Abstract:
Building structures having improved fire resistant properties through the use of metallic meshes having high heat conductivity to cover the building structure members in order to prevent spread of fire or flame while permitting free passage of ventilating air. The mesh may be utilized to cover impervious building members such as I-beams and the like, or air pervious building members such as trusses in order to provide adequate ventilation of attic spaces. In a preferred embodiment, the metallic mesh is utilized in an air envelope wall as a fire stop to permit free passage of air while preventing spread of fire between floors.

Description:
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Various methods of construction have been proposed for increasing the fire resistance rating of structural components used in commercial and residential structures in order to retard the spread of fire and prevent collapse of structural members which might otherwise be weakened by prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures caused by fire or flame. Such fire resistance procedures are necessary not only in structures employing wood or other flammable support members, but also in buildings using materials which might otherwise be considered non-flammable, such as steel beams and the like. In this latter situation, prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures may cause actual melting or sagging of the beam. Alternatively, in many cases the hot metallic beam has been found to shatter when rapidly cooled by water being sprayed on the fire. 
     Attempts have been made to insulate such structural members against high temperatures by covering them with various types of solid non-heat conducting materials such as asbestos or concrete. Such attempts have not proven entirely successful, however, since the condition of the structural member cannot be ascertained by simply visual inspection. Consequently, moisture trapped inside the air impervious coating may cause deterioration of the structural member which cannot be detected until failure occurs. In addition, fire fighters often have the need to quickly determine the condition of a supporting member during a working fire in order to guard against unexpected collapse of walls and ceilings. Since the types of fire resistant coatings presently used generally do not deteriorate to any great extent under the effects of high temperatures, the condition of the underlying member cannot be visually determined. In addition, concrete or other masonry type protective coatings add significant weight to the structural members. 
     Problems with improving the fire resistance of structures have also arisen in situations where older buildings are being converted to multiple tenant use, for example. In this situation, existing fire codes generally require the erection of fire resistant walls between adjacent dwelling units. Often masonry or block construction is the only practical way to obtain the necessary fire resistance. However, existing structures are often unable to support the increased load presented by such masonry walls so that resort must be made to less safe and effective methods. This same problem occurs in situations where high fire incidence areas such as kitchens, furnace rooms, etc. are located near public gathering places. In this case, it is difficult to add effective fire resistant walls to the existing structure. 
     Another important area of concern is providing the free flow of ventilating air between adjoining or interconnected areas while effectively and automatically preventing the spread of fire through the ventilating passageways. Conventional building construction generally calls for adjoining areas to be segregated to the degree necessary to prevent vertical and horizontal spread of fire, in order to contain the fire as much as possible. Unfortunately, this so-called &#34;containment&#34; theory of fire control has lead to additional problems. In particular, incomplete combustion caused by lack of ventilating air and incomplete oxidation of burning materials produce large quantities of monotonic gases such as carbon monoxide, and other forms of smoke, which often present a greater personal danger than the flames themselves. In addition, burning materials in a closed area may produce pressure buildups which result in sudden explosive collapses of walls and ceilings, increasing the danger to persons in the area and further spreading the fire. 
     The need to prevent vertical spread of fires through hollow wall spaces is reflected in conventional building techniques utilizing balloon and platform framing. For example, in balloon framing, a piece of wood stud is wedged between the stud spaces at intervals in all walls and vertical chases to slow the spread of fire and decrease the supply of air necessary for efficient oxidation. Likewise, in platform framing, the top and bottom plates effectively act as fire stops. Furthermore, wall coverings may be constructed of fire resistant materials such as gypsum board in order to resist the passage of fire for certain periods of time. 
     In some situations, however, it is necessary and desirable to provide for the free flow of ventilating air between adjoining spaces. For example, in attic areas ventilation may be necessary to prevent unwanted condensation. In some types of construction, a ventilating passageway is purposely designed within exterior and interior walls in order to surround the entire structure in an envelope of moving air. It has been found that when the air in the envelope is heated, the heating requirements for the overall structure are considerably reduced. This technique is impossible with present fire codes which are specifically designed to prevent the free circulation of air between the walls and around the structure. 
     The present invention seeks to overcome many of the problems associated with prior art attempts to provide effective fire resistance. Fundamentally, the invention envisions the use of a metallic mesh material of high heat conductivity which can be attached to metallic or nonmetallic structural building members to effectively dissipate the high temperatures required for ignition of the structural member. For example, it has been found that two layers of mesh constructed of strands of high purity copper wire having varying thicknesses from 0.015 inches to 0.018 inches with 20-22 strands per inch provides excellent fine protection for wood and metal beam structural members, by reducing temperatures at the structural member surface by eighty percent (80%). In the case of a metallic beam, the mesh material is attached to both sides of the interior web or flange by welding or soldering. A second portion of the mesh material is then wrapped completely around the outside of the beam to complete the fire protective covering. A similar arrangement may be used with wood members. This arrangement permits ventilating air to freely contact the surface of the member in order to prevent the problems described hereinabove, dissipate ignition temperatures, and also permits rapid visual inspection of the structural integrity of the supporting member. 
