Abstract:
A sensing module determines whether a signal sensed in a wireless channel is noise or is modulated by a remote device and attempts to determine, in response to the signal being modulated, a modulation scheme of the signal. A capacity determination module determines capacities of the wireless channel to transmit data using a plurality of modulation schemes. In response to the modulation scheme of the signal being determinable, the plurality of modulation schemes includes the modulation scheme of the signal. In response to the modulation scheme of the signal being indeterminable, the plurality of modulation schemes includes one or more modulation schemes that the remote device is configured to use to modulate the signal. A transmit module selects a first modulation scheme of the plurality of modulation schemes based on the capacities of the wireless channel and transmits data over the wireless channel using the first modulation scheme.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This present disclosure is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/742,081 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,712,333), filed on Jan. 15, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/482,534 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,355,677), filed on May 29, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/121,254 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,190,092), filed on May 15, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/968,748, filed on Aug. 29, 2007. The entire disclosures of the above referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     This application is related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/917,433 filed May 11, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/950,425 filed Jul. 18, 2007. The entire disclosures of the above referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to selecting a suitable modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to transmit signals in the presence of interference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a typical communication system  10  comprises an information source  12 , a transmitter  13 , a communication channel  20 , a receiver  27 , and a destination  28 . The transmitter  13  comprises a source encoder  14 , a channel encoder  16 , and a modulator  18 . The receiver  27  comprises a demodulator  22 , a channel decoder  24 , and a source decoder  26 . 
     The information source  12  may be an analog source such as a sensor that outputs information as continuous waveforms or a digital source such as a computer that outputs information in a digital form. The source encoder  14  converts the output of the information source  12  into a sequence of binary digits (bits) called an information sequence u. The channel encoder  16  converts the information sequence u into a discrete encoded sequence v called a codeword. The modulator  18  transforms the codeword into a waveform of duration T seconds that is suitable for transmission. 
     The waveform output by the modulator  18  is transmitted via the communication channel  20 . Typical examples of the communication channel  20  are telephone lines, wireless communication channels, optical fiber cables, etc. Noise, such as electromagnetic interference, inter-channel crosstalk, etc., may corrupt the waveform. 
     The demodulator  22  receives the waveform. The demodulator  22  processes each waveform and generates a received sequence r that is either a discrete (quantized) or a continuous output. The channel decoder  24  converts the received sequence r into a binary sequence u′ called an estimated information sequence. The source decoder  26  converts u′ into an estimate of the output of the information source  12  and delivers the estimate to the destination  28 . The estimate may be a faithful reproduction of the output of the information source  12  when u′ resembles u despite decoding errors that may be caused by the noise. 
     In wireless communication systems, channel quality depends on the amount of noise and/or interference present in a channel. Channel quality is good when the amount of noise and/or interference present in the channel is low. Channel quality is bad when the amount of noise and/or interference present in the channel is high. 
     When channel quality is good, data may be reliably transmitted using codes having high data rates, where the number of redundant or parity bits used is low relative to the number of data bits. Conversely, when channel quality is bad, data may be reliably transmitted using codes having low data rates, where the number of redundant or parity bits used is high relative to the number of data bits. 
     Depending on channel quality, transmitters may use different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) to transmit data. Each MCS may include a different code for encoding data and a different modulation scheme for modulating encoded data. Based on the code used, each MCS may have a different spectral efficiency, which is a ratio of data rate (also called coding rate) to channel bandwidth. Spectral efficiency is high or low when codes used have high or low data rates, respectively. Transmitters may adaptively select MCSs having high or low spectral efficiencies when channel quality is good or bad, respectively. 
     SUMMARY 
     A wireless device comprises an interference sensing module, a modulation and coding schemes (MCS) selection module, and a transmit module. The interference sensing module selectively receives an interference signal over a channel. The interference signal is modulated using P MCSs, where P is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The MCS selection module selects an MCS based on the P MCSs. The transmit module transmits a transmit signal over the channel using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises a channel capacity module that generates modulation constrained capacities (MCCs) for the channel based on first modulation schemes of the P MCSs and second modulation schemes of Q MCSs that include the MCS, where Q is an integer greater than 1. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises a capacity selection module that selects one of the MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and that generates selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the capacity selection module generates the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the MCCs and averaging the MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises a capacity averaging module that averages the selected capacities over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using a plurality of the first modulation schemes over the slots and that generates average capacities for the second modulation schemes, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the MCS selection module selects one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the average capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the average capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the MCS selection module selects one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises a capacity averaging module that averages the MCCs over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using one of the first modulation schemes over the slots and that generates average MCCs, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises a capacity selection module that selects one of the average MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and that generates selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the capacity selection module generates the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the average MCCs and averaging the average MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the MCS selection module selects one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the selected capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the selected capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the MCS selection module selects one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, a cellular communication system comprises the wireless device and a base station (BS), wherein the wireless device transmits the MCS to the BS, and wherein the BS transmits data to the wireless device using the MCS. 
     In another feature, a cellular communication system comprises a plurality of the wireless devices of and a plurality of base stations (BSs), wherein a first of the plurality of the wireless device (Device1) is associated with a first of the BSs (BS1), and wherein a second of the plurality of the wireless device (Device2) is associated with a second of the BSs (BS2). At least one of the BS2 and the Device2 transmit data using the P MCSs. The BS1 selects and transmits the MCS to the Device1. The Device1 transmits data to the BS1 using the MCS. 
     In still other features, a method comprises selectively receiving an interference signal over a channel. The interference signal is modulated using P modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), where P is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The method further comprises selecting an MCS based on the P MCSs and transmitting a transmit signal over the channel using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises generating modulation constrained capacities (MCCs) for the channel based on first modulation schemes of the P MCSs and second modulation schemes of Q MCSs that include the MCS, where Q is an integer greater than 1. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting one of the MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises generating the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the MCCs and averaging the MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises averaging the selected capacities over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using a plurality of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average capacities for the second modulation schemes, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the average capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the average capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the method further comprises selecting one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises averaging the MCCs over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using one of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average MCCs, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting one of the average MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises generating the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the average MCCs and averaging the average MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the selected capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the selected capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the method further comprises selecting one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting and transmitting the MCS from a mobile station (MS) to a base station (BS) of a cellular communication system and transmitting data from the BS to the MS using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the method further comprises selecting and transmitting the MCS from a first base station (BS1) to a first mobile station (MS1) that is associated with the BS1 and transmitting data from the MS1 to the BS1 using the MCS when a second base station (BS2) and a second mobile station (MS2) communicate using the P MCSs. 
