Abstract:
A device for transmitting and projecting greater photonic energy. The device includes at least one photonic source for generating and emitting photonic energy in a wavelength or in a range of wavelengths of visible light. The device also includes a lens formed of a fluoropolymer material wherein the at least one photonic source is sealed within an interior and underneath an outer surface of the fluoropolymer material so as to be surrounded by the fluoropolymer material. The at least one photonic source is coupled with the lens such that the photonic energy emitting from the at least one photonic source transmits through and projects beyond the fluoropolymer material. The lens propagates photons in an omnidirectional pattern simultaneously throughout the entirety of the lens. The joining of the at least one photonic source and the fluoropolymer material comprises all components for generating and emitting photonic energy when the photonic source is activated, such that it is an operable source. The cumulative photonic energy generated and emitted by the at least one photonic source is greater than the photonic energy emitted by the photonic source in the absence of the fluoropolymer material.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of and claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/627,892 filed on Feb. 20, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,572,902, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/078,288, filed on Nov. 12, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,988, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/796,521, filed on Nov. 13, 2012, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The application relates to a device and method for emitting ultraviolet (UV) light or radiation, and more particularly, to a device and method for emitting UV light or radiation over a broadcast area to sterilize and sanitize surfaces and surrounding areas. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    With an ongoing need for the sanitation and disinfection of surfaces, UV light has been found to be an effective alternative to chemicals and germicides. Unlike many chemicals or germicides, which have been found to lose their efficacy ultimately leading to “superbugs” that are no longer responsive to said chemicals or germicides, UV light is highly effective at killing microbes, destroying their ability to reproduce, and thereby sanitizing against microbial as well as non-microbial sources (e.g., eggs, chemicals). Unfortunately, current UV devices are limited in either their efficacy, length of transmission, and/or emission spectrum. Current devices have a limited length of transmission and further require, in operation, frequent re-location as well as one or more optical filters, protective casings and/or guides for focusing and transporting the UV energy. Such devices may be acceptable for short distance transmission, such as a few millimeters, several inches or even a few feet, but cannot broadcast the full UV wavelength spectrum over a large distance with little or no gaps in exposure, especially for distances that exceeds a few feet. 
         [0004]    There remains a need for effective sanitation and disinfection over a large area that provides broad spectrum protection against both microbial and non-microbial sources. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Functional or ornamental devices are disclosed that transmit UV light over a broad area and for a long distance to inactivate microbes and other pathogens as well as non-microbial sources, thereby disinfecting and sanitizing the area surrounding said devices. Each device is activated by a variable or dynamic logic process that controls activation of the device, such that activation is automatic and only in the absence of one or more objects detectable by the device or alternately when a targeted object is present. 
         [0006]    In one or more embodiments is disclosed a device for projecting ultraviolet radiation. The device includes at least one ultraviolet light emitting source emitting ultraviolet light in a wavelength range from about 10 to 400 nanometers; and a lens formed of an ultraviolet light transmissive material, wherein the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source is embedded within the lens, and wherein the lens is formed into a functional shape and does not filter the ultraviolet light emitted from the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source. The ultraviolet light transmissive material permanently embeds the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source. The ultraviolet light transmissive material may have an ornamental shape. The ultraviolet light transmissive material does not filter or refract significantly the ultraviolet light emitted from the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source. The ultraviolet light transmissive material may transmit ultraviolet light over a distance of up to 18 feet. The lens is formed in the shape of a functional element, including but not limited to a toilet seat, door hardware, handle, floor molding, and crown molding. The device may further comprise a shield. The device may further comprise or associate with a heat exchanger to dissipate heat. The device may be controlled by a variable logic process. The device may be further configured comprising a sensor to detect the presence of an object and a controller to deactivate the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source in response to the activation of the sensor. The sensor may comprise any one or more of a motion detector, infrared detector, microwave doppler detector, sound detector, vibration detector, a proximity detector, thermal detector, chemical detector, pressure detector, laser detector, magnetic detector and load cell. 
         [0007]    Also described is a device for projecting ultraviolet radiation, such that the device is a lens and emits ultraviolet light in a range from about 10 to 400 nanometers, wherein the device is of a material that is transmissive to ultraviolet light and transmits ultraviolet light at a target. In one or more embodiments, the device is capable of focusing the ultraviolet light only on the target. The device may be activated by a variable logic process that allows activation of the device when detecting the intended object within a range selected for detection. The device is in operable communication with a detector. A further embodiment comprises a control module and a power source. 
