Abstract:
A method for determining overbounds comprises the steps of determining conservative overbounds (q i ) of at least one error (ε i ) in a first phase space, multiplying the conservative overbounds (q i ) of errors (ε i ) in the first phase space by a first parameter (θ(−x)·2) and a second parameter (θ(x)·2), and determining an upper bound for the integrity risk at the alert limit (p w,int (AL)) in a second phase space using overbounds (q i ) of errors (ε i ) in the first phase space by the first parameter (θ(−x)·2) and the second parameter (θ(x)·2).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This application claims the priority of European patent document 06 004 754.5, filed Mar. 8, 2006, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.  
         [0002]     The invention relates to a method and apparatus for transferring a Galileo overbound or an ICAO overbound to a pairwise overbound with excess mass (POEM).  
         [0003]     For Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based navigation systems for aviation, it must be assured that the position the system provides has sufficient integrity. This means that the probability that the navigation system supplies hazardously misleading information (HMI) should be proven to remain extremely small under all circumstances. The problem of trying to guarantee that such a system offers sufficient integrity is known as the overbounding problem, because practical solutions are necessarily conservative (bounding) with respect to the performance that is actually obtained. Further, Safety-of-life (SoL) GNSS augmentation systems must provide bounds on the probability that hazardous navigation errors may occur.  
         [0004]     The integrity information sent to the user contains no explicit provisions for protecting against biases. Instead users are sent protection factors that correspond to zero-mean error distributions. The users combine the received protection factors using their own local knowledge to calculate protection levels that correspond to their position estimate. The broadcast protection factors must be sufficient such that any individual user has only a small probability (e.g. less than a one in ten million), for each approach, that their true position error exceeds the calculated protection level. The ground system for instance must guarantee these protection factors without knowing precisely where the users are, or which satellite they observe.  
         [0005]     For determining the system&#39;s integrity, errors in the range domain are transformed into errors in the position domain. During the transformation of the errors in the range domain into the errors in the position domain, the corresponding error statistics (probability distribution functions of the errors) are transformed by the convolution which is necessary for such transformation.  
         [0006]     In the literature, several different overbounding concepts are known. One of these concepts is the Galileo overbounding as defined by the Galileo requirements. Another concept is the paired overbounding with excess mass (POEM). The Galileo overbounding has the disadvantage that it is not preserved during convolution, whereas the POEM is preserved during convolution. That means that the convolution of two excess mass overbounding distributions will overbound the convolution of the two original convolutions. Thus, the paired overbounding concept effectively relates range domain and position domain overbounding.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     One object of the present invention is to define a process and an apparatus that transforms an overbound that is not preserved during convolution into an overbound that is preserved during convolution.  
         [0008]     This and other objects and advantages are achieved by the method and apparatus according to the invention, in which the Galileo Overbounding definition of a distribution is used to define parameters for a paired overbounding with excess mass (POEM) of the same distribution. This is necessary as the properties of the Galileo overbounding definition are not preserved during convolutions of distributions, whereas the paired overbounding with excess mass properties are preserved during convolutions of distributions. The convolution is necessary for the transformation from the range domain to the position domain. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     Before describing several embodiments of the invention several overbounding definitions are stated.  
         [0000]     Galileo Overbounding Definition  
         [0010]     For Galileo the probability density p is overbounded by a function q if the equation  
                     ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         +       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤         ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         +       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x             ⁢           ⁢     
     ⁢       for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   y     ≥   0             (   0.1   )             
 
 holds true. 
 
         [0011]     It has to be noted further, that for Galileo it is foreseen to use as the overbounding distributions only Gaussian distributions of the form  
               q   ⁡     (   t   )       ≡       1         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢       ⅇ     -       t   2       2   ⁢     σ   2             .               (   0.2   )             
 
         [0012]     It is worthwhile to note, that q is symmetric zero mean 
 
 q ( t )= q (− t ),  (0.3) 
 
 zero mean  
                   ∫     -   ∞     ∞     ⁢       t   ·     q   ⁡     (   t   )         ⁢     ⅆ   t         =   0     ,           (   0.4   )                     ∫     -   ∞     0     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢     ⅆ   t         =         ∫   0   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢     ⅆ   t         =   0.5       ,           (   0.5   )             
 
 and that  
                 ∫   a   b     ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )         ≥     0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   any   ⁢           ⁢   b     ≥     a   .             (   0.6   )             
 
         [0013]     It is worthwhile to note that  
                 ∫   a   b     ⁢     p   ⁡     (   x   )         ≥     0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   any   ⁢           ⁢   b     ≥   a           (   0.7   )             
 
 and that  
                   ∫   a   b     ⁢     p   ⁡     (   x   )         ≤     1   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   any   ⁢           ⁢   b       ,   a           (   0.8   )             
 
