Abstract:
Muscle cells and nerves of the uterus and cervix are treated with electrical pulses having selectives parameters in order to stimulate or inhibit contraction thereof. Either a needle or probe is provided having stimulation electrodes thereon from which the treatment pulses emanate. In a further embodiment, patients are simultaneously treated with pharmacological agents in conjuction with the electrical treatment.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application in a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/386,674, filed Feb. 10, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,522,877, to issue Jun. 4, 1996, which is a divisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/995,180, filed Dec. 22, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,344, issued Mar. 14, 1995. This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/658,108, filed Jun. 4, 1996, hereby incorporated by reference now U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,649. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to methods of and apparatus for activating the muscle cells or nerves of the uterus or cervix. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and instrument useful for stimulating or inhibiting uterine contractility for producing cervical ripening at the end of the period of gestation; and for regulating the uterus or cervix in non-pregnant patients. 
     Preterm labor is one of the major pathological states most frequently complicating pregnancy. Preterm birth is the major cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality (75%) and long term neurological handicaps. In spite of the use of different new tocolytics, the incidence of preterm labor and the incidence of prenatal morbidity and mortality has not changed over the last decades. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,397,344 and 5,522,877, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, address diagnosing labor (term and preterm) which is a significant problem faced by obstetricians. Preterm labor is the pathological state most frequently associated with this dilemma. Moreover, term labor often requires adjuvant therapy to halt or augment labor. Since there is spontaneous uterine activity during pregnancy, it is often not possible to distinguish between physiological uterine activity or preterm labor. The state of the cervix is commonly used as a predictor of preterm birth. However, the softening of the cervix, as well as the appearance of uterine contractions are relatively late in preterm labor. 
     Antiprogestins induce preparatory changes in the uterus in all stages of pregnancy. This results in the increase in myometrial responsiveness to oxytocic stimuli such as oxytocin or prostaglandins. The major effect of antiprogestins on the uterus is the preparation or conditioning of the myometrium to labor and delivery by inducing intercellular coupling which manifests itself by an increase in propagation due to an increase in gap junctions. 
     The uterus is quiescent throughout pregnancy to maintain a tranquil environment for the growing fetus. At the end of pregnancy normally the uterus beings to contract forcefully in a phasic manner (labor) to expel the fetus and other products of conceptions. Abnormally the uterus sometimes either begins to contract and labor prior to term (preterm labor) or fails to contract at term. Preterm labor occurs in about 10% of all pregnancies whereas the incidence of insufficient or absence of contractions at term is also very high (3 to 13%). In most cases the clinician is faced with the decision to either inhibit labor or stimulate it depending on the circumstances. However, the clinician has only subjective methods (state of cervix or number of contractions but not force of contraction) on which to base a decision. 
     The uterus is now known to pass through a series of steps prior to and during labor to prepare the muscle to contract in a coordinated, synchronous and therefore forceful manner. These steps include the development of gap junctions (low electrical resistance contacts), receptors and other events between and on the muscle cells that allow the uterus to contract as a syncytium and react to contractile agents. Contractions of the uterus are dependent upon electrical activity, therefore the presence of gap junctions is an important component of this process. These steps are known to be regulated by various physiological signals (hormones) and can be controlled pharmacologically. When the muscle cells pass through this state they become electrically and metabolically coupled. This state allows the uterus to contract forcefully and frequently. Although this process is known to occur during pregnancy, it also appears during the menstrual cycle and may be present in various pathological conditions of the uterus such as dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, habitual abortion, allergic reactions, etc. However, at present, the obstetrician or gynecologist has no objective method to evaluate this process and to intervene when necessary by activating muscle cells or nerves of the uterus or cervix. The clinical judgement as to treatment is enhanced by procedures which define the state of the patients uterus such as the procedures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,522,877 and 5,397,344. There are, however, no current procedures for using the concepts of these patents to stimulate or inhibit activity in order to treat patients have the aforementioned difficulties. 
     Numerous studies show that gap junctions are present in almost all cells and their presence and function has been associated with normal physiological control. Gap junctions are also known to be altered either structurally or functionally in pathological states such as cancer, hypoxia, inflammation, etc. Many studies demonstrate that one can assess gap junction presence or function by electrical simulation and recording of electrical events in adjacent cells. 
