Abstract:
In a process for monitoring a machine or installation, signals from sensors positioned on components of the machine or installation are transmitted to a signal-conditioning unit. Conditioned sensor signals from the signal-conditioning unit are further processed. The machine or installation components to be monitored are mapped in machine or installation objects, and the machine or installation objects are combined. Ultimately, rule-based monitoring statements are obtained utilizing the combined objects.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process for monitoring a machine or installation in which signals from sensors positioned on components of the machine or installation are transmitted to a signal-conditioning unit, and in which the conditioned sensor signals can be further processed. 
     For purposes of operation monitoring as well as for the diagnosis and/or analysis of machines or installations, it is common practice to turn, for example, to vibration signals such as wave or bearing vibrations and to temperature measuring signals. 
     German Patent No. 2,410,211 discloses the monitoring of machines or installations, such as power plant machinery, turbines and pumps, by means of vibration-measuring technology or vibration analysis so as to detect and classify damage. The mean value of the stochastic signal fractions of the vibration signals measured on the machine is employed to eliminate the influence of operational and ambient parameters by means of multiplicative or additive correction functions. The corrections are difference equations whose coefficients are incrementally varied according to a search algorithm while the machine is intact, until no statistical correlation can be ascertained any longer between the corrected quantity and the operational and ambient parameters. In this manner, quantities are derived which only change essentially as a result of damage processes, thus allowing a classification of the damage. By referring to damage patterns, that is to say, characterizing changes in the vibration state in comparison to defined reference states, the damage can be classified by means of pattern-recognition methods. 
     Knowledge-based monitoring methods provide support for the evaluation and interpretation of measured results. German Patent No. 44 06 723 A1 discloses a knowledge-based monitoring system (&#34;expert system&#34;) that makes it possible to derive conclusions on the basis of pattern comparisons. A method is disclosed which combines results obtained from the conditioning of vibration signals together with additional physical quantities that describe the operating state of the installation, thus generating a vector for the operating state. The normal operating state is represented by means of a reference vector having the same structure. The description of potential errors is done in an interpretation matrix (knowledge base) consisting of pattern vectors. Such pattern vectors are generated for each state that needs to be diagnosed. The reference vector is continuously compared with the currently present operating-state vector and the difference between the two vectors is formed. This difference as well as elements of the interpretation matrix form a probability statement for each element of the operating-state vector, which culminates in a total probability value of an operating state expressed by a pattern vector. The characteristic-value combination--established by a pattern vector--which is taken from the list of possible error causes and which displays the highest probability sum is output as the final-value combination that best describes the state of the installation for the state vector in question. 
     The publication in German titled &#34;An expert system for the diagnosis of the status of steam turbines&#34; (author: P. Wutsdorff, VGB Kraftwerkstechnik  power plant technology!, volume 71, issue 5, May 1991, pages 426 to 430) describes an expert system for monitoring and diagnosing the status of steam turbines that is based on modeling in the form of so-called &#34;semantic networks&#34; as well as on knowledge representation in the form of object-attribute-value triplets. The appropriately conditioned knowledge is represented by means of combination rules in the following form: IF condition 1 AND condition 2 AND . . . THEN hypothesis 1 is true, with the ensuing actions 1, 2, . . . Here, the conditions are always comparisons of measured quantities with the mathematical expectation or hypotheses from other rules. Subsequently, a list is obtained of the deviations ascertained as well as the diagnoses ensuing from these deviations and ultimately, recommendations for individual measures. This method likewise calls for a comprehensive knowledge base which, in addition, is specifically tailored for monitoring steam turbines. 
     All of the monitoring processes cited call for extensive know-how on the part of the user about monitoring. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is based on the object of creating a monitoring process which can be adapted in a simple manner to all kinds of monitoring tasks and whose knowledge base is founded on the utilization and combination of knowledge bases for standardized partial monitoring. 
