Abstract:
The solar chimney of the present invention comprises an elongated chamber having an inlet end and an outlet end, the chamber defining a path for fluid, such as air, from the inlet to the outlet. Air updrafts in the chamber drive an internal turbine which is connected to an electric generator, or to some other machine. The chamber has the general configuration of an hourglass; the diameter of the chamber becomes progressively smaller with distance from the inlet end, until the diameter reaches a minimum value, then becomes progressively larger, as one proceeds towards the outlet end. Disposed within the chamber are one or more heat exchangers for heating air in the chamber by solar and/or wind energy.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to the field of solar chimney with external vertical axis wind turbine has a set of vanes affixed to the ground somewhat below the inlet of the solar chimney to enmesh ambient air. The vanes assist in guiding enmeshed ambient air toward the inlet. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The solar chimney with external vertical axis wind turbine of the present invention has a set of vanes affixed to the ground somewhat below the inlet of the solar chimney to enmesh ambient air. The vanes assist in guiding enmeshed ambient air toward the inlet. 
     The solar chimney also preferably includes a shaft-less external vertical axis wind turbine, mounted for rotation relative and around the solar chimney. The external vertical axis wind turbine captures energy of wind in the surrounding environment. This wind energy is used to generate electrical power, which may be amalgamated with output from the internal turbine, or it can be stored in the wind energy storage system for later use. 
     Surrounding, concentric with and generally at the same level with the external vertical axis wind turbine is another annular cylindrical cage. Mounted on this outer annular cylindrical cage are a set of vanes redirecting some flow of the wind. The outer annular cylindrical cage is directed windward by a yaw mechanism. 
     Positioned above the covering of the outer annular cylindrical cage are apertures allowing wind that has given up its energy to exit. The covering is shaped in such a manner that wind flowing over it assists in the venting of wind from the vertical axis wind turbine blades. 
     The solar chimney includes an inflatable torus which deflects air toward the vanes mounted on the outer annular cylindrical cage. 
     The solar chimney includes a torus or set of vanes mounted near the outlet end of the elongated chamber deflecting wind blowing across resulting in additional suction to the air flowing upward through the chimney 
     The invention has the primary object of providing a solar chimney in which solar energy heats air in the chimney causing updrafts that can be harnessed to perform useful work. 
     The invention has the further object of providing a solar chimney with a vertical axis wind turbine external to the chimney, harnessing wind energy in the environment of the chimney, wherein such energy is used to generate power. 
     The invention has the further object of providing an improved device for harnessing the energy of the sun and wind to do useful work. 
     The invention has the further object of providing storage for wind and solar energy. 
     The invention has the further object of improving the efficiency of a solar chimney. 
     The reader skilled in the art will recognize other objects and advantages of the present invention, from a reading of the following brief description of the drawings, the detailed description of the invention, and the appended claims. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Solar chimney in prior art comprises base which is affixed to the ground. The base includes openings which allow ambient air flow into the base. Above the base is elongated chamber through which the airflow from the base moving upward. This elongated chamber slope inward with the distance from its bottom, resulting in higher speed of wind flowing up towards the outlet part of the chamber. 
     The air flowing upward through the chimney drives turbine which is disposed inside the chamber. 
     The turbine is connected to gear box and electric generator which are mounted inside the chimney. The gear box contains gears which connect the turbine to the generator, wherein rotation of the wind turbine generates electric power. 
     Disposed within the chamber are means for heating air in the chamber by solar energy. The heat exchanger located in the chimney is connected by heat transfer conduits to solar collector located external to the chimney, wherein the solar collector transfers heat to the heat exchanger. 