         [0014]     It is known from literature, that the property defined by equation (0.1) is not preserved during convolution of distributions.  
         [0000]     Paired Overbounding with Excess Mass Definition  
         [0015]     A probability density p is paired overbounded by the functions q L  and q R , if the equation  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   y                 (   0.9   )             
 
 holds true. The functions q L/R  have to fulfil the following requirements.  
                   q     L   /   R       ⁡     (   x   )       ≥     0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   x       ⁢     
     ⁢   and           (   0.10   )                   ∫     -   ∞     ∞     ⁢         q     L   /   R       ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =       K     L   /   R       ≥   1             (   0.11   )             
 
         [0016]     It is known that the property defined by equation (0.9) is preserved during convolution and scaling. To ensure that the convolutions can be performed analytically it is convenient to define q L  and q R  as follows:  
                 q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       =         K   L           2   ⁢   π       ⁢     σ   L         ⁢     ⅇ     -         (     x   -     b   L       )     2       2   ⁢     σ   L   2                       (   0.12   )                   q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       =         K   R           2   ⁢   π       ⁢     σ   R         ⁢     ⅇ     -         (     x   -     b   R       )     2       2   ⁢     σ   R   2                       (   0.13   )             
 
         [0017]     If the individual contributions of the range errors ε i  are paired overbounded with excess mass by the functions  
                   q     L   ,   i       ⁡     (   x   )       =         K     L   ,   i             2   ⁢           ⁢   π       ⁢     σ     L   ,   i           ⁢     ⅇ     -         (     x   -     b     L   ,   i         )     2       2   ⁢     σ     L   ,   i     2                 ⁢     
     ⁢   and           (   0.14   )                   q     R   ,   i       ⁡     (   x   )       =         K     R   ,   i             2   ⁢   π       ⁢     σ     R   ,   i           ⁢     ⅇ     -         (     x   -     b     R   ,   i         )     2       2   ⁢     σ     R   ,   i     2                       (   0.15   )             
 
 and if the errors in the range domain ε i  are mapped onto the error in the position domain ε pos  by  
               ɛ   pos     =       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       M     w   ,   i       ·     ɛ   i                 (   0.16   )             
 
 an upper bound for the integrity risk at the alert limit p w,int  (AL) in the direction w is given by  
                   p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤           K     L   ,     M   w         +     K     R   ,     M   w           2     -         K     R   ,     M   w         2     ⁢           ⁢   erf   ⁢           ⁢     (       AL   -     b     R   ,     M   w               2     ⁢     σ     R   ,     M   w             )       +         K     L   ,     M             ⁢   w           2     ⁢           ⁢   erf   ⁢           ⁢     (         -   AL     -     b     L   ,     M   w               2     ⁢     σ     L   ,     M   w             )           ⁢     
     ⁢   with           (   0.17   )                 g   ⁡     (   α   )       =     {           R   ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   α     &gt;   0               L   ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   α     &lt;   0                     (   0.18   )                 k   ⁡     (   α   )       =     {           L   ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   α     &gt;   0               R   ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   α     &lt;   0                     (   0.19   )                 K     R   ,     M   w         =       ∏     i   =   1     n     ⁢     K       g   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i                 (   0.20   )                 K     L   ,     M   w         =       ∏     i   =   1     n     ⁢     K       k   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i                 (   0.21   )                 b     R   ,     M   w         =       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     b       g   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i                   (   0.22   )                 b     L   ,     M   w         =       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     b       k   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i                   (   0.23   )                 σ     R   ,     M   w         =         ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ       g   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i         )     2                 (   0.24   )                 σ     L   ,     M   w         =         ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ       k   ⁡     (     M     w   ,   i       )       ,   i         )     2                 (   0.25   )             
 
 ICAO Overbounding 
 
         [0018]     For ICAO the probability density p is overbounded by a function q if the equations  
                 ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≤       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   y       ≥   0           (   0.26   )                   ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≤       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   y       ≥   0           (   0.27   )             
 
 hold true. 
 
         [0019]     The ICAO overbounding definition implies directly the Galileo overbounding definition. This can be seen by a simple addition of the defining inequalities. The opposite is not valid in general.  
         [0020]     It has to be noted further, that for ICAO it is foreseen to use as the overbounding distributions only Gaussian distributions of the form  
               q   ⁡     (   t   )       ≡       1         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢       ⅇ     -       t   2       2   ⁢     σ   2             .               (   0.28   )             
 
         [0021]     It has to be further noted that ICAO states that for the receiver contribution to the error it can be assumed that 
 
 p ( x )= p (− x ),  (0.29)
 
 p (sign( x )(| x |+ε))≦ p ( x ) for all  x  and for all ε≧0  (0.30) 
 
 that is probability density p is symmetric and monotonically increasing up to a single mode in x=0 and then monotonically decreasing (p is also called unimodal). 
 
