Abstract:
The invention relates to process for the preparation of formulations comprising a microorganism Mycobacterium w for the management of bronchial Asthma (obstructive lung disease).

Description:
[0001]     The invention relates to process for the preparation of formulations comprising a microorganism Mycobacterium w for the management of bronchial Asthma (obstructive lung disease).  
         [0002]     Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by limitation of air flow. The limitation of airflow can be due to mechanical obstruction by tumor or edema or bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Mechanical obstruction needs one time management.  
         [0003]     Other obstructive lung diseases are progressive and/or episodic in nature.  
         [0004]     Bronchial asthma is a ill defined group of obstructive lung disease. It is one of the most common disorder encountered in clinical medicine in both children and adults. Rather than being a single disease asthma is currently considered to be a group of different disorders ((complex syndrome with many clinical phenotypes) characterized by 
        1. Variable degree of airflow obstruction     2. air-way inflammation     3. broncho-hyperresponsiveness.        
 
         [0008]     This syndrome arises as a result of interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Some patients also exhibit acute hypersensitivity responses to common inhaled proteins, known as allergens. Very small amount of them is required to trigger mast cell degranulation. However large no. of patients do not have personal or family history of allergy and have negative skin tests.  
         [0009]     Chronis inflammation is found to be underlying pathology in clinical syndrome of asthma. Histopathology of lungs reveal hyperinflation, mucous plugging in the airways, cluster of sloughed epithelial cells, and a crystalline precipitates of eosinophil derived proteins. Bronchial mucosa is are edematous, the no. of goblet cells is increased, the basement membrane is thickened, and the smooth muscle is hypertrophied.  
         [0010]     Bronchial smooth muscle contraction as seen in bronchial asthma is a recurrent phenomenon. It occurs as an episodic or chronic ailment or as an episodic exacerbations of chronic disease  
         [0011]     Various definitions are given to characterize this disorder  
         [0012]     Asthma is defined as a condition wherein there is a complete or partial reversibility of obstructive dysfunction after bronchodilators therapy.  
         [0013]     Asthma is also defined as chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that occurs when individuals with genetic predisposition are exposed to appropriate trigger factors leading to disruption of airway epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells, thickning of basement membrane, as well as smooth muscle spasm and hypertrophy.  
         [0014]     Asthma is a disease characterized by an increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli resulting in airway obstruction that is reversible, either spontaneously or as a result of treatment.  
         [0015]     Asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder that is characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways.  
         [0016]     Asthma is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by tracheo-bronchial hyper-reactivity leading to paroxysmal airway narrowing, which may reverse spontaneously or as a result of treatment. It is charaterised clinically by wheezing, dyspnea, and cough. Allergic asthma is the most common form. Other precipitating factors include infection, exercise, occupational and environmental exposures, drugs, air pollution, and emotional factors.  
         [0017]     Asthma is a chronic condition involving lungs in which narrowing of the passages from the lungs to the nose and mouth(airways) leads to difficulty breathing. These changes commonly occur in response to changes in the environment including weather, allergens (such as dog or cat dander, mold, or dust), foods, or respiratory infections (colds).  
         [0018]     Asthma is also defined as paroxysmal or chronic dyspnoea due to lung disorder.  
         [0019]     Bronchial Asthma is also defined as a disease characterised by an increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli and manifested by wide spread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of treatment.  
         [0020]     Clinically, it is characterised by: 
        Episodic or chronic wheezing, dyspnea, cough, and felling or tightness in the chest.     Prolonged expiration and diffuse wheezing on physical examination.     Limitation of airflow on pulmonary function testing, or positive bronchoprovocation challenge test.     Complete or partial reversibility of obstructive dysfunction after bronchodilator therapy.        
 
