Abstract:
A system, apparatus, and method for a high degree of container security using tamper-evident electronic seals is provided. In a preferred embodiment, the tamper evident electronic seal is implemented as a smart E-seal monitoring device and includes a GPS transponder, a sensor manager, an expandable sensor suite, and other components. The smart E-seal may be snapped into place in the door jamb of an existing container. According to one aspect of the invention, the smart E-seal automatically disarms itself after entering a safe zone, and automatically arms itself when leaving a safe zone. More specifically, the smart E-seal may transmit messages to a remote monitoring station regarding the arming/disarming events and the sensor conditions.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     The present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/430,359, filed Jan. 6, 2011. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Present Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to container security and, more particularly, to a container security system in which tamper-evident electronic seals are capable of communication in a mobile Ad Hoc network to provide a high degree of confidence regarding the content and security of the container. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Containerized shipping is a critical component of international trade. About 90% of the world&#39;s trade is transported in cargo containers and almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers onboard ships. More than seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. seaports each year. 
     As terrorist organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the Container Security Initiative (CSI) launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host nation counterparts. 
     The CSI consists of four core elements which include: using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism; pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports; using detection technology to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk; and using smarter, tamper-evident containers. 
     As of Oct. 15, 2008, the SAFE Port Act requires that all containers entering the U.S. from foreign ports of origin (including those from non C-TPAT members) must be secured with a high-barrier security seal that conforms to strength values as specified in the ISO/DIS 17712 Standard. One hundred sixty-six member countries of the World Customs Organization (WCO) have signed “The Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade.” Such seal integrity programs will be based on the use of a high-security mechanical seal as presented in ISO 17712 at the point of stuffing. The CBP will consider the SAFE Port Act to be violated if non-compliant containers arrive at a port of entry in the United States on or after Oct. 15, 2008. 
     Generally, ISO/PAS 17712 requires that container freight seals meet or exceed certain standards for strength and durability so as to prevent accidental breakage, early deterioration (due to weather conditions, chemical action, etc.) or undetectable tampering under normal usage. ISO/PAS 17712 also requires that each seal be clearly and legibly marked with a unique identification number. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     As is well known in the prior art, E-seals are typically either active or passive. A passive seal relies on a signal from the reader to activate the E-seal from a period of inactivity and electronically prompts the unit to transmit its information. This information can include the E-seal identification number; time and date when the seal was affixed; whether the seal has been tampered with; and the time of any event that occurred since the seal was activated. These E-seals tend to be short-range and directional because they rely on the power from readers. Because a passive E-seal does not require a constant power source, it can usually be operated for an extended period of time with batteries. The batteries power the signal transmission when the seal is interrogated by a reader. They also keep an internal clock running, run internal checks, and log any events. E-seals powered by batteries can have a signal range of up to 30 meters. 
     Active E-seals have the same capabilities as passive seals, but they can also initiate transmissions. The advantages of using this kind of seal include a much greater range of up to 100 meters and a much stronger signal, which allows the signal to be transmitted around and beyond minor obstructions. Active E-seals cost more because of their enhanced capabilities and the number of batteries needed to power them. These seals also have greater maintenance costs because of the requirement to more frequently replace the batteries. 
     Several different examples of patented electronic seals available today are: the GlobalTrak E-seal combining a covert Assist GPS tracking and sensing device; the Hercules E-seal which is ISO 17712 compliant for cross border use; the Hyperion E-seal which is for domestic use only; and the Hercules Padlock E-seal which combines a padlock to the electronic seal for multiple uses domestically. 
     While Electronic door seals (E-seals) have proven to improve supply chain efficiency and security, there are some major obstacles to their expanded use in global trade. More specifically, E-seals remain impractical for shippers and enforcement officials in their present state because they still require global standardization and infrastructure to be used world-wide. Still further, disposable E-seals, which would decrease industry concerns about costs and enforcement agency concerns about security, are not common because they need to be manufactured in large quantities to be cost effective. For these reasons, the E-seal benefits at present do not outweigh the high cost of changing the industry standard. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     To address the problems and limitations noted above, the present invention provides a tamper-evident smart E-seal capable of communicating with other E-seals, readers, and remote monitoring bases. This provides an automated E-seal data entry process with wireless data transfer protocol. 
     The smart electronic seal of the present invention is a container security device that may be snapped into place in the door jamb of an existing container without any special tools. After loading, the shipper accesses the system, logs in an access code, registers the container number and authorizes sealing the container. The system generates an entry that gives the time, date, and seal number. Afterwards, the container&#39;s security device can be queried by anyone with access to the system. The container security device transmits information to a receiver or “reader.” The reader may preferably be attached to any cell phone with global capability. In response, the device will generate a “data log” that records every time the device has been electronically queried and each time the door has been opened and resealed. A checking device or “checker,” which does not require a cell phone, can also be used to check the seal&#39;s status. The “checker” indicates only whether the container has been opened and provides an indicator as to the status of the container. Non-portable hard-wired readers are also placed at port cargo gateways to monitor the security devices. At its destination or any intermediate point, an authorized person can key in an access number and open the container. If a container has been tampered with, it will be referred for inspection. 
