Abstract:
The subject invention pertains to quinolinesulfonamides. The subject compounds can be used to treat disease states, such as those that are associated with proteins that mediate cellular activity, for example, by inhibiting phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The invention also pertains to methods of treating disease states, including those states capable of being modulated by inhibition of PDE IV or TNF.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to novel quinolines, and to their formulation and use as pharmaceuticals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Japanese Patent Publication 2-184673 discloses quinolinesulphonamides. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,193 discloses quinolinesulphonamides, in which the sulphonamide nitrogen is substituted by a variety of bridged saturated ring systems, as medicaments suitable for the treatment of serotonin-induced gastrointestinal disturbances. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,301 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,811 disclose quinolinesulphonamides in the treatment of asthma, respectively as bronchodilators and as anti-allergic compounds. 
     Phosphodiesterases (PDE) and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), their modes of action and the therapeutic utilities of inhibitors thereof, are described in WO-A-9636595. WO-A-9636596 and WO-A-9636611, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The same documents disclose sulphonamides having utility as PDE and TNF inhibitors. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is based on the discovery of novel compounds that can be used to treat disease states, for example disease states associated with proteins that mediate cellular activity, for example by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor and/or by inhibiting phosphodiesterase IV. According to the invention, the novel compounds are of formula (i): ##STR1## wherein R is H, halogen or alkyl; 
     R 1  represents OH, alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halogens, or thioalkyl, 
     R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are the same or different and are each H, R 7 , OR 11 , COR 7 , C(═NOR 7 )R 7 , alkyl-C(═NOR 7 )R 7 , alkyl-C(═NOH)R 7 , C(═NOH)R 7 , halogen, CF 3 , CN, CO 2  H, CO 2  R 11 , CONH 2 , CONHR 7 , CON(R 7 ) 2 , NR 9  R 10  or CONR 12  R 13  where NR 12  R 13  is a heterocyclic ring (such as morpholine or piperidine) optionally substituted with one or more R 15  ; 
     R 5  represents H, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, S(O) m  R 11  or alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents chosen from hydroxy, alkoxy, CO 2  R 8 , SO 2  NR 12  R 13 , CONR 12  R 13 , CN, carbonyl oxygen, NR 9  R 10 , COR 11  and S(O) n  R 11  ; 
     R 6  represents aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; 
     in R 5  and/or R 6 , the aryl/heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with one or more substituents alkyl-R 14  or R 14  ; 
     R 7  represents R 11  optionally substituted at any position with (one or more) R 16  ; 
     R 8  represents H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; 
     R 9  represents H, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylsulphonyl, heteroarylsulphonyl, heterocyclosulphonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heterocyclocarbonyl or alkylsulphonyl; 
     R 10  represents H, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; 
     R 11  represents alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; 
     R 12  and R 13  are the same or different and are each H or R 11 , or NR 12  R 13  represents a heterocyclic ring as defined above; 
     R 14  represents alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more halogens), cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, hydroxy, alkoxy (optionally substituted by one or more halogens), thioalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heterocycloxy, arylalkyloxy, heteroarylalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, CO 2  R 8 , CONR 12  R 13 , SO 2  NR 12  R 13 , halogen, --CN, --NR 9  R 10 , COR 11 , S(O) n  R 11 , or (where appropriate) carbonyl oxygen; 
     R 15  represents alkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; 
     R 16  represents alkyl, OH, OR 11 , NR 9  R 10 , CN, CO 2  H, CO 2  R 11 , CONR 12  R 13  or COR 11 , 
     m represents 1-2; and 
     n represents 0-2; 
     and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts. 
     Combinations of substituents and/or variables are only permissible if such combinations results in stable compounds. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salts are pharmaceutically-acceptable base salts and pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts. Certain of the compounds of formula (i) which contain an acidic group form base salts. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable base salts include metal salts, such as alkali metal salts for example sodium salts, or organic amine salts such as that provided with ethylenediamine. 
