Abstract:
The gas engine electric power generating system in which the electric power generating apparatus composed of an electric power generator connected with a gas engine of a pilot fuel oil ignition type is installed near a coal mine and the recovered methane gas and ventilated methane gas taken out of the mine shaft are introduced into the cylinder of the gas engine while being adjusted to be introduced as a lean methane/air mixture to operate the engine to produce electric power, is established near coal mine in developing country including China, the carbon dioxide emission credit produced by the difference in greenhouse effect index between the case where coal mine methane gas is released to the atmosphere and where said methane gas is utilized by the gas engine electric power generating system to be released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, is registered on a emission credit market to be traded with credit surcharge payment obligators(or those who want to purchase the emission credit). The invention also includes the affiliated system of mutual patronage relation constituted by one or a plurality of the systems and nearby power generating system or systems using coal bed methane or pre-mining gas as fuel.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a gas engine electric power generating system to effectively utilize coal mine methane gas which is not only low in methane concentration and large in its variation by the gas engine electric power generating system, which but also serves to smoothly advance the economic development in developing countries by utilizing the profit made by electric power generating and also GHG(greenhouse gas) emission dealing.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     In growing awareness worldwide of environmental problem, country-by-country objectives of reduction of carbon dioxide emission were decided at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in 1997 in Kyoto. In the meeting, Kyoto mechanism for the reduction of GHG (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, etc.) emission in accordance with the conditions of countries and for the promotion of the efficiency of reduction was acknowledged.  
         [0005]     Kyoto mechanism is a system to promote worldwide cooperation and emission credit dealing for the reduction of GHG, in which a concept of carbon dioxide emission credit (right to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide) was introduced and which aims to utilize market principle as supplementary scheme for achieving the reduction objective of each country. When each entity (nations, enterprises, stores, families, etc.) took action of directly exhausting GHG (for example, consuming of energy for operating machines, consuming of gasoline for running vehicles, etc.) or when it took action of indirectly exhausting GHG (for example, mining of coal, selling of gasoline, etc.), it is assumed that each entity is under an obligation to bear carbon dioxide emission credit corresponding to the exhausted amount of GHG.  
         [0006]     As for energy, coal industries of major coal yielding nations of the world(China, CIS, Europe, and the United States, etc.) are prospected to play an important roll as energy suppliers even in the middle part of this century.  
         [0007]     However, in proportion to the coal production, methane gas of 10˜40 Nm 3 (in terms of pure methane) per ton of coal is released to the atmosphere as recovered methane gas(30˜50% concentration, air diluted) and ventilated methane gas(0.3˜0.7% concentration, air diluted). Therefore, technology and business to effectively utilize the methane gas now being released to the atmosphere are very prospective and will make large social and economic contributions.  
         [0008]     For example, amount of coal mine methane gas released by countries &amp; districts is; China 14,400(206), CIS 4,200(60), and other developing countries 3500(50) totaling to 22,100(316), which is over twice the total 11,000(157) of developed countries. (Unit is million m 3 /year, numbers in parentheses are the values converted to carbon dioxide in million tons/year). To utilize those mine methane gas of developing countries is very advantageous from the point of view of emission credit trade.  
         [0009]     There are two kinds of coal mine methane gas as shown in  FIG. 5 , one is recovered methane gas recovered by a vacuum pump from bore holes for degassing for the sake of safety, and the other is ventilated methane gas exhausted together with the ventilation air from the mine shaft and coal seam. The concentration of methane of these gas is low, that of the former is 30˜50% and that of the latter is extremely low as 0.3˜0.7%.  
         [0010]     To use a boiler or gas turbine as a heat engine to utilize methane gas has been considered.  
         [0011]     However, if recovered methane gas of methane concentration of 30-50% is to be used for a gas turbine or boiler, as combustion temperature is low and methane concentration varies from time to time, it is not practical. It is recognized difficult to use even the recovered methane gas for a gas turbine. Actually, the usage of recovered methane gas has been limited. It has been used as fuel by the nearby household, or in the case of a boiler used only as auxiliary fuel.  
         [0012]     Therefore, as for the utilization of coal mine methane gas, even recovered methane gas is seldom utilized, and almost all of the coal mine methane gas is released to the atmosphere.  
         [0013]     However, greenhouse effect index (here and hereafter, this term is identical to “global warning potential”) of methane gas is 21 times that in the case the methane gas is burnt and released to the atmosphere as CO 2 . For example, coal mine methane gas release in China is 14.4 billion m 3 , which is equivalent to more than 10% of total amount of CO 2  release in Japan.  
