Abstract:
A compound with a relative molecular mass of less than 15000 comprising the peptide Ile-Gly-Asp (IGD) or a peptide or non-peptide mimic thereof. The compounds may be used to modulate cell migration and are useful in angiogenesis.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to peptides and related compounds and in particular to peptides and related compounds which affect cell migration. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Fibronectin is a widely distributed glycoprotein present at high concentrations in most extracellular matrices, in plasma (300 μg/ml), and in other body fluids. Fibronectin is a prominent adhesive protein and mediates various aspects of cellular interactions with extracellular matrices including migration. Its principal functions appear to be in cellular migration during development and wound healing, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and haemostasis/thrombosis. 
     Fibronectin is a dimer of two non-identical subunits covalently linked near their COOH-termini by a pair of disulphide bonds. The difference between the subunits is determined by alternative splicing of the IIICS (or V) region. In the insoluble, matrix form of fibronectin, the dimer associates into disulphide-bonded oligomers and fibrils, while soluble, body fluid fibronectin is predominantly dimeric. Three regions of fibronectin are subject to alternative splicing and in general the matrix form of the molecule has a higher content of these segments than the soluble form. The human IIICS region has five potential variations, while the rat, bovine and chicken sequences have three, three and two, respectively. Each subunit is composed of a series of structurally independent domains linked by flexible polypeptide segments. At the primary sequence level, the origin of the majority of the fibronectin molecule can be accounted for by endoduplication of three types of polypeptide repeat. Different fibronectin domains are specialized for binding extracellular matrix macromolecules or bacterial or eukaryotic membrane receptors. The central cell-binding domain is recognised by most adherent cells via the integrin receptors α3β1, α5β1, αVβ1, αllbβ3, αVβ3, αVβ5 and αVβ6. The IIICS/Hepll cell-binding domain is recognised by lymphoid cells, neural crest derivatives and myoblasts via the integrins α4β1 and α4β7. Several peptide active sites have been identified in these domains. 
     Plasma fibronectin can be purified by a combination of gelatin and heparin affinity chromatography. Cell-associated fibronectin can be extracted from culture monolayers with 1 M urea. Further details on fibronectin are in  The Extracellular Matrix Facts Book , Ayad et al (eds), Academic Press, Harcourt Brace &amp; Company, London. 
     Limited proteolytic digestion of fibronectin results in the release of a number of its functional domains, which are characterised by their specific adhesion to other matrix macromolecules or integrin receptors on the cell surface (i.e. the cell-binding domain) 1 . The transmembrane assay has commonly been used to study the effects of fibronectin and its purified functional domains on cell migration in vitro. Essentially, this assay involves assessing cell movement through a polycarbonate membrane coated with an adhesive protein (usually gelatin) separating upper and lower medium compartments containing the putative effector molecule. Previous studies have revealed that nano- to micromolar concentrations of fibronectin and its purified cell-binding domain stimulate the migration of a wide range of cell types in the transmembrane assay 2,3 . Related studies implicated the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) amino acid motif (located in the tenth type III repeat module) in mediating these effects of both native fibronectin and its cell-binding domain 3 . Significantly, small RGD-containing synthetic peptides did not stimulate cell migration; indeed, these peptides inhibited the adhesive and migration stimulating activity of larger protein domains containing the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) motif by competition for receptor ligation 4 . In contrast to the activity of the cell-binding domain, the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin has consistently been reported to be devoid of migration stimulating activity in the transmembrane assay 2,5 . 
     Schor et al (1994)  Progress in Growth Factor Research  5, 223–248 is a review of cytokine control of cell motility and its modulation and mediation by the extracellular matrix. Schor et al (1993) In:  Cell Behaviour: Adhesion and Motility  (ed. G. Evans, C. Wigley and R. Warn)  Society of Experimental Biology Symposium No.  47, pages 235–251 relates to migration stimulating factor (MSF). 
     Grey et al (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86, 2438–2442 relates to the purification of the MSF produced by fetal and breast cancer patient fibroblasts. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,630 relates to oncodevelopmentally regulated antigens related to fibronectin. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,328 relates to methods of reducing or inhibiting wound contraction using certain peptides. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,736 relates to compounds that have enhanced cell binding with respect to collagen. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,734 relates to a method of stimulating chemotaxis towards a prosthetic device. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,279 relates to portions of fibronectin. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,658 relates to a polypeptide having the cell-spreading activity of human fibronectin. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,155 relates to wound healing dressings, which are prepared by flocculating fibronectin. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,489 relates to polypeptides, which encompass fibronectin—fibronectin binding sites and which are capable of inhibiting fibronectin matrix assembly. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,746 relates to compounds having the property of modulating cell adhesion. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,130 relates to peptides derived from human endothelial cell thrombosponding, which bind to the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have previously developed an alternative migration assay involving the assessment of cell movement into gels of native type I collagen fibres 6 . Using this assay, we have recently reported that femtomolar concentrations of the gelatin-binding domain stimulated the migration of human dermal fibroblasts, whilst native fibronectin and its cell-binding domain were inactive 7 . 
     We observed that the gelatin-binding domain did indeed stimulate cell migration in the transmembrane assay when filters were coated with native collagen, but not with gelatin (as used in the majority of previous studies). One of the objectives of the present study has been to determine whether a candidate amino acid sequence within the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin is responsible for its substratum-dependent stimulation of cell migration and, if so, the manner in which it may be functionally related to the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) motif. Surprisingly we have found that peptides and other molecules containing the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) amino acid sequence motif stimulate fibroblast migration into native but not denatured collagen substrate. 
     A first aspect of the invention provides a compound with a relative molecular 20 mass of less than 15 000 comprising the peptide Ile-Gly-Asp (IGD) (SEQ ID NO 1) or a peptide or non-peptide mimic thereof. 
     Preferably, the compound has a relative molecular mass of less than 12000, more preferably less than 10000. 
     We have found that, surprisingly, the peptide IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) alone or when present as a moiety in a larger molecule is able to modulate cell migration. Thus, the preferred compounds of the invention are those, which are able to modulate cell migration under appropriate conditions such as those conditions described in the Examples. 
     By peptide mimic of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) we include that the Ile is replaced by another hydrophobic amino acid such as Val, Leu, Phe, Trp or Tyr, most preferably Val or Leu. We also include that the Asp is replaced by Glu. Less preferably the Gly residue is replaced by Ala. The peptide mimics are preferably those that exhibit substantially the same cell migration modulating activity of a peptide comprising the peptide sequence IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) and, more preferably substantially the same cell migration modulating activity of any one of the peptides IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3). Suitably, the peptide mimic comprises a moiety, which has substantially the same charge distribution and/or spatial configuration as any one of the peptides IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3). 
     By non-peptide mimics of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) we include a moiety which has the same charge distribution and/or spatial configuration as any one of the peptides IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3), and we include a moiety which has substantially the same cell migration modulating activity of a peptide comprising the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) sequence. 
     Non-peptide surrogates of the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) sequence have been developed or are described by, for example, Greenspoon et al (1993)  Biochemistry  32, 1001–1008 and Humphries et al (1994)  Exp. Opin. Ther . U.S. Pat. No. 4, 227–235, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, and suitable non-peptide mimics based on the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif can be made using similar principles as for the non-peptide mimics of RGD. It can be well appreciated that I can be substituted for R and that the resulting peptides can be tested for cell increasing migration activity using the techniques described herein. 
     In Greenspoon et al., the design and preparation of nonpeptide analogues of RGD are described as follows. Compounds SF-6,5 and SFN-70 were prepared by coupling of methyl-5-aminovaleric acid with N-(butyloxycarbonyl)-6-aminohexanoic acid. The reaction was carried out using the 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 1 hydroxybenzotriazole in tetrahydroduran procedure. The butyloxycarbonyl protecting group was then removed by 50% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane. Removal of the methyl ester protecting group was carried out with sodium hydroxide at pH 9.5, yielding SFN-70. The amine was converted to guanidium using 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidine nitrate at pH 9.5 t produce the compound designated SF-6,5. Compound SF-6,6 was prepared from methyl-6-aminohexanoic acid and N-(butyloxycarbonyl)-6-aminohexanoic acid under the same conditions as used for SF-6,5. GK-5,5 was prepared from methyl-5-aminovaleric acid and N-(butyloxycarbonyl)-5-aminovaleric acid. Compounds AC-4 and AC-14 were prepared by stepwise synthesis either in solution or on a Merrifield resin, followed by deprotection and conversion of the amine to the guanidinium by the above-described methods. The final compounds were purified on preparative RP-18 columns and were judged pure by thin-layer chromatography (single spot) and  1 H NMR spectroscopy. Compounds were characterized by  1 H NMR and FAB-MS spectroscopy. The structures deduced from spectroscopy were consistent with the assigned structure. (Table 1). Table 1 shows a schematic presentation of the RGD-NH 2  peptide and the corresponding non-peptide surrogates. Note that the distance between positions a and b is 11 atoms. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 No. of atoms in the 
               
