Abstract:
Modified oligonucleotides comprising CpG sites, wherein the cytosine is replaced by cytosine analogs are provided as well as methods of making the oligonucleotides and their use in treating cancer, tumorigenesis and hyper-proliferative disorders.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/669,606, filed Jul. 9, 2012, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The invention relates generally to design, synthesis, production and application of oligonucleotide analogues and to methods of using such oligonucleotide analogues for treatment of disease, including cancer, tumor, and angiogenesis in mammals, including humans and animals. In particular, the invention relates to methods of using oligonucleotides containing cytosine analogues as therapeutics for hypo-methylating aberrantly methylated genes in human cancer leading to restoration of aberrantly methylated gene expression. The present invention relates to design, synthesis and application of novel oligonucleotides containing cytosine analogues for use in modifying DNA methylation, and which are useful as therapeutics. Oligonucleotide analogues are provided that incorporate various analogues of cytosine in the oligonucleotide sequence, including, but not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine. Such oligonucleotide analogues can be used as hypomethylating agents for modulation of DNA methylation, especially for effective inhibition of methylation of cytosine at the C-5 position. Methods for synthesizing these oligonucleotide analogues and for modulating C-5 cytosine methylation are provided. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Two hypomethylating agents Vidaza® (5-aza-cytidine) and Dacogen® (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) are currently being used as new pharmaceuticals for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), non-small cell lung (NSCL) cancer, sickle-cell anemia, and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). One of the functions of these agents is their ability to inhibit DNA methylation. DNA methylation is an epigenetic effect common to many systems. This modification involves the covalent modification of cytosine at the C-5 position. In higher eukaryotes, portions of genomic DNA are often methylated at cytosines followed by guanosine in CpG dinucleotides. This modification has important regulatory effects on gene expression, especially when involving CpGs located in the promoter regions of many genes. Aberrant methylation of normally un-methylated CpG-containing promoters has been shown to affect transcriptional activity of the downstream genes. In many cancers aberrant methylation leads to transcriptional inactivation of defined tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, restoring transcriptional activity of tumor suppressor genes by hypomethylating drugs can lead to a powerful new form of anti-tumor therapies. 
         [0004]    Both drugs, 5-aza-cytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine need to be converted into their active forms; in case of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine the phosphorylated 5-aza-deoxycytidine, in case of 5-aza-cytidine conversion to deoxyribose form and phosphorylation. After conversion to their triphosphate form by deoxycytidine kinase, both compounds are incorporated into replicating DNA at a rate similar to that of the natural substrate, dCTP (Bouchard and Momparler 1983 Mol. Pharmacol. 24:109-114). After chromosomal duplication, in order to conserve existing methylation pattern, the 5-methylcytosine on the parental strand serves as a guide to DNA methyltransferases to direct methylation of the complementary daughter DNA strand. The replacement of cytosine with hypomethylating analogues at CpG sites produces an irreversible inactivation of DNA methyltransferases by covalently trapping the enzyme by hypomethylating analogues in the DNA (Juttermann et al. 1994 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11797-11801). This unique mechanism of action of existing hypomethylating agents allows genes silenced (that were once methylated) from previous rounds of cell division to be re-expressed. After further DNA synthesis and cell cycle division, progeny strands from the hemi-methylated DNA result in DNA strands that are completely un-methylated at these sites (Jones P. 2001 Nature 409: 141, 143-4). By specifically inhibiting DNA methyltransferases aberrant methylation of the tumor suppressor genes could be reversed. 
         [0005]    Despite its proven antileukemic effects in CML, MDS, and AML, the potential application of hypomethylating agents have been hampered by delayed and prolonged myelosuppression. Lower doses of both Vidaza® and Dacogen®, given over a longer period of time, have minimized myelosuppression to manageable levels without compromising its ability to suppress cancer via its hypo-methylation effect. At higher doses, the associated toxicity was prohibitive. However, treatment of hematologic and solid tumors at maximally tolerated doses of hypomethylating agents has been ineffective. The cause of myelosuppression is not clear. It is plausible that since hypomethylating agents are randomly and extensively incorporated into the DNA, including bone marrow cells that are involved in normal hematopoiesis, the severe DNA damage due to the instability of Vidaza® and Dacogen® leads to necrosis. Since incorporation of hypomethylating agents is not restricted to only the CpG-rich sequences, the DNA can break, due to the instability of the agents, and require repair at numerous sites outside of the CpG islands. 
         [0006]    Vidaza® and Dacogen® are unstable in aqueous media and undergo hydrolytic degradation. In acidic medium, Dacogen® is hydrolyzed at room temperature to 5-aza-cytosine and 2-deoxyribose. In neutral medium at room temperature, the opening of the triazine ring takes place at the 6-position to form the transient intermediate formyl derivative, which further degrades to the amidino-urea derivative and formic acid (Piskala, A.; Synackova, M.; Tomankova, H.; Fiedler, P.; Zizkowsky, V. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978, 4, s109-s-113.). This hydrolysis at the 6-position occurs in acidic and basic aqueous media at even faster rates. 
         [0007]    In view of the chemical instability and toxicities associated with Vidaza® and Dacogen®, there exists a need to develop more stable and superior hypomethylating agents, that are not incorporated into the genomic DNA and that provide effective hypo-methylation without significantly affecting the integrity of the DNA or causing gene toxicity. 
         [0008]    The recitation of any reference in this application is not an admission that the reference is prior art to this application. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The invention will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of the aspects and embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The discussion below is descriptive, illustrative and exemplary and is not to be taken as limiting the scope defined by any appended claims. 
         [0010]    The present invention provides oligonucleotides containing at least one CpG site that incorporate analogues of the cytosine nucleotide in at least one CpG dinucleotide present in such oligonucleotide. Cytosine nucleotide analogues include but are not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine. These oligonucleotides are configured as either a self-complementary single stranded sequence that forms a stem-loop structure, or as complementary oligonucleotides that form a double stranded sequence when annealed. 
         [0011]    In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotide forms a stem-loop (hairpin) structure. In a further embodiment, nucleotides in positions 10-13 form the loop structure. In a further embodiment, the length of the oligonucleotide is at least sufficient to form the stem-loop (hairpin) structure at human physiological temperature, or human body temperature. In further embodiments, the oligo nucleotide occurs in the stem-loop (hairpin) structure at a temperature in the range of 35.5° C. to 39° C., or the temperature is 35.5° C., 36° C., 36.5° C., 37° C., 37.5° C., 38° C., 38.5° C., 39° C., or 39.5° C. 
         [0012]    In another aspect, the invention provides and isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising a sequence of nucleotides having at least 50% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotide forms a stem-loop (hairpin) structure. In a further embodiment, the nucleotides in positions 10-13 form the loop structure. In another embodiment, the loop structure consists of 3 nucleotides. In further embodiments, the sequence of nucleotides has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence, or at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence. In further embodiments the oligonucleotide is between 22 and 50 nucleotides, is at least 33, at least 40, or at least 50 nucleotides, is at least 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides, is at least 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides, is at least 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35 nucleotides, is at least 36, 37, 38, 39, or nucleotides, is at least 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 nucleotides, or is at least 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide further comprises a 5′ or a 3′extension of up to 5, 6, 7, 8 9, or 10 nucleotides. In a further embodiment, the oligonucleotide comprises a 5′ and a 3′ extension. 
         [0013]    In another aspect, the invention provide an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. 
         [0014]    In another aspect the invention provides an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising a sequence of nucleotides, wherein the sequence comprises a 5′ extension and a structure-loop (hairpin), wherein the structure-loop (hairpin) comprises or consists of the sequence of nucleotides selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; and a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, the sequence comprises a 3′ extension of up to 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides. 