         [0025]     At the moment preferred first line therapy of such conditions is inhaled corticosteroids. If it is not adequate than bronchodilators like beta agonists like salmbutol, methylxanthines like theophylin anti cholinergics like ipratropium are added in form of inhaled or oral drug. Leukotriene antagonists may also be added which do not posses direct bronchodilators activity like glucocorticoids.  
         [0026]     The management of an attack comprises of use of bronchodilators, Corticosteriodsand leucotrein Antagonists. They can be used orally, parenterally or in form of aerosols depending upon severity of disease and other factors. Corticosteriods and mast cell stabilizers like chromolyn sodium are also used to prevent the subsequent attack. However it is not necessary that each episode needs to be treated with bronchodilators or each patient with chronic obstructive lung disease needs to be treated by bronchodilators.  
         [0027]     Management of servere acute attack or acute exacerbation of chronic disease may need massive dose of parenteral glucocorticoids to control the attack.  
         [0028]     Asthma is a chronic lung disease. It cannot be cured only controlled. In asthma airways are inflamed. That is, airway linings are swollen and red. Airways narrow and breathing becomes hard. This narrowing gets better (but not all the way in some patients), sometimes by itself, some times with treatment. Airways are super sensitive. They react to many things, such as cigarette somke, pollen, or cold air. Coughing, wheezing, tight chest, difficult breathing or an asthma episode may result following exposure to allergen.  
         [0029]     The prevention of an attack comprises of eliminating ‘trigger factors’. It includes measures to control house dust mite antigen, animal danders, avoidance of exposure to environmental factors including change place of work or residence, early treatment of upper respiratory tract and chest infections etc.  
         [0030]     What is required in management of asthma is improvement in lung function  
         [0031]     The present invention discloses such formulations and method of their manufacture and use.  
         [0000]     Administration of pharmaceutical composition made as per present invention is found to result In reduction in severity of disease and frequency of asthmatic attacks. The dependent on drugs is decreased and quality of life improves.  
         [0032]     Mycobacterium w is found to be useful in management of leprosy. It converts lepromin negative individuals to lepromin positive status. It also reduces the duration of therapy required for cure of multibacillary leprosy.  
         [0033]     The pharmaceutical composition made as per present invention is found to be effective in management of asthma (obstructive lung disease)  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]     According to present invention, pharmaceutical composition made from ‘Mycobacterium w’ (M w ) is found to be useful in the management of asthma (obstructive lung disease).  
         [0035]     Mycobacterium w used in the present invention is a non-pathogenic, cultivable, atypical mycobacterium, with biochemical properties and fast growth characteristics resembling those belonging to Runyons group IV class of Mycobacteria in its metabolic and growth properties but is not identical to those strains currently listed in this group. It is therefore thought that (M w ) is an entirely new strain.  
         [0036]     The species identity of Mw has been defined by polymerase chain reaction DNA sequence determination and differentiated from thirty other species of mycobacteria. It however differs from those presently listed in this group in on respect or the other. By base sequence analysis of a polymorphic region of pattern analysis, it has been established that Mw is a unique species distinct from many other known mycobacterial species examined which are:  M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, M. kansasii, M. gastri, M. gordonae, M. shimoidei, M. malmoense, M. haemophilum, M. terrae, M. nonchromogenicum, M. triviale, M. marinum, M. flavescens, M. simian, M. szulgai, M. xenopi, M. asciaticum, M. aurum, M. smegmatis, M. vaccae, M. fortuitum  subsp fortuitum,  M. fortuitum  subsp. Peregrinum,  M. chelonae subsp.  Chelonae,  M. chelonae  subsp. Abscessus,  M. genavense, M. tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis  H 37 R v   , M. paratuberculosis.    
         [0037]     The object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing ‘Mycobacterium w’ (Mw) with or without constituents obtained from Mw for the management of asthma (obstructive lung disease).  
         [0000]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing ‘Mycobacterium w’ (Mw) with or without constituents obtained from Mw for prevention of attacks of asthma (obstructive lung disease),  
         [0000]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing ‘Mycobacterium w’ (Mw) with or without constituents obtained from Mw for delaying attacks bronchial asthma (obstructive lung disease).  
         [0038]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing ‘Mycobacterium w’ (Mw) with or without constituents obtained from Mw which reduces the requirement of drugs used to improve lung function in management of asthma(obstructive lung disease).  
         [0039]     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition containing ‘Mycobacterium w’ (Mw) with or without constituents obtained from Mw which improves lung function in presence/absence of other drugs in asthma (obstructive lung disease). 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0040]     In accordance with the invention the composition containing mycobacterium W, the method of preparation, HPLC characteristic, its safety and tolerability, methods of use and outcome of treatments are described in following examples. The following are illustrative examples of the present invention and scope of the present invention should not be limited by them.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     The Pharmaceutical Compositions  
       [0041]     A. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains:  
                                                         Mycobacterium  w., (heat killed)   0.50 × 10 9             Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Tween 80    0.1% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0042]     B. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains:  
                                                         Mycobacterium  w., (heat killed)   0.50 × 10 9             Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Triton × 100    0.1% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0043]     C. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains:  
                                                         Mycobacterium  w., (heat killed)   0.50 × 10 9             Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0044]     D. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Extract of  Mycobacterium  w after sonication       from 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0045]     E. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Methanol Extract of 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0046]     F. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Chloroform Extract of 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0047]     G. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Acetone Extract of 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0048]     H. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Ethanol Extract of 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s.to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0049]     I. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                             Liticase Extract of 1 × 10 10    Mycobacterium  w                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
         [0050]     J. Each dose of 0.1 ml of therapeutic agent contains  
                                               Mycobacterium  w (heat killed) 0.5 × 10 7         Extract of  mycobacterium  w obtained 1 × 10 3    Mycobacterium  w       by disruption, solvent extraction or enzymatic extraction.                                    Sodium Chloride I.P.   0.90% w/v           Thiomerosal I.P.   0.01% w/v           (As a Preservative)           Water for injection I.P.   q.s. to 0.1 ml                      
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
     The Process of Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition  
       [0051]     A. Culturing of Mycobacterium w. 
        i) Preparation of Culture Medium.     Mycobacterium w is cultured on solid medium like L J medium or liquid medium like middle brook medium or sauton&#39;s liquid medium. For better yield middle brook medium is enriched. It can be preferably enriched by addition of glucose, bactotryptone, and BSA. They are used in ratio of 20:30:2 preferably.     The enrichment medium is added to middle brook medium. It is done preferably in ratio of 15:1 to 25:1 more preperably in ratio of 20:1.     ii) Bioreactor Operation 
            a) Preparation of Vessel:     The inner contact parts of the vessel (Joints, mechanical seals, o-ring/gasket grooves, etc.) should be properly cleaned to avoid any contamination. Fill up the vessel with 0.1 N NaOH and leave as such for 24 H to remove pyrogenic materials and other contaminants. The vessel is then cleaned first with acidified water, then wit ordinary water. Finally, the vessel is rinsed with distilled water (3 times) before preparing medium.     b) Sterilization of Bioreactor     The bioreactor containing 9L distilled water is sterilized with live steam(indirect). Similarly the bioreactor is sterilized once more with Middlebrook medium. The other addition bottles, inlet/outlet air filters etc. are autoclaved (twice) at 121° C. for 15 minutes. Before use, these are dried at 50° C. oven.     c) Environmental Parameter 
                i. Temperature: 37±0.50° C.     ii. pH: 6.7 to 6.8 initially. 
 
