Abstract:
An improved programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) cluding various embodiments thereof that are operable in linear/nonlinear fashion. The PAVMCM is generally made up of multiplier circuit means, at least one switch means and at least one capacitor means. The switch means is connected to a programmable analog voltage (PAV) input and the capacitor means. The circuit means is composed of a high impedance analog voltage (HIAV) programming input, an analog voltage input and current source output means. The capacitor means is connected to the switch means and the HIAV programming input. The capacitor means receives and dynamically stores a PAV input when the switch is closed and then applies the dynamically stored PAV input to the HIAV programming input of the circuit means when the switch is opened. The product of the PAV input and the analog voltage input for a circuit means provides the multiplied current output of the output means thereof. Because of the high impedance of a FET gate means, it may be used where its gate means is the programming input of the PAVMCM means. PAVMCM means can be formed using FET multiplier and differential amplifier multiplier circuit means. The PAVMCM can be arranged to form embodiments of analog vector-vector and analog vector-matrix multiplier circuit means. One of the advantages of the PAVMCM when configured as a vector-matrix multiplier circuit means is that it is useful in an artificial neural network as well as for pattern recognition.

Description:
This invention relates to a programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means and more particularly it relates to an improved programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means of solid-state microstructure and integrated design including embodiments of FET multiplier, differential amplifier multiplier, vector-vector multiplier and vector-matrix multiplier arrangements thereof. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Various types of solid-state microstructured and integrated circuits have been designed in the past. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,289 to T. Nakano concerns a repetitive integrated charging circuit for maintaining a node potential of a MOS dynamic circuit. The species of FIG. 3 is considered pertinent. The FIG. 3 circuit is generally made up of a capacitor, a transistor-capacitor arrangement and an oscillator. The capacitor is parallel connected to the node between the transistors of a MOS dynamic circuit and the transistor-capacitor arrangement. By reason of the oscillator timely charging the capacitor via the transistor-capacitor arrangement, the node potential is substantially maintained during use of the MOS dynamic circuit. U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,317 to H. Sakuma is of interest in disclosing a high voltage output signal producing circuit for one or more display elements and the like. The circuit is generally made up of at least two integrated, transistorized and capacitor interconnected signal processors of low power consumption for producing a high voltage output. U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,726 to Carucci discloses a tunable semiconductive MOS resistance network or circuit means of integrated construction and for operation in the nonsaturated or triode mode. The species of FIG. 1 is deemed pertinent. The circuit means of the FIG. 1 species is generally made up of two inputs, two outputs, two control inputs and a series of four matched MOS transistors of n-channel design. The two inputs and the two control inputs are connected to certain and different pairs of transistors of the series of four transistors so that the series of four transistors provides the desired combined transconductance output of different polarity to each output means of the circuit means. However, none of the aforediscussed references were remotely concerned with an improved programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) to which a programmable analog voltage input is dynamically stored on a capacitor at high impedance input to a multiplier and the PAVMCM is useful in providing one or more multiplied outputs in various applications such as artificial neural networks (artificial intelligence) or pattern recognition as will now be described. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide an improved programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) of relatively low power consumption that is of integrated and micro-structure semi-conductance design so that it can readily be used in a wide number of applications including being operable during linear/nonlinear conditions. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an improved analog voltage multiplier circuit means of microstructure and integrated design that is readily adaptable to be part of various integrated arrangements such as programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means, programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means and programmable analog vector-matrix multiplier circuit means. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved analog voltage multiplier circuit having capacitor means interposed between switch means and a high impedance analog voltage (HIAV) programming input means of the circuit means where the HIAV programming input means can be the gate means of a field effect transistor means and where the capacitor means receives and dynamically stores a programmed analog voltage input of preselected value for applying the programmed analog voltage input to the programming input means of the circuit means. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved programmable voltage multiplier circuit means where the capacitor means thereof is the intrinsic capacitance of either the HIAV programming input means or the gate means of the FET means at the PAVMCM programming input thereof. 