     In the case of fire stops or barriers in existing or new structures, the mesh material can be utilized with wood frame dividing walls, for example, in many cases increasing the fire resistance to that presently obtainable with masonry and block construction. The mesh material may also be included in any hole, gap or chase which may provide a passageway to spread fire in order to effectively retard the passage of flame. The material also acts to slow the spread of fire by direct burn, and prevents hot gases, particularly those near the ignition temperature, from spreading from one area to another. At the same time, however, the free passage of ventilating air is permitted in order to insure more efficient oxidation of the burning material as well as relieve any pressure buildup which may occur in a given closed area. Since with this type of construction, the requirement for air impervious fire stops is eliminated, the type of air curtain construction contemplated hereinabove can be readily obtained with the resulting savings in energy and materials. 
     Although the specific principle by which the present invention obtains its novel results is not fully understood, the result is the same as when water is used to extinguish fire or act as a curtain from burning material. Consequently, the high absorption and conduction characteristics of water and the present invention dissipate the high temperatures below the ignition level of the material being protected. Further details of the invention will become apparent in the description which follows. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a fragmentary cutaway perspective view, partially in cross section, illustrating a typical I-beam having improved fire resistant properties. 
     FIG. 2 is a cutaway perspective view of a typical truss having improved fire resistant properties. 
     FIG. 3 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of an air curtain and interior wall construction having improved fire resistant properties. 
     FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary cross sectional view taken along section line 4--4 of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary cutaway cross sectional view taken along section line 5--5 of FIG. 3. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a typical structural I-beam member, shown generally at 1, utilizing the improved fire resistant properties of the present invention. A metallic beam 2 having an upper horizontal web section 3 and a spaced parallel lower horizontal web section 4 are joined at their approximate midpoints by vertical flange or web 5. As is well known in the art, wood blocking 6 may be used in order to secure wood framing members and finish materials (not shown) to the supporting beam. 
     In order to improve the fire resistance characteristics of beam 2, one or more layers of metallic screen-like mesh 7 is attached, such as by welding, brazing, etc., to the outer surfaces of vertical flange member 5. In general, the layers of metallic material will extend uninterruptedly between the innermost surfaces of flanges 3 and 4. In a preferred embodiment, the mesh-like material 7 will be constructed of metallic material of high purity having a relatively high heat conductivity (K), where K is expressed in cal-cm-sec/cm 2  -°C. For this purpose, it has been found that copper (K=0.95 for 99.9+% purity), aluminum (K=0.53), or silver (K=1.0 for sterling silver) provide excellent results. Other materials having lower thermal conductivities may also be used with less efficient results, such as brass (K=0.3 for 70% Cu 30% Zn), bronze (K=0.2 for 95% Cu 5% Sn), iron (K-0.18 for 99.9+% purity), platinum (K=0.17), or various grades of steel (K=0.12 for 1020, K=0.115 for 1040, K=0.11 for 1080, K=0.035 for 18Cr8Ni stainless). In general, the preferred materials will have a thermal conductivity K=0.18 or greater. In any event, low thermal conductivity fireproofing materials tradtionally considered such as concrete (K=0.0025) and asbestos (K=0.0005), will not be used in the present invention. 
     In general, mesh 7 will be formed from strands of wire of various thicknesses of about 0.015 inches to 0.018 inches, with varying numbers of strands per inch of about 20-22. It has been found that high temperatures will cause a very fine mesh to break, thereby permitting the heat to pass directly to support member 2. On the other hand, if the mesh is made too coarse, insufficient temperature conduction is present for proper fire protection. 
