Abstract:
Disclosed embodiments relate to an apparatus for detecting brain conditions. The apparatus for detecting brain conditions may include: a layer which is located adjacent to the brain of a living body; a light source which is formed on the layer and irradiates light to the brain; and an optical sensor which is formed on the layer adjacent to the light source and detects the light scattered from the brain. Since detection is possible at a location relatively adjacent to the brain, the apparatus for detecting brain conditions may improve accuracy and reliability of detection. The apparatus for detecting brain conditions may be used to detect brain conditions such as cerebral oxygenation, cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, etc. or to monitor brain activities, or to diagnose and/or localize the disease foci in case of neurovascular disease such as stroke including hemorrhage or bleeding, into or around the brain or brain tumors or epilepsy, etc. Since the apparatus for detecting brain conditions has a relatively flexible structure, damage to the brain tissue may be minimized.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-23156, filed on 2009 Mar. 18, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Embodiments of the disclosure relate to an apparatus for detecting brain conditions. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases such as epilepsy, stroke or cerebral infarction and degenerative brain diseases such as dementia or Parkinson&#39;s disease, brain activities or cerebral oxygen saturation or cerebral blood parameters (hemoglobin concentrations, blood volume, blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, etc) may be used as indices. By continuously monitoring the brain activities or cerebral oxygen saturation or cerebral blood parameters, acutely occurring events may be detected or prevented. As a consequence, death or brain death caused by brain diseases may be reduced or prevented. 
         [0006]    An existing apparatus used to measure cerebral oxygen saturation does so using near infrared by mounting an optical sensor on the scalp. The apparatus irradiates light to the brain passing through the scalp and the skull, and detects the light as it is scattered from the brain and returns passing through the scalp and the skull. However, when such an apparatus is used, most of the near infrared light remains in the scalp or the skull, not passing through the brain. As a result, the intracranial apparatus as we suggest in this claim, collects the information of brain exclusively. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    The embodiments of this disclosure may provide an apparatus capable of detecting brain conditions such as blood flow rate, oxygen saturation, etc. with improved accuracy and reliability as embedded at a location adjacent to the brain of humans or animals. 
         [0008]    In an aspect, the apparatus for detecting brain conditions may include: a layer which is located adjacent to the brain; a light source which is formed on the layer and irradiates light to the brain; and an optical sensor which is formed on the layer and detects the light scattered from the brain. 
         [0009]    The apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to the embodiments of the disclosure is capable of detecting brain conditions at a location relatively adjacent to the brain, and thus may improve accuracy and reliability of detection. The apparatus for detecting brain conditions may be used to detect brain conditions such as blood flow rate, oxygen saturation, etc., and thus may immediately cope with emergency situations. Further, it may be employed in various applications including neurosurgery, surgery, internal medicine, emergency medicine, or the like since monitoring of brain activities is possible. In addition, since it has a relatively small size and weight in addition to its flexibility, it may minimize damage to the brain tissue. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the disclosed exemplary embodiments will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view of an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing the absorption spectrum of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin according to wavelength; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3   a  to  3   c  are schematic cross-sectional views of apparatuses for detecting brain conditions according to embodiments, in which a light source and an optical sensor are integrated in a layer; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  schematically show the arrangement of light sources and optical sensors in apparatuses for detecting brain conditions according to embodiments; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the waveform of a power for driving a plurality of light sources according to time in an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment; and 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view illustrating an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment embedded in the human body. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    Exemplary embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth therein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of this disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments. 
         [0018]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of this disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. does not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denotes the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The use of the terms “first”, “second”, and the like does not imply any particular order, but they are included to identify individual elements. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. does not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
         [0019]    Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
         [0020]    In the drawings, like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements. The shape, size and regions, and the like, of the drawing may be exaggerated for clarity. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view of an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment. 
         [0022]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , an apparatus for detecting brain conditions may include a layer  10 , and a light source  20  and an optical sensor  30  formed on the layer  10 . The apparatus for detecting brain conditions may be embedded at a location relatively adjacent to the brain of humans or animals. 
         [0023]    The layer  10  may be prepared to have a size and thickness appropriate for insertion into a living body by means of nanofabrication. For example, the layer  10  may have a thickness t 300 μm or smaller, preferably 30 μm or smaller. The layer  10  may be made of an organic material or an inorganic material. Further, the layer  10  may be made of a flexible material so that it may be bent depending on the brain&#39;s motion. For example, the layer  10  may be made of polyimide, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or other suitable material. 
         [0024]    A light source  20  and an optical sensor  30  may be formed on the layer  10 . The light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  may be located on the surface of the layer  10  or may be embedded in the layer  10  without being exposed on the surface. The light source  20  is a device for emitting light. The light emitted from the light source  20  may be irradiated to the brain. The light source  20  may include an appropriate light-emitting element such as, for example, an organic light-emitting element or an inorganic light-emitting element. Further, the light source  20  may include a device capable of irradiating near infrared light. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment, the light source  20  may include a device capable of irradiating a plurality of lights with different wavelengths. For example, the light source  20  may be capable of irradiating a first light with a wavelength from about 650 nm to about 800 nm and a second light with a wavelength from about 800 nm to about 900 nm at the same time. 
         [0026]    The light emitted from the light source  20  may be irradiated into the brain passing through the surface of the brain. The light irradiated into the brain is scattered. All or part of the scattered light may return out of the brain. 
         [0027]    As the light irradiated to the brain by the light source  20  is scattered from the brain and returns, the optical sensor  30  may detect the returning light. The optical sensor  30  may include a device capable of detecting the light from the light source  20  according to a type of the light source  20 . For example, the optical sensor  30  may include a micro photodiode. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, the light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  may be plural, respectively. Further, a plurality of light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be arranged in the layer  10  in arrays. In this case, each optical sensor  30  may detect light from one or more adjacent light source(s)  20 . Further, a plurality of light sources  20  may irradiate light with a time difference in a time multiplex mode. 
         [0029]    By detecting the light emitted from the light source  20  and scattered from the brain using the optical sensor  30 , brain conditions such as blood flow rate, oxygen saturation, etc. may be detected. For example, in the near infrared region, the brain tissue has a relatively low absorption rate μ a  and a relatively high scattering rate μ s . The intensity ψ of the light scattered from the brain under such a physical condition satisfies Equation 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             ∇ 
                             2 
                           