 Process for Mapping of Galileo Overbounding to Poem 
 
         [0022]     Mapping without bias. As a first embodiment the process for mapping of Galileo overbounding to POEM for the case without bias is described.  
         [0023]     For a mapping of the Galileo overbounding to POEM without bias we define 
 
 q   L/R ≡2 q   (0.31) 
 
         [0024]     We then compute, observing that q is symmetric,  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         +       ∫     -   y     ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   x     .                     (   0.32   )             
 
         [0025]     For y≦0 it follows now from (0.32), (0.1), and (0.7) that  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥         ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         +       ∫     -   y     ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   y     .                 (   0.33   )             
 
         [0026]     For y≧0 it follows now from (0.32), the first part of (0.5), and (0.8) that  
                       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞     0     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         +       ∫   0   y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =       1   +       ∫   0   y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≥   1   ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   y     .                         (   0.34   )             
 
         [0027]     So it has been shown that with the definition given in (0.31) and provided that (0.1) hold true the following condition holds true for all y  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y                 (   0.35   )             
 
         [0028]     We now compute, observing that q is symmetric,  
                     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           =     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =     1   -       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                         (   0.36   )             
 
         [0029]     For y≧0it follows from (0.36), (0.1), and (0.7)  
               1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           =       1   -       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤     1   -       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                     (   0.37   )             
 
         [0030]     For y≦0 if follows from the first part of (0.36), (0.5), (0.6), and (0.8)  
                     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           =     1   -       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   0     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =       -       ∫   y   0     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤   0   ≤     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                           (   0.38   )             
 
         [0031]     So it has been shown with (0.37) and (0.38) that for any y the following holds true:  
                 1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x             =       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                 (   0.39   )             
 
         [0032]     Combing (0.35) and (0.39) we finally get  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         ≥     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x                   (   0.40   )             
 
 for any y. 
 
         [0033]     Assuming now m satellites and on each range two different types of contributions of range errors, says ε i  and ε m+i  on range iε{1, . . . ,m}, e.g. one type due to the system in space (errors from orbit, satellite, clock, etc.) and one due to the local effects at the receiver location (errors from atmosphere, receiver noise, multipath, etc.). Let n=2·m. Then using definition (0.31 ) results in 
 
 K   L,i   =K   R,i =2 for all  i =1 , . . . ,n   (0.41)
 
 b   L,i   =b   R,i =0 for all  i =1 , . . . ,n   (0.42)
 
σ L,i =σ R,i =σ i   =SISA   i  for all  i =1 , . . . ,m  and σ L,i =σ R,i =σ i =σ u,i−m  for all  i=m +1 , . . . ,n   (0.43) 
 
 for the fault free case. 
 
         [0034]     Taking (0.41), (0.42), (0.43) and the equality −erƒ(x)=erƒ(−x) into account, (0.17) simplifies to  
                 p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤       2   n     ⁢     (     1   -     erf   (     AL       2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ   i       )     2             )       )               (   0.44   )             
 
         [0035]     Observing M i =M m+i  for all i=1, . . . , m because these factors depend only on the geometry given by the m satellites and the receiver location but not on the special type of error contribution, this formular can be written as  
                 p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤       4   m     ⁢     (     1   -     erf   (     AL       2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     m     ⁢       M     w   ,   i     2     ⁡     (       SISA   i   2     +     σ     u   ,   i     2       )               )       )               (   0.45   )             
 
         [0036]     For the faulty case, satellite jε{1, . . . , m} is faulty, we get  
                 K     L   ,   i       =       K     R   ,   i       =       2   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1         ,   …   ⁢           ,   n           (   0.46   )                     b     L   ,   i       =       b     R   ,   i       =       0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1         ,   …   ⁢           ,       n   ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢   i     ≠   j       ⁢     
     ⁢       and   ⁢           -     b     L   ,   j         =       b     R   ,   j       =     TH   j                 (   0.47   )                     σ     L   ,   i       =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         SISA   i     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1           ,   …   ⁢           ,       m   ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢   i     ≠   j       ⁢     
     ⁢         and   ⁢           ⁢     σ     L   ,   i         =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         σ     u   ,     i   -   m         ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   l     =     m   +   1             ,   …   ⁢           ,   n     ⁢     
     ⁢       and   ⁢           ⁢     σ     L   ,   j         =       σ     R   ,   j       =       σ   j     =     SISMA   j                   (     0.47   ′     )                   p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤       2   n     ⁢     (     1   -     erf   (       AL   -            M     w   ,   j            ⁢     TH   j             2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ   i       )     2             )       )               (   0.48   )             
 
         [0037]     Again observing M i =M m+i  for all i=1, . . . , m this formular can be written as  
                 p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤       4   m     ⁢     (     1   -     erf   (       AL   -            M     w   ,   j            ⁢     TH   j                     2   ⁢       ∑       i   =   1     ,     i   ≠   j       m     ⁢       M     w   ,   i     2     ⁢     (       SISA   i   2     +     σ     u   ,   i     2       )           +               2   ⁢       M     w   ,   j     2     ⁡     (       SISMA   j   2     +     σ     u   ,   j     2       )                   )       )               (   0.49   )             
 
         [0038]     Mapping with bias. As a second embodiment the process for mapping of Galileo overbounding to POEM for the case with bias is described.  
         [0039]     For a mapping of the Galileo overbounding to POEM with bias we define 
 
 q′   L ( x )≡θ(− x )2 q ( x )  (0.50)
 
 q′   R ( x )≡θ( x )2 q ( x )  (0.51) 
 
 where θ is a function, defined for real values x by  
         θ   ⁡     (   x   )       =     {           1   ,             if   ⁢           ⁢   x     ≥   0               0   ,           otherwise   .                 
 