               
                 Compound 
                   
                 spacer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SF-6,5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AC-4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AC-14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SF-6,6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SFN-70 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GK-5,5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In Humphries et al., the design of nonpeptide analogues of RGD are described as follows. Complete deletion of the acidic functionality is tolerated in special circumstances, as with the antiparasitic drug, pentamidine, which possesses two amidinium groups and can perturb αIIbβ3 function. Simple des-aspartyl basic motifs have also been selected in peptide library panning studies with αIIbβ3. The backbone scaffold to which these key functions are attached can be simplified and varied in remarkable fashion. The more potent antagonists tend to replicate the hydrophilic character of the native peptide backbone to some degree, although there is no obvious requirement for hydrogen bonding to the receptor. Indeed, simple flexible constructs or constrained hydrocarbon scaffolds still possess marked affinity. Table 2 shows a survey of synthetic RGD analogues. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Source 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Smith Kline &amp;French 
                 J. Am. Chem.Soc. (1992) 114:9615–9623 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Merck 
                 J. Med. Chem.(1992) 35, 4640–4642 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Glaxo 
                 Glaxo, EP-542363-A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Hoffman-LaRoche 
                 Hoffman-LaRoche, EP-372486-A2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Dr. Karl Thomae 
                 Dr. Karl Thomae,EP-483667-A2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 GD Searle 
                 GD Searle, EP-502536-A1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [Pentamidine] 
                 Thromb.Haemostasis(1992) 68(6):731–736 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Greenspoon et al. 
                 Biochemistry(1993) 32:1001–1008 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Hirschmann et al. 
                 Tetrahedron(1993)49(17):3665–3676 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Compounds which exhibit substantially the same cell migration modulating activity of a peptide comprising the peptide Ile-Gly-Asp (IGD) (SEQ ID NO 1) can be selected using a suitable screening system. The preferred screening system uses a migration assay similar to that described in Example 1 in which cell migration is assessed on a native type I collagen substratum (for example, collagen gel or transmembrane assay using collagen-coated membranes). Mimics are compounds which exhibit substantially the same effect as the peptides IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) and which may act in an additive fashion with them. Inhibitors would abrogate the bioactivity of the peptides IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3). The peptide IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) and the gel-binding domain (GBD) act in an additive fashion, whereas the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) peptide is an inhibitor of the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) peptide. 
     Although the peptide sequence IGD (SEQ ID NO 1), when present in a compound of the invention, is sufficient to modulate cell migration it is preferred if the peptide sequence Ile-Gly-Asp-Ser (IGDS) or Ile-Gly-Asp-Gin (IGDQ)(SEQ ID NO 3) is present in a compound of the invention. 
     We have found, in relation to the peptides IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2), and IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) that is more potent than IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) which is more potent than IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) in stimulating fibroblast migration and so it is preferred if the compound comprises the peptide IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2). 
     It is preferred that the amino acids within the peptide sequence IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3), when present in the compounds of the invention, are all in the L configuration as is the case for natural amino acids. It will, nevertheless, be appreciated that when the compound of the invention is a peptide comprising IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or then the other amino acids within the peptide (ie those other than the ones in the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) moiety may be in the L- or D-configurations. In as much as peptides containing D-amino acids may be more resistant to proteolysis compounds containing D-amino acids (other than in the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) moiety may be preferred. 
     The invention covers all compounds with a relative molecular mass of less than 15 000 comprising the peptide IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or a peptide or non-peptide mimic thereof; however, it is particularly preferred if the compound is a peptide comprising the peptide moiety IGD (SEQ ID NO 1). In other words, preferred compounds are peptides larger than 3 amino acids which contain the peptide moiety IGD (SEQ ID NO 1). Such peptides include the peptides IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) and also include peptides with additional amino acids N terminal and/or C terminal to these motifs. 
     The compounds of the invention also include peptides wherein the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) moiety is masked by, for example, blocking groups being present on free —NH2 or —COOH groups. Preferably, such blocking groups are ones which may be removed readily in vivo, for example by hydrolysis; however, in some circumstances it may be desirable if the blocking groups are substantially resistant to hydrolysis. 
     The peptide IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) is also a compound of the invention. 
     It is preferred if the compounds have a relative molecular mass of less than 8000, preferably less than 6000, more preferably less than 5000, and preferably less than 2000. When the compound of the invention is a peptide it is preferred if the peptide has between 4 and 80 amino acid residues, more preferably between 4 and 50, still more preferably between 4 and 30 and preferably between 4 and 20 amino acid residues. 
     The compound of the invention may have a linear configuration or it may be branched or circular. When the compound of the invention is a peptide it may be linear, branched or circular. 
     It will be appreciated that the compound of the invention may comprise more than one IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) peptide moiety or a peptide or non-peptide mimic thereof. In certain circumstances it is advantageous for the compound of the invention to comprise between two and 50 such peptide moieties or a peptide or non-peptide mimics thereof, more preferably between 2 and 20 and most preferably between 5 and 15 such peptide moieties or peptide or non-peptide mimics thereof. 
     Thus, the peptide of the invention may consist of multiple repeats of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) or a peptide sequence containing conservative substitutions for I, G or D (such as IGES (SEQ ID NO 5)), and it may consist of any of these, including multiple repeats, in a cyclic form. 
     When the compound of the invention is a peptide it is possible for it to contain tandem repeats of the IGD-containing moiety (such as IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) itself or IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) or IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) or combinations thereof). 
     Although not essential, it is preferred if the peptide of the invention comprises the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif and flanking regions from the fibronectin molecule. For example, the flanking regions may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more amino acid residues on one or both sides of the occurrence of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) in the fibronectin molecule. The amino acid sequence of the human fibronectin molecule is given in  FIG. 5 . Peptides containing flanking regions of fibronectin may have greater bioactivity than shorter tri- and tetrapeptides. These flanking regions are preferably derived from the seventh (for IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3)) and ninth (for IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)) type I repeat modules for fibronectin. It is also preferred if the compounds of the invention are the intact fibronectin type I repeat modules (17 and 19) since these may exhibit higher bioactivity than shorter synthetic peptides. Each of these type I modules contains approximately 45 amino acids and, preferably up to three of these modules are used in tandem array. 
     When the compound of the invention is a peptide it may be synthesised using well-known methods in the art. For example, peptides may be synthesised by the Fmoc-polyamide mode of solid-phase peptide synthesis as disclosed by Lu et al (1981)  J. Org. Chem.  46, 3433 and references therein. Temporary N-amino group protection is afforded by the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. Repetitive cleavage of this highly base-labile protecting group is effected using 20% piperidine in N,N-dimethylformamide. Sidechain functionalities may be protected as their butyl ethers (in the case of serine threonine and tyrosine), butyl esters (in the case of glutamic acid and aspartic acid), butyloxycarbonyl derivative (in the case of lysine and histidine), trityl derivative (in the case of cysteine) and 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative (in the case of arginine). Where glutamine or asparagine are C-terminal residues, use is made of the 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl group for protection of the side chain amido functionalities. The solid-phase support is based on a polydimethyl-acrylamide polymer constituted from the three monomers dimethylacrylamide (backbone-monomer), bisacryloylethylene diamine (cross linker) and acryloylsarcosine methyl ester (functionalising agent). The peptide-to-resin cleavable linked agent used is the acid-labile 4-hydroxymethyl-phenoxyacetic acid derivative. All amino acid derivatives are added as their preformed symmetrical anhydride derivatives with the exception of asparagine and glutamine, which are added using a reversed N,N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole mediated coupling procedure. All coupling and deprotection reactions are monitored using ninhydrin, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or isotin test procedures. Upon completion of synthesis, peptides are cleaved from the resin support with concomitant removal of side-chain protecting groups by treatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid containing a 50% scavenger mix. Scavengers commonly used are ethanedithiol, phenol, anisole and water, the exact choice depending on the constituent amino acids of the peptide being synthesised. Trifluoroacetic acid is removed by evaporation in vacuo, with subsequent trituration with diethyl ether affording the crude peptide. Any scavengers present are removed by a simple extraction procedure which on lyophilisation of the aqueous phase affords the crude peptide free of scavengers. Reagents for peptide synthesis are generally available from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (UK) Ltd, Nottingham NG7 2QJ, UK. Purification may be effected by any one, or a combination of, techniques such as size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and (principally) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Analysis of peptides may be carried out using thin layer chromatography, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino-acid analysis after acid hydrolysis and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis. 
