Abstract:
There is described a voltage booster circuit for powering a piezoelectric actuator of an injector, and having a first and a second input terminal supplied with an input voltage; a first and a second output terminal supplying an output voltage greater than the input voltage, the second input terminal and second output terminal being connected to each other over a common line; a first and a second inductor coupled magnetically and connected in series between the first input terminal and the first output terminal; a capacitor connected between the first output terminal and the second output terminal; and a controlled switch connected between the intermediate node between the first and second inductor, and the second input terminal and second output terminal, and which switches between a closed operating state, to permit charging of the first inductor by the input voltage, and an open operating state, to permit transfer of the charge stored in the first inductor to the capacitor via the second inductor.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application claims priority to Italian Patent Application Ser. No. TO2003A 000550 filed Jul. 15, 2003.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a voltage booster circuit for powering piezoelectric injectors.  
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART  
       [0003]     As is known, many recently designed injectors feature piezoelectric actuators, which have a number of advantages with respect to electromagnetic types. In particular, they provide for extremely fast response (e.g. less than 100 μs) and permit proportional control, i.e. can even be opened only partly, depending on the supply voltage (whereas, as is known, electromagnetic actuators operate solely in ON/OFF mode).  
         [0004]     Piezoelectric actuators, however, must be supplied with voltages in the order of hundreds of volts (150-200 V) produced by special booster circuits for boosting the (12 V) voltage of the vehicle battery by at least one order of magnitude.  
         [0005]     Known voltage booster circuits normally used for powering piezoelectric injectors have the following layouts:  
         [0006]     Boost;  
         [0007]     Flyback;  
         [0008]     Forward.  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a known Boost layout.  
         [0010]     The transfer function of the Boost voltage booster circuit shown is:  
           V   o       V   i       =     1     1   -   D           
        where D is the duty cycle value controlling switching of switch S in  FIG. 1 .        
 
         [0012]     A Boost voltage booster circuit is straightforward and inexpensive by requiring no custom component parts, i.e. specially designed for that particular circuit.  
         [0013]     Alongside the above advantages, however, Boost circuits also have various drawbacks: 
        whereas the input current of a Boost circuit is adequately filtered by inductance L ( FIG. 1 ), the circuit has a highly pulsating output current, so that the capacitor C 2 , which must withstand high voltages and severe current ripple, must be physically large, but can still be damaged easily;     Boost voltage booster circuits only operate correctly when the output-input transformation ratio is less than 10; in many practical applications, this may not be enough to supply the injectors with sufficient voltage (as, for example, during engine start-up, when the battery voltage falls well below the rated 12 volts);     in continuous operating mode, the transfer function of a Boost voltage booster circuit has a zero in the right half-plane, which considerably limits the bandwidth, whereas, in discontinuous operating mode, the problem is overcome by tolerating higher current peaks; and     small variations in duty cycle D produce considerable variations in output voltage, in that:  
           ∂     (       V   o       V   i       )         ∂   D       =     1       (     1   -   D     )     2           
       
 
         [0018]      FIG. 2  shows a known Flyback voltage booster circuit.  
         [0019]     The transfer function performed is:  
           V   o       V   i       =     n   ·     D     1   -   D             
        where the n term takes into account the presence of coupled inductors.        
 
         [0021]     A Flyback booster circuit has the advantage of having a galvanically insulated output, and permits the generation of a number of, though not finely regulated, output voltages using a number of coupled inductors.  
         [0022]     Flyback voltage booster circuits, however, have various drawbacks: 
        highly pulsating input and output currents, so that the capacitors C 1  and C 2  ( FIG. 2 ), which must withstand severe current ripple, must be large, but can still be damaged easily;     as with Boost voltage booster circuits, in continuous operating mode, the transfer function of a Flyback voltage booster circuit has a zero in the right half-plane, which imposes a drastic reduction in the bandwidth of the system;     a Flyback voltage booster circuit comprises two coupled inductors, and, since the ratios between the turns are a specific design feature, must therefore employ custom components;     the duty cycle must be limited (normally to 40%, the other 10% being used to improve response during sharp transient states) to avoid saturating the magnetic circuit cores.        
 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  shows a Forward booster circuit.  
         [0028]     The input-output voltage equation is:  
           V   o       V   i       =     n   ·   D         
        where n is the turn ratio between the primary and secondary winding of the transformer; and D is the duty cycle controlling switch S ( FIG. 3 ).        
 
