Abstract:
Discrete portions of a carbon fiber tow, selected from a group of tows, ranging in number of fibers from about 1,000 to about 150,000, and terminated by discrete contact portions of a metal conductor within a non-metallic termination assembly formed by the joinder of a cradle and a cap defining opposing parallel clamping surfaces receiving the tow portions and the contact portions in crossing engagement therebetween. Opposing energy directors on the cradle and cap serve as temporary guide rails for positioning the carbon fiber portions before and during assembly. Meltdown of the energy directors during a pressure and ultrasonic welding cycle enable self-leveling of the carbon fiber portions whereby uniform distribution of carbon fiber over the entire cross section of each of the carbon fiber portions of the assembly may be attained. The clamping surfaces remain intact after welding and retain clamping integrity.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/898,607, filed Jan. 31, 2007, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF INVENTION 
   This invention relates in general to electrical connections and methods for making such connections and deals more specifically with carbon fiber tow heating element assemblies and methods for making such heating element assemblies for electrical heating applications. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a suitable non-metallic electrical carbon fiber tow heating element assembly to enable participation in a large portion of the heating element market, namely that portion of the market producing products requiring heat output in the range of 200 to 600 degrees F. Heretofore terminations have been developed for various forms of carbon fiber, however such carbon fiber heating element assemblies usually employ some form of mechanical clamping utilizing a metal plate or plates clamped together in holding engagement by threaded fasteners or adjustable fasteners of other types. Such terminations are generally difficult and expensive to make and are often prone to premature failure. 
   Two earlier patents to Applicant and relating to non-metallic electrical terminations, U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,829 for Electrical Connection and U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,259 for Method for Making an Electrical Connection, are concerned with technology originally developed for the production of high density electrical termination assemblies and heating applications for the low temperature end of the heating spectrum (100-170 degrees F.) and work well at current limits of 1.5 amperes or less. However the need for new technology becomes apparent after extensive testing of companion carbon fiber electrically terminated product assemblies fail to adequately perform when applying higher amperage (2 to 5 amps) to the tow form of carbon fiber. Unlike other forms of carbon fiber, mainly, inks, mats, broken strand yarn bundles and woven surfaces, all of which feature consistent and uniform surface fiber configuration, the carbon fiber tow form proves virtually impossible to confine in an exacting level position prior to the application of ultrasonic energy required to weld such a plastic termination system together. Due to the relatively high resistance of the carbon fiber tow it is concluded that a single wire mating surface area is insufficient to enable a suitable high current electrical termination. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with the present invention, a two-part dielectric ultrasonically weldable termination assembly is provided for forming a matrix of discrete electrical junctions between a carbon fiber tow and a single metal conductor having a plurality of discrete contact portions. The termination assembly includes a lower cradle member and an upper cap member which respectively define substantially planar upper and lower cradle and cap clamping surfaces arranged in opposing relation to each other. Opposing energy directors include secondary energy directors carried by the cradle member and primary energy directors carried by the cap member which temporally serve as guides for positioning the tow and the conductor prior to and during assembly. Self-leveling of the carbon fiber occurs during the ultrasonic welding process with retention of clamping integrity. The termination assembly is universal for a wide range of carbon fiber tows. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a fragmentary perspective view of a carbon fiber tow heating element assembly made in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is somewhat enlarged diagrammatic sectional view through the carbon fiber tow taken along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the energy director cap of  FIG. 1  shown in an inverted position relative to its position in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the energy director cradle of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 5  is a fragmentary perspective view of a 50K tow shown loaded in the energy director cradle of  FIG. 4 , preparatory to assembly. 
       FIG. 6  is a fragmentary perspective view of the energy director cap of  FIGS. 1 and 3 , shown inverted with a typical seven strand electrical conductor loaded therein preparatory to formation of a carbon fiber tow heating element assembly. 
       FIG. 7  is a somewhat enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken along the line  7 - 7  of  FIG. 1  but shows the energy director cradle and cap immediately prior to assembly. 
       FIG. 8  is a somewhat enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken along the line  8 - 8  of  FIG. 1  and shows the assembled energy director cradle and cap after assembly by ultrasonic welding. 
       FIG. 9  is a fragmentary exploded perspective view of another carbon fiber tow heating element assembly which has a male electrical terminal shown with a mating female connector. 
       FIG. 10  is an exploded perspective view of the heating element assembly shown in  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 11  is a perspective view similar to  FIG. 6  but shows the conductor with male terminal loaded in the energy director cap of  FIG. 10  prior to assembly. 
