Abstract:
The present invention relates to compounds having antibiotic activity which are obtained from body fluids of mollusks, namely of certain West-African snails, to therapeutic drugs comprising these compounds, and to the use thereof for the preparation of a therapeutic drug for controlling infectious pathogens in humans and animals.

Description:
This application is a 371 of PCT/EP00/04089 filed 6 May 2000, which claims foreign priority benefit of the filing date under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Germany patent application No. 19921027.6 filed 7 May 1999. 
     The present invention relates to compounds having antibiotic activity which are obtained from body fluids of mollusks, namely of certain West-African snails, to therapeutic drug comprising these compounds, and to the use thereof for the preparation of a therapeutic drug for controlling infectious pathogens in humans and animals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A general strategy for controlling infectious pathogens in humans and animals is the application of antibiotics, of which several thousand different compounds have been isolated and used to date. However, as a rule, their antibiotic activity is limited to only a few closely related pathogen species. In addition, an increasingly growing problem in the use of antibiotics is the occurrence of resistant bacteria [J. Davies, Science 1994, 264, 375–382; Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes]. The spreading of resistant bacteria takes from 2 to 5 years as a rule, so that there is a strong need to find or develop new efficient antibacterially effective agents. Attempts are also made to recover and employ so-called natural antibiotics; these are peptides or proteins which can be recovered from those organisms which come into contact with bacteria, i.e., from plants, lower and higher animals and humans. Although some natural antibiotics have been isolated and characterized, it has not been successful to date to develop them further to clinical use [J. E. Gabay, Science 1994, 264, 373–374; Ubiquitous natural antibiotics]. 
     Now, it has surprisingly been found that compounds having antibiotic activity can be recovered from certain West-African snail species, namely snails of the genus  Archachatina  (especially the species  A. marginata, A. degneri  and  A. ventricosa ) and members of the genus  Achatina  with the species  A. achatina, A. monochromatica  and  A. batteata . Inter alia, a protein isolated and identified from the yellowish mucus of the foot soles of these snails can be employed against a broad range of infectious pathogens. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Thus, the present invention relates to
     (1) compounds having antibiotic activity which can be isolated from body fluids of snails of the genus  Archachatina  and/or the species  Achatina achatina, Achatina monochromatica  and  Achatina batteata  of the genus  Achatina;      (2) in a preferred embodiment, the compounds (1) are a peptide, protein or derivative thereof;   (3) a DNA sequence coding for a peptide, protein or derivative thereof according to item (2);   (4) a vector comprising a DNA sequence according to item (3);   (5) a host organism transformed with a vector according to item (4) and/or comprising a DNA sequence according to item (3);   (6) a process for the preparation of the peptide, protein or derivative thereof according to item (2), comprising culturing a host organism according to item (5) and isolating the peptide, protein or derivative thereof;   (7) a therapeutic drug containing a compound according to item (1) or (2) and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier material;   (8) use of a compound according to item (1) or (2) for the preparation of a therapeutic drug for controlling infectious pathogens in humans and animals;   (9) a foodstuff or feed, containing a compound according to item (1) or (2); and   (10) a method for treating infectious pathogens in humans and animals, comprising administering a compound according to item (1) or (2).   