         [0015]    In another aspect, the invention includes an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising a sequence of nucleotides, wherein the sequence comprises a structure-loop (hairpin) and a 3′ extension wherein the structure-loop (hairpin) portion comprises or consists of the sequence of nucleotides selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; and a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, the sequence comprises a 5′-extension of up to 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides. 
         [0016]    In another aspect, the invention includes, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the following linked components: a first sequence of nucleotide or nucleotides; a first cytosine residue or cytosine analogue residue, wherein the cytosine analogue residue is 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine or deoxyzebularine; a first guanine residue; a second sequence of nucleotide or nucleotides; a third sequence of nucleotide or nucleotides; a fourth sequence of nucleotide or nucleotides; a second cytosine residue or cytosine analogue residue, wherein the cytosine analogue residue is 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine; a second guanine residue; and a fifth sequence of nucleotide or nucleotides; wherein the second and fourth sequences of nucleotides are complementary to each other forming a hairpin loop of the third sequence of nucleotides, and wherein the nucleotides of in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sequences comprise adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. In an embodiment, the first and fifth sequences of nucleotides are complementary to each other. In another embodiment, the third sequence of nucleotides comprises 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of GENERAL FORMULA A, B, C, and D. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide nucleotide sequence comprises at least 11 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide comprises 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotides. In another embodiment the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 16 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide comprises 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 21 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide comprises 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 26 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide comprises 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 31 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide comprises at least 32 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises between 11 and 32 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 33, at least 40, or at least 50 nucleotides. 
         [0017]    The invention also provides, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising at least 11 nucleotides in length and at least one CpG site, wherein the 5′ sequence of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ sequence of the oligonucleotide and forms a double-stranded DNA complex with it forming a hairpin loop structure, wherein the CpG site is located in the 5′ or 3′ sequences, or in both the 5′ and the 3′ forming the stem sequence, and wherein the cytosine of the CpG site is an cytosine analogue selected from the group consisting of 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine and deoxyzebularine. In another embodiment, the CpG site is located in the 5′ sequence. In another embodiment, the CpG site is located in the 3′ sequence. In another embodiment, the cytosine of the sequence that is complementary to the guanine of the CpG site is 5-methyl-cytosine. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide is annealed to it complementary sequence. 
         [0018]    In another aspect, the invention includes an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein the oligonucleotide is annealed to it complementary sequence. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the complementary sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide sequence and the complementary sequences are at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the sequence of the oligonucleotide comprises at least one CpG site. In another embodiment, the complementary sequence comprises at least one CpG site. In another embodiment, the cytosine of the CpG site is a cytosine analogue selected from the group consisting of 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, and deoxyzebularine. In another embodiment, the cytosine of the CpG site of the complementary sequence is 5-methyl-cytosine. 
         [0019]    In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and its complementary sequence. In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and its complementary sequence. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the complementary sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide sequence and the complementary sequences are at least 6 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the sequence of the oligonucleotide comprises at least one CpG site. In another embodiment, the complementary sequence comprises at least one CpG site. In another embodiment, the cytosine of the CpG site is a cytosine analogue selected from the group consisting of 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine and deoxyzebularine. In another embodiment, the cytosine of the CpG site of the complementary sequence is 5-methyl-cytosine. 
         [0020]    In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide or pair of oligonucleotides according to any previous claim or their pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a salt or ester of the isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide or pair of oligonucleotides is provided. In another embodiment, the backbone of the isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide or pair of oligonucleotides comprises either a phosphodiester linker or artificial backbone linker. 
         [0021]    In another aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising an agent selected from the group consisting of: a) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; b) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; c) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; d) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; e) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; f) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; g) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of GENERAL FORMULA B; h) an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of GENERAL FORMULA D; i) an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, and its complementary sequence; j) an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, and its complementary sequence; k) an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; l) an isolated or synthetic pair of oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequence of GENERAL FORMULA F, and its complementary sequence; and any combination of two or more of a)-l). 
         [0022]    The invention provides a method for reducing, limiting, inhibiting, or minimizing the amount of DNMT in a cell comprising contacting the cell under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits the activity of DNMT in the cell, wherein the agent comprises the composition(s) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby the DNMT is reduced, limited, inhibited, or minimized. In another embodiment, DNMT1 is reduced preferentially to DNMT3a and DNMT3b. In another embodiment, DNMT3a is reduced preferentially to DNMT1 and DNMT3b. In another embodiment, DNMT3b is reduced preferentially to DNMT1 and DNMT3a. In another embodiment, activity of the DNMT in the cell is eliminated. 
         [0023]    In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated cell having a reduced amount of DNMT from the methods described herein. 
         [0024]    The invention further provides a method for reducing, limiting, inhibiting, or minimizing methylation of a cell, comprising contacting the cell under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the cell, wherein the agent comprises the composition described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby methylation in the cell is reduced, limited, inhibited, or minimized. In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated cell having a reduced amount of methylation from the method. 
         [0025]    In an aspect, the invention provides a method for reverting aberrant methylation of a cell, comprising contacting the cell under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the cell, wherein the agent comprises the compositions described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby aberrant methylation in the cell is reverted in whole or in part. 
         [0026]    The invention provides a method for restoring hypo-methylation of a tumor suppressor gene, comprising contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises the composition(s) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby the tumor suppressor gene is hypo-methylated in whole or in part. 
         [0027]    The invention also provides a method for restoring transcriptional activity of tumor suppressor genes by contacting a cell comprising the genes under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises the composition(s) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby transcriptional activity of tumor suppressor genes is restored whole or in part. 
         [0028]    In another aspect, the invention provides a method of introducing re-expression of methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes by contacting a cell comprising the genes under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises the composition(s) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby re-expression of methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes is restored whole or in part. 
         [0029]    The invention also provides a method of inhibiting, reducing, limiting, or minimizing tumorgenecity of a gene by contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises the composition(s) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and whereby tumorgenecity of the gene is inhibited, reduced, limited, or minimized in whole or in part. 