     In still other features, a wireless device comprises interference sensing means for selectively receiving an interference signal over a channel. The interference signal is modulated using P modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), where P is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The wireless device further comprises MCS selection means for selecting an MCS based on the P MCSs and transmit means for transmitting a transmit signal over the channel using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises channel capacity means for generating modulation constrained capacities (MCCs) for the channel based on first modulation schemes of the P MCSs and second modulation schemes of Q MCSs that include the MCS, where Q is an integer greater than 1. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises capacity selection means for selecting one of the MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the capacity selection means generates the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the MCCs and averaging the MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises capacity averaging means for averaging the selected capacities over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using a plurality of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average capacities for the second modulation schemes, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the MCS selection means selects one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the average capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the average capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the MCS selection means selects one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises capacity averaging means for averaging the MCCs over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using one of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average MCCs, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the wireless device further comprises capacity selection means for selecting one of the average MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the capacity selection means generates the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the average MCCs and averaging the average MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the MCS selection means selects one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the selected capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the selected capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the MCS selection means selects one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, a cellular communication system comprises the wireless device and a base station (BS), wherein the wireless device transmits the MCS to the BS, and wherein the BS transmits data to the wireless device using the MCS. 
     In another feature, a cellular communication system comprises a plurality of the wireless devices and a plurality of base stations (BSs), wherein a first of the plurality of the wireless device (Device1) is associated with a first of the BSs (BS1), and wherein a second of the plurality of the wireless device (Device2) is associated with a second of the BSs (BS2). At least one of the BS2 and the Device2 transmit data using the P MCSs. The BS1 selects and transmits the MCS to the Device1. The Device1 transmits data to the BS1 using the MCS. 
     In still other features, a computer program executed by a processor comprises selectively receiving an interference signal over a channel. The interference signal is modulated using P modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), where P is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The computer program further comprises selecting an MCS based on the P MCSs and transmitting a transmit signal over the channel using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises generating modulation constrained capacities (MCCs) for the channel based on first modulation schemes of the P MCSs and second modulation schemes of Q MCSs that include the MCS, where Q is an integer greater than 1. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises generating the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the MCCs and averaging the MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises averaging the selected capacities over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using a plurality of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average capacities for the second modulation schemes, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the average capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the average capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises averaging the MCCs over a plurality of slots when the interference signal is modulated using one of the first modulation schemes over the slots and generating average MCCs, wherein the slots include one of time slots and frequency slots. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the average MCCs for each of the second modulation schemes and generating selected capacities for the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises generating the selected capacities by one of selecting a smallest of the average MCCs and averaging the average MCCs of respective ones of the second modulation schemes. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the Q MCSs as the MCS when one of the selected capacities of one of the second modulation schemes corresponding to the one of the Q MCSs is greater than a threshold capacity of the one of the Q MCSs. 
     In another feature, when the selected capacities of a plurality of the second modulation schemes are greater than threshold capacities of corresponding ones of the Q MCSs, the computer program further comprises selecting one of the ones of the Q MCSs having a highest data rate as the MCS. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting and transmitting the MCS from a mobile station (MS) to a base station (BS) of a cellular communication system and transmitting data from the BS to the MS using the MCS. 
     In another feature, the computer program further comprises selecting and transmitting the MCS from a first base station (BS1) to a first mobile station (MS1) that is associated with the BS1 and transmitting data from the MS1 to the BS1 using the MCS when a second base station (BS2) and a second mobile station (MS2) communicate using the P MCSs. 
     In still other features, the systems and methods described above are implemented by a computer program executed by one or more processors. The computer program can reside on a computer readable medium such as but not limited to memory, nonvolatile data storage, and/or other suitable tangible storage mediums. 
     Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary communication system according to the prior art; 
         FIG. 2A  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary system for selecting a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to transmit signals according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2B  is a table of exemplary MCSs that may be used to transmit signals according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart of an exemplary method for selecting an MCS to transmit signals according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4A  depicts downlink transmissions of an exemplary cellular communication system according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4B  depicts uplink transmissions of an exemplary cellular communication system according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5A  is a functional block diagram of a high definition television; 
         FIG. 5B  is a functional block diagram of a vehicle control system; 
         FIG. 5C  is a functional block diagram of a cellular phone; 
         FIG. 5D  is a functional block diagram of a set top box; and 
         FIG. 5E  is a functional block diagram of a mobile device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure. 
     As used herein, the term module refers to an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. 
     When selecting modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) to transmit signals, traditional wireless transmitters treat interference as noise. Specifically, interference signals, which are signals transmitted by other transmitters to other receivers, are traditionally treated as Gaussian noise signals. Most interference signals, however, are not Gaussian since most interference signals are modulated using a modulation scheme having a finite constellation size while Gaussian noise signals are unmodulated. 
     The present disclosure proposes systems and methods for selecting MCSs that distinguish interference signals from Gaussian noise signals instead of treating interference signals as Gaussian noise signals. Transmitters may select MCSs more accurately when interference signals are distinguished from Gaussian noise signals than when interference signals treated as Gaussian noise signals. 
     The detailed description is organized as follows. Initially, a mathematical model is proposed for a receive signal that includes an intended transmit signal, an interference signal, and a Gaussian noise signal. A modulation constrained capacity (MCC) of a channel for a given modulation scheme is derived using the mathematical model, where the MCC is a maximum number of bits that can be reliably transmitted over the channel using the modulation scheme. Thereafter, systems and methods for selecting an MCS by generating MCCs for multiple modulation schemes of transmit and interference signals are discussed. An example of selecting the MCS and examples of downlink and uplink transmissions using the systems and methods of the present disclosure follow. 
     A receive signal Y[n] received by a receiver from the transmitter may be mathematically represented as follows.
 