    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
         FIG. 1 : Determination of the molecular weight of the antibiotically effective substance with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Beside the size standard (M) in lane 1, the individual fractions of the ion-exchange chromatography have been applied in lanes 2 to 10. It is clearly seen that a higher-molecular weight protein is eluted first (fractions 1 and 2), followed by the antibacterially effective substance (fractions 3 to 6), which occurs in a pure form and in the highest concentration in fraction 4. 
         FIG. 2 : Comparison of the amino acid sequences of five peptides from the antibacterially effective protein from  Archachatina marginata  with that of the antibacterially effective protein achacin from  Achatina fulica . The consensus sequences are stated between the amino acid sequences of achacin and those of the peptides; identical amino acids are stated in the one-letter code, similar ones are marked with a positive sign, different ones with a period. 
         FIG. 3 : Snail of the genus  Archachatina , i.e.,  Archachatina marginata.    
         FIG. 4 : Eggs of  Archachatina marginata.    
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The antibiotically effective substances are produced by snails of the genus  Archachatina  (especially the species  A. marginata, A. degneri, A. ventricosa ) and members of the genus  Achatina  with the species  A. achatina, A. monochromatica  and  A. batteata . The distribution of these land snails, which have a size of up to 15 cm, in West Africa has been described by Hodashi [J. K. M. Hodashi, Revue mondiale de Zootechnie 1984, 52, 24–35; Les escargots géants comestibles d&#39;Afrique occidentale]. Outwardly, the shells of the snails of the genera  Archachatina  and  Achatina  can be distinguished by the shape of the shell apex,  Achatina  having a pointed apex while Archachatina has a blunt apex. A further distinctive feature is the size of the eggs:  Achatina  deposits many eggs sized about 3–4 mm while  Archachatina  deposits only a few eggs sized about 1 cm (see  FIG. 4 ). The snails are vegetarians and can be bred in laboratories, which ensures their availability. 
     Active substances which can be recovered from these snails include:
     1. yellowish mucus from the foot sole, to be recovered by scalpel scraping or by stimulation with current pulses of 0.5 to 1 mA;   2. whitish to bluish defense secretion, to be recovered upon applying a small injury with a scalpel; the snail will release this secretion in a thick jet from the mantle cavity;   3. reddish hemolymph which exits from the body cavity upon injury;   4. shell powder, to be recovered by grinding the shell.   

     Most effective according to the invention is a peptide, protein or derivative thereof which is a component of the yellowish mucus from the foot sole of the mentioned snail, in particular, derived from  Archachatina marginata  (see  FIG. 3 ). The column-chromatographic purification using the following process steps:
     (a) repeated ultrafiltration;   (b) gel permeation chromatography; and   (c) ion-exchange chromatography;
 
to electrophoretic homogeneity yielded a fraction which showed one band in SDS-PAGE ( FIG. 1 ) whose intensity correlated with biological effectiveness. Therefore, the antibacterially effective compound is preferably a protein or protein derivative having an apparent molecular weight of about 60 kDa. This result is in accordance with the results obtained by ultrafiltration of the effective compound, i.e., that the molecular weight of the searched substance must be greater than 50 kDa.
   

     The protein or protein derivative according to the present invention preferably comprises at least one, especially all eight, of the partial sequences shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Amino acid sequences of peptides from an antibacterially 
               
               
                 effective protein from the snail  Archachatina marginata   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peptide 1 
                 (26 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:1) 
               
               
                 TDTGLYLLEFLHTFTEDGSIQETGIK 
               
               
                 Peptide 2 
                 (19 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:2) 
               
               
                 VILAIPQSALIELDWKPLR 
               
               
                 Peptide 3 
                 (20 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:3) 
               
               
                 QENLNAQGEPIPGSAPGANR 
               
               
                 Peptide 4 
                 (14 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:4) 
               
               
                 AGYHCQYIIYIIQR 
               
               
                 Peptide 5 
                 (12 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:5) 
               
               
                 QEQNGNLMYLNR 
               
               
                 Peptide 6 
                 (13 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:6) 
               
               
                 DNTFPTTYVAEEK 
               
               
                 Peptide 7 
                 (15 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:7) 
               
               
                 IFDDKPIPVAQDETK 
               
               
                 Peptide 8 
                 (17 amino acids; SEQ ID NO:8) 
               
               
                 TNAEYEFLTTFRLNAYK 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The partial sequences of eight peptides from the effective protein shown in Table 1 were aligned with the amino acid sequences present in the accessible protein data bases (SwissProt, EMBL, NCBI). Only a slight similarity to the protein achacin from the snail  Achatina fulica  Férussac (Obara, 1992; Accession No. P35903) could be established, i.e., that on average only 35% of the amino acids compared from both proteins are identical (see  FIG. 2 ). Of 136 amino acids sequenced to date, 88 are different, as can be seen from the following Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Snail 
                 Length of sequence 
                 differing amino acids 1.)   
                 Identity 2.)   
               