     There have been a number of studies with respect to this matter such as Miller, S. M., et al., “Improved Propagation in Myometrium Associated with Gap Junctions During Parturition”,  American Journal of Physiology , pages 130-141 (1989), incorporated herein by reference, in which gap junction measurements were made on uterine tissue of pregnant rats. Additional studies which are reported in the literature include: Garfield et al., “Modulation of Myometrial Gap Junctions: Toxicological Implications”,  In Vitro Toxicology, A Journal of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology , Vol. 3, Number 1, pp. 41-59 (1990); Chwalisz et al., “The Progesterone Antagonist Onapristone Increases the Effectiveness of Oxytocin to Produce Delivery without Changing the Myometrial Oxytocin Receptor Concentrations”,  Am. J. Obetet. Gynecol ., Vol. 165, No. 6, Part I, pp. 1760-1770 (December 1991); Garfield, “Structural and Functional Studies of the Control of Myometrial Contractility and Labor”,  The Onset of Labor: Cellular  &amp;  Integrative Mechanisms , pp.55-79 (1988); Garfield et al., “Effects of the Antiprogesterone RU 486 on Preterm Birth in the Rate”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 157, No. 5, pp. 1281-1285 (November 1987); Demanczuketal., “Myometrial Electrophysiologic Activity and Gap Junctions in the Pregnant Rabbit”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 149, No. 5, pp. 485-491 (Jul. 1, 1984); Garfield, “Control of Myometrial Function in Preterm Versus Term Labor”,  Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 572-591 (September 1984); Puri et al., “Changes in Hormone Levels and Gap Junctions in the Rat Uterus During Pregnancy and Parturition”,  Biology of Reproduction , 27, 967-975 (1892); Garfield et al., “Endocrine, Structural, and Functional Changes in the Uterus During Premature Labor”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 142, No. 1, pp. 21-27 (Jan. 1, 1982); Garfield et al., “Appearance of Gap Junctions in the Myometrium of Women During Labor”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 140, No. 3, pp. 254-260 (Jun. 1, 1981); Garfield et al., “Presence of Gap Junctions in the Myometrium of Women During Various Stages of Menstruation”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 138, No. 5, pp. 569-574 (Nov. 1, 1980); and Garfield et al., “Art Gap Junctions Necessary for Cell-to-Cell Coupling of Smooth Muscle?: An Update”,  Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol ., Vol. 70, pp. 481-490 (1992); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. While these studies each recognize various aspects of the phenomenon of Interest, they do not suggest just how one would utilize the phenomenon in practical medical procedure to electrically stimulate or inhibit activity of the uterus or cervix. 
     The status (function, location, identification, etc.) of nerves and their terminals in tissues can be quantified also by selectively stimulating the nerves with electrical parameters that do not affect surrounding tissues. This so-called “field stimulation” has been used in many studies to activate nerves or their varicosities in tissues to assess, localize and identify nerves in tissues. Exemplary of such studies are the following articles: Garfield et al., “A Functional and Structural Study of the Innervation of the Human Uterus”,  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Vol. 160, No. 1, pp. 218-228 (January 1989); Bulat et al., “Studies of the Innervation of Rabbit Myometrium and Cervix”,  Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol ., Vol. 67, pp. 837844 (1989); and Buchanan et al., “Innervation and Gap Junction Formation in the Myometrium of Pregnant Little Brown Bats, Myotis luclifugus”,  The Anatomical Record , 221:611-618 (1988), each of which Is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Prior methods and instruments for evaluating the status of the uterus have used external monitors which give little information of quantitative nature necessary to define the processes described above or to electrically stimulate or inhibit activity of the uterus or cervix. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A feature of the present method and invention is to electrically stimulate or inhibit electrical and mechanical activity of tissues, such as for example, but not limited to, uterine muscle tissue and tissue of the cervix. 
