Abstract:
An optical device includes at least three optical ports. An optical arrangement arranges an optical beam received from any of the optical ports into a first polarization state. A dispersion element spatially separates the optical beam into a plurality of wavelength components. An optical power element converges each wavelength component in at least one direction. A programmable optical phase modulator steers the wavelength components through the optical arrangement, the dispersion element and the focusing element to a selected optical output. The programmable optical phase modulator includes an active area that performs the steering and a non-active area surrounding the active area. A polarizing arrangement located in an optical path between at least one of the optical ports and at least a portion of the non-active area of the programmable optical phase modulator is configured to arrange optical energy into a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     In an optical communication network, optical signals having a plurality of optical channels at individual wavelengths (i.e., channels), are transmitted from one location to another, typically through a length of optical fiber. An optical cross-connect module allows switching of optical signals from one optical fiber to another. A wavelength-selective optical cross-connect, or wavelength selective switch (WSS), allows reconfigurable wavelength-dependent switching, that is, it allows certain wavelength channels to be switched from a first optical fiber to a second optical fiber while letting the other wavelength channels propagate in the first optical fiber, or it allows certain wavelength channels to be switched to a third optical fiber. An optical network architecture based on wavelength-selective optical switching has many attractive features due to the ability to automatically create or re-route optical paths of individual wavelength channels. It accelerates service deployment, accelerates rerouting around points of failure of an optical network, and reduces capital and operating expenses for a service provider, as well as creating a future-proof topology of the network. 
     Wavelength selective switches may exhibit undesirable optical coupling between their various input and output ports. Another undesirable feature that may arise is outerband crosstalk. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with one aspect of the subject matter discussed herein, an optical device is provided that includes at least three optical ports. An optical arrangement arranges an optical beam received from any of the optical ports into a first polarization state. A dispersion element spatially separates the optical beam into a plurality of wavelength components. An optical power element converges each of the plurality of wavelength components in at least one direction. A programmable optical phase modulator receives the focused plurality of wavelength components in the first polarization state. The programmable optical phase modulator is configured to steer the wavelength components through the optical arrangement, the dispersion element and the focusing element to a selected one of the optical outputs. The programmable optical phase modulator includes an active area that performs the steering and a non-active area surrounding the active area. A polarizing arrangement is located in an optical path between at least one of the optical ports and at least a portion of the non-active area of the programmable optical phase modulator. The polarizing arrangement is configured to arrange optical energy into a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the subject matter discussed herein, an optical device is provided that includes an optical port array, an optical arrangement, a dispersion element, a focusing element and a programmable optical phase modulator. The optical port array has at least one optical input port for receiving an optical beam and a plurality of optical output ports. The optical arrangement allows optical coupling between the at least one optical input port and each of the optical output ports and prevents optical coupling between any one of the plurality of optical output ports and any other of the plurality of optical output ports. The dispersion element receives the optical beam from the at least one optical input after traversing the optical arrangement and spatially separating the optical beam into a plurality of wavelength components. The focusing element focuses the plurality of wavelength components. The programmable optical phase modulator receives the focused plurality of wavelength components. The modulator is configured to steer the wavelength components to a selected one of the optical outputs. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein, the optical arrangement is configured to selectively allow and prevent optical coupling between selected ports by discriminating among different polarization states of optical energy traversing therethrough. In particular, in some embodiments the optical arrangement is further configured to receive the optical beam in any polarization state and provide the optical beam to the dispersion element in a predetermined polarization state. 
     In one particular embodiment, the optical arrangement includes at least one walkoff crystal for spatially separating the optical beams received from any of the ports in optical port array into first and second optical components being arranged in first and second polarization states, respectively. The optical arrangement also includes a first composite half-wave plate for arranging the first optical components into the second polarization state and, optionally, a polarizer for transmitting optical energy in the second polarization state but not the first polarization state. This embodiment of the optical arrangement also includes a Faraday rotator and a second composite half-wave plate. The Faraday rotator and the second composite half-wave plate rotate the spatially separated optical beams received from the optical input port via the polarizer into the first polarization state and rotate the spatially separated optical beams received from the plurality of optical output ports into the second orthogonal polarization state. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1-3  schematically illustrate a cross-sectional view of an optical arrangement that may be incorporated, for example, into a wavelength selective switch, as an optical beam is switched between different ones of the ports. 
         FIG. 4  shows an alternative embodiment of the optical arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
         FIG. 5  shows another alternative embodiment of the optical arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
         FIG. 6  shows the full spectral bandwidth of an optical device that employs an LCoS as the switching element, illustrating outerband crosstalk. 