       FIG. 12  is similar to  FIG. 5  but shows a 25K carbon fiber tow loaded in a cradle prior to formation of an assembly. 
       FIG. 13  is similar to  FIG. 6  but shows an insulated No. 18AWG sixteen strand copper conductor after it has been stripped and loaded in an energy director cap prior to forming a heating element assembly. 
       FIG. 14  is a fragmentary perspective view showing a No. 12AWG insulated buss bar loaded in the energy director cap for forming a termination with a carbon fiber tow. 
       FIG. 15  is an exploded perspective view of a tool used to prep a wire conductor for use in the universal terminal assembly and a typical seven strand copper wire conductor after prep in the tool. 
       FIG. 16  is an exploded perspective view of another wire forming tool and a stranded wire conductor formed by the tool. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Turning now to the drawings and referring first particularly to  FIGS. 1-8 , a typical carbon fiber tow heating element assembly embodying the present invention and made in accordance with the invention is shown in  FIG. 1  and indicated generally by the reference numeral  10 . The illustrated heating element assembly  10  essentially comprises a carbon fiber tow indicted generally at  12 , adapted for use as a heating element and terminated by an insulated stranded seven wire conductor  14  within a termination assembly designated generally by the reference numeral  16 . 
   The invention is presently practiced with an electrically insulated carbon fiber tow having from about 1,000 to about 100,000 generally cylindrical carbon filaments or fibers  18 ,  18  each having a diameter ranging from 6 to 10 microns and an electrical resistant (cold) in the range of 2 to 3 ohms per linear foot, plus or minus 0.10 ohm, a 50K tow having about 50,000 filaments of 7 micron diameter being a presently preferred form. Tows are obtained from a supplier by fiber count designation. However, it is not feasible to verify the fiber counts. The flexible carbon filaments which comprise the tow are of indeterminant length and are disposed in generally side-by-side parallel relation to each other. Prior to termination, the carbon fiber filaments are disposed within a single bundle having a substantially uniform somewhat flattened, generally oval or elliptical cross section throughout its entire length, substantially as shown in  FIG. 2 . The bundle is contained within an outer dielectric insulating jacket indicated by the numeral  20 . 
   A commercial grade carbon fiber tow, that is a tow which is 94-96% per carbon by weight may be employed in practicing the invention. A tow of military grade may also be employed. However, a tow of the latter type, which is 98% pure carbon by weight, is considerably more expensive to produce and, for this reason, a commercial grade material is presently preferred. A commercial grade tow should result in a heating element suitable for most heating applications. 
   The carbon fiber tow  12  used in practicing the invention is selected from a group of tows each having a bundle of carbon fibers or filaments  18 , 18  ranging in number from about 1,000 to about 150,000 and which differ substantially from each other in number of fibers. A typical group of tows may, for example, consist of a 1K tow having about 1,000 fibers, a 3K tow, a 6K tow, a 12K tow, a 24K tow, a 48K tow, a 50K tow and a 150K tow. The conductor  14  for terminating the selected tow has a plurality of discrete electrical contact portions and is selected from a group of conductors which differ from each other in size and/or form, as will evident from the further description which follows. The presently preferred conductor  14  has seven (7) discrete portions. 
   The tow  12  and the conductor  14  enter the termination assembly  16  at a generally right angle to each other, substantially as shown in  FIG. 1 . The 7 individual strands which comprise the stranded wire conductor  14  are separated from each other within the termination assembly  16 , traverse associated portions of the tow, are also separated from each other, forming a number of discrete areas of electrical contact or termination within the termination assembly. The numerous areas of discrete electrical contact provide electrical contact redundancy and together comprise the electrical termination matrix, as will be hereinafter evident from the further description which follows. 
   The termination assembly  16  and the method for making the termination  10  are quite versatile in that the assembly and method may be utilized to produce a number of different terminations each of which may differ from the other in both its physical and electrical characteristics. 
   The process for making the heating element  10  commences with forming of the termination assembly  16 , shown in assembled condition in  FIG. 1 . The termination member  16  is formed by the ultrasonic welding jointer of an energy director cradle, indicated generally at  22  in  FIG. 4 , with an energy director cap, designated generally by the reference  24  and shown in an inverted position in  FIG. 3 . The cradle  22  and the cap  24  are of somewhat similar construction and, as shown, comprise generally complementary rectangular plates made from dielectric ultrasonically weldable thermoplastic material, which may be of either an amorphous or semi-crystalline type. 