         [0030]    In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating DNMT-related disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition(s) described herein. In an embodiment, the DNMT-related disease or disorder is a cell proliferative disorder. In a further embodiment, the cell proliferative disorder is selected from the group consisting of acute-myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), cancers of the liver or kidney, a liver proliferative disorder or a kidney disorder. 
         [0031]    In another aspect, the invention provides methods for treating acute-myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or a liver proliferative disorder or a kidney disorder with the isolated or synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6, or the oligonucleotide pairs of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. Such treatment includes administration of any of the oligonucleotides alone or in combination. 
         [0032]    In one aspect the invention provides a general formula for the stem loop oligonucleotide of: 5′ R[N]XGR[N]B[N]R[N]XGR[N] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA A”, where N represents the number of nucleotides, R represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), B represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) forming the loop structure, X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine, and wherein the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ end. 
         [0033]    In one aspect the invention provides a general formula for the stem loop oligonucleotide of: 5′ R[N]XGR[N]B[N]R[N]XGR[N] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA B”, where N represents the number of nucleotides, R represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), B represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) forming the loop structure, X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine, wherein the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ end. 
         [0034]    In one aspect the invention provides a general formula for the stem loop oligonucleotide of: 5′ R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N]B[N]R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA C”, where N represents the number of nucleotides, R represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), B represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) forming the loop structure, X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine, wherein the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ end. 
         [0035]    In one aspect the invention provides a general formula for the stem loop oligonucleotide of: 5′ R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N]B[N]R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA D”, where N represents the number of nucleotides, R represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), B represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) forming the loop structure, X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine, wherein the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ end. 
         [0036]    In another aspect, the invention provides a general formula for the complementary oligonucleotide compounds that anneal to form a double stranded compound is: 5′ B[ N ]XGB[ N ] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA E”, and it&#39;s complementary sequence, where B represents a string of N number of any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine. 
         [0037]    In one aspect the invention provides a general formula for the stem loop oligonucleotide of: 5′ R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N]B[N]R[N]XGR[N]XGR[N] 3′, referred to herein as “GENERAL FORMULA F”, where N represents the number of nucleotides, R represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), B represents any of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) forming the loop structure, X represents cytosine or a cytosine analogue (analogues include but are not limited to 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine or zebularine, or deoxyzebularine) and G represents Guanine, wherein the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is complementary to the 3′ end. 
         [0038]    In one aspect of the invention, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide analogue containing at least one CpG site and having 11 or more bases in length is provided. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotide have 3 or more complementary bases, such that in certain conditions they can form a double-strand to make a stem loop-shaped structure (hairpin). In one embodiment, the oligonucleotide is in the form of a stable hairpin structure at 36 degrees C. or higher. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the present invention comprise at least one cytosine analogue selected from the group consisting of 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine as a base residue replacing a cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide located in the stem of the hairpin. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotide can have more than one CpG dinucleotide and comprises more than one cytosine analog as described herein or a combination of two or more of said analogs. 
         [0039]    In one another aspect of the invention, an isolated or synthetic oligonucleotide analogue containing at least one CpG site and having 11 or more bases in length is provided, adopting a hairpin conformation at 36 degrees C. and having at least one cytosine analogue selected from 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine as a base residue replacing a cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide located in the stem of the hairpin and paired with a modified CpG dinucleotide where the cytosine has been replaced by 5-methyl-cytosine. 
         [0040]    In another aspect of the invention, an isolated or synthetic double stranded oligonucleotide analogue containing at least one CpG site having 6 or more bases in length is provided, has at least one cytosine analogue selected from 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine as a base residue replacing a cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide and maintaining double stranded conformation at 36 degrees C. 
         [0041]    In another aspect of the invention, an isolated or synthetic double stranded oligonucleotide analogue containing at least one CpG site having 6 or more bases in length is provided, has at least one cytosine analogue selected from 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine as a base residue replacing a cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide, paired with a modified CpG dinucleotide where the cytosine has been replaced by 5-methyl-cytosine and maintaining double stranded conformation at 36 degrees C. 
         [0042]    The present invention also provides methods for synthesizing the modified oligonucleotides and methods for reducing, minimizing, inhibiting, or reversing aberrant DNA methylation in various disease conditions. Also provided are various building blocks for synthesizing the modified oligonucleotides, formulating and administering these modified oligonucleotides or compositions to treat conditions, such as cancer and hematological disorders. 
         [0043]    In one or more aspects, the oligonucleotides containing fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine and derivatives, are provided. Also provided are methods for preparing, formulating and administering these compounds or compositions as therapeutics to a host in need thereof. In addition, the invention includes use of such cytosine analogue containing oligonucleotides for treatment of human or animal disease, including but not limited to cancer, tumor, and angiogenesis. The cytosine analogue containing oligonucleotides can be used as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer, tumor, and angiogenesis. The cytosine analogue containing oligonucleotides can be used for treatment of cancer, tumor, and angiogenesis. 
         [0044]    In one aspect the sequences of the invention are shown in Table A, below, as well as those described herein. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE A 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequences 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 sequence 
                 position description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO:1 
                 nnGnnnGnnnnnnnnnGnnnGn 
                 Positions 1, 4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18, 19, and 22: n = A, G, C, or T 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 2, 6: n = Cytosine or 5- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 methylc yto sine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 16, 20: n = 5-aza-cytidine, 5- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fluoroc yclopentenylc yto sine, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 zebularine, or deoxyzebularine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 1 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 4 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 5 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 8 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 9 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14; and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 10-13 form the loop structure 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
                 nnGnnnGnnnnnnnnnGnnnGn 
                 Positions 1, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,18, 19, and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22: n = A, G, C, or T 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 2, 6: n = 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 zebularine, or deoxyzebularine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 16, 20: n = Cytosine or 5- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 methylcytosine 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 1 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 4 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 5 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 8 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Position 9 is complementary to Position 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14; and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Positions 10-13 form the loop structure 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
                 cctatgcgatcgagttttctngatngcatagg 
                 Positions 21 and 25 = n = 5-aza-5,6- 
               