         [0040]     For y≦0 we then compute, observing that q is symmetric,  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L   ′     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢     2   ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢         q   L   ′     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         +       ∫     -   y     ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   x     .                     (   0.52   )             
 
         [0041]     It follows now from (0.52), (0.1), and (0.7) that  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L   ′     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥         ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         +       ∫     -   y     ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   y     .                 (   0.53   )             
 
         [0042]     For y≧0 it follows from first part of (0.5), and (0.8) that  
                       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢           q   ′     L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         =       ⁢         ∫     -   ∞     0     ⁢           q   ′     L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         +       ∫   0   y     ⁢           q   ′     L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =       ⁢       1   +   0     ≥   1   ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢       ⅆ   y     .                         (   0.54   )             
 
         [0043]     So it has been shown that with the definition given in (0.50) and provided that (0.1) hold true the following condition holds true for all y  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢           q   ′     L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   y                 (   0.55   )             
 
         [0044]     We now compute for y≧0 and observing that q is symmetric,  
                     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           =     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢     2   ⁢           ⁢     q   ⁢     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =     1   -       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                         (   0.56   )             
 
         [0045]     It follows from (0.56), (0.1), and (0.7)  
                     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           =       ⁢           ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤                     ⁢       1   -       ∫     -   ∞       -   y       ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤                     ⁢     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                         (   0.57   )             
 
         [0046]     For y≦0 if follows from (0.5), (0.6), and (0.8)  
                     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           =       ⁢     1   -       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =     1   -       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢     2   ⁢           ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                       =       ⁢     0   ≤     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                           (   0.58   )             
 
         [0047]     So we have shown with (0.57) and (0.58) that for any y the following holds true:  
                 1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x             =       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                 (   0.59   )             
 
         [0048]     Combining (0.55) and (0.59) we finally get  
                 ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢           q   ′     L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   y         ≥     1   -       ∫   y   ∞     ⁢           q   ′     R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x                   (   0.60   )             
 
 for any y. 
 
         [0049]     Assuming again as above m satellites and on each range two different types of contributions of range errors, say and ε i  and ε m+i  on range iε{1, . . . , m}, e.g. one due to the system in space (errors from orbit, satellite, clock, etc.) and one due to the local effects at the receiver location (errors from atmosphere, receiver noise, multipath, etc.). Let n=2·m. Then it is possible to prove that probability densities p i  are paired overbounded by the functions q L,i  and q R,i  defined by equations (0.14) and (0.15) with  
                   σ     L   ,   i       =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         SISA   i     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1           ,   …   ⁢           ,     m   ⁢           ⁢   and       ⁢           ⁢     
     ⁢           ⁢         σ     L   ,   i       =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         σ     u   ,     i   -   m         ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =     m   +   1             ,   …   ⁢           ,   n             (   0.61   )                   -     b     L   ,   i         =       b     R   ,   i       =         b   i     &gt;     0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i       =   1         ,   …   ⁢           ,   n           (   0.62   )                   K     L   ,   i       =       K     R   ,   i       =       K   i     =         2   ·       (     1   +     erf   (       b   i         σ   i     ⁢     2         )       )       -   1         ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1           ,   …   ⁢           ,   n           (   0.63   )             
 
 for the fault free case. 
 
         [0050]     Taking these definitions into account and remembering equality −erƒ(x)=erƒ(−x), equation (0.17) simplifies to  
                 p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤         2   n         ∏     i   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢     (     1   +     erf   (       b   i         σ   i     ⁢     2         )       )         ·     (     1   -     erf   ⁡     (       AL   -       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢            M     w   ,   i            ⁢     b   i               2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ   i       )     2             )         )               (   0.64   )             
 
         [0051]     Observing again M i =M m+i  for all i=1, . . . m because these factors depend only on the geometry given by the m satellites and the receiver location but not on the special type of error contribution, this formular can be written as  
                 p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤         4   m         ∏     i   =   1     m     ⁢           ⁢       (     1   +     erf   (       b   i         SISA   i     ⁢     2         )       )     ·       ∏     i   =   1     m     ⁢           ⁢     (     1   +     erf   (       b     m   +   i           σ     u   ,   i       ⁢     2         )       )             ·     (     1   -     erf   (       AL   -       ∑     i   =   1     m     ⁢           ⁢            M     w   ,   i            ⁢     (       b   i     +     b     m   +   i         )               2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     m     ⁢       M     w   ,   i     2     ⁡     (       SISA   i   2     +     σ     u   ,   i     2       )               )       )                             
 