     In brief summary, an improved programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means, in one embodiment thereof, is generally made up of switch means, capacitor means and a HIAV programming input means, analog voltage input means and current source output means. The capacitor means is interposed between the switch means and the HIAV input means. Moreover, the capacitor means receives and dynamically stores a programmed analog voltage input and then applies the programmed input to its HIAV input means in response to the switch means. When the circuit means also receives an analog voltage input via its analog voltage input means, the product of these input means provides a multiplied current output to the current source output means. The HIAV programming input means can be the gate means of a FET means while the other input means is the drain thereof. Further, this circuit means with its HIAV programming input means is readily adaptable so as to provide a plurality of two or more PAVMCM that are summed together in row-like fashion so as to form a programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a programmable double quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means is generally made up of two FET means of n-and p-channel design, switch means and capacitor means. The capacitor means is parallel interconnected to the gate means of both FET means and interposed between the switch means and the FET gate means. The n-and p-channel FET means are connected to current receiving means to form current source and sink outputs to the current receiving means. Analog voltage input means of different polarity are appropriately connected to nonprogramming input means of the FET means. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention a programmable, at least single quadrant, analog voltage multiplier circuit means is made up of a pair of FET means of the same channel design switch means and capacitor means. A reference analog voltage input is connected to the gate means of one FET means. The capacitor means is connected to the gate means of the FET means and interposed between the switch means and the gate means of the FET. A common analog voltage input is parallel interconnected to the nonprogramming input of each FET means. Current source output means of the FET means are separately connected to current differencing means. In a slight modification of this embodiment, the reference analog voltage input is also provided with switch means and capacitor means. One of the advantages of this modification is that it is a balanced design and is not subject to adverse effects in a high temperature environment. Such adverse effects can be drift in the stored analog voltage at the HIAV programming input means or the gate means of the FET means as caused by leakage currents when the PAVMCM is not a balanced design. 
     Another embodiment is a differential amplifier programmable double quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means. This circuit means is generally made up of a series of three FET means all of the same channel design, a pair of switch means and a pair of capacitor means. Two of the FET means of the series are associated with the separate pair of capacitor and switch means. A programmed analog voltage input is applied through the switch means to the gate means of the second FET means and stored in one of the capacitor means when the switch means opens. A reference analog voltage input is applied through the other switch means to input means of the third FET means and stored in the other capacitor means of the pair. A analog voltage input is applied to the gate means of the first FET means. The current source output of the first FET means is approximately proportioned to the square of the difference between gate-to-source voltage and the threshold voltage of the first FET means. Current source output means of the first FET means is parallel interconnected to the source means of the second and third FET means. The multiplied output is the difference in current values of the second and third FET means current output means. The second and third FET means current output means are connected to current differencing means. 
     A subthreshold differential amplifier programmable double quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means is also generally made up of a series of three FET means all of the same channel design, a pair of switch means and a pair of capacitor means. An analog low current input is parallel interconnected to the gate and drain means of another FET means and is further parallel interconnected to the gate means of the first FET means to form a current mirror arrangement so that the current output of the first FET means is linearly related to the analog low current input. A bias voltage is parallel connected to the source means of the other FET means and to the source means of the first FET means. The current output means of the first FET means of the series is parallel interconnected to the source means of the second and third FET means thereof and is of low value so that the second and third FET means operate in the subthreshold mode. The amplified and multiplied current output means of the second and third FET means are connected to current differencing means. 
     A programmable analog vector-matrix multiplier circuit means, in another embodiment of the invention, is generally made up of a series of programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) such that two or more groups of PAVMCM of the series thereof are arranged relatively spaced from each other with each group defining a row and with two or more rows of the PAVMCM defining two or more columns so as to form a matrix of programmed analog voltages that are dynamically stored on capacitors at the HIAV input of the PAVMCM. The analog vector input is made up of a series of analog voltage inputs to the PAVMCM. Each analog voltage input of the series is applied to all the PAVMCM in a column. An analog vector output of the multiplied analog vector input and the matrix of weights with each element of the analog vector output being the summed multiplied output of each row of the PAVMCM. A programmed analog voltage input means is parallel interconnected to a series of X and Y switch means so as to allow analog voltages to be dynamically stored at the HIAV input of each PAVMCM of the series. The series of X and Y switch means are parallel interconnected to the capacitor means of each PAVMCM of the series thereof. To this end, each Y switch means of the series is connected to the capacitor means of its associated PAVMCM of the series. Each X switch means of the series is connected to the programmed analog voltage input means along a given row of the vector-matrix multiplier circuit means (VMMCM) before any Y switch means along the gives row thereof. Current source output means of a group of PAVMCM along any row of the VMMCM is connected to a current summing means. Separate analog voltage input means are provided for each column of two or more PAVMCM of the VMMCM. X and Y decoder means have output means connected to the X and Y switch means in such fashion that certain X and Y switch means are closed for selecting one or more capacitor means and associated PAVMCM so as to provide one or more multliplied current outputs during each operative cycle of VMMCM. To assist the operation of the VMMCM appropriate multiplexer means are provided for distributing the current differencing output means and the analog voltage input means. By reason of the current output means for each row of the VMMCM, it is readily adaptible for use, e.g., in an artificial neural network or for pattern recognition. 