         [0030]     Forward voltage booster circuits have the advantage of a galvanically insulated output, and, having no zeroes in the right half-plane, as in Boost and Flyback voltage booster circuits, can operate safely in continuous mode. Moreover, output current and voltage ripple can be controlled by sizing the output filter inductance L f ; and, as compared with a Flyback booster circuit, voltage and current stress of the components is on the whole lower.  
         [0031]     Forward voltage booster circuits, however, have a number of drawbacks: 
        comprising a transformer, a Forward booster circuit necessarily calls for custom components, since the transformation ratio is a specific design feature, and commonly used commercial components almost never comprise a tertiary winding;     the duty cycle must be limited (normally to 40%, the other 10% again being used to improve response) to avoid saturating the transformer cores; and     output current ripple is still present; as stated, this may be smoothed by increasing filter inductance L f  ( FIG. 3 ), even though this inevitably means increasing the overall size of the magnetic component.        
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0035]     It is an object of the present invention to provide a voltage booster circuit with a different layout from the known ones described above.  
         [0036]     More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a voltage booster circuit with a straightforward layout, and which provides for greatly reducing output current ripple to reduce the size of the output capacitor.  
         [0037]     According to the present invention, there is provided a voltage booster circuit for powering a piezoelectric actuator of an injector, as claimed in claim  1 . 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0038]     A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0039]      FIG. 1  shows a known Boost-layout voltage booster circuit;  
         [0040]      FIG. 2  shows a known Flyback-layout voltage booster circuit;  
         [0041]      FIG. 3  shows a known Forward-layout voltage booster circuit;  
         [0042]      FIG. 4  shows a voltage booster circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;  
         [0043]      FIG. 5  shows a graph of the current in an inductor forming part of the  FIG. 4  voltage booster circuit. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0044]     Number  1  in  FIG. 4  indicates as a whole a voltage booster circuit for powering at least one piezoelectric actuator (not shown) of an injector (not shown), in particular a diesel engine injector.  
         [0045]     Voltage booster circuit  1  comprises an input  2  supplied with a direct input voltage Vi (in particular, the 12 V direct voltage supplied by a vehicle battery); and an output  3  having an output voltage Vo that can be used to power a piezoelectric actuator (not shown) of an injector (not shown).  
         [0046]     Voltage booster circuit  1  comprises a first inductor  5  (of inductance Lp) having a first terminal  5   a  connected to a first terminal  2   a  of input  2 , and a second terminal  5   b  communicating with a first terminal  7   a  of a solid-stage switch  7  having a second terminal  7   b  communicating with an electric line  9 . Solid-state switch  7  is conveniently defined by a field-effect (e.g. MOS) transistor.  
         [0047]     A first terminal of electric line  9  defines a second terminal  2   b  of input  2 ; and a first capacitor  12  is interposed between the first and second terminal  2   a,    2   b  of input  2 .  
         [0048]     A second inductor  15  (of inductance Ls) has a first input terminal  15   a  connected to second terminal  5   b  of inductor  5 , and a second input terminal  15   b  communicating via a diode  17  with a first terminal  3   a  of output  3 . A second terminal  3   b  of output  3  is defined by a second terminal of electric line  9 ; and a second capacitor  22  is interposed between the first and second terminal  3   a,    3   b  of output  3 .  
         [0049]     According to the present invention, first inductor  5  is coupled magnetically to second inductor  15 . More specifically, the first and second inductor are defined by respective turns wound about the same core  23 . Conveniently, first inductor  5  comprises N turns, and second inductor  15  comprises kN turns, where k&gt;1. The k value can be an integer or a fractional value.  
         [0050]     In actual use, solid-state switch  7  is switched to operate voltage booster circuit  1 .  
         [0051]     Capacitor  12  between the two input terminals  2   a  and  2   b  of voltage booster circuit  1  provides for filtering the noise generated by switching solid-state switch  7 .  
         [0052]     More specifically, when switch  7  is closed (ON phase), current increases substantially steadily in first inductor  5 ; and the value of the current can be monitored, for example, using a measuring resistor  24  in series with switch  7 . At this phase, diode  17  is disabled, so no current flows in second inductor  15 .  
         [0053]     When the current carried by inductor  5  reaches a given threshold value I PK1 , switch  7  is opened by a control circuit (not shown) described later on. Rapid opening of switch  7  (OFF phase) causes a sharp variation in the voltage in first inductor  5 , which is inverted and also affects second inductor  15 , diode  17  starts conducting, and the current carried by inductor  5 , which is now decreasing substantially steadily, is applied to second capacitor  22 , which charges.  
         [0054]     More specifically, when switch  7  opens, second inductor  15  is in series with first inductor  5 , and the total inductance value of the circuit increases. Since the inductance value of an inductor is related to the geometry of the core and to the square of the number of turns, the total inductance value Leq—which equals the sum of the effects of the two series inductors  5  and  15 —equals (1+k) 2  times the value of inductance Lp of inductor  5 , i.e.: 
 
Leq=(1+k) 2 Lp
 
         [0055]     This is because both inductors  5 ,  15  are wound with the same winding, and the magnetic flux links with all the turns of both inductors  5 ,  15 .  
         [0056]     As a direct consequence of the energy-saving principle applied to the ON and OFF phases: 
 
½·Lp·I PK1   2 =½·Leq·I PK2   2 
        i.e. 
 
