Abstract:
An extruder, and a method of using the same, that provides instantaneous inspection of the extrudate. The invention incorporates the use of video monitors electrically connected to video cameras, to provide magnification observation of the extrudate, and may use associated mirrors to observe the extrudate along multiple views as it exits the die.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/461,078, filed Dec. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,471. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     This invention was made with government support under 2R44NS34993 awarded by SBIR. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention pertains to an apparatus and a method of producing ultra-thin walled extruded polymer products using a polymer extruder. Polymer extruders are used to produce polymer tubes and ducts and to coat with polymers circular, rectangular, stranded and coiled conductors, such as electrical wires, ribbons, cables and coils. 
     A common type of extruder employed in manufacturing such extruded polymer products is a “⅜-inch single screw cross-head” extruder  300 . In such an extruder, polymers in the form of pellets are placed in a feed hopper  310  and thus fed into an extruder barrel  320 . See FIG.  10 . Extruder barrel  320  houses a helical extruder screw  330 . It should be noted that commercially available pellets must be repelletized, i.e., resized, to a smaller size for use in ⅜ inch extruders to avoid damage to the extruder screw. The polymer fills the spaces between the surface of extruder screw  330  and the interior walls of extruder barrel  320 . The screw is rotated about its longitudinal axis by an electric motor  340  while extruder barrel  320  remains stationary. The  340  while extruder barrel  320  remains stationary. The rotation of extruder screw  330  transports the polymer through extruder barrel  320  creating pressure and friction between the polymer and the interior walls of the extruder barrel  320 . The combination of pressure, friction and additional heat provided by heaters melt the polymer. In polymer extrusion, the additional heat is most commonly supplied by electric resistance heaters, which are placed along the exterior of extruder barrel  320 . 
     By the time the polymer has traveled the length of the extruder barrel, it is completely melted. The molten polymer, i.e., polymer melt, is then forced through a breaker plate  345 , which is housed in the body of the adapter  346 . Breaker plate  345  causes the polymer melt to flow in a linear direction as opposed to a helical direction. 
     Breaker plate  345  is a metal cylinder which provides five channels, for polymer melt flow, running along the length of the cylinder. For example, the breaker plate that is provided in a typical ⅜-inch extruder is approximately 0.377 inches in length and has an overall diameter of approximately 0.748 inches and provides five channels each having a diameter of approximately 0.110 inches. Accordingly, the overall cross-sectional area of the standard breaker plate is 0.439 square inches and the cross-sectional area provided for polymer flow is approximately 0.047 square inches (the sum of the cross-sectional area of all five channels). Accordingly, the ratio of the total cross-sectional area provided for polymer flow to the overall cross-sectional area of the breaker plate is 0.107. 
     Breaker plate  345  may also support a filter which is used to remove contaminants from the polymer melt. Typical filters used in polymer extrusion range from 100 to 400 mesh (100-400 lines per square inch). 
     The polymer melt, after flowing through the breaker plate and filter exits the adapter and enters a crosshead assembly  350  where it is forced through an extruder die  360 . The polymer melt emerging from the extruder die  360  is referred to as an extrudate. The shape of the extrudate immediately leaving the extruder die is not the final shape. For example, in wire coating, a wire  318  travels along a wire path through the crosshead assembly where it comes into contact with the polymer melt which coats the wire. Upon emerging from extruder die  360 , the walls of the polymer coating rather than being uniformly concentric and parallel forms a cone around the wire. This phenomena is partially attributed to extrudate swell. As the wire is further drawn away from the extruder die, the coating walls become uniformly parallel. 
     Currently available extruders are unable to effectively produce ultra-thin wall, less than 50.8 microns (0.002 inch) in wall thickness, pin-hole free, polymer products. This inability is in part due to the presence of polymer melt contaminants, such as gels and thermally degraded polymers, and the rheological properties of the polymer. Ultra-thin coating is necessary in biomedical implants, where wires with diameters as small as 25.4 microns (0.001 inch) are used and must substantially retain their inherent flexibility and small diameters. Complete coverage of the wire with polymer is necessary to prevent unintended contact between the bare conductor and body fluids and tissue. When attempts to place ultra-thin coatings on such wires have been made, the resulting coating is incomplete or covered with pinholes. 
     In addition, currently available extruders do not provide an effective method for instantaneous visual inspection of the ultra-thin extrudate. Such inspection would be advantageous as it would allow an extruder operator to determine whether the extrudate is being uniformly formed, i.e., that the polymer coating extruded on a wire is uniform in thickness and concentric. Consequently, an extruder may be operated for a long period before any defect is noticed. This results in wasted material and loss of production time. 
     Non-uniformity of the extrudate walls may be corrected by adjusting the position of the extruder die  360  along different lateral axes. However, such extruder die adjustments are made cumbersome by the current adjustments mechanisms incorporated in currently available extruders (see FIG.  11 ). Present extruders commonly employ four adjustment screws  370  that act directly on die  360  to adjust the die&#39;s position. Consequently, adjusting the die position is time consuming because each screw must be manipulated to adjust the die. On many small extruders, such as a ⅜-inch extruder, at least one of the four adjustment screws  370  is placed in a difficult to accessed location. Unlike thicker walled wire coating, attempts to produce thin walled polymer coatings over wire do not provide the capability to adjust the concentricity of the coating without stopping the coating process. Consequently, the extruder must be stopped to make time consuming die adjustments. This results in numerous trial and error runs to achieve a uniform product. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is an extruder, and a method of using the same, that provides instantaneous inspection of the extrudate. The invention incorporates the use of video equipment, to provide magnified observation of the extrudate, and may use associated mirrors to observe the extrudate as it exits the die along multiple views. 