         [0008]    In addition, a method for providing germicidal protection by projecting ultraviolet radiation through an ultraviolet light transmissive material that forms a lens that does not filter the ultraviolet radiation, the ultraviolet radiation generated by at least one ultraviolet light emitting source embedded within the lens, the lens formed into a functional shape, the method comprising is disclosed. The method comprises providing a detector for detecting an object; in response to an absence of activity of the detector, activating a cycle of ultraviolet radiation generated by the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source; and in response to activity of the detector, inactivating the cycle of ultraviolet radiation generated by the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source. After inactivating the cycle of ultraviolet radiation and in response to an absence of activity of the detector, the method may also activate a second cycle of ultraviolet radiation. In response to activity of the detector, the method may store an identifier that is stored in a memory indicating a time of the response to activity of the detector; and iteratively apply the response to activity of the detector to a future cycle of ultraviolet radiation generated by the at least one ultraviolet light emitting source. The identifier may be applied to a next cycle to automatically affect the next cycle at a given time of day in subsequent days. The method may also validate integrity of the device to assure proper functional capability and if fault is found therein, the device will not activate 
         [0009]    Still further, described is a method for projecting ultraviolet radiation from a device through an ultraviolet light transmissive material forming a lens of the device such that the lens does not filter the ultraviolet radiation, the ultraviolet radiation generated by at least one ultraviolet light emitting source that is disposed within the ultraviolet light transmissive material to project ultraviolet light beyond the device to a selected object, the method comprising providing the device with a control module operating a logic-based algorithm from a processor, operably linking the control module to a detector, running the control module for a period of time to determine activity of the detector, allowing the logic-based algorithm to obtain data associated with activity of the detector, and transmitting ultraviolet light based on the activity of the detector. The device is operable by a power source. The device detector may be sensitive to the object. The ultraviolet radiation is projected toward the object. 
         [0010]    In additional embodiments is described a method of providing germicidal protection by projecting ultraviolet radiation through a device comprising an ultraviolet light transmissive material that forms a lens that does not filter or refract significantly the ultraviolet radiation, the ultraviolet radiation generated by at least one ultraviolet light emitting source embedded within the lens, the lens formed into a functional shape, the method comprising: providing the device with a control module operating a logic-based algorithm from a processor; operably linking the control module to a detector; running the control module for a period of time to determine activity of the detector; allowing the logic-based algorithm to obtain data associated with activity of the detector and absence of activity of the detector; and transmitting ultraviolet light based on the data associated with the absence of activity of the detector. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    Various embodiments will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawings in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  depicts a top view of representative device described herein; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  depicts a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 1  at line  2 - 2 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  depicts a side view of the device of  FIG. 1  which further comprises a cover or shield; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  depicts a partial top view of the device of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  depicts a front view of another representative device described herein; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 6A-6F  illustrate representative UV light emitting sources or packages suitable for operation with a device described herein; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  depicts a logic process as described herein; 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  depicts a representative block diagram of a device described herein; 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  representative flow chart of another representative logic process described herein; 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  depicts a representative flow chart of still another representative logic process described herein; 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  depicts a drain with mold and fungus before activation of a device described herein; 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  depicts the drain of  FIG. 11  without mold and fungus after activation with a device described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    Although making and using various embodiments are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that as described herein are provided many inventive concepts that may be embodied in a wide variety of contexts. Embodiments discussed herein are merely representative and do not limit the scope of the invention. 
         [0025]    In the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 1-4 , a representative device  2  is illustrated in the form of a toilet seat  25 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 , device  2  includes a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) light emitting sources or packages  1  disposed or otherwise embedded within the toilet seat  25  to project UV radiation or light therethrough and outwardly therefrom in order to sanitize, disinfect and/or decontaminate the surface of the device  2  and its surrounding areas. As illustrated and as otherwise described herein, the device  2  is formed of a UV light transmissive material, which not only supports the UV light emitting sources  1 , but also focuses photons emitted by the UV light emitting sources  1 . While the device  2  is formed in the shape of a toilet seat  25 , it should be understood that the UV light transmissive material may be formed into any number of desired functional or ornamental shapes, such as, for example, door hardware (handles, push plates, push bars, knobs, etc.), faucets, sinks, picture frames, crown molding, telephones, light fixtures, shower enclosures, bathtubs, dishwasher liners, washer and dryer tubs, handrails, handles, cases and enclosures, furnishings, toys, electronic devices, or any other type of device or object. The methods of forming the functional or ornamental shape of the device  2 , and in particular, the shape of the UV light transmissive material, are well known in the art, and may include injection molding, heat processing, vacuum or cold forming, laser or water processing, extrusion, 3-D printing, and the like. The exact material selection considers factors such as the necessary strength, durability and flexibility, as well as heat properties required of the device when placed in the desired location for use. 
         [0026]    By embedding the UV light emitting source  1  in the UV light transmissive material, there is little to no degradation of the light. Thus, there is no blockage or unintentional redirection of the UV light and very little change in incident angle, thereby allowing the device to project light at significantly longer distances. The UV light transmissive material is preferably one that minimizes refraction and photonic deflection, enabling the projection of photons over a large area and for very long distances. As a result, the device  2  is an improved UV light emitter with a longer broadcast range for the UV light as compared with typical UV light emitters. The UV light transmissive material used herein, when ornamentally shaped, provides an ornamental purpose to the device  2  while also offering sanitizing, and disinfecting action as well as biocidal activity against pathogens and microbes over a large broadcast area. Similarly, the UV light transmissive material, when functionally shaped, provides a functional purpose to the device  2  while also offering sanitizing, and disinfecting action as well as biocidal activity against pathogens and microbes over a large broadcast area. With selection of the UV light transmissive material, in many embodiments, there will be little or negligible degradation of the UV light transmissive material with use. 