     Certain of the compounds of formula (i) which contain an amino group form acid addition salts. Suitable acid addition salts include pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic salts such as the sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, borate, hydrochloride and hydrobromide and pharmaceutically-acceptable organic acid addition salts such as acetate, tartrate, maleate, citrate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, methanesulphate, α-ketoglutarate, α-glycerophosphate and glucose-1-phosphate. The pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (i) are prepared using conventional procedures. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that some of the compounds of formula (i) may exist in more than one tautomeric form. This invention extends to all tautomeric forms. 
     It will be appreciated that the compounds according to the invention can contain one or more asymmetrically substituted atoms. The presence of one or more of these asymmetric centers in a compound of formula (i) can give rise to stereoisomers, and in each case the invention is to be understood to extend to all such stereoisomers, including enantiomers, and diastereoisomers and mixtures including racemic mixtures thereof. 
     When used herein the term alkyl whether used alone or when used as a part of another group includes straight and branched chain alkyl groups containing up to 6 atoms. Alkoxy means an alkyl-O- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Aryloxy means an aryl-O- group in which the aryl group is as defined below. Heteoaryloxy means a heteroaryl-O- group and heterocyclooxy means a heterocyclo-O- group in which the heteroaryl and heterocyclo group are as defined below. Alkylamino means an alkyl-N- group in which the alkyl group is as previously defined, arylamino means aryl-N- and heteroarylamino means an heteroaryl-N- group (aryl and heteroaryl defined below). Thioalkyl means an alkyl-S-group. Cycloalkyl includes a non-aromatic cyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The cyclic alkyl may optionally be partially unsaturated. Aryl indicates carboxylic radicals containing about 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Arylalkyl means an aryl-alkyl- group wherein the aryl and alkyl are as described herein. Heteroarylalkyl means a heteroaryl-alkyl group and heterocycloalkyl means a heterocyclo-alkyl group. Alkyl carbonyl means an alkyl-CO- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Arylcarbonyl means an aryl-CO- group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Heteroarylcarbonyl means a heteroaryl-CO- group and heterocyclocarbonyl means a heterocyclo-CO- group. Arylsulphonyl means an aryl-SO 2  - group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Heteroarylsulphonyl means a heteroaryl-SO 2  - group and heterocyclosulphonyl means a hetercyclo-SO 2  - group. Alkoxycarbonyl means an alkyloxy-CO- group in wich the alkoxy group is as previously desribed. Alkylsulphonyl means an alkyl-SO 2  - group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Carbonyl oxygen means a --CO-- group. It will be appreciated that a carbonyl oxygen can not be a substituent on an aryl or heteroaryl ring. Carbocyclic ring means about a 5 to about a 10 membered monocyclic or multicyclic ring system which may saturated or partially unsaturated. Heterocyclo ring means about a 5 to about a 10 membered monocyclic or multicyclic ring system (which may saturated or partially unsaturated) wherein one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon chosen from amongst nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur atoms. Examples include morpholine and piperidine. Heteroaryl means about a 5 to about a 10 membered aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, chosen from amongst nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur; if desired, a N atom may be in the form of an N-oxide. Heterocyclo means about a 5 to about a 10 membered saturated or partially saturated monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, chosen from amongst nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur. Halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. 
     Compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of TNF mediated disease states, &#34;TNF mediated disease or disease states&#34; means any and all disease states in which TNF plays a role, either by production of TNF itself, or by TNF causing another cytokine to be released, such as but not limited to IL-1 to IL-6. A disease state in which IL-1, for instance, is a major component, and whose production or action is exacerbated or secreted in response to TNF, would therefore be considered a disease state mediated by TNF. As TNF-β (also known as lymphotoxin) has close structural homology with TNF-α (also known as cachectin), and since each induces similar biologic responses and binds to the same cellular receptor, both TNF-α and TNF-β are considered to be inhibited by compounds of the present invention and thus are herein referred to collectively as &#34;TNF&#34; unless specifically indicated otherwise. 