     For any of the aforeaddressed embodiments metal oxide substrate FET (MOSFET) means are preferably used. Depending on the use requirements of any PAVMCM, the capacitor means can be the intrinsic capacitor means of either the HIAV programming input or the gate means of a FET means at the PAVMCM, programming inputs. 
    
    
     Other object and advantages of the invention will become apparent when taken in conjunction with the accompanying specification and drawings as follows: 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view with parts broken away of an embodiment of the invention and illustrates a programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) of the invention as another embodiment thereof. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 3A is an enlarged diagrammatic view as taken within the bounds of encompassing line 3A--3A of FIG. 3 and illustrates a slight modification thereof. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a differential amplifier / PAVMCM of the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a subthreshold differential amplifier PAVMCM of the invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view with parts broken away of another embodiment of a programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means of the invention and similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged diagrammatic view taken within the bounds of encompassing line 7--7 of FIG. 6 and illustrates further details of the invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view with parts broken away of a programmable analog vector-matrix multiplier circuit means. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With further reference to FIG. 1, a programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means 10 of the invention is generally made up of a plurality of two or more programmable analog voltage multiplier circuit means (PAVMCM) 12 and 14 (only two are being shown) all preferably arranged in a single row. Each PAVMCM is provided with a high impedance analog voltage (HIAV) programming input means 16 and 18. Grounded capacitors 20 and 22 are connected to HIAV programming input means 16 and 18 of the PAVMCM. A PROM or RAM 24 receives a digital input for storage as controlled by the controller input. Programmed digital word output 26 of the PROM or RAM is controlled by the controller input and is connected to digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 28. Output 30 of the D/A converter provides a programmed analog voltage (PAV) input means. A pair of switches or FET means 32 and 34 have their input means parallel connected to PAV input means 30. The output means of switches 32 and 34 are connected to capacitors 20 and 22, respectively. Separate output means 36 and 37 of a decoder 38 is connected to the gate means of switches 32 and 34. Other output means of decoder 38 including the gate means of switches associated therewith are not shown for the sake of brevity. 
     Analog voltage input means in serial format 40 is connected to a serial-to-parallel multiplexer 42. Each output of the series of parallel outputs of multiplexer 42 is connected to the input means of its associated PAVMCM such as outputs 44 and 46 to input means 48 and 50 of PAVMCM 12 and 14. Current output means 52 and 54 of PAVMCM 12 and 14 are parallel interconnected to current receiving means 56. 
     When a PAV input is provided by D/A converter 28 and switch means 32 is closed by decoder 38 providing output 36, capacitor 20 dynamically stores the PAV input of input means 30. Upon switch means 32 being opened when there is no output in output means 36 from decoder 38, capacitor 20 then applies the dynamically stored PAV input to programming input means 16 of the PAVMCM. At the same time, output means 44 of multiplexer 42 provides a sequential analog voltage input from multiplexer 42 to input means 48 of the PAVMCM. By reason of PAVMCM 12 receiving a PAV input and an analog voltage input, the product is a multiplied current source output via output means 52 to current receiving means 56. Depending on the operation of decoder means 38 and multiplexer means 42 in providing more than one PAVMCM current output for each cycle of multiplier circuit means 10 and more than one sequential output, e.g. multiplied current outputs of output means 52 and 54 are effectively summed by current receiving means 56 during each operative cycle of multiplier circuit means 10 so as to form an analog vector-vector multiplied output. 
     Although only two PAVMCM are shown it is to be understood that any number of PAVMCM could be provided for vector-vector multiplier circuit means 10. Since input means 40 provides a series of analog voltage input means they can be of different values. But despite these different values, the multiplied current outputs of each PAVMCM even though of different value are still effectively summed by current receiving means 56 for each cycle of the vector-vector multiplier circuit means. For some operation modes of the vector-vector multiplier, the PAV input stored in either capacitor 20 or 22 is preferably a constant fixed value for a number of operation cycles. Since the PAV input is dynamically stored on capacitor 20 or 22, the PAV value can drift due to leakage through either switch 32 or 34. The PAV can be replenished to capacitors 20 and 22 by the memory controller writing appropriate digital words to D/A converter 28 so as to maintain the desired PAV input. The PAV inputs are again stored at capacitor 20 or 22 by appropriately opening and closing switches 32 and 34 in synchronization with PAV input 30. It should be evident that if multiplier circuit means 10 is comprised of only one PAVMCM then it is merely a PAVMCM. 