         FIG. 7  shows a plan view of an LCoS, illustrating its active area and surrounding frame. 
         FIG. 8  shows plan view of an LCoS taken along lines I-I of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 9  shows a plan view of a polarization arrangement taken along lines I-I of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 10  shows one embodiment of the optical device taken along line II-II of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 11  shows an insertion loss trace similar to the trace of  FIG. 6  after polarizers have been incorporated to reduce outerband crosstalk. 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are top and side views respectively of one example of a simplified optical device such as a free-space WSS that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As detailed below, an optical arrangement is provided which directionally couples one set of optical ports to a different set of optical ports such that optical ports within each of the sets are not optically coupled to any other optical port within its own set. The arrangement may be integrated with an optical device such as optical switch to achieve lower levels of optical coupling between ports. 
       FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of an optical arrangement  100  that may be incorporated, for example, into a wavelength selective switch (WSS) for addressing the issues of diversity (the optical loss that occurs when a beam travels from one input port to another input port) and isolation (the optical loss that occurs when a beam travels from an output port to an input port). Four optical ports  10 ,  20 ,  30  and  40  are shown and thus in this example the wavelength selective switch in which the optical device  100  may be incorporated is a 1×3 switch. The optical arrangement  100  shown in  FIG. 1  will allow the spatial light modulator to direct the optical beams between the Com port  10  and any of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40 . More generally, any number n of optical ports may be employed to provide a 1×n switching functionality. Optical arrangement  100  includes a walkoff crystal  50 , a first composite half-wave plate  60 , a polarizer  70 , a Faraday rotator  80  and a second composite half-wave plate  90 , all of which are optically coupled as shown for processing optical beams that are received by optical port  10 , which serves as a Com (common) port and selectively directed to any of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40 . 
     In  FIG. 1  two orthogonal states or components of an optical beam are shown as it propagates through the various optical elements. One polarization component (e.g., a vertical or v-component) is denoted by a vertical arrow, and the other polarization component (e.g., a horizontal or h-component) is denoted by a dot. The walk-off direction of walk-off crystal  50  and directions of rotation caused by the half-wave plates and Faraday rotator will be described with respect to polarization components of light beams propagating in the forward or downstream direction, i.e., positive z-direction. 
     An optical beam received by the Com port  10  propagates in the forward direction and enters walk-off crystal  50 , which splits the optical beam into two orthogonally polarized beams that are spatially displaced with respect to one another. In the example of  FIG. 1  this spatial displacement is in the x-direction. The optical beams exit the walk-off crystal  50  and enter a composite half-wave plate  60  having regions  62 ,  64 ,  66  and  68  that have their optical axes arranged to rotate the polarization of an incoming beam by 90°. The remaining regions of the composite half-wave plate  60  do not alter the polarization state of an incoming beam. 
     Half-wave plate regions  62 ,  64 ,  66  and  68  are positioned along the optical paths defined by the optical ports  40 ,  30 ,  20  and  10  respectively. The half-wave plate region  68  is positioned to receive the h-polarized component of the optical beam traveling from the Com port  10 . As a consequence of the composite half-wave plate  60  the optical beams originating from the Com port  10  are both in the same polarization state (i.e., the v-polarization state). 
     The optical beams exit the composite half-wave plate  60  and enter an optional polarizer  70  though which only vertically polarized light passes. Accordingly, only the two spatially displaced optical beam components originating from the Com port  10  will pass through the polarizer  70 . 
     After exiting the optional polarizer  70  the two vertically polarized optical beams originating from the Com port  10  enter a Faraday rotator  80 . The Faraday rotator  80  rotates the polarization state of the optical beams by 45° in the clockwise direction when the optical beam is traveling in the downstream direction, as shown. A second composite half-wave plate  90  following the Faraday rotator  80  includes a first half-wave plate region  92  that receives the two spatially displaced optical beams from the Com port  10 . The second half-wave plate  90  also includes a second half-wave plate region  94  that is positioned along the optical paths defined by the optical ports  40 ,  30  and  20 . For two beams traveling in the same direction, the second half-wave plate region  94  is arranged to rotate the polarization state of the optical beams in the opposite direction from that of the first half-wave plate region  92 . 
