Abstract:
An apparatus for measuring stagnation pressure and yaw angle as well as providing static pressure and pitch angle indications at any point in subsonic and supersonic elastic fluid streams. Determination of both the static and stagnation pressures at any selected point permits Mach number determination anywhere along the radial length of axial flow turbine blades. Such localized Mach number determinations permit close monitoring of blade performance in axial flow turbines.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to axial flow turbines and more particularly to a probe for determining Mach number at any point along the radial length of the blades used in an axial flow elastic fluid turbine. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     In axial flow turbines the usual method for determining individual blade row efficiencies is to conduct pressure traverses at the inlet and exit of the blade row in question. Highly supersonic elastic fluid flow often occurs at the exit of certain blade rows situated near the low pressure end of the turbine. It has been common practice to use a truncated cone probe to conduct pressure traverses upstream and downstream from blade rows which are candidates for such supersonic flow. Results obtained from the truncated cone probe traverses for supersonic fluid flow required correction due to the effect of shock waves on the probe. The correction was based on theory, but effects such as probe blockage were seldom accounted for and thus caused the corrected results to be questionable. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,903 which was patented on Sept. 3, 1974, discloses a probe and method for measuring stagnation pressure for gas streams of supersonic velocity. The aforementioned prior art probe utilizes three pressure taps to indicate the relative position of the probe and detect deviations from the original orientation of the probe in the plane of deflection of the gas stream. A primary disadvantage of the prior art device is a lack of any means for determining the static pressure corresponding to the measured stagnation pressure. An additional disadvantage of the prior art includes the complexity which is introduced in its use of three pressure measuring devices and taps associated therewith for determining, through comparative pressure ratios, the proper orientation of the probe relative to the gas stream. The prior art probe is typically used in wind tunnels which have static pressure taps at their walls and thus permit Mach number determination for gas streams flowing within the wind tunnel. As such, the prior art probe is not suitable for determining static pressure at points along the radial length of axial flow turbine blades since the static pressure typically varies from the blade&#39;s platform to its tip. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, the invention comprises a measuring apparatus for determining the stagnation pressure, static pressure, yaw angle and pitch angle at any point in an elastic fluid stream. The measuring apparatus constitutes a probe which gradually deflects a portion of the elastic fluid stream and isentropically decelerates it by using a compression fan, a first pressure measurement device for determining the stagnation pressure existing in the decelerated or stagnated region of the elastic fluid, and a second pressure measurement device for measuring a single pressure upstream from the stagnation region which is indicative of the static pressure and pitch angle of the undeflected fluid stream. Determination of static pressure at any point in an elastic fluid stream such as a blade row of an axial flow turbine permits computation of localized Mach numbers along the blade and determination of blade row efficiencies for any operating condition. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The objects and advantages of this invention will be more apparent from reading the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1A and 1B are partial sectional and elevation views respectively of an axial flow turbine having probe guides for insertion therein of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 2A-2C are elevation and sectional views of the probe portion of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a plot of gas stream pitch angle versus pitch coefficient; and 
     FIG. 4 is a plot of pitch angle versus static pressure coefficient. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the drawings in detail, FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an axial flow turbine 10 having alternating rows or rotatable blades 12 and stationary blades 14. While turbine 10 has been illustrated as a single element having two rotatable blade rows 12 mounted on rotor 16 and stationary blade row 14 disposed within turbine 10 and attached to casing 18, it is to be understood that multiple element turbines including either more or fewer turbine stages are amenable to pressure analysis with the present invention. Probe guides 20 extending through casing 18 are directed at oblique angles to the casing and blade rows to permit pressure measurements of the turbine&#39;s elastic, motive fluid at any point along the radial length of the blades both upstream and downstream from the blade row in question. FIG. 1A shows three such positions as A, B, and C. The oblique angles for probe guides 20 are chosen to minimize the change in pitch angle experienced by probe 22 in traversing each blade row from its tip to its base end. Probe 22 is illustrated in FIG. 1B in operating position downstream from rotatable blade row 12. Probe 22 fluidly communicates with pressure measuring means 24 through pressure transmitting conduits 26, 28, 30, and 32. Blade row 12&#39;s efficiency is determined by traversing the annular inlet and exit areas of blade row 12 with probe 22. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate elevation and plan views respectively or probe 22. Pitch angle D represents the angle between the elastic fluid flow direction and the horizontal axis E of probe 22 as shown in FIG. 2A. Portion 22a of probe 22 is curved about point F and constitutes a sweep angle of 70 degrees. Portion 22b of probe 22 houses pressure lines 26, 28, 30 and 32 which are in respective fluid communication with taps 34, 36, 38, and 40. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B the pressure lines extend to pressure measuring means 24. Pressure tap 34 is, by example, 40 degrees below or downstream from horizontal center line E and provides an indication of the elastic fluid&#39;s static pressure shortly after its deceleration is initiated against probe section 22a. Pressure tap 34 is preferably forty degrees downstream from axis E since such position was found to provide optimum activity to changes in the impinging fluid&#39;s pitch angle and is useful for developing a pitch angle coefficient whose use will be later described. Pressure taps 36 and 38 can be balanced or equalized by altering the probe&#39;s position so as to reduce the probe&#39;s yaw angle, G, as defined in FIG. 2C to zero and assure proper probe orientation for accurate pressure measurement. The actual yaw angle of the elastic, motive fluid may be obtained by referencing the probe&#39;s balanced position to a calibrated indicator which may be on the turbine 10, probe guide 20, or other convenient location. Stagnation pressure of the elastic fluid is obtained by substantially isentropically decelerating that fluid along probe portion 22a to cause formation of a compression fan along that decelerating surface. Stagnation pressure tap 40 is disposed downstream from the probe&#39;s decelerating surface in a region of stagnated fluid. Pressure tap 40 provides a fluid communication port to the stagnated fluid region to permit measurement of total pressure for both subsonic and supersonic fluid flows since interfering shock waves which customarily accompany supersonic flow are substantially eliminated. 
     The decelerating fluid surface of probe 22 is preferably convex in shape and has pressure tap 34 and stagnation pressure tap 40 situated on the same longitudinal axis H. Probe 22 has 0.035 inch diameter pressure taps formed in its tubular body which is 0.25 inches in diameter by example. The radius of curvature of portion 22a is, by way of illustration, 0.75 inches and pressure taps 36, 38, and 40 are disposed 20 degrees downstream from horizontal axis E. The present invention&#39;s probe provides a sweep angle of 70 degrees which is typically required for axial flow turbines to permit insertion of the probe between axially adjacent blade rows. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots of pitch angle coefficient divided by the square root of Mach number and static pressure coefficient divided by Mach number to the two-thirds power respectively versus pitch angle D. The curve fits shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 were obtained from calibration of probe 22 in free air jets. The Mach number at any point along the blades of an axial flow turbine may be obtained by utilizing an iterative procedure between FIGS. 3 and 4. The iterative procedure necessitates initial Mach number estimation, subsequent Mach number calculation utilizing pressure measurements obtained from the probe, and acceptance of the estimated Mach number when the estimate and calculated values are in suitable agreement. 
     Utilization of the present invention provides direct stagnation pressure measurement at any point in a fluid stream such as along selected blade rows of an axial flow turbine, permits pitch angle, yaw angle, static pressure, and Mach number to be determined at those points and thus allows accurate determination of individual blade row efficiencies when those blade rows are traversed at their upstream and downstream sides. The simplified design of probe 22 provides high precision and superior reliability when compared with those of the prior art while, at the same time, supplying data for obtaining parameters (static pressure and pitch angle) at any point in the flowing gas stream.