         [0014]     Therefore, if Japan establishes an enterprise to effectively consume the coal mine methane gas in China to change the methane gas to CO 2  and release to the atmosphere as CO 2 , reduction of greenhouse effect index of 20 can be achieved in comparison with the case the methane gas is released to the atmosphere, for greenhouse effect index of methane is 21, on the other hand, greenhouse effect index of CO 2  is 1. This reduction of greenhouse effect index can be traded as emission credit.  
         [0015]     For example, if developing countries such as China, CIS, etc. start business to effectively consume coal mine methane gas through receiving finance or loan aid from the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, or ODA of Japan, etc., the enterprising body can make profits from the enterprise and also can make profits by selling CO 2  emission credit to a surcharge payment obligator. This surcharge system is a system that a country(government) for example levies a toll on each enterprise for its releasing of carbon dioxide. There are two methods, one is that the surcharge is added to fuel price, the surcharge being proportional to the amount of carbon dioxide emission calculated from the amount of primary energy, and the other is that the surcharge is levied at the time carbon dioxide is actually released.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0016]     The present invention is made to solve the problem mentioned above, and an object is to provide an art on the basis of which can be established an enterprise which effectively utilizes coal mine methane gas of low in concentration of methane and large in its variation and which serves to smoothly advance the economic development in developing countries by mortgaging GHG emission credit for financing or loan aid utilizing CO 2  emission credit trade system.  
         [0017]     Another object of the present invention is to achieve the above-mentioned object by effectively utilizing the gas engine equipped with a combustion diagnosis apparatus that the present applicant developed(see WO02/079629).  
         [0018]     First, the structure of the principal part of the gas engine used for the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , the reference numeral  20  is the main body of a gas engine. A pilot fuel ignition device  11  comprising an injection nozzle  11   b  and a sub-chamber  11   c  is mounted in the upper part of the combustion chamber  44  formed by a cylinder and piston, flame jet  44   a  being injected from said sub-chamber  11   c  into the combustion chamber  44 , recovered methane gas and ventilated methane gas being mixed in the inlet pipe  9  before entering into the combustion chamber  44 . Reference numeral  41  is the inlet valve.  
         [0019]     As the gas engine used in the present invention is a pilot ignition engine and the ignition of the gas fuel in the combustion chamber  44  occurs through the flame jet  44   a  injected from the sub-chamber  11   c , very lean mixture of methane of 10% or lower, preferably 3˜5%, or 3˜4% can be ignited. Therefore, recovered methane gas of methane concentration of 30˜50% and ventilated methane gas of methane concentration of 0.3˜0.7% are mixed in the inlet pipe before entering into the combustion chamber  44  to be reduced to lean mixture of 4˜5% methane by means of a combustion control apparatus  200 .  
         [0020]     In this case, it is preferable to control so that excess air ratio is approximately 2.  
         [0021]     With the gas engine, very lean mixture of methane can be ignited and engine performance can be improved.  
         [0022]     To cope with the combustion of very lean methane mixture and from time to time changing methane concentration, the gas engine is equipped with a combustion diagnosis apparatus  100 , by virtue of which misfire and knocking can be evaded.  
         [0023]     In this way, the operation method of a gas engine can be established, by which coal mine methane gas that changes from time to time in methane concentration can be effectively utilized by proper combination of recovered methane gas and ventilated methane gas.  
         [0024]     By connecting an electric power generator to the gas engine, profit form electric power production can be made.  
         [0025]     The exhaust gas of the gas engine can be utilized for producing steam and then released to the atmosphere. Thus, coal mine methane gas is changed to carbon dioxide by the combustion in the gas engine and released to the atmosphere, so that reduction of greenhouse effect index of 20 can be achieved in comparison with the case the methane gas is released to the atmosphere, for greenhouse effect index of methane is 21, on the other hand, greenhouse effect index of CO 2  is 1. This reduction of greenhouse effect index can be traded as emission credit.  
         [0026]     The enterprising body planning to establish the gas engine electric power generating system near a coal mine can smoothly get fund if carbon dioxide emission credit is mortgaged when the enterprising body makes an application for financing or loan aid to the Asian Development Bank or ODA of Japan, etc. under the condition that the enterprising body establishes the gas engine electric power generating plant at a coal mine, for example, in developing country.  
