Abstract:
Plastic articles with low emission obtainable by polymerization, condensation, and/or cross-linking reaction including the use of metal catalysts wherein said metal catalyst has a low emissivity and is an organotin compound of the general formula R 2 SnX 2  wherein R is a C 1 -C 8 -hydrocarbyl, X is a carboxylate group with 14-20 carbon atoms having at least one olefinic double bond. Moreover, the invention relates to the use of an organotin compound in the manufacture of plastic articles with low emissivity of said organotin compound.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention is related to the use of simple tin catalysts for the manufacturing of polyurethane foams with significantly reduced emission. More particularly, the present invention is related to the use of dialkyltin dicarboxylates R 2 SnX 2  which are derived from carboxylic acids with particularly low emissivity, but provide high activity for catalyzing the reaction of isocyanates with polyols and are highly compatible with the components of typical polyurethane formulations.  
         [0003]     2. Description of Related Art  
         [0004]     Tin compounds are well known as very effective catalysts for the manufacturing of polyurethanes, silicones, and polyesters.  
         [0005]     Polyurethanes are basically manufactured by reaction of isocyanates with is polyols. Commonly used isocyanates are either aromatic or aliphatic di- or polyisocyanates, commonly used polyols are either polyetherpolyols or polyesterpolyols. Polyurethanes derived from aliphatic isocyanates have the general advantage of a better light stability than polyurethanes derived from aromatic isocyanates. Aliphatic isocyanates are generally less reactive than aromatic isocyanates and hence require particularly strong catalysts; typically organotin catalysts are used, either alone or in combination with other catalysts.  
         [0006]     Polymers, and in particular polyurethanes are of increasing importance in the manufacturing of modern car interiors. E.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,677 teaches the use of polyurethane foams derived from aliphatic isocyanates for the manufacturing of light stable car interiors.  
         [0007]     A general problem connected with the use of plastics in car interiors is the emission of volatile organic compounds at elevated temperatures; said volatile organic compounds may form condensate films on the car windows, reducing the visual transparency and thereby causing the so called “fogging effect”. The emissivity (“fogging”) properties of a plastic material are determined either by the amount (by weight) of condensate formed under defined conditions, or by the loss of transparency caused by this condensate on a glass sheet.  
         [0008]     Modern plastic materials are formulations of different base materials and additives, which can separately or in combination contribute to the fogging. Several efforts have been undertaken to reduce the fogging from plastic materials by optimising base materials and additives. In manufacturing of polyurethanes, e.g., major achievements have already been made by the introduction of purified polyesterpolyols (with reduced contents of volatile cyclic esters), and by the elimination of volatile antioxidant additives (see e.g.: EP 1153951 to Bayer; DE 19611670 to BASF; G. Baatz, S. Franyutti, Paper 9, UTECH &#39;94 Conference,. 1994, The Hague).  
         [0009]     Facing increasingly tight regulations and consumer demands, further reductions of emission levels are required. After elimination of the previous main contributors, further improvement has to target the so-far neglected minor additives. Among said additives, particularly urethane catalysts contribute to the fogging.  
         [0010]     Common catalysts for the urethane reaction are tertiary amines, stannous tin compounds, dialkyltin compounds, and compounds of other metals. The mentioned classes of catalysts may contribute to fogging either because of their own volatility (e.g. amines), or by formation of volatile reaction products or degradation products. Attempts have been reported to reduce the fogging properties of said catalysts: using catalysts which are reactive with isocyanates can lead to firm fixation of those catalysts in the polymer matrix and thereby reduce fogging. Examples for isocyanate-reactive amines are given e.g. in EP0799821 (and in the literature cited there). Examples for isocyanate-reactive dialkyltin catalysts are given e.g. in EP0417605. A general drawback of such isocyanate-reactive catalysts is their reduced catalytic activity. Also, reaction with the isocyanate and incorporation into the polymer matrix changes the polymer properties.  
         [0011]     A useful polyurethane catalyst must have high activity for the urethane reaction, and a sufficiently high selectivity for the urethane reaction over undesired side reactions. Furthermore, it should be storage stable, readily soluble in and compatible with the polyols and/or the isocyanates, and best be liquid at ambient temperature.  
         [0012]     Dialkyltin compounds are well known for their strong catalytic power in polyurethane reactions, and are often indispensable in order to achieve the required material properties. Particularly useful are dialkyltin dicarboxylates. Among the dialkyltin dicarboxylate polyurethane catalysts, dimethyltin dicarboxylates are the strongest.  
         [0013]     The most common carboxylate types for dialkyltin dicarboxylate catalysts are acetate, 2-ethylhexanoate, neodecanoate, and laurate. All dialkyltin carboxylates containing these carboxylate types contribute to fogging, not only by their own volatility, but particularly by the volatility of their degradation products, the most important being the corresponding carboxylic acids.  
         [0014]     It can be reasonably expected that dialkyltin dicarboxylates derived from car-carboxylic acids with longer alkyl chain than lauric acid would contribute less to fogging.  
         [0015]     When simply the length of the carboxylate alkyl chain of a dialkyltin carboxylate is further increased (e.g. to saturated C 13 -C 17 ), one significant drawback is a decrease in the catalytic activity. Even more important drawbacks are the higher melting points (e.g. dimethyltin dimyristate approx. 70° C., dimethyltin dipalmitate approx. 80° C.), the limited solubility in the typical main components of polyurethane formulations (i.e. polyols and/or isocyanates), and the limited compatibility with said main components.  
         [0016]     Certain dialkyltin dicarboxylates having 13 or more carbon atoms and at least one olefinic double bond in the carboxylate alkyl chain are liquid at ambient temperature. Example are oleates, ricinoleates, linolates, and linoleates of dimethyltin and dibutyltin.  
         [0017]     E.g., dimethyltin dioleate has been described as a heat stabiliser for PVC. No reference to polyurethane catalysis was made. Furthermore, GB 1250498 teaches the use of a “basic dimethyltin oleate” as a curing catalyst for silicone rubbers. Said “basic dimethyltin oleate” is described as a “Harada complex” R 25  nA 2 *R 2 SnO; according to the modern state-of-the-art, it would be called 1,1′,3,3′-tetramethyl-1,3-oleoyloxo-1,3,2-stannoxane.  
         [0018]     E.g., dibutyltin dioleate has been described as a heat stabiliser for PVC, as solvent extraction agent for arsenate ions, as catalyst for esterifications, as catalyst for curing of silicones and as catalyst for curing of electrodeposition coatings. One publication (R. V. Russo, J. Cell. Plast. 12, (1976), 203) reported comparative testing of dibutyltin dioleate as polyurethane foam catalyst, but said article teaches that dibutyltin dioleate is a particularly poor catalyst. No reference to emissivity was made.  
         [0019]     E.g., use of dioctyltin diricinoleate has been reported as a polyurethane gelation catalyst, having reduced toxicity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,927 to Caschem). No reference to emissivity was made.  
       SUMMARY OF TH INVENTION  
       [0020]     The present invention is directed to low emission organotin compounds of the general formula 
 