     Upon further study of the specification and appended claims, further features and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     The present method and apparatus is applicable to the wide range of obstetrical, gynecological and other conditions. One such application is to either activate either the muscle cells or nerves of the uterus or cervix during term and preterm labor. Another application is the nonpregnant uterus or cervix for regulating various treatments. The method and apparatus is also valuable for use in connection with other tissues other than the uterus such as tissues of the bladder, intestine, heart and other muscular or nonmuscular (brain, liver, pancreas, etc.) tissues for purposes of evaluating their normal and abnormal behavior. The method and instrument is also usable for stimulating or inhibiting tissues in animals, as for example in a veterinary clinic or for live stock. 
     In accordance with one specific aspect of the invention, a needle includes stimulating electrodes as well as optional miniature piezoelectric electrodes embedded along an inner surface thereof. In accordance with one embodiment, the needle is placed in the uterine wall (i.e., myometrium) under ultrasound guidance similar to routine procedures during amniotic fluid sampling. The signals from the needle provide electrically evoked activity. The needle is connected to a multichannel recorder, stimulator and computer with software for generation of the signals. 
     Alternative embodiments of the needle utilize electrodes mounted on the exterior thereof. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a side view, partially in phantom, showing a needle configured in accordance with the instant invention inserted in the uterine wall of a pregnant patient, the needle being connected to a recording device and the position of the needle being monitored by an ultrasonic scanner; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged, side elevational view illustrating the needle of FIG. 1 embedded in the muscle tissue of the uterine wall; 
     FIG. 3 is a further enlarged side view showing a portion of the exterior surface of the needle shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along liens  4 — 4  of FIG. 3 showing an array of stimulation electrodes; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-section view taken along lines  5 — 5  of FIG. 3 showing an array of recording electrodes; 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of FIG. 5 showing how an individual recording electrode is mounted within the needle; 
     FIG. 7 is a front view of a typical recording apparatus to which the needle is connected and which provides stimulation signals and receives response signals; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic view of smooth muscle tissue in proximity with the needle of FIGS. 1-7 illustrating the function of the instant invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 showing smooth muscle or other tissue with nerves proximate the needle of the instant invention and further illustrating an additional feature of the invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a diagrammatical view showing spontaneous electrical activity between cells detected by recording electrodes; 
     FIG. 11 is a diagrammatical view showing evoked electrical activity between cells; 
     FIG. 12 is a linear diagram of an inner surface of the needle according to the instant invention with the recording electrodes arranged in a selected array; 
     FIG. 13 is a diagrammatical view comprising cellular electrical activity in a muscle with muscle contractions; 
     FIG. 14 is a diagrammatical view comparing cellular electrical activity and muscle contractions relating the rate of rise amplitude and the rates of depolarization and relaxation; 
     FIG. 15 is a side elevational view of the walls of human female genitalia including vaginal, cervical and uterine walls; 
     FIG. 16 is a probe configured in accordance with the principles of the present invention for stimulating or inhibiting contractual activity of the walls of FIG. 15; and 
     FIG. 17 is a diagrammatical view illustrating contractions of the cervix and uterus due to stimulation by the probe of FIG.  15 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown schematically a pregnant patient  10  with a fetus  12  retained with a uterine wall  14  which defines an amniotic cavity  16  having amniotic fluid therein. The uterine wall  14  is primarily configured of muscle tissue and is disposed proximate the abdominal wall  18  of the patient  10 . In accordance with the principles of the instant invention, a needle  20  is passed from the exterior of the patient  10  through the abdominal wall  18  and embedded in the uterine wall  14 . The needle has a bundle of leads  22  which are connected to a recording apparatus  24 . 