 B. Harvesting and Concentrating 
   
               
               
 
         [0063]     It is typically done at the end of 6 th  day after culturing under aseptic condition. The concentration of cells (palletisation) is done by centrifugation.  
         [0000]     C. Washing of Cells  
         [0064]     The pallet so obtained is washed minimum three times with normal saline. It can be washed with any other fluid which is preferably isotonic.  
         [0000]     D. Adding Pharmaceutically Acceptable Carrier.  
         [0065]     Pyrogen free normal saline is added to pallet. Any other pyrogen free isotonic fluid can be used as a pharmaceutical carrier. The carrier is added in amount so as get to desired concentration of active in final form.  
         [0000]     E. Adding Preservative  
         [0066]     To keep the product free from other contaminating bacteria for its self life preservative is added. Preferred preservative is thiomesol which is used in final concentration of 0.01% w/v.  
         [0000]     F. Terminal Sterilization  
         [0067]     Terminal sterilization can done by various physical methods like application of heat or ionizing radiation or sterile filtration.  
         [0068]     Heat can be in the form of dry heat or moist heat. It can also be in the form of boiling or pasturisation.  
         [0069]     Ionizing radiation can be ultraviolet or gamma rays or mircrowave or any other form of ionizing radiation.  
         [0070]     It is preferable to autoclave the final product.  
         [0071]     This can be done before after filling in a final packaging.  
         [0000]     G. Quality Control  
         [0072]     i. The material is evaluated for purity, sterility.  
         [0073]     ii. The organisms are checked for acid fastness after gram staining.  
         [0074]     iii. Inactivation test: This is done by culturing the product on L J medium to find out any living organism.  
         [0075]     iv. Pathogenicity and/or contamination with pathogen.  
         [0076]     The cultured organisms are infected to Balb/c mice.  
         [0077]     None of the mice should die and all should remain healthy and gain weight. There should not be any macroscopic or microscopic lesions seen in liver, lung spleen or any other organs when animals are killed up to 8 weeks following treatment.  
         [0078]     v. Biochemical Test:  
         [0079]     The organism is subjected to following biochemical tests:  
         [0080]     a) Urease  
         [0081]     b) Tween 80 hydrolysis  
         [0082]     c) Niacin test  
         [0083]     d) Nitrate reduction test  
         [0000]     The organism gives negative results in urease, tween 80 hydrolysis and niacin test. It is positive by nitrate reduction test.  
         [0000]     H. Preparation of Constituents of Mycobacterium w.  
         [0000]     The constituents of Mycobacterium w can be prepared for the purpose of invention by:  
         [0084]     I. Cell disruption  
         [0085]     II. Solvent extration  
         [0086]     III. Enzymatic extraction.  
         [0087]     The cell disruption can be done by way of sonication or use of high pressure fractionometer or by application of osmotic pressure ingredient.  
         [0088]     The solvent extraction can be done by any organic solvent like chloroform, ethanol, methanol, acetone, phenol, isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid, urea, hexane etc.  
         [0089]     The enzymatic extraction can be done by enzymes which can digest cell wall/membranes. They are typically proteolytic in nature. Enzyme liticase and pronase are the preferred enzymes. For the purpose of invention cell constituents of Mycobacterium w can be used alone in place of mycobacterium w organisms or It can be added to the product containing mycobacterium w.  
         [0090]     Addition of cell constituents results in improved efficacy of the product.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
     Characteristics of Constituents of Mycobacterium w by HPLC Analysis  
       [0091]     The constituents of mycobacterium w. used for the purpose of invention when subjected to HPLC analysis gives a single peak at 11 minutes. No other significant peaks are found beyond. The peak is homogenous and devoid of any notch suggesting homogeneity of material obtained  
         [0092]     HPLC analysis was done using a waters system high performance liquid chromatography apparatus  
         [0093]     Column: Novapak c1860A, 4 μm, 3.9×150 mm.  
         [0094]     The guard column: Novapak c 18  
         [0095]     Column Temperature: 30° C.  
         [0096]     Flow rate: 2.5 ml/min  
         [0097]     Injection volume: 25 μL.  
         [0098]     Mobile phase: 
        Solvent A: HPLC grade methanol.     Solvent B: HPLC grade methylene chloride        
 