               
                 MTC 422 
                   
                 dihydro-dC 
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
                 cctatgcgatcgagttttctngatngcatagg 
                 Positions 21 and 25: n = zebularine 
               
               
                 MTC-423 
                   
                 (pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside) 
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
                 cctatgngatngagttttctngatngcatagg 
                 Positions 7 and 11: n = 5- 
               
               
                 MTC-422m 
                   
                 methylcytosine 
               
               
                 (also called 
                   
                 Positions 21 and 25: n = 5-aza-5,6- 
               
               
                 MTC-425) 
                   
                 dihydro-dC 
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
                 cctatgngatngagttttctngatngcatagg 
                 Positions 7 and 11: n = 5- 
               
               
                 MTC-423m 
                   
                 methylcytosine 
               
               
                 (also called 
                   
                 Positions 21 and 25: n = zebularine 
               
               
                 MTC-427) 
                   
                 (pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside) 
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
                 gtacatgngctccaga 
                 Position 8: n = 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC 
               
               
                 MTC-424F 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
                 tctggagcgcatgtac 
                 none 
               
               
                 MTC-424R 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oligonucleotide 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0045]    In another aspect is provided a method for reducing, limiting, inhibiting, or minimizing methylation of a cell, comprising contacting the cell under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the cell, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby methylation in the cell is reduced, limited, inhibited, or minimized, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. In a further aspect is provided an isolated cell having a reduced amount of methylation from the method. 
         [0046]    In another aspect the invention provides a method for reverting aberrant methylation of a cell, comprising contacting the cell under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the cell, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby aberrant methylation in the cell is reverted in whole or in part, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. 
         [0047]    In another aspect the invention provides a method for restoring hypo-methylation of a tumor suppressor gene, comprising contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby the tumor suppressor gene is hypo-methylated in whole or in part, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. 
         [0048]    In another aspect the invention provides a method for restoring transcriptional activity of a tumor suppressor gene by contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby transcriptional activity of tumor suppressor genes is restored whole or in part, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. 
         [0049]    In another aspect the invention provides a method of introducing re-expression of a methylation-silenced tumor suppressor gene by contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby re-expression of methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes is restored in whole or in part, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. 
         [0050]    In another aspect the invention provides a method of inhibiting, reducing, limiting, or minimizing tumorgenecity of a gene by contacting a cell comprising the gene under suitable conditions with an hypomethylating agent that specifically inhibits or interferes with methylation in the gene, wherein the agent comprises a composition comprising the oligonucleotide of GENERAL FORMULA A, C, or E, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, whereby tumorgenecity of the gene is inhibited, reduced, limited, or minimized in whole or in part, and whereby the oligonucleotide is not incorporated into the genome. In an embodiment, the cell proliferative disorder is selected from the group consisting of acute-myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), cancers of the liver or kidney, or a liver proliferative disorder or a kidney disorder. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  shows the inhibition of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) with illustrative hypomethylating oligonucleotides, MTC-422, MTC-423, and MTC-424. 
           [0052]      FIG. 2  shows the inhibition of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) with illustrative hypomethylating oligonucleotides, MTC-422, MTC-423, and MTC-424. 
           [0053]      FIG. 3  shows the inhibition of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase 3b1 (DNMT3b1) with illustrative hypomethylating oligonucleotides, MTC-422, MTC-423, and MTC-424. 
           [0054]      FIG. 4  shows the chemical structure of the cytosine analog, 5-fluoro-cytidine. 
           [0055]      FIG. 5  shows the chemical structure of the cytosine analog, 5-aza-cytidine. 
           [0056]      FIG. 6  shows the chemical structure of the cytosine analog, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. 
           [0057]      FIG. 7  shows the chemical structure of the cytosine analog, Zebularine. 
           [0058]      FIG. 8  shows the chemical structure of the cytosine analog, Deoxy-Zebularine. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0059]    Unless stated otherwise, the following terms and phrases as used herein are intended to have the following meanings: 
         [0060]    The term “oligonucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide formed from a plurality of linked nucleotide units, which may include, for example, deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, synthetic, natural, non-natural, engineered, or modified nucleotides; phosphodiester or modified linkages; synthetic, natural, non-natural, engineered, or modified bases; natural, non-natural sugars or modified sugars; nucleotide analogs, or combinations of these components. The nucleoside units may be part of viruses, bacteria, cell debris or oligonucleotide-based compositions (for example, siRNA and microRNA). Such oligonucleotides can also be obtained from existing nucleic acid sources, including genomic or cDNA, or can be produced by synthetic methods. The nucleoside residues can be coupled to each other by any of the numerous internucleoside linkages. Such internucleoside linkages include, without limitation, phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate, alkylphosphonate, alkylphosphonothioate, phosphotriester, phosphoramidate, siloxane, carbonate, carboalkoxy, acetamidate, carbamate, morpholino, borano, thioether, bridged phosphoramidate, bridged methylene phosphonate, bridged phosphorothioate, and sulfone internucleoside linkages. As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” is not limited to a nucleotide sequence of a particular length. 
         [0061]    “Compound”, as in the terms “compound of the formula”, “compound of the structure”, “compound of the invention”, and the like, shall refer to and encompass the chemical compound itself as well as, whether explicitly stated or not, and unless the context makes clear that the following are to be excluded: amorphous and crystalline forms of the compound, including polymorphic forms, where these forms may be part of a mixture or in isolation; free acid and free base forms of the compound, which are typically the forms shown in the structures provided herein; isomers of the compound, which refers to optical isomers, and tautomeric isomers, where optical isomers include enantiomers and diastereomers, chiral isomers and non-chiral isomers, and the optical isomers include isolated optical isomers as well as mixtures of optical isomers including racemic and non-racemic mixtures; where an isomer may be in isolated form or in admixture with one or more other isomers; isotopes of the compound, including deuterium- and tritium-containing compounds, and including compounds containing radioisotopes, including therapeutically- and diagnostically-effective radioisotopes; multimeric forms of the compound, including dimeric, trimeric, etc. forms; salts of the compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including acid addition salts and base addition salts, including salts having organic counterions and inorganic counterions, and including zwitterionic forms, where if a compound is associated with two or more counterions, the two or more counterions may be the same or different; and solvates of the compound, including hemisolvates, monosolvates, disolvates, etc., including organic solvates and inorganic solvates, said inorganic solvates including hydrates; where if a compound is associated with two or more solvent molecules, the two or more solvent molecules may be the same or different. In some instances, reference made herein to a compound of the invention will include an explicit reference to one or of the above forms, e.g., salts and solvates, however, this reference is for emphasis only, and is not to be construed as excluding other of the above forms as identified above. 