     Alternatively, when the peptide of the invention is of a suitable size, such as greater than about 50 residues in length, it may be desirable to produce the peptide by recombinant DNA technology. 
     The peptides of the invention may be encoded by a suitable polynucleotide which may be obtained or synthesised by methods well known in the art. 
     The DNA is then expressed in a suitable host to produce a peptide comprising the compound of the invention. Thus, the DNA encoding the peptide constituting the compound of the invention may be used in accordance with known techniques, appropriately modified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct an expression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate host cell for the expression and production of the peptide of the invention. Such techniques include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,859 issued 3 Apr. 1984 to Rutter et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,901 issued 23 Jul. 1985 to Weissman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,800 issued 15 Apr. 1986 to Crowl, U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,063 issued 30 Jun. 1987 to Mark et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,751 issued 7 Jul. 1987 to Goeddel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,362 issued 3 Nov. 1987 to Itakura et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,463 issued 1 Dec. 1987 to Murray, U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,006 issued 12 Jul. 1988 to Toole, Jr. et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,075 issued 23 Aug. 1988 to Goeddel et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 issued 7 Mar. 1989 to Stalker, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The DNA encoding the peptide constituting the compound of the invention may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companion DNA will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of the introduction of the DNA into the host, and whether episomal maintenance or integration is desired. 
     Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognised by the desired host, although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host through standard techniques. Generally, not all of the hosts will be transformed by the vector. Therefore, it will be necessary to select for transformed host cells. One selection technique involves incorporating into the expression vector a DNA sequence, with any necessary control elements, that codes for a selectable trait in the transformed cell, such as antibiotic resistance. Alternatively, the gene for such selectable trait can be on another vector, which is used to co-transform the desired host cell. 
     Host cells that have been transformed by the recombinant DNA of the invention are then cultured for a sufficient time and under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings disclosed herein to permit the expression of the peptide, which can then be recovered. 
     Many expression systems are known, including bacteria (for example  E. coli  and  Bacillus subtilis ), yeasts (for example  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), filamentous fungi (for example  Aspergillus ), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells. 
     The vectors include a prokaryotic replicon, such as the ColEl ori, for propagation in a prokaryote, even if the vector is to be used for expression in other, non-prokaryotic, cell types. The vectors can also include an appropriate promoter such as a prokaryotic promoter capable of directing the expression (transcription and translation) of the genes in a bacterial host cell, such as  E. coli , transformed therewith. 
     A promoter is an expression control element formed by a DNA sequence that permits binding of RNA polymerase and transcription to occur. Promoter sequences compatible with exemplary bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment of the present invention. 
     Typical prokaryotic vector plasmids are pUC18, pUC19, pBR322 and pBR329 available from Biorad Laboratories, (Richmond, Calif., USA) and pTrc99A and pKK223-3 available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA. 
     A typical mammalian cell vector plasmid is pSVL available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA. This vector uses the SV40 late promoter to drive expression of cloned genes, the highest level of expression being found in T antigen-producing cells, such as COS-1 cells. 
     An example of an inducible mammalian expression vector is pMSG, also available from Pharmacia. This vector uses the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter of the mouse mammary tumour virus long terminal repeat to drive expression of the cloned gene. 
     Useful yeast plasmid vectors are pRS403–406 and pRS413–416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (Yips) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413–416 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (YCps). 
     A variety of methods have been developed to operably link DNA to vectors via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA. The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the 5 complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules. 
     Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. The DNA segment, generated by endonuclease restriction digestion as described earlier, is treated with bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase or  E. coli  DNA polymerase I, enzymes that remove protruding, 3′-single-stranded termini with their 3′–5′-exonucleolytic activities, and fill in recessed 3′-ends with their polymerizing activities. 
     The combination of these activities therefore generates blunt-ended DNA segments. The blunt-ended segments are then incubated with a large molar excess of linker molecules in the presence of an enzyme that is able to catalyze the ligation of blunt-ended DNA molecules, such as bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase. Thus, the products of the reaction are DNA segments carrying polymeric linker sequences at their ends. These DNA segments are then cleaved with the appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated to an expression vector that has been cleaved with an enzyme that produces termini compatible with those of the DNA segment. 
     Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies Inc, New Haven, Conn., USA. 
     A desirable way to modify the DNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention is to use the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki et al (1988) Science 239, 487–491. 
     In this method the DNA to be enzymatically amplified is flanked by two specific oligonucleotide primers which themselves become incorporated into the amplified DNA. The said specific primers may contain restriction endonuclease recognition sites which can be used for cloning into expression vectors using methods known in the art. 
     The present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide vector construct of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacterial cells are preferred prokaryotic host cells and typically are a strain of  E. coli  such as, for example, the  E. coli  strains DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories Inc., Bethesda, Md., USA, and RR1 available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of Rockville, Md., USA (No ATCC 31343). Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic cell line. Yeast host cells include YPH499, YPHSO0 and YPHSO1 which are generally available from Stratagene Cloning. Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Preferred mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, and monkey kidney-derived COS-1 cells available from the ATCC as CRL 1650. 
     Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a DNA construct of the present invention is accomplished by well-known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al (1972)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  69, 2110 and Sambrook et al (1989)  Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Transformation of yeast cells is described in Sherman et al (1986)  Methods In Yeast Genetics, A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. The method of Beggs (1978)  Nature  275, 104–109 is also useful. With regard to vertebrate cells, reagents useful in transfecting such cells, for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or liposome formulations, are available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, or Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, Md. 20877, USA. 
     Electroporation is also useful for transforming cells and is well known in the art for transforming yeast cell, bacterial cells and vertebrate cells. 
     For example, many bacterial species may be transformed by the methods described in Luchansky et al (1988) Mol. Microbiol. 2, 637–646 incorporated herein by reference. The greatest number of transformants is consistently recovered following electroporation of the DNA-cell mixture suspended in 2.5× PEB using 6250V per cm at 25 μFD. 
     Methods for transformation of yeast by electroporation are disclosed in Becker &amp; Guarente (1990)  Methods Enzymol.  194, 182. 
     Successfully transformed cells, ie cells that contain a DNA construct of the present invention, can be identified by well-known techniques. For example, cells resulting from the introduction of an expression construct of the present invention can be grown to produce the polypeptide of the invention. Cells can be harvested and lysed and their DNA content examined for the presence of the DNA using a method such as that described by Southern (1975)  J. Mol. Biol.  98, 503 or Berent et al (1985)  Biotech.  3, 208. Alternatively, the presence of the protein in the supernatant can be detected using antibodies as described below. 
     In addition to directly assaying for the presence of recombinant DNA, successful transformation can be confirmed by well-known immunological methods when the recombinant DNA is capable of directing the expression of the protein. For example, cells successfully transformed with an expression vector produce proteins displaying appropriate antigenicity. Samples of cells suspected of being transformed are harvested and assayed for the protein using suitable antibodies. Thus, in addition to the transformed host cells themselves, the present invention also contemplates a culture of those cells, preferably a monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium. 