     As depicted in FIG. 2, in another embodiment of the invention, a programmable double quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means 60 is generally made up of n-channel FET means 62, p-channel FET means 64, a capacitor 66, and a switch 68. As in FIG. 1, a PROM or RAM 70 in conjunction with a D/A converter 72 provide a PAV input, via output means 74, to capacitor 66 for dynamic storage when switch 68 is closed by the output means of a decoder 76. Capacitor 66 is parallel interconnected by output means 78 and 80 to the gate means of FET means 62 and 64, respectively. The output means of analog voltage input means 82 and 84 of positive and negative voltage polarity relative to the voltage of current source and sink output means 88 and 90, respectively, are connected to the input means of FET means 62 and 64. Current receiving means 86 has an input parallel interconnected to current source and current sink output means 88 and 90 of FET means 62 and 64. When switch 68 is open after capacitor 66 dynamically stores a PAV input, then the capacitor simultaneously applies the stored PAV input to the gate means of FET means 62 and 64. If the PAV input is a positive polarity then current source output means 88 provides a positive current source output to receiving means 86 and its output means 92. This positive current source output is a product of the PAV input and Vx analog voltage input, if Vx has a positive polarity value for a given cycle of circuit means 60. On the other hand, if PAV input is a negative polarity, then current sink output means 90 provides a negative current sink output to receiving means 86 that is a multiplied product of the PAV and Vx (if Vx has a negative polarity value). The multiplied product will be a linear product of the PAV and Vx if FET means 62 and 64 are operated in the triode mode with the drain-to-source voltage of FET means 62 and 64 being smaller than the difference of the gate-to-source and the FET threshold voltages. The product will be non-linear if FET means 62 and 64 are operated in the saturated mode. Thus, circuit means 60 provides double quadrant multiplied current outputs via output means 92. 
     It should be evident that circuit means 60 would be operable if it only incorporated a single transistor of n- or p-channel, of course, current receiving means 86 by its output means 92 would then only be a single quadrant multiplied current output that is a product of the PAV and Vx analog input voltage. The product will be linear if the FEt means is operated in the triode mode and non-linear if operated in the saturated mode. 
     Another embodiment of the invention concerns a programmable, single, double or four quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means as depicted in FIG. 3. The circuit means is generally made up of a pair of n-channel FET means 98 and 100. A capacitor 102 is connected to the gate means of FET means 98. A switch 104, as controlled by output means 105 of decoder 106, is connected to capacitor 102. A PAV input of output means 107 of D/A coverter 108 is connected to switch means 104. A common analog voltage input means 110 is parallel interconnected via its output means to the input means of FET means 98 and 100. A reference analog voltage input means 112 is connected to the gate means of FET means 100. Current differencing means 114 has first and second input means 116 and 118 that are connected to the output means of FET means 98 and 100. It is noted here that generally the input impedance to the current differencing means is of low value and the voltage values of current input means 116 and 118 will change little as the input current is varied. Also, the current input means 116 and 118 have the voltage values that are close in magnitude. 
     In an operative embodiment of circuit means 96, PAV input of output means 107, analog voltage input means 110 and reference analog voltage input means 112 are all of positive polarity with respect to the voltage of current output means 116 and 118. With the PAV input being of greater value than reference analog voltage input means 112, then output means 120 of current differencing means 114 provides a multiplied output of positive polarity that is a product of a Vx input and the difference in voltage between a PAV input and a reference voltage input for a given cycle of circuit means 96 and that is located in the first quadrant. If the PAV input, reference voltage input and analog voltage are selected so that FET means 98 and 100 operate in the triode mode, than the current difference output will be a linear product of Vx input and the difference between a PAV input and a reference voltage input. If FET means 98 and 100 operated in the saturated mode, then the modified product will be non-linear. On the other hand, if reference analog voltage input means 112 is of greater value than the PAV input of output means 107, then current differencing means provides an output for net multiplied output 120 of negative value and in the second quadrant. Similarly, if the analog voltage input means is of negative polarity relative to the voltage of current output means 116 and 188 but reference analog voltage input means 112 is of positive polarity and lesser value than the PAV input (which is also of positive polarity), then the current differencing means 114 provides an output for multiplied output 120 of negative value and in the fourth quadrant. But, if the analog voltage input means is of negative polarity and the reference analog voltage input means is of greater value than the PAV input, the net multiplied output from output means 120 is positive and in the third quadrant. 
