Abstract:
This invention relates to an electromechanical energy converter with inertial energy storage. The device, a single phase, two or multi-pole alternator with stationary field coils, and a rotating armature is provided. The rotor itself may be of laminated steel for slower pulses or for faster pulses should be nonmagnetic and electrically nonconductive in order to allow rapid penetration of the field as the armature coil rotates. The armature coil comprises a plurality of power generating conductors mounted on the rotor. The alternator may also include a stationary or counterrotating compensating coil to increase the output voltage thereof and to reduce the internal impedance of the alternator at the moment of peak outout. As the machine voltage rises sinusoidally, an external trigger switch is adapted to be closed at the appropriate time to create the desired output current from said alternator to an external load circuit, and as the output current passes through zero a self-commutating effect is provided to allow the switch to disconnect the generator from the external circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention was made in the course of, or under, a contract with the Department of Energy. 
    
    
     There exists, particularly in the controlled thermonuclear fusion research community, but also in industry and the military, a need for short duration, high power pulses of electrical power usually including a requirement for energy storage. Traditionally, these needs have been met with electrostatic capacitors but the high cost and low energy density of such devices have prompted the search for more suitable and economical pulsed power supplies. 
     For the past five years the Center For Electromechanics of the University of Texas at Austin has participated in the above search, particularly in the development of pulsed homopolar generators. However, homopolar generators are inherently low voltage devices and have a limiting discharge time of milliseconds making them unsuitable for directly powering such devices as laser flashlamps and imploding liners. 
     Alternators have previously been used in the pulsed mode but have suffered the basic limitation that their relatively high internal impedance limits the rise time of the pulse they can generate. 
     The present invention was conceived to meet the above need and to overcome the limitations of the above prior devices in a manner to be described hereinbelow. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is the object of the present invention to provide a device for producing short duration, high power pulses of electrical power including a requirement for energy storage for directly powering such devices as laser flashlamps. 
     The above object has been accomplished in the present invention by providing a single phase, two or multi-pole alternator comprising a nonmagnetic and electrically nonconductive armature rotor upon which is mounted a coil consisting of a plurality of power generating conductors, stationary field coils electromagnetically coupled to said rotor coil, and an external triggerable switch adapted to be closed at an appropriate time to create the desired output current from the alternator to an external load circuit. The alternator may also include a stationary or counterrotating compensating coil to increase the output voltage thereof and to reduce the internal impedance of the alternator at the moment of peak output. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of the two-pole, single phase pulsed alternator of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a portion of the device of FIG. 1 and further including a stationary compensating coil; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic wiring diagram for use with the embodiment of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is an isometric, cut-away view of another embodiment of the present invention wherein the compensating coil is adapted to be either stationary or counterrotated with respect to the rotor coil; 
     FIG. 5 is an isometric, cut-away view of still another embodiment of the present invention which is a counterrotating drum type compensated pulsed alternator; 
     FIG. 6 is a sectional view of yet another embodiment of the present invention illustrating a disk-type compensated pulsed alternator; and 
     FIG. 7 is a sectional view along the line 7--7 of FIG. 6. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the simplest form of the present invention, reference is now made to FIG. 1 of the drawings wherein a two-pole single phase alternator is illustrated. In FIG. 1, a stator 1 has a pair of field coils 2, 2&#39; coupled thereto, and the stator is provided with a pair of pole-pieces 3. Reference numeral 7 illustrates an alternate field coil location. A nonconductive, nonmagnetic armature rotor 4 is mounted in a suitable housing and is adapted to be rotated by a shaft 8 coupled thereto. The shaft 8 in turn is driven by means of a squirrel cage induction motor, not shown, or by means of a gas turbine or other suitable device. 
     Mounted on the armature rotor 4 is an armature coil 5 which may, of course, be stranded and transposed as appropriate for the desired pulse frequency. The rotor 4, being nonconductive and nonmagnetic, allows rapid penetration of the field as the armature rotor coil 5 rotates. The field coils 2, 2&#39; may be protected from the armature reaction by a stationary hollow cylindrical conducting shell 6 affixed to the stator. This is especially attractive when superconducting field coils are used as it eliminates discharge induced fields from the superconducting windings. An additional attraction for the use of superconducting coils over other alternator concepts is that the stationary field coils are not subject to centrifugal loading and do not require rotary liquid helium connections. 