               
                 peptides 
                 [amino acids] 
                 (including similar ones) 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peptide 1 
                 26 
                 11 
                 58 
               
               
                 Peptide 2 
                 19 
                 16 
                 16 
               
               
                 Peptide 3 
                 20 
                 3 
                 85 
               
               
                 Peptide 4 
                 14 
                 4 
                 71 
               
               
                 Peptide 5 
                 12 
                 13 
                 — 
               
               
                 Peptide 6 
                 13 
                 9 
                 31 
               
               
                 Peptide 7 
                 15 
                 15 
                 — 
               
               
                 Peptide 8 
                 17 
                 17 
                 — 
               
               
                 TOTAL: 
                 136 
                 88 
                 35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1.) differing amino acids comprise conservative substitutes (e.g., E/H; E/Q; S/T; V/P) 
               
               
                   2.) [%] amino acids identical with those of achacin isolated from  Achatina fulica   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Further homologies with previously known proteins were not found. Thus, the antibiotically effective compounds of the present invention are not identical with the substances described in the literature from the land snail  Achatina fulica  from Okinawa (referred to as achacin) [H. Otsuka-Fuchino, Y. Watanabe, C. Hirakawa, T. Tamiya, J. J. Matsumoto, T. Tsuchiya, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1992, 101C(3), 607–613; Bactericidal action of a glycoprotein from the body surface mucus of giant African snail; Y. Kubota, Y. Watanabe, H. Otsuka, T. Tamiya, T. Tsuchiya, J. J. Matsumoto, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1985, 82, 345–348; Purification and Characterization of an Antibacterial Factor from Snail Mucus; K. Obara, H. Otsuka-Fuchino, N. Sattayasai, Y. Nonomura, T. Tsuchiya, T. Tamiya, Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 209, 1–6; Molecular cloning of the antibacterial protein of the giant African snail,  Achatina fulica  Férussac] and from the Japanese aquatic snail  Aplysia kurodai  (referred to as  aplysienin A ) [N. Taka-matsu, T. Shiba, K. Muramoto, H. Kamiya, FEBS Letters 1995, 377, 373–376; Molecular cloning of the defense factor in the albumen gland of the sea hare  Aplysia kurodai].    
     The mucus containing the active compound (i.e., the peptide, protein or derivative thereof) is stable upon storage at from −80° C. up to +40° C. and does not lose its pharmacological and antibacterial activities. Also, the antibacterial activity was not adversely affected by storage at room temperature at pH 8 or pH 9.5. Upon heating at above 70° C. or 110° C. for 30 min, the activity is completely lost. Both the purified substance and the isolated raw mucus can be lyophilized and reconstituted in water without losing the above described activity. Fractions fivefold concentrated in this manner exhibited inhibition halos with diameters of up to 1.6 cm. Solubility experiments showed that the searched substance dissolves in water, but not in methanol, hexane or a chloro-form/methanol mixture (4:1). 