     Another heat exchanger also located in the chimney receives direct solar radiation from outside the chamber. This heat exchanger receives solar energy which is focused by lens and passes through an opening in the wall of the solar chimney, and impinges on heat exchanger. This heat exchanger functions both as solar collector and heat exchanger. It receives solar radiation and converted to electric power. 
     Auxiliary burner is a non-solar heat source which is used in the event that there is insufficient solar energy. The burner could be a gas burner, or some other conventional heat source, which heats the air in the chimney instead of the solar collectors/heat exchangers. 
     The solar chimney in prior art comprising a wind energy storage system, wherein a vertical axis wind turbine, being mounted in a vicinity of the outlet of the chamber, is connected to an air compressor, wherein rotation of the vertical axis wind turbine causes the air compressor to operate, and wherein the air compressor is connected to drive an air-driven motor which is connected to operate the exhaust wind turbine inside the chimney near the outlet end. 
     The upper half of the elongated chamber slope outward with distance from the most narrow part of the chamber, wherein wind flow from the most narrow part toward the outlet end at the top of the chamber. 
     The solar chimney of the prior art described above, in which the base includes openings only allow ambient air to flow in to the base. But in the present invention the solar chimney comprises a set of vanes below the inlet or the base, wherein the vanes assist in guiding enmeshed ambient air toward the inlet and flows up spirally in the chimney. 
     The solar chimney of the present invention also comprises torus at the outlet end of the chimney creating additional suction to the air flowing upward through the chimney. 
     The solar chimney of the present invention further comprising outer annular cylindrical cage with a set of vanes, surrounding external vertical axis wind turbine and forming a series of duct, resulting to ever higher pressure and faster rotation of the wind turbine. 
     The solar chimney of the present invention has special storability of excess of energy by using fluid as a phase changing material. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  provides a side elevational view, partly in schematic form, showing the solar chimney with external vertical axis wind turbine of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  provides a top view of set of vanes affixed to the ground. 
         FIG. 3  provides a three-dimensional (3D) view of set of vanes affixed to the ground. 
         FIG. 4  provides a 3D view of inflatable torus disposed around the outside of the solar chimney below the outer annular cylindrical cage. 
         FIG. 5  provides a top view of inflatable torus disposed around the outside of the solar chimney below the outer annular cylindrical cage. 
         FIG. 6  provides a side view of outer annular cylindrical cage with dome shaped roof. 
         FIG. 7  provides a top view of outer annular cylindrical cage, vanes forming series of ducts, hole in the middle and direction of wind flows into the vanes/series of ducts. 
         FIG. 8  provides a 3D view of outer annular cylindrical cage with structure of wind guided vanes, wind deflector and yaw mechanism. 
         FIG. 9  provides a side view of top of chimney and skirt shaped torus around the outside of the chimney. 
         FIG. 10  provides a 3D view of stationery circular tracks on top of inflatable torus of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  provides an enlarge view of generator attached to solar chimney of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  provides a 3D view of an external vertical axis wind turbine of the present invention which positioned externally of the chimney. 
         FIG. 13  provides a side view of an external vertical axis wind turbine of the present invention which positioned externally of the chimney. 
         FIG. 14  provides a top view of an external vertical axis wind turbine of the present invention which positioned externally of the chimney. 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram detailing electrical energy (from wind) storage system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram detailing electrical energy (from solar thermal) storage system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram showing energy available resources of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  provides a side elevational view, partly in schematic form, of the solar chimney of the present invention. The solar chimney  101  is mounted on the ground  102 . The solar chimney includes base  1  which rests on the ground, or is rigidly affixed to the ground.  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  provide a top view and perspective view of set of vanes  111  affixed to the ground somewhat below the inlet. The vanes  111  enmeshing ambient air flow into the base, assisting the flow upward through the solar chimney, as indicated by arrows  103 . 