     The monitoring process according to the invention is based on a combination of partial monitoring procedures. The partial monitoring procedures are in themselves intelligent and are based on adaptive, rule-based processes. In an advantageous manner, the configuration of the total monitoring by recording application-specific monitoring components and their linking can be carried out by the users of the monitoring themselves through an adaptation to their specific requirements, since only familiar modular components are used. These components constitute the mapping of program codes in an application language suitable for this purpose. This language makes it possible to combine in a few lines of program code the data and the total functionality of modular monitoring components which are already in existence and familiar to the user. This procedure makes it possible to construct very powerful systems out of elementary components. The use of fuzzy logic simplifies the formulation of rules, since in this case simple linguistic formulations can be employed. Fuzzy logic also entails the use of self-learning operations. The functionality of partial monitoring procedures is advantageously found in a few lines of program code for the next superordinated monitoring procedure with which the subordinated partial monitoring procedures are represented. In an advantageous manner, it is also possible to built up several hierarchical levels, that is to say, the monitoring is built up so as to be recursive, whereby a combination of process objects are undertaken in each step. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Novel features and advantages of the present invention in addition to those mentioned above will become apparent to persons skilled in the art from a reading of the detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a unit for monitoring an installation element, according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates the graphic formation of a fuzzy association function for the input quantities of the unit according to FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates the formation of a fuzzy association function for the input quantity &#34;BCU&#34; in the case of a procedure for monitoring bearings; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an installation-monitoring unit; 
     FIG. 5 is an overview of a complex monitoring arrangement; and 
     FIGS. 6aand 6b contain program code SIM --  DIAG for vibration monitoring. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 schematically depicts a unit for monitoring an installation element or installation component. The monitoring unit has three input channels 1, 2, 3. If, for example, the monitoring of the bearings for a rotating part is selected, the input quantities &#34;bearing load&#34;, &#34;BCU value&#34; and &#34;bearing temperature&#34; are transmitted to input channels 1, 2, 3. The monitoring unit processes the input signals by means of an adaptive rule-based process, whereby fuzzy logic, for instance, can constitute the foundation of the rule base. The foundations of the fuzzy rules are known, for example, from the publication in German titled &#34;Fuzzy control--heuristic regulation by means of fuzzy logic&#34; in &#34;atp&#34; (1992), 4, pages 176 through 183 and 5, pages 239 through 246. As a matter of principle, there can be any desired number of input and output quantities in fuzzy logic regulation. 
     The input quantities &#34;bearing load&#34;, &#34;BCU value&#34; and &#34;bearing temperature&#34; are evaluated qualitatively such as, for example, by means of the statements &#34;small&#34;, &#34;medium&#34; or &#34;large&#34;. Association functions quantify these qualitative statements. Thus, associations to the qualitative statements are assigned to every possible numerical value of an input quantity. The number of these association functions corresponds to the number of linguistic values of an input quantity; in the example, there are three of them. The association functions form the basis for the quantitative evaluation by means of IF-THEN rules and AND or OR links which are laid down in a rule base. For a combination of linguistic values of the input quantities, as the conclusion, a linguistic value for an output quantity is obtained. In the end, the value of the output quantity is optionally calculated, a procedure which is designated as de-fuzzying. 
     The coordinate origin and the scaling of the association function are different as a rule and they depend on the currently present input quantities. In most cases, they can be derived in a simple manner from statistical characteristic values of the input quantities. 
     A learning phase is provided in order to ascertain the statistical characteristic values needed. In this context, as shown in FIG. 1, statistical characteristic values are formed on the basis of the input quantities in a random-sample characteristic-value calculator 4, 5, 6. The parameters &#34;coordinate origin&#34; and &#34;scaling factor&#34; for the individual association functions are derived from these characteristic values and from a parameter-formation rule, as described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 and the example concerning the monitoring of bearings. 
     FIG. 2 shows the standardized association functions &#34;low&#34;, &#34;normal&#34;, &#34;not high&#34; and &#34;high&#34; formed on the basis of the data from the characteristic-value calculator and the formation rules. The association function &#34;low &#34; is indicated by broken lines, the association function &#34;high&#34; by dash-dotted lines, the association function &#34;normal&#34; by solid lines and the association function &#34;not high&#34; by a dotted line. In the case of the triangular association function &#34;normal&#34;, the abscissa position b of the peak when considering, for example, the bearing load, constitutes the statistical mean value of the measured values for the bearing load, while the abscissa position a characterizes the association function &#34;low&#34; and the abscissa position c characterizes the association function &#34;high&#34;; a and b are likewise derived from the statistical evaluation of the measured value &#34;bearing load&#34;. 