         [0101]     Binary gradient:  
         [0102]     The HPLC gradient initially comprised 98% (v/v) methanol (solvent B).  
         [0103]     The gradient was increased linearly to 80%.  
         [0104]     A and 20% B at one minute; 35% A and 65% B at 10 minutes, held for 5 seconds and then decreased over 10 seconds back to 98% A and 2% B.  
       EXAMPLE: 4  
     The Effect of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use  
       [0105]     A symptomatic patient with severe form of asthma. Her breathlessness was not controlled inspite of that she was on a maximal medical therapy for asthma was given Mycobacterium w intradermally at the interval of one week. By four weeks patient became asymptomatic and number of drugs were gradually discontinued. Patient remained asymptomatic inspite of that.  
         [0000]     Thus Mycobacterium w is found to be useful in management of asthma in making patient asymptomatic when maximal medical therapy fails to achieve this.  
         [0000]     It is also useful in reducing the number of medicines patient is a taking.  
       EXAMPLE: 5  
     The effect of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use  
       [0106]     A group of patients who were getting exacerbation of disease periodically were given Mycobacterium w. It was observed that none of them had exacerbation of disease.  
         [0000]     Thus mycobacterium w is found to be useful in eliminating/delaying exacerbation of the disease.  
       EXAMPLE: 6  
     The Effect of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use  
       [0107]     In a group of patients diagnosed to have bronchial asthma were given conventional therapy in the form of bronchodilators and steroids. This resulted in improvement in lung function as determined by spirometry in terms of FEV 1  and PEFR. The improvement with therapy was in the range of 15 to 20% from baseline, over a three month period of observation and it did not improve further. At the end of three months patients were administered mycobacterium w containing pharmaceutical compositions. It was administered as 0.1 ml at the interval of one week. Though these compositions are not known to have anti-inflammatory or broncho-dilator activity their administration resulted in further improvement in lung function as determined by FEV 1  and PEFR values. This improvement was in the range of 15 to 20% over and above the maximum values already achieved by conventional therapy.  
         [0108]     The improvement in lung function was associated with subjective feeling of well being and improvement in quality of life. It also improved their performance scale. It also resulted in improvement in amount of physical exertion they can do without getting breathless.  
         [0000]     Thus mycobacterium W is useful in improving lung function, quality of life and performance.  
       EXAMPLE: 6  
     The Effect of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use  
       [0109]     In a group of patients having obstructive lung disease and who were controlled by conventional therapy were observed for a period of three months and then mycobacterium W containing compositions were added to the therapy and observed for another three months. Average requirement of antibiotics used to treat infections and associated exacebation of disease in the intial three months was 3.71. In the next three months when mycobacterium W was coadministered the requirement came down to 2 from 3.71. None of them needed any antibiotic in last month of combined therapy. Thus mycobacterium W is useful in reducing requirement of antibiotics.  
       EXAMPLE: 8  
     The Effect of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use  
       [0110]     In a group of patients having obstructive lung disease and who were controlled by conventional therapy but still requiring hospitalization from time to time for management of acute exacerbations were observed for a period of three months and then mycobacterium W containing compositions were added to the therapy and observed for another three months. The no. of exacerbations were found to be three per person in first part of the study. In the second part it came down to one per person.  
         [0000]     Thus mycobacterium W is useful in reducing the no. of exacerbation of disease.