         [0052]     For the faulty case, satellite jε{1, . . . , m} is faulty, we get  
                       σ     L   ,   i       =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         SISA   i     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1           ,   …   ⁢           ,       m   ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢   i     ≠   j                     and   ⁢           ⁢     σ     L   ,   i         =       σ     R   ,   i       =       σ   i     =         σ     u   ,     i   -   m         ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =     m   +   1             ,               …   ⁢           ,       n   ⁢           ⁢   and   ⁢           ⁢     σ     L   ,   j         =       σ     R   ,   j       =       σ   j     =     SISMA   j                         (   0.65   )                         -     b     L   ,   i         =       b     R   ,   i       =         b   i     &gt;     0   ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i       =   1         ,   …   ⁢           ,       n   ⁢             ⁢             ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢   i     ≠   j                   and   ⁢           -     b     L   ,   j         =       b     R   ,   j       =       b     j   ⁢               +     TH   j                       (     0.65   ′     )                       K     L   ,   i       =       K     R   ,   i       =       K   i     =     2   ·       (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       b   i         σ   i     ⁢     2         )         )       -   1                             for   ⁢           ⁢   all   ⁢           ⁢   i     =   1     ,   …   ⁢           ,   n   ,       i   .   e   .           ⁢   inclusive     ⁢           ⁢   j                   (   0.66   )                   p     w   ,   int       ⁡     (   AL   )       ≤         2   n         ∏     i   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       b   i         σ   i     ⁢     2         )         )         ·     (     1   -     erf   ⁡     (       AL   -            M     w   ,   j            ⁢     TH   j       -       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢            M     w   ,   i            ⁢     b   i               2   ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢       (       M     w   ,   i       ⁢     σ     i   ⁢                 )     2             )         )               (   0.67   )             
 
         [0053]     As shown before several times (e.g. see inequalities (0.44) and (0.45)) this formular can be written using the original symbols. This will be omitted here.  
         [0054]     More worthy of mention is the fact that different choices of b i  lead to different values for P w,int  (AL). The optimal choice, that gives smallest P w,int  (AL), depends on the actual satellite/user geometry. Therefore the user has to determine the optimal choice of b i  by himself.  
         [0000]     Process for Mapping of ICAO Overbounding to Poem  
         [0055]     As a third embodiment the process for mapping of ICAO overbounding to POEM is described.  
         [0056]     As already stated ICAO overbounding implies Galileo overbounding. Therefore the method of mapping Galileo overbounding to POEM described before is also applicable for ICAO overbounding.  
         [0057]     The question arising is whether it is possible to get a factor smaller than 2 as necessary when mapping Galileo overbounding to POEM by definition of q L/R ≡2q for mapping without bias and q′ L (x)≡θ(−x)2q(x) and q′ R (x)≡θ(x)2q(x) for mapping with bias.  
         [0058]     A positive function q L  is part of POEM if inequality  
           ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x             
 
 is fulfilled for all y. For negative y we have the same inequality for q itself. But for positive values of y we know nothing but  
           ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≤   1.       
 
 Therefore the only condition we can use is  
           ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≥   1       
 
 for all positive values of y. For reasons of continuity the same is valid for y=0. Using the Gaussian type of q L  we calculate  
           ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         K   L     2     ·       (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     y       σ   L     ⁢     2         )         )     .           
 
 Inserting y=0 leads to  
           1   ≤       ∫     -   ∞     0     ⁢         q   L     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           =           K   L     2     ·     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     0       σ   L     ⁢     2         )         )       =         K   L     2     ⇒       K   L     ≥   2           ,       
 
 which answers the above question: we can not get a smaller factor than 2 in the definition of q L . 
 
         [0059]     A positive function q R  is part of POEM if inequality  
         1   -     K   R     +       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x             
 
 is fulfilled for all y. For positive y we have the same inequality for q itself (because K R =1 for q R ≡q). But for negative values of y we know nothing but  
       0   ≤       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢       p   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢       ⅆ   x     .             
 
 Therefore the only condition that can be used is  
         1   -     K   R     +       ∫     -   ∞     y     ⁢         q   R     ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ≤   0       
 
 for all negative values of y. For reasons of continuity the same is valid for y=0. Using now the Gaussian type of q R , calculating the integral and inserting y=0 leads to  
               1   -               ⁢     K             ⁢   R                   ⁢   2         =       ⁢     1   -     K             ⁢   R       +                 ⁢     K             ⁢   R                   ⁢   2       ·     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     0             ⁢       σ   R     ⁢           ⁢     2           )         )                     =       ⁢         1   -     K             ⁢   R       +       ∫     -   ∞               ⁢   0       ⁢     q             ⁢   R       ⁢     (   x   )     ⁢     ⅆ   x         ≤   0     ⇒       K             ⁢   R       ≥   2                 
 
 which answers the above question: we can not get a smaller factor than 2 in the definition of q R . 
 