   The presently preferred energy director cradle  22 , best shown in  FIG. 4 , preferably comprises a generally rectangular plate of substantially uniform thickness and has substantially smooth planar inner and outer surfaces  28  and  30 , respectively, which are parallel to each other. The cradle  22  further includes a plurality of integral secondary energy directors  32 ,  32  positioned on and projecting from the flat inner clamping surface  28 . The number and arrangement of energy directors used in practicing the invention may vary and will be determined by the intended usage of the termination assembly  16  and more specifically by the amount of electrical current to be carried by the terminated carbon fiber tow or heating element to produce a desired heat output. However, the presently preferred termination assembly  16  is intended for at least limited universal usage to accommodate a chosen carbon fiber tow selected from a group of different insulated carbon fiber tows for termination by a selected one of a number of different electrical conductors which may differ from each other in both size and/or form to satisfy various heating element requirements for a wide range of products. The illustrated cradle  22  is provided with forty (40) secondary energy directors, a relatively large number for use in terminating a single electrically conductive member, all or less than all of which may be directly employed in making a particular termination, as will be evident from the further description which follows. 
   The forty (40) integral secondary energy directors indicated by the numerals  32 ,  32  carried by the cradle  22  are arranged on and project from the flat generally rectangular inner surface in five transversely spaced apart parallel longitudinally extending columns, indicated generally at  37 ,  37  with 8 (eight) uniformly longitudinally spaced apart secondary energy directors in each column, as best shown in  FIG. 4 . Each secondary energy director  32  has a uniform triangular cross-sectional configuration throughout with an included apex angle of approximately seventy (70) degrees, a height dimension of 0.020 inches, a transverse base width of 0.016 inches, and a base length of 0.040 inches. The bases of the secondary energy directors  32 ,  32  are located on the inner or cradle surface  28 . Ridge lines at the apexes of the secondary energy directors lie within a common plane parallel to the plane of the surface  28 . The secondary energy directors in each column cooperate with those in an immediately adjacent column and with a portion of the surface  28  bounded by the two adjacent columns to define a temporary tow guideway for use prior to and during assembly of a termination. Thus, the five columns of secondary energy directors provide four such guideways to receive four stacks of carbon fiber. 
   The dielectric ultrasonically weldable energy director cap  24 , shown inverted in  FIG. 3 , comprises a generally rectangular plate, preferably of substantially uniform thickness, which generally compliments the cradle plate. The energy director cap inner surface, indicated at  36 , is smooth, substantially flat or planar, and parallels the preferably smooth substantially planar outer surface of the cap indicated at  38 . Forty (40) integral primary energy directors  41 ,  41  are carried by the cap  24  and project from its inner surface  36 . The 40 (forty) primary energy directors  41 ,  41  are arranged in eight (8) longitudinally spaced apart rows  43 ,  43  which extend transversely of the cap inner surface  36 . There are 5 (five) transversely spaced apart primary energy directors  41 ,  41  in each row. Each primary energy director  41  has a height dimension above the surface of 0.040 inches (twice the height of the secondary energy directors), and a longitudinal width of 0.038 inches. The triangular cross-section of each primary energy director has an included angle at its apex of approximately 90 degrees. The ridge lines at the apexes of he primary energy directors in each row are transversely aligned and parallel to the surface  36 . Each primary energy director has a base length of 0.040 inches measured in a transverse direction relative to the plate  34 . The 8 rows of primary energy directors are spaced apart to accommodate seven (7) solid or stranded wire conductors of 0.032 inch diameter maximum in the guidepaths defined by adjacent rows of primary energy directors  41 ,  41 . The rows of primary energy directors  41 ,  41  form the boundaries of a rectangular area of termination on the cap surface  36  indicated by the letters T and T′ on  FIG. 3 . The bases of the primary energy directors  41 ,  41  occupy at least 50 percent of this rectangular area of termination. This relationship aids in attainment and maintenance of desired cradle and cap clamping force. 
   The 4 (four) longitudinally extended spaces defined by the 5 (five) rows of secondary energy directors are designed to each accommodate a bundle of fibers containing about 25 percent of the fibers in the largest tow to be terminated while leaving sufficient portions of the secondary energy directors exposed to assured total meltdown of the secondary energy directors during assembly which, when smoothed to define a substantially level surface within an associated space. It has been found that a proficient assembly worker, with the aid of an energy director cradle to be loaded, can divide the approximately 50,000 carbon fibers contained within the single bundle of a 50K tow into 4 (four) substantially equal flattened bundles or stacks, each bundle being positioned within the longitudinally extending space between a pair of adjacent columns of secondary energy directors whereby to provide 4 (four) flattened stacks of carbon fiber. This premise provides a foundation for reasoning that the present goal of achieving satisfactory termination with repeatability can be attained with the present method of termination. 