     This invention relates to a method for mediating or inhibiting the enzymatic activity or catalytic activity of PDE IV in a mammal in need thereof and for inhibiting the production of TNF in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula (i) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. 
     PDE IV inhibitors are useful in the treatment of a variety of allergic and inflammatory diseases, including: asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive airways disease, atopic dermatitis, atopic eczema, urticaria, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eye, allergic responses in the eye, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis, Bechet&#39;s disease, erythematosis, anaphylactoid purpora nephritis, joint inflammation, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritic conditions such as rhuematoic spondylitis and osteroarthritis, septic shock, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn&#39;s disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, chronic glomerulonephritis, endotoxic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, PDE IV inhibitors are useful in the treatment of diabetes insipidus and conditions associated with cerebral metabolic inhibition, such as cerebral senility, senile dementia (Alzheimer&#39;s disease), memory impairment associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease, depression and multi-infarct dementia. PDE IV inhibitors are also useful in conditions ameliorated by neuroprotectant activity, such as cardiac arrest, stroke and intermittent claudication. PDE IV inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, ischaemia and Huntingdon&#39;s disease. Additionally, PDE IV inhibitors could have utility as gastroprotectants. A special embodiment of the therapeutic methods of the present invention is the treatment of asthma. 
     The viruses contemplated for treatment herein are those that produce TNF as a result of infection, or those which are sensitive to inhibition, such as by decreased replication, directly or indirectly, by the TNF inhibitors of Formula (i). Such viruses include, but are not limited to HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-3, cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, adenovirus and the Herpes group of viruses, such as, but not limited to, Herpes zoster and Herpes simplex. 
     This invention more specifically relates to a method of treating a mammal, afflicted with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which comprises administering to such mammal an effective TNF inhibiting amount of a compound of Formula (i) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. 
     The compounds of this invention may also be used in association with the veterinary treatment of animals, other than humans, in need of inhibition of TNF production. TNF mediated diseases for treatment, therapeutically or prophylactically, in animals include disease states such as those noted above, but in particular viral infections. Examples of such viruses include, but are not limited to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or other retroviral infection such as equine infectious anaemia virus, caprine arthritis virus, visna virus, maedi virus and other lentiviruses. 
     The compounds of this invention are also useful in treating parasite, yeast and fungal infections, where such yeast and fungi are sensitive to upregulation by TNF or will elicit TNF production in vivo. A preferred disease state for treatment is fungal meningitis. 
     Compounds of the invention may also suppress neurogenic inflammation through elevation of cAMP in sensory neurones. They are, therefore, analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-hyperalgesic in inflammatory diseases associated with irritation and pain. 
     The compounds of formula (i) are preferably in pharmaceutically-acceptable form. By pharmaceutically-acceptable form is meant, inter alia, of a pharmaceutically-acceptable level of purity excluding normal pharmaceutical additives such as diluents and carriers, and including no material considered toxic at normal dosage levels. A pharmaceutically-acceptable level of purity will generally be at least 50% excluding normal pharmaceutical additives, preferably 75%, more preferably 90% and still more preferably 95%. 
     The invention further provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (i), in which R 1  etc. m and n are as defined above. It will be appreciated that functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl or carboxyl groups present in the various compounds described below, and which it is desired to retain, may need to be in protected forms before any reaction is initiated. In such instances, removal of the protecting group may be the final step in a particular reaction sequence. Suitable protecting groups for such functionality will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For specific details, see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Wiley Interscience, TW Greene. Thus the process for preparing compounds of formula (i) in which R 3  contains an --OH comprises of deprotecting (for example by hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis) a compound of formula (i) in which R 3  contains an appropriate --OP wherein P represents a suitable protecting group (e.g. benzyl or acetate). 
     It will be appreciated that where a particular stereoisomer of formula (i) is required, this may be obtained by conventional resolution techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography or the synthetic processes herein described may be performed using the appropriate homochiral starting material. 