     In accordance with the principles of the instant invention, the uterus of the pregnant patient  10  is monitored by ultrasonic transducers  26  to provide an image  28  of the uterine wall on an ultrasonic monitor  30  so that the shank  31  of the needle  20  may be accurately guided and properly embedded in the uterine wall  14 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, a greatly enlarged view of a section of uterine wall  14  is shown with the shank  31  of the needle  20  embedded therein after having been passed through the abdominal wall  18 . The needle  20  is preferably made of stainless steel and has an overall length of about 65 mm. An array of recording electrodes  40  are disposed on the cylindrical surface  42  of the needle  20  and an array of stimulation electrodes  44  are positioned proximate the tip  46  of the needle. The arrays of recording and stimulation electrodes  40  and  44  are completely embedded in the muscle tissue of the uterine wall  14  with the muscle tissue extending into the hollow core of the needle. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the tip  46  of the needle  20  does not penetrate the endometrium  50  which is disposed between the muscle  14  of the uterine wall and the amniotic fluid  16 . In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the needle  20  is a hollow amniotic fluid sampling needle which performs fluid sampling alternative to electrical monitoring. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, there Is shown a side view of the needle  20  where it is seen that the embedded portion of the needle having the array of recording electrode  40  and stimulating electrodes  44  has a length L of about 2-4 mm and a diameter of about 0.5 to 2 mm. The recording electrode  40  are spaced from one another by a distance of about 0.5 mm, while the stimulation electrodes  44  are a height and width of about 0.5mm. The tip  46  of the needle  20  is disposed approximately 0.5mm from the bottom of the array of stimulation electrodes  44  and has a sloping edge  52  extending from one side of the needle to the tip  46  thereof. The dimensions defining spaces between various electrodes are suggested dimensions which may be varied from needle to needle to optimize performance of the needles  20 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, where the shank  31  of the needle  20  is shown in cross-section, the stimulation electrodes  44  are silver plated into indentations  54  of the wall  56  of the needle. The indentations  54  are first coated with an insulting material  58  to electrically isolate the stimulation electrodes  44  from the stainless steel needle shank  31 . Each stimulation electrode  44  has an insulated lead  59  which is led back over the surface  42  of the needle  20  (see FIG. 3) into the lead bundle  22  and to the record device  24  (see FIG.  1 ). The stimulation electrodes  44  receive either depolarized or hyperpolarized current pulses from the recording device  24 , with each pulse having a duration in the range of about 10 to 500 milliseconds, a frequency in the range of 0.05 to 5 Hz and an amplitude in the range of about 0.1 to 30 volts. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown the specific structure of one level of the array of recording electrodes  40  as well as the structure of a single recording electrode. In the illustrate embodiment, there are four recording electrodes disposed at 90° intervals around the wall  56  of the needle  20 . As is seen in the specific embodiment of FIG. 6, each recording electrode  40  includes a plate  60  made of silver or another conductive material which is disposed inside of the needle  20  proximate the inner surface  62  of the wall  56 . A layer of electrical insulation  64  is disposed between the plate  60  and the surface  62  of the wall  56  to electrically isolate the plate  60  from the stainless steel needle shank  31 . An insulated lead  66  extends through a bore  68  through the wall of the needle  56  and a hole  69  in the insulation. As is seen in FIG. 1, the lead  66  from each recording electrode  40  extends back up in the needle and into the lead bundle  22  for connection to the recording apparatus  24 . The silver plate  60  functions similar to an antenna and receiver signals generated in the muscle tissue  14  (see FIG.  2 ). 
     In an alternative apparatus, instead of all the electrodes  40  being recording electrodes, the electrodes may be piezoelectric electrodes  70  which sense contractual events and transmit these events via insulated leads  71  to the recording apparatus  24 . Preferably, the piezoelectric electrodes  70  are disposed between the recording electrodes to provide an alternating array as is shown in FIG.  3 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 7, where the recording apparatus  24  is shown, the recording apparatus includes a stimulator  80  for invoking electrical events in the needle  20 . The stimulator  80  is of conventional design and includes a control for amplitude  82 , a control for voltage  84 , a control for duration  86  and a control for frequency  88 . The stimulator is connected via cable bundle  22  to the stimulation electrodes  44  via leads  59 . The recording apparatus  24  also includes a monitor  96  with a monitor screen  98  to display readings from the electrical leads  66  and  71  connected to the recording electrodes  40  and piezoelectric electrodes  70 , respectively. In a conventional fashion, the monitor includes controls  100  for selecting various arrays for electrodes to be detected. For example, the controls may selected the recording electrodes  40  or the piezoelectric electrodes  70  for monitoring. Finally, recording apparatus  24  also includes controls  102  for amplifying and filtering the signals relayed over leads  41  and  71  to the monitor  96 . A standard computer  104  is connected to the monitor  24  via cable  106 . The computer  104  includes software and a key board for controlling the various functions of the recording apparatus  24 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 8, it is seen that the needle  20  with the arrays of recording electrodes  40  and piezoelectric electrodes  70  are disposed proximate muscle cells  120  in the smooth muscle tissue of the uterine wall  14 . Between each cell  120  and adjacent cells  120 , there is schematically illustrated what is known as a gap junction  122  which is a low resistance electrical contact that develops prior to and during labor in order to prepare the smooth muscle tissue  14  for contraction in a coordinated and synchronous manner. Contractions of the uterine wall  14  are dependent upon propagation of electrical activity between the muscle cells; therefore, the presence of the gap junctions  122  is an important component of the contraction process. Gap junctions are known to be regulated by various physiological signals produced by hormones and can be controlled pharmacologically. When the muscle cells  120  contain open gap junctions, they become electrically and metabolically coupled which allows the uterus wall  44  to contract forcefully and frequently. 