         [0027]    In the embodiments disclosed herein, any UV light transmissive material may be used that is permeable to UV light rays. Examples include, but are not limited to, clear plastics, such as those that are chemically simple, containing generally carbon, fluorine, and/or hydrogen atoms (e.g., fluoropolymers). In addition, other clear plastics from the group of acrylates and polyacrylates (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate), cyclic olefin copolymers, polyimide quartz, polyetherimides, amorphous polyolefins, polycarbonates, polysytrenes, polyethylenes, are suitable, or when modified to provide an acceptable permittivity to UV light. The materials may be further selected for resistance to heat and will generally exclude additives that block UV transmission. Furthermore, the materials may be readily selected for strength and durability or other mechanical features when used for functional purposes. Other exemplary UV light transmissive material include, but are not limited to, silicates (fused silica, crystallized quartz), sapphire, and magnesium fluoride. Because transparency of many plastic materials may be dependent on their thickness, in some embodiments, a thinner material may be preferred to improve transmission of the UV light. In addition, when a thicker material is desired, the one or plurality of UV light emitting sources  1  disposed or embedded in the UV light transmissive material may be so disposed or embedded as to have little or only a thin layer of the light transmissive material near the top surface of the UV light emitting sources  1 . 
         [0028]    Permanently disposing or embedding in the UV light transmissive material also protects the UV light emitting source  1  from environmental factors, damage, and tampering. Permanently embedding at least one UV light emitting source  1  in the UV light transmissive embedding material allows the device  2  to retain and transmit close to or nearly 100% of its energy and hence improves light output. The UV light transmissive material, in a sense, has been transformed into a single operative lens for the UV light emitting source  1 , and will, therefore, distribute the UV light not only for a much longer distance because of the minimal difference in refractive index (when transmitting through only a UV light transmissive material), the single lens can distribute photonic energy throughout the entire lens, thereby the UV light propagation, in the absence of any purposefully positioned shield or reflector or absorber, will be 360 degrees, hence omnidirectional, from a single UV light emitting source  1 . This represents a significant improvement over existing devices. 
         [0029]    In one or more embodiments, such as that depicted in  FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 , the broadcast area by device  2  is uniform over the entire shaped peripheral surface of toilet seat  25  and the light emits and project omnidirectionally from the surface of the device. This pattern is extremely beneficial and provides a significant improvement over existing devices that degrade the UV light before it leaves the surface of such devices and that often provide only a narrow, limited spectrum of UV light. The efficacy of the UV light transmitted from a device described herein is a great improvement when compared with other existing devices because there is a greater cumulative amount of UV light that is transmitted to any object within a large and operative radius around the device, which is required to effectively kill pathogens and microbes on said object(s). The greater cumulative amount of UV light also means that the duration of UV light exposure may be reduced as compared with the duration required with a comparative device having a lower UV light output. In addition, the omnidirectional capability of the device  2  means that movement or relocation of the device is not required in order to adequately sanitize, disinfect, or decontaminate said object(s) and their surrounding area. 
         [0030]    As illustrated specifically in  FIGS. 1-4 , the UV light emitting sources  1  are positioned near a side surface of the device  2  (i.e., embedded in seat  25 ). In operation and as discussed above, the seat  25  acts as a single lens for the plurality of UV light emitting sources  1 . According to some embodiments, the toilet seat  25  further includes a cover or shield  30 , which may be threadably mounted to a toilet (not illustrated) with fasteners  11  and locking nut  10  (or any other suitable means for fastening) to enable quick attachment (see, e.g.,  FIG. 3 ). In the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 , the toilet seat  25  includes eight light emitting sources  1  that are circumferentially spaced around the toilet seat  25 ; however, it should be understood that a greater or fewer number of UV light emitting sources  1  may be incorporated into the toilet seat  25 . For example, in some embodiments, only a single UV light emitting source  1  may be utilized. In other embodiments, a greater number of UV light emitting sources  1  may be utilized and positioned at any location within the toilet seat  25 . In further embodiments, one or a plurality of UV light emitting sources  1  may be positioned on the cover or shield  30 . Placement of UV light emitting sources  1  may often depend on where the device  2  will be positioned in its environment. For example, if a device  2  is mounted to a wall, then UV light emitting sources  1  may only be necessary on front facing surfaces of the device  2 . Referring specifically to  FIG. 3 , the cover  30 , when included, is configured to attach via a hinge  7  for raising and lowering cover  30 . When UV light emitting sources  1  are activated, cover  30  will be exposed to UV light and as a result, will be sanitized and disinfected. When the cover  30  comprises a UV light absorbing (or blocking or reflecting) material, it will absorb (or block or reflect) UV light transmission, preventing further transmission through the cover  30 . In other embodiments, the cover  30  may be in whole or in part made of a UV light transmissive material. Thus, cover  30  may be designed, as desired, to absorb, block or otherwise influence the direction and extent of UV light transmission from the device  2 . The device  2  may, in some embodiments be powered by power source  5  or may be mobile, operating from a battery or other portable power source. 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  illustrates another representative device  2  comprising a plurality of UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b . Like device  2  of  FIGS. 1-4 , device  2  of  FIG. 5  acts as a single lens for the plurality of UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b . UV light emitting sources  1   b  are fully embedded in the UV light transmissive material. UV light emitting sources  1   a  are embedded in part, as will be described in more detail below. Both UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b  are embedded in a front plate  125 , which is made of a UV light transmissive material. The front plate  125  is supported by back plate or shield  130 . In one embodiment of  FIG. 5 , back plate  130  is not a UV light transmissive material. For example, the back plate  130  may be made of a reflective material, thereby enhancing propagation of photons in a front-ward and side-ward direction only, such that photons propagating towards back plate  130  are reflected back towards front plate  125  and outwardly away from the front and side faces of the front plate  125 . In this example, the device  2  is suitable for use as a hardware component on a door, wall, or furniture. The device  2  is optimally positioned when there is little or no requirement for sanitizing, disinfecting, or otherwise decontaminating objects that are located behind back plate  130 . The device  2  of  FIG. 5 , may also, in some embodiments be powered by a power source (not shown) or may be mobile, operating from a battery or other portable power source. 