                            
                           
                             + 
                             
                               k 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         Ψ 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             r 
                             , 
                             t 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           - 
                           
                             1 
                             D 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             S 
                             o 
                           
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               r 
                               , 
                               t 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         where 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         D 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             3 
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   s 
                                   ′ 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   a 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       k 
                       2 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             - 
                             
                               μ 
                               a 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                              
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             ω 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             t 
                           
                         
                         D 
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0030]    In Equation 1, S 0 (r, t) is a function of the light from the light source  20 , for a spatial vector r and time t. 
         [0031]    According to the modified Beer-Lambert law, the absorption coefficient by a medium for light propagation is proportional to the sum of products of concentration of light-absorbing molecule and the extinct coefficient of the molecule. The absorption coefficient is dependent on the wavelength of light; hence application of multiple wavelengths of light is capable of quantifying the concentrations of different types of absorbing molecule with known absorption spectrum. Since hemoglobin is the main light-absorbing species in the living body tissue in near infrared range, the absorption rate μ a  in Equation 1 is approximated by summation of absorption due to hemoglobin molecules. Since the absorption spectra of hemoglobin molecules are different depending on its oxygenation states, the absorption rate μ a  is expressed as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       μ 
                       a 
                       λ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           n 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             ɛ 
                             n 
                             λ 
                           
                            
                           
                             c 
                             n 
                           
                         
                       
                       ≅ 
                       
                         
                           
                             ɛ 
                             
                               
                                 O 
                                 2 
                               
                                
                               Hb 
                             
                             λ 
                           
                            
                           