     Thus, a second aspect of the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding a peptide of the invention. 
     A third aspect of the invention provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide of the invention and a fourth aspect of the invention provides a host cell comprising a polynucleotide or vector of the invention. 
     The compounds of the invention are useful in modulating cell migration and therefore are useful in medicine. 
     Thus, a fifth aspect of the invention provides a compound according to the first aspect of the invention for use in medicine. 
     A sixth aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to the first aspect of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient (compound of the invention) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. 
     Formulations in accordance with the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. 
     A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g. povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g. sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to provide desired release profile. 
     Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier. 
     Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. 
     Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient. 
     It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents. 
     It is particularly preferred if the formulation is for topical administration, for example to the site of a wound. 
     It will be appreciated that some of the compounds of the invention will be in the form of salts. 
     Salts which may be conveniently used in therapy include physiologically acceptable base salts, for example, derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (e.g. sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g. magnesium) salts, ammonium and NX 4   +  (wherein X is C 1-4  alkyl) salts. Physiologically acceptable acid salts include hydrochloride, sulphate, mesylate, besylate, phosphate and glutamate. 
     Salts according to the invention may be prepared in conventional manner, for example by reaction of the parent compound with an appropriate base to form the corresponding base salt, or with an appropriate acid to form the corresponding acid salt. 
     The aforementioned compounds of the invention or a formulation thereof may be administered by any conventional method including oral and parenteral (e.g. subcutaneous or intramuscular) injection. The treatment may consist of a single dose or a plurality of doses over a period of time. 
     Whilst it is possible for a compound of the invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation, together with one or more acceptable carriers. The carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the compound of the invention and not deleterious to the recipients thereof. Typically, the carriers will be water or saline which will be sterile and pyrogen free. 
     A further aspect of the invention provides a method of modulating cell migration the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the first aspect of the invention to the site where modulation of cell migration is required. 
     Preferred compounds are those preferred in the first aspect of the invention. 
     Cell migration may be modulated according to the method of this aspect of the invention in vitro, for example in cell culture systems, or it may be modulated in vivo. 
     Impaired cell migration is commonly a feature of clinical conditions in which wound healing is not optimal; the stimulation of cell migration under these conditions may prove beneficial. Conversely, elevated or inappropriate cell migration is a feature of several pathological conditions, including tumour invasion, pathological angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Inhibitors of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) bioactivity may prove useful in the treatment of these conditions. Inhibitors of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) bioactivity may be screened for using method apparent to the skilled person based on the information contained herein. 
     The modulation of cell migration is desirable in, for example, wound healing, guided periodontal tissue regeneration, inhibition of tumour invasion and metastasis, and the compounds of the invention are also useful because of their effects on angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation). The compounds of the invention may also be useful in relation to inflammation or connective tissue function. 
     Thus, it is preferred that the site where modulation of cell migration is in an animal body, for example a mammalian, especially human, body. It is also preferred if the cell whose migration is modulated is a fibroblast cell. We have shown that vascular cells are responsive to certain compounds of the invention (for example, IGDS), and that IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) stimulates angiogenesis in the chick yolk sac assay. Thus, the compounds of the invention are believed to be clinically useful in stimulating angiogenesis in conditions such as impaired wound healing. 
     It will be seen, therefore, that the invention includes a method of treating an animal, for example a mammal, especially human, in need of modulation of cell migration the method comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound according to the first aspect of the invention. 
     A further aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound of the invention for modulating cell migration, especially in wound healing or periodontal tissue regeneration or inhibition of tumour invasion and metastasis or in modulating angiogenesis. 
     A still further aspect of the invention therefore provides use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating cell migration in an animal body. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         FIGS. 1A  (top) and  1 B (bottom) are graphs showing the effects of synthetic peptides and fibronectin domains on cell migration in the native collagen gel assay; 
         FIGS. 2A  (top) and  2 B (bottom) are graphs showing the effects of synthetic peptides and fibronectin domains on cell migration in the transmembrane assay; 
         FIGS. 3A  (top),  3 B (middle) and  3 C (bottom) are graphs showing the effects of different peptides on the migration of stimulating activity of the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin and IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2); 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing the effects of pre-incubation of cells with synthetic peptides on their subsequent migration in the native collagen gel assay. 
         FIG. 5  is the primary amino acid structure of human fibronectin (SEQ ID NO 7); 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing the modulation of the effect of GBD and the IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) tetrapeptide on fibroblast migration into 3D collagen matrices by cell density; and 
         FIG. 7  (top and bottom) are photomicrographs of the angiogenic activity 15 of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) synthetic peptide and gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin in the chick yolk sac membrane assay. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the following Figures and Examples in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows the effects of synthetic peptides and fibronectin domains on cell migration in the native collagen gel assay. Assays were performed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 1. Results are normalised by expressing them as “relative stimulation” of migration, this being calculated by dividing the percentage of cells in the gel matrix for each experimental point by the control value obtained in that particular experiment. Data are presented as the mean ±SD of five experiments. For clarity, the shaded area indicates the spread of standard deviations for data points not plotted with error bars. Upper panel: results obtained with the indicated synthetic peptides. Lower panel: results obtained with native fibronectin (FN), and its cell-binding (Cell-BD) and gelatin-binding (Gel-BD) domains. 
       FIG. 2  shows the effects of synthetic peptides and fibronectin domains on cell migration in the transmembrane assay. Assays were performed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 1. Results from five experiments are presented as mean ±SD. Shaded area indicates the spread of standard deviations for data points not plotted with error bars. Panel A: results obtained with IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and the gelatin-binding domain (Gel-BD) on membranes coated with native collagen and gelatin. Panel B: results obtained with RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6), native fibronectin (FN), and its cell-binding domain (Cell-BD). 
       FIG. 3  shows the effect of different peptides on the migration of stimulating activity of the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin and IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2). The collagen gel assay was performed in the presence of various combinations of the indicated peptides and the percentage of cells present within the gel matrix measured after a four-day incubation period. Data are expressed as mean ±SD obtained in three experiments. Panel A: combinations of the gelatin-binding domain (Gel-BD) and IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2); Panel B: combinations of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6); Panel C: combinations of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and the cell-binding domain (Cell-BD). 
       FIG. 4  shows the effect of pre-incubation of cells with synthetic peptides on their subsequent migration in the native collagen gel assay. Confluent cells on plastic tissue culture dishes were washed 3× with serum-free MEM (SF-MEM) and then incubated for various times with the indicated concentrations of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) in SF-MEM. They were then trypsinised and washed extensively by repeated (5×) cycles of centrifugation and resuspension in SF-MEM. The behaviour of these pre-incubated cells was assessed in the collagen gel assay in the absence of further IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)(indicated as IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) not in assay). These results were compared with the response of control cells to IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) present during the four-day duration of the migration assay (indicated as IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) in assay). Data were obtained from three experiments and are expressed as mean ±SD. 
       FIG. 5  shows the primary amino acid structure of human fibronectin. 
     Primary structure of Fibronectin 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Ala A 100 
                 Cys C 63 
                 Asp D 126 
                 Glu E 145 
               