   Preparatory to making the heating element assembly  10  an end portion of the tow  12  to be terminated is stripped of insulation to expose a sufficient axial length of the single carbon fiber bundle which comprises the tow to enable termination. 
   In accordance with the presently preferred method for making the assembly  10  insulation is first stripped from end portions of the insulated 50K carbon fiber tow  12  and the No. 12 AWG insulated stranded copper conductor  14  to expose sufficient axial lengths of the electrically conductive carbon fiber and the stranded electrical conductors to enable electrical termination. Striping of the carbon fiber tow is best accomplished using an electrically heated nickel-chromium wire under tension. Since the melting temperature of the insulating sheath  20  is lower than that of the carbon fibers  18 ,  18  which form the single bundle of fibers within the sheath  20 , the heated wire may be pressed against the sheath to cut entirely through this upper and lower layers and the marginal portions of the sheath without risk of damaging the individual carbon fibers. 
   The insulated copper wire conductor  14  presents no unusual problem and may be stripped in any conventional manner. The stripped end portion of the conductor  14  may be preformed to facilitate rapid loading in the energy director cap  24  using a customized forming tool  45  such as the one shown in  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 5  the conductor  14  is shown after each of the pre-separated strands has been formed and positioned within a space defined by a pair of adjacent transversely extending rows of primary energy directors on the energy director cap  24 . 
   Further, and in accordance with the presently preferred method for practicing the invention, the exposed end portion of the single bundle of carbon fibers which comprises the tow  12  is divided into 4 (four) substantially identical flattened bundles or stacks of fibers S, S, ( FIG. 5 ) each divided bundle being wholly contained within an associated one of the longitudinally extending temporary alignment pathways defined by the 5 (five) parallel traversely spaced apart columns of secondary energy directors  32 ,  32  carried by the energy director cradle  22 . 
   Since it is not feasible to perform the bundle dividing operation in a manner which will assure absolute identity of the multiple bundles by fiber count, the bundle dividing operation is manually performed by a skilled assembly worker with the aid of the energy director cradle  22  to be loaded. It has been found that a proficient assembler can readily position the exposed bundle of fibers on the cradle  22  so that all of the outboard fibers in the single bundle lie within the confines of the outboard columns of energy directors  32 ,  32 . If a gentle leveling or smoothing operation is performed on the upper or exposed surface of the single tow as it is being seated on and between the upwardly projecting secondary energy directors  32 ,  32  some redistribution of the axially elongated parallel fibers will occur at the 70 degree apex portions of the inboard columns of secondary energy directors as the bundles are urged toward the planar inner surface of the energy director cradle and the inboard columns of projecting energy directors penetrate the single bundle dividing it into plural bundles. When this manual operation is performed by a skilled bench assembly worker the resulting 4 (four) flat bundles will be of reasonably uniform size and together will define a reasonably planar surface generally parallel to the substantially planar cradle inner or bottom clamping surface  28 . 
   The loaded energy director cap  24  shown in  FIG. 6  is next assembled with the loaded energy director cradle  22  shown in  FIG. 5 . It is essential that some means be provided to maintain the cap and cradle in proper registry with each other during the ultrasonic welding operation by which the cap and cradle are permanently joined to form the termination assembly  16 . The means for assuring proper registry may be a jig for cooperating with the two parts (cradle and cap) to align the two parts and maintain them in alignment during the further assembly operation or it may be a fixture carried by the ultrasonic welding machine. However, in accordance with the presently preferred method for practicing the invention integral alignment posts P, P are formed on one of the energy director plates which are received within complimentary alignment apertures in the other of the energy director plates. In the illustrated embodiment  10  the alignment posts P, P are carried by the energy director cradle  22 . This arrangement is advantageous in that a number of these self-aligning cradle and cap parts may be loaded for termination, preassembled, and set aside for final ultrasonic welding assembly at a later time. 
   In accordance with the presently preferred method for practicing the invention, the pre-assembled termination is permanently assembled by a conventional ultrasonic welding operation. The energy director cradle is supported within a suitable fixture mounted on an ultrasonic welding machine while compressive force is applied to the energy director cap by the horn of the welding machine which also applies ultrasonic vibratory energy to the assembly in the regions of co-engagement between the primary and secondary energy directors. 