     A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (i) comprises reaction of an appropriate sulphonyl chloride of formula (ii) with a suitable amine of formula (iii) ##STR2## wherein R 1a  represents R 1  as defined in relation to formula (i) or a group convertible to R 1  and R 2a  -R 6a  similarly represent R 2  -R 6  or groups convertible to R 2  -R 6  respectively; and thereafter, if required, converting any group R 1a  to R 1  and/or R 2a  to R 2  and/or R 3a  to R 3  and/or R 4a  to R 4  and/or R 5a  to R 5  and/or converting any group R 4a  to R 6 . The reaction of a sulphonyl chloride of formula (ii) which an amine of formula (iii) may be carried out under any suitable conditions known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a suitable base, for example an amine such as triethylamine, preferably in an appropriate solvent such as dichloromethane. In some cases a stronger base, such as sodium hydride, and a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide, will be required. 
     Sulphonyl chlorides of formula (ii) are either commercially available, previously described compounds or are prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art. For example, a sulphonyl chloride of formula (ii) is conveniently prepared from the appropriate sulphonic acid (iv). ##STR3## by treatment with a suitable agent such as thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. Alternatively, a sulphonyl chloride of formula (II) may be prepared by sulphonylation of an appropriate quinoline of formula (v) ##STR4## with a suitable sulphonylating agent such as chlorosulphonic acid. 
     Compounds of formula (v) are either commercially-available, previously described compounds or are prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art. For example quinolines of formula (v) may be conveniently prepared by a Skraup reaction (Z. H. Skraup, Ber. 13:2086 (1880)). 
     A compound of formula (ia) may also be prepared by reaction of a sulphonyl chloride of formula (ii) with an amine of the formula H 1  NR 6a  (vi), to provide a compound of formula (ia) in which R 5a  is H, followed by reaction with an appropriate agent of formula R 5a  Y (vii), wherein R 1a  -R 6a  are as defined above and Y represents a suitable leaning group such as halogen. The reaction of a sulphonyl chloride of formula (ii) with an amine of formula (vi) may be carried out under any suitable conditions known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a suitable base, for example an amine such as triethylamine, preferably in an appropriate solvent such as dichloromethane. In some cases, a stronger base such as sodium hydride, and a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide, may be required. 
     The reaction of a compound of formula (ia) in which R 1a  is H with an agent of formula (vii) may be carried out under any suitable conditions known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the reaction is carried out using an appropriate base, such as sodium hydride, preferably in an appropriate solvent such as dimethylformamide. Agents of formula (vii) are either commercially available or are prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art. Agent (vii) can be an alkylating agent such as propyl bromide, an acylating agent such as benzoyl chloride or a sulphonylating agent such as methanesulphonyl chloride. 
     Amines of formulae (iii) and (vi) are commercially available, previously described compounds or are prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art. 
     A compound of formula (i) may also be prepared by interconversion of other compounds of formula (i). For example, a compound in which R 3  contains an alkoxy group may be prepared by appropriate alkylation of a compound in which R 3  contains a hydroxy group. 
     Compounds in which R 2  -R 4  contain a CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-heteroaryl, CO-alkylaryl, CO-alkylheteroaryl or CO-alkylheterocyclo group may be prepared from compounds in which R 2  -R 4  contain a CN group, by addition of a suitable organometallic agent (such as a Grignard reagent). 
     By way of further example, compounds in which R 2  -R 4  contain an oxime may be prepared from compounds in which R 2  -R 4  contain a carbonyl group. This transformation may be carried out using any appropriate standard conditions known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (i) in which R 2  -R 4  contain a carbonyl group may be reduced using standard conditions known to those skilled in the art (for example with sodium borohydride in an appropriate solvent) to provide compounds in which R 2  -R 4  contains an alcohol group. Compounds in which R 2  -R 4  is alkyl may be prepared by reduction of compounds in which R 2  -R 4  is CO-alkyl using standard conditions known to those skilled in the art (for example hydrazine hydrate in the presence of a suitable base in an appropriate solvent). Other transformations may be carried out on compounds of formula (i) in which R 2  -R 4  contains a carbonyl group. Such transformations include, but are not limited to, reductive amination and alkylation. Any of the above transformations may be carried out either at the end of the synthesis or on an appropriate intermediate. 