     In operation of the device of FIG. 1, the armature rotor 4 is driven to design speed W (radians per second) (W×No. of Poles/4π= pulse frequency in Hertz), and an external switch (see FIG. 3) such as a triggered spark gap, ignitron, SCR, etc. is closed at the appropriate time to produce a half sinusoidal pulse or portion thereof to thus provide the desired output current to an external circuit by means of suitable sliding contacts. The inertially stored energy in the rotor will be converted into the electrical energy required for the pulse and as the output current passes through zero a self-commutating effect is provided to allow the switch to disconnect the generator from the external circuit. It is an important feature of the device that the rotor need not stop at the end of the pulse to produce the current zero or reversal as is necessary with a homopolar generator. This becomes particularly attractive as higher repetition rates are contemplated since the relatively small speed variation possible during the pulse makes it practical to use an inexpensive prime mover which is directly coupled to the armature rotor. 
     The nonmagnetic, electrically nonconductive rotor not only allows the rapid field penetration as mentioned above but also ensures a low eddy current loss necessary for efficient high speed pulsed operation. A typical construction for the rotor coil 5 might be a water or gas cooled copper conductor wrapped in a graphite filament reinforced epoxy matrix. Such lightweight construction would ensure that the majority of the rotor&#39;s kinetic energy would be stored in the copper conductor where the discharge forces are generated, thus minimizing discharge stresses on the rotor. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a modification of the device of FIG. 1, wherein a stationary compensating coil 9 is connected electrically in series with the armature coil 5. The coil 9 is mounted securely to the hollow conductive shield 6 and thus to the stator. The compensating coil 9 would generally have the same number of turns as the armature coil 5 (though in special cases it may have more or fewer turns in order to produce a special effect) and would be wound in the opposite direction. Such a coil would minimize the internal inductance of the alternator at the moment of maximum output in order to maximize the transfer of energy to the external circuit and would utilize the output current to enhance the magnetic field cut by the armature coil in order to increase the alternator&#39;s output voltage. Since it can compensate almost the entire armature reaction because of the short angular span described by the machine rotor during the discharge pulse, the compensating coil would sustain the entire discharge torque and thus must be securely anchored. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic wiring diagram for the alternator embodiment of FIG. 1 as modified by FIG. 2, wherein L 1  is the externally excited stationary field coil; L 2  is the rotating armature coil; L 3  is the stationary compensating coil; SR 1  and SR 2  are slip rings, T 1 , T 2  are the field coil excitation terminals; T 3 , T 4  are the alternator output terminals; FL 1 , FL 2 , . . . FL n  are the load (flashlamps, for example); and S 1  is a triggered spark gap or SCR switch. The unit S 1  may be triggered by an auxiliary rotor coil L 4 , by an angular position detector on the shaft, or by a rising voltage level at the output terminals T 3 , T 4 , for example. 
     The devices of FIGS. 1 and 2 relate to a two-pole alternator. However, the present invention also includes multi-pole embodiments to be described hereinbelow. The normal advantages of multi-pole configurations accrue to such devices, namely increasing the number of poles results in a reduction in shaft speed for the same output pulse, a reduction in total magnetic field energy required by directing flux only through the armature coils and not through the center portion of the rotor, a simplification of rotor construction especially in the armature coil end turns, and a more uniform distribution of coil mass and discharge forces around the rotor periphery. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention utilizing a multi-pole configuration. 
     In FIG. 4, a base member 13 supports a backiron member 12. Mounted within the member 12 are a pair of bearings 11 which support the drive shaft 8. Coupled to the shaft 8 is the nonmagnetic, nonconductive rotor 4 upon which is mounted the armature coil 5. A cylindrical conductive shield 14 is mounted in spaced relation to the rotating rotor 4 and the compensating coil 9 is mounted on this shield 14. It should be understood that the shield 14 may be stationary, or alternatively it may be counterrotated with respect to the rotor 4. In the latter case, the shield may be mounted to a suitable end plate, not shown, and rotated by the shaft 8&#39;. A slip ring SR 1  is mounted on the shaft 8 and a plurality of brushes 10 are associated with this slip ring. Another slip ring, not shown, is mounted on the shaft 8&#39;, and it is also associated with another set of brushes, not shown. 