         [0060]     The invention further discloses an apparatus that is configured to execute the methods described above. Such an apparatus could be part of one of the GNSS, e.g. a satellite of the GNSS or some ground systems or the receiver of a user.  
         [0061]     Although the invention has been described for GNSS and the overbounding concepts Galileo Overbounding, ICAO Overbounding and Paired Overbounding with Excess Mass. However, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is neither limited to GNSS nor to Galileo Overbounding, ICAO Overbounding and Paired Overbounding with Excess Mass, respectively.  
         [0062]     For further clarifications the following is disclosed:  
         [0063]     Prerequisites:  
                   q   ∼     L     :=     2   ⁢     χ     (       -   ∞     ,   0     ]       ⁢   q       ,     q   :=       1       2   ⁢   πσ         ⁢     exp   ⁡     (       -     1   2       ⁢       (     ·   σ     )     2       )                                     q   L     :=         K         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢     exp   ⁡     (       -     1   2       ⁢       (       ·     -   μ       σ     )     2       )       ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢   μ     &lt;   0                           
 
         [0064]     Which conditions have to be stipulated on K and μ, that it holds:  
         [0065]     Let z≧0: It holds  
                 F       q   ∼     L       ≤     F     q   L         ⁢     
     ⁢         F       q   ∼     L       ⁡     (   z   )       =       1   ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       F     q   L       ⁡     (   0   )       ⁢     ≤     monotonic   ⁢           ⁢   increasing       ⁢       F     q   L       ⁡     (   z   )         =         K   2     ⁢     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       z   -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )         )       ⁢     
     ⇒     1   ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       K   2     ⁢       (     1   +     erf   (       -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )       )     .                       (   1   )             
 
 Then it holds F {tilde over (q)}     L   (z)≦F q     L   (z) for z≧0. 
 
         [0066]     Set  
         K   :=     2     (     1   +     erf   (       -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )             ,       
 
 i.e. the smallest K will be used. 
 
         [0067]     Let z&lt;0: It is  
             F       q   ∼     L       ⁡     (   z   )       =         ∫     -   ∞     z     ⁢     2   ⁢       x     (       -   ∞     ,   0     ]       ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =       2   ⁢       ∫     -   ∞     z     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   x           =       2   ⁢       F   q     ⁡     (   z   )         =       2   ·     1   2     ·     (     1   +     erf   (     z       2     ⁢   σ       )       )       =     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     z       2     ⁢   σ       )                   ,       
 
 i.e. (1) is equivalent to  
         1   +     erf   ⁡     (     z       2     ⁢   σ       )         ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       K   2     ⁢       (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       z   -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )         )     .           
 
         [0068]     With the K from above this will be:  
         1   +     erf   ⁡     (     z       2     ⁢   σ       )         ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢         1   +     erf   ⁡     (       z   -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )           1   +       erf   ⁡     (       -   μ         2     ⁢   σ       )         ︸       ≥   0     ,           ⁢       for   ⁢           ⁢   μ     &lt;   0               .         
 
         [0069]     Abbreviate: {tilde over (z)}:=z/(√{square root over (2)}σ), {tilde over (μ)}:=μ/(√{square root over (2)}σ) and multiply with (the positive) denominator of the right side, then (1) is equivalent to  
                       (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     z   ∼     )         )     ⁢     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (     -     μ   ∼       )         )       ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢     1   +       erf   ⁡     (       z   ∼     -     μ   ∼       )       ⁢           ⁢          -   1                       ⇔         erf   ⁡     (     z   ∼     )       +     erf   ⁡     (       -     μ   ∼         ︷     =          μ   ∼                )       +       erf   ⁡     (     z   ∼     )       ·     erf   ⁡     (     -     μ   ∼       )           ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       erf   ⁡     (       z   ∼     -     μ   ∼       )       ⁢           ⁢          ·         π     2     .                           ⇔       f   ⁡     (   t   )       :=     exp   ⁡     (     -     t   2       )           ⁢           ∫   0     z   ∼       ⁢   f     +           ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ∼            ⁢   f     +       erf   (     z   ∼     )     ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ∼            ⁢   f         ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       ∫   0       z   ∼     -     μ   ∼         ⁢   f                     (   2   )             
 
         [0070]     Distinction of cases: 1. {tilde over (μ)}≦{tilde over (z)}&lt;0 and 2. {tilde over (z)}&lt;{tilde over (μ)}. So let {tilde over (μ)}≦{tilde over (z)}&lt;0. Consider because of  
                 erf   ⁡     (     z   ∼     )         ︸     &lt;   0         ⁢         ∫   0          μ   ∼            ⁢   f       ︸     &gt;   0           &lt;   0     :         ∫   0     z   ∼       ⁢   f     +           ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ∼            ⁢   f         ⁢     =         z   ∼     &lt;   0     ,     f   ⁢           ⁢   symmetric   ⁢           ⁢   at   ⁢           ⁢   0         ⁢           ∫          z   ∼          0     ⁢   f     +       ∫   0          μ   ∼            ⁢   f       =       ∫          z   ∼                 μ   ∼            ⁢     f   .             
 
 Notice |{tilde over (μ)}|≧|{tilde over (z)}|. 
 
         [0071]     Furthermore, because of {tilde over (μ)}≦{tilde over (z)}:{tilde over (z)}−{tilde over (μ)}=|{tilde over (z)}−{tilde over (μ)}|, therefore  
           ∫   0       z   ∼     -     μ   ∼         ⁢   f     =       ∫   0            z   ∼     -     μ   ∼              ⁢     f   .           
 