     A compound of formula (i) or where appropriate a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvate thereof, may be administered per se or, preferably, as a pharmaceutical composition also comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (i) or where appropriate a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. 
     The active compound may be formulated for administration by any suitable route, the preferred route depending upon the disorder for which treatment is required, and is preferably in unit dosage form or in a form that a human patient may administer to himself in a single dosage. Advantageously, the composition is suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral administration or through the respiratory tract. Preparations may be designed to give slow release of the active ingredient. 
     The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. In addition to the treatment of warm-blooded animals such as mice, rats, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, etc, the compounds of the invention are effective in the treatment of humans. 
     The compositions of the invention may be in the form of tablets, capsules, sachets, vials, powders, granules, lozenges, suppositories, reconstitutable powders, or liquid preparations such as oral or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions. Topical formulations are also envisaged where appropriate. 
     In order to obtain consistency of administration it is preferred that a composition of the invention is in the form of a unit dose. 
     Unit dose presentation forms for oral administration may be tablets and capsules and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone, fillers for example microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate; disintegrants, for example starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium starch glycollate or microcrystalline cellulose; or pharmaceutically-acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. 
     The solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending, filling, tabletting or the like. Repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers. 
     Such operations are of course conventional in the art. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice, in particular with an enteric coating. 
     Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminium stearate gel, hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid; and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents. 
     Compositions may also suitable be presented for administration to the respiratory tract as a snuff or an aerosol or solution for a nebuliser, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case the particles of active compound suitably have diameters of less than 50 μm, such as from 0.1 to 50 μm, preferably less than 10 μm, for example from 1 to 10 μm, 1 to 5 μm or from 2 to 5 μm. Where appropriate, small amounts of other anti-asthmatics and bronchodilators for example sympathomimetic amines such as isoprenaline, isoetharine, salbutamol, phenylephrine and ephedrine; corticosteroids such as prednisolone and adrenal stimulants such as ACTH may be included. 
     For parenteral administration, fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilizing the compound and a sterile vehicle, and, depending on the concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. In preparing solutions the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing. 
     Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anaesthetic, a preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. To enhance the stability, the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum. Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the compound is suspensions in the vehicle instead of being dissolved, and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration. The compound can be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle. Advantageously, a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound. 
     The compositions may contain from 0.1% to 99% by weight, preferably from 10-60% by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration. 
     Compounds of formula (i), or if appropriate a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and/or a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvate thereof, may also be administered as a topical formulation in combination with conventional topical excipients. 
     Topical formulations may be presented as, for instance, ointments, creams or lotions, impregnated dressing, gels, gel sticks, spray and aerosols, and may contain appropriate conventional additives such as preservations, solvents to assist drug penetration and emollients in ointments and creams. The formulations may contain compatible conventional carriers, such as cream or ointment bases and ethanol or oleyl alcohol for lotions. 
     Suitable cream, lotion, gel, stick, ointment, spray or aerosol formulations that may be used for compounds of formula (i) or if appropriate a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, are conventional formulations will known in the art, for example, as described in standard text books such as Harry&#39;s Cosmeticology published by Leonard Hill Books, Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the British and US Pharmacopoeias. 
     Suitably, the compound of formula (i), or if appropriate a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, will comprise from about 0.5 to 20% by weight of the formulation, favourably from about 1 to 10%, for example 2 to 5%. 