   In  FIG. 7  of the drawing, the loaded preassembled energy director cradle and cap are shown just prior to final assembly by ultrasonic welding. The stacks of carbon fiber which have been formed by manually dividing a tow have slightly differing stack heights and somewhat uneven upper surfaces. 
   The ultrasonic welding machine presently used in practicing the invention is a 1000 watt machine having a power supply which converts 115VAC 60 Hz electrical energy into 20 kHz electrical energy. Twenty cycles are employed for its larger vibratory stoke and a long weld time of 600 milliseconds at 60 joules of energy is used. A pneumatically activated carriage mechanism applies about 70 pounds of pressure to the preassembled parts and an electronic programmer controls ultrasonic exposure time and clamping time (for cooling). It is also possible to profile the power over the weld time duration for special heating effects. 
   Further, and in accordance with the presently preferred method for practicing the invention the pressure applied by the welding machine to the assembled termination member  16  is maintained for a period of time after application of vibratory energy has ceased. Presently, a one second cooling cycle time is found to be satisfactory for the production of an electrical termination of high integrity. Upon completion of the cooling cycle the finished electrical termination  10  may be removed from the ultrasonic welding machine. 
     FIG. 8  shows the cradle and cap after assembly by ultrasonic welding and the self-leveling condition that occurs during the welding cycle. As pressure is applied to the stacks of fiber  5 ,  5  by the illustrated conductor excess fiber in the higher stacks migrate or flow laterally into the molten energy director material which upon cooling become the fusions indicated by the letters F, F, which integrally connect the cradle and cap. The areas below the cradle clamping surface and above the cap clamping surface remain free of carbon fiber associated with the tow, except in the regions where the fusions F, F have formed on and in the cradle as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
   Samples of the completed electrical terminations should be electrically tested to ascertain that the finished terminations are performing satisfactorily to deliver desired heat output at required current loads. Samples of the heating element should also be dissected to further ascertain that the carbon fibers and the electrical conductors which comprise the completed or finished product are being adequately compressed so that the various carbon fibers and electrical conductors are substantially immobilized by the process to assure terminations of high integrity. 
   The height dimension of the outer surfaces of the energy director cradle and cap should be determined and recorded for each particular tow and conductor combination produced. The control settings for ultrasonic welder should also be recorded to enable future duplication of the conditions for product repeatability. 
   As previously noted, a heating device embodying the present invention and made in accordance with the invention has a wide variety of applications in many fields. In the automotive field, for example, heating elements have been employed in numerous devices for enhancing comfort of the driver and passengers, including heated steering wheels, heated seats, and heated outside mirrors. A typical heated steering wheel, for example, may include a heating element disposed between a frame of the steering wheel and an outer jacket covering the frame. A heating element embodying the preset invention and made in accordance with the invention is particularly suitable for use as a steering wheel heater. A presently preferred heating element, such as the element  10  hereinbefore described, has a single carbon fiber tow formed by 50000 individual carbon fiber filaments and has an electrical resistance of approximately 2 ohms per foot of axial length. Most motor vehicles in production today employ a 12 volt electrical system having an alternator with a usual output of thirteen two 14 volts DC. The vehicle is generally regulated to produce a 13 volt output. 
   The energy director system design for the present termination assembly has double the normal ratio of primary to secondary energy director height. EG: a primary to secondary height ratio of 0.040 to 0.020 inches at 90 degrees and 70 degrees, respectively. This arrangement of energy directors causes the bottom carbon fiber conductors in the energy director cradle to become extremely hot relative to the copper conductor in position within the energy director cap. 
   It should be noted that there is a gap between the parallel inner or clamping surfaces of the energy director cradle and the energy director cap both before and after the ultrasonic welding operation has been performed to assemble the latter two parts to form the termination member  16 . This gap is ever present because the two parallel opposing inner or clamping surfaces do not come into confronting engagement at any stage of the present process. During the welding operation and while welding machine pressure is being applied to the energy director cradle and cap, the exposed portions of the 7 (seven) strands of copper wire which comprise the conductor  14  are disposed in direct and continuous contact with the substantially planar inner surface of the energy director cap along uninterrupted portions of their entire length and traverse the upper surfaces of the 4 (four) bundles of carbon fiber which are carried by the energy director cradle. 