     The air flowing upward through the solar chimney drives turbine  3 , which is connected to gear box and electric generator  2 . The turbine and generator are not necessarily shown to scale. The gear box and generator may be mounted inside or near the base. The gear box contains gears (not shown) which connect the turbine  3  to the generator. The generator could be replaced by some other machine that requires an input of mechanical energy. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the solar chimney of the present invention has the general configuration of an hourglass. That is, the diameter of the solar chimney decreases to a narrow throat portion  4 , and then increases as one proceeds upward. 
     The solar chimney therefore comprises an elongated chamber  110  having an inlet, near the bottom of  FIG. 1 , and an outlet, at the top of  FIG. 1 , the chamber defining a path for fluid, such as air, from the inlet to the outlet. 
     Air at ambient temperature, enmeshed by vanes  111  is sucked into the chimney by the updraft within the chimney, flow upward with increasing speed, toward the throat  4 , due to ‘venture’ effect caused by the decreasing diameter, the throat comprises the most narrow portion of the solar chimney. 
     Air exiting the area of throat  4  is heated by heat exchangers disposed at or above the throat (these exchangers being described below). The heated air expands, and the increase in volume of the air is proportional to the increase in its temperature. 
     The air in the solar chimney is heated by heat exchangers  6 ,  7  and  14 . The heat exchangers comprise means for heating the air in the chimney by solar energy and stored wind and stored solar energy in block diagram  FIGS. 15 and 16 .  FIG. 1 , heat exchanger  6  is connected, by suitable heat transfer conduits symbolized by line  106 , to external solar collector  105 . Heat exchanger item  7  receive solar energy (symbolized by line  109 ) which is solar radiation collected and concentrated by solar collector item  107   a . Collected concentrated solar radiation may or may not be re-concentrated again by a secondary concentrator item  107   b . Solar radiation rays converge to or near its point of convergence, i.e. focal point, enters the chimney structure through an aperture (item  108 ) on the chimney wall. After entry the rays diverge before impinging on item  7 . Solar radiation is converted there to heat. Heat generated is transferred by the heat exchanger to air within the chimney, heating it. Item  7  therefore functions both as a solar collector and heat exchanger internal of the chimney.  FIG. 1 , heat exchanger  14  is connected by suitable heat transfer conduit symbolized by line  206  to external wind turbine energy storage  207 . 
     Auxiliary burner  11  is a conventional (i.e.) non-solar heat source, which is used in the event that there is insufficient solar energy or wind energy on a given day. The burner  11  could be a gas burner, the condenser of an absorber heat pump system, or some other conventional heat source, which heats the air in the chimney instead of the solar collectors/heat exchangers  6  and  7  or wind energy storage  14 . 
     Solar chimney—may also include direct energy conversion devices such as photovoltaic, thermoelectric and etc. These devices may be stationary i.e. attached to the vanes or torus or chimneys&#39; outer surface, or may be movable. Incident radiation directed to such devices may or may not be concentrated. 
       FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 . 
     A vertical axis wind turbine is positioned externally of the chimney. It is positioned below torus/vane  15  in  FIGS. 1 and 9 . The vertical axis wind turbine is comprised of two annular cylindrical cages, an outer annular cylindrical cage  8  and an inner cylindrical cage  9 . The two annular cylindrical cages  8  and  9  are, generally at the same level; concentric with each other and also with the chimney. 
     Wheels  12   a  supporting the annular cylindrical cages  8  and  9 , allows the cages to rotate freely on the circular rails/tracks  5   a . The inner annular cylindrical cage  9  rotates only in one direction; whereas the outer annular cylindrical cage  8 , can move in either direction. Pitch and roll is mitigated by rollers/wheels  12   b  and  12   c . The inner cylindrical cage  9  is akin to the rotor of a turbine. It has blades  92  attached to frame  93 . The frame  93  is attached at the top between the upper inner and upper outer ring of the annular cylindrical cage and at the bottom between the lower inner and lower outer ring of the annular cylindrical cage  9 . The blades  92  which can be either rigid or flexible are hung between the frames  93 . The flexible blades tend to assume a configuration best suited to extract energy from wind. Energy extracted from wind results in the rotation of the entire cylindrical cage  9 , i.e. the wind turbine&#39;s rotor. 
     
       FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 
     
     The outer annular cylindrical cage  8  has a wedge or ½ paraboloid of revolution surrounded by a flat ledged shape roof  83 . Vanes  81  are affixed between the flat ledge on top and the circular band  82  below, forming a series of ducts. The ducts are curved differently depending on the curvature of the vanes, as shown in  FIG. 7 . Ducts on the break side, i.e. the side which wind flow direction is counter to the rotational direction of the wind turbine  9 , serves to redirect oncoming wind flow direction. Redirecting wind flow direction result in wind impacting wind turbine blades  92  from behind, pushing it. Wind flow into subsequent ducts would meet increasing resistance from wind already captured by previous ducts, resulting in ever higher pressure and faster rotation of the wind turbine. The pressure is highest and rotation fastest as it passes the last duct in rotational direction. Wind flowing over the roof guided by wind guide  87 -F,  87 -S,  87 -R result in a lowering of pressure over the area around aperture  85 . Low pressure on the roof allows the venting of higher pressure wind trapped in the wind turbine as it rotate towards aperture  85 . The push of the wind flow from the front and its forced venting in the rear i.e. low pressure area, result in a faster rotation than otherwise possible of the cylindrical cage  9  around aperture  84 . The energy abstracted from the wind by the turbine is use to generate electrical power by generator  13 . 
     The number, shape and size of aperture(s)  85  which may be variable, will be such as to provide the best venting. 
     Disposed around the outer annular cylindrical cage between the outer rim of the roof and outer rim of the circular band  82 , a tubular screen or curtain  88  is attached. The curtain, normally rolled up, can be drawn over vanes  81  blocking airflow to the vertical axis wind turbine  8 . Blocking wind flow to vertical axis wind turbine will cause its shut down. Repair, renovation can then proceed. 
     A Yaw mechanism steer the outer annular cylindrical cage, orienting the wind deflector  87 -F to always face into wind. The yaw mechanism,  86  may be powered by wind, mechanically or electrically. 
     
       FIGS. 1, 4 and 5 
     
     Disposed around the outside of the solar chimney, somewhat below the outer annular cylindrical cage  8  is an expandable torus  10 . The torus when inflated form a skirt surrounding the chimney. Wind that would otherwise impact the side of the chimney is deflected upward resulting in an increase in wind speed that can be captured as additional energy by the vertical axis wind turbine. The torus can be deflated when not require. 
     
       FIGS. 1 and 9 
     
     Positioned externally and near the top of the solar chimney is a torus or set of vanes  15 . The torus or vanes form a skirt around the chimney deflecting wind upward combining with wind blowing across the top of the chimney. Deflected wind combining with wind blowing across the top of the chimney results in a higher wind speed environment. Pressure in such an environment would be lower than it would be otherwise. The lowering of pressure in the environment at the outlet of the chimney would provide additional suction to the air flowing upward through the chimney. 
       FIG. 10 . 
       5   a  represents stationary circular tracks. The tracks provide support for wheels or rollers of the outer annular cylindrical cage  8 , wheels or rollers of the inner annular cylindrical cage  9  and torus  10 . The tracks  5   a  are attached to and supported by brackets  5   b  which are attached to the wall of the solar chimney. 
     
       FIGS. 10 and 11 
     
     Wind energy captured by the vertical axis wind turbine  9 , rotates the entire annular cylindrical cage housing, i.e. the turbine. The rotational motion of the entire cylindrical cage represented by  9  in  FIG. 11  is transmitted via the continuously variable transmission system  13 - 1  to generator  13 , generating electric power. The generator  13  is attached to the wall of the solar chimney. Output controller  30 , shown in block diagram  FIG. 17 , determines where it is to be routed. Continuously variable transmission system  13 - 1  in  FIG. 11  ensures efficient conversion of mechanical to electrical energy. There may be more than one generator. 
     