         [0062]    The term “operably linked”, when referring to nucleotide segments, indicates that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes. 
         [0063]    The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” or “pharmaceutically acceptable esters” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters of the compounds of the invention: i.e., or esters salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. 
         [0064]    When trade names are used herein, applicants intend to independently include the trade name product formulation, the generic drug, and the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) of the trade name product. 
         [0065]    Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art pertinent to the methods and compositions described. The following references provide one of skill with a non-exclusive guide to a general definition of many of the terms used herein: Hale &amp; Margham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (Harper Perennial, N.Y., N.Y., 1991); King &amp; Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics (Oxford University Press, 4th ed. 1990); Hawley&#39;s Condensed Chemical Dictionary (John Wiley &amp; Sons, 13th ed. 1997); and Stedmans&#39; Medical Dictionary (Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 27th ed. 2000). As used herein, the following terms and phrases have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise. 
         [0066]    Molecular weights and lengths of polymers determined by imprecise analytical methods (e.g., gel electrophoresis) will be understood to be approximate values. When such a value is expressed as “about” X or “approximately” X, the stated value of X will be understood to be accurate to.+−.10%. 
         [0067]    All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0068]    For clarity of disclosure, and not by way of limitation, the detailed description of the invention is divided into the subsections which follow. 
         [0069]    The present invention is based in part upon the discovery that isolated or synthetic oligonucleotides which contain at least one analogue of cytosine incorporated in a CpG sequence can be used as therapeutics for hypo-methylating aberrantly methylated genes in human cancer disease leading to restoration of aberrantly methylated gene expression. In an embodiment, the oligonucleotides are not incorporated into the genomic DNA. In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides are chemically and enzymatically stable. 
         [0070]    The present invention provides isolated or synthetic oligonucleotides which contain at least one analogue of cytosine incorporated in a CpG sequence of the oligonucleotide. Cytosine nucleotide analogues include but are not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine. The oligonucleotides are double stranded structure, and the CpG dinucleotide is preferably located in the double stranded portion of the oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide can be either a single stranded sequence that forms a stem-loop (hairpin) or a pair of single stranded sequences that anneal to form a double stranded sequence. 
         [0071]    The CpG sites of the oligonucleotide can be modified and provide two general versions: un-methylated, where cytosine on the first strand is not methylated and the cytosine on the complementary strand is replaced by one of the cytosine analogues selected from but not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine; and, hemi-methylated, where cytosine on the first strand is methylated (5-methyl-cytosine) and the cytosine on the complementary strand is replaced by one of the cytosine analogues selected from but not limited to 5-aza-cytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-cytidine, fluorocyclopentenylcytosine, zebularine, or deoxyzebularine. These oligonucleotides are not incorporated into genomic DNA and are designed specifically as trapping suicide oligonucleotides, which capture DNA methyltransferases. By modifying the composition of the CpG site in the oligonucleotide it is possible to create selectivity for specific DNA methyltransferase. For instance, the hemi-methylated CpG site has higher selectivity for DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) over or vs. DNA Methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) or DNA Methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). 
         [0072]    The cytosine analogs described herein include but are not limited to those shown in  FIGS. 4 through 8 . 
         [0073]      FIG. 4  shows the cytosine analog, 5-fluoro-cytidine, which is also known by the common names, Flucytosine or 5-fluoro-cytidine; by the chemical name: 4-amino-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one, and by the trade name, Ancobon. 
         [0074]      FIG. 5  shows the cytosine analog, 5-aza-cytidine, which is also known by the common names, Azacitidine or 5-aza-cytidine; by the chemical name, 4-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one; and by the trade name: Vidaza®. 
         [0075]      FIG. 6  shows the cytosine analog, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, which is known by the common names, Decitabine; by the chemical name: 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-b-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one, and by the trade name, Dacogen®. 
         [0076]      FIG. 7  shows the cytosine analog, Zebularine, which is also known by the common names, zebularine; and by the chemical name, 1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. 
         [0077]      FIG. 8  shows the cytosine analog having the common name, deoxy-zebularine; and by the chemical name, 1-(β-D-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. 
         [0078]    In an aspect of the invention, the isolated, modified, or synthetic oligonucleotides contain at least one analogue of cytosine incorporated in a CpG sequence and which 3′ ends are modified to increase the oligonucleotides resistance to nuclease degradation in the cell. 
         [0079]    In another aspect of the invention, the modified oligonucleotides are provided which contain at least one analogue of cytosine incorporated in a CpG sequence and which their phosphodiester linker is replaced by artificial backbone linker to provide for the resistance to nuclease degradation in vivo. Such artificial backbone linkers can be selected from but not limited to the following: phosphorothioate linker, boranophosphate or methylphosphonate linker; the 2′-hydroxyl group of ribose can be modified to be a 2′-methoxy group, 2′-methoxyethyl group, or 2′-fluoro group. Also optionally, the sugar phosphodiester backbone can be replaced with a protein nucleotide (PNA) backbone where the backbone is made from repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units linked by peptide bonds. Other types of linkers for oligonucleotides designed to be more resistant to nuclease degradation are described U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,900,540 and 6,900,301, which are herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0080]    The oligonucleotides of the invention are produced by conventional means, such as for example, as shown in Example 1, herein, and pure at 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater. 
         [0081]    The invention is aimed to overcome pharmacological and toxicological issues associated with conventional hypo-methylating agents such as Dacogen® and Vidaza®. Both Vidaza® and Dacogen® are unstable chemically and enzymatically. However, the inventive oligonucleotides described herein provide the advantage that they are resistant to enzymatic degradation and are chemically more stable. 
         [0082]    This invention is also providing for utilizing additional cytosine analogues like zebularine and deoxyzebularine, which could not be used effectively as free nucleotide hypo-methylating agents in vivo because zebularine was inefficiently phosphorylated and deoxyzebularine could not be phosphorylated at all. Incorporation of zebularine or deoxyzebularine into the oligonucleotides of the invention overcomes these difficulties enabling the use of zebularine and deoxyzebularine as a hypomethylating agents. 
         [0083]    The isolated, modified, or synthetic oligonucleotides provided in herein also should overcome toxicities associated with the incorporation of cytosine analogues into genomic DNA as the modified oligonucleotides are designed and synthesized in such forms that they are never incorporated into genomic DNA as opposed to the free nucleoside forms of cytosine analogues which are randomly and extensively incorporated into the genomes of all dividing cells causing genome instability and genotoxicity. Modified oligonucleotides provide an independent target for DNA methyltransferases thus sparing the genome from potential mutagenic effects of the cytosine analogues and eliminating DNMT methyltransferase:DNA complexes that when formed on the genomic DNA lead to DNA synthesis disruption and further genomic DNA damage. 