               
                 Phe F 54 
                 Gly G 208 
                 His H 51 
                 Ile I 121 
               
               
                 Lys K 78 
                 Leu L 136 
                 Met M 27 
                 Asn N 101 
               
               
                 Pro P 195 
                 Gln Q 133 
                 Arg R 126 
                 Ser S 200 
               
               
                 Thr T 268 
                 Val V 200 
                 Trp W 40 
                 Tyr Y 105 
               
               
                 Mol. Wt (calc.) = 273 715 
                   
                 Residues = 2476 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Structural sites 
     Signal peptide: 1–20 
     Propeptide: 21–31 
     Type I repeats: 52–96, 97–140, 141–185, 186–230, 231–272, 308–344, 470–517, 518–560, 561–608, 2297–2341, 2342–2385, 2386–2428 
     Type II repeats: 345–404, 405–469 
     Type III repeats: 609–700, 719–809, 810–905, 906–995, 996–1085, 1086–1172, 1173–1265, 1357–1447, 1448–1537, 1538–1631, 1632–1721, 1812–1903-, 1904–1992, 1993–2082, 2203–2273 
     Alternatively spliced domains: 172–1811 (ED-A), 1266–1356 (ED-B), 2083–2202 (IIICS) 
     Potential N-linked glycosylation sites: 430, 528, 542, 877, 1007, 1244, 1291, 15 1904, 2199 
     O-Linked glycosylation site: 2155 
     Interchain disulphide bond residues: 2458, 2462 
     RGDD (SEQ ID NO 13) cell adhesion site: 1615–1618 
     (DAPS(SEQ ID NO 8) cell adhesion site: 1994–1998 
     LDV (SEQ ID NO 9) cell adhesion site: 2102–2104 
     REDV (SEQ ID NO 10) cell adhesion site: 2182–2185 
     Heparin-binding sites: 2028–2046 (FN-C/H I), 2068–2082 (FN-C/H II) 
     Factor Xllla transglutaminase cross-linking site: 34 
       FIG. 6  shows the modulation of the effect of GBD and the IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) tetrapeptide on fibroblast migration into 3D collagen matrices by cell density. Cells were plated at either confluent (conf) or subconfluent (subconf) densities. Shaded area indicates range of control values. 
       FIG. 7  shows the angiogenic activity of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) synthetic peptide and gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin in the chick yolk sac membrane assay. Dried methylcellulose pellets containing the test samples and control pellets (lacking the test samples) were placed on the yolk sac membrane of 6-day chick embryos, as described in Materials and Methods in Example 1. The elicited reaction was checked after six hours and assessed after 24 hr by observation of living embryos with a stereomicroscope. A. negative angiogenic response (in this case, elicited by control pellet); B. typical positive angiogenic response (in this case, elicited by pellet containing 1.0 μg IGDS (SEW ID NO 2)). After assessment at 24 hr, selected membranes were fixed in 2.5% EM grade glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. These preparations were then stained with 1% toluidine blue and photographed using a Leica DM LB microscope. C. appearance of fixed and stained positive angiogenic response (in this case, elicited by pellet containing 1.0 μg of the gelatin-binding domain). Bar=250 μm. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Migration Stimulating Activity of the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) Amino Acid Motif 
     Summary 
     The gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin stimulates fibroblast migration into matrices of native type I collagen, but is devoid of such activity with cells adherent to a denatured collagen substratum. We now demonstrate the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif, present at two sites within the gelatin-binding domain, displays the same substratum-dependent activity. Micromolar concentrations of IDG-containing synthetic peptides stimulated fibroblast migration into native (but not denatured) collagen substrata in the following activity order: IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)&gt;IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3)&gt;IGD (SEQ ID NO 1). The related RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) peptide did not affect cell migration on its own and inhibited the bioactivity of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) in a dose-dependent fashion. Cells pre-incubated with IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) displayed a persistent stimulation of cell migration when assayed in the absence of further IGDS. This feature of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) bioactivity provided a means to study the early events of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) action (for example, receptor ligation and post-ligation signalling) separately from the late events resulting in the persistent stimulation of cell migration. Accordingly, experiments in which cells were incubated with IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and inhibitors in various temporal combinations indicated that (a) both early and late events of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) action were effectively inhibited by RGDS, as well as function-blocking antibodies to integrin subunits (β 1  and β 3 ) and heterodimer α v β 3 , (b) neutralising antibodies to the classic fibronectin-binding α 5 β 1 , integrin were without effect, and (c) inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity blocked early events of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) action, inhibition of MAP kinase kinase blocked both early and late events, whilst inhibition of PKA only affected late events. In vivo studies further indicated that IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) synthetic peptide elicited an angiogenic response in the chick yolk sac membrane; in contrast, RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) and RGES (SEQ ID NO 11) peptides were inactive under the same experimental conditions. The expression of biological activity by IDG (SEQ ID NO 1) synthetic peptides (both in vitro and in vivo) stands in marked contrast to the inactivity of their well-studied RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) counterparts and opens the possibility of developing a novel family of clinically relevant agents. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Chemicals. The synthetic peptides were prepared to greater than 99% purity in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee. Fibronectin and its cell-binding and gelatin-binding domains were purified as previously described 7 . Monoclonal antibodies to the integrin subunits α2 (cat. no. MCA743) and β1 (MCA1188) were supplied by Serotec (Oxford, UK); antibodies to β3 (MAB1957), αvβ3 (MAB1976) and α5β1 (MAB 1969) were supplied by Chemicon (Harrow, UK); antibody to α5β1 (M0604) was supplied by Dako (High Wycombe, UK). Genistein (cat. no. 34583-Q) and PD98059 (cat. no. 178278-Q) were purchased from Calbiochem, Nottingham. PKA inhibitor peptide (cat. no. P6062) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co (Poole, Dorset, UK). 
     Cells. Experiments were performed with two lines of human skin fibroblasts (SK319 and FSF44, between passage 10–18) shown to be free of mycoplasmal contamination by staining with Hoechst 33256. Identical results were obtained with both lines and these cells are consequently not individually identified in the Figures. Stock cultures were maintained in Eagle&#39;s Minimal Essential (MEM), as previously described 7 . 
     Migration Assays. In the collagen gel assay, pre-formed 2 ml gels were overlaid with 1 ml of serum-free MEM (controls) or serum-free MEM containing the requisite concentration of effector molecule to give the desired final concentration. Trypsinised fibroblasts were suspended in serum-free MEM to give an inoculum containing 2×10 5  cells/ml and 1 ml of this was plated onto replicate control and test gels. After a 4-day incubation period at 37° C., the cells on the surface and within the 3D matrix of the gel were counted in 15 randomly selected fields by microscopic observation and these data used to calculate the percentage of total cells present within the gel matrix 6 . 
     Polycarbonate membranes used in the transmembrane assay were immersed in an aqueous solution containing 10 μg/ml of either native type I collagen or heat-denatured type I collagen (gelatin) overnight at 37° C. and then air-dried. Assays were performed as previously described 7 . 