     The fire protection of beam 2 may be completed by wrapping additional pieces of screen-like mesh 7 completely around the beam. As shown in FIG. 1, one piece of mesh 7 has been used to cover the upper half of beam 2, and a second piece of mesh used to cover the lower portion of the beam. The longitudinal edges of the two pieces of mesh may be joined as at 8 by soldering or the like. It will be understood that while for purposes of an exemplary showing, the metallic mesh has been described and illustrated as covering portions of a metallic I-beam, other structural supports, both metallic and nonmetallic, may be protected in the same manner. In has been found that two layers of such material placed on such a structural member will reduce the actual temperature of the surface of the support member by approximately eighty percent (80%), thereby increasing its fire resistance. The screen-like construction of the mesh also permits ventilating air to reach the surface of the support member 2 as described hereinabove. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the use of metal mesh 7 with a typical structural support truss member 9. In this application, mesh 7 is secured to one or both sides of the truss members forming truss 9 in order to provide an air permeable surface for proper ventilation in an attic area, for example. However, the heat conducting properties of mesh 7 effectively serve to prevent the spread of fire or flame from one side of the truss section to the other, thereby producing an effective fire stop. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the use of the metallic mesh in a typical balloon-framed structure, shown generally at 10. As is well known in the art, this construction utilizes spaced vertical studs 11 which support one or more horizontal wall plates 12. The upper surface of the wall plates support a plurality of spaced horizontally disposed lower joists 13 upon which the flooring or subflooring 14 is positioned. Additional floors may be added by positioning a sill plate 15 on top of flooring 14 overlying plates 12, and erecting a plurality of spaced vertical studs 16. Usually appropriate wall coverings will be attached to the inner and outer edges of studs 11. 
     Occassionally it becomes necessary in existing structures to add additional dividing partitions, such as that indicated generally at 17. As noted hereinabove, fire codes may necessitate the use of block or masonry construction, which older structures may be unable to support. However, the present invention permits the use of standard wood frame construction to form the necessary partition 17. As shown in FIG. 3 partition 17 comprises a horizontal plate 18 positioned atop flooring 14, which supports a plurality of spaced vertical studs 19. A layer of metallic mesh 7, previously described, may be attached to one or both sides of stud members 19 and at intermediate floor levels 17a as shown in more detail in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. Suitable wall coverings, such as wallboard or the like 20, may be added overlying mesh 7 to complete the partition wall 17. Due to the relatively high thermal conductivity of mesh 17, the fire resistance of partition wall 17 is greatly increased with minimal increase in weight. 
     In some types of construction, a ventilating passageway, such as that shown at 21 in FIG. 3 is purposely designed within exterior and interior walls in order to surround the entire structure in an envelope of moving air. It has been found that when the air in the envelope is heated, the heating requirements for the overall structure are considerably reduced. In the present construction, a second interior wall, shown generally at 22 is constructed inwardly of the outer walls formed by studs 11 and 16. Inner wall 22 comprises a plurality of spaced vertical stud members 23 which support one or more horizontally disposed wall plates 24. It will be understood that wall plates 24 may or may not provide support for floor joists 13. A sill plate 25 similar to sill plate 15 may be positioned overlying flooring 14 and supports a plurality of spaced vertical stud members 26. Suitable wall covering, such as wallboard 27, may be attached to the innermost edges of studs 23 and 26, respectively. 
     Normally, the outermost edges of studs 23 and studs 26 will be spaced from the innermost edges of studs 11 and studs 16 to form an air passageway 21. A suitable opening 28 may be formed in flooring 14, as is best shown in FIG. 5 to provide the desired air envelope and ventilation. Consequently, air may be introduced at the lower end of passageway 21 by means not shown and directed upwardly as depicted by arrows 29, finally being exhausted at the upper portion of passageway 21, also by means not shown. 
     As noted hereinabove, conventional fire codes would prohibit such construction since the containment theory of fire protection requires fire stops between floors. However, the present invention provides effective fire stopping while at the same time permitting the free flow of ventilating air in passageway 21. This is accomplished by providing one or more layers of metallic mesh 7 as previously described at either or both of the upper and lower floor-adjoining ends of passageway 21. As shown in FIG. 5, mesh 7 extends completely across opening 28 and partially underlies sill plates 15 and 25, and is attached thereto by nailing, gluing or the like. It will be observed that in this construction, as in those previously described, nails may be driven through metallic mesh 7 without destroying its fire resistant properties. In addition, as shown in FIG. 3, other sections of mesh 7 may be included in additional areas of passageway 21 as required, such as that illustrated at 30. 
     It will be appreciated that this construction permits the free passage of air, while effectively retarding the passage of flame, fire, hot gases and the like. Furthermore, the ventilating characteristics permit effective oxidation of burning materials to eliminate noxious gases, and prevent pressure buildups to forestall explosive forces in contained areas. 
     It will be understood that various changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims. For example, while for purposes of an exemplary showing, the metallic mesh 7 has been described and illustrated for use in a ventilating wall structure, it will be understood that the principal of the present invention has equal applicability in providing a porous fire stop in any chase or passageway, such as that occupied by heating ducts, plumbing or electrical lines, etc., in order to prevent spread of fire through these areas. For example, the metallic mesh 7 can be installed within the type of ventilating duct work 31 shown in FIG. 3 to prevent this passageway being used as a fire conduit to other enclosed areas.