Abstract:
A metal substrate is anodized in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution. The anodized metal substrate is thereafter contacted with a hexavalent chromium free, trivalent chromium containing acid solution to coat the anodized metal substrate. The coated anodized metal substrate can be adhesively bonded to another such treated metal substrate to form a composite article. The resulting article exhibits excellent bonding and corrosion properties.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to preparing bonded, corrosion resistant coated, metal substrates which are resistant to delamination and free of hexavalent chromium in the corrosion resistant coating. 
     The structural bonding of metal to metal and composite type assemblies widely used in the aircraft industry and elsewhere frequently require a resultant structure which is reasonably resistant to the extremes of atmospheric conditions found in use. To avoid failures of the aircraft structures, bonded metal to metal and composite type assemblies must be able to withstand the environmental conditions to be encountered. Of particular importance is resistance to corrosion and delamination of composite structures. Heretofore, the adhesively bonded metal-to-metal and composite type assemblies (absent a chromated primer) have performed less than satisfactorily due to adhesive failure at the interface between the polymeric adhesive and the aluminum surface. 
     Conversion coatings have been widely used in metal surface treatment for improved corrosion inhibition. Conversion coatings are applied through chemical reactions between the metal and the bath solution which converts or modifies the metal surface into a thin film with required functional properties. Conversion coatings are particularly useful in surface treatment of metals such as steel, zinc, aluminum and magnesium. In the past, chromate conversion coatings have proven to be the most successful conversion coatings for aluminum and magnesium. However, chromate conversion coatings used in the past generally contained highly toxic hexavalent chromium. The use of hexavalent chromium results in potential hazardous working conditions for process operators and very high costs for waste disposal. 
     It is highly desirable to provide an improved process for preparing corrosion resistant, environmentally friendly, bonded metal substrates which are resistant to delamination. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a process for preparing metal substrates which are corrosion resistant, free of hexavalent chromium and satisfactorily bonded together with adhesives for functioning in aqueous, high temperature environments. 
     In accordance with the process of the present invention, a metal substrate is anodized in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution. The anodized metal substrate is thereafter contacted with a hexavalent chromium free, trivalent chromium containing acid coating solution to coat the anodized metal substrate. A non-chromated primer is applied and the coated anodized metal substrate can be adhesively bonded to another such treated metal substrate to form a composite article. The resulting article exhibits excellent bonding and corrosion properties. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides for a multiple step process for treating metal substrates (preferably aluminum alloys) which are to be bonded together, for example by adhesive, to form a composite article. 
     The process comprises (1) anodizing the metal substrate in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution and (2) contacting the anodizing substrate with a hexavalent free, trivalent chromium containing acid coating solution to form a trivalent chromium containing coating of the anodized metal substrate. 
     The metal substrate may be subjected to a phosphoric acid anodize by any manner known in the prior art. Suitable methods for phosphoric acid anodizing are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,085,012 and 4,127,451, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. In accordance with the process of the present invention, the metal substrate, preferably aluminum alloy, is anodized in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution having phosphoric acid in a concentration of between 3% by weight to 20% by weight, at a temperature of between 50° F. to 85° F. at an anodizing potential of between 3 to 25 volts. 
     Once anodized, the substrates are contacted with an acidic trivalent chromium containing solution to form a trivalent containing corrosion coating on the metal substrate. The acidic aqueous solution comprises a water soluble trivalent chromium compound, a water soluble fluoride compound and an alkaline reagent. The trivalent chromium compound is present in the solution in an amount of between 0.2 g/liter to 5 g/liter (preferably between 0.5 g/liter to 2 g/liter), the fluoride compound is present in an amount of between 0.2 g/liter to 5 g/liter (preferably 0.5 g/liter to 2 g/liter), and the alkaline reagent is present in an amount to maintain the pH of the solution between 3.0 to 5.0 (preferably 3.5 to 4.0). A suitable solution is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,257 which patent is incorporated herein by reference. The metal substrates may be immersed in the solution, sprayed with the solution, painted with the solution etc. A suitable non-chromated primer is applied to the substrate thereafter. 
     Metal substrates processed in accordance with the present invention may then be adhesively bonded together, as is known in the art, to form a composite article. Suitable adhesives are well known in the prior art as are the method for applying to metal substrates and bonding. See again U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,085,012 and 4,127,451. Composite articles made in accordance with the present invention exhibit excellent bond strength and corrosion properties as evidenced by the following example. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 
     Five wedge crack test specimens were prepared from adhesively bonded coupons of aluminum alloy 6061. Two 6″×6″×0.125″ coupons were cleaned and dried. Thereafter the coupons were immersed in phosphoric acid and anodized under the following conditions:
         Anodizing solution composition: 7.5% by volume   phosphoric acid   Voltage: 15V   Temperature: Room Temperature   Time: 20 minutes       

     The phosphoric acid anodized coupons were thereafter received and dried. The coupons were immersed in a trivalent chromium coating solution under the following conditions:
         Solution composition: 1 Part Chromium Compound;
           1 Part Fluoride Compound; and   18 Parts Dionized Water   
           Trivalent Chromium Compound: Chromium Sulfate   Fluoride Compound: Potassium Fluorozirconate   pH: 3.8   Temperature: Room Temperature   Time: 10 minutes immersion       

     Immediately after the trivalent chromium treatment the coupons were primed with a non-chrome filled version of BR6757-1 epoxy primer and cured at 350° F. for 90 minutes. Thereafter, the coupons were bonded together with Loctite Aerospace EA9689 nylon support film adhesive and cured at 350° F. under 60 psi of pressure for 2 hours. The bonded coupon was then cut into 5 wedge crack specimens, that were used to determine bond quality. The coupons were then tested according to ASTM D3762. The results are shown in Table I below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Initial 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Crack 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 Length 
                 Crack Growth In Inches After 
                 Failure Mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                 # 
                 (Inches) 
                 1 hour 
                 2 hour 
                 4 hour 
                 24 hour 
                 (% Cohesive) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 1.725 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.080 
                 100 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.515 
                 0.050 
                 0.050 
                 0.050 
                 0.075 
                 100 
               
               
                 3 
                 1.485 
                 0.043 
                 0.065 
                 0.065 
                 0.088 
                 100 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.515 
                 0.050 
                 0.070 
                 0.070 
                 0.145 
                 100 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.610 
                 0.058 
                 0.058 
                 0.058 
                 0.091 
                 100 
               
               
                 average 
                 1.570 
                 0.051 
                 0.060 
                 0.060 
                 0.096 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     There are three failure mechanisms as follows.
         C/A is cohesive in the adhesive. This is the preferred mode of failure. It indicates that the bond strength exceeded the strength of the adhesive. Failure occurred in the adhesive and not at the interface of either adhesive to primer or primer to metal.   A/P is adhesive to the primer. This mode of failure is indicative of interactions that may be occurring with the primer that may affect the bond strength of the adhesive to the primer. This mode is also used as a quality system check.   P/M is primer to metal. This is the mechanism that indicates that the process is not satisfactory.
 
As can be seen from Table I, all samples exhibited 100% C/A failure mode which indicates excellent bond strength. In addition, crack growth was comparable to standard crack growth rates and were acceptable.
       

     This invention may be embodied in other forms or carried out in other ways without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered as in all respects illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency are intended to be embraced therein.