     The first half-wave plate region  92  receiving the optical beams from the Faraday rotator  80  further rotates the optical beams by another 45° in the clockwise direction so that they both exit the first half-wave plate region  92  in the h-polarization state. As shown, the net effect of the Faraday rotator  80  and the first half-wave region  92  is to output an optical beam in a horizontal polarization state if the input optical beam is in a vertical polarization state and output an optical beam in a vertical polarization state if the input optical beam is in a horizontal polarization state. That is, the Faraday rotator  80  and the first half-wave plate region  92  together rotate the polarization of a beam in one polarization state to its orthogonal polarization state. Moreover, the order in which the optical beam passes through the Faraday rotator  80  and the first half-wave plate region  92  may be reversed from that shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     After exiting the first half-wave plate region  92  the optical beams are directed further downstream through various other optical components and undergo optical processing by a spatial light modulator (not shown in  FIG. 1 ). The spatial light modulator selectively directs various wavelength components of the optical beams to selected ones of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40 . One example of a wavelength selective switch that incorporates a spatial light modulator and the optical arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  will be presented below in connection with  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
     The optical arrangement  100  shown in  FIG. 1  will allow the spatial light modulator to direct the optical beams between the Com port  10  and any of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40 . However, the optical arrangement  100  will also block any optical beams originating from any of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40  which are directed to any of the ports  20   30  and  40  (e.g. an optical beam from optical port  20  will be prevented from reaching the optical port  30  or optical port  40 ). 
     Continuing with the example of  FIG. 1 , after exiting the 2 nd  composite half-wave plate  90  and being redirected by the SLM, the optical beam originating from the Com port  10  that is directed by the SLM to optical port  40  will first pass through the second half-wave plate region  94  of the second composite half-wave plate  90  and the Faraday rotator  80  when traveling in the upstream direction. The net effect of the second half-wave plate region  94  and the Faraday rotator  80  is to output an optical beam in a horizontal polarization state if the input optical beam traveling in the upstream direction is in a vertical polarization state and output an optical beam in a vertical polarization state if the input optical beam is in a horizontal polarization state when traveling in the upstream direction. That is, the second half-wave plate region  94  and the Faraday rotator  80  together rotate the polarization of an upstream traveling optical beam in one polarization state to its orthogonal polarization state. Moreover, the order in which the optical beam passes through the second half-wave plate region  94  and the Faraday rotator  80  may be reversed from that shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Since the optical beams traveling in the upstream direction from the SLM to the optical port  40  are in the h-polarization state upon entering the second half-wave plate region  94 , they will exit the second half-wave plate region  94  and the Faraday rotator  80  in the orthogonal polarization state. That is, the optical beams will exit the second Faraday rotator  80  in the v-polarization state and thus will pass through the polarizer  70 . The optical beams then pass through the composite half-wave plate  60 , where the polarization of one the beams will be rotated into the h-polarization state by the half-wave plate region  62 . The two beams, which are now in orthogonal polarization states, enter the walkoff crystal  50 , which recombines the beams before they are directed to the optical port  40 . 
     In contrast to an optical beam originating from Com port  10  and being directed to any of the optical ports  20 ,  30  and  40 , an optical beam originating from any of the ports  20 ,  30  and  40  will be prevented from reaching any of the other ports  20 ,  30  and  40  by polarizer  70 . That is, the optical arrangement  100  exhibits a high degree of directivity. This is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , where an optical beam originates from optical port  20  of the optical arrangement  100  and is prevented from reaching optical port  40  by polarizer  70 . Likewise,  FIG. 3  shows the optical arrangement  100  when an optical beam is successfully directed from optical port  40  to COM port  10 , thereby illustrating that the optical arrangement  100  exhibits a high degree of isolation. 
     As previously mentioned, in some embodiments the polarizer  70  is not provided. Without the polarizer  70 , the switching of an optical beam from COM  1  to say, port  40  will be unaffected. Likewise, the switching of an optical beam from port  40  to COM port  10  is unaffected. However, the manner in which an optical beam is prevented from being switched between any two of the output ports  20 ,  30  or  40 , such as shown in  2  will be impacted. 
     Similar to  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 4  shows the optical arrangement in which an optical beam is switched from port  20  to port  40 , except that in  FIG. 4  the polarizer  70  is not present. In  FIG. 4  the optical beam travels through the optical arrangement as shown in  FIG. 2  until it reaches the first composite half-wave plate  60 . As shown, after each polarization component of the optical beam passes through the walkoff crystal  50 , the beam will be directed to the optical port  40 . However, instead of being directed along the optical axis of the port  40 , the two polarization components will be displaced from the optical axis of the port and, assuming the spacing between adjacent ports is sufficient, the two polarizations will both miss port  40  and any adjacent ports. In this way coupling between ports  20  and  40  is prevented. 