     In accordance with the instant invention, the smooth muscle tissue  14  is stimulated with electrical pulses having parameters that affect only the cells  120  and not surrounding tissue. Monitoring is initiated by pulsing the stimulation electrodes  44  (FIGS. 2-4) with current pulses having a duration in the range of about 10 to 500 milliseconds at a frequency in the range of about 0.05 to 5 Hz and at a voltage amplitude in the range of about 0.1 to 30 volts. This stimulation causes spontaneous and electrically evoked action potentials  126  at the recording electrodes  40  as well mechanical interactions with the piezoelectric electrodes  70 , which signals are transmitted over the leads  66  from the recording electrodes and leads  71  from the piezoelectric electrodes to the recording apparatus  24 . In the recording apparatus  24 , the amplifier  101  modulates the signals using a time constant of about 1 second at a high frequency filtration band pass in the range of 0.1 to 22 Hz. The thus monitored signals  126  are displayed on the monitor screen  98 , then stored PC computer-based hardware and software in the computer  104  with a sampling range of about 500 digitized samples per second. 
     Referring now to FIG. 9, there is schematically shown the needle  12  and recording electrodes  40  in juxtaposition with cells  120  being in a state where there are gap junctions  122 . Muscle tissue, which may be smooth muscle tissue or other muscle tissue, has peripheral nerves  130  therein with nerve endings  132 . It is possible to stimulate nerves  130  and nerve endings  132  by pulsing the stimulation electrodes  44  (FIGS. 2,  3 ,  4 ) with parameters that do not activate the cells  120 . The nerves  130  then act on the cells  120  and the cells generate signals  136  in the cells  120  which are detected by the electrodes  40 . In this way, a physician is able to monitor the effects of nerve stimulation in isolation on the cells  120 . 
     Referring now to FIGS. 10-15, the recording apparatus  24  stores signals  126  in the associated computer  104  and extracts the following parameters derived from the signals  126 : 
     a. duration of bursts of action potentials  126 ; 
     b. propagation velocity of Individual action potentials in bursts following stimulation (measured from change in latency from successive electrodes  40 ); 
     c. patterns of propagation and distance of propagation during spontaneous and evoked action potentials; 
     d. entrainment of bursts. 
     e. velocity and distance of mechanical activity as measured by the piezoelectric electrodes  70 ; 
     f. characteristics of the contractions such as rate of rise and amplitude as detected by the piezoelectric electrodes; and 
     g. characteristics of the action potentials such as the rate of rise of depolarization and plateau, amplitude and the rate of repolarization. 
     Considering the aforementioned parameters in more detail, as is seen in FIG. 10, the length of each burst  140  is plotted as a function of time t to provide the duration of each burst in seconds as detected by the electrodes  40 -I through  40 -n. In addition, the computer  104  measures the action potential frequency in cycles per second by counting the number of spikes  142  per unit time. 
     The propagation obligation velocity of the individual action potentials  126  and evoked potentials  144  is seen from a consideration of FIGS. 10 and 11, wherein a latency period  150  between selective recording electrodes  40  is shown. In FIG. 11, the evoked electrical responses  126  from the electrodes  40  result from the application of a polarized pulse  152  or a hyperpolarized pulse  154  applied to the stimulation electrodes  44  (FIGS. 2,  3  and  4 ). 