R 2 SnX 2  
 
 wherein R is C 1 -C 8 -hydrocarbyl, preferred are methyl and butyl, particularly preferred is methyl. X is a carboxylate group with 14-20 carbon atoms having at least one olefinic double bond, optionally substituted; preferred are oleate, ricinoleate, linoleate and linolenate; particularly preferred is oleate. 
 
         [0021]     These compounds can be used as low emission catalysts in all fields of applications where organotin compounds are known to be useful as catalysts. Such fields include, but are not limited to, catalysis of esterification and transesterification reactions, condensation curing of RTV II silicones, curing of cataphoretic electrodeposition coatings, deblocking of blocked isocyanates, and, especially, curing of the synthesis of polyurethanes by the reaction of isocyanates with polyols. Advantageous is particularly the low emissivity, but high activity for catalyzing the reaction of isocyanates with polyol, and high compatibility with the typical components of polyurethane formulations.  
         [0022]     The invention is further directed to the use of said organotin compounds as catalysts for the production of low emission polyurethanes, particularly for use in car interiors. Especially preferred is the use of said catalysts for the production of polyurethanes derived from aliphatic isocyanates. The inventive catalysts can be used alone or in combination with other catalysts. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]     The present invention is directed to low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates of the general formula 
 
R 2 SnX 2  
 
 R is a C 1 -C 8 -hydrocarbyl group. Typically, R is an aliphatic, saturated, unbranched, and not further substituted alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl,. 
 
 Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, butyl, and octyl. Particularly preferred is methyl. X is a carboxylate group derived from a carboxylic acid of the type 
 
R′—COOH 
 
 wherein R′ is a C 13 -C 19 -hydrocarbyl group having one or more olefinic double bonds. Typically, R′ is an aliphatic and unbranched alkenyl group; it may be further substituted, e.g., with one or more hydroxy groups. The alkenyl group may be present in the cis-form, or in the trans-form, or a mixtures of both forms. Preferred carboxylate groups are oleate, ricinoleate, linoleate and linolenate. Particularly preferred is oleate. 
 
