Abstract:
An apparatus and method for multiple component process analysis and control includes the steps of obtaining a sample from a process stream, interrogating the sample using spectroscopy according to an established QA/QC protocol to determine the concentrations of a plurality of molecules in the sample, transmitting the determined concentrations to a control computer, determining control system response based upon the determined concentrations and a process model, implementing at least one facility action based on the control system response, and repeating the obtaining, interrogating, transmitting, determining and implementing steps. The apparatus extends the technology of multi-component analytical instrumentation to the direct use in a controller suitable of a wide variety of processes encountered in waste remediation, chemical manufacturing, combustion, and other industrial operations.

Description:
This application is a regular National application claiming priority from Provisional Application, U.S. application Ser. No. 60/103,329, filed Oct. 7, 1998. The entirety of that provisional application is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to the field of automated controls and more particularly to multi-component process analysis and control of operations within applicable industrial segments. 
     Compositional evaluation of industrial process streams currently involves sampling followed by laboratory evaluation. Normally, specific locations along the process stream are selected. Samples may be gathered in the exhaust stack to confirm that the facility is in permit compliance. Other evaluation points may be after specific operations or directly prior to packaging and are used to gauge process efficiency and/or product purity. One problem with this approach concerns the time lag between the actual sampling event and attainment of the desired analytical information. Sample integrity may also be a concern if deleterious reactions are possible or if chemical reactions have not proceeded to completion. 
     Basing decisions upon delayed-time data can lead to deficiencies in process control, especially when hours or tens of minutes are needed for the analysis. In such a situation, the process would continue to operate under the same conditions until the new sample information was received. Assuming that the chemical information was unacceptable, the plant operators would proceed to systematically change process control variables (temperatures, feed rate, etc.) until a desirable process condition was obtained. Tuning a large-scale process in this manner can be inefficient and product yields during the out-of-specification period would be lower than expected, which would translate into lost revenues (lower profit margins) and an increase in process emissions (reactant byproducts). Furthermore, once the process is tuned, slight changes in raw material feed stocks can effect product yields. These input changes would normally go unnoticed and the process would not be operating at peak efficiency. 
     The most appropriate means for assuring high product yields while controlling process emissions would be to rapidly determine the necessary chemical information and transmit the results to, for example, the facility control computer, wherein decisions based on a specified process model could be automatically implemented. 
     The use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy allows determination of the concentrations of multiple gas phase constituents in near real time. Simply interfacing an FTIR at appropriate facility locations, either in an extractive (sampling) or in an on-line (non-intrusive) configuration, i.e., across a process channel, followed by communication of the results is, however, insufficient. In order to produce a reliable, effective, and robust process control scheme, a system (or protocol) of instrumental and measurement guidelines and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), must be adopted. Without such validations system implementation can be rendered ineffective and may result in erroneous observations leading to the misapplication of controls. The use of a protocol also allows for numerous checks on the performance of the instrument and the data obtained. The concept disclosed herein is intended to eliminate the obstacles associated with the lack of a viable QA/QC plan and with other deficiencies, noted in the prior art, regarding process specificity. 
     Chapple-Sokol et al. (Chapple-Sokol), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,431,734, and 5,665,608, describe a system for control of the addition of aluminum oxide to a chemical vapor deposition reactor based on the use of FTIR to detect product degradation. The technology employs an in-line analysis cell and a single valve operated to either permit the chemical to flow into the reactor or to bypass the reactor altogether if the chemical has been found to have degraded. Improved product yield is expected. However, Chapple-Sokol do not disclose or suggest quality assurance/quality control and are targeted to the evaluation of a single chemical and the associated degradation products. Application of the developed technology would be limited to gas stream temperatures consistent with preservation of the materials and components used in the sample cell. 
     Holt (U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,260) discusses the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to control a simulated moving absorbent bed separation process. The target application is specific and a QA/QC framework for imposing regulation on the measurements, thereby assuring the acceptability of the data, is lacking. 
     Le Feber et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,295) describes a process for the controlled mixing of petroleum components. The specific embodiment relies on a control process based on a specific model for the generation of the product of choice. The foremost method for detection of the specific target molecule in the mixture was noted as near-infrared spectroscopy although other means for the determination of the given molecule or final product parameter are claimed. Again, a QA/QC frame work was not considered. 
     Lange et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,474) describe the use of a multi-component analyzer (FTIR spectrometer) in the context of controlling a polymerization process for polyolefins. The spectrometer is directed toward the quantification of 1-octene, ethylene, and propylene. Lange et al. does not refer to a standard means for assuring and controlling the quality of the measurements. Moreover, applications to processes other than olefin polymerization were not considered. 