     The dose of the compound used in the treatment of the invention will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the disorders, the weight of the sufferer, and the relative efficacy of the compound. However, as a general guide suitable unit doses may be 0.1 to 1000 mg, such as 0.5 to 200, 0.5 to 100 or 0.5 to 10 mg, for example 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mg; and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day, but preferably 1 or 2 times per day, so that the total daily dosage for a 70 kg adult is in the range of about 0.1 to 1000 mg, that is in the range of about 0.001 to 20 mg/kg/day, such as 0.007 to 3, 0.007 to 1.4, 0.007 to 0.14 or 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg/day, for example 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/day, and such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months. 
     When used herein the term &#34;pharmaceutically-acceptable&#34; encompasses materials suitable for both human and veterinary use. 
     The following Examples illustrate the invention. 
     Intermediate 1 8-Methoxyquinoline-5-(N-benzyl)sulphonamide 
     Triethylamine (0.38 ml) was carefully added to a suspension of 8-methoxyquinoline-5-sulphonyl chloride (203 mg) in dichloromethane (10 ml) at 0° C. under nitrogen. Benzylamine (90 μl) was then added and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C. and 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (30 ml), washed with water (15 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (20 ml). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 2% methanol in dichloromethane to yield the titled compound as a white solid (135 mg) Mp 150°-151° C. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     8-Methoxyquinoline-5-(N-benzyl-N-methanesulphonyl)sulphonamide 
     Sodium hydride (120 mg, 60% dispersion in oil) was added to a solution of 8-methoxyquinoline-5-(N-benzyl)sulphonamine (120 mg) in anhydrous DMF (3 ml) at 0° C. under nitrogen. The resultant mixture was stirred for 20 minutes and then treated with methanesulphonyl chloride (34 μl). The reaction was stirred for one hour at 0° C. and 18 hours at room temperature. Water (1 ml) was carefully added and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between dichloromethane (20 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (10 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (10 ml). The organic extracts were combined and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (10 ml), dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane to yield the title compound as a white solid (99 mg) after trituration with diethyl ether. 
     TLC R f  0.45 (5% methanol in dichloromethane) Mp 157°-158° C. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     8-Methoxyquinoline-5-(N-benzyl-N-propyl)sulphonamide 
     The title compound was obtained as a colourless gum (250 mg) from 8-methoxyquinoline-5-(N-benzyl)sulphonamide and bromopropane using a similar procedure to that described in Example I. 
     TLC R 5  0.1 (50% ethyl acetate in hexane). 
     Assay methods 
     The assays used to confirm the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitory activity of compounds of formula (i) are standard assay procedures as disclosed by Schilling et al., Anal. Biochem. 216:154 (1994), Thompson and Strada, Adv. Cycl. Nucl. Res. 8:119 (1979) and Gristwood and Owen, Br. J. Pharmacol. 87:91P (1986). 
     Compounds of formula (i) have exhibited activity at levels consistent with those believed to be useful in treating phosphodiesterase IV-related disease states in those assays. 
     The ability of compounds of formula (i) to inhibit TNF production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC&#39;s) is measured as follows. PBMC&#39;s are prepared from freshly taken blood or &#34;Buffy coats&#34; by standard procedures. Cells are plated out in RPMI1640+1% foetal calf serum in the presence and absence of inhibitors. LPS (100 ng/ml) is added and cultures are incubated for 22 h at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 95% air/5% CO 2 . Supernatants are tested for TNFα by ELISA using commercially available kits. 
     In vivo activity in a skin eosinophilia model is determined by using the methods described by Hellewell et al, Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:811 (1994) and Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:416 (1993). Activity in a lung model is measured using the procedures described by Kallos and Kallos, Int. Archs. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 73:77 (1984), and Sanjar et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 99:679 (1990). 
     An additional lung model, which allows measurement of inhibition of the early and late-phase asthmatic responses and also the inhibition of airway hyperreactivity, is described by Broadley et al, Pulmonary Pharmacol. 7:311 (1994), J. Immunological Methods 190:51 (1996) and British J. Pharmacol. 116:2351 (1995). 
     Abbreviations 
     LPS Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) 
     ELISA Enzyme link immunosorbent assay