     In addition to the substances directly obtained from the above mentioned snails in a non-purified or purified form, useful effective substances include all kinds of modified variants, which are obtained, for example, from proteins by the chemical modification of amino acids including glycosylation, ribosylation, acylation, phosphorylation and others. Also effective are those modified variants which are obtained by genetic engineering methods. These include those modified variants which are obtained by employing DNA molecules which code for the substance described and have been subjected to mutagenesis by a molecular-biological technique (e.g., chemical, site-directed or random mutagenesis, also with methods of PCR, methods of directed evolution, staggered extension process, DNA shuffling etc. [M. T. Reetz, K.-E. Jaeger, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 200 (Biocatalysis), 31–57; Superior biocatalysts by directed evolution]) for the recombinant techniques described in the following. 
     As a rule, the above described substances are processed, prepared and/or purified in different processes adapted to the respective application. 
     The present invention also relates to DNA sequences which code for the above defined peptides, proteins or derivatives thereof (including partial sequences, such as those shown in Table 1). These DNA sequences can be introduced into suitable expression vectors, and a suitable host organism can be transformed with these vectors, or host organisms can be transfected with the mentioned DNA sequences. The transformed/transfected host organisms can then be used for the preparation of the desired peptide, protein or derivative. Suitable host organisms according to the present invention include microorganisms, such as bacteria (e.g.,  E. coli ), and yeasts and mammal cell systems, such as CHO cells and immortalized mammal cells. 
     The antibiotically effective compounds according to the present invention can kill bacteria, parasites, viruses and other infectious pathogens upon both external and internal administration. The infectious pathogens against which the compounds according to the invention are effective are those which cause gastro-intestinal symptoms, those which attack inner organs via the blood, and those which lead to open wounds in the skin. 
     Thus, the antibacterial effectiveness of the protein isolated from  Archachatina marginata  having an apparent molecular weight of about 60 kDa could be shown by a bioassay using bacterial isolates freshly isolated from infected and hospital-ized patients. An antibacterial-bactericidal effect was established, inter alia, against the Gram-negative species  Escherichia coli  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the Gram-positive species  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis  (see Examples 3 and 4). 
     The above mentioned protein is also effective against other infectious pathogens. Examples which may be mentioned include malarial parasites of the genus  Plasmodium  (various species). In the test system described in Example 5, the administration of the substance to malaria-infected mice resulted in a significantly increased survival rate as compared with an untreated control group. 
     The therapeutic drug according to the invention can be present in the following dosage forms:
     a) oral as a solution (sterile-filtered and optionally diluted with water), e.g., for curing infections of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastritis);   b) application as a solution (as in a)) into open wounds for wound healing or the killing of bacteria or other pathogens in the blood stream (e.g., for preventing a sepsis);   c) administration of isolated, purified and optionally formulated fractions in the forms and with the objectives as in a) and b);   d) administration in the form as in c), but as a lyophilizate (e.g., for application to open wounds for wound healing).   