         [0032]    While not shown, a device described herein may further have other uses. For example, a device described herein may be a medical device or be coupled to a medical device. Similar to the device  2  depicted in  FIGS. 1-5 , any such medical or other device will have a UV light emitting source permanently embedded in whole or in part in a UV light transmissive material, in such a manner that the UV light transmissive material acts as a single lens to direct the UV light. In some embodiments, such as when the device is for medical purposes, the device may be designed to focus the UV light towards a specific object and/or location. Because some devices may necessitate a higher output of UV light, suitable portions of such devices may also include a shield and may optionally include a heat exchanger, such as a passive heat sink known in the art. In some embodiments, the shield will redirect at least some of the UV light to focus the UV light when emitted from the device. In some embodiments, the shield will block at least some of the UV light to prevent damage when in certain regions near the device. In some embodiments, the shield will potentiate at least some of the UV light to improve output of the UV light when emitted from the device. Any of said shields may be used alone or in combination and may be made integral with the device or be near the device. 
         [0033]    Referring again to  FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 , the UV light emitting sources  1  are powered by power source  5 , such as, for example, an AC, DC, solar, induction, wind and/or battery power source or fuel cell. UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b  of  FIG. 5  are similarly powered. Power source  5  may, in some embodiments, be a variable power source, which may be used, for example, to vary the light output of device  2 . The UV light emitting sources  1 ,  1   a  and  1   b , are further operably linked (wired or wirelessly) to a control module  3 . Control module  3  is operably associated (wired or wirelessly) with at least one detector  4 . The control module includes at least one data storage unit or memory that may or may not be portable. The data storage unit stores programmed instructions, data or both. The control module  3  optionally includes a wireless communication interface (e.g., via transceiver chip or the like) that may be integrated or provided as an additional component. A processor, generally associated with control module  3 , controls many operations of the device. Said operations include storage of data, instructions for and communications with the one or more UV light emitting sources  1  (as well as UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b ), as well as instructions for and communications with a user interface. The processor may also retrieve and execute instructions stored in the at least one data storage unit, such as memory (e.g., one or more of random access memory, flash memory, and the like). Thus, the control module  3  receives input from the at least one detector  4  and from the user interface, sends output to the one or more UV light emitting sources  1  (including  1   a  and  1   b ) and may send output via the user interface. User input may be in the form of buttons or from a keypad or an LCD screen and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the control module may provide output to the user, such as in the form of a display or one or more status indicators.  FIG. 8  depicts the various modules that may be associated with a device  2  as described herein, including communications module  802 , control module/processor  804 , detector  806 , power source  808 , user interface  810 , and memory  812 . It is understood that some of said modules, such as the control/processor  804 , detector  806 , power source  808 , user interface  810  and memory  812  may be included on the device  2  itself and/or remote from the device  2 . 
         [0034]    As illustrated in the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 , the controller  3 , the detector  4 , and the power source  5  are located in a hub  6 , which is disposed on or adjacent to device  2 ; however, it should be understood that other locations are acceptable, such as on the seat  25 , the cover  30  or any other location. The locations may be within device  2 , near device  2 , adjacent to the device  2  or may be some distance away, such as when configured with components that allow for remote or wireless operation. According to some embodiments, the controller  3  may include an LCD screen or other suitable means for controlling and/or setting conditions of operation, for displaying output and allowing user input. 
         [0035]    Detector  4  may include one or more of a motion detector, an infrared sensor, a sound detector, a device for detecting vibration, a proximity detector, a thermal detector, a chemical detector, a doppler microwave detector, a pressure detector, a load cell, a laser detector, magnetic or any other device or method of detection of an object or person so as to avoid and prevent, as explained in greater detail below, unwanted exposure to UV light. 
         [0036]    In operation, the device  2  communicates with the at least one detector  4 , which is operably associated with device  2 . In one or more embodiments, when the detector  4  fails to detect an object to which it is responsive to, such as a person or other moving object in its effective area, the UV light emitting sources  1  may be activated (or will continue to remain active). For example, when detector  4  is a motion sensor and senses motion typically associated with a human proximate to the device  2 , the detector  4  communicates with the control module  3  and a signal or other output is generated by the control module  3  to deactivate and otherwise turn off the UV light emitting sources  1  in order to avoid and/or otherwise minimize exposure to the UV light. The detector  4  may be calibrated as to how sensitive it is in detecting the object to which it is responsive to (e.g., object or person). In some embodiments, a plurality of detectors  4  may be required, such as when a device  2  is very large (e.g., long or wide) or when the device  2  is required to operate in a large space. The plurality of detectors  4  may be the same type of detector or different types. Thus, detector  4  acts as an interlocking unit operatively coupled for inactivation of UV light emitting sources  1  when the detector  4  is activated. This provides an improved process for operating the UV light emitting sources  1 , allowing them to function safely, optimally and in an operative manner for their intended purpose, to sanitize, disinfect and decontaminate the effective area on and around device  2 . 