     Since capacitor 102 tends to have leakage current generated by switch 104, especially in a high temperature environment, and since switch 104 and capacitor 102 are only provided for FET means 98 of circuit means 96, the circuit means is not of balanced construction and thus is normally of limited use for high temperature operation. This imbalance results in a drift in the net multiplier output of output means 20. Where this drift is objectionable it can be minimized by frequently refreshing (replenishing) the PAV input stored on capacitor 102. Accordingly, a slight modification of circuit means 96 is provided as will now be described in FIG. 3A. 
     For the sake of simplicity corresponding reference numerals between the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 3A refer to like parts. In the slightly modified circuit means 96&#39; of FIG. 3A, a capacitor 122 is connected to the gate means of FET means 100. Switch means 124 is connected to the capacitor and a reference analog voltage input means 112. Output means 105 of the decoder is parallel interconnected to the gate means of FET means 98 and 100. By reason of this balanced construction of circuit means 96; the output means of the current differencing means (not shown) provides a net multiplied output with minimized drift and in different quadrants as aforedescribed in the embodiment of FIG. 3. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, a differential amplifier programmable two quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means 130 is disclosed in FIG. 4. This multiplier circuit means is generally made up of a series of three FET means 132, 134 and 136, a pair of capacitor means 138 and 140 and a pair of switch means 142 and 144. The control inputs of the pair of switch means are parallel interconnected to the output of decoder means 146. 
     A programmable analog voltage input of preselected value as provided by output means 148 of a D/A converter 150 is connected to switch means 142. A reference analog voltage input means 152 is connected to switch means 144. A bias voltage input means 154 is connected to the source means of first FET means 136. A bias means 154 to the source means of first FET means 136 provides the gate-to-source voltage thereof when analog voltage input means 156 provides analog voltage input 158. As the result of the gate-to-source voltage of FET means 136, it provides a current source output 160 to the source means of second and third FET means 132 and 134 thereof. It is noted here that first FET means, operates in the pentode mode and its current source output means is proportional to the square of the gate-to-source voltage minus a threshold term of FET means 136 that is provided by analog voltage input means 156. 
     When the output means of decoder means 146 provides an output for closing both switch means 142 and 144, output means 148 provides a programmable analog voltage (PAV) input to capacitor means 138 for receiving and dynamically storing same. At the same time, reference analog voltage input means 152 with switch means 144 being closed, as the result of the output means of decoder means 146, causes capacitor means 140 to receive and dynamically store the reference analog voltage (RAV) input of input means 152. Then when the RAV and the first PAV inputs are stored by capacitor means 138 and 140, the output of the output means of decoder means 146 for closing switches 142 and 144 is terminated. As the result of switch means 142 and 144 being opened, then the dynamically stored PAV and RAV inputs are applied to the gate means of second and third FET means 132 and 134 so as to provide the gate voltage therefor. 
     With the second and third FET means having gate voltages as aforedescribed, amplified multiplied current outputs from the drain means of the second and third FET means to the current source output means 162 and 164 are applied to differencing means 166 so as to provide a current differenced and multiplied product output to output means 168. If a PAV input, a RAV input and an analog voltage input are all the same polarity relative to bias voltage means 154 and the RAV input is less than the PAV input, then the output of output means 168 is positive and in the first quadrant for each operative cycle of the amplifier/multiplier circuit means. Moreover, the output of output means 168 is proportional to the product of the difference between the PAV and RAV voltages and the difference between the gate-to-source voltage of FET means 136 as supplied by analog input means 156 and a threshold voltage term intrinsic to FET means 136. On the other hand, if the RAV input is greater than the PAV input and the same polarity, then the output of output means 168 is negative and in the second quadrant as the result of the action of differencing means 166. 