     FIG. 3 shows the association function for the feature &#34;BCU&#34; (characteristic value for roller bearing damage) using the formation rule and the data from the statistical evaluation in the characteristic-parameter calculator with a=0.2, b=MIN (statistical mean value, 3), c=3b. 
     Rule block for the monitoring, the output quantity is the damage to the bearings: 
     if no rule applies, then the bearing damage is low 
     if the BCU value is too high, then the bearing damage is very high 
     if the BCU value is very high and the temperature is high, then the bearing damage is very high 
     if the BCU value is not low and the temperature is too high, then the bearing damage is high 
     if the bearing load is high and the BCU value is high and the temperature is not high, the then bearing damage is low 
     if the temperature is very high and the BCU value is high, then the bearing damage is high 
     if the BCU value is not high, then the bearing damage is normal 
     if the BCS inner ring is too high, then the bearing damage is too high 
     if the BCS outer ring is too high, then the bearing damage is too high 
     if the BCS cage is too high, then the bearing damage is too high 
     if the BCS rolling element is too high, then the bearing damage is too high 
     In this manner, the rule base is present and parametrized, and the monitoring function can be activated. Employing the rule base, it is possible to obtain, for example, the statement: &#34;damage to the inner ring of the roller bearings&#34; as the output quantity or else just the triggering of an alarm, for which purpose the following program, LAGER.UEB, serves: 
     Program code: 
     (File LAGER.UEB) 
     In the application language, the monitoring part for the monitoring of the bearings reads as follows; 
     // Applying the input quantities: 
     use &#34;lagerlst.mes&#34; as bearing load 
     use &#34;bcu.mes&#34; as bcu 
     use &#34;temprtur.mes&#34; as temperature 
     use &#34;bcs.mes&#34; as bcs 
     // Applying the adapted association functions and initialization of the characteristic-value calculator with the value from which the statistical value is to be formed: 
     use &#34;lagerlst.fuz&#34; as Flagerlast (statistical value=bearing load.value); 
     use &#34;bcu.fuz&#34; as Fbcu (statistical value=bcu.value); 
     use &#34;temprtur.fuz&#34; as Ftmp (statistical value=temperature.value); 
     use &#34;bcs.fuz&#34; as Fbcsi (statistical value=bcs.inner ring); 
     use &#34;bcs.fuz&#34; as Fbcsa (statistical value=bcs.outer ring); 
     use &#34;bcs.fuz&#34; as Fbcsw (statistical value=bcs.roller bearings); 
     use &#34;bcs.fuz&#34; as Fbcsk (statistical value=bcs.cage); 
     
         ______________________________________Fuzzy output bearing damage           // applying the fuzzy outputvariablesrules         // beginning of the fuzzy blockifrule( )     bearing damage = low;   // defaultifrule(Fbcu eq too.sub.-- high)              bearing damage =very.sub.-- high;ifrule((Fbcu eq too.sub.-- high) and (Ftmp eq high))       bearing damage = very.sub.-- high;ifrule((Fbcu not low) and (Ftmp eq too.sub.-- high))       bearing damage = high;ifrule((Flagerlast eq high) and (Fbcu eq high) and (Ftmpnot eq high))       bearing damage = low;ifrule((Ftmp eq very.sub.-- high) and (Fbcu eq high))       bearing damage = high;ifrule (Fbcu ne high)              bearing damage =normalifrule(Fbcsi eq too.sub.-- high)              bearing damage =too.sub.-- high;ifrule(Fbcsa eq too.sub.-- high)              bearing damage =too.sub.-- high;ifrule(Fbcsk eq too.sub.-- high)              bearing damage =too.sub.-- high;ifrule(Fbcsw eq too.sub.-- high)              bearing damage =too.sub.-- high;ifrule((Ftmp eq high) and (Fbcu eq very.sub.-- high))       bearing damage = too.sub.-- high with 4;end rulesif (bearing damage.value &gt; 1.)              bearing damagealarm = 1;______________________________________ 
    
     Here, Fbcsi, Fbcsa, Fbcsk and Fbcsw are characteristic values for the recognition of damage on commonly employed roller bearings with an inner ring (index i), outer ring (index a), roller bearings (index w) and cage (index k). 