         [0027]     The enterprising body reports to the U.N. or the Japanese Government, etc. of the CO 2  emission reductions to be achieved by the difference 20 of greenhouse effect index of methane and CO 2  and can register this carbon dioxide emission credit on the emission credit market to prepare for trading with credit surcharge payment obligators. There may be the case the purchaser of CO 2  emission credit is other than the Japanese Government.  
         [0028]     After getting fund from the Asian Development Bank, etc., the enterprising body pays for principal parts to purchase the principal parts and completes the gas engine electric power generating system.  
         [0029]     The enterprising body can get not only profit through selling the electric power produced by the operation of the gas engine electric power generating system, but also can achieve the reduction of 20 times the greenhouse effect index of carbon dioxide. With the profit obtained by selling the carbon dioxide emission credit to surcharge payment obligators on the market, the loan can be refunded in a short period. As a result, the enterprising body can get profit dually and promote smoothly advancing the economic development in developing countries by effectively utilizing CO 2  emission credit, i.e. mortgaging CO 2  emission credit for getting fund or loan aid. There may be the case that CO 2  emission credit is not necessary as a mortgage for financing or loan aid for the project of establishing the gas engine electric power generating plant, for there may be a fund offerers who invest on the basis of prospective investment return. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]      FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of the principal part of the gas engine for utilizing coal mine methane gas in the system according to the present invention.  
         [0031]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic representation showing the total configuration of the gas engine for utilizing coal mine methane gas in the system according to the present invention.  
         [0032]      FIG. 3  is an example of control flowchart of said gas engine.  
         [0033]      FIG. 4  is a diagram showing the relation of cylinder pressure to crank angle of said gas engine.  
         [0034]      FIG. 5  is a conceptual rendering showing a combination of a coal mine methane gas and the system according to the present invention.  
         [0035]      FIG. 6  is a conceptual rendering showing a business model of carbon dioxide credit trade.  
         [0036]      FIG. 7  is a table showing the electric power production and carbon dioxide reduction by region when utilizing the business model of  FIG. 6 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0037]     Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be detailed with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is intended, however, that unless particularly specified, dimensions, materials, relative positions and so forth of the constituent parts in the embodiments shall be interpreted as illustrative only not as limitative of the scope of the present invention.  
         [0038]     In  FIG. 2  showing the total configuration of the gas engine, reference number  20  is the main body of a gas engine,  45  is a piston,  46  is a crankshaft,  44  is a combustion chamber,  41  is an inlet valve,  42  is an exhaust valve, and  43  is an exhaust pipe.  
         [0039]     Reference number  9  is an inlet pipe. A recovered methane gas injection device  10  is provided midway along said inlet pipe  9  for injecting recovered methane gas into the ventilated methane gas flowing in the inlet pipe  9 .  
         [0040]     Reference number  8  is a gas supply pipe for connecting a recovered methane gas tank (not shown) accommodating recovered methane gas and said gas injection device  10 . Reference number  7  is a gas supply electromagnetic valve provided at the entrance of said gas supply pipe  8  to enter into said gas injection device  10 . A combustion control device  200 , which is detailed later, receives the signal of detected methane concentration from a recovered methane gas concentration detector, and said electromagnetic valve  7  is controlled under the control signal from said combustion control device  200  to be shut-off or adjusted of its openings.  
         [0041]     Reference number  11  is an ignition device for torch-igniting the pilot fuel oil injected into a sub-chamber(see  FIG. 1 ) from a pilot fuel injection valve  0011  to promote the combustion of lean methane gas/air mixture in the main combustion chamber.  
         [0042]     The gas pressure in the combustion chamber, i.e. cylinder pressure is detected with a cylinder pressure detector  1 , and crank angle is detected with a crank angle detector  2 .  
         [0043]     Reference number  100  is a combustion diagnosis apparatus composed of a noise filter  3 , an amplifier  4  for amplifying the cylinder pressure signal passed through the noise filter, and a combustion diagnosis section  5 . The noise filter  3  and amplifier  4  are not necessarily required for constituting the system.  
         [0044]     Said noise filter is composed of a low-pass filter for filtering out the noise on the signal inputted from said cylinder pressure detector. Said combustion diagnosis section  5  diagnoses the combustion condition in said combustion chamber  44  on the basis of the cylinder pressure signal amplified by said amplifier  4  with the assistance of the crank angle signal from said crank angle detector  2 .  
         [0045]     The combustion control device  200  receives the signal of the result of diagnosis at said combustion diagnosis section  5 , and shuts off or controls the opening of said gas supply electromagnetic valve  7  and also controls the action of said ignition device  11  based on the diagnosis result signal. The result of diagnosis by the combustion diagnosis section  5  is displayed on a displaying apparatus  6 .  
