apparatus according to a still further embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an optical displacement protected by a waterproof tube mounted between the hub and the rim. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    Embodiments of the present invention will now be described. These embodiments are presented to aid in an understanding of the invention and are not intended to, and should not be construed to, limit the invention in any way. All alternatives, modifications and equivalents that may become obvious to those of ordinary skill upon a reading of the present disclosure are included within the spirit and scope of the invention.  FIG. 1A  illustrates a typical bicycle  10  which is well known in the art. The bicycle comprised a frame  12 , a front wheel  14  and a rear wheel  16 , pedals  18 , a front sprocket  20  and a rear sprocket  22  connected with a chain  24 . 
         [0028]    As well known in the art, to propel bicycle  10 , the rider applies force F P  to pedals and produces the traction force F T  in the contact between the rear wheel  16  and the ground  26  to overcome a sum of aerodynamic, inertia, resistance and gravitational forces operating along the longitudinal direction F R . Force F P  transmits, with finite efficiency, to the rear wheel through the bicycle propulsion system: from pedals, to the front sprocket, to the chain, and to the rear sprocket. Depending on the type of lubrication, vehicle age, gear ratio and cycling regime, the efficiency of typical bicycle transmissions may vary from 85 to 99% and may be as low as 75% in an old bike with rusty parts. Therefore, measuring power performed on the rear wheel is more accurate and provides information on the actual power output produced by the system. 
         [0029]    As shown in  FIG. 1B  the rear sprocket  22  is fixedly secured to the hub  28  of the rear wheel  16 . Torque T created on the hub  28  transfers to the contact area between the rear wheel and ground  26  by the set of spokes  30 , a rim  32  and a tyre  34 . Having a certain level of flexibility, the rear wheel  16  operates as a torsion spring twisting proportionally to the applied torque. As deformations of the hub  28 , the rim  32  and the tyre  34  are very small due to their construction and rigidity, the twisting mainly occurs in the spokes region (dashed lines on  FIG. 1B ). In more detail, this process is illustrated in  FIG. 1C . The torque T applied to the hub  28  bends the spokes and causes angular displacement of the hub in relation to the rim. The angle of the twist q can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   θ 
                   = 
                   
                     T 
                     k 
                   
                 
               
               
                 1 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where k is the torsion elastic modulus of the wheel. This coefficient is mainly dependant on the wheel construction, materials and the bicycle setup. The torsion modulus can be obtained experimentally for any wheel from a simple calibration procedure, which will be described later in this text. Depending on the applied torque and properties of wheel, the angle of the twist is usually between 0.1 and 1 degree. The angular displacement of the hub can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Δ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       x 
                       H 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       r 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       tan 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       θ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       r 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       tan 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         T 
                         k 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where r is a radius of the hub. On the majority of modern bicycles this dimension is about 15-20 mm. It is easy to assume that the angular displacement produced on the hub is very small and not of practical use as the signal-to-noise ratio produced in these measurements is high. However, if we consider this imaginary line projected to the rim ( FIG. 1C ) this produces a much greater shift due to the enlarged distance: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Δ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       x 
                       R 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           r 
                           + 
                           R 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       tan 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       θ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           r 
                           + 
                           R 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       tan 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         T 
                         k 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 3 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where R is a distance between the hub and the rim surfaces. This dimension varies for many bicycles from 250 to 300 mm making the shift Δx R  big enough for practical measurements. 
         [0030]    For rotating wheels, power can be derived as: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       P=Tω 
      
     
         [0000]    where ω is the angular velocity of the wheel. Combining this equation with the expression for the shift Δx R  yields the power output of the wheel: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   P 
                   = 
                   
                     ω 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     k 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       tan 
                       
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         Δ 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           x 
                           R 
                         
                       
                       
                         x 
                         + 
                         R 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 5 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0031]    Thus, it is seen that for a wheel with known geometry, the power output can be calculated from measurements of the shift Δx R  and the angular velocity. 
         [0032]    One embodiment of the power meter is illustrated in  FIG. 2A . A laser module  36  is fixedly secured by a bracket  38  to the rear wheel hub  28  and a one-dimensional optical position sensitive detector  44  is fixedly attached to the rim  32 . In operation, a substantially coherent and substantially parallel beam  42  is continuously projected from the laser and forms a light spot on the detector surface. The detector  44 , in turn, produces an electrical signal, which is proportional to the position of the light spot, the beam deflection (dashed line on the figure) and the applied torque. If the wheel is not loaded, the signal is equal to zero or has a minimal value. To improve the laser beam  42  focusing on the optical detector and to provide additional protection to the window of detector, the detector window can be covered with a cylindrical lens  46  as illustrated on  FIG. 2B . The signal generated by the detector can be transmitted wirelessly to a computation unit (not shown) and, in a processor, the signal is used together with the wheel angular velocity to calculate the power output. The angular velocity can be detected directly from the counting of rotation of the wheel by one of well known in prior art magnetic sensors, such as a reed switch, Hall effect sensor or a magneto-resistive sensor. The power output together with the torque, if desired, can be stored in the computational unit and/or displayed to the rider and/or a trainer by a radio transceiver. 
         [0033]    The power can be calculated using equation 5 if the wheel geometry is well defined and the wheel torsion coefficient is known. This coefficient can be obtained from the wheel calibration. With the power meter installed on the wheel the calibration process is easy. To perform calibration, one fixes the rim  32  of the wheel  16  and applies known torque T k  to the hub measuring the laser beam deflection Δx k  corresponding to this torque. Then, the coefficient of torsion calculated as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         T 
                         k 
                       