       FIG. 5  shows another alternative embodiment of the optical arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . In this embodiment the functionality of two independently operable wavelength selective switches are provided. In  FIGS. 1-3 and 5 , as well as in the remaining figures herein, like elements are denoted by like reference numerals. However, the optical ports associated with both the first and second WSSs may share a common set of such optical elements. The two switches can share a common set of optical elements such as lenses, dispersion elements and a spatial light modulator. That is, the functionality of the two WSSs may be incorporated into a single physical switching device. For purposes of illustration in this example 8 optical ports are shown. Optical ports  10 ,  20 ,  30  and  40  are associated with a first WSS, which functions as an N×1 which, where in this example N=3. That is, in this first WSS optical port  40  serves as a designated output port to which wavelengths received by any of the optical ports  10 ,  20  and  30  can be selectively directed. In  FIG. 5  a wavelength received by optical port  10  is shown being directed to optical port  40 . 
     Likewise, optical ports  50 ,  60 ,  70  and  80  are associated with a second WSS, which functions as 1×N switch. That is, in this second WSS optical port  80  serves as a designated input port that can selectively direct wavelengths to any of the optical ports  50 ,  60  and  70 . In  FIG. 5  a wavelength received by optical port  80  is shown being directed to optical port  50 . 
     For clarity of illustration in  FIG. 5  the walkoff crystal  50 , first composite half wave-plate  60 , polarizer  70 , Faraday rotator  80  and the second composite half wave-plate  90  associated with the first WSS are shown as separate elements from the walkoff crystal  50 , first composite half wave-plate  60 , polarizer  70 , Faraday rotator  80  and the second composite half wave-plate  90  associated with the second WSS. However, as noted above, both the first and second WSSs may share a common set of such elements. 
     It should be noted that while the two WSSs in  FIG. 5  are depicted as having four optical ports each, more generally any number of ports may be employed, and this number may be the same or different among the two functional switching elements. Moreover, in other embodiments the functionality of more than two WSSs may be incorporated into the same physical device. 
     In order to provide the proper directionality needed to achieve the desired coupling between the optical ports  10 ,  20 ,  30  and  40  of the first WSS, a half wave-plate  85  is inserted in the optical path between the optical ports  10 ,  20 ,  30  and  40  and the spatial light modulator  73  (e.g., an LCoS). In this example the half wave-plate  85  is located between the second composite half-wave plate  90  and the spatial light modulator  85 . The operation of the first WSS is illustrated in  FIG. 5  by an optical beam that is received by optical port  10  and directed to optical port  40 . As shown, the optical beam originating from optical port  10  traverses the optical arrangement as previously described with its two components exiting the second half-wave plate region  94  in the vertical polarization state. The half wave-plate  85  then rotates the two components to the horizontal polarization state. The horizontally polarized components are received by the spatial light modulator  73 , which directs them toward the output port  40 . Upon receiving the horizontally polarized components from the spatial light modulator  73 , the half wave-plate  85  rotates their polarizations to the vertical polarization state, after which the components traverse the remaining optical elements as described above. Optical beams directed from optical ports  20  and  30  to the designated output port  40  traverse the optical arrangement in a manner similar to that described above for the optical beam directed from optical port  10  to optical port  40 . 
     In order to provide the proper directionality needed to achieve the desired coupling between the optical ports  50 ,  60 ,  70  and  80  of the second WSS, a second polarizer  87  is inserted in the optical path between the optical ports  50 ,  60 ,  70  and  80  and the spatial light modulator  73 . The second polarizer  87  only allows horizontally polarized light to pass therethrough. The operation of the second WSS is illustrated in  FIG. 5  by an optical beam that is received by optical port  80  and directed to optical port  50 . As shown, the optical beam originating from optical port  80  traverses the optical arrangement as previously described with its two components exiting the first half-wave plate region  92  in the horizontal polarization state. The horizontally polarized components then traverse the second polarizer  87  unaffected since the second polarizer is horizontally polarized. The horizontally polarized components are received by the spatial light modulator  73  and directed toward output port  50 . The second polarizer  87  receives the redirected components from the spatial light modulator  73  and once again allows them to pass therethrough unaffected, after which the components traverse the remaining optical elements as described above. Optical beams directed from optical port  80  to either of the optical ports  60  and  70  traverse the optical arrangement in a manner similar to that described above for the optical beam directed from optical port  80  to optical port  50 . 