     The invention also relates to therapeutic drugs which contain the substances according to the invention and can be employed for controlling bacterioses and other infectious pathogens in humans and animals. 
     Therapeutic drugs for oral administration can be powders, granules, emulsion or suspension concentrates, which may be administered to humans or animals alone or mixed with food. Such therapeutic drugs can be prepared by analogy with conventional methods, for example, by mixing the active substance (entirely or in fractions) with solid or liquid carrier materials, optionally with the addition of additives, such as excipients, emulsifying or dispersing agents, solvents, dyes, preservatives and/or antioxidants. Suitable solvents include, for example, distilled water and physiological saline; suitable preservatives include, for example, benzyl alcohol, benzalkonium chlorides and phenol; and suitable excipients include, for example, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium alginate. 
     The same applies, mutatis mutandis, to therapeutic drugs for topical administration. The above statements also apply when agents containing the active sub-stance are employed in the blood stream (intravenous administration). 
     Due to the high potency of the present compounds (activity already in the femto-molar range), small quantities of the compound are sufficient for achieving the desired therapeutical effect. However, the daily dose of the compound according to the invention is dependent on the therapeutical object, the physical constitution of the patient, and the dosage form. Thus, the daily dose for oral and topical administration is within a range of from 0.01 mg to 10 g, preferably from 1 mg to 1 g, and for intravenous administration, it is within a range of from 1 μg to 10 g, preferably from 0.1 mg to 1 g. 
     The invention also relates to food and feed additives which contain the pure or fractioned substances from snails of the genera  Achatina  and  Archachatina  or from reproductive systems and are suitably mixed with the foodstuffs or with the special feed for various animal species. The optimum effective dose for the treatment of infections with the mentioned bacteria or infectious pathogens depends on the bacterial or pathogenic species, the nature and duration of the treatment, and the age and condition of the humans and animals being treated. 
     The method for treating the above mentioned symptoms in humans and animals includes a method for the treatment of malaria in humans. 
     The present invention will be further illustrated by the following Examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Isolation and Purification 
     The yellow mucus isolated from the foot sole of the snail  Archachatina marginata  was purified by several ultrafiltration steps. After prefiltration through a membrane having a pore size of 0.65 μm, the filtrate was applied to a membrane with the next smaller exclusion threshold. Membranes of Millipore/Amicon having the following exclusion thresholds (kDa) were used: 100, 50, 30, 10 and 5. Optionally, a centrifugation may be performed for 1 h at 31,000×g (centrifuge Sorvall R2/5B, rotor SS34, 20,000 rpm), the solid components contained in the mucus forming a pellet. The supernatant was diluted with one volume equivalent of buffer solution (10 mM Tris/100 mM NaCl, pH 8) and further purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by ion-exchange chromatography. As the separating column for the preparative GPC separation, a Fractogel EMD BioSEC column (length: 600 mm, inner diameter: 15 mm, Merck) was used. The elution buffer consisted of 10 mM Tris/100 mM NaCl, pH 8; elution was effected at a flow rate of 1 ml/min under a pressure of 2.0 MPa. Detection was effected by spectral photometry at 210 nm. For the ion-exchange chromatographic separation of the concentrated GPC fractions, a UNO Q6 column (length: 53 mm, inner diameter: 12 mm, BioRad) was used. The elution buffer consisted of 10 mM Tris/100 mM NaCl, pH 9.5; elution was effected at a flow rate of 2 ml/min under a pressure of 3.8 MPa. Detection was effected by spectral photometry at 210 nm. The purity of the fractions obtained was checked by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver staining of the gels. 
     Example 2 
     Determination of the Amino Acid Sequences of Tryptic Peptides 
     The peak fractions from the column-chromatographic separation having the highest biological activity were concentrated by ultrafiltration through Centricon 30 (Amicon). The protein was mixed with 5 M guanidine hydrochloride, carboxy-methylated over night and dialyzed using a microdialysis apparatus (Pierce). The carboxymethylated protein (12 μg) was tryptically digested over night (ratio of 1 part of protein:5 parts of trypsin). The peptides were separated by HPLC on a reversed-phase column (C-18, 300 μm, length: 25 cm). The protein content of the fractions was detected by spectral photometry at 295 and 215 nm, and a MALDI mass spectrum was recorded from selected fractions. After evaluation of the spectra, 8 peptides were selected and subjected to high sensitive microsequencing on a ProSize 494 Sequencer (Perkin Elmer—Applied Biosystems). The sequences of the peptides are summarized above in Table 1. 
     Example 3 
     Determination of Antimicrobial Activity I 
     The antibacterial activity of the fractions obtained in Example 1 was examined by a bioassay. Thus, a culture of the human-pathogenic bacterium  Staphylococcus aureus  in complete medium (NB, Difco) was incubated at 37° C. with shaking for 3–4 h until the bacteria had reached a cell density of about 5×10 8  ml −1  (logarithmic growth phase). Of this culture, 100 μl each was applied to NB agar plates by plating with a spatula and allowed to stand at room temperature for about 30 min, followed by pipetting aliquots of the fractions (volume: 5 or 10 μl) onto the plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. over night, and the biological activity evaluated by determining the diameter of the inhibition halos formed on the bacterial lawn; it was about 10 to 16 mm for the active fractions. The results are summarized in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bacterial strain 1   
                 Gram classification 
                 Activity of the extract 2,3   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Escherichia coli 
                 