         [0046]     On the operation of the methane gas engine of this configuration, when pilot fuel is allowed to ignite in said ignition device  11  and a gas valve(not shown) is unclosed, the recovered methane gas in a recovered methane gas tank(not shown) is supplied to said gas injection device  10 , the recovered methane gas being adjusted in pressure by a gas pressure adjusting device(not shown). By the opening of said gas supply electromagnetic valve  7 , the recovered methane gas is injected into the ventilated methane gas flowing through the gas injection device  10  provided midway along said inlet pipe  9  to be mixed with the flowing ventilated methane gas. (The ventilated methane gas may be added with air as necessary.) The mixture is introduced into the combustion chamber  44  through the inlet valve  41  and ignited by the flame jet  44   a (see  FIG. 1 ) spouting from said ignition device  11  to be burned in the combustion chamber  44 .  
         [0047]     The working of the combustion diagnosis apparatus will be explained below.  
         [0048]     The gas pressure in the combustion chamber  44  detected by said cylinder pressure detector  1  is inputted to the noise filter  3  composed of a super low-pass filter in the combustion diagnosis apparatus  100 , high frequency noises are filtered at the noise filter  3 , and the cylinder pressure signal smoothed through the filtration is amplified by the amplifier  4  to be inputted to said combustion diagnosis section  5 .  
         [0049]     To the combustion diagnosis section  5  is also inputted the crank angle signal from said crank angle detector  2 .  
         [0050]     Next, an example of combustion diagnosis operation by the combustion diagnosis apparatus  100  will be explained with reference to the example of combustion control flowchart shown in  FIG. 3  and cylinder pressure curve shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0051]     The cylinder pressure-crank angle curve as shown in  FIG. 4  is obtained in the combustion diagnosis section  5  from the cylinder pressure inputted from the cylinder pressure detector  1  and the crank angle inputted from the crank angle detector  2 .  
         [0052]     Curve A in  FIG. 4  is a cylinder pressure curve when the combustion is normal.  
         [0053]     First the compression pressure P 0  at a predetermined crank angle in the compression stroke shown in  FIG. 4  is compared in a compression pressure judging means(step) with the predetermined permissible compression pressure P c0  which is the minimum permissible pressure in the compression stroke, and it is judged that the compression pressure P O  is abnormally low compared to the normal value due to troubles such as gas leakage or mechanical troubles when the pressure P 0  is equal to or lower than the permissible compression pressure P c0 , i.e. when P 0 ≦P c0  (E 1 ). Curve E in  FIG. 4  is a cylinder pressure curve when the compression pressure is abnormally low.  
         [0054]     Next the ratio of the maximum cylinder pressure P p  to said compression pressure P 0  at a predetermined crank angle in the compression stroke P p /P 0  is calculated and the calculated maximum pressure ratio P p /P 0  is compared in a maximum cylinder pressure judging means(step) with the predetermined permissible maximum pressure ratio P p0  which is the maximum permissible pressure ratio, and it is judged that the maximum cylinder pressure P p  is abnormally high compared to the design value(normal value) when said calculated maximum pressure ratio P p /P 0  is equal to or exceeds said permissible maximum pressure ratio P p0 , i.e. when P p /P 0 ≧P p0  (E 2 ) or when the number of operation cycles N h  in which said maximum pressure ratio P p /P 0  is equal to or exceeds the predetermined pressure ratio P h1 , i.e. when P p /P 0 ≧P h1  (E 3 ) is equal to or exceeds the permissible number N h0 , i.e. when N h ≧N h0  (E 4 ).  
         [0055]     Then it is judged by a knock judging means(step) that knock is occurring in the combustion chamber  44  when the number of cycles S n  in which said maximum pressure ratio P P /P O  is equal to or exceeds the predetermined permissible pressure ratio of knock P h2 , i.e. when P p /P 0 ≧P h2  (E 5 ) in a plurality of past cycles before the time point of judgment is equal to or exceeds the permissible number S n0 , i.e. when S n ≧S n0  (E 6 ). Curve B in  FIG. 4  is a cylinder pressure curve when knock has occurred. In this case, the opening of the gas supply valve  7  is decreased to decrease the supply of recovered methane gas.  