     Thus, in the embodiment described above in connection with  FIG. 5 , optical beams received by the spatial light modulator  73  from either of the two WSSs are in the same (e.g., horizontal) polarization state. 
     One problem that may occur in any of the embodiments described above arises from outer band crosstalk. Such crosstalk is illustrated in the insertion loss trace of FIG.  6 , which shows the full spectral bandwidth of an optical device that employs an LCoS as the switching element. In this example the spectral bandwidth over which the device operates is the C-band e.g., the wavelength range from 1530 nanometers (nm) to 1565 nm. Also shown in  FIG. 6  is the outer band crosstalk  15 . The source of this crosstalk is reflection of the optical beam received by an optical port from the portion of LCoS surface that is outside of the active area in which the liquid crystal pixels are located. 
       FIG. 7  shows a plan view of an LCoS such as the LCoS  73  shown in  FIG. 5 . The LCoS  73  includes an active area  71  in which the liquid crystal pixels are located and a surrounding frame  77 .  FIG. 8  shows a similar plan view of the LCoS  73 , except that  FIG. 8  is taken along lines I-I of  FIG. 5 . In this way  FIG. 8  shows the half wave-plate  85  located over the upper half of the active area  71  and the second polarizer  87  located over the bottom half of the active area  71 . As mentioned above, outer band crosstalk arises from reflection of an input optical beam from the surrounding frame  77  of the LCoS surface. Since this crosstalk arises from a portion of the LCoS  73  outside of the active area  71 , it cannot be suppressed by control of the liquid crystal pixels. 
     To suppress the outerband crosstalk, in some embodiments a polarizer arrangement may be placed over the LCOS frame  77  to prevent any light from being reflected back from the frame  77  to the optical ports. That is, if, as in the implementation of  FIG. 5 , the optical beams reaching the LCoS  73  are in a first polarization state (e.g., the horizontal polarization state in  FIG. 5 ), then the polarization arrangement located over the LCoS frame  77  should be in the orthogonal polarization state (e.g., the vertical polarization state in  FIG. 5 ). Such a polarization arrangement is shown in  FIG. 9 , which similar to  FIG. 8 , is taken along lines I-I of  FIG. 5 . In this embodiment vertical polarizers  113  are placed over the portion of the LCoS frame  77  adjacent to the active area of the LCoS  73  that is associated with the 1×N switch of  FIG. 5 . The vertical polarizers  113  may be located between the horizontal polarizer  87  and the LCoS  73  in the optical path between the optical ports  50 ,  60 ,  70  and  80  and the LCoS frame  77 . 
     The vertical polarizers  113  shown in  FIG. 9  suppress outerband crosstalk arising in the 1×N switch shown in  FIG. 5 . A similar pair of vertical polarizers may be placed over the portions of the LCoS frame  77  adjacent to the active area of the LCoS  73  that is associated with the N×1 switch shown in  FIG. 5  to prevent outerband crosstalk arising in the N×1 switch. In general, if the optical device incorporates the functionality of two or more WSSs, polarizers may be provided over the LCoS frame to suppress the outerband crosstalk in all of the WSS or any desired subset of the WSSs. If the optical device incorporates only a single WSS that employs the entirety of the active area of the LCoS, then the polarizers that are used to suppress the outerband crosstalk may be placed over all of the LCoS frame. 
     In the examples described above in which the optical beams reaching the LCoS  73  are in the horizontal polarization state, the polarizers  113  used to suppress outerband crosstalk are in the vertical polarization state. More generally, if the optical beams reaching the LCoS are in the some arbitrarily selected first polarization state, then the polarizers used to suppress outerband crosstalk should be in the orthogonal polarization state. 
     In some embodiments the polarizers used to suppress outerband crosstalk may overlap with the edge of the active area of the LCoS. This is illustrated for the vertical polarizers  113  shown in  FIG. 9 . In one illustrative example, the overlap may extend about 10 pixels (about 80 microns) into the active area  71  of the LCoS  73 . 
       FIG. 10  shows one embodiment of the optical device taken along line II-II of  FIG. 9 . As shown, in this embodiment the optical axis of the half wave-plate  85 , the horizontal polarizer  87  and the vertical polarizers  113  from an oblique angle with respect to the plane of the LCoS  73  in order to avoid generating additional 0 th  order crosstalk. In some embodiments such as that shown in  FIG. 10  the half wave-plate  85  and the horizontal polarizer  87  may be positioned so that they define oppositely directed oblique angles with respect to the plane of the LCoS  73 . Moreover, as further shown in  FIG. 10 , the plane of the vertical polarizers  113  associated with the 1×N WSS may be parallel to the plane of the horizontal polarizer  87 . If additional polarizers are provided to suppress outerband crosstalk in the N×1 WSS, these polarizers may be parallel to the plane of the half wave-plate  85 . 