     Chick yolk sac membrane angiogenesis assay. The assay was performed essentially as described by Gush et al (1990)  J. Med. Engineer. Tech.  14, 205–209. Accordingly, four-day-old fertilised eggs were cracked in a tumbler, covered with a Petri dish and incubated at 37° C. Two days later dried methylcellulose pellets containing the test samples and control pellets (lacking the test samples) were placed on the yolk sac membrane. The elicited angiogenic reaction was assessed after 24 hr by observation of living embryos with a stereomicroscope. Selected membranes were fixed in 2.5% EM grade glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), dissected, stained with 1% toluidine blue and mounted on glass slides for photomicroscopy. 
     Results and Discussion 
     Inspection of the amino acid sequence of the gelatin-binding domain revealed that it contains two IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motifs located in the seventh and ninth type I repeat modules, respectively. This is of particular interest, as the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif is a highly conserved feature of the type I module 8  and its location at the apex of the main type I loop is homologous to that of the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) motif in the tenth type III repeat 9 . Relevant IGD-containing synthetic peptides were synthesised and their effect on the migration of human dermal fibroblasts examined in the collagen gel assay. Results summarised in  FIG. 1A  indicate that IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)(as present in the ninth type I module), IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3)(as present in the seventh type I module) and IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) stimulated cell migration into native type I collagen gels in a dose-dependent fashion. Significant bioactivity was expressed by IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) at a concentration of 0.1 μM, whilst comparable activity was first manifest by IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) at 10–100 μM. IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) produced a bell-shaped dose-response; this was not obtained with either IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) or IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) within the concentration range examined. The structurally related RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) tetrapeptide was devoid of migration stimulating activity in the native collagen gel assay. Comparative results obtained with purified, proteolytically-generated, fibronectin fragments ( FIG. 1B ) confirmed our previous observations that the gelatin-binding domain exhibits significant migration stimulating activity, whilst native fibronectin and its purified cell-binding domain are inactive when tested within the same concentration range 7 . Comparison of data presented in FIGS. IA and B further indicate that the micromolar concentration range of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1)-containing synthetic peptides required to induce a stimulation of cell migration is many orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding femtomolar concentration range of the larger gelatin-binding domain. 
     These observations suggest the involvement of other amino acid motifs within the gelatin-binding domain in facilitating recognition and/or binding of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) to its putative cell surface receptor. In this context, Aota et al 10  reported that the PHSRN (SEQ ID NO 12) sequence in the ninth type III module of the cell binding domain is such a “synergistic” motif for RGD-dependent biological activity. 
     The effects of a native and denatured type I collagen substratum on the migration stimulating activity of IGD-containing synthetic peptides was assessed in the transmembrane assay. Data presented in  FIG. 2A  indicate that IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) stimulated cell migration through membranes coated with native collagen, but was devoid of activity on gelatin-coated membranes. Similar results were obtained with IGDQ (SEQ ID NO 3) and IGD (SEQ ID NO 1)(data not shown). These observations indicate that the bioactivity of IGD-containing synthetic peptides is (a) dependent upon cell attachment to a native collagen substratum, and (b) resembles that of the larger gelatin-binding domain in which it is contained in terms of this criterion. The mechanism responsible for the substratum-dependent nature of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) activity remains to be determined. In this regard, it may be relevant that cellular adhesion to a native collagen substratum specifically affects a number of cellular processes of potential relevance to the modulation of cell migration (for example, phosphorylation of pp125FAK and activation of PKC-ζ) 11,12 . 
     Data presented in  FIG. 2B  confirm that native fibronectin and its purified cell binding domain stimulate cell migration through membranes coated with gelatin (as reported in previous studies) and that the RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) synthetic peptide is inactive on both collagen- and gelatin-coated membranes. 
     The possible mechanistic relationship between IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and the gelatin-binding domain in which it is contained was further examined by co-incubating cells with suboptimal concentrations of each. The results presented in  FIG. 3A  indicate that these two peptides exerted an additive effect upon cell migration, consistent with the hypothesis that the IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif within the gelatin-binding domain is indeed responsible for its stimulation of cell migration. This additive effect was particularly apparent at 0.1 fM GBD and 0.01 μM (10 7  fM) IGDS, which were each inactive when present on their own, but active in combination. 
     Possible mechanistic interactions between IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) were studied in similar co-incubation experiments. Results presented in  FIG. 3B  indicate that RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) effectively inhibited the migration stimulating activity of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2). The cell-binding domain of fibronectin (which contains the RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) motif also inhibited IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) activity ( FIG. 3C ). As expected, the inhibition of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) activity was achieved at considerably lower (nanomolar) concentrations of the cell-binding domain compared to the pmolar concentrations required of RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6). The RGES (SEQ ID NO 11) synthetic peptide had no effect on IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) migration stimulating activity when tested at the same concentration range as RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6)(data not shown). 
     A number of biological activities of fibronectin are “cryptic” in the sense that they are displayed by fibronectin proteolytic fragments, but not by the intact molecule 5,13 . Fukai et al 14  have demonstrated that the expression of these cryptic activities require either the denaturation of native fibronectin and/or its limited proteolytic degradation into functional domains in order to become manifest. These authors suggest that relaxation of steric hindrance may be responsible for the unmasking of latent biological activity by these procedures. The inhibition of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)-induced cell migration by the RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) amino acid motif may provide an additional mechanism for the apparent lack of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) activity in native fibronectin ( FIG. 1  B). 
     We have previously reported that cells pre-incubated for 24 hr with the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin displayed elevated migratory activity when subsequently plated on native collagen gels in its absence 7 . Data presented in  FIG. 4  indicate that the effect of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) on cell migration is similarly persistent, exhibiting a dependence upon both the time of pre-incubation and peptide concentration. This elevated migratory behaviour is still manifest by pre-incubated cells following 1–2 passages in vitro (data not shown). 