 Y[n]=h   D   [n]X[n]+h   I   [n]I[n]+N[n] 
 
X[n] is the intended transmit signal (hereinafter transmit signal) having a constellation size M transmitted by the transmitter. I[n] is the interference signal having a constellation size L present in the channel. N[n] is a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian noise signal having zero mean and noise variance of 1 present in the channel. h D [n] is a direct channel gain. h I [n] is an interference channel gain. n is a slot index indicating a number of time slots or frequency slots of signals. Traditionally, the interference signal I[n] is merged into (i.e., considered a part of) the Gaussian noise signal N[n] (e.g., h I [n]I[n]+N[n]=N′[n]). The present disclosure, however, treats the interference signal I[n] as distinct from the Gaussian noise signal N[n] as indicated in the mathematical representation of the receive signal.
 
     Typically, an MCS to be used to transmit the transmit signal is selected based on MCC (hereinafter capacity) of the channel for the modulation scheme used by the transmitters. The capacity of the channel (i.e., channel capacity) for the modulation scheme may be generated differently depending on whether the transmitters use coded modulation (CM) or bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM). 
     When the transmitters use CM, the channel capacity for the modulation scheme is given by the following equation. 
                     C   MCC     =       h   ⁡     (   X   )       -     h   ⁡     (     X   |   Y     )                     =         log   2     ⁢   M     -       E     X   ,   Y       [       log   2     ⁢     1     p   ⁡     (     X   |   Y     )           ]                   =         log   2     ⁢   M     -       E     X   ,   Y       [       log   2     ⁢         ∑     l   =   1     L     ⁢       ∑     m   =   1     M     ⁢     p   ⁡     (         Y   |   X     =     x   m       ,     I   -     i   l         )               ∑     l   =   1     L     ⁢     p   ⁡     (       Y   |   X     ,     I   -     i   l         )             ]                   
where h denotes differential entropy, and a conditional probability density function (PDF) is given by
 
     
       
         
           
             
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     When the transmitters use BICM, the channel capacity for the modulation scheme is given by the following equation. 
               C     MCC   ,   BICM       =     M   -       ∑     k   =   1         log   2     ⁢   M       ⁢       E     b   ,   Y       [       log   2     ⁢         ∑     l   =   1     L     ⁢       ∑     z   ∈   Φ       ⁢     p   ⁡     (         Y   |   X     =   z     ,     I   =     i   l         )               ∑     l   =   1     L     ⁢       ∑     z   ∈     Φ   k   b         ⁢     p   ⁡     (         Y   |   X     =   z     ,     I   =     i   l         )               ]               
where Φ denotes set of all signal constellation points, Φ k   b  denotes set of signal constellation points x whose k th  bit position has a value of b, and the conditional PDF is given by
 