       FIG. 11  shows an insertion loss trace similar to the trace of  FIG. 6  after the polarizers have been incorporated to reduce outerband crosstalk. As shown the outerband crosstalk has been largely eliminated. 
       FIGS. 12A and 12B  are top and side views respectively of one example of a simplified optical device such as a free-space WSS  100  that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. Light is input and output to the WSS  100  through optical waveguides such as optical fibers which serve as input and output ports. As best seen in  FIG. 12B , a fiber collimator array  101  may comprise a plurality of individual fibers  120   1 ,  120   2  and  120   3  respectively coupled to collimators  102   1 ,  102   2  and  102   3 . Light from one or more of the fibers  120  is converted to a free-space beam by the collimators  102 . The light exiting from port array  101  is parallel to the z-axis. While the port array  101  only shows three optical fiber/collimator pairs in  FIG. 12B , more generally any suitable number of optical fiber/collimator pairs may be employed. 
     Optical arrangement  120  receives the light exiting from the port array  101  and directs the light toward the pair of telescopes described below. Optical arrangement  120  may be an optical isolator of the type described above in connection with  FIG. 1, 4 or 5 . 
     A pair of telescopes or optical beam expanders magnifies the free space light beams from the port array  101 . A first telescope or beam expander is formed from optical elements  106  and  107  and a second telescope or beam expander is formed from optical elements  104  and  105 . 
     In  FIGS. 12A and 12B , optical elements which affect the light in two axes are illustrated with solid lines as bi-convex optics in both views. On the other hand, optical elements which only affect the light in one axis are illustrated with solid lines as plano-convex lenses in the axis that is affected. The optical elements which only affect light in one axis are also illustrated by dashed lines in the axis which they do not affect. For instance, in  FIGS. 12A and 12B  the optical elements  102 ,  108 ,  109  and  110  are depicted with solid lines in both figures. On the other hand, optical elements  106  and  107  are depicted with solid lines in  FIG. 12A  (since they have focusing power along the y-axis) and with dashed lines in  FIG. 12B  (since they leave the beams unaffected along the x-axis). Optical elements  104  and  105  are depicted with solid lines in  FIG. 12B  (since they have focusing power along the x-axis) and with dashed lines in  FIG. 12A  (since they leave the beams unaffected in the y-axis). 
     Each telescope may be created with different magnification factors for the x and y directions. For instance, the magnification of the telescope formed from optical elements  104  and  105 , which magnifies the light in the x-direction, may be less than the magnification of the telescope formed from optical elements  106  and  107 , which magnifies the light in the y-direction. 
     The pair of telescopes magnifies the light beams from the port array  101  and optically couples them to a wavelength dispersion element  108  (e.g., a diffraction grating or prism), which separates the free space light beams into their constituent wavelengths or channels. The wavelength dispersion element  108  acts to disperse light in different directions on an x-y plane according to its wavelength. The light from the dispersion element is directed to beam converging optics  109 . 
     Beam converging optics  109  couple the wavelength components from the wavelength dispersion element  108  to a programmable optical phase modulator, which may be, for example, a liquid crystal-based phase modulator such as a LCoS device  110 . The wavelength components are dispersed along the x-axis, which is referred to as the wavelength dispersion direction or axis. Accordingly, each wavelength component of a given wavelength is focused at least in the x-direction on an array of pixels. In other implementations beam converging axis may focus each wavelength component in both the x and y directions. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, three such wavelength components having center wavelengths denoted λ 1 , λ 2  and λ 3  are shown in  FIG. 12A  being focused on the LCoS device  110  along the wavelength dispersion axis (x-axis). 
     As best seen in  FIG. 12B , after reflection from the LCoS device  110 , each wavelength component can be coupled back through the beam converging optics  109  (an optical power element), wavelength dispersion element  108  and optical elements  106  and  107  to a selected fiber in the port array  101 . 
     If the vertical polarizers  113  used to suppress outerband crosstalk are employed, in one embodiment they may be located between the beam converging optics  109  and the LCoS device  110 . In some cases the vertical polarizers  110  may even be adjacent to and in contact with the frame of the LCoS device  110 . 
     The above examples and disclosure are intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. These examples and description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art.