         [0037]    Said detector  4  may also be any of said detection devices or methods of detection of an object or person so as to provide a predetermined and specific emission of UV light. In these embodiments, when detector  4  detects an object to which it is responsive to, such as an object in the range of sensitivity of the detector  4 , the one or more UV light emitting sources  1  may be activated. Said one or more UV light emitting sources  1  may continue to remain active until the object is no longer in the range of sensitivity of detector  4 . Alternatively, said one or more UV light emitting sources  1  may be inactivated after a predetermined period of time. 
         [0038]    In addition to detecting the presence of the object or person, the detector may be communicatively coupled to another object, such as a door, building power, or any other device or system that is capable of enabling the system to detect or determine the presence or likely presence of the object or person near or proximate to the device  2 . For example, in the event device  2  is a toilet seat  25 , detector  4  may be communicatively coupled to the restroom entranceway to detect a door moving from a closed position to an open position in order to inactive device  2  prior to the object or person entering the restroom. Upon activation of detector  4 , a signal is generated to deactivate the UV light emitting sources  1 . Similarly, detector  4  could be selected and used to detect whether or not a restroom light is on or off and a resultant signal generated by the control module  3  to activate the UV light emitting sources  1  only when the light is off, presumably when the bathroom is not occupied. 
         [0039]    As explained in greater detail below, activation and deactivation of light emitting sources  1  (as well as that of UV light emitting sources  1   a  and  1   b ) are controlled by a dynamic (variable) logic process and algorithmic instructions associated with controller  3 , and may be stored in the at least one data storage unit. 
         [0040]    Any of devices  2  of  FIGS. 1-5  or any other functional or ornamental device described herein, will have one or a plurality of UV light emitting sources  1 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 6A-6E , the UV light emitting source  1  may resemble and include some but not all components of a typical light emitting diode (LED), or modifications thereof, thereby resembling, for example, a TO-39 (see  FIG. 6B ,  FIG. 6C ), a surface mounted diode (see  FIG. 6D ), a TO-38 (not shown) or a P8D type (not shown), etc. The UV light emitting sources  1  of  FIGS. 6A to 6D  are generally configured with a semiconductor device or package with at least one semiconductor chip or die  103 . When the UV light emitting source  1  is designed to resemble any of the typical LEDs, the chip or die  103  will comprise a p-n junction. The UV light emitting sources  1  may also, in some embodiments, resemble and include components of a typical laser emitting diode (see  FIG. 6E ). 
         [0041]    Similar to a typical or traditional LED die or laser diode, any of the UV light emitting sources  1  of  FIGS. 6A to 6F  will include a UV light emitting material as part of the UV functional portion. However, unlike typical LED dies that have a UV light emitting material on the die that is either white or monochromatic and in the visible spectrum (generally from 450 nm to 940 nm), the UV light emitting material described herein, such as that on die  103  of UV light emitting source  1  in  FIGS. 6A to 6D  or associated with UV light emitting source  1  of  FIG. 6E to 6F , will emit in the ultraviolet light spectrum, from between about 10 nm to 400 nm (ionizing and non-ionizing UV), including emission in the germicidal range of between about 265 nm to about 280 nm. The UV light emitting material described herein may be a solid material or a gas.  FIG. 6A to 6E  comprise solid UV light emitting materials. In these embodiments, the solid UV light emitting material is a component of the die  103  or laser diode  114 . Examples of UV light emitting materials include nanocrystals, of variable shape and size, or combination of nanocrystals that emit within the ultraviolet light spectrum or only within a portion of the ultraviolet light spectrum. Further examples include tin dioxide nanocrystals covered with a shell of tin monoxide; aluminum nitride with or without pseudomorphic epitaxial structures or layers; gallium nitride with or without pseudomorphic epitaxial structures or layers; cerium doped with lithium strontium aluminum fluoride; boron diamonds; etc. The light emitting material may, therefore, be one or a plurality thereof (or any suitable combination of light emitting materials) that emit over a broad spectrum, or one or a plurality (or any suitable combination of light emitting materials) that emit over a narrow spectrum (e.g., monochromatic).  FIG. 6F  comprises a gaseous UV light emitting material, as is known to one skilled in the art. 
         [0042]    The amount of the light emitting material may be varied in order to vary the intensity or light output. The light output may also be varied by the amount of power to the UV light emitting source  1  of  FIGS. 6A to 6F , supplied by the power source, and hence, to the UV light emitting material. 
         [0043]    In various embodiments, one or more semiconductor chips or dies  103  comprising the UV light emitting material are mounted in a cavity  102 . The cavity and/or its associated configuration may be such that the direction of propagation of UV light ranges from about  20  degrees to as much as  150  degrees. In  FIG. 6A , cavity  102  is located atop the anvil  106  and is wire bonded with wire  101  that resides on the post  105  spaced apart from the anvil  106  with a gap  104  there between. The anode  107  is connected to the post  105  and the cathode  108  is connected to the anvil  106 , and jointly the anode  107  and cathode  108  together are referred to as the leadframe. Power is supplied to the UV light emitting source  1  by a power supply, similar to the power supply  5  of  FIGS. 1, 3, and 4 . This configuration of components is similar to components used for a typical or traditional LED. In  FIG. 6B , the semiconductor chip(s)  103  comprising the UV light emitting material are depicted above cathode  108  with anode  107  to the right; however, additional variable leadframes may also be included with this configuration and may serve as mounting points. In  FIG. 6D , one or more semiconductor chip(s)  103  comprising the UV light emitting material are centrally located, while the anode  107  and the cathode  108  are positioned peripherally. In  FIG. 6E , a UV light emitting source  1 , a laser diode comprising a UV light emitting material is shown comprising a photodiode pin  109 , a photodiode wire  110 , a photodiode  111 , a laser diode pin  112 , a laser diode  114  and a laser diode wire  113 . In  FIG. 6F , a UV light emitting material, in the form of a gas emits from fluorescent bulb  115 , in which an anode  107  and cathode  108  are only partially embedded in the UV light transmissive material. 