     
       
         
           
             
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     The channel capacity is a function of the constellation size M of the transmit signal, the constellation size L of the interference signal, the direct channel gain h D , and the magnitude and the phase of the interference channel gain h I . When multiple interference signals are present, the magnitude and the phase of the interference channel gain for each interference signal are considered. When no interference signals are present, the channel capacity is a function of M and h D . M is known based on the MCS intended to be used to transmit the transmit signal. L can be known by decoding the interference signal. Channel capacities for various modulation schemes may be generated using numerical methods and analyses and stored in a lookup table. The transmitter may use the lookup table to select a suitable MCS to transmit the transmit signal in the presence of the interference signal. 
     Specifically, the present disclosure relates to generating channel capacities for various prospective modulation schemes of the transmit signal by considering known or all possible modulation schemes of the interference signal. The channel capacities of the prospective modulation schemes are compared to threshold channel capacities of MCSs that use the respective modulation schemes. The MCS for which the channel capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold channel capacity of the MCS is selected as the MCS to be used to transmit the transmit signal. When more than one MCS exists for which the channel capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS, the MCS having the highest data rate is selected as the MCS to be used to transmit the transmit signal. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2A , a transmitter  50  comprising a system for selecting MCS by generating channel capacities for multiple modulation schemes of transmit and interference signals is shown. The system comprises an interference sensing module  52 , a channel capacity module  54 , a capacity selection module  56 , a capacity averaging module  58 , and an MCS selection module  60 . Additionally, the transmitter  50  comprises a transmit module  62  and an antenna  64 . The transmit module  62  modulates the transmit signal using the MCS selected by the MCS selection module  60  and transmits the transmit signal over the channel via the antenna  64 . 
     The interference sensing module  52  senses the interference signal that may be present in the channel via the antenna  64 . The interference sensing module  52  informs the channel capacity module  54  when the interference signal is not detected. When the interference signal is detected, the interference sensing module  52  may detect modulation scheme information of the interference signal and communicate the modulation scheme information to the channel capacity module  54 . The modulation scheme information may include the modulation scheme used to modulate the interference signal and whether the modulation scheme changes over n slots. The modulation scheme of the interference signal may change from slot to slot, where slots may be time slots or frequency slots. 
     Occasionally, however, the modulation scheme information of the interference signal may be unavailable. When the modulation scheme information is unavailable, the channel capacity module  54  generates capacities for each modulation scheme that may be used to transmit the transmit signal for all modulation schemes that may be used by the interference signal. The channel capacity module  54  generates the capacities for the given channel gain at each slot. 
     Let M1 and M2 denote types of modulation schemes of the transmit signal and the interference signal, respectively, where M1 and M2 are integers greater than or equal to 1. M1 and M2 may include any modulation scheme (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, etc.). For example only, M1 may include 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM; and M2 may include 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM. 
     Further, as an example only, the permissible coding rates (also called data rates) for each of the M1 modulation schemes may include 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 5/6. A set S1 of a total number of MCSs for the intended transmit signal may include M1*(number of permissible coding rates per M1). For example, when M1=3, and number of permissible coding rates=4, S1 may include a total of 12 MCSs. The MCS selection module  60  may select one of the S1 MCSs to transmit the transmit signal as follows. 
     Specifically, the channel capacity module  54  may generate capacities for each of the M1 modulation schemes considering that the interference signal may have any of the M2 modulation schemes. Accordingly, the channel capacity module  54  may generate M1 sets of capacities, where each set has M2 capacities. In other words, the channel capacity module  54  may generate a total of C=M1*M2 capacities. For example, when the M1 and M2 modulation schemes each include 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM, the channel capacity module  54  may generate the C capacities as follows. 
     The channel capacity module  54  may generate capacities for the modulation scheme 4QAM of the transmit signal for all possible modulation schemes of the interference signal (e.g., 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM). The capacities are given by C 4QAM,4QAM [n], C 4QAM,16QAM [n], C 4QAM,64QAM [n]. 
     The channel capacity module  54  may generate capacities for the modulation scheme 16QAM of the transmit signal for all possible modulation schemes of the interference signal (e.g., 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM). The capacities are given by C 16QAM,4QAM [n], C 16QAM,16QAM [n], C 16QAM,64QAM [n]. 
     The channel capacity module  54  may generate capacities for the modulation scheme 64QAM of the transmit signal for all possible modulation schemes of the interference signal (e.g., 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM). The capacities are given by C 64QAM,4QAM [n], C 64QAM,16QAM [n], C 64QAM,64QAM [n]. 
     Next, the capacity selection module  56  may select one of the capacities for each of the M1 modulation schemes from each of the M1 sets of capacities. Since the probability that the interference signal may have any one of the M2 modulation schemes is equal to 1/M2, the capacity selection module  56  may average the capacities of each set and select the average capacity for each of the M1 modulation schemes as follows.
 