                             [ 
                             
                               
                                 O 
                                 2 
                               
                                
                               Hb 
                             
                             ] 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ɛ 
                             HHb 
                             λ 
                           
                            
                           
                             [ 
                             HHb 
                             ] 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   2 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    In Equation 2, by the modified Beer-Lambert law, where ε λ  is the extinct coefficient of the corresponding molecule at wavelength λ, c is the concentration of the light absorbing molecule, and [ ] denotes the concentration of the molecule. That is, 
         [0033]    [O 2 Hb] and [HHb] are the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, respectively, and ε λ   O     2     Hb  and ε λ   HHb  are the extinction coefficients of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, respectively. 
         [0034]    If the light source  20  emits two or more lights with different wavelengths, the solutions of Equation 2 can be found. With the calculated concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in the brain, the oxygen saturation S t O 2  of the brain can be calculated by Equation 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       S 
                       t 
                     
                      
                     
                       O 
                       2 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             O 
                             2 
                           
                            
                           Hb 
                         
                         ] 
                       
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               O 
                               2 
                             
                              
                             Hb 
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           [ 
                           HHb 
                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                     × 
                     100 
                      
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         % 
                         ) 
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   3 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0035]    The wavelengths of the lights irradiated by the light source  20  may be determined based on the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin. For example, by employing two or more wavelengths at which the difference in absorption rates of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin is relatively large, the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin may be obtained with a relatively smaller error. 
         [0036]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing the absorption spectrum of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin according to wavelength in the visible and near infrared regions. The curve  1000  shows the absorption spectrum of oxyhemoglobin, and the curve  2000  shows the absorption spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , in the wavelength region from about 650 nm to about 800 nm, deoxyhemoglobin has a relatively larger absorption rate than oxyhemoglobin. On the contrary, in the wavelength region from about 800 nm to about 900 nm, oxyhemoglobin has a relatively larger absorption rate than deoxyhemoglobin. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the light source  20  may irradiate a first light with a wavelength from about 650 nm to about 800 nm and a second light with a wavelength from about 800 nm to about 900 nm at the same time, so that the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin may be determined with a relatively small error. 
         [0038]    As described above, the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin may be determined based on the light detected by the optical sensor  30 , and the oxygen saturation of the brain may be determined based on the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The sum of the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin is the total hemoglobin concentration, and is proportional to the blood flow rate. Accordingly, the apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment may be used to detect brain conditions, including the blood flow rate. 
         [0039]    The light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  may be integrated into the layer  10  by means of nanofabrication. In this regard, the light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  may have a nanometer scale size, so that the weight of the apparatus for detecting brain conditions is 10 mg or less. 
         [0040]    Since the light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  are integrated into the layer  10  by means of nanofabrication, the apparatus for detecting brain conditions may be manufactured into a size appropriate for insertion into a living body. Because the apparatus for detecting brain conditions may be embedded into a location relatively adjacent to the brain, the accuracy and reliability of detection may be improved. Furthermore, the effect of the apparatus for detecting brain conditions on the living body tissue may be minimized, and unwanted movement of the devices of the apparatus caused by the movement of the brain may be minimized. 
         [0041]    In an embodiment, an electrode  40  may be formed in the layer  10 . The electrode  40  may be in contact with the brain and may serve to detect electrical signals from brain cells. Like the light source  20  and the optical sensor  30 , the electrode  40  may also be plural. Further, a plurality of electrodes  40  may be arranged in the layer  10  in arrays. By analyzing the electrical signals detected by a plurality of electrodes  40 , brain activities may be monitored by means of electrocorticography (ECoG). 