     Reagen (U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,735) describes an in-situ gas analyzer consisting of the basic functional components of an FTIR spectrometer. A traceable QA/QC protocol is cited but the gas analyzer does not consider the direct control of industrial and/or manufacturing processes. The cited invention is specific for evaluating trace concentrations in ambient air samples (there is no sample pre-processing involved), thus the objectives and scale of the instrumentation are directly applicable to the field of industrial hygiene and not process control where typically larger molecular concentrations are encountered. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention overcomes the aforementioned limitations of the prior art to a great extent by providing an apparatus and method for multiple component process analysis and control comprising the steps of obtaining a sample from a process stream, interrogating the sample using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy according to an established QA/QC protocol to determine the concentration(s) of a single or multiple constituents which indicate the state of the process, transmitting the determined concentration(s) to a control computer, determining control system response based upon the determined concentration(s) and a process model, implementing at least one facility action based on the control system response, and repeating the obtaining, interrogating, transmitting, determining and implementing steps. Furthermore, the MPAC system extends the technology of multi-component analytical instrumentation to direct use in a controller suitable of a wide variety of processes encountered in waste remediation, chemical manufacturing, combustion, and other industrial operations. 
     An object of the invention is to provide an automated controller which is based upon a method suitable for quantification of multiple components inherent to a process stream sample coupled with a viable and traceable quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) routine thereby permitting rapid temporal quantification of multiple components enabling a high level of process control. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a control system that is versatile enough so as not to be restricted to a specific application. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a controller which allows for incorporation of various control scheme architectures. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a control system based upon reliable technology. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide a control system capable of increasing product yields as opposed to traditional control systems. 
     Still yet another object of the invention is to provide a control system which can be used to limit and control environmental impact. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a control system which will improve process efficiencies, thereby decreasing operating costs. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a control system which completely documents process conditions. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a control system that provides the operator with direct knowledge, on a time scale of better than 15 seconds, of environmental impact, product distribution and yield. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a plasm torch assembly including multiple gas sources and a controller that automatically controls the gas composition directed to a plasma arc based on the concentrations of exhaust gas from the torch. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, positive pressure is used to route the sample to the sample manifold. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, alternative spectroscopic methods, capable of multi-component quantification, i.e. Raman, near-infrared, and absorption spectroscopy, (with or without laser excitation) are employed. 
     In preferred embodiments, a single computer is used for operation of the target spectroscopic-based system and the controller. 
    
    
     Other objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the multi-component process analyzer and controller. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the sample interface illustrating the flow of the analysis stream through the various components. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the communication lines between the sample interface and the controller. 
     FIG. 4 is a process instrumentation diagram for control of the gas feed to a plasma torch. 
     FIG. 5 is a plot of the gas flow to the plasma torch and the CO concentration level when the gas routed to the torch was nitrogen (baseline case) and when surrogate waste was injected into the torch furnace. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the total gas flow to the plasma torch, that portion of the total gas flow from air, and the levels of CO when the surrogate waste was directed to the torch furnace and the process was under direct control using an embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or manner. 
     Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and most particularly to FIG. 1, a multi-component process analyzer and controller (referred to herein as an “MPAC”)  100  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in block diagram form. In the MPAC  100 , the sample interface  2  extracts a portion of a process stream  1  under the control of the controller  6 . The sample interface  2  may also condition the sample according to the prior art depending on the sampling location with respect to the flow stream. The extracted portion of the process stream is conveyed to the sample cell  4  of an FTIR spectrometer  3 , the latter item being configured in the mid-IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in a preferred embodiment. After interrogation by the FTIR spectrometer  3 , the sample may be exhausted into the process stream  1  downstream from where the sample was originally collected, or alternately directed to disposal. 
     The FTIR spectrometer  3  is controlled by an automated program within the instrument target computer  5  that is activated according to a prescripted sequence in the software of the controller  6 . The software in the instrument target computer  5  controls the spectral and temporal resolution of the interferometer, the processing of all of the spectral data and determination of the statistical quantities pertinent to the QA/QC protocol, the calculations of the concentrations of the molecules in the process sample (or calibration transfer standard) by recourse to calibration methods known in the prior art, archiving of the data with the associated measurement time stamp, and the transmission of the pertinent results, i.e. concentrations, time stamp, and status flags to the controller  6 . In preferred embodiments, the protocol followed is the EPA protocol entitled “Protocol for the Use of Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry for the Analysis of Gaseous Emissions From Stationary Sources,” dated Feb. 3, 1995, the contents of which are is incorporated by reference herein. The controller  6  operates the sample interface  2 , initiates data collection and analysis, and actuates the facility activation devices  7  based upon a process model. 