     Referring now to FIG. 12 in combination with FIGS. 10 and 11, a computer diagram of an array  156  of the electrodes  40  is shown with the electrodes arranged in levels and rows above the stimulation electrodes  44 . The computer  104  computes the original and propagation characteristics of any of the bursts  140  shown in FIG.  10 . Similarly, from stimulated potentials computer  104  calculates the propagation velocity in distance and displays this information on the screen  98  of the recording device  24 . The entrainment of bursts  140  is seen by reference numeral  158  of FIG.  10  and is calculated from the initial latency period  160  between the bursts at each electrode  40 . 
     Utilizing an approach similar to the approach for monitoring electrical activity, the computer  104  estimates the velocity and distance of the mechanical activity detected by the piezoelectrodes  70  (FIG. 3) which are indicative of the contractions of the uterine wall  14 . As is seen in FIG. 13, the mechanical activity of muscle tissue comprising the uterus wall  14  is identified b a curve  162  which corresponds to the burst  140  indicative of the underlying electrical activity. Frequency, duration and magnetic of a contraction of the uterine wall  14  are respectively proportional to the frequency of the bursts  140 , the duration of the bursts and the propagation of the action potential  126  to recruit additional cells  120  (see FIG.  8 ). The velocity of a contraction is estimated from the latency of contractions at successive piezoelectrodes  70  with the origin and distance of each contractual sequence being computed from a computer generated map of the needle  20  such as the map of FIG. 12 utilized for detecting action potentials  126 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 14, the characteristics of any contraction curve  162  or action potentials  126  contained in a burst  140  are isolated by the program of the computer  104 . The rate of rise  164 , amplitude  166 , rate of repolarization and relaxation  166  can therefore be estimated. 
     From the aforedescribed measurements set forth in FIGS. 10-14, one can reasonably estimate if tissue, such as the muscle tissue of the uterine wall  14 , or other tissue is coupled electrically. In other words, one can discern if the gap junctions  122  are present, absent or in a closed configuration. The presence of gap junctions  120  is generally indicative of the labor state for the uterine muscle comprising the uterine wall  14 . On the other hand, the absence of electrical coupling suggests the ambience or closed state of the junctions and the lack of conditions favorable to labor. 
     While a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes a signal needle  20  with both the stimulation electrodes  44  and the recording electrodes  40  thereon, in another embodiment of the invention, the stimulation electrodes  44  and recording electrodes  40  are on separate needles implanted at different locations. In another embodiment, the electrodes are mounted on the outside of the needle. In still another embodiment of the invention, the stimulation electrodes  44  are embedded in the tissue being monitored while the recording electrodes  40  are positioned outside that tissue on the patient&#39;s skin. 
     While utilization of the apparatus and method has been described above as especially useful for monitoring the uterine wall  14  during pregnancy, gap junctions  122  are present in almost all cells and the presence and function thereof is associated with normal physiological control. Gap junctions  122  are also known to be altered either structurally or functionally in pathological states such as cancer, hypoxia, inflammation and other pathological states. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to utilize the apparatus and methods thereof for medical and biological procedures other than uterine wall monitoring. 
     FIGS.  15 - 17 : Activating Muscle Cells or Nerves by Electrical Stimulation 
     Referring now to FIG. 15, walls of female genitalia are shown and include the vaginal wall  202 , the cervical wall  204  and the uterine wall  206 . In accordance with the present invention, a probe in the form of a needle, such as previously disclosed in this application, or a surface probe such as the probe of FIG. 16 utilize electrodes to activate either the muscle cells, such as the uterine cervix muscle cells  120  of FIG. 8, or the nerves  132  and nerve endings  130  of the uterus or cervix as is shown in FIG.  9 . By varying stimulation parameters, either the muscle cells or nerves may be stimulated to either stimulate or inhibit uterine contractions or to stimulate or inhibit cervical dilation. 