       FIGS. 15, 16, 17 
     
     The solar chimney has two systems for storing energy. One for electrical (from wind), the other for solar thermal. Storage capacity is independent of output power. Both systems are modular, external of chimney chamber, connected to heat exchangers inside the chimney by close looped conduit, and uses single and/or multi-phase heat transfer fluid. The two systems can also generate power independently or in conjunction with each other. Alphabet after item number denotes modularity. 
     Power production, from 2 and 13, in excess of requirement is stored in wind energy storage system  207 - 1 A, B etc as shown in  FIG. 15 . Shortfall in production can be met by output from stored wind energy generator  207 - 2 A, B in energy storage system  207 - 1 A, B in  FIG. 15  or from stored solar thermal generator  105 - 3 A, B in solar thermal energy storage system  105 - 2 A, B in  FIG. 16  or both. 
       FIG. 15  and  FIG. 17  are block diagrams detailing wind/electrical energy storage and retrieval. When electrical energy output is in excess of demand, output controller  30 , in block diagram  FIG. 17  diverts excess power to electrical heaters in  207 - 1 A, B etc. 
       FIG. 15 . 
     Electrical heaters in vessel  207 - 1 A, B heat the heat transfer fluid, storing excess electrical energy in the process. The heating process converts some of the heat transfer fluid to vapour. The process can be carried out at high temperature and/or pressure. High temperature/pressure results in high energy density heat transfer fluid. The resultant vapour may be used to power turbine  207 - 2 A,  2 B generating electrical power when required. The vapour after giving up some energy in powering turbines, is conveyed to heat exchangers  14 A within chimney  101 , transferring some thermal energy to ambient air. The vapour from  207 - 1 A, B may also be conveyed to heat exchanger  14 B within chimney  101  directly or both to turbine and heat exchanger  14 B. The heat transfer fluid vapour losing some heat condenses to a high temperature liquid or condensate, is conveyed to and stored in vessel  207 - 3 A. The condensate in vessel  207 - 3 A, may be pumped to heat exchanger  14 C within chimney  101  where some of the thermal energy of the condensate is transferred to ambient air within the chimney  101 : Heat Transfer fluid cooled by ambient air is piped to vessel  207 - 3 B where it is pumped into vessel  207 - 1 A and B to store excess electrical energy, thus repeating the process again. Vessel  207 - 3 A and  207 - 3 B may be same or separate vessel. Crucially, the liquids are physically and thermally separate from each other. R 1  represent the floating roof that enables the physical and thermal separation of the hotter and cooler heat transfer fluid. R 2  is the floating roof of the higher temperature fluid. Vessel  207 - 3  being the free board allowing for expansion. System&#39;s components are modular. The system may also include heat pump technology in order to preheat the heat transfer liquids. 
     
       FIG. 16 
     
     A block diagram detailing solar energy collection, utilization and storage. Solar energy is collected by solar collector  105 - 1 A, B, C, etc. and stored in storage vessels  105 - 2 A, B, C, etc. The Solar energy collection, storage vessels and mechanical parts such as turbine generators  105 - 3 A, B etc are modular. Being outside of chimney chamber, all components can increase in number or size or both, allowing output of the solar chimney output power to be scaled up. 
     Solar collector  105 - 1 A, B, C, etc. collect solar radiation, converting it to heat. Heat collected is then transferred under pressure and high temperature to heat transfer fluid which is then stored in vessels  105 - 2 A, B, C, etc. The heat transfer process being under pressure and at high temperature results in converting some of the heat transfer fluid to vapour. 
     The vapour from  105 - 2 A, B, C, etc. may be conveyed to turbine  105 - 3 A, B generating electrical power. The solar energy collector and storage system is connected to the heat exchanger inside the chimney by a close looped conduit. The vapour after giving up some energy in powering the turbine is conveyed by conduit  106 A to heat exchanger  6 A within chimney  101  transferring thermal energy to ambient air. The vapour from  105 - 2 A, B, C, etc. may also be conveyed directly to heat exchanger  6 B within chimney  101  or both to turbine  105 - 3 A, B, etc. and heat exchanger  6 B. The heat transfer fluid vapour after losing some heat condenses to a high temperature fluid or condensate, the condensate is conveyed to storage in vessel  105 - 4 A. The condensate may be pumped to heat exchanger  6 C within chimney  101  where it transfers some heat to ambient air. Vessels  105 - 4 ,  105 - 4 A,  105 - 4 B may be the same or separate vessel. Crucially the liquid is physically and thermally separate from each other. The cooled condensate conveyed to vessel  105 - 4 B where it is the pumped to be heated in solar collector  105 - 1 A, B, C, etc. then stored in vessel  105 - 2 A, B, C, etc. The system may also include heat pump technology in order to preheat the heat transfer liquids.