½·Lp·I PK1   2 =½·(1+k) 2 ·Lp·I PK2   2 
    so that: 
 
I PK2 =I PK1 /(1+k)
    i.e. the current I PK2  flowing in the OFF phase, in which switch  7  is open, is reduced by a factor (1+k) with respect to the value reached at the end of the ON phase, as shown in  FIG. 5 , where T indicates the value of the period controlling switching of switch  7 . Repetition of the above operations (ON and OFF phases) produces a charge current of capacitor  22  oscillating slightly about a desired charge current value. Capacitor  22 , which is kept charged by an appropriate duty cycle as soon as the voltage at its terminals reaches the desired value, is therefore charged with current with a very low peak value, almost as though inductor  5  were an ideal current source.        
 
         [0060]     Moreover, being proportional to the peak value of the current, the ripple current value in second capacitor  22  is also reduced by factor (1+k). Second inductor  15  therefore provides for reducing the current oscillation to be withstood by capacitor  22 , which can therefore be smaller than the output capacitor of a Boost voltage booster, is stressed to a lesser degree, and is thus far less subject to breakdowns.  
         [0061]     It can also be shown that the transfer function relating input voltage Vi to output voltage Vo is:  
             V   o       V   i       =       1   +     k   ·   D         1   -   D         ;       
        whereas the function relating current I L —which is the mean current flow in first inductor  5 —to output voltage Vo of voltage booster circuit  1  is:  
         I   L     =         (     1   +   k     )     ·     V   O         R   ·     (     1   -   D     )             
    where D is the duty cycle, k is the ratio between the turns of second inductor  15  and first inductor  5 , and R is the load resistance.        
 
         [0064]     Since the output voltage can be regulated easily by appropriately selecting k and modifying duty cycle D accordingly, a desired voltage (e.g. about 200V) can be regulated regardless of the type of input supply (12V or 42V).  
         [0065]     The voltage booster circuit has control means for effecting closed-loop control as dictated by peak current mode; in particular: 
        a first internal current control circuit which imposes a desired current value in first inductor  5  and therefore, via second inductor  15 , in the load, and turns switch  7  off when the desired current peak value is reached; this control loop is extremely fast, may typically have a bandwidth equal to ¼ of switching frequency, and is totally unaffected by the imposed output voltage Vo;     a second voltage control circuit, slower than the current control circuit, which determines the value of output voltage Vo, and compares it with a reference value to obtain a desired current level for use in the above current loop, and so modify the duty cycle controlling switching of switch  7 .        
 
         [0068]     The two control circuits described provide protection against possible short-circuiting of voltage booster circuit  1 . That is, in the event of a sharp fall in output voltage, so that the voltage control increases the duty cycle, rapid attainment of the peak current value causes the current loop to turn the switch off earlier than the time established by the voltage loop; conversely, in the event the current loop supplies too much current, thus increasing the output voltage, the voltage loop begins reducing the duty cycle.  
         [0069]     The following is the mathematical proof of the above transfer function.  
         [0070]     More specifically, mathematical proof is based on the state space mean, which is a type of analysis proposed by Middlebrook and Vorperian in the mid-1970s.  
         [0071]     This type of analysis is only valid in continuous mode, i.e. when the time constants of the circuit (related to inductance L and capacitance C) are much greater than the switching period of switch  7 , which is almost always the case in switch circuits.  
         [0072]     In short, two states are examined: a first state, in which switch  7  is closed, and a second state, in which switch  7  is open. The state equations for the currents in the inductors and for the voltages in the capacitors are defined, and the currents and voltages are then averaged in time by multiplying them by the time periods in which the respective equations are valid.  
         [0073]     Assuming switch  7  is closed, the first two equations are:  
         [0074]     On Phase  
             {             V   Lp     =         L   P     ·       ⅆ     i   L         ⅆ   t         =     V   i                   ic   =       C   ·       ⅆ   V       ⅆ   t         =     -     V   R                       
        where:     V Lp  is the voltage applied to first inductor  5 ;     L p  is the inductance of first inductor  5 ;     i L  is the current in first inductor  5 ;     V i  is the input voltage;     i c  is the current in output capacitor  22 ;     C is the capacitance of output capacitor  22 ;     V is the output voltage (constituting the power supply of the piezoelectric actuator); and     R is the equivalent load resistance (e.g. 1 kΩ).        
 