     FIG. 4 depicts the total monitoring of an installation for bearing damage and vibration. 
     For this purpose, a temperature sensor 10 and, for example, two acceleration pick-ups 11 are mounted on the components of the installation to be monitored (bearings, vibrating part). The monitoring result is available visually and acoustically at relays 12, 13. 
     In order to install an application-specific total monitoring system as depicted in the example according to FIG. 4, the necessary process objects (inventory) are gathered from a supply of components, as in the following example: 
     sensors: 
     one (two) acceleration pick-up(s) 11 
     one temperature sensor 10 (PT-100) 
     actors: 
     one horn 12 for alarm/switch-off 
     one blinking light 13 for warning machine objects: 
     bearings (program SIMLAGER or LAGER.UEB) 
     vibrating part (program SIM --  VIB) 
     super object: 
     summary of the vibration monitoring (program SIM --  DIAG) 
     The process objects involved are connected to each other by means of &#34;wiring&#34;. In the example, the sensors 10, 11 are connected to the machine objects, the outputs of the machine objects are connected to the super object and the outputs of the super object are connected to the actors 12, 13. The sensors 10, 11 are physically affixed to the appropriate components. In the example, the accelerator pick-up 11 can be employed several times, namely, for monitoring the bearings and the vibration, which is reflected in the wiring. 
     The total monitoring is designed in a modular fashion and, in the example, as one of the modules, it comprises the monitoring of the bearings explained with reference to the program code &#34;LAGER.UEB&#34; or a similar module like the &#34;SIMLAGER&#34; described below. 
     It is easy to generate a new machine object, for instance, for monitoring vibration, by simply changing the program SIM --  VIB, while this can be done for monitoring bearings by changing the program SIMLAGER; in a similar manner, a new super object is generated by changing the program SIM --  DIAG (FIG. 6). 
     All of the sensors and actors, the measuring devices, auxiliary files for the fuzzy regulations, measured values and limit values are made available in the program code. 
     The program code segment file &#34;PT-100.INP&#34; below shows, for example, the incorporation of the temperature sensor 10 (PT-100). 
     
         ______________________________________File &#34;PT-100.INP&#34;______________________________________//  sensor PT-100////  properties//  model:   makes the C++ object available for the sensor,      allows inventory and wiring   // view:   // control:    (via use)   //txt TextSensorName           // name of the sensoruk: &#34;PT-100&#34;;txt TextNameKl  // name of the output terminaluk: &#34;temperature&#34;,ge: &#34;Temperatur&#34;txt TextTypeKl  // terminal typeuk: &#34;t&#34;;ref SensorObject;           // reference to the actual           // C++ sensor objectfloat fNennWiderstand = 100.0           // nominal resistancefloat fLeitWiderstand = 0;           // line resistancefloat fAktWiderstand;           // currently present resistanceint iWidUpdate = 1;           // default update rate = once per hour// withdraw terminal but convert the value rangeuse &#34;VIBRO-IC.KL&#34; as terminal (   iKlMin = 3,         iKlMax = 4,         iKlDef = 3);thread init     // initialization programSensorObject = new(&#34;PtWiderstand&#34;); (resistance)SensorObject.name(TextSensorName);SensorObject.init(    klemme.iSlotNo,   // numberof the measuring module (1 . . . 4)   klemme.iChannelNo,               // hardware terminal on themodule (1-n)   fNennWiderstand,               //  nominal resistancee.g., 100 for PT100)   fLeitWiderstand,               // line resistance   fAktWiderstand,               //  currently presentresistance for possible views   iWidUpdate);            // resistanceSensorObject.stub(&#34;output&#34;,               // output terminal   TextNameKl,            // name of the output   TextTypleKl            // list of the categories   );       // end of the listend thread______________________________________ 
    
     The following program code segment SIMLAGER forms a machine object for simple monitoring of bearings with only the temperature and BCU values on the rule base of exact formulations, whereby this program code segment differs from the above-described program code segment LAGER.UEB in that it does not make use of fuzzy logic and also dispenses with the use of the measured value &#34;bearing load&#34;. 