     The persistence of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)-bioactivity suggests that its mode of action involves a series of early events which are dependent upon the presence of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)(such as receptor ligation and post-ligation signalling) and later events, which no longer require the presence of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and ultimately result in stabilisation of a persistent migratory phenotype. The specific effects of potential inhibitory molecules on such early and late events were examined by using the following experimental protocol: (a) pre-incubating cells with IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and inhibitor and then assaying these treated cells in the absence of both IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) and inhibitor (note: this protocol provides data concerning the effects of inhibitor on the early events mediating IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) activity), (b) pre-incubating cells with neither IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) nor inhibitor and assaying them in the presence of both (the effects of inhibitor on both early and late events), (c) pre-incubating cells with IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) alone and then assaying them in the presence of inhibitor only (the effects of inhibitor on late events), and finally, (d) pre-incubating cells with inhibitor alone and then assaying them in the presence of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) to provide control information regarding possibly persistent effects of inhibitor which would confound data interpretation. Data presented in Table IA are concerned with the effects of the synthetic RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) and RGES (SEQ ID NO 5). Our results indicate that RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) inhibited both IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) cell signalling and subsequent cell migration. RGES (SEQ ID NO 11) was inactive under all experimental conditions. Control data (protocol “d”) indicated that both peptides had no persistent effect on IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) activity; all of the other inhibitors examined were similarly devoid of such potentially confounding activity (data not shown). 
     The inhibitory effects of RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) on IGDS-induced cell migration may occur by competition for receptor ligation. In order to obtain data relevant to this possibility, we employed the above pre-incubation protocols to examine the effects of neutralising antibodies to several integrins expressed by human dermal fibroblasts in vitro 15  Our data indicate that the monoclonal antibody recognising the a2 integrin subunit inhibited cell migration induced by IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2), but did not affect initial IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) signalling (Table 3B). This observation is consistent with the role of α2β1 in mediating cell attachment to collagen and its involvement in supporting cell migration on this substratum 16 . Antibodies to the αvβ3 heterodimer, as well as to the integrin subunits α1 and β3, were found to block both the initial events of IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) signalling and subsequent cell migration. The αvβ3 heterodimer recognises the RGDS (SEQ ID NO 6) motif, whilst the β 1  and β 3  subunits are present in several integrin heterodimers which also recognise RGDS 15,17 . Several previous studies have implicated these integrins in the mediation of cell migration 16,18 . In this context, it should be noted that the α v β 3  heterodimer also binds to exposed RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) sites in denatured (but not native) collagen 19 ; this differential ligation of denatured and native type I collagen by α v β 3  may contribute to the substratum-dependent nature of fibroblast migratory response to IGD-containing peptides reported here. Two antibodies to the “classic” fibronectin-binding α 5 β 1  integrin had no effect on IGDS-induced cell migration (Table 3B). These observations are consistent with previous reports suggesting that integrin α 5 β 1  preferentially mediates cell adhesion rather than migration 20 . Recent studies have underscored the interplay between substratum, ligand concentration and integrin function in the control of cell migration 21,22 ; these complex factors will need to be taken into account in identifying the precise integrin receptors involved in IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) ligation and the post-ligation events leading to the resultant substratum-dependent biological activity. 
     Results obtained with signal transduction inhibitors indicate that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor  Genistein  selectively blocked IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)-induced cell signalling, but did not affect cell migration (Table 1C). This finding is consistent with the role of focal adhesion-associated tyrosine kinases (such as pp125FAK) in mediating integrin signal transduction 23 . The MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 blocked both signal transduction and cell migration, in keeping with the previously reported activation of the MAP kinase cascade by integrin ligation 24 . In contrast, the PKA inhibitor blocked cell migration, but did not appear to affect initial IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2)-dependent events. 
     In addition to RGD, other amino acid sequences in fibronectin have been reported to mediate cell adhesion and migration; these include LDV (SEQ ID NO 9), REDV (SEQ ID NO 9) and IDAPS (SEQ ID NO 8) 17 . All these motifs resemble RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) in that migration stimulating activity is not retained by the respective soluble synthetic peptides. The migration-stimulating activity of IGD-containing synthetic peptides appears to be unique in this sense. Although biological activity has not previously been ascribed to the conserved IGD (SEQ ID NO 1) motif in fibronectin, previous studies have implicated the ninth type I repeat (which contains the IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) sequence in the assembly of an extracellular fibronectin matrix 25 . The data presented here may be relevant in this context and suggest several integrins which may function in IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) ligation. 
     The migration inhibiting activity of RGD-containing peptides has a number of potential clinical applications 26,27 . Structure-function studies have indicated that conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions, tandem amino acid extensions and cyclicisation significantly modulate the biological activity of the RGD (SEQ ID NO 4) motif in these situations 28,29 . The converse migration-stimulating activity of IGD (SEQ ID NO 1)-containing synthetic peptides may provide an analogous platform for developing a new family of therapeutic agents which promote cell migration in clinically relevant conditions, such as impaired wound healing. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Angiogenic Response in a Rat Wound Healing Model 
     The IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) peptide has been shown to stimulate fibroblast migration and elicit and angiogenic response in a rat wound healing model. In this experimental system, 1 cm 2  pieces of porcine dermal collagen films impregnated with either control medium or medium containing the indicated concentration of test substance were implanted subcutaneously into rats. The animals were sacrificed 28 days later and the removed collagen implants fixed and sectioned for image analysis. The following data were obtained, indicating that IGDS (SEQ ID NO 2) stimulated both fibroblast migration into the collagen film and an angiogenic response. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vessels (per field) 
                 Fibroblasts (% field) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 15.3 ± 5.5 
                  8.3 ± 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 IGDS (1 μg/ml) 
                 26.7 ± 6.4 
                 18.2 ± 9.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p &lt; 0.01 
                 p &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of various inhibitors on early (receptor ligation and signalling) and 
               