     As depicted in FIG. 5, another embodiment is a subthreshold differential amplifier programmable two quadrant analog voltage multiplier circuit means 170. The subthreshold amplifer/multiplier circuit means is generally comprised of a series of three FET means 172, 174, 176, a pair of capacitor means 178 and 180 and a pair of switch means 182 and 184. Output means 186 of decoder means 188 is parallel interconnected to both switch means 182 and 184. Output means 190 of D/A converter 192 provides a programmable analog voltage (PAV) input of preselected value to switch means 182. A reference analog voltage (RAV) input means 194 is connected to switch means 184. A bias voltage input means 196 is parallel interconnected to the source means of first FET means 176 so as to provide a gate-to-source voltage therefor and to the source means of another FET means 198. Output means 200 of analog voltage input means includes a resistor 202, the current output means of which is parallel interconnected to the drain means and the gate means of FET means 198 so as to provide the gate voltage and drain-to-source voltage therfor. The current output means of resistor 202 is also interconnected to the gate means of first FET means 176 so as to provide the gate voltage thereof. It is noted here as the result of the relation between FET means 198 and 176 and the way they are configured in relation to each other, current output means 204 is linearly related and the mirror image of the current output of resistor 202. Therefore, current source output 204 of FET 176 is linearly related to the drain current of FET 198 and to the analog voltage input 200. Current source output means 204 of first FET means 176 is parallel interconnected to the source means of second and third FET means 172 and 174. It is noted that the current source output 204 is of low value so that the second and third FET means 172 and 174 are in subthreshold operation. Amplified/multiplied current source output means 206 and 208 are connected to separate input means of current differencing means 210. The current differencing means is provided with output means 212. 
     In an operative embodiment of the amplifier/multiplier circuit means of FIG. 5, analog voltage input 200 applied to resistor 202 results in a current source output of the resistor means 202 to the gate means of the first FET means 176 and to the drain means and the gate means of FET means 198 so as to cause a current source output of output means 204 to the source means of second and third FET means 172 and 174. With capacitor means 178 providing a stored PAV input to the gate means of second FET means 172 after switch means 182 is opened as the result of the action of the output means of decoder means 188, capacitor 180 provides a dynamically stored RAV input to the gate means of third FET means 174 so as to provide the gate voltage therefor. The current source output of output means 204 in being linearly related to the analog voltage input 200, a current difference of current output means 206 and 208 is formed and inputed to current differencing means 210. The output 212 of current differencing means 210 will be a product of the difference between the stored RAV and PAV and the difference between the analog voltage input and a fixed term. The fixed term is the difference between analog voltage 200 and the drain node voltage of FET 198 as divided by the resistance of resistor 202 so as to provide a current source. It should noted that resistor 202 could be replaced by a voltage to current generation circuit. With the PAV input, analog voltage input and RAV input all of positive polarity and with the RAV input being less than the PAV input, then output means 212 of the current differencing means is positive and in the first quadrant. However, if the RAV input is greater than the PAV input then the output of output means 212 is negative and in the second quadrant. 
     A slight modification of the programmable analog vector-vector multiplier circuit means 10 of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 6. For the sake of brevity corresponding parts of FIGS. 1 and 6 are reference numbered the same. However, each PAVMCM of multiplier circuit means 10&#39; of FIG. 6 is configured differently than each PAVMCM of circuit means 10 of FIG. 1. 
     To this end, reference is made to FIG. 7, PAVMCM 12 is generally made up of a pair of FET means 216 and 218, second capacitor means 220 and second switch means 222. Capacitor means 220 in being connected to switch means 222 is also connected to the gate means of FET means 218. Output means 36 of decoder means 38 is provided with branch output means 224 for parallel interconnecting the decoder output means to switch means 222. A reference analog voltage input means 226 is connected to switch means 222. Output means 44 of multiplexer 42 is parallel interconnected to the input means of both FET means 216 and 218. Multiplied current source output means 52 of FET means 216 is connected to an input of current differencing means 228. Multiplied current source output means 230 of FET means 218 is connected to another input of the current differencing means as best shown in FIG. 7. 
     All PAVMCM of circuit means 10&#39; in FIG. 6 are configured in similar fashion as PAVMCM 12&#39;. Moreover PAVMCM 14&#39;, as generally shown in FIG. 6, is provided with multiplied current source output means 54 of one FET means (not shown) being parallel interconnected to output means 52 of PAVMCM 12&#39; and differencing means 228. Multiplied current source output means 232 of the second FET means (not shown) of PAVMCM 14&#39; is parallel interconnected to multiplied current source output means 230 of PAVMCM 12&#39; and differencing means 228. Another output means 46 of multiplexer 42 is parallel interconnected to the input means of both FET means (not shown) of PAVMCM 14&#39; and provides an analog voltage input thereto in response to input means 40 during use of multiplier circuit means 10&#39;. 