   Sample heating elements were made and dissected. Both the cradle clamping surface and the cap clamping surface remain intact after assembly of the termination. The region of the cradle below the cradle surface remains free of carbon fiber associated with the tow. 
   Excess carbon fiber from the stacks divided from the tow migrate into the molten plastic material which had been the secondary energy directors  32 ,  32  prior to assembly and become lodged there during meltdown and cooling of the secondary energy directors to ultimately become embedded in a fusion or fusions resulting from the meltdown. Subsequently, electrical testing of termination assemblies produced in accordance with the present invention consistently result electrical resistance across the termination of less than 0.5 in milliohms. 
   The heating element assembly may be produced as an array including any number of individual tows. The number of tows provided being limited only by the capacity of the machinery available to produce the device. 
   Further considering the drawings and referring now to  FIGS. 9-11  another heating element assembly made in accordance with the invention and embodying the invention is indicated generally at  10   a . As in the previously described embodiment  10 , the assembly  10   a  includes a 50K tow  12 . However, unlike the previous embodiment the electrical conductor  14   a  for terminating the tow  12  comprises a slotted metal plate  49  which carries a electrical connector of a type well known in the electrical connector art and indicated generally at  50 . The plate  49  includes a male tab  52  for mating connection with an associated female connector  54  shown crimped on a stranded wire W. The conductive metal plate, which may, for example, be formed from brass is stamped and formed to an appropriate configuration to provide a minimum of 4 (four) equivalent conductor paths for interfacing with the 4 (four) bundles of fiber formed by the division of the single bundle of fibers carried by the chosen tow  12   a , as best shown in  FIG. 10 . The tab  52  is exposed externally of the termination to facilitate connection and disconnection. 
   In  FIG. 12  a 25K insulated tow indicated at  12   a  is shown after it has been stripped and loaded in an energy director cradle  22 , substantially identical to the cradle  22  previously described. The tow  12   a  has a single bundle of fibers which, is divided into two substantially equal bundles or stacks for termination. It will be noted that the terminal end of the insulation jacket  20   a  rests upon the cradle surface  28 . When the tow  12   a  is terminated by the assembly of an associated energy director cap, the terminal end portion of the insulation jacket  20   a  will be disposed within the gap formed between the inner surfaces of the cap and the inner surface of its associated energy director cradle. The pressure applied to the resulting termination member will squeeze the terminal end portion of the insulation jacket which is gripped and retained within the gap by the opposing inner surfaces of the energy director cradle and the energy director cap. In some instances where an insulated carbon fiber tow is terminated by an insulated electrical conductor, the conductor may be anchored to the termination member by marginal portions of the cradle and cap generally as previously described. 
   If, for some reason, the terminated end portion of the insulation on the conductor is too large to be accommodated within the gap between the energy directors other provision for anchoring the electrical conductor to the termination assembly may be provided. 
   The remaining drawings generally illustrate other types of metal conductors which may be utilized to terminate a carbon fiber tow. In  FIG. 13  there is shown an AWG  18  sixteen (16) strand conductor  58  loaded in a universal energy director cap  24 . The 16 strand conductor  58  is prepared for termination by first stripping insulation from the conductor or cable  58  and then separating the 16 strands, which form a single bundle, and reforming the exposed strands into 4 (four) separate and distinct bundles with 4 (four) strands in each bundle. Each bundle of four strands is then formed to be received within the energy director cap in the manner previously described. The resulting loaded energy director cap may thereafter be positioned in mating engagement with an energy director cradle carrying a 50K tow, such as shown in the example of  FIGS. 1-8 , a 25K tow exemplified by  FIG. 12  or even a 1K tow (not shown). 
   In  FIG. 14  yet another example of a loaded energy director cap is shown. Specifically, the cap  24  is loaded with an insulated conductor or buss bar  60 . The illustrated buss bar has the insulation stripped from it in a region intermediate its ends and is shown loaded in an energy director cap  24  ready for mating engagement with an associated energy director cradle (not shown), which carries a selected tow to be terminated. 
     FIG. 16  is similar to  FIG. 15 , previously discussed with reference to termination  10 , and illustrates an insulated stranded wire conductor  14   b  having a terminal portion stripped of insulation for forming using a forming tool such as the one shown and indicated generally at  70 . The formed conductor  14   b  shown in  FIG. 16  has a serpentine bend and includes a series of four (4) successive rectilinear contact portions for loading in spaces between columns of primary energy directors  41 ,  41  on an energy director cap  24  (not shown).