     The sample interface  2  is illustrated in detail in FIG. 2. A portion of the process stream  1  is optionally conditioned according to known practice (e.g., heating) in chamber  8  and then routed to the mass flow controller  9 . Two additional mass flow controllers  10 ,  12  are employed for metering the introduction of the inert purge gas supply  11  (mass flow controller  10 ) and the calibration transfer standard gas supply  13  (mass flow controller  12 ). The inert purge gas supply  11  is a supply of inert gas which is used to flush the FTIR cell after a sample is interrogated to ensure remnants of a previous sample do not corrupt a sample. The calibration transfer standard gas supply  13  is a supply of gas of known composition and concentrations that is used to check calibration of the FTIR spectrometer  3 . The calibration of the spectrometer  3  is checked both before and following the time period where samples from the facility are evaluated in a preferred embodiment. 
     The portion of the process stream  1 , the inert purge gas supply  11 , or the calibration transfer standard gas supply  13 , depending upon the particular operation required, is conveyed to the sample cell  4  of the spectrometer  3 , where analysis of the sample using infrared absorption spectroscopy takes place. A vacuum pump  14  supplies the suction necessary for maintaining a constant flow through the system (those of skill in the art will recognize that the vacuum pump  14  may not be necessary where there is a sufficient positive pressure in the process stream  1 ). The pressure of the system is monitored with a pressure transducer  15  that is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST). The pressure and temperature of the system are maintained at the same values used during calibration of the system according to the protocol. The pressure is controlled by the electronic control valve  16 , also under the control of the controller  6 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the interconnection of the mass flow controllers  9 ,  10 ,  12 , the electronic control valve  16 , and the traceable pressure transducer  15  to the controller  6 . FIG. 3 documents the control of the sample interface components from controller  6  (dash-dot line) and polling of the valve positions (dash lines) of the mass flow controllers and the electronic control valve by the controller  6 . The state and value of control of the various components is established according to the predetermined measurement sequence including any actions necessary to maintain safe system operation. 
     Referring back to FIG. 1, electronic communications between controller  6  and the instrument target system computer  5  are performed using two way communication over a standard interface  17  in preferred embodiments. A number of different communication options between the controller  6  and the facility actuator devices  7  are possible based on the specific configuration of the given facility control device. More connections than those illustrated may be required depending on the specific process under control and the actual number of facility actuator devices. 
     The systems described in the drawings, along with the specific instruction software, constitute the major components of a machine for multi-component process analysis and control. An embodiment 400 of the invention constructed for controlling a gas composition directed to a plasma torch  420  located in an appropriate furnace  410  and processing a mixed-waste composition is shown in FIG.  4 . This cited example is simply an indication of the use of the MPAC invention as a control system. In this regard it should be noted that other processes can be controlled using the technology but basing the appropriate decisions on other molecules that can be quantified using the FTIR technique. In fact, other instruments suitable for multi-component quantification could be used. 
     The plasma torch  420  heats the components of a waste stream to an elevated temperature either through direct interaction of the waste with the generated plasma arc or through the high temperatures that will exist in the furnace  410  through radiation transfer. Organic molecules in the mixed radioactive waste would preferentially be destroyed through radical reactions, whereas melt forming molecules and atoms would tend to liquify and then form a slag or glass in the bottom of the furnace. The ability to control the gas feed to the torch, whether nitrogen, air, or a combination thereof, will dictate the extent of destruction of the organic molecules originally present in the waste and the formation of deleterious polluting and greenhouse gases. These later molecules may arise directly from chemical reactions within the plasma and/or from the interaction of the arc with the waste. 
     The plasma torch employed for these experiments normally operates with the torch gas supply pressure cycling, or oscillating, in order to keep the arc attachment point on the rear plasma electrode moving to different spatial locations; thereby wearing the electrode evenly over time. This particular illustration, where the MPAC is used to control an oscillating process parameter (the gas supply pressure), is an extreme example of the control that can be attained by the system. Other processes where the control would be enacted through the operation of feeders, mixers, or through the control of temperature, flow or pressure, or a combination thereof, would not be as involved. 