 Said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates can be synthesised from commercially available raw materials using standard synthesis methods for dialkyltin dicarboxylates; e.g. by reaction of dialkyltin oxides with carboxylic acids, or by reaction of dialkyltin dichlorides with alkali carboxylates, or by reaction of dialkyltin dichlorides with carboxylic acids and bases, etc. 
 
 Said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates are liquid at room temperature, or melt at a low temperature slightly above room temperature. They are well soluble or mixable with polyetherpolyols and/or polyesterpolyols, which are widely used in the manufacturing of polyurethanes. Several of said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates are soluble in aliphatic and/or aromatic isocyanates, which are widely used in the manufacturing of polyurethanes. When dissolved, they have an excellent compatibility with said polyols and isocyanates, and do not precipitate from solution when stored at ambient temperature. When dissolved in isocyanates, they do not promote the formation of isocyanurates (isocyanate trimers), which is a common side-reaction of several other organotin catalysts. 
 
 Said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates have only very low volatility, and when degraded by hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, or related reactions, the degradation products formed therefrom also have only very low volatility. 
 
 Said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates have a high but at least sufficient catalytic activity for catalyzing the reaction of isocyanates with alcohols to form urethanes. 
 
         [0024]     The present invention is further directed to the use of said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates as catalysts for the production of low emission polyurethanes or polysilicones.  
         [0025]     Said low emission polyurethanes or polysilicones produced by to the use of said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylates may appear in any form generally applicable to polyurethanes or polysilicones, as foams (rigid, flexible, high resiliency, integral, microcellular), RIM, RRIM, elastomers, coatings, etc.  
         [0026]     By use of said low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylate catalysts, any general type of low emission polyurethane or polysilicone may be produced: foams (rigid, flexible, high resiliency, integral, microcellular . . . ), RIM, RRIM, elastomers, coatings, etc.  
         [0027]     Preferred low emission polyurethanes are polyurethane foams.  
         [0028]     Also preferred low emission polyurethanes are light stable polyurethanes derived from aliphatic isocyanates.  
         [0029]     In manufacturing of low emission polyurethanes, the inventive low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylate catalysts can be used either alone or in combination with other catalysts. Especially, the well know synergy of dialkyltin compounds with tertiary amines in the catalysis of the urethane reaction may be used to enhance the catalytic power of the inventive dialkyltin dicarboxylate catalysts. Also, in the production of water blown foam, tertiary amine catalysts may be used to speed and direct the reaction of isocyanates with water. Examples of further common catalysts which may be used together with the inventive catalysts include metals compounds of stannous tin, Ti, Pb, Hg, Bi, Fe, Ni . . .  
         [0030]     In production of a polyurethane, the inventive low emission dialkyltin dicarboxylate catalysts can be either added prior to the reaction to the polyol component, or to the isocyanate component, or it can be admixed with other additives to form a master blend, or it can be added directly to the reaction mixture.  
         [0031]     The isocyanates commonly used in the production of polyurethanes are well know to those skilled in the art. Examples include TDI (toluene diisocyanate, typically mixtures of the para-isomer, and the ortho-isomer), MDI (4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate), polymeric MDI, IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate), HDI (hexamethylene diisocyanate). The isocyanates are either used as such, or can also be used in a blocked form; when used in a blocked form, the blocking agent has to be cleaved of the isocyanate shortly before or during the processing.  
         [0032]     The polyols commonly used in the production of polyurethanes are also well known to those skilled in the art. The most important classes are polyesterpolyols and polyetherpolyols, which are basically polyester resp. polyether chains, terminated and optionally further substituted with isocyanate-reactive hydroxyl groups. E.g., the most commonly used polyetherpolyols are derived from ethylen oxide and/or propylene oxide.  
         [0033]     The polyurethane may contain further additives (like blowing agents, foam stabilisers, chain extenders, flame retardants, fillers, pigments etc.), known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0034]     The present invention is further directed to the use of said low emission polyurethanes for use in car interiors.  
         [0035]     The advantages and the important features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following examples.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0036]     Glossary:  
         [0000]     Polyol 1 is a 3500 MW polyether polyol, (OH-No. approx. 38) available from Elastogran as Lupranol 3032.  
         [0000]     Polyol 2 is a 4700 MW polyether polyol (OH-No. approx. 36), available from Shell Chemicals as Caradol ET 36-17.  
         [0000]     Polyol 3 is a 6000 MW polyether polyol (OH-No. approx. 28), available from DOW Chemicals as Voranol CP 6001.  
         [0000]     Polyol 4 is a 6000 MW polyether polyol (OH-No. approx. 32-35), available from DOW Chemicals as Voranol CP 1421.  
         [0000]     Isocyanate 1 is toluene diisocyanate (TDI, mixture of 80% para, and 20% ortho).  