         [0056]     Then, in the misfire judging means(step), when said maximum pressure ratio P p /P 0  is equal to or smaller than the predetermined minimum permissible pressure ratio P n , i.e. when P p /P 0 ≦P n  (E 7 ), and when the combustion pressure ratio P 1 /P 0 , which is the ratio of the pressure P 1  at a predetermined crank angle in the combustion stroke to the pressure P 0  at a predetermined crank angle in the compression stroke shown in  FIG. 4  is calculated and the calculated combustion pressure ratio P 1 /P 0  is equal to or smaller than the predetermined permissible pressure ratio P m  of misfire, i.e. when P 1 /P 0 ≦P m  (E 8 ), misfire is judged to be occurring. In this case, the opening of the gas supply valve  7  is increased to increase the supply of recovered methane gas.  
         [0057]     In this case, a predetermined crank angle θ 1  in the combustion stroke at which pressure P 1  is detected is determined at the position of crank angle symmetrical with regard to the top dead center to the position of a predetermined crank angle −θ 1  in the compression stroke at which pressure P 0  is detected, as shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0058]     Like this, by using pressure ratio, not pressure itself, to diagnose combustion conditions and judge how to control, more accurate combustion control can be achieved.  
         [0059]     Next, the outline of the electric generating system adopting said methane gas engine will be explained with reference to  FIG. 5 . The gas engine is installed near a coal mine, and recovered methane gas recovered through the bore hole for degassing for the sake of safety by means of a vacuum pump is supplied as fuel to the gas engine through piping.  
         [0060]     On the other hand, ventilated methane gas exhausted from the mine cavity and the coal face together with ventilation air is introduced to the inlet pipe of the engine.  
         [0061]     Said gas engine E can be connected with a electric generator G, and the exhaust gas of the gas engine E can be introduced to a boiler B to produce steam. The steam is used for the utility equipment in the mine premises, the electric power generated by the generator G is used for the utility equipment in the mine premises by way of a transformer facility and surplus electric power is supplied (sold) through power lines to users as commercial electric power.  
         [0062]     The exhaust gas from the boiler B is released to the atmosphere. However, in this case, carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of coal mine methane gas is released as the exhaust gas. As the greenhouse effect index of methane is 21 and that of CO 2  is 1, the reduction of 20 times the greenhouse effect index of carbon dioxide is achieved. This reduction of greenhouse effect index can be traded as carbon dioxide emission credit.  
         [0063]     Next, a business model of said gas engine electric generating system will be explained with reference to  FIG. 6  ,in consideration of a case of establishing a gas engine electric generating system in a coal mine in China, for example.  
         [0064]     Enterprising bodies of the gas engine electric power generating system are government-owned enterprises, mine owner companies, owners of steel, chemistry, electric power related enterprises, engineering companies, etc. The enterprising bodies may be institutions specifically established for constructing the electric power generation plant.  
         [0065]     The enterprising body applies to the World Bank or ODA of Japan, etc. for financing or loan aid and at the same time applies for credit approval on the condition that that it establishes the gas engine electric power generating system in a coal mine in China. Approval is to be awarded by CDM Committee or the Committee of Article 6. The endorsement by the host country and acknowledgement by the investing country are necessary, and there may be the case that the investing country is other than Japan. Upon applying, if carbon dioxide emission credit is offered as security, the enterprising body can get fund easier.  
         [0066]     The enterprising body reports to the U.N. or the Japanese Government of the reduction of greenhouse effect index and register this carbon dioxide emission credit on the emission credit market to prepare for trading with credit surcharge payment obligators.  
         [0067]     After getting financing from the Asian Development Bank, etc., the enterprising body pays for principal parts to purchase the principal parts and complete the gas engine electric power generating system.  
         [0068]     The enterprising body can get not only profit through selling the electricity produced by the operation of the gas engine electric power generating system, but also can achieve the reduction of 20 times the greenhouse effect index of carbon dioxide. With the profit obtained by selling the carbon dioxide emission credit to credit surcharge payment obligators on the market, the loan can be refunded in a short period. Thus, the enterprising body can get profit dually.  
         [0069]     The table of  FIG. 7  shows a worldwide spreading effect of the implementation of the present invention. In the left column of the table, regional total amount of coal mine methane gas emission in the world is shown.  
         [0070]     If it is assumed that each country utilizes one third of recovered methane gas for the gas engine electric power generation system, generation capacity is 5180 MW, and production of electric power is 45 billion kWh/year, which corresponds to the case that 50˜100 large nuclear power plants are established. The reduction in CO 2  of 20 million ton/year can be achieved, which corresponds to 20% of total amount of CO 2  emission of Japan.