         [0084]     Assuming switch  7  is open, the following equations are obtained (bearing in mind that the inductance now is the equivalent inductance, and the voltage is that related to the whole winding);  
         [0085]     OFF Phase  
             {             V   Leq     =           (     1   +   k     )     2     ⁢       L   P     ·       ⅆ     i   L         ⅆ   t           =     (       V   i     -   V     )               [       V   Lp     =       V   Leq       1   +   k         ]               ic   =       C   ·       ⅆ   V       ⅆ   t         =       i   L   ′     -     V   R                 [       i   L     =       (     1   +   k     )     ·     i   L   ′         ]                 
        where:     V Leq  is the voltage across the equivalent inductance;     L eq  is the equivalent inductance;     I′ L  is the current in the equivalent inductance; and     k is the turn ratio between the primary and secondary inductor.        
 
         [0091]     Averaging the whole within the switching period, i.e. multiplying by D or (1-D), depending on the time span in which the equations are valid, and substituting the terms in square brackets, give:  
         V   Lp     =         L   P     ·       ⅆ     i   L         ⅆ   t         =         V   i     ·   D     ⁢         (       V   i     -   V     )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k               
       ic   =       C   ·       ⅆ   V       ⅆ   t         =           i   L       1   +   k       ⁢     (     1   -   D     )       -     V   R             
 
         [0092]     A substitution is then made: in particular, each variable is replaced with a term comprising a constant part (indicated in upper case), and a variable part expressing an infinitesimal variation (indicated by a circumflex accent): 
 
 x=X+{circumflex over (x)} 
 
         [0093]     The Laplace transform is then applied to the last two equations, ignoring any infinitesimal terms of an order greater than two:  
               p   ·     L   P     ·       i   ^     L       =       ⁢         V   i     ·   D     +       V   i     ·     d   ^       +         v   ^     i     ·   D     +         (         v   ^     i     -     v   ^       )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k       -                     ⁢           (       V   i     -   V     )     ·     d   ^         1   +   k       +         (       V   i     -   V     )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k                   
         p   ·   C   ·     v   ^       =             I   L     +       i   ^     L         1   +   k       ·     (     1   -   D   -     d   ^       )       -         v   ^     +   V     R           
 
         [0094]     Separating the constant terms from the variable terms gives two separate systems of equations:  
             {             p   ·     L   P     ·       i   ^     L       =         V   i     ·     d   ^       +         v   ^     i     ·   D     +         (         v   ^     i     -     v   ^       )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k       -         (       V   i     -   V     )     ·     d   ^         1   +   k                       p   ·   C   ·     v   ^       =             i   ^     L       1   +   k       ·     (     1   -   D     )       -         I   L       1   +   k       ·     d   ^       -       v   ^     R                           {           0   =         V   i     ·   D     +         (       V   i     -   V     )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k                     0   =           I   L       1   +   k       ·     (     1   -   D     )       -     V   R                         
 
         [0095]     The transfer function of the booster circuit is obtained by calculating the constant terms with respect to the output and input voltage ratio, and with respect to the current in the inductor:  
       {             V     V   i       =       1   +     k   ·   D         1   -   D             ←           .   t   .   f     -     modified   ⁢     -     ⁢   boost                   I   L     =       V   ·     (     1   +   k     )         R   ·     (     1   -   D     )                                                 
 
         [0096]     Substituting the above in the equations relative to minor variations gives:  
       {             p   ·     L   P     ·       i   ^     L       =             (     1   -   D     )     ·   V       1   +     k   ·   D         ·     d   ^       +         v   ^     i     ·   D     +                         ⁢           (         v   ^     i     -     v   ^       )     ·     (     1   -   D     )         1   +   k       -         (           (     1   -   D     )     ·   V       1   +     k   ·   D         -   V     )     ·     d   ^         1   +   k                         p   ·   C   ·     v   ^       =         i   ^     L       1   +   k         ⁣       ·     (     1   -   D     )       -           V   ·     (     1   +   k     )         R   ·     (     1   -   D     )           1   +   k       ·     d   ^       -       v   ^     R                       
 
         [0097]     By zeroing the variations in input voltage v i , the equation relating output voltage v(p) to the variation in duty cycle D can be determined, and can easily be shown to comprise a zero in the right half-plane, and two conjugate complex poles with a negative real part.  
         [0098]     The frequency of the zero in the right half-plane is the following:  
       f   =       1     2   ⁢           ⁢   π       ·       R   ·       (     1   -   D     )     2         L   ·     (     1   +   k     )     ·     (     1   +     k   ·   D       )               
 
         [0099]     Clearly, changes may be made to the voltage booster circuit as described and illustrated herein without, however, departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the accompanying claims.