 C   4QAM   [n]= ⅓( C   4QAM,4QAM   [n]+C   4QAM,16QAM   [n]+C   4QAM,64QAM   [n ])
 
 C   16QAM   [n]= ⅓( C   16QAM,4QAM   [n]+C   16QAM,16QAM   [n]+C   16QAM,64QAM   [n ])
 
 C   64QAM   [n]= ⅓( C   64QAM,4QAM   [n]+C   64QAM,16QAM   [n]+C   64QAM,64QAM   [n ])
 
     Alternatively, when receivers cannot cancel interference, the capacity selection module  56  may conservatively select a smallest of the capacities in each set for each of the M1 modulation schemes as follows.
 
 C   4QAM   [n ]=min{ C   4QAM,4QAM   [n],C   4QAM,16QAM   [n],C   4QAM,64QAM   [n]} 
 
 C   16QAM    [n ]=min{ C   16QAM,4QAM   [n],C   16QAM,16QAM   [n],C   16QAM,64QAM   [n]} 
 
 C   64QAM   [n ]=min{ C   64QAM,4QAM   [n],C   64QAM,16QAM    [n],C   64QAM,64QAM   [n]} 
 
     When, however, the modulation scheme information of the interference signal is available, the channel capacity module  54  may generate only M1 capacities based on each of the M1 modulation schemes and the known modulation scheme of the interference signal. For example, when the modulation scheme of the interference signal is 16QAM, the channel capacity module  54  may generate only C 4QAM,16QAM [n], C 16QAM,16QAM [n], C 64QAM,64QAM [n]. Accordingly, C 4QAM [n]=C 4QAM,16QAM [n], C 16QAM [n]=C 16QAM,16QAM [n], and C 64QAM [n]=C 64QAM,16QAM [n], 
     The capacity averaging module  58  may generate an average capacity for each of the M1 modulation schemes by averaging the selected capacities for each of the M1 modulation schemes over all n slots as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       4 
                       ⁢ 
                       QAM 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       N 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           n 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
                           N 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           C 
                           
                             4 
                             ⁢ 
                             QAM 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           [ 
                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       16 
                       ⁢ 
                       QAM 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       N 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           n 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
                           N 
                           - 
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           C 
                           
                             16 
                             ⁢ 
                             QAM 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           [ 
                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       64 
                       ⁢ 
                       QAM 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       N 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           n 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
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                             64 
                             ⁢ 
                             QAM 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           [ 
                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The MCS selection module  60  may compare the average capacity of each of the M1 modulation schemes to a threshold capacity for the respective MCS. The threshold capacity may be based on a predetermined packet length and a predetermined target probability of error for each of the M1 modulation schemes. The MCS selection module  60  may select one of the S1 MCSs for which the average capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS. When more than one MCS exists for which the average capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS, the MCS having the highest data rate is selected. The selected one of the S1 MCSs is used to transmit the transmit signal in the channel in the presence of the interference signal. 
     When the modulation scheme of the interference signal is unchanged over the n slots, the capacity averaging module  58  may first average each of the C capacities over all slots as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       4 
                       ⁢ 
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                     , 
                     
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                       ⁢ 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
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                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             C 
                             
                               
                                 4 
                                 ⁢ 
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                               , 
                               
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                           ⁡ 
                           
                             [ 
                             n 
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                     C 
                     
                       4 
                       ⁢ 
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                     , 
                     
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                       ⁢ 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
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                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
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                                 4 
                                 ⁢ 
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                               , 
                               
                                 16 
                                 ⁢ 
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                           ⁡ 
                           
                             [ 
                             n 
                             ] 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       4 
                       ⁢ 
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                     , 
                     
                       64 
                       ⁢ 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
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                                 4 
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                               , 
                               
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                           ⁡ 
                           
                             [ 
                             n 
                             ] 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       
                         16 
                         ⁢ 
                         QAM 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         4 
                         ⁢ 
                         QAM 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
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                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
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                           0 
                         
                         
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           C 
                           
                             
                               16 
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                             , 
                             
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                         ⁡ 
                         
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                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       
                         16 
                         ⁢ 
                         QAM 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         , 
                         
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                           ⁢ 
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                   = 
                   
                     
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
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                               16 
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                               , 
                               
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                         ⁡ 
                         
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                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         , 
                         
                           64 
                           ⁢ 
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                         ⁡ 
                         
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                         64 
                         ⁢ 
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                       , 
                       
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                   = 
                   
                     
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                               64 
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                             , 
                             
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                         ⁡ 
                         
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                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       
                         64 
                         ⁢ 
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                       , 
                       
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                         ⁢ 
                         QAM 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
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                               64 
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                             , 
                             
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                         ⁡ 
                         
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                           n 
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                     C 
                     
                       
                         64 
                         ⁢ 
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                       , 
                       
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                         ⁢ 
                         QAM 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
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                         ∑ 
                         
                           n 
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                           0 
                         
                         
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           C 
                           
                             
                               64 
                               ⁢ 
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                             , 
                             
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                               ⁢ 
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                         ⁡ 
                         
                           [ 
                           n 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Subsequently, the capacity selection module  56  may select a capacity for each of the M1 modulation schemes as follows.
 
