Abstract:
A monolithic capacitance multiplication circuit serves to reduce the required die area when larger capacitance values are needed such as in filter and loop frequency compensation circuits. A current mirror/cascoding device arrangement reduces the effective series resistance of the multiplier capacitor. As a result, the multiplier topology exhibits improved bandwidth over prior art capacitance multiplier circuits.

Description:
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to monolithic circuit topologies which function to magnify the apparent size of a capacitor that is used in a AC filtering or compensation applications.  
         [0002]     In integrated circuit designs, there is occasionally the need to use a relatively large capacitance to achieve the desired circuit performance. For example, to stabilize the feedback loop found in a phase lock loop or in a linear switch-mode voltage regulator, a low frequency zero can be installed in the loop gain to enhance the phase margin and improve transient response. Larger capacitance values on the order of tens of picofarads or more may be required, depending on the particular loop crossover frequency and circuit impedance levels.  
         [0003]     Unfortunately, a substantial die area may be incurred in the construction of these capacitors. In particular, in some 0.6 uM CMOS processes, a poly-poly capacitor may require about 800 μM 2  per picofarad of capacitance. Alternatively, larger capacitors may also be placed external to the die, but at the expense of a pin-out increase and reduced convenience at the application level.  
         [0004]     A capacitance multiplier circuit in which a smaller monolithic capacitance appears to have the current and □V/□T characteristic of a larger capacitor may be useful in these instances. The reduction in chip area can reduce the IC cost and/or leave extra area for other circuits on the die.  
         [0005]     Capacitance multiplier circuits are known in the prior art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,900,771 and 6,084,475 describe both bipolar and CMOS capacitance multipliers using basic current mirror techniques. In accordance with both of these references, the circuit topology is arranged to sum a capacitive current directly into a diode-connected device (gate and drain tied on MOS or CB in bipolar), which serves as the input side of a mirror structure.  
         [0006]     In terms of frequency response, the known mirror-based approaches have a bandwidth limit imposed by the series resistance of the sensing path. At high frequencies, this limit causes the circuit to appear to be resistive rather than to exhibit the desired capacitive behavior. In terms of the AC pole-zero response, a zero is inadvertently inserted by the series resistance. Hence, the range and performance of filter and compensator networks using these multipliers may very well be limited.  
         [0007]     By contrast, the present invention employs a cascoded current summing topology, in which a capacitive current is summed into a virtual node formed by the source-drain connection of two transistors. This arrangement reduces the series resistance of the current sensing path. As a consequence, the present multiplier circuit remains capacitive at higher frequencies than are possible using prior art mirror approaches. This attribute is beneficial to the performance of filters and compensator networks in which the capacitance multiplier may be used. In particular, the resulting higher bandwidth permits greater design flexibility since the zero frequency has been pushed higher, often outside of the critical range.  
         [0008]     In accordance with the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention, a capacitance multiplier circuit is provided having two external nodes (an output node and a return node). Between these two external nodes, the circuit electrically multiplies the apparent size of a capacitor having its first terminal connected to the output node and its second terminal connected to a first internal node of the circuit.  
         [0009]     The first internal node is connected to the second terminal of the capacitor and to a first MOS transistor drain terminal and a second MOS transistor source terminal. At a second internal node, the gate of the first MOS transistor is connected to the drain terminal of the second MOS transistor. In addition, the gate terminal of a third MOS transistor is connected to the second internal node together with the first terminal of an external bias current source. The drain and source terminals of the third MOS transistor are connected between the output node and the return node, respectively.  
         [0010]     The amount of capacitance multiplication by the circuit of the present invention is determined by a ratio factor K, greater than unity, that is representative of the physical sizes of the first and third transistors. That is, the third transistor is K times larger than the first transistor.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a prior art circuit that employs capacitance multiplication.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a capacitance multiplier circuit in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are diagrams illustrating the small signal model representations of the circuits of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , respectively.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  illustrates a graphical plot of the magnitude and phase response of both the circuits of  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an enhanced capacitance multiplier circuit in accordance with the present invention that employs a summing amplifier.  
         [0016]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the enhanced capacitance multiplier circuit of  FIG. 5 .  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0017]     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a prior art capacitance multiplier circuit  10 . This circuit is biased by current source Ib. The direct current from source Ib flows through a diode-connected transistor Qn 1 , thereby establishing an operating voltage at node  1 . The drain terminal of transistor Qn 2  is biased such that Qn 2  operates in the pinch-off region. The factor K represents the size ratio of Qn 2  to Qn 1 . K is usually assumed to be a positive number greater than unity.  
         [0018]     With these operating conditions established on devices Qn 1  and Qn 2 , the small signal model shown in  FIG. 3   a  can be applied to evaluate the bandwidth performance of the circuit  10 . It should be noted that I_Ci represents the current in capacitor Ci.  
         [0019]     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a detailed schematic diagram of a capacitance multiplier circuit  20  in accordance with the present invention. This circuit is biased by a current source Ib. The direct current from source Ib flows through transistors Qn_cas and Qn 1 , thereby establishing an operating voltage at node  23 . Voltage level Vb at the gate terminal of Qn_cas establishes an operating point at node  21 . The voltage levels at nodes  21  and  23  are such that both transistors Qn 21  and Qn_cas operate in the linear (pinch-off) regions. The drain terminal of transistor Qn 22  is biased such that Qn 22  also operates in the pinch-off region.  
         [0020]     With these operating conditions established for transistors Qn 1 , Qn 2 , Qn_cas, the small signal model shown in  FIG. 3   b  can be applied to evaluate the capacitance multiplication feature of the circuit  20 .  
         [0021]     A key attribute of the models of both  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  is the series resistance Rs. In the prior art circuit of  FIG. 1 , resistance Rs is introduced by the diode-connected part of Qn 1  connected to node  1 . In the case of the circuit of  FIG. 2 , Rs is the effective resistance looking into node  21 .  
         [0022]     It should be noted for purposes of the following description that the impedance of capacitor Ci is given by the equation  
       ZCi   =     (     1     ω   ⁢           ⁢     C   i         )         
 