         [0084]    The oligonucleotides of the invention can be administered by any route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route. The compounds and compositions can be, for example, administered orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly, rectally, topically, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation, vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery (for example by a catheter or stent), subcutaneously, intraadiposally, intraarticularly, infusion, or intrathecally. 
         [0085]    Generally, the dosage of administered oligonucletoides compositions, will vary depending upon such factors as the subject&#39;s age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition and previous medical history. For example, the oligonucleotides can be administered at a range of about 10 to about 100 mg/m2 intravenously by infusion for 1 to 10 hours, every 4 to 10 hours, for 1 to 10 days and repeated every 3 to 6 weeks. A lower or higher dosage also may be administered as circumstances dictate. As an example, and for illustration only, Dacogen® has been administered in humans at ˜−15 mg/m2 IV infusion for 3 hours, every 8 hours for 3 days—repeat every 6 weeks. Similarly, the drug formulation and schedule of administration can be diluted in 500 mL of normal saline for intravenous injection and infused as a 3-hour infusion on 3 consecutive days as a loading dose, followed by weekly maintenance doses, with doses of about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example, of about 750 mg. 
         [0086]    See, for example, Talbot D C, Ranson M, Davies J, Lahn M, Callies S, André V, Kadam S, Burgess M, Slapak C, Olsen A L, McHugh P J, de Bono J S, Matthews J, Saleem A, Price P., Tumor Survivin is Downregulated by the Antisense Oligonucleotide LY2181308: a Proof-of-Concept, First-in-Human Dose Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Dec. 15; 16(24):6150-8. Epub 2010 Nov. 1. The oligonucleotides can be diluted in aqueous solution, saline solution, or other solutions. 
         [0087]    The oligonucleotides described herein can be used to minimize, limit, reduce or inhibit aberrant methylation in diseases such as acute-myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), as well as cancers of the liver and kidney and hyperproliferative diseases and syndromes of the liver and kidney. 
         [0088]    Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia that occurs in adults. There are several inherited genetic disorders and immunodeficiency states that are associated with an increased risk of AML, including disorders with defects in DNA stability, leading to random chromosomal breakage, such as, Fanconi&#39;s anemia, Li-Fraumeni kindreds, ataxia-telangiectasia, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Bloom&#39;s syndrome. 
         [0089]    Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is one of the subgroups of AML, and is characterized by promyelocytic blasts containing the 15; 17 chromosomal translocation. This translocation leads to the generation of the fusion transcript comprised of the retinoic acid receptor and a sequence PML. 
         [0090]    Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of a pluripotent stem cell. CML is characterized by a specific chromosomal abnormality involving the translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the Philadelphia chromosome. Ionizing radiation is associated with the development of CML. 
         [0091]    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogenerous disease with distinct clinical features displayed by various subtypes. Reoccurring cytogenetic abnormalities have been demonstrated in ALL. The most common cytogenetic abnormality is the 9; 22 translocation. The resultant Philadelphia chromosome represents poor prognosis of the patient. 
         [0092]    The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders grouped together because of the presence of dysplastic changes in one or more of the hematopoietic lineages including dysplastic changes in the myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic series. These changes result in cytopenias in one or more of the three lineages. Patients afflicted with MDS typically develop complications related to anemia, neutropenia (infections), or thrombocytopenia (bleeding). Generally, from about 10% to about 70% of patients with MDS develop acute leukemia. 
         [0093]    The effect of administering the hypo-methylating oligonucleotides can be measured in vivo by a reduction, inhibition, or minimization, or methylation in genomic DNA. Assays to measure DNA methylation are known in the art and are described by the Examples herein. Physiological symptoms may not be present, but if they are would include a reduction, minimization, limitation, or inhibition of cancer-associated symptoms, such as weight loss, uncontrolled cell growth, fevers, chills, night sweats, fatigue, nausea, pain, and other flu-like symptoms, or reduction in size of the liver, kidney or spleen. 
         [0094]    A pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligonucleotides can be furnished in liquid form, in an aerosol, or in solid form. Liquid forms, are illustrated by injectable solutions and oral suspensions. Exemplary solid forms include capsules, tablets, and controlled-release forms. The latter form is illustrated by miniosmotic pumps and implants (Bremer et al., Pharm. Biotechnol. 10:239 (1997); Ranade, “Implants in Drug Delivery,” in Drug Delivery Systems, Ranade and Hollinger (eds.), pages 95-123 (CRC Press 1995); Bremer et al., “Protein Delivery with Infusion Pumps,” in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 239-254 (Plenum Press 1997); Yewey et al., “Delivery of Proteins from a Controlled Release Injectable Implant,” in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 93-117 (Plenum Press 1997)). 
         [0095]    As another example, liposomes provide a means to deliver the oligonucleotides to a subject intravenously, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or via oral administration, inhalation, or intranasal administration. Liposomes are microscopic vesicles that consist of one or more lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous compartments (see, generally, Bakker-Woudenberg et al., Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12 (Suppl. 1):561 (1993), Kim, Drugs 46:618 (1993), and Ranade, “Site-Specific Drug Delivery Using Liposomes as Carriers,” in Drug Delivery Systems, Ranade and Hollinger (Eds.), pages 3-24 (CRC Press 1995)). Liposomes are similar in composition to cellular membranes and as a result, liposomes can be administered safely and are biodegradable. Depending on the method of preparation, liposomes may be unilamellar or multilamellar, and liposomes can vary in size with diameters ranging from 0.02 micrometers to greater than 10 micrometers. A variety of agents can be encapsulated in liposomes: hydrophobic agents partition in the bilayers and hydrophilic agents partition within the inner aqueous space(s) (see, for example, Machy et al., Liposomes In Cell Biology And Pharmacology (John Libbey 1987), and Ostro et al., American J. Hosp. Pharm. 46:1576 (1989)). Moreover, it is possible to control the therapeutic availability of the encapsulated agent by varying liposome size, the number of bilayers, lipid composition, as well as the charge and surface characteristics of the liposomes. 
         [0096]    Various references, including patent applications, patents, and scientific publications, are cited herein, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
         [0097]    The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0098]    The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of Oligonucleotide-Based Compounds 
       [0099]    The oligonucleotide-based compounds of the invention were chemically synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated DNA/RNA synthesizer by Bio-Synthesis Inc (Lewisville, Tex.). Modified DNA bases were incorporated at defined positions into oligonucleotides during automated synthesis. The modified base, 5,6-dihydro-5-aza-cytidine, was incorporated using the 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC-CE Phosphoramidite (Glen Research, Sterling Va.). The modified base, 2-pyrimidone ribonucleoside (zebularine—a cytidine analog lacking an amino group), was incorporated using Zebularine-CE Phosphoramidite (Glen Research, Sterling Va.). Oligonucleotides were purified, quantitated by UV spectrophotometry, quality checked by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, lyophilized and shipped. Oligonucleotides were reconstituted in an aqueous solution and used in studies. The sequences of the oligonucleotides are shown below in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequences of Oligonucleotides with cytosine analogues 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ID 
               