         [0000]     Isocyanate 2 is Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI).  
         [0000]     Isocyanate 3 is 4,4′-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI 2447).  
         [0000]     Foam stabiliser 1 is a silicone, available from Crompton Corp. as Niax RS-171.  
         [0000]     Amine cocatalyst 1 is Diethanolamine (DEOA).  
         [0000]     Amine cocatalyst 2 is blend of bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether and dipropylene glycol, available from Crompton Corp. as Niax A-1.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Preparation of the Catalysts  
       [0037]     1 a) Preparation of Dimethyltin Dioleate from Dimethyltin Dichloride  
         [0038]     Into a 3-neck glass flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, dropping funnel, and pH glass electrode, were placed 44 g of dimethyltindichloride (0.2 mol) and 44 g of water. The mixture was stirred until the dimethyltindichloride is completely dissolved. 113 g of oleic acid (0.4 mol) were added and the mixture was heated to 60° C.  
         [0039]     An aqueous NaOH solution (35.5% by weight) was placed into the dropping funnel. While stirring, the NaOH solution was slowly added to the reaction mixture. NaOH addition was stopped when a pH of approx. 6 had been reached.  
         [0040]     The mixture was heated to approx. 80° C., then the stirrer was stopped and the phases allowed to settle.  
         [0041]     The phases were separated and the lower (aqueous) phase discarded. The organic phase was dried in a rotary evaporator at approx. 80° C./1 mbar, and subsequently further dried with Na2SO4. Finally, 1% of Celite (a filter aid) were added and the product was filtered.  
         [0042]     Yield: 136.6 g of dimethyltin dioleate (96.0% of theor.). The product was a clear yellow liquid, and contained 15.8% Sn (theor. 16.7%), and 0.0% Cl (theor. 0.0%).  
         [0043]     1 b) Preparation of Dimethyltin Dioleate from Dimethyltin Oxide  
         [0044]     Into a 3-neck glass flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and a vacuum connector, were placed 57.7 g of dimethyltin oxide (0.35 mol) and 197.6 g of oleic acid (0.7 mol). While stirring, the mixture was heated to 40° C., and a vacuum of 10 mbar was applied. During 1 hour the temperature was slowly risen to 70° C., and was subsequently held for another hour. Subsequently a vacuum of 1 mbar was applied, and the reaction mixture was further stirred for 1 more hour.  
         [0045]     The vacuum was broken, and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Finally, 1% of Celite (a filter aid) were added and the product was filtered.  
         [0046]     Yield: 245.8 g of dimethyltin dioleate (98.7% of theor.). The product contained 16.5% Sn (theor. 16.7%).  
         [0047]     It was a clear yellow liquid, having a viscosity of 100 mPa·s. It was miscible with Polyols 1, 2, and 3. It was readily soluble in Isocyanates 1, 2, and 3.  
         [0048]     A 1% solution (by weight) of the product in Isocyanate 2 was prepared and stored at 25° C. After 3 weeks the solution was still clear, no solid material had formed and the infrared spectrum of the solution did not show the carbonyl band of an isocyanurate.  
         [0049]     1 c-g) Preparation of Further Dialkyltin Dicarboxylates  
         [0050]     Following the procedure described in example 1 b, the following materials were synthesised (see table 1):  
                               TABLE 1                                       Yield       Exper-               (% of       iment   Dialkyltin oxide   Carboxylic acid   Product   theor.)                   1c   Dibutyltin oxide   Oleic acid   Dibutyltin oleate   97.6       1d   Dioctyltin oxide   Oleic acid   Dioctyltin oleate   97.2       1e   Dimethyltin oxide   Ricinoleic acid   Dimethyltin   96.3                   ricinoleate       1f   Dimethyltin oxide   Linoleic acid   Dimethyltin   96.9                   linoleate       1g   Dimethyltin oxide   Linolenic acid   Dimethyltin   98.1                   linolenate                  
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
     Catalyst Activity Tests  
     Viscosity Measurement in Elastomers Cased on Aromatic Isocyanates (IDI)  
       [0051]     80 g of Polyol 1 were placed at room temperature into a dry 100 mL wide-neck glass bottle. 0.0002 mol of the respective organotin catalyst were added. The mixture was stirred for 2 minutes to dissolve the catalyst.  
         [0052]     0.036 mol of Isocyanate 1 were added, and the mixture stirred for 2 more minutes. The bottle was then placed under a Brookfield rotary viscosimeter. The raw mixture had a Brookfield viscosity of &lt;&lt;1 Pa·s. Sample temperature and viscosity were recorded until the mixture became too viscous for further measurement (&gt;25 Pa·s). In each experiment, the time of isocyanate addition to the polyol considered as the start of the reaction (t=0 min). Results are summarised in table 2.  
                                                                                                   TABLE 2                                       Example                2a   2b   2c   2d                Catalyst                    Dibutyltin   Dimethyltin               Dimethyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)   No Catalyst       Time   Viscosity   Viscosity   Viscosity   Viscosity       (min)   (mPa * s)   (mPa * s)   (mPa * s)   (mPa * s)                    0                       2       4   800   600   1100   600       6   1000   800   1300   600       8   1300   1000   1900   600       10   1800   1400   2900   600       12   2400   1800   4700   600       14   3200   2200   7800   600       16   4100   2900   14000   600       18   5300   3600   &gt;25000   600       20   7200   4400       600       22   9200   5500       600       24   12100   6800       600       26   16100   8400       600       28   21700   10300       600       30   &gt;25000   13100       600                  
 