         [0044]    Similar to the embodiments of  FIGS. 1-5 , each the UV light emitting materials (either associate with a chip or die, a laser diode, or a bulb, as depicted in  FIGS. 6A to 6F , will be wholly embedded in the UV light transmissive material, in order that the UV light transmissive material forms a lens. While the UV light emitting materials are wholly embedded within the UV light transmissive material, additional components of the UV light source  1  are not always embedded, as was previously described with UV light sources  1   a  of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0045]    In all embodiments described, UV light emitting materials, by way of their UV light emitting further are controlled by a control module in operable communication with a detector. Associated with any of the UV light emitting sources  1  of  FIGS. 6A to 6F  may be one or a plurality integrated circuits or discrete components, when more than one UV light emitting source  1  is controlled at a time. In some embodiments, when the UV light emitting source  1  includes two or more chips or dies  103 , they may be connected together in an inverse parallel configuration. This allows light spectral variability, including colors when one or more chips emit in the visible light spectrum or include one or more phosphor or color coating agent. In some embodiments, when a plurality of dies  103  are included, they may be controlled independently. For example, one UV light emitting source may include at least one die with a UV light emitting material and one die with a material that emits in the visible light spectrum. In operation, the dies  103  may be controlled independently in order that the UV light emitting material is inactive when the material that emits in the visible light spectrum is active, and vice versa. In another example, a device may have at least one UV light emitting source as well as a visible source that emits in the visible light spectrum. Here, the at least one UV light emitting source is controlled independently in order that the UV light emitting material may be inactive when the visible source (that emits in the visible light spectrum) is active, and vice versa. 
         [0046]    None of the UV light emitting sources  1  (including  1   a  and  1   b  of  FIG. 5  or as otherwise described herein) require added photonic crystals or an added reflection device, or an added metal grating structure for coupling or for operation. In some embodiments, the UV light emitting source  1  is also not encapsulated in or beneath a spaced apart lens or shell. Thus, in these embodiments, there is no air between the UV light emitting source  1  and the UV light transmissive material to induce a change in refractive index as the energy is emitted from the UV light emitting source  1 . Furthermore, in these embodiments there is no additional lens, including one of a different refractive index or of a different or non-UV light transmissive material, that prevents passage of photons at certain angles or that change light output or minimize projection of UV light. This is contrasted with the typical or traditional LED that has a cap or lens and, therefore, has air in its immediate proximity, which exhibits a low refractive index, immediately adjacent the LED components. The cap or lens in a typical or traditional LED often uses epoxy as the lens material. However, epoxy is not permissive to most of the UV light spectrum; it is generally only transmissive to wavelengths greater than 350 nm, thereby blocking transmission of lower wavelengths, including the germicidal wavelengths (−265 nm to about 280 nm) known as UV-C. UV light passing through an epoxy lens will also degrade the epoxy irreparably over a relatively short period of time. In addition, most epoxy caps or lenses are cap or cone shaped. An epoxy cap or lens (or one of another material having a higher refractive index or different refractive index than the UV light transmissive material) will diffuse the UV light, forcing it to emit at only certain angles, generally at higher incident angles at only portions of the lens, because of the shape of the cap or lens. 
         [0047]    In additional embodiments, the UV light emitting source  1  may include a native lens. In these embodiments, the native lens is preferably made of a UV light transmissive material as described herein. The native lens is fused or otherwise bonded with the UV light transmissive material of the device, which, therefore, forms the single functional lens of the device. Thus, there is little, minimal or no change in refractive index when emitting UV light through the single functional lens (UV light transmissive material), such that UV light emission still benefits fully by having the single lens. With such a configuration remains no need for photonic crystals or an added reflection device, or an added metal grating structure for operation. 
         [0048]    While light output is a function of and varies with the type of chip, it is also dependent on the transmissibility of the UV light transmissive material. A more focused light output with a larger or narrower spatial radiation pattern may be created by adjusting the current supplied to the LED and altering the shape, shielding or transmissibility of the UV light transmissive material. This means the light output and the light distribution may be controlled and finely tuned by changing the material properties and/or thickness of the UV light transmissive embedding material. For example, the UV light transmissive material containing the at least one UV light emitting source  1  may be sandwiched between a second material that is less transmissive to UV light or one that blocks UV light transmission. Various arrangements of UV light transmissive material and non-UV light transmissive material or less UV light transmissive material may be provided to a device described herein. The surface characteristics of the UV light transmissive material may also be manipulated to vary the surface characteristics, such as the incident angle of light, which assists in light output. For example, in some embodiments, all or part of the surface of the UV light transmissive material may be shaped with facets, or angles, to allow more light to be emitted from the surface and to minimize any internal reflections that may be caused when the surface is flat. The ultraviolet light transmissive material may also have an abraded surface to maximize light transmission. 