         [0072]     Now it holds |{tilde over (μ)}−|{tilde over (z)}|=∥{tilde over (μ)}|−|{tilde over (z)}∥≦|{tilde over (z)}−{tilde over (μ)}|, and f is monotone decreasing for positive arguments, therefore it holds  
           ∫          z   ∼                 μ   ∼            ⁢   f     ≤       ∫   0            z   ∼     -     μ   ∼              ⁢     f   :           
         
 
         [0073]     Altogether it has been shown:  
                     ∫   0     z   ~       ⁢   f     +       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f     +     erf   ⁢           ⁢       (     z   ~     )     ·                       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f     &lt;         ∫   0     z   ~       ⁢   f     +       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f               =       ⁢           ∫          z   ~                 μ   ~            ⁢   f     ≤       ∫   0            z   ~     -     μ   ~              ⁢   f       =       ∫   0       z   ~     -     μ   ~         ⁢   f         ,       
 
         [0074]     Now let {tilde over (z)}&lt;{tilde over (μ)}, i.e. {tilde over (z)}−{tilde over (μ)}&lt;0.  
         [0075]     As above (*), it follows  
             ∫   0     z   ~       ⁢   f     +       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f       =         ∫          z   ~                 μ   ~            ⁢   f     =     -       ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢     f   .               
 
         [0076]     Analogue it holds because of the symmetry of f for the right side of (2):  
           ∫   0       z   ~     -     μ   ~         ⁢   f     =       -       ∫       z   ~     -     μ   ~       0     ⁢   f       =       -       ∫   0     -     (       z   ~     -     μ   ~       )         ⁢   f       =     -       ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢     f   .                 
 
         [0077]     Therefore, (2) is equivalent to:  
                   -       ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢   f       +       erf   ⁡     (     z   ~     )       ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f         ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢     -       ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢     f   .           ⁢     
     ⁢     ⇔       erf   ⁢           ⁢     (     z   ~     )       =       -   erf     ⁢           ⁢     (          z   ~          )           ⁢         ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f     ≤         ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢   f     +     erf   ⁢           ⁢     (          z   ~          )     ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢     f   .                     (   3   )             
 
         [0078]     Now showing (3):  
                         ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢   f     +     erf   ⁢           ⁢       (          z   ~          )     ·       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f           =       ⁢         ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢   f     +       (     1   -     erfc   ⁢           ⁢     (          z   ~          )         )     ·       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f                     =       ⁢           ∫   0          z   ~            ⁢   f     -     erfc   ⁢           ⁢       (          z   ~          )     ·       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f           =   …                   =           μ   ~     -     z   ~       &lt;          z   ~            ,       for   ⁢           ⁢     μ   ~       &lt;   0         ⁢       ⁢           ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f     +       ∫       μ   ~     -     z   ~              z   ~            ⁢   f     -         erfc   ⁡     (          z   ~          )         ︷     &gt;   0         ⁢       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f         ≥   …                   ≥     0   ≤   f   ≤   1       ⁢       ⁢         ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f     +       min     x   ∈     [         μ   ~     -     z   ~       ,          z   ~            ]         ⁢       f   ⁡     (   x   )       ·       (            z   ~          -     (       μ   ~     -     z   ~       )       )       ︷     =         -     z   ~       -     μ   ~     +     z   ~       =          μ   ~                      -       erfc   ⁡     (          z   ~          )       ·                       ⁢           max     x   ∈     [     0   ,          μ   ~            ]         ⁢     f   ⁢     (   x   )           ︷     =   1         ·     (            μ   ~          -   0     )                     =             f   ⁢           ⁢   is   ⁢           ⁢   monotone   ⁢           ⁢   decreasing     ⁢                       for   ⁢           ⁢   positive   ⁢           ⁢   arguments             ⁢       ⁢         ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f     +       f   ⁡     (          z   ~          )       ·          μ   ~            -     erfc   ⁢           ⁢       (          z   ~          )     ·          μ   ~                              (   4   )             
 
         [0079]     Now it holds  
         erfc   ⁢           ⁢     (   x   )       ≤       f   ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   x     &gt;   0.       
               erfc   ⁢           ⁢     (   x   )       =       ⁢         2     π       ⁢       ∫   x   ∞     ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -     t   2       )       ⁢     ⅆ   t           ⁢     =             ``     ⁢   du     =     dt   ″         u   :=     t   -   x         ⁢       2     π       ⁢       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -       (     u   +   x     )     2       )       ⁢     ⅆ   u                         =       ⁢       2     π       ⁢       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢         exp   ⁡     (     -     u   2       )       ·     exp   ⁡     (         -   2     ⁢           ⁢   ux     -     x   2       )         ⁢     ⅆ   u                       =       ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -     x   2       )       ⁢     2     π       ⁢       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢         exp   ⁡     (     -     u   2       )         ︸     &gt;   0         ⁢       exp   ⁡     (       -   2     ⁢           ⁢   ux     )         ︸       0   &lt;   …   ⁢           ≤   1     ,       for   ⁢           ⁢   x     &gt;   0     ,     u   ≥   0           ⁢     ⅆ   u                       ≤       ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -     x   2       )       ⁢     2     π       ⁢       ∫   0   ∞     ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -     u   2       )       ⁢     ⅆ   u                       =       ⁢       exp   ⁡     (     -     x   2       )       ≡     f   ⁡     (   x   )                   
 
         [0080]     Therefore, it holds because of (4)  
                 ∫          μ   ~                 z   ~            ⁢   f     +       erf   ⁡     (          z   ~          )       ·       ∫   0          μ   ~            ⁢   f         ≥         ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f     +       f   ⁡     (          z   ~          )       ·          μ   ~            -       f   ⁡     (          z   ~          )       ·          μ   ~                =       ∫   0       μ   ~     -     z   ~         ⁢   f       ,     
     ⁢       that   ⁢           ⁢   is   ⁢           ⁢     (   3   )     ⁢           ⁢   for   ⁢           ⁢   z     &lt;     μ   .           
 