               
                 Oligo 
                 Sequence 
                 Modification 
                 NO: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′CCTATGCGATCGAGTTTTCT[x]GAT[x]GCATAGG3′ 
                 x = 5-aza-5,6- 
                 3 
               
               
                 422 
                   
                 dihydro-dC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′CCTATGCGATCGAGTTTTCT[z]GAT[z]GCATAGG3′ 
                 z = zebularine 
                 4 
               
               
                 423 
                   
                 (pyrimidin-2- 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 one 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ribonucleoside) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′CCTATG[M]GAT[M]GAGTTTTCT[x]GAT[x]GCATAGG3′ 
                 M = 5- 
                 5 
               
               
                 422m 
                   
                 methylcytosine; 
                   
               
               
                 (also 
                   
                 x = 5-aza-5,6- 
                   
               
               
                 called 
                   
                 dihydro-dC 
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 425) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′CCTATG[M]GAT[M]GAGTTTTCT[z]GAT[z]GCATAGG3′ 
                 M = 5- 
                 6 
               
               
                 423m 
                   
                 methylcytosine; 
                   
               
               
                 (also 
                   
                 z = zebularine 
                   
               
               
                 called 
                   
                 (pyrimidin-2- 
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                   
                 one 
                   
               
               
                 427) 
                   
                 ribonucleoside) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′GTACATG[X]GCTCCAGA3′ 
                 X = 5-aza-5,6- 
                 7 
               
               
                 424F 
                   
                 dihydro-dC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTC- 
                 5′TCTGGAGCGCATGTAC3′ 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 424R 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
     DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 Assay (DNMT1) 
       [0100]    DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was essentially assayed as described in Tollefsbol, T. O. and Hutchison III, C. A.: J. Biol. Chem. (1995), 270:18543-50 with the following modifications. Assay reaction was 5 μl volume, the DNA substrate was poly (dI:dC) 0.001 mg/ml and co-factor S-AdoMet at 1.0 μM human DNMT1 was added at 25 nM. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine+DNA=S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine+DNA 5-[methyl-3H]—cytosine. S-AdoHCy was used as a positive control for the inhibition reaction. Oligonucleotide compounds were tested in 10-dose IC50 mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting at 20 μM. DNMT1 inhibition results shown in Table 2 and  FIG. 1  are displayed as % activity negative DMSO control reaction. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition of DNMT1 with Oligonucleotides 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MTC-424 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6) - 
               
               
                   
                 MTC-422 
                 MTC-423 
                 control 
               
               
                 Conc (M) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                 oligo w/5-aza 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2.00E−05 
                 20.15 
                 0.32 
                 20.30 
               
               
                 6.67E−06 
                 18.43 
                 2.34 
                 26.33 
               
               
                 2.22E−06 
                 49.11 
                 13.21 
                 52.14 
               
               
                 7.41E−07 
                 48.29 
                 26.78 
                 56.27 
               
               
                 2.47E−07 
                 93.00 
                 71.16 
                 89.83 
               
               
                 8.23E−08 
                 92.85 
                 73.49 
                 91.12 
               
               
                 2.74E−08 
                 99.33 
                 82.21 
                 94.91 
               
               
                 9.14E−09 
                 98.88 
                 100.39 
                 98.09 
               
               
                 3.05E−09 
                 100.20 
                 99.97 
                 99.21 
               
               
                 1.02E−09 
                 100.11 
                 99.74 
                 98.81 
               
               
                 DMSO Ctrl 
                 100.35 
                 100.02 
                 99.63 
               
               
                   
                 −0.77 
                 −1.00 
                 −0.70 
               
               
                 IC 50   
                 1.43E−06 
                 3.63E−07 
                 1.94E−06 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0101]    Results as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Hairpin oligo&#39;s containing a 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC cytosine analog show 50% inhibition of DNMT1 activity at an estimated concentration of 1.4 uM, the zebularine containing hairpin oligonucleotide at an estimated concentration of 363 nM and the double stranded oligonucleotide containing the 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC at an estimated concentration of 1.94 uM. Thus, the oligonucleotides of the invention can be used to reduce, limit, minimize DNMT1 activity, which would result in an improvement of aberrant methylation of genes, or restoration of expression of aberrantly silenced genes, such as tumor suppressor genes and the like. 
       Example 3 
     DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 3A Assay (DNMT3A) 
       [0102]    DNA Methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) was essentially assayed as described in Tollefsbol, T. O., et al. as described above with the following modifications. Assay reaction was 5 μl volume, the DNA substrate was Lambda DNA at 0.0075 mg/ml and co-factor S-AdoMet at 1.0 μM; human DNMT3Awas added at 25 nM. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine+DNA=S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine+DNA 5-[methyl-3H]—cytosine. We used S-AdoHCy as a positive control for the inhibition reaction. Oligonucleotide compounds were tested in 10-dose IC50 mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting at 20 μM. DNMT1 inhibition results shown in Table 3 and  FIG. 2  are displayed as % activity negative DMSO control reaction. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition of DNMT3A with Oligonucleotides 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MTC-424 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6) - 
               
               
                   
                 MTC-422 
                 MTC-423 
                 control 
               
               
                 Conc (M) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                 oligo w/5-aza 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2.00E−05 
                 34.69 
                 13.49 
                 34.41 
               
               
                 6.67E−06 
                 51.88 
                 23.99 
                 55.06 
               
               
                 2.22E−06 
                 64.40 
                 42.81 
                 72.65 
               
               
                 7.41E−07 
                 74.35 
                 57.01 
                 77.29 
               
               
                 2.47E−07 
                 92.69 
                 88.96 
                 87.71 
               
               
                 8.23E−08 
                 96.56 
                 92.83 
                 87.33 
               
               
                 2.74E−08 
                 92.21 
                 88.42 
                 90.57 
               
               
                 9.14E−09 
                 105.44 
                 96.68 
                 90.12 
               
               
                 3.05E−09 
                 105.70 
                 96.38 
                 93.98 
               
               
                 1.02E−09 
                 104.33 
                 98.30 
                 94.96 
               
               
                 DMSO Ctrl 
                 100.23 
                 99.88 
                 99.89 
               
               
                   
                 −0.55 
                 −0.81 
                 −0.66 
               
               
                 IC 50   
                 5.70E−06 
                 1.60E−06 
                 1.02E−05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0103]    Results show that as illustrated in  FIG. 2  the hairpin oligonucleotide containing a 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC cytosine analoge show 50% inhibition of DNMT1 activity at an estimated concentration of 5.7 uM, the zebularine containing hairpin oligonucleotide at an estimated concentration of 1.6 uM and the double stranded oligonucleotide containing the 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC at an estimated concentration of 10.2 uM. Thus, the oligonucleotides of the invention can be used to reduce, limit, minimize DNMT3A activity, which would result in an improvement of aberrant methylation of genes, or restoration of expression of aberrantly silenced genes, such as tumor suppressor genes and the like. 
       Example 4 
     DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 3B Assay (DNMT3B) 
       [0104]    DNA Methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) was essentially assayed as described in Tollefsbol, T. O., et al. as described above with the following modifications. Assay reaction was 5 μl volume, the DNA substrate was Lambda DNA at 0.0075 mg/ml and co-factor S-AdoMet at 1.0 μM; human DNMT3B was added at 25 nM. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H] methionine+DNA=S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine+DNA 5-[methyl-3H]—cytosine. We used S-AdoHCy as a positive control for the inhibition reaction. Oligonucleotide compounds were tested in 10-dose IC50 mode with 3-fold serial dilution starting at 20 μM. DNMT1 inhibition results shown in Table 4 and  FIG. 3  are displayed as % activity negative DMSO control reaction. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition of DNMT3B with Oligonucleotides 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MTC-424 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6) - 
               
               
                   