         [0023]     The following five equations indicate how the parameter Rs influences the bandwidth of the present capacitance multiplier circuit.  
         [0024]     Referring now to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , the impedance looking into terminal Cx can be expressed as  
       ZCx   =       [     1     K   +   1       ]     ⁢     (       1     ω   ⁢           ⁢     C   i         +     R   S       )           
 
         [0025]     For low frequencies at which ZCi is much less than Rs, this impedance can be further approximated as  
       ZCx   ≈     [     1       (     K   +   1     )     ⁢   ω   ⁢           ⁢     C   i         ]         
 
         [0026]     This expression gives an effective capacitance looking into terminal Cx of 
 
 Cx ≈( K+ 1) C   i  
 
         [0027]     Hence, at low frequencies, this circuit is effectively a capacitance multiplier having a multiplication factor of (K+1).  
         [0028]     However, for higher frequencies, at which Rs is much less than ZCi, the impedance ZCx into terminal Cx looks resistive rather than capacitive, with a resistance approximated by the expression  
       ZCx   ≈     [       R   S       K   +   1       ]         
 
         [0029]     There exists a critical frequency, where ZCi=Rs, at which a zero occurs in the impedance function seen at terminal Cx of the multiplier circuit. It can be said that this frequency represents a bandwidth limit for the circuit. The frequency of this zero can be expressed as  
       Fz   =     1     2   ⁢   π   ⁢           ⁢     R   S     ⁢     C   i             
 
         [0030]     It is apparent from the equation above that the bandwidth of the capacitance multiplier circuit of  FIG. 2  can be extended (Fz increased) by reducing series resistance Rs.  
         [0031]     In the case of the prior art circuit of  FIG. 1 , Rs is formed primarily by the size and biasing of transistor Qn 1 . In particular, Rs=1/gm_Qn 1 .  
         [0032]     The reduction of Rs can be accomplished in the circuit of  FIG. 1  by increasing the size of transistor Qn 1  or the bias current Ib flowing therein. However, these approaches have the attendant drawbacks of increased die area and decreased circuit efficiency. This is particularly true since the factor 1/gm_Qn 1  only decreases as the square root of increases in bias current Ib or width of transistor Qn 1 .  
         [0033]     As set forth in detail above, the capacitance multiplier circuit of the present invention provides a way of reducing resistance Rs and thereby extending the bandwidth of the circuit without incurring the penalties inherent in prior art circuits. In the cascode topology of the circuit of  FIG. 2 , the resistance Rs is reduced as a consequence of the voltage gain at node  23 .  
         [0034]     As illustrated in  FIG. 3   b , resistance Rs is reduced by an additional factor of approximately 1/(gm_ncas*Ro_ncas). As a result, in practical applications, it is has been possible to achieve bandwidth extension by a factor of 8. A small price is paid in the die area required by transistor Q_ncas of  FIG. 2 . Another possible bandwidth enhancement that may be accomplished by the capacitance multiplier circuit of  FIG. 2  involves driving the gate of transistor Qn_cas with an amplifier output instead of the fixed bias level Vb. In this amplified cascode technique, the amplifier exhibits a negative gain and receives an input from node  22 . The amplified cascode technique can further reduce the value of resistance Rs and further extend the bandwidth of the circuit.  
         [0035]     For the purpose of illustrating the benefit of the circuit of the present invention, a simulation test circuit was constructed by connecting a voltage source with a series test resistor to terminal Cx of the prior art circuit of  FIG. 1  and then to terminal Cx of applicant&#39;s circuit of  FIG. 2 . In this instance, the series test resistor had a value of 88 Kohm and the internal capacitor Ci was 15 pF. This test configuration forms a low-pass RC filter by using the capacitance multiplier circuit as the capacitive element in the filter. For this simulation, the bias current Ib, as well as device geometries for the mirror transistors and capacitor Ci were maintained the same in both the circuits of  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  
         [0036]     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there are shown the frequency and phase response curves  41 ,  42  of the test circuit when applied to the prior art circuit of  FIG. 1 , together with the frequency and response curves  43 ,  44  generated by the circuit of  FIG. 2 . The effective bandwidth extension benefits of the capacitance multiplier circuit of the present invention are clearly apparent from a comparison of these two sets of curves.  
         [0037]     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is shown an embodiment of a capacitance multiplier circuit in which the virtual node of a supplementary current summing amplifier receives the source current from Qn 22 .  
         [0038]     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is shown another embodiment of a capacitance multiplier circuit in which the virtual node of the supplementary current summing amplifier receives the source current from both Qn 22  and Qn 21 . The enhanced topology of the circuits of  FIGS. 5 and 6  provides greater flexibility in those situations in which it is desired not to ground the low side of the multiplied capacitor. In both of these topologies, the current flowing in both terminals of the multiplier capacitor is available for use.