     In an operative embodiment of circuit means 10&#39; of FIG. 6 it is evident that each PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc., of the series provides two separate multiplied current source outputs, e.g., the multiplied outputs of output means 52 and 230 of FET means 216 and 218 whenever output means 36 of decoder means 38 causes a PAV input of selected value and a RAV input to the gate means of FET means 216 and 218 respectively while at the same time output means 44 provides an analog voltage input to the input means of both FET means 216 and 218. By reason of decoder means 38 having output means for each PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc., of circuit means 10&#39; and by reason of multiplexer means 42 having output means for each PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc. the two input means of differencing means 228 will have the multiplied and summed-current outputs of at least two PAVMCM for each cycle of the circuit means when at least two PAVMCM are actuated by the output means of both decoder means 38 and multiplexer means 42. If the multiplied current output of output means 230, 232, etc. of one or more PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc. is less than the multiplied current source output of output means 52, 54, etc. thereof, then the output means of differencing means 228 will be in the positive quadrant for each cycle of the circuit means. The next cycle of circuit means 10&#39; may involve a new set of analog voltage inputs of different values being established as inputs to PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc. or may involve one or more PAV inputs being different values than before to PAVMCM 12&#39;, 14&#39;, etc. or any combination thereof. Thus, the circuit means is very flexible and is capable of providing a variety of different outputs. 
     A programmable analog vector-matrix multiplier circuit means 240 is depicted in FIG. 8. The circuit means is generally made up of a series of PAVMCM 242. The series of PAVMCM 242 are arranged in two or more groups with at least one PAVMCM in each group in spaced relation to the other PAVMCM of the series such that each group of the series defines a row while the PAVMCM of two or more rows of the series are also arranged in one or more columns so that the row-column relation of the series of PAVMCM of circuit means 240 results in the general arrangement of a matrix therefor. 
     A series of X switch means 244 and a series of Y switch means 246 are provided for circuit means 240. As is evident in FIG. 8, one X switch means of the series is associated with each row of PAVMCM of circuit means 240. Each X switch. means is arranged before any Y switch means of a given row of circuit means 240 and before any column thereof. Further, each Y switch means of the series of Y switch means is operatively associated with each PAVMCM 242 of the series such that separate pluralities of the series of Y switch means are arranged in separate columns where the separate columns of Y switch means 246 correspond to the plurality of columns of PAVMCM 242 of circuit means 240. 
     Output means 248 of D/A converter 250 is parallel interconnected to all X and Y switch means 244 and 246 of both series thereof. As in prior species of this invention PROM or RAM means 252 receives a digital input 254 and as result of a controller input 256 provides a digital output 258 during one or more programming cycles of circuit means 240. As the result of the action of D/A converter 250 in receiving digital output 258 for each cycle of the circuit means it provides a PAV input of selected value. 
     X decoding means 260 is provided with a series of output means corresponding to the groups of the PAVMCM in row-like fashion such as output means 262, 264 and 266. These output means 262, 264 and 266 are connected to the control input of their associated X switch means 244. 
     Y decoding means 268 are provided with a series of output means corresponding to the plurality of the PAVMCM in column-like fashion of circuit means 240 such as output means 270 and 272. These output means are interconnected to the control inputs of a plurality of Y switch means 246 of the first and last columns of the PAVMCM of circuit means 240 as depicted in FIG. 8. 
     Each PAVMCM 242 of circuit means 240 is preferably configured the same as the PAVMCM aforedescribed in FIG. 7. However, other PAVMCM embodiments as described in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, are also suitable for the PAVMCM 242 of circuit means 240. It is noted here that capacitor means 273 is provided with each PAVMCM 242 of circuit means 240 and is connected to the output means of its associated Y switch means 246 and the gate means of FET means 216. Decoder output means 270 at each PAVMCM 242 of the first column of the PAVMCM is provided with branch output means 224 parallel interconnected to the control input of switch means 222 (see FIG. 7). Thus, the Y switch means of each PAVMCM of circuit means 240 preferably also includes switch means 222. Similarly, a reference analog voltage (RAV) input means 226 of each PAVMCM 242 provides a RAV input to switch means 222 thereof. 
     It is evident that each PAVMCM 242 of circuit means 240 is configured in the same fashion (including the PAVMCM of the last column thereof) as for each PAVMCM of the first column thereof as just described. 
     By reason of the series of output means of X decoding means 260 such as output means 262, 264 and 266 and by reason of the series of output means of Y decoding means 268 such as output means 270 and 272, it should be evident during use of circuit means 240 that X and Y decoding means 260 and 268 could provide PAV to the HIAV input of any PAVMCM 242 in random fashion for any operative cycle of circuit means 240, e.g. output in X decoding output means 264 and output in Y decoding output means 272. When this occurs, PAVMCM of the second row of circuit means 240 and of the last column thereof as illustrated in FIG. 8 is selected for receiving a PAV from D/A converter 250. If more than one X decoding output means is provided with output during a given cycle of circuit means 240 then two or more PAVMCM are selected along the last column of the circuit means. Thus, X and Y decoding means 260 and 268 in conjunction with X and Y switching means 244 and 246 and 222 of the series thereof coordinate the selection of one or more PAVMCM 242 for programming during any cycle of the circuit means. It is further noted that the operation of the X and Y decoding means is synchronized with output means 248 of converter 250 so that a PAV input from the converter is timely and properly applied to the capacitor means of one or more PAVMCM. 