                 MTC-422 
                 MTC-423 
                 control 
               
               
                 Conc (M) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                 oligo w/5-aza 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2.00E−05 
                 54.20 
                 56.57 
                 68.21 
               
               
                 6.67E−06 
                 71.91 
                 55.41 
                 82.42 
               
               
                 2.22E−06 
                 81.20 
                 67.48 
                 87.92 
               
               
                 7.41E−07 
                 99.23 
                 83.12 
                 99.17 
               
               
                 2.47E−07 
                 98.85 
                 90.67 
                 101.96 
               
               
                 8.23E−08 
                 99.42 
                 95.30 
                 101.57 
               
               
                 2.74E−08 
                 109.12 
                 97.22 
                 104.85 
               
               
                 9.14E−09 
                 105.42 
                 99.60 
                 99.15 
               
               
                 3.05E−09 
                 105.69 
                 97.79 
                 103.20 
               
               
                 1.02E−09 
                 101.33 
                 102.45 
                 95.65 
               
               
                 DMSO Ctrl 
                 101.07 
                 100.84 
                 98.09 
               
               
                   
                 −0.67 
                 −0.41 
               
               
                 IC 50   
                 2.13E−05 
                 1.75E−05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0105]    Results show that as illustrated in  FIG. 3  the hairpin oligonucleotide containing a 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC cytosine analoge show 50% inhibition of DNMT1 activity at an estimated concentration of 21.3 uM, the zebularine containing hairpin oligonucleotide at an estimated concentration of 17.5 uM and the double stranded oligonucleotide containing the 5-aza-5,6-dihydro-dC did not inhibit the activity sufficiently to estimate the 50% inhibition concentration. Thus, the oligonucleotides of the invention can be used to reduce, limit, minimize DNMT3B activity, which would result in an improvement of aberrant methylation of genes, or restoration of expression of aberrantly silenced genes, such as tumor suppressor genes and the like. 
       Example 5 
     Treatment of Cells with the DNMT Inhibitor Modified Oligonucleotide Compounds 
       [0106]    Cells are seeded at desired density in 96 well plates (50-70% confluency). Allow cells to recover at 37 degrees C., 5% Co2 for 24 hrs. 
         [0107]    Prepare Oligonucleotide Complexes: 
         [0108]    Liposome/DNA complexes must be prepared in serum-free media. Cations in the serum will form complexes with the transfection reagent, competing with the DNA Oligonucleotides are purified by ethanol precipitation, or washing on a spin column and diluted in serum free, antibiotic free media to a final concentration of 1 ug/100 ul of media. Aliquots of transfection reagent (volumes of 1,2,4, and 6 ul) are prepared in 100 ul total vol of serum free, antibiotic free media. The oligonucleotide solution and transfection reagent solutions are combined and mixed gently by tapping with fingertip. The resulting solution is incubated for 15-45 minutes at room temperature to allow complex formation. 
         [0109]    To optimize transfection efficiency, the ratio of transfection reagent to oligonucleotide concentration is titrated. Subsequently the dose of transfection reagent/oligonucleotide can be optimized in a dose response experiment. 
         [0110]    Treatment: 
         [0111]    Aspirate media from cells and replace with transfection reagent. Excessive exposure to the transfection reagent can cause toxicity or cell death. Recommended transfection start times are 6-8 hours, serum-free, but the ideal time may be greater than that. For adherent cells in serum containing media, treat cells overnight (app 16 hours) as a starting point in a standard protocol. Repeat treatment as determined empirically. 
         [0112]    Harvest cells/DNA-cells can be lysed directly while still in the plate using g-DNA miniprep kits, or trypsinized allowing counting of the cells prior to further use. 
         [0113]    Reporter Assays: 
         [0114]    To determine the effects of treatment, cellular DNA is isolated and the level of DNA methylation is measured using various techniques. For the measurement of methylation at specific loci, including but not limited to, INK4A (p16), Septin9 SEPT9,: RASSF1A, APC, CDKN2B, BRCA1, MGMT, DAPK, TMST, CDC2, SFRP1, TIMP-3, CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1, BRAF, KRAS, RARB2, MLH1, the DNA sample is treated with bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosines to uracils, and the DNA sample is then subject to methylation specific PCR assays. For the measurement of genome wide effects on cytosine methylation, techniques such as quantitative 5-methylcytosine ELISA or quantitative methylation specific LINE1 real time PCR assays are applied. 
       Example 6 
     Animal Model for DNA Inhibitor Analysis 
       [0115]    Preparation of Inhibitors: Doses of appropriate concentrations are prepared for 0.25 mL injections. For compounds soluble in aqueous solution, such as oligonucleotides, the compounds are dissolved in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). To improve stability in the mouse model, oligonucleotides are also prepared incationic liposomes and injected. Oligonucleotide doses range from 100 ng/dose to 1 mg/dose. 
         [0116]    Studies include 5-Aza-2 deoxycytidine as a positive control, prepared at a dose of 5 mg/kg in PBS, and either PBS alone as a negative control. 
         [0117]    Mouse Model: 
         [0118]    The EJ6 human bladder cancer cell or similar cancer cell lines can be used for animal model studies. EJ6 cells (5×105/injection) suspended in PBS are inoculated subcutaneously into the right and left back (along the midaxillary lines) of 4-to 6-week-old female BALB/c athymic nude-Foxn1nu mice available for example from Harlan Laboratories, San Diego, Calif. After 2-3 weeks and after macroscopic tumors (50-200 mm3) form, treatment injections are initiated. Tumors are measured with calipers, and tumor volumes calculated. Mice are weighed at the beginning and end of treatment to determine toxicity. The percent weight change for each mouse was calculated. 
         [0119]    Treatments are by intraperitoneal (IP) or intra-venous (IV) injection with doses administered daily or on a multiday schedule over a period of 5-28 days depending on the experiment. Animals are sacrificed 24 hrs following the last treatment. 
         [0120]    At this time, tumors are removed and each tumor divided into two separate portions. One portion is immediately homogenized in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for RNA extraction, and the other portion immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for DNA extraction later. Genomic DNA and RNA are used for analysis of the methylation status of the INK4A (p16) promoter as well as a panel of other promoter regions (including but not limited to: RASSF1A, APC, CDKN2B, BRCA1, MGMT, DAPK, TMS1, CDC2, SFRP1, TIMP-3, CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1, BRAF, KRAS, RARB2, MLH1) by real time methylation specific PCR, sequencing or other standard methods, and gene expression is assessed by real time RT-PCR, respectively. Additionally, total methylation status is assessed by analysis of the repetitive DNA element LINE1, and by enzyme linked immunsorbent assay and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of 5-methylcytosine. In some experiments additional mouse tissues are collected and prepared as above to study the de-methylating effects of the treatment. Methods to analyze or measure DNA methylation are known in the art. See, for example, Rocha, M. S. et al., Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48(12):1793-1798. 
         [0121]    From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.