       EXAMPLE 3  
     Catalyst Activity Tests  
     Viscosity Measurement in Elastomers Based on Aromatic Isocyanates (TDI)  
       [0053]     Example 2 was repeated with the difference that after mixing of all components at room temperature the glass bottle was immersed in an oil heating bath. The oil bath was heated at a nearly constant rate from room temperature to 100° C., and was than held at this temperature (heating to 100° C. takes typically approx. 20 minutes). In each experiment, the time of isocyanate addition to the polyol considered as the start of the reaction (t=0 min). Results are summarised in table 3.  
                                                                                                                                                         TABLE 3                                       Example                3a   3b   3c   3d                Catalyst                    Dibutyltin   Dimethyltin               Dimethyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)   No Catalyst            Time   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.       (min)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)                    0                                       2       4   800   38   900   37   1200   34   600   34       6   900   48   1000   46   1300   40   500   42       8   900   58   1000   54   1500   48   500   51       10   1000   65   1000   63   1900   59   400   59       12   1300   72   1400   73   3200   71   200   67       14   2400   80   3100   83   6800   83   &lt;200   77       16   5000   90   6600   87   &gt;25000   91   &lt;200   84       18   &gt;25000   95   &gt;25000   91           &lt;200   92       20                           &lt;200   95                  
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
     Viscosimetric Catalyst Activity Tests  
     Elastomer Based on Aliphatic Isocyanate(IPDI)  
       [0054]     75 g of Polyol 2 were placed at room temperature into a dry 100 mL wide-neck glass bottle.  
         [0055]     In a dry glass flask, 0.00016 mol of the respective organotin catalyst and 5,6 g of Isocyanate 2 are mixed by stirring.  
         [0056]     The isocyanate/catalyst mixture is added to the polyol at room temperature, and the mixture stirred for 2 more minutes. The glass bottle was immersed in an oil heating bath, placed under a Brookfield rotary viscosimeter. The oil bath was heated at a nearly constant rate from room temperature to 100° C., and was than held at this temperature (heating to 100° C. takes typically approx. 20 minutes). The raw mixture had a Brookfield viscosity of &lt;&lt;1 Pa·s. Sample temperature and viscosity were recorded until the mixture became too viscous for further measurement (&gt;25 Pa·s). In each experiment, the time of isocyanate addition to the polyol considered as the start of the reaction (t=0 min). Results are summarised in table 4.  
                                                                                                                                                                                 TABLE 4                                       Example                4a   4b   4c   4d   3e                Catalyst                        Dibutyltin   Dimethyltin               Dimethyltin   Dibutyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)   No Catalyst            Time   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.   Viscosity   Temp.       (min)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)   (mPa * s)   (° C.)                    0                                               1       2       3   600   34   900   35   700   33   500   38   400   36       4   500   39   800   40   500   38   700   43   &lt;200   39       5   400   41   600   43   700   43   600   48   &lt;200   42       6   400   47   200   49   700   50   500   54   &lt;200   47       7   700   55   700   57   700   58   800   61   &lt;200   53       8   900   64   1100   66   600   67   1100   69   &lt;200   60       9   1300   72   1100   72   1200   74   1800   76   &lt;200   66       10   2100   78   1800   78   1800   80   3400   81   &lt;200   71       11   4300   83   4200   83   2600   84   8400   85   &lt;200   76       12   9700   87   7900   87   5200   87   &gt;25000   88   &lt;200   80       13   &gt;25000   89   &gt;25000   90   11900   90           &lt;200   83       14                   &gt;25000   92           &lt;200   86       15                                   &lt;200   88                  
 