     
         ______________________________________File &#34;SIMLAGER&#34;______________________________________//  simple bearings monitoring (only temperature and BCU)////  properties://  model:   monitoring of bearings   // view:    input and output data (via use)   // control:    (via use)   //txt TextLimTemp // text for limit value &#34;temperature&#34;uk: &#34;limes temperature&#34;,ge: &#34;Grenzwert fur Lagertemperatur&#34;;txt TextLimBcu  // text for limit value &#34;BCU&#34;uk: &#34;limes BCU&#34;,ge: &#34;Grenzwert fur BCU&#34;;txt TextLagerAlarm           // name of output terminal forbearing alarmuk: &#34;warning&#34;;ge: &#34;Lagerfehler&#34;;txt TextTempAlarm           // name of output terminal fortemperature alarmuk: &#34;high temperature&#34;;ge: &#34;Temperatur zu hoch&#34;;txt TextBcuAlarm           // name of output terminal for BCUalarmuk: &#34;BCU high&#34;;ge: &#34;BCU-Wert zu hoch&#34;;use &#34;TEMPERAT.MES&#34; as temp;            // temperature measurementuse &#34;BCU.MES&#34; as bcu;           // BCU measurementuse &#34;Simple.LIM&#34; as limTemp(   // limit value for temperaturemeasurement   TextLim = TextLimTemp,   fLimDef = 80.0,   fLimMax = 150.0   iVerzDef = 10,   iVerzMin = 5   );use &#34;Simple.LIM&#34; as limBcu(   // limit value for 1   TextLim = TextLimBcu,   fLimDef = 5.0,   fLimMax = 100.0   iVerzDef = 20,   iVerzMin = 10   );use &#34;INTEGER.OKL&#34; as bcuAlarm(TextNameKl = TextBcuAlarm);use &#34;INTEGER.OKL&#34; as tempAlarm(TextNameKl = TextTempAlarm);use &#34;INTEGER.OKL&#34; as lagerAlarm(TextNameKl = TextLagerAlarm);// initialization program for the simple bearingsthread initevery (5, s) activate control;end thread// monitoring program for the simple bearingsthread controlif (bcu.fBCU gt limBcu.rLim) then  bcuAlarm.iOut = 1;else  bcuAlarm.iOut = 0;endifif (tem.fTemp gt limTemp.rLim) then  tempAlarm.iOut = 1;else  temp.alarm.iOut = 0;endifif ((bcuAlarm.iOut eq 1) and (tempAlarm.iOut eq 1))then  LagerAlarm.iOut = 1;else  LagerAlarm.iOut = 0;endifend thread______________________________________ 
    
     The machine object SIMLAGER.PR (bearings) and the machine object SIM --  VIB (vibration)--the latter of which was not elaborated upon here in greater detail--together yield the super object SIM --  DIAG (FIG. 6) for the total vibration monitoring. The evaluation takes place on the basis of familiar &#34;clear&#34; rules; the machine objects and the super object, however, can also be formulated with fuzzy rules, as can be seen with the machine object LAGER.UEB. 
     As another example, FIG. 5 shows the total monitoring of a vibration machine with vibration energizers, abbreviated as &#34;energizer monitoring&#34;. The modules or machine objects already realized, namely, bearing monitoring 20, rotational speed monitoring 21 and tear-off monitoring 22 (FIG. 5, left-hand part), are all combined with each other in the total monitoring (super object) (FIG. 5, right-hand part), in order to yield authoritative monitoring information. 
     In the representation in FIG. 5, left-hand part, the module block &#34;Lageruberwachung&#34;  bearing monitoring! represents, for example, the program code of the bearing monitoring program LAGER.UEB listed above. 
     In the representation in FIG. 5, right-hand part, the line &#34;use Lageruberwachung&#34;  bearing monitoring! in the program code block 23 represents the processing of the program module &#34;LAGER.UEB&#34;. 
     Thus, it is achieved in an advantageous manner that the data and the functionality of monitoring components are found in a few lines of program code for the next superordinated component, in this case, the super object energizer monitoring.