                       / 
                       
                         tan 
                         
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         Δ 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           x 
                           k 
                         
                       
                       
                         r 
                         + 
                         R 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 6 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0034]    Practically, the rim  32  can be fixed using a braking mechanism installed on the bike or by hand and the torque can be applied with a chain whip—a common tool in any workshop, to apply calibrating torque to the rear sprocket. 
         [0035]    In an alternative embodiment, depicted in  FIG. 3 , the laser operates non-continuously, at regular intervals synchronised with the wheel rotation. The laser is controlled by a magnetic switch  48  attached to the hub and a magnet fixed on a seat stay  52  or a chain stay  54 . In this configuration, the position of a narrow circular segment with the laser in operation can be adjusted to any chosen direction in order to increase the safety level of the laser based power meter.  FIG. 4  shows a graphical representation of a signal produced by the position sensitive detector during pedaling. The laser beam deflection Δx i  is measured as a function for any rotation of the wheel. The length of periods Δt i  depends on the angular velocity of the wheel. For any cycle this velocity can be calculated as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ω 
                     i 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       2 
                        
                       π 
                     
                     
                       Δ 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         t 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 7 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0036]    Combining this expression with equation 5, the power produced on the wheel can be calculated by the averaging of data collected over any number of rotations n using formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     n 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     2 
                      
                     π 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     k 
                      
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         n 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           1 
                           
                             Δ 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               t 
                               i 
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           tan 
                           
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             Δ 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               x 
                               i 
                             
                           
                           
                             r 
                             + 
                             R 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 8 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0037]    As previously mentioned, the sensitivity of the power meter of present invention can be significantly improved by extending the travelling length of the laser beam R and as a result increasing the laser beam deflection Δx R .  FIG. 5  shows an alternative embodiment where the laser  36  and the position sensitive detector  44  are fixedly secured to the hub and an optical right-angle prism  56  attached to the rim. The prism, or any other well known in the prior art retro-reflecting device, is used in this arrangement to redirect the beam at 180 degrees and to send back a reflected beam  58 . The signal generated on the detector in this arrangement is approximately doubled. It would be clear to one skilled in the art that the number of reflections can be increased by using more sophisticated optical systems. If the laser beam travels n time from the hub to the rim or back, the beam deflection is Δx Rm =(r+nR)tan θ. This embodiment is of particular importance for power measurements performed on racing bikes, having usually enhanced stiffness of wheels or wheels produced from carbon fibres. 
         [0038]    In an alternative embodiment, depicted in  FIG. 6 , the laser  36  and the position sensitive detector  44  are fixedly secured on the seat stay or the chain stay (not shown). A mirror  60  is fixedly secured on the hub and the prism is fixedly secured on the rim. In operation, the mirror redirects the beam emitted by the laser at 90 degrees from the incident direction to the prism. The prism, in turn, reflects the laser beam back to the mirror and to the detector. All electrically powered components in this embodiment are attached to fixed parts of a bicycle allowing very simple wiring. This arrangement reduces the system cost and can be recommended for budget power meters. 
         [0039]    In bicycle motocross racing and cross-country touring the optical system of the power meter provided in the present invention can be affected by the mud and debris. An alternative embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7  is addressed to solving of this problem. A tube  62 , produced from waterproof and elastic material, is installed between the hub  28  and the rim  32 . The tube forms a channel suitable for the laser beam to pass through while it is protected from external mud  64 . 
         [0040]    From the description above, a number of advantages of some embodiments of the present invention become evident:
       (a) The power meter is universal, transferable and can be mounted easily and conveniently on a wide range of most common types of bicycles.   (b) The power meter employs a contactless method.   (c) The power meter is mounted on the bicycle rear wheel between the hub and the rim and measures an actual power output transmitted to the road.   (d) The optical system of the power meter provides an outstanding level of accuracy and reliability in torque measurements.   (e) The method can be used to monitor efficiency and adjustment of the bicycle transmission system.   (f) The method can be used to monitor the stiffness and adjustment of the wheel.   (g) The calibration procedure of the power meter is straightforward and can be performed in any workshop or by user.   (h) The power meter can be produced from inexpensive components and materials.   (i) The power meter is light, compact and can be installed on most advanced models of racing bikes.   (j) The power meter can be installed on tandems to monitor the joined power produced by the riders.   (k) The power meter does not include any moving or frictional parts and therefore provides extended durability.       
 
         [0052]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention herein described without departing from the scope thereof. For example, optical components of the power meter can be different, such as retro-reflectors, mirrors, prisms etc; components arrangement can be different; the laser can emit light in visible or non-visible portion of spectrum; the laser module can be replaced by any other electro-magnetic wave emitter; the angular velocity can be measured by a reed switch, Hall effect sensor, a magneto-resistive sensor etc; and the beam deflection can be measured by other sensing methods. 
         [0053]    Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples given.