         [0049]    In any of the devices described herein, embedding of the UV light emitting source includes embedding the UV functional portion (the UV emitting material) in the UV light transmissive material as well as embedding, either partially or fully, leadframes  107 ,  108  in the UV light transmissive material and optionally embedding, either partially or fully, any shield. As depicted in  FIGS. 1-4 , the UV light emitting sources  1  are fully embedded in the UV light transmissive material of seat  25 . In  FIG. 5 , UV light emitting sources  1   b  are fully embedded in the UV light transmissive material of front plate  125 , the UV light emitting sources  1   a  are only partially embedded. With partial embedding, the entirety of die  103 , cavity  102 , wire  101 , post  105  and anvil  106 , and gap  104  are embedded in the UV light transmissive material of front plate  125 . Leadframes  107 ,  108  are only partially embedded, exposing the anode and cathode respectively. In additional embodiments, embedding as described herein may also include the control module  3  with or without the detector  4 . 
         [0050]    The depth of embedding in the UV light transmissive material may vary. Variables that may impact the depth of embedding include the function, location and type of force that may be applied to the UV light emitting source  1  and the UV light transmissive material when formed as a functional or ornamental device. A UV light emitting source  1  may in some embodiments be positioned at a depth that is in a range of about ⅛ inch to 2 inches or more below the outer surface of the UV light transmissive material. For example, a UV light emitting source  1  in a push plate may be about ⅛ inch below the outer surface of the UV light transmissive material. A UV light emitting source 1 in a toilet seat may be about ½ inch below the outer surface of the UV light transmissive material. A UV light emitting source 1 in a door handle may be about ¾ inch below the outer surface of the UV light transmissive material. 
         [0051]    In any of said embodiments, whether fully or partially embedding the UV light emitting source  1 , there will be minimal, negligible or no spatial separation between the UV light emitting source  1  (UV emitter) and the UV light transmissive material (lens). Hence, there will be no gap or significant difference in transmissibility or refractive index because of an added, non-transmissive material. Instead, the UV light emitting source  1  (UV emitter) and the UV light transmissive material (lens) are directly coupled or associated without the need of an intermediate or additional component required in alternative emitters, such as photonic crystals, an added reflection device, or an added metal grating structure. With the devices described herein the UV light emitting source  1  (UV emitter) and the UV light transmissive material (lens) are a singular inseparable functional device  2  when in operation with the control module  3 , the detector(s)  4 , the power source(s)  5  and optional shield(s). 
         [0052]    The logic circuitry associated with the control module that will generally include one or more of the following: microprocessor, printed circuit board, logic circuit, microcomputer, CPU, and interfaces that may be remote (based on radio frequency, Wi-Fi, infrared, laser, and/or internet). The logic circuit includes a problem solving (temporal learning) logic, as depicted visually in  FIG. 7 , which activates the UV light emitting source  1  embedded in the UV light transmissive material (lens) of the described device. The problem solving logic is, thus, an algorithmic and iterative logic activation process to initiate activation as well as inactivation of the device. 
         [0053]    As depicted in  FIG. 7 , the rule set for an activation cycle includes On  201 , Off  202 , and the Variable  203 . The solid line between  201 ,  202  and  203  represents event states while dashed lines flowing from  203  and  201  and between  207 ,  206 , and  205  represent data. In an example of the iterations performed by the described device, an activation cycle will initiate with data from the Initial Program  204  directing the activation potential of On  201 , Off  202 , and the Variable  203 . The Initial Program  204  directs control module  3  on device  2 . As previously stated, the control module  3  may be onboard the device  2  or remotely controlled. Upon direction from control module  3  by the Initial Program  204 , the device  2  will activate one or more UV light emitting sources  1 . However, when detector  4  is activated, because there is motion, sound or other activity created by a presence within the detection range of detector  4 , this activates the Variable  203  event, thereby activating the Off  202  state. Cumulative data from both the successful directions of control module  3  (e.g., successful activations of the one or more UV light emitting source(s)  1  by the Initial Program  204  and the unsuccessful directions of control module  3  (interrupted activations of the one or more UV light emitting source(s)  1  by Variable  203  event, and triggering the Off  202  state), may be captured as data. In some embodiments, the data is stored data  207 . Some of the stored data may be processed by a dynamic program  206 . Processing may include an algorithm that determines an optimal frequency and duration of successful activations of the one or more UV light emitting source(s)  1  in a certain period of time (e.g., 24 hour period). This ensures that the one or more UV light emitting source(s)  1  are not active when detector  4  is activated, which is representative of an object or a presence within an effective sensitivity of detector  4 , and hence device  2 . This also provides a method of allowing the device  2  to automatically activate for a full exposure cycle without requiring manual input and without projecting harmful UV light on the object or the presence. When the dynamic program  206  is finished processing the data, a new program is communicated to the active program  205 , which now directs the On  201 , Off  202 , and Variable  203 . The Initial Program  204  is then set to a state of stasis. This process is generally iterative. It may, in some embodiments, continue indefinitely, or may be set to continue for only a set number of iterations. In additional embodiments, the logic may only include the On  201 , Off,  202  and Variable  204  state only or any combination of logic previously described above. 