     In the embodiment 400 shown in FIG. 4, the waste, in the form of briquettes, is routed to the torch furnace  410  using a feeder  414 , which passes the briquettes into a crucible  412  on the floor of the furnace  410 . The feeder  414  is driven by a motor  416 , which is controlled by a motor control  418 . In the particular embodiment 400 illustrated in FIG. 4, the feeder  414  is a screw-type feeder, which may be set to one of two possible delivery rates. Different rates were obtained by periodically activating and deactivating the feeder  414  under the control of the controller  6  (the connection between the controller  6  and the motor control  418  is not shown in FIG. 4) to obtain a desired semi-continuous rate. The control methods used to control the feeder  414  are well known in the art. 
     The waste material in the  412  is subjected to a plasma torch  420 . The temperature of the plasma torch  420  is regulated by water supplied by the cooling water supply  422  and expelled through the drain  430 . The pressure and temperature of water in the cooling water supply  422  is measured by the pressure sensor/Transmitter (S/T)  424  and temperature sensor S/T  426 . The temperature of the cooling water drain  430  is measured by the temperature S/T  432  sensor  432 . The input from the S/T&#39;s  422 ,  424 ,  432  are used to monitor the plasma torch operating temperature, but no control function is performed in this embodiment. 
     As the plasma torch  420  burns the briquettes, the resulting gases are passed to a secondary combustion chamber (not shown in FIG. 4) through exhaust  470 . The temperature of the exhaust gas is measured by the temperature S/T  472 . An exhaust gas sample, which will be analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, is extracted (and returned downstream) at sample interface  2 , and the analysis result is converted and transmitted to 7011 (CC- 75 ) in controller  6 . 
     The gas supplied to the plasma torch  420  is either air (the primary gas), nitrogen (the secondary gas), or a combination of both. Intuitively, large levels of carbon monoxide CO and correspondingly low levels of carbon dioxide CO 2  would be formed when waste containing organic constituents would be processed using a nitrogen plasma. Alternately, high levels of NO and NO 2  would be generated with operation of the torch using an air plasma. These constituents would have a tendency to be generated in direct proportion to the amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in the gas supplied to the torch  420  (and to any partitioning that would occur with the plasma constituents and the waste routed to the furnace). By using a combination of air and nitrogen to supply the torch  420 , it is possible to keep the carbon monoxide CO concentration in the exhaust gas at an acceptable level while reducing the NO x  output as compared to supplying air alone to the torch. 
     The process instrumentation diagram (FIG. 4) was developed based upon this intuitive model. Detection of a CO level above a specific threshold can be used to instigate controller action, this is, to control the composition of the torch gas (by increasing the oxygen content) to reduce the CO level to an acceptable level while reducing the formation of NO and NO 2  (as compared to an air plasma). In automatically performing these actions, a controller could be used for achieving a high organic destruction efficiency while still minimizing the environmental impact of Nox . 
     There are two control loops in the gas supply system. Controller  6 , which comprises concentration controller CC- 75  and flow controller FC- 60 , controls each of the two loops. The first control loop controls the flow rate of the primary gas  460 . In the first control loop, the CO concentration transmitter CT- 75  transmits the concentration of carbon monoxide obtained from the FTIR to the concentration controller CC- 75 . The concentration controller CC- 75  compares the measured concentration of CO with its set-point (SP) and manipulates the primary gas supply accordingly by transmitting an electrical signal to the I/P (current to pressure) transducer CY- 75 , which in turn controls a fail-open hydraulic valve  469 . Manipulating the primary gas supply  460  is an example of a facility action. 
     The second loop is a flow loop which controls the flow rate of the secondary gas  450 . The flow element  461  (comprising a venturi meter) and differential pressure transducer FT- 75  measure the flow rate of the primary gas  460  and transmit a representative signal through the square root extractor FY- 75 A to a calculation block FY- 60 B. Similarly, a flow element  442  and differential pressure transducer FT- 75  measure the total flow rate of the combined primary and secondary gases and transmit a representative signal through the square root extractor FY- 80 A to the calculation block FY- 60 B. The calculation block FY- 60 B determines the desired secondary gas flow rate based upon the measured primary gas flow rate, the measured total gas flow rate and the desired total gas flow rate (note: the total gas flow rate must be oscillated to prolong the life of the electrode in the plasma torch  420  as discussed above). The calculation block FY- 60 B then transmits the desired secondary gas flow rate—the set point for the secondary gas—to the flow controller FC- 60 . The flow controller FC- 60  then compares the set point with the actual flow rate of the secondary gas supply  450  as measured by the flow element  451  and differential pressure transducer FT- 60  and transmitted through the square root extractor FY- 60 A. The flow controller FC- 60  then controls a valve  459  through the I/P transducer FY- 60 C. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the choice of AIR as the primary gas and nitrogen as the secondary gas could be reversed. 