     A plurality of field windings 2 and respective associated pole-pieces 3 are mounted to the inside wall of the backiron member 12 and in spaced relation to the shield 14, to thus complete the multi-pole compensated pulse alternator of this figure. 
     In FIG. 5 there is illustrated a counterrotating drum-type compensated pulsed alternator, wherein the nonmagnetic, nonconductive rotor 4 is coupled to a driving shaft 8, and the rotor 4 has the armature rotor coil 5 mounted thereon. The hollow conductive shield 14 has the compensating coil 9 mounted thereon and the shield 14 is adapted to be counterrotated with respect to the rotor 4 by means of a driving shaft 8&#39; coupled to the shield. It can be seen that six polepieces are provided, only four of which are shown on the drawing, and the associated stationary field coils are not shown for the sake of clarity. It should be understood that necessary slip rings and brushes, not shown, are provided for the device of FIG. 5. By providing counterrotating coils, as in FIG. 5, this permits a doubling of the voltage for the same voltage to be obtained with half of the number of conductors (1/4 of the inductance). Furthermore, the counterrotating coils 5, 9 make possible faster pulses (dL/dt, the time rate of change in inductance, is doubled) and the reaction torque (which can be very large for fast, high power pulses) is also compensated and need not be dealt with outside of the device. 
     It should be understood that the device of FIG. 5 is not limited to the illustrated structure. For example, the rotor (drum) 4 may be replaced with a hollow cylindrical shell upon which the coil 5 may be replaced with a hollow cylindrical shell upon which the coil 5 may be affixed, and providing suitable lightweight spokes which are affixed between such a shell and the driving shaft 8, thus substantially reducing the mass of the rotor 4. Also, the shafts 8 and 8&#39; may be made hollow and a central, stationary solid ferromagnetic cylinder, or rod, may be positioned within each of such hollow shafts with suitable bearings therebetween. By providing such modifications to the device of FIG. 5, there results a device in which the field power requirements are reduced, and field fringing is minimized thus eliminating core losses and reducing the inertia of the rotating components. 
     FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate still another embodiment of the present invention which shows a disk equivalent. In FIG. 6, two counterrotating rotors or disks 20 and 21 are provided. Disk 20 is nonmagnetic and nonconductive and is adapted to be rotated in one direction by a driving shaft 22 coupled thereto, and the disk 21 is adapted to be rotated in the opposite direction by a driving shaft 23 coupled thereto. A plurality (10, for example) of stationary field coils 24 are provided with each of the coils 24 provided with a pair of polepieces 25. Only one field coil 24 and its associated pair of polepieces 25 are shown in FIG. 6 for the sake of clarity, and only 6 of the field coils 24 and 6 polepiece legs 25 are shown in the sectional view of FIG. 7 for the sake of clarity. 
     Mounted on the face of the disk 20 (see FIG. 7) is an armature conductor coil 26, and a like compensating coil, not shown, is mounted on the face of the disk 21. It should be understood that appropriate slip rings and respective associated brushes, not shown, are provided. It should be understood that the disk 21 may be held stationary if such is desired, but preferably both disks 20 and 21 are counterrotated. 
     The alternator of FIGS. 6 and 7 has certain advantages. For example, rotating mass is minimized, the air gap does not vary with speed (due to rotor growth), and rotor heating and losses due to field diffusion and eddy currents can be minimized. 
     The above described embodiments have been described for use with nonmagnetic and nonconductive rotors. However, for slower pulses (1/2 to 1 msec.) the rotor need not be nonmagnetic but rather may be composed of thin steel laminations similar to those used in conventional motors, generators, and transformers. This in no way alters the principle of operation of the device, but simply reduces the required field power at the expense of some rotor heating and rotational losses as well as slightly increased inductance of the armature circuit. Of course, for faster pulses, the nonmagnetic rotor configurations described above are still preferable. 
     This invention has been described by way of illustration rather than by limitation and it should be apparent that it is equally applicable in fields other than those described.