 C   4QAM =⅓( C   4QAM,4QAM   +C   4QAM,16QAM   +C   4QAM,64QAM )
 
 C   16QAM =⅓( C   16QAM,4QAM   +C   16QAM,16QAM   +C   16QAM,64QAM )
 
 C   64QAM =⅓( C   64QAM,4QAM   +C   64QAM,16QAM   +C   64QAM,64QAM )
 
or
 
 C   4QAM =min{ C   4QAM,4QAM   ,C   4QAM,16QAM   ,C   4QAM,64QAM }
 
 C   16QAM =min{ C   16QAM,4QAM   ,C   16QAM,16QAM   ,C   16QAM,64QAM }
 
 C   64QAM =min{ C   64QAM,4QAM   ,C   64QAM,16QAM   ,C   64QAM,64QAM }
 
     Thereafter, the MCS selection module  60  may compare the selected capacity of each of the M1 modulation schemes to the threshold capacity for the respective MCS. The MCS selection module  60  may select one of the S1 MCSs for which the selected capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS. When more than one MCS exists for which the selected capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS, the MCS having the highest data rate is selected. The selected one of the S1 MCSs is used to transmit the transmit signal in the channel in the presence of the interference signal. 
     When no interference signals are present, the channel capacity module  54  may generate a channel capacity for each of the M1 modulation schemes of the transmit signal. The capacity averaging module  58  may average the channel capacity of each of the M1 modulation schemes over n slots. The MCS selection module  60  may compare the average capacity of each of the M1 modulation schemes to the threshold capacity for the respective MCS. The MCS selection module  60  may select one of the S1 MCSs for which the average capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS. When more than one MCS exists for which the average capacity of the modulation scheme is greater than the threshold capacity of the MCS, the MCS having the highest data rate is selected. The selected one of the S1 MCSs may be used to transmit the transmit signal in the channel. An example of selecting the MCS according to the present disclosure follows. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2B , an exemplary table of prospective MCSs having different threshold capacities and data rates for transmitting the transmit signal is shown. For example only, the modulation schemes to be used to transmit the transmit signal may include QPSK and 16QAM modulation schemes. Additionally, for example only, the data rates for QPSK modulation scheme may include 1/3, 2/3, and 3/4, and the data rates for 16QAM modulation scheme may include 1/3 and 2/3. All data rates may or may not be permissible. When the interference signal is modulated using the same MCSs as the transmit signal, for a single slot (i.e., for n=1), the MCS selection module  60  may select the MCS to transmit the transmit signal as follows. 
     When the interference signal is modulated using a QPSK modulation scheme (i.e., one of MCSs 1-3) and QPSK modulation scheme is a prospective modulation scheme for the transmit signal, C_QPSK,QPSK may be 1.8. Additionally, when 16QAM is another prospective modulation scheme for the transmit signal, C — 16QAM,QPSK may be 2.1. Out of the MCSs 1-3 that use the QPSK modulation scheme, C_QPSK,QPSK of 1.8 is greater than a threshold capacity 1.7 of MCS 3, which has the highest data rate among the MCSs 1-3. Out of the MCSs 4 and 5 that use the 16QM modulation scheme, C — 16QAM,QPSK of 2.1 is greater than a threshold capacity 1.8 of MCS 4 but is less than a threshold value 3.0 of MCS 5. Thus, MCS 3 using the modulation scheme QPSK 3/4 and MCS 4 using the modulation scheme 16 QAM 1/3 are possible candidates for transmitting the transmit signal. Between MCS 3 and MCS 4, the QPSK 3/4 modulation scheme of MCS 3 has greater data rate than the 16QAM 1/3 modulation scheme of MCS 4. Accordingly, MCS 3 using the QPSK 3/4 modulation scheme is finally selected, and the transmit signal is transmitted using the QPSK 3/4 modulation scheme. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a method  100  for selecting MCS by generating channel capacities for multiple modulation schemes of transmit and interference signals is shown. The method begins in step  102 . The interference sensing module  52  determines in step  104  whether interference is present in the channel. If the result of step  104  is false, the channel capacity module  54  generates a channel capacity for each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal in step  106 . The capacity averaging module  58  averages the channel capacity of each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal over n slots in step  108 . 
     If, however, the result of step  104  is true, the interference sensing module  52  determines in step  110  whether the modulation scheme of the interference signal is known and generates modulation scheme information of the interference signal. If the result of step  110  is true, the channel capacity module  54  generates a channel capacity for each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal for the known modulation scheme of the interference signal in step  112 . The capacity averaging module  58  averages the channel capacity of each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal for the known modulation scheme of the interference signal over n slots in step  108 . 
     If, however, the result of step  110  is false, the channel capacity module  54  generates channel capacities for each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal for all possible modulation schemes of the interference signal in step  114 . Based on the modulation scheme information, whether the modulation scheme of the interference signal changes over n slots is determined in step  116 . 
     If the result of step  116  is true, the capacity selection module  56  selects one of the channel capacities for each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal in step  118  by selecting the minimum or the average of the channel capacities generated for the respective intended modulation schemes. The capacity averaging module  58  generates average capacity for each intended modulation scheme of the transmit signal by averaging the selected channel capacities of the respective intended modulation schemes over n slots in step  120 . 