     Preferably the smart electronic seal of the present invention will function as a mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET), which may be a self-configuring network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. Each E-seal in a MANET may be free to move independently in any direction, and change its links to other devices frequently. Each may forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. A smart E-seal network may operate by itself or may be connected to the larger Internet. 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the present invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example of a smart E-seal monitoring device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of a method of automatic arming and disarming E-seals within a Geo-zone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a block diagram describing automatic arming of E-seals when exiting a Geo-zone, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of the electrical wiring in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a sensor control unit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the present invention is hereby intended and such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art. 
     The terms “program,” “computer program,” “software application,” and the like as used herein, are defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A program, computer program, or software application may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library, a dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A data storage means, as defined herein, includes many different types of computer readable media that allow a computer to read data therefrom and that maintain the data stored for the computer to be able to read the data again. Such data storage means can include, for example, non-volatile memory, such as ROM, Flash memory, battery backed-up RAM, Disk drive memory, CD-ROM, DVD, and other permanent storage media. However, even volatile storage such a RAM, buffers, cache memory, and network circuits are contemplated to serve as such data storage means according to different embodiments of the present invention. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an example of a smart E-seal monitoring device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a smart E-seal monitoring device  100  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention preferably includes: a GPS Transponder  104 ; an expandable sensor suite  106 ; a wireless transceiver  108 ; a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)  110 ; a relay node  112 ; an alarming unit  114 ; an RFID reader  120 ; and a Sensor Manager  122 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , in one preferred embodiment, the smart E-seal includes a reusable seal body and a disposable seal strap. The smart E-seal may be activated by the insertion of the strap. In another preferred embodiment, the smart E-seal includes a reusable seal body and a disposable bolt and a disposable lock cap. Alternatively, a padlock version of lock cap with a reusable bolt may be used together with the reusable seal body. The smart E-seal may be activated by the insertion of the bolt. In a standard E-seal tracking mode, the E-seal may be applied externally to physically lock the container door. Preferably, any cut, removal of the strap/bolt, or other types of tampering of the E-seal is immediately detected. In an alternative embodiment, the E-seal may also be used as an embedded tracking device by using a dummy bolt to activate the unit. 
     The smart E-seal may be powered by a non-rechargeable battery or rechargeable battery. Each E-seal preferably contains a unique ID number. The smart E-seal may be read using a RFID reader. In more advanced embodiment, the smart E-seal may be capable of communicating with other devices such as the smart container monitoring unit via a ZigBee wireless network. The smart E-seal may further transmit reports to a monitoring station via a cellular network or store the reports when a network is not available. Furthermore, the smart E-seal may utilize 2-way cellular communication to determine the approximate location of the device when GPS is not available. 
     E Seal MANET Communications in Geo-Zone 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram of a method of automatic arming and disarming E-seals within a Geo-zone in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed. A primary function of the method of the present invention is to automatically disarm E-seals as they enter an established Geo-zone, for example, at a specific warehouse. This automatic disarming upon entering the Geo-zone can be managed via the E-seal Mesh Network or via a GPS transponder which identifies when the E-seal has crossed a Geo-zone boundary. The purpose of such function is to decrease labor hours within a safe-zone when unloading cargo containers. As shown in  FIG. 2 , upon entering the Geo-zone  202 , the GPS Transponder preferably messages the controller that it is “entering Geo-zOne”  208 , the smart E-seal controller then may send a message to the Remote Monitoring Station  206  that is entering the Geo-zone. The Remote Monitoring Station  206  may then transmit a message that it is “safe to disarm”  211  and this prompts the controller to send a disarming message to the E-seal  210 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 2 , disarming messages may also be sent via a Mobile Ad Hoc Network from an E-seal relay node to an E-seal within a vehicle entering a Geo-zone  216 . If an E-seal receiving a message to disarm has been previously disarmed, then the E-seal will remain disarmed and may also relay the message to the nearest E-seals in Geo-zone vicinity  218 . The communication from one E-seal relayed to another will trigger automatic disarming of E-seals. When the message reaches an E-seal within the MANET, the message will automatically trigger the E-seal to disarm  218  in the safe zone saving man hours during the unloading process. After disarming, an E-seal may check all sensors, run self-diagnosis, and time-date stamp disarming event  220 . 