         [0081]     Because (3)         (2)         (1), everything has been shown.  
         [0082]     Add on for faulty case: Satellite j faulty! Shift TH j .  
         [0083]     Overbounding condition without shift by TH j  fulfilled, i.e.  
       q   :=       1         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢     exp   ⁡     (       -     1   2       ⁢       (     .   σ     )     2       )             
         
 
             q   ~       L   ,   S       :=     2   ⁢     χ     (       -   ∞     ,     -   TH       ]       ⁢     q   ⁡     (     ·     +   TH       )           ,     
     ⁢         q   ~       R   ,   S       :=     2   ⁢     χ     (     0   ,   ∞     )       ⁢     q   ⁡     (     ·     -   TH       )           ,     
     ⁢       q     L   ,   S       :=         K         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢     exp   ⁡     (       -     1   2       ⁢       (         ·     +   TH       -     μ   L       σ     )     2       )       ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢     μ   L       &lt;   0           
         q     R   ,   S       :=         K         2   ⁢   π       ⁢   σ       ⁢     exp   ⁡     (       -     1   2       ⁢       (         ·     -   TH       -     μ   R       σ     )     2       )       ⁢           ⁢   with   ⁢           ⁢     μ   R       &gt;   0         
           F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ≤       F     q     L   ,   S         ⁢     :     ⁢       F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )           =           F       q   ~     L       ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )       ≤       F     q   L       ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )         =       F     q     L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )             
 
 (z) with K L  as above!
 
         [0084]     (Let z≧−TH: It holds  
         (       Let   ⁢           ⁢   z     ≥       -   TH     ⁢     :     ⁢           ⁢   It   ⁢           ⁢   holds   ⁢     
     ⁢               F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )       =     1   ⁢     ≤   !     ⁢       F     q     L   ,   S         ⁡     (     -   TH     )       ≤       F     q     L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )                     =       F     q   L       ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )                   =       K   2     ⁢     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       z   -     (       μ   L     -   TH     )           2     ⁢   σ       )         )               ⁢     
     ⁢   ok       )     ⇒     1   ≤       K   2     ⁢     (     1   +     erf   ⁡     (       -     μ   L           2   ⁢   σ         )         )             
 
         [0085]     Claim:  
           F       q   ~       R   ,   S       *     ≤     F     p   ⁡     (     -   TH     )           ,         F     p   ⁡     (     +   TH     )         ≤       F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ⁢     :     ⁢           ⁢       F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )           =       2   ⁢       ∫     -   ∞     z     ⁢         χ     (       -   ∞     ,     -   TH       ]       ⁡     (   x   )       ⁢     q   ⁡     (     x   +   TH     )       ⁢     ⅆ   x           ⁢     =     y   :=     x   +   TH         ⁢       2   ⁢       ∫     -   ∞       z   +   TH       ⁢             χ     (       -   ∞     ,     -   TH       ]       ⁡     (     y   -   TH     )       ︸       =       χ     (       -   ∞     ,   0     ]       ⁡     (   y   )           ⁢     q   ⁡     (   y   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y     ⁢           ⁢   …         =         ∫     -   ∞       z   +   TH       ⁢     2   ⁢           ⁢     χ     (       -   ∞     ,   0     ]       ⁢   2   ⁢           ⁢       χ     (       -   ∞     ,   0     ]       ⁡     (   y   )       ⁢     q   ⁡     (   y   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         =       F       q   ~     L       ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )                   
 
         [0086]     Therefore, it holds  
             F     p   ⁡     (     +   TH     )         ⁡     (   z   )       =         ∫     -   ∞     z     ⁢       p   ⁡     (     x   +   TH     )       ⁢     ⅆ   x         =         ∫     -   ∞       z   +   TH       ⁢       p   ⁡     (   y   )       ⁢     ⅆ   y         =           F   p     ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )       ≤       F       q   ~     L       ⁡     (     z   +   TH     )       ≤         F       q   ~       L   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )       ⁢       F       q   ~       R   ,   S       *     ⁡     (   z   )           =       1   -         K   R     ︸       =   1       +       F       q   ~       R   ,   S         ⁡     (   z   )         ⁢     =     as   ⁢           ⁢   above       ⁢           F       q   ~     R       ⁡     (     z   -   TH     )       ≤       F   p     ⁡     (     z   -   TH     )         =         F     p   ⁡     (     -   TH     )         ⁡     (   z   )       ⁢           ⁢   ok                 ⁢               
 
         [0087]     The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.