     If, however, the result of step  116  is false, the capacity averaging module  58  generates averaged capacities by averaging the channel capacities over n slots in step  122 . The capacity selection module  56  selects one of the averaged capacities for each intended modulation scheme in step  124  by selecting the minimum or the average of the averaged capacities generated for the respective intended modulation schemes. 
     At the end of steps  108 ,  120  or  124 , the MCS selection module  60  selects the MCS for which the average capacity of the modulation scheme exceeds the threshold capacity of the MCS in step  126 . The MCS selection module  60  determines in step  128  if more than one MCS exists for which the average capacity exceeds the threshold capacity. If the result of step  128  is false, the method  100  ends in step  132 . If the result of step  128  is true, the MCS selection module  60  selects the MCS that has the highest data rate in step  130 . The method  100  ends in step  132 . 
     The systems and methods for selecting MCS described in the present disclosure can select the MCS to reliably transmit the transmit signal when interference signals are 10 dB stronger than the transmit signal (i.e., when (h I /h D )=10 dB). The systems and methods can be used in any wireless system where transmit signals may encounter interference signals that are generated by other transmitters and that are present in addition to noise signals. Transmitters utilizing the systems and methods perform best when used in conjunction with receivers capable of cancelling interference. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the teachings of the present disclosure may be used by base stations and mobile stations of cellular communication systems when performing downlink and uplink transmissions. In  FIG. 4A , a downlink transmission of an exemplary cellular communication system is shown. The cellular system may comprise two base stations BS1 and BS2 each communicating with mobile stations in Cell1 and Cell2, respectively. When a mobile station (MS) is associated with BS1 at a location shown, the MS may receive the intended transmit signal from BS1 and the interference signal from BS2. The MS may decode the modulation scheme information of BS2 by decoding the interference signals received from BS2. The MS then may select the MCS and feed back the selected MCS to BS1. BS1 subsequently transmits data to the MS using the MCS provided by the MS. 
     In  FIG. 4B , an uplink transmission of an exemplary cellular communication system is shown. The cellular system may comprise two mobile stations MS1 and MS2 that are associated with base stations BS1 and BS2, respectively. BS1 may receive the modulation scheme information of MS2 from BS2 via a backbone network. BS1 then selects the MCS to transmit data to MS1 and informs MS1 about the selected MCS. Subsequently, MS1 transmits data to BS1 using the selected MCS assigned by BS1. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 5A-5E , various exemplary implementations incorporating the teachings of the present disclosure are shown. In  FIG. 5A , the teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a network interface  243  of a high definition television (HDTV)  237 . Specifically, the teachings may be implemented in a wireless transmitter of the network interface  243  when the network interface  243  communicates wirelessly via an antenna (not shown). The HDTV  237  includes an HDTV control module  238 , a display  239 , a power supply  240 , memory  241 , a storage device  242 , the network interface  243 , and an external interface  245 . 
     The HDTV  237  can receive input signals from the network interface  243  and/or the external interface  245 , which can send and receive data via cable, broadband Internet, and/or satellite. The HDTV control module  238  may process the input signals, including encoding, decoding, filtering, and/or formatting, and generate output signals. The output signals may be communicated to one or more of the display  239 , memory  241 , the storage device  242 , the network interface  243 , and the external interface  245 . 
     Memory  241  may include random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile memory may include any suitable type of semiconductor or solid-state memory, such as flash memory (including NAND and NOR flash memory), phase change memory, magnetic RAM, and multi-state memory, in which each memory cell has more than two states. The storage device  242  may include an optical storage drive, such as a DVD drive, and/or a hard disk drive (HDD). The HDTV control module  238  communicates externally via the network interface  243  and/or the external interface  245 . The power supply  240  provides power to the components of the HDTV  237 . 
     In  FIG. 5B , the teachings of the disclosure may be implemented in a network interface  252  of a vehicle  246 . Specifically, the teachings may be implemented in a wireless transmitter of the network interface  252  when the network interface  252  communicates wirelessly via an antenna (not shown). The vehicle  246  may include a vehicle control system  247 , a power supply  248 , memory  249 , a storage device  250 , and the network interface  252 . The vehicle control system  247  may be a powertrain control system, a body control system, an entertainment control system, an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a navigation system, a telematics system, a lane departure system, an adaptive cruise control system, etc. 
     The vehicle control system  247  may communicate with one or more sensors  254  and generate one or more output signals  256 . The sensors  254  may include temperature sensors, acceleration sensors, pressure sensors, rotational sensors, airflow sensors, etc. The output signals  256  may control engine operating parameters, transmission operating parameters, suspension parameters, brake parameters, etc. 