       EXAMPLE 5  
     Preparation of Polyurethane Foams  
     Water Blown Foams from Polyether Polyols and Aromatic Isocyanate (MDI)  
       [0057]     100 g of Polyol 3 and 2 g of Polyol 4 were mixed and placed into a cardboard cup.  
         [0058]     A master blend was made of 3.6 g of water, 0.5 g of Foam stabiliser 1, 0,6 g of Amine cocatalyst 1, and 0.15 g of Amine cocatalyst 2. The blend was added to the polyol and mixed.  
         [0059]     0.5 g of the resp. organotin catalyst was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes.  
         [0060]     61.8 g of Isocyanate 3 (index 100) were quickly added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred for 10 seconds, and than poured into a cardboard box.  
         [0061]     A polyurethane foam formed and expanded. Cream time and rise time of the foam were recorded.  
         [0062]     Results are summarised in Table 5.  
                                                                                       TABLE 5                                       Example                5a   5b   5c                Catalyst                    Dibutyltin   Dimethyltin           Dimethyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)                        Cream Time (s)   10   10   8       Rise Time (s)   54   44   45                  
 
       EXAMPLE 6  
     Determination of the Fogging of Catalysts by Gravimetry  
       [0063]     A dry, clean round piece of aluminum foil (diameter 103 mm, thickness 0.03 mm) was weighed. 5 g of the resp. liquid organotin catalyst and 0.5 g of water were placed onto the bottom of a dry and clean glass beaker (inner diameter 80 mm, outer diameter 90 mm).  
         [0064]     A silicone rubber ring was fitted to the neck of the beaker, the aluminum foil was placed on top of it, and covered with a glass sheet (11 0×110×3 mm). The beaker was hang into a thermostated glycerol heating bath in such a way, that the glass sheet was 60 mm above the glycerol level. An aluminum cooling block (connected to another thermostat) was placed onto the glass sheet. For 16 hours, a glycerol bath temperature of 100° C., and a cooling block temperature of 21° C. was maintained. Subsequently, the aluminum foil was placed into a dessicator and kept there for 1 hour at room temperature over silica.  
         [0065]     The aluminum foil was then weighed again, and the weight difference (in mg) was recorded as mg of fogging condensate.  
         [0066]     Results are summarised in Table 6.  
                                                                                       TABLE 6                                       Example                6a   6b   6c                Catalyst                    Dibutyltin   Dimethyltin           Dimethyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)                        Fogging condensate   21.5   194.2   234.4       (mg)                  
 
       EXAMPLE 7  
     Determination of the Fogging of Polyurethane Foams by Gravimetry  
     Foams Based on Polyether Polyols and Aromatic Isocyanate (MDI)  
       [0067]     The foam samples prepared in Example 5 were cut into round disks (each 80 mm in diameter, and 10 g of weight). Example 6 was repeated with the difference, that instead of 5 g of the resp. liquid organotin catalyst and 0.5 g of water, now the resp. foam disks were placed onto the bottom of the glass beaker.  
         [0068]     Results are summarised in Table 7.  
                                                                                       TABLE 7                                       Example                7a   7b   7c                Foam sample                Foam   Foam prepared   Foam prepared           prepared with   with Dibutyltin   with Dimethyltin           Dimethyltin   dilaurate   dineodecanoate           dioleate   (comparison)   (comparison)                        Fogging   1.15   1.51   3.45       condensate       (mg)                  
 
         [0069]     In view of the many changes and modifications that can be made without departing from principles underlying the invention, reference should be made to the appended claims for an understanding of the scope of the protection to be afforded the invention.