     For stimulating or inhibiting muscle cells, signals having a duration in the range of 10 to 500 milliseconds at a frequency in the range of 0.05 to 5 Hz with a voltage in the range of 0.1 to 30 volts in trains in the range of 0.5to 10 seconds are used. Preferred values for muscle applications are a duration of about 100 milliseconds at a frequency of about 1 Hz with a voltage of about 10 volts in trains of about 3 seconds. To stimulate the nerves, the duration of the pulses is 0.1 to 1 millisecond at a frequency of 2.5 to 60 Hz with a voltage of 10 to 80 volts in trains of 0.1 to 10 seconds. Preferred values for nerve applications are a duration of about 0.5milliseconds at about 30 Hz with a voltage of about 50 volts in train of about 1 to 3 seconds. 
     This stimulation may be provided by either the needle structure of FIGS. 1-6 in which walls of the uterus, cervix or vagina are penetrated by a needle  20  or by a probe, such as the probe  210  of FIG. 16, which does not penetrate muscle tissue but applies electrical pulses through the surface of the vaginal, uterine or cervical walls with spaced electrodes such as the electrodes  212  and  214 . The probe  210  is preferred since it is essentially non-evasive. Typically, the probe  210  would be about 0.5mm in diameter and have a length of approximately 20 cm and is insertable into the vagina, cervix or uterus in order to stimulate the muscles or nerves thereof. The electrodes  212  and  214  are spaced about 1.0 cm apart and have a width of about 2 mm. 
     In accordance with the present invention, an electrical field created between the electrodes  212  and  214 . When the electrodes are placed in contact with the walls adjacent muscle or nerve tissue, the field penetrates the tissue. The resulting stimulation (or inhibition) is therefore best described as “electrical field stimulation”. Accordingly, by placing electrodes, such as the electrodes  212  and  214  on a probe  210 , and inserting the probe into the uterus  206  or cervix  204  via the vaginal canal  202  one can selectively stimulate or inhibit muscle cells of the uterus or cervix. Moreover, the nerves in the uterus or cervix can be activated in a stimulatory or inhibitory fashion to either stimulate or inhibit contractibility of the uterus or cervix. Smooth muscle has a long chronaxie in the range of about 50 to 100 milliseconds so that electrical impulses of short duration in the range of about 0.6 milliseconds preferentially stimulate intramural nerve fibers. In this way, contractility of the uterus and cervix is electrically controlled by the probe  210  of FIG. 16 or the needle  20  of FIGS. 1-6 so as to regulate these organs by controlling the pace of muscle activity. 
     As is seen in FIG. 17, stimulation of the uterus or cervix results in contractions lasting approximately 10 seconds with pressure amplitude in the range of about 40 mmHg for the cervix and about 15 mmHg for the uterus after electrical stimulation occurring at points  230  prior to the rise of the peaks  232  for the uterus and  234  of the cervix. As is seen in FIG. 19, the pressure of the cervical contractions is approximately three times as large as the pressure of uterine contractions. 
     The primary use of this technology is for pregnant women to stimulate or inhibit uterine contractility and to produce cervical ripening which occurs at the end of gestation. These techniques are, however, also useful to treat non-pregnant patients in order to regulate the activity of the uterus or cervix. 
     By using the electrical stimulation described herein in combination with pharmacological agents such as prostaglandins, antiprogestins and oxytocins, cervical and uterine activity is stimulated. By applying electrical pulses described herein with nitric oxide, β-agonists and steroid hormones contractility of the uterus and cervix is inhibited. The pharmacological agents with which electrical stimulation or inhibition is utilized are the agents disclosed in the following patent applications incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Ser. No. 08/153,345, filed Nov. 16, 1993; U.S. Ser. No. 08/092,426, filed Jul. 16, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 08/466,688, filed Jun. 6, 1995; U.S. Ser. No. 08/152,496, filed Nov. 16, 1993; U.S. Ser. No. 08/437,462, filed May 8, 1995; U.S. Ser. No. 08/254,584, filed Jun. 6, 1994; and U.S. Ser. No. 96/03540, filed Mar. 14, 1996. 
     Each of the publications, United States patents and United States patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in this application. 
     The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.