     A serial-to-parallel multiplexer means 274 receives via its input means 276 a series of analog voltage inputs of preselected values in serial format where these series of inputs are elements of a vector. The multiplexer means is provided with a series of output means corresponding to the number of columns in the matrix of the circuit means. For example, output means 44 is parallel interconnected to the input means of both FET means 216 and 218 (FIG. 7) of each PAVMCM 242 that makes up the front or first column of the circuit means. In similar fashion, e.g. output means 46 of the multiplexer means is parallel interconnected to the input means of both FET means (not shown) of each PAVMCM in the last column of the circuit means as illustrated in FIG. 8. Thus, each output means 44, 46, etc., of multiplexer means 274 provides an analog voltage input of preselected value to its associated column of the matrix for one or more operative cycles of circuit means 240. 
     A series of current differencing means are operatively associated with circuit means 240. A current differencing means is preferably provided for each row of the circuit means such as the series of three current differencing means 278, 280, and 282. Output means 52 and 230 of the PAVMCM in each row and the first column of the circuit means are connected to separate inputs 284 and 286 respectively of current differencing means 278, 280 or 282. In similar fashion, output means 54 and 232 of the PAVMCM in each row and the last column of the circuit means are parallel interconnected to output means 52 and 230 of the PAVMCM in its associated row to the output means of any other PAVMCM therein (not shown) and to inputs 284 and 286 respectively of differencing means 278, 280 or 282. Thus, both output means of a group of PAVMCM in any row of the circuit means are parallel interconnected to inputs 284 and 286 of a given differencing means 278, 280 or 282. 
     Each differencing means 278, 280 and 282 provides an analog voltage output V y   n  via output means 288, 290 and 292 to sample and hold S/H means 294, 296 and 298 and then to parallel-to-serial multiplexer means 300 having output means 302. This output means 302 as the result of circuit means 240 provides a series of one or more analog voltage outputs for each operative cycle of the circuit means. 
     In an operative embodiment of the circuit means of FIG. 8, PAV output means 248 preferably provides a series of PAV inputs of preselected and different values to each PAVMCM of circuit mean 240 with the series of PAV inputs being stored at capacitors 273 at the inputs to the PAVMCM by the action of the X and Y decoding means, such as in the manner aforedescribed. 
     In short, the X and Y decoding means function to selectively operate switch means 244, 246 and 222 along any row or column of the circuit means in any desired fashion. Whenever Y switch means 246 and 222 of any PAVMCM are closed and opened as the result of the action of the Y decoding means and a PAV is applied to a particular row through switch 244 as a result of the action of the X decoding circuitry, a PAV is stored on capacitor means 273 and 220 of a given PAVMCM 242 and a dynamically stored PAV input is made to the input means of both FET means 216 and 218 of the given PAVMCM. 
     After all of the PAV values have been stored on capacitor means 273 and 220 of all PAVMCM in circuit means 240, output means, e.g. 44, 46 of multiplexer means 274 provides a series of analog voltage inputs of preferably different values for each PAVMCM in each column of the circuit means to the input means of both FET means 216 and 218 of a given PAVMCM. Then output means 52 and 230 provide multiplied current source outputs to its associated differencing means 278, 280 or 282. The differencing means 278, 280 or 282 associated with a given row takes the difference of these combined outputs of more than one PAVMCM along the given row. The differenced output of the output means of any differencing means 278, 280 or 282 is then held by its S/H means 294, 296 or 298 at the end of any operative cycle of the circuit means so that another operative cycle of the circuit means may begin with minimal time delay while new analog voltage inputs 44, 46, etc. are provided by multiplexer 274. The analog voltage outputs of all S/H means 294, 296, 298 for each cycle of the circuit means are placed in serial format by the analog voltage output of multiplexer output means 302. 
     The next cycle of the circuit means programmable vector-matrix means 240 may involve a new set of analog voltage inputs of different values being established as inputs to PAVMCM 242 or may involve one or more analog voltage inputs being different values than before to PAVMCM 242 or any combination thereof. Thus, the circuit means is very flexible and is capable of providing a variety of different outputs. 
     Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.