     A first set of experiments were performed to establish the concentration levels of the targeted molecules when the plasma was generated form nitrogen and then from air and where the pressure of the gas supplied to the torch was held constant. An average CO 2  concentration of 33,400±790 ppm was found for the nitrogen plasma case with a surrogate waste feed of 5 briquettes per minute. Under these conditions the average NO concentration was 350±30 ppm and time-averaged. NO 2  and H 2 O concentrations were determined as 30±4 ppm and 840±110 ppm. At this same waste introduction rate, the use of a plasma generated from air yielded an average CO 2  concentration of 182,580±4,200 ppm. (The increase in the amount of CO 2  obtained with the air plasma as compared to the nitrogen plasma signifies a corresponding decrease in the amount of CO obtained with the air plasma relative to the nitrogen plasma.) With the air plasma, the concentrations of NO, NO 2 , and H 2 O increased to 4040±371 ppm, 770±70 ppm, and 9670±980 ppm, respectively. 
     In practice, an oscillating gas flow drives the plasma as discussed above. Experiments where the MPAC invention was employed indicated an average CO 2  concentration, for three separate runs, of 66,290±1,530 ppm. This represented a 50% increase of CO 2  as compared to the control runs where nitrogen was the source gas for the torch, and a 64% decrease as compared to operation with an air plasma. During the same runs, NO concentration averaged 1,830±170 ppm, representing an 81% increase over the nitrogen-based plasma. On the other hand, NO concentration decreased by 55%, as compared to that of the control experiments with air feed to the torch. The same general trends were observed for the NO 2  and H 2 O concentrations. Average NO 2  and H 2 O concentrations of 70±10 ppm and 1,200±110 ppm, respectively, were observed. The average NO 2  concentration represents a 54% increase over that value obtained for the nitrogen baseline case and the concentration of water corresponds to a 91% decrease as compared to the air plasma. 
     Contrasts of the results for CO obtained during the nitrogen plasma experiments and during the experiments where the torch gas composition was varied by the invention, both corresponding to cycling the pressure of the gas fed to the plasma torch, and illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. CO concentrations measured using the system where the plasma torch was operated on N 2  gas average roughly 20,000 ppm. Of interest in FIG. 6 is the variation of the CO concentrations under direct control, i.e. with gas mixing according to the process model using the MPAC invention. Specifically, the CO concentrations along with the total gas flow and the flow of the air which represents a portion of the total gas flowing to the plasma torch are detailed. Note that at 10:54:09 the CO concentration is ca. 3800 ppm. The MPAC recognized that the concentration was above the threshold value and began to increase the ratio of air in the total flow to the plasma torch. The result of this increase of air was a decrease in the CO concentration at the next sampling interval indicating that the system was controlling the gas composition and thus the destruction of the surrogate waste and the impact of the process. The controller continued to vary the fraction of air in the total torch gas feed, the balance of which consisted of N 2 , as the CO concentration increased or decreased. The air fed to the plasma torch is observed to increase as the level of CO increases and decrease as the level of CO decreases indicating direct control of the process. 
     An average CO 2  concentration of 63,410±1,460 ppm was recorded for still another set of three experimental runs using the MPAC invention. This represented a 47% increase as compared to the N 2  torch gas control runs, and a 65% decrease as compared to the pure air plasma run. During the same runs, NO concentration averaged 2,140±190 ppm, representing an 84% increase over that determined during operation with the N 2 -based plasma. On the other hand, the NO concentration decreased by 47%, as compared to that of the pure air plasma and average NO 2  and H 2 O concentrations of 10±2 ppm and 1,500±110 ppm, respectively, were observed. The average NO 2  concentration corresponded to a slight decrease as compared to operation of the torch on nitrogen, and a large (98%) decrease as compared to operation with a plasma based on air. The average H 2 O concentration corresponded to a 55% increase as compared to that of that obtained with the plasma based on nitrogen and an 85% decrease as compared to that determined when the gas routed to the torch was air. 
     These results indicated that the MPAC invention controlled the air and nitrogen gas fractions directed to the plasma torch (and thus the composition of the plasma) and the resulting chemistry of the process stream. The system was responsible for a decrease in the environmental impact of the process (lower NO x  and CO levels) as compared to operation of the torch with an air-based plasma, and also minimized the average level of CO 2  while maintaining a higher organic waste destruction efficiency than if the torch was operated on nitrogen gas alone. 
     This invention has been described in detail in the masters thesis entitled “Process Optimization Studies of a Surrogate Mixed Waste Plasma Torch Processing Facility Using Extractive FTIR Spectroscopy in an Advanced Control Strategy” by Jason Marcus Hamilton, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.