         [0054]    With the algorithmic logic activation process, the one or more UV light emitting source(s)  1  will be activated in the absence of an object or presence, which means only as long as the detector  4  remains inactive. Moreover, with the described process, UV light emitting source  1  will be inactivated (if active) when detector  4  is activated, such when there is an object or a presence in the range or sensitivity of detection of detector  4 . The process may further accommodate additional programs and algorithms. The algorithmic logic activation process may also be stacked. The algorithmic logic activation process may include additional logic that varies the activation length of the UV light emitting source  1 , such that there may be certain activations that are of a long duration and certain activations that are short in duration. For example, a short duration may be activated more often while a long duration may occur less frequently. The durations may also trigger only a subset of UV light emitting source  1 . For example, UV light emitting source  1  may be triggered for only a short duration to kill pathogens and microbes that are destroyed after only short durations of exposure to UV light. UV light emitting source  1  may also be triggered for a long duration to kill molds, fungi and algae that are destroyed only with long durations of exposure to UV light. Any variabilities may be written into the dynamic program  206 , calculated as a potential logic response to high traffic times as well as times of long absences of Variable  203  events. Similar logic may also be applied to alter the UV light intensity. 
         [0055]      FIGS. 9 and 10  provide examples for activation of devices described herein. While the examples reference a detector as a motion detector, this is merely exemplary of any type of detector suitable with the process. And the examples do not limit the number or types of detectors that may operate as described. Referring first to  FIG. 9 , a logic process of a device is initiated at  902  and the device emits radiation from a UV light emitting source  1  for a predetermined UV cycle at  905  (predefined duration, intensity, and time of day) only when there is no detection at  904  by detector  4  of a person or moving object. When there is no detection at  910  by detector  4  of a person or moving object, the UV cycle will continue and finish its cycle at  912  and stop at  914 . When there is detection at  904  of a person or object, by detector  4 , a UV cycle is deactivated at  906 . Similarly, if during the active cycle  905  there is detection of a person or object by detector  4 , there is also deactivation of the UV cycle at  906 . The detector may continue to be prompted until there is no further presence of a person or object at  908  and the cycle is continued at  912  and stopped when complete at  914 . 
         [0056]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , in some embodiments, a process starts at  1002  and the device emits radiation from a UV light emitting source  1  for a predefined UV cycle at  1004 . The cycle continues and is complete at  1014  if there is no presence of an object or person at  1008 . The cycle is stopped prematurely at  1010  if the there is a presence of an object or person at  1008 . Whether or not the cycle is completed at  1014  or stopped prematurely at  1010 , the process will automatically move to the next predefined event at  1016  or  1012 , respectively. 
         [0057]    The described devices  2  are suitable for use in any environment, such a home, office, business, hospital or the like. Activation of the device  2  or any embodiments thereof, will sanitize and disinfect the environment in which they are in and for a distance of up to 18 feet or more. Because of the broad spectrum nature of the device  2 , it is germicidal and is operative whether a material in the environmental is airborne, liquid, solid or frozen. 
         [0058]    Thus, as described herein, device  2  may be considered a singular entity that is both a UV emitter and a UV lens for transmitting UV light, in a wavelength or a range of wavelengths between about 10 nm and about 400 nm. Thus, device  2  is capable of emitting UV light at a germicidal wavelength of about 265 nm to about 280 nm as well. The device  2  may emit the UV light at a distance of up to 18 feet or more. This distance may be ever further if there is significant increase in output power to the UV light emitting source  1 . The device  2  is activated by a dynamic (variable) logic process to ensure that the device is inactive when the device detects a presence by the detector  4 . Activation is by control module  3 , which is controlled by the dynamic (variable) logic process and associated algorithm(s) described above 
         [0059]    In further examples, UV light emitting sources that resembled light emitting diodes but embedded in UV light transmissive material were tested. Initial light transmissive materials included glass and treated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). With these materials, 30% of microbes (bacteria, algae, and parasites in contaminated water) were killed after 5 minutes of UV light exposure. Kill rates were significantly higher when exposure times were increased to at least or greater than 30 minutes. 
         [0060]    When UV light was projected to a ultraviolet transmissive PMMA, the internal structure of various microbes darkened within 30 to 45 seconds and all (100%) of the bacteria as well as parasitic organisms were killed within three minutes, at which time greater than 90% of the organisms showed visible cell wall rupture. Algae were killed at or after 30 minutes exposure with similar cell wall disruption. 
         [0061]    A handheld device positioned at a distance of about 1 to 3 inches away was tested on fungal and mold colonies residing on a household surface, such as in showers and round drains ( FIG. 11 ) Greater than 95% of the fungus and mold were killed with exposures of 15 minutes and 30 minutes, as shown in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0062]    In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to its advantage. 
         [0063]    The foregoing description includes examples embodying, at least in part, certain teachings of the invention. The invention, as defined by the appended claims, is not limited to the described embodiments. Alterations and modifications to the disclosed embodiments may be made without departing from the invention. The meaning of the terms used in this specification are, unless expressly stated otherwise, intended to have ordinary and customary meaning and are not intended to be limited to the details of the illustrated structures or the disclosed embodiments. Although the foregoing description of embodiments have shown, described and pointed out certain novel features of the invention, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail as illustrated as well as the uses thereof, may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention. Particularly, it will be appreciated that the one or more embodiments may manifest itself in other configurations as appropriate for the end use of the material made thereby.