     The power supply  248  provides power to the components of the vehicle  246 . The vehicle control system  247  may store data in memory  249  and/or the storage device  250 . Memory  249  may include random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile memory may include any suitable type of semiconductor or solid-state memory, such as flash memory (including NAND and NOR flash memory), phase change memory, magnetic RAM, and multi-state memory, in which each memory cell has more than two states. The storage device  250  may include an optical storage drive, such as a DVD drive, and/or a hard disk drive (HDD). The vehicle control system  247  may communicate externally using the network interface  252 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5C , the teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a network interface  268  of a cellular phone  258 . Specifically, the teachings may be implemented in a wireless transmitter of the network interface  268  when the network interface  268  communicates wirelessly via an antenna (not shown). The cellular phone  258  includes a phone control module  260 , a power supply  262 , memory  264 , a storage device  266 , and a cellular network interface  267 . The cellular phone  258  may include the network interface  268 , a microphone  270 , an audio output  272  such as a speaker and/or output jack, a display  274 , and a user input device  276  such as a keypad and/or pointing device. 
     The phone control module  260  may receive input signals from the cellular network interface  267 , the network interface  268 , the microphone  270 , and/or the user input device  276 . The phone control module  260  may process signals, including encoding, decoding, filtering, and/or formatting, and generate output signals. The output signals may be communicated to one or more of memory  264 , the storage device  266 , the cellular network interface  267 , the network interface  268 , and the audio output  272 . 
     Memory  264  may include random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile memory may include any suitable type of semiconductor or solid-state memory, such as flash memory (including NAND and NOR flash memory), phase change memory, magnetic RAM, and multi-state memory, in which each memory cell has more than two states. The storage device  266  may include an optical storage drive, such as a DVD drive, and/or a hard disk drive (HDD). The power supply  262  provides power to the components of the cellular phone  258 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5D , the teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a network interface  285  of a set top box  278 . Specifically, the teachings may be implemented in a wireless transmitter of the network interface  285  when the network interface  285  communicates wirelessly via an antenna (not shown). The set top box  278  includes a set top control module  280 , a display  281 , a power supply  282 , memory  283 , a storage device  284 , and the network interface  285 . 
     The set top control module  280  may receive input signals from the network interface  285  and an external interface  287 , which can send and receive data via cable, broadband Internet, and/or satellite. The set top control module  280  may process signals, including encoding, decoding, filtering, and/or formatting, and generate output signals. The output signals may include audio and/or video signals in standard and/or high definition formats. The output signals may be communicated to the network interface  285  and/or to the display  281 . The display  281  may include a television, a projector, and/or a monitor. 
     The power supply  282  provides power to the components of the set top box  278 . Memory  283  may include random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile memory may include any suitable type of semiconductor or solid-state memory, such as flash memory (including NAND and NOR flash memory), phase change memory, magnetic RAM, and multi-state memory, in which each memory cell has more than two states. The storage device  284  may include an optical storage drive, such as a DVD drive, and/or a hard disk drive (HDD). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5E , the teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a network interface  294  of a mobile device  289 . Specifically, the teachings may be implemented in a wireless transmitter of the network interface  294  when the network interface  294  communicates wirelessly via an antenna (not shown). The mobile device  289  may include a mobile device control module  290 , a power supply  291 , memory  292 , a storage device  293 , the network interface  294 , and an external interface  299 . If the network interface  294  includes a wireless local area network interface, an antenna (not shown) may be included. 
     The mobile device control module  290  may receive input signals from the network interface  294  and/or the external interface  299 . The external interface  299  may include USB, infrared, and/or Ethernet. The input signals may include compressed audio and/or video, and may be compliant with the MP3 format. Additionally, the mobile device control module  290  may receive input from a user input  296  such as a keypad, touchpad, or individual buttons. The mobile device control module  290  may process input signals, including encoding, decoding, filtering, and/or formatting, and generate output signals. 
     The mobile device control module  290  may output audio signals to an audio output  297  and video signals to a display  298 . The audio output  297  may include a speaker and/or an output jack. The display  298  may present a graphical user interface, which may include menus, icons, etc. The power supply  291  provides power to the components of the mobile device  289 . Memory  292  may include random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory. 
     Nonvolatile memory may include any suitable type of semiconductor or solid-state memory, such as flash memory (including NAND and NOR flash memory), phase change memory, magnetic RAM, and multi-state memory, in which each memory cell has more than two states. The storage device  293  may include an optical storage drive, such as a DVD drive, and/or a hard disk drive (HDD). The mobile device may include a personal digital assistant, a media player, a laptop computer, a gaming console, or other mobile computing device. 
     Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.