         [0042]      FIGS. 3   a  to  3   c  are schematic cross-sectional views of apparatuses for detecting brain conditions according to embodiments, in which a light source and an optical sensor are integrated in a layer. 
         [0043]      FIGS. 3   a  to  3   c  are figures for explaining the location of light sources  20 ,  21 ,  22 , optical sensors  30 ,  31 ,  32 , an electrode  40  and a connector  100  in a layer  10 . The order of arrangement of the light sources  20 ,  21 ,  22 , the optical sensors  30 ,  31 ,  32 , the electrode  40  and the connector  100  and the shapes thereof depicted in  FIGS. 3   a  to  3   c  are exemplary. It will be understood to those skilled in the art that the actual order of arrangement or shapes of the light source, the optical sensor, the electrode and the connector may be different from the figures. 
         [0044]    Referring to  FIG. 3   a , the light sources  20 , the optical sensors  30 , the electrodes  40  and connector  100  for driving them may be formed in a layer  10 . The connector  100  serves for supplying power to control the light source  20 , receiving optical and electrical signals detected by the optical sensor  30  and the electrode  40 , and transmitting them to outside. 
         [0045]    In an embodiment, the light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  may be located on an upper surface  11  of the layer  10 , and the electrode  40  may be located to be exposed on a lower surface  12  of the layer  10 . For example, when the apparatus for detecting brain conditions is embedded beneath the skull, the upper surface  11  of the layer  10  may be adjacent to the skull, and the lower surface  12  may be adjacent to the brain. The light source  20  and the optical sensor  30  located on the upper surface  11  of the layer  10  may irradiate light to the brain through the layer  10  or detect the light scattered from the brain. The electrode  40  may be located on the lower surface  12  of the layer  10  so that it may be in contact with the brain and detect electrical signals from the brain. 
         [0046]    The light source  20  may include input and output terminals  200 ,  205  for transmitting electrical signals. Each terminal  200 ,  205  may be formed from one or more conductive material(s). The shape of the terminals  200 ,  205  depicted in  FIG. 3   a  is exemplary, and the actual shape of the terminals may be different from the figure. Like the light source  20 , the optical sensor  30  may also include input and output terminals  300 ,  305 . 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 3   b , in another embodiment, a light source  21 , an optical sensor  31 , an electrode  40  and a connector  100  may be formed in a layer  10 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 3   b , the light source  21  and the optical sensor  31  may be completely buried in the layer  10 , without being exposed on the surface of the layer  10 . 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 3   c , in another embodiment, a light source  22 , an optical sensor  32 , an electrode  40  and a connector  100  may be formed in a layer  10 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 3   c , the light source  22  and the optical sensor  32  may be located to be exposed on a lower surface  12  of the layer  10 . For example, when the apparatus for detecting brain conditions is embedded beneath the skull, the light source  22  exposed on the lower surface  12  of the layer  10  may directly irradiate light to the brain, and the optical sensor  32  may detect the light scattered from the brain directly. 
         [0049]    In the embodiments of  FIG. 3   b  and  FIG. 3   c , other configurations except for the relative location of the light source  21 ,  22  and the optical sensor  31 ,  32  are the same as the embodiment of  FIG. 3   a . Hence, a detailed description thereabout will be omitted. 
         [0050]      FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  schematically show the arrangement of light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  in apparatuses for detecting brain conditions according to embodiments.  FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  schematically show a portion of the surface of a layer in which light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  are formed. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIG. 4   a , light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be arranged to form regular hexagons on the layer surface. Six light sources  20  may be arranged to be located on each vertex of a regular hexagon, and an optical sensor  30  may be arranged to be located at the center of the regular hexagon formed by the six light sources  20 . In such an arrangement, the ratio of the number of light sources  20  to that of optical sensors  30  is 2:1. The region  300  represents the detection range of the optical sensor  30  located at the center of the region  300 . As seen in the figure, lights from six neighboring light sources  20  may be detected using one optical sensor  30 . 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIG. 4   b , in another embodiment, light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be arranged to form regular hexagons in a different manner. Three light sources  20  and three optical sensors  30  may be alternately arranged to be located on each vertex of a regular hexagon. In such an arrangement, the ratio of the number of light sources  20  to that of optical sensors  30  is 1:1. The region  310  represents the detection range of the optical sensor  30  located at the center of the region  310 . As seen in the figure, lights from three neighboring light sources  20  may be detected using one optical sensor  30 . 