               
                 late persistent stimulation of cell migration) aspects of IGDS 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO 2) activity. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A: synthetic peptides 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pre- 
                   
                   
                 Inhibitory 
               
               
                 Peptide 
                 incubation 
                 In assay 
                 % 
                 activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (μ molar) 
                 IGDS 
                 Peptide 
                 IGDS 
                 peptide 
                 inhibition 
                 yes(+) no(−) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RGDS 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 92.3 ± 2.1 
                 early events: + 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 96.2 ± 4.8 
                 late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 96.5 ± 5.7 
               
               
                 RGES 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                  1.2 ± 2.1 
                 early events: − 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 −1.0 ± 3.0 
                 late events: − 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                  0.3 ± 2.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 B: integrin antibodies 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pre- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 incubation 
                 In assay 
                   
                 Inhibitory 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Antibody 
                   
                 anti- 
                   
                 anti- 
                 % 
                 activity 
               
               
                 (μg/ml) 
                 IGDS 
                 body 
                 IGDS 
                 body 
                 inhibition 
                 yes(+) no(−) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 α 2   
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 92.9 ± 6.1 
                 early events: − 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 −5.7 ± 2.0 
                 late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 97.4 ± 8.9 
               
               
                 β 1   
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 96.1 ± 2.1 
                 early events: + 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 92.8 ± 3.9 
                 late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 99.1 ± 5.5 
               
               
                 β 3   
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 94.0 ± 4.2 
                 Early events: + 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 98.0 ± 1.0 
                 Late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 96.7 ± 3.6 
               
               
                 α 5 β 1   
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                  4.1 ± 3.3 
                 Early events: − 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                  3.6 ± 2.8 
                 Late events: − 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 −0.1 ± 2.6 
               
               
                 α v β 3   
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 97.9 ± 4.7 
                 Early events: + 
               
               
                 (10.0) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 88.0 ± 3.3 
                 Late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                  68.9 ± 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C: signal transduction inhibitors 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pre- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 incubation 
                 In assay 
                   
                 Inhibitory 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Inhib- 
                   
                 Inhib- 
                 % 
                 activity 
               
               
                 Inhibitor 
                 IGDS 
                 itor 
                 IGDS 
                 body 
                 itor 
                 yes(+) no(−) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Genistein 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 94.1 ± 6.5 
                 early events: + 
               
               
                 (10 μg/ml) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 96.7 ± 4.0 
                 late events: − 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                  0.9 ± 2.9 
               
               
                 PD98059 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 99.8 ± 3.8 
                 early events: + 
               
               
                 (2.0 μM) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 90.5 ± 3.1 
                 late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 39.4 ± 5.0 
               
               
                 PKA inhib 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 90.0 ± 6.4 
                 early events: − 
               
               
                 (5 nM) 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                  6.9 ± 5.7 
                 late events: + 
               
               
                   
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 99.5 ± 4.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Angiogenic Activities of Synthetic Peptides and Gelatin-binding Domain 
               
               
                 of Fibronectin. The angiogenic activities of the indicated test compounds 
               
               
                 were ascertained in the chick yolk sac assay, as previously described in 
               
               
                 Gush et al (1990) J. Med. Engineer. Tech. 14, 205–209. See Legend FIG. 
               
               
                 7 for further details. 
               
               
                 Angiogenic Activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Positive 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 responses 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Concentration (ng/pellet) 
                 (%) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Control 
                 — 
                 2/28 
                 (7) 
               
               
                   
                 IGDS 
                 5 
                 3/6 
                 (50) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 7/11 
                 (64) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 250 
                 10/13 
                 (77) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1000 
                 9/14 
                 (64) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3000 
                 7/9 
                 (78) 
               
               
                   
                 Gelatin-binding 
                 5 
                 0/4 
                 (0) 
               
               
                   
                 domain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 3/10 
                 (30) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 250 
                 7/8 
                 (87) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1000 
                 9/12 
                 (75) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3000 
                 6/6 
                 (100) 
               
               
                   
                 RGDS 
                 3000 
                 1/11 
                 (9) 
               
               
                   
                 RGES 
                 3000 
                 1/10 
                 (10) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
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