     The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a partial front view of an extruder incorporating the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a side view of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line  4 — 4  of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line  5 — 5  of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 7 is a partial exploded view of the extruder of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 8 is a partial front view and partial schematic view of an extruder system incorporating the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a partial front view and partial schematic view of an extruder system incorporating the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is perspective view of a prior art extruder. 
     FIG. 11 is a front view of a prior art extruder. 
     FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present invention as applied to a typical extruder for wire coating is generally indicated as  10  in FIGS. 1 through 9 and  12 . FIGS. 1,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  6  and  12  show an improved cross-head assembly that includes an external extrudate heater  16 . Heater  16  may be attached and removed to the exterior of die housing  20  by securing bolt  24  (FIG.  3 ). It was discovered that heating the extrudate  36  (FIG. 6) exiting the extrusion die enabled the extruder to coat wires as thin as 25.4 microns(0.001 inch) with polymer coats of less than 50.8 microns (0.002 inch) wall thickness. Extrudate heater  16  incorporates a resistance heating element  13  made of a nichrome wire of 16 to 24 gauge (AWG) (35-40 mil) (0.035-0.040 inches). Heating element  13  is bent into a loop  13 A to surround the extrudate swell  36  as it exits the die (see FIG.  6 ). The amount of heat output may be controlled by several methods. In one method, a uniform and steady electric current of approximately 5-20 amps, preferably 10-13 amps, is passed through heating element  13  by an electrical source causing heating element  13  to heat the extrudate  36  emerging from the die. The electric current may be regulated by a feedback controller. Another method of controlling the heating of the extrudate swell is through regulated temperature control. A thermocouple  200  (FIG. 3) is located within the space between the bent heating element  13 A and the extrudate swell. The temperature of the extrudate is measured by thermocouple  200  in conjunction with a readily available thermocouple temperature read-out device. The measured temperature may then be controlled with feedback control which manipulates the flow of electric current through heating element  13 . The temperature range to be maintained is dependent upon the polymer used. For example, when coating a 25.4 micron diameter conductor with Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) a temperature range of 730-800° F., preferably 780° F., was found to allow the polymer melt to completely coat the conductor with a polymer coat of less than 50.8 micron wall thickness. A third method of controlling the heat output of heating element  13  is by electrical voltage regulation: the voltage across heating element  13  is set at a specified voltage which controls the flow of electric current. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4,  5 , and  7 . A die  28  is defined by rounded surfaces along its longitudinal axis, and fits snugly into the annular space provided by a die holder  22 , thereby allowing die adjustments with adjusting screws  14 . The rounded surfaces of die  28  enables die  28  to be manufactured at a lower costs than current dies which are shaped with flat and rounded surfaces along their longitudinal axes. The position of die  28  may be adjusted by manipulating two die holder adjusting screws  14  which in turn pushes and pulls die holder  22  along two different perpendicular lateral directions. The provision of only two die adjusting screws  14  allow for easier and quicker die adjustments. In addition, instead of using adjusting screws  14 , the position of die  28  may be adjusted by the incorporation of electrical driver devices such as piezoelectric actuators. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. Visual monitoring equipment  100  and  101  comprising of video cameras  110 , monitors  120 , and mirrors  130  are arranged to provide for up-close visual observation of the extrudate in two different lateral perspectives. Up-close and magnified observation of the extrudate in two perspectives will alert the operator to any non-uniformity or non-concentricity in the extrudate emerging from the extruder die, thereby, allowing the operator to make timely adjustments to correct the defect. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is shown in FIG. 12. A breaker plate  200  defined by a substantially solid cylinder having an outer circumference  205  and an inner circumference  210  which are further defined by a plurality of uniform diameter channels  230 . In an exemplary embodiment, a breaker plate for a ⅜-inch extruder was manufactured to provide a cross-sectional area for flow 141% greater than the prior art breaker plate by increasing the number of channels  230  to seven as opposed to five (FIG.  12 ). In addition, to provide for structural integrity the breaker plate was manufactured to be approximately 150% longer in length than the standard breaker plate. Accordingly, the ratio of cross-sectional area for polymer flow to the overall cross-sectional area of the breaker plate was increased to 0.151, i.e., by 141%. 
     The increased cross-sectional area for flow minimizes polymer melt flow resistance and corresponding die pressure. Also, the increased flow area reduces the residence time of the polymer melt in the extruder barrel. This reduction minimizes the thermal degradation of the polymer, thereby minimizing the formation of polymer melt contaminants such as gels and thermal polymer degradation products. In addition, the increased area also allows for use of finer filters for filtering out polymer melt contaminants. These contaminants promote pin-hole formation in ultra-thin extrusions. Filters larger than 3 microns, e.g., 100-400 mesh, have been found to be insufficient for ultra-thin wall extrusion. 
     The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.