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 4   c , light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be arranged to form squares. Four light sources  20  may be arranged to be located on each vertex of a square, and four light sources  20  may be arranged at each center of four sides of the square. An optical sensor  30  may be arranged to be located at the center of the square formed by the eight light sources  20 . In such an arrangement, the ratio of the number of light sources  20  to that of optical sensors  30  is 3:1. The region  320  represents the detection range of the optical sensor  30  located at the center of the region  320 . As seen in the figure, lights from eight neighboring light sources  20  may be detected using one optical sensor  30 . 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 4   d , light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be alternately arranged in each row  330 . For example, in each row  330 , three light sources  20  and one optical sensor  30  may be alternately arranged. The region  340  represents the detection range of the optical sensor  30  included in the region  340 . As seen in the figure, lights from six light sources  20  on both sides in the same row may be detected using one optical sensor  30 . 
         [0055]    The arrangements of light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  described referring to  FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d  are examples of many possible arrangements of the light sources  20  and optical sensors  30 . Without being limited thereto, a plurality of light sources  20  and optical sensors  30  may be arranged in an apparatus for detecting brain conditions in different forms. 
         [0056]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the waveform of a power for driving a plurality of light sources in an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment. 
         [0057]    An apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment may include a plurality of light sources. The plurality of light sources may be grouped into n groups. Each group may include at least one light source, and each group may include the same or different number of light source(s). The n light source groups may operate in a time multiplex mode. 
         [0058]      FIG. 5  shows n drive waveforms L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L n  for driving the n light source groups. When the power waveform L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L n  has a high level, lights may be emitted from the light sources of the corresponding groups. When the pulse has a low level, lights may not be emitted from the light sources of the corresponding groups. 
         [0059]    The power waveforms L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L n  may be designed to have a high level at different time, with a time difference. As a result, the n light source groups may emit light at different times. Since each light source emits light at different time, by controlling the operation time of the optical sensor corresponding to specific light sources depending on the light emission time of the light sources, it may be possible to allow each optical sensor to detect lights from specific adjacent light sources only. 
         [0060]    The drive waveform of  FIG. 5  is exemplary. The waveform of a power for driving light sources is not limited thereto, and the light sources may be driven by a power with a different waveform. 
         [0061]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view illustrating an apparatus for detecting brain conditions according to an embodiment embedded in the human body. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , an apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions may be embedded between the brain  2  and the skull  3  of a person. For example, the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions may be located on the surface of the cerebral cortex or on the dura or fixed to the intracranial surface of the skull. Since the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions is located beneath the skull  3 , light may be directly irradiated to the brain  2 , and scattered light and electrical signals may be detected directly from the brain  2 . 
         [0063]    The apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions may be optically and/or electrically connected to an amplifier  50  and a controller  60  outside the human body. The amplifier  50  may amplify the light and electrical signals detected by the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions. By amplifying the magnitude of the light and electrical signals using the amplifier  50 , detection of brain conditions may become easier. 
         [0064]    The controller  60  may receive the light and electrical signals amplified by the amplifier  50 . Using the received light or electrical signals, the controller  60  may detect brain conditions such as blood flow rate, oxygen saturation, or the like. The change in the intensity of the received light is proportional to the change in the light absorption coefficient by the brain. The change in oxygen saturation or blood flow rate may be determined using Equations 1 to 3. 
         [0065]    In  FIG. 6 , the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions is embedded between the brain  2  and the skull  3 . But, this is only an example, and the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions may be embedded between the skull  3  and the scalp  4 . Alternatively, a portion of the skull  3  may be made thinner and the apparatus  1  for detecting brain conditions may be embedded to be located there. 
         [0066]    While the exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0067]    In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of this disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that this disclosure not be limited to the particular exemplary embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that this disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.