     With reference now to  FIG. 3 , a block diagram describing automatic arming of E-seals when exiting a Geo-zone, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed. As shown in  FIG. 3 , preferably, F-seals are secured to cargo containers following stuffing operations  304 . If stuffing occurs within a safe zone or Geo-zone  302 , then the E-seals will preferably remain fully engaged but disarmed  302  while cargo containers are loaded onto vehicles  308 . When the vehicle exits Geo-zone  310 , the GPS transponder of the E-seal preferably sends a message to the E-seal controller that the Geo-zone has been exited  312  and controller may automatically arm the E-seals  314 . Once armed, the smart E-seal controller will check all sensors, run self-diagnosis, and time-date stamp the arming event  316 . Finally, the controller may transmit a message to the Remote Monitoring Station that the E-seal has been armed  318 . This automatic arming feature acts as an efficient method of ensuring all E-seals are armed once a Geo-zone is exited and it saves countless labor hours to arm each E-seal separately. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram of the electrical wiring in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed. A microcontroller unit  400  receives input from a charging circuit and battery cells  402 , status detect sensors  404 , an RFID reader  406 , variable sensors in suite  408 , arming unit  410 , sensor manager  422 , and a GPS Transponder  420 . The microcontroller unit  400  then assesses all the information and sends out signals to a radio transmitter/transceiver  412 , a sensor log  416 , a relay node  418  and a remote monitoring station  420 . Data from these sensors is processed, stored, and acted upon by the microcontroller unit  400 . 
     Preferably, the sensor unit of the present invention includes circuitry and digital ports to connect to existing electrical and sensor management systems of trailers and containers previously configured with embedded circuitry. In operation, a microcontroller unit  400  is preferably programmed to routinely scan the condition of each sensor to ensure operability. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 5 , it is preferred that the microcontroller unit  502  receives data from the sensor suite  304  and incorporates a microprocessor  506 , a real time clock  518 , a general purpose Input/Output port to support external peripheral control  508 , a Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)  510 , a Serial Port interface (SPI)  512 , and memory such as RAM  522 , FLASH memory  520 , and EEPROM  514  as shown. 
     Communication System 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reporting may be made via a wireless connection to a satellite mode to communicate with a satellite system such as Globalstar™ or Orbcomm™. Preferably, such a satellite device will be a device such as the Axxon™, AutoTracker™, or the like, or a customized Orbcomm™ VHF satellite GPS tracking communications device which may be adapted with Zigbee™ interface antenna devices to incorporate them into the overall LAN architecture of the security system; these devices include a satellite transceiver, GPS receiver, a customized Zigbee™ wireless antenna with a serial (Ax Tracker™) or duplex (OrbComm™) interface. 
     In accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reporting may also be made using a wireless system independent from the satellite system. According to this embodiment, wireless signals may be transmitted to a wireless relay, base station or the like for routing and transmission to a chosen centralized location independent from or in combination with the transmissions made from the satellite system. In accordance with this alternative embodiment, signals may also be received by the communications manager and wireless interface from such external wireless networks as well. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the wireless communications used within the present invention will be based on the Zigbee™ (IEEE 802.15.4) standard. This standard transmits RF signals in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and operates with low power consumption due to its relatively slower data transmission rate (128 Kpps-250 Kbps). This approach enables additional capacity and flexibility of design through an up to 255 node pico-network. Communications are simplex or duplex in design, meaning that data can be assessed in either a push or pull process. 
     As referred to above, all communications of the present invention may be designed to be duplex or simplex in nature. Further, as needs require, the processes for transmitting data to and from the present invention may be designed to be push or pull in nature. Still, further, each feature of the present invention may be made to be remotely activated and accessed from distant monitoring stations. Accordingly, data may preferably be uploaded to and downloaded from present invention as needed. For example, as detailed above, each system and subsystem of the present invention may be designed to send, receive, report and request information via the wireless and/or satellite systems so as to continually maintain and update the container systems. 
     Additional communications with the communications manager are preferably enabled via industry standard wired interfaces, with communications protocols implemented in firmware for future upgrade. These interfaces preferably will include at least two RS-322 compatible serial ports. These alternate serial ports may assist the communications manager to interface with additional remote sensors as well as other local reader/controllers such as an RFID reader or other devices. 
     Remote Monitoring 
     To support and monitor the dataflow generated by the present invention, it is preferred that users establish a centralized location to collect and analyze data. This central location or “data fusion center” would preferably consolidate all tracking signals, sensor alarms and reports generated by the monitoring systems and provide further context and links with current intelligence. 
     Preferably, such a data fusion center will receive such source information in a variety of formats such as Electronic Data Interchange, XML, E-mail, HTML and flat text files. After receiving such data, the data fusion center preferably would act to process information to identify anomalies. With this data collected and processed, analyst may calculate statistics and probability of detection models used for decision support. In short, such a data fusion center would preferably provide a consolidated source of information that could be used to assist agencies and shippers.