                 negative 
                 + 
               
               
                 
                   Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
                 
                 negative 
                 + 
               
               
                 
                   Staphylococcus aureus 
                 
                 positive 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 
                   Staphylococcus 
                 
                 positive 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 
                   epidermidis 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 The bacterial strains tested are clinical isolates derived from infected patients. 
               
               
                   2 For the tests, there was used 10 μl each of snail extract applied to an agar plate which had previously been inoculated with a suspension of the respective bacterium. 
               
               
                   3 The symbols mean the following inhibition halo diameters: + means 0.9 to 1.2 cm; ++ means 1.3 to 1.6 cm. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Assuming a molecular weight of 60,000 for the active protein, this means that the application of 460 femtomoles (4.6×10 −13  mol) of the substance is sufficient to achieve complete inhibition of bacterial growth (diameter of the inhibition halo: 1.4 cm) in vitro. 
     Example 4 
     Determination of Antimicrobial Activity II 
     Materials and Methods: 
     The antibiotically active protein isolated in Example 1 was provided in a buffer solution (10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, pH 9.5). The protein content of the solution was 1000 μg/ml. 
     To examine the antimicrobial activity of the protein, determinations of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were effected using the microdilution technique according to DIN 58940 for  Staphylococcus aureus  (including MRSA), Enterobacteriaceae (including cefotaxim-resistant strains), non-fermenters (especially  Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and  Candida albicans . Thus, the buffered protein solution was added to sterile Mueller-Hinton broth (pH 7.4) in serial dilutions of geometric relationship with factor 2. The range of concentration examined was from 0.03 to 32 mg/l. After about 20 hours of incubation at 37° C., the MIC values were read. 
     For quality control, ATCC reference strains were also tested:  S. aureus  ATCC 25923,  S. aureus  ATCC 29213,  E. coli  ATCC 25922,  E. coli  ATCC 35218 and  P. aeruginosa  ATCC 27853. 
     Results: 
     A total of 77 isolates from human-medical test samples were examined: 45  Staphylococcus aureus , including 33 methicillin-resistant or multiresistant (MRSA); 14 non-fermenters, including 12  Pseudomonas aeruginosa;  13 Enterobacteriaceae, including 9  Escherichia coli , in part cefotaxim-resistant, and 5  Candida albicans . All MIC values could be easily read, i.e., there were sharp end points. 
     The individual MIC values are listed in Tables 4a and 4b. A summary of the results is found in Table 5.
     1. The MIC values for all  Staphylococcus aureus  isolates are between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/l, methicillin-resistant isolates (MRSA) rather having a higher sensitivity as compared to methicillin-sensitive ones (MSSA).   2. The MIC values for  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  are between 2 and ≧64 mg/l, mostly at 4 mg/l. For one strain each of  Pseudomonas  species und  Acinetobacter baumannii , lower MIC values were established.   

     3. The MIC values for  Escherichia coli  (cefotaxim-sensitive or -resistant) and for an isolate of  Enterobacter aerogenes  are above the measuring range (≧64 mg/l). For  Citrobacter freundii  (1 cefotaxim-sensitive isolate and 1 cefotaxim-resistant isolate each) and an isolate of  Klebsiella pneumoniae , the MIC values are 4 and 8 mg/l, respectively. 
     4. The MIC values for  Candida albicans  are above the measuring range (≧64 mg/l) in all cases examined. 
     Evaluation of Results: 
     The MIC values of the protein isolated in Example 1 for  Staphylococcus aureus  are within the range of those of other  Staphylococcus -specific antibiotics, such as vancomycin or mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual values for the MIC determinations on the 
               
               
                 peptide of Example 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 No. 
                 Species 
                 Identity No. 
                 MIC (mg/l) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 29096894 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 2. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 29096979 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 3. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 29186557 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 4. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 290096544 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 5. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 290096573 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 6. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 291085630 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 7. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 291086167 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 8. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 293114034 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 9. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 ATCC 25923 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 10. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 ATCC 25923 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 11. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 ATCC 29213 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 12. 
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 ATCC 29213 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 13. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 29096530 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 14. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 29096578 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 15. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 29185647 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 16. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 29186257 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 17. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 290064272 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 18. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 290065119 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 19. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 290084217 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 20. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 290085795 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 21. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 291025969 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 22. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 291025990 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 23. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 291034340 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 24. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 291051784 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 25. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 291067083 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 26. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 292055432 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 27. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 292061054 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 28. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 292065865 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 29. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 292078001 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 30. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293029965 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 31. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293036524 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 32. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293036526 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 33. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293036839 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 34. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293066533 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 35. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293067107 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 36. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293070769 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 37. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293073166 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 38. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293074729 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 39. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293078957 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 40. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293082503 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 41. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293087915 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 42. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293094792 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 43. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 293114029 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 44. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 294044109 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 45. 
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 294051030 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Individual values for the MIC determinations on the peptide from 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 
                 Species 
                 Identity No. 
                 MIC (mg/l) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 46. 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 29096769 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 47. 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 293115050 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 48. 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 293116474 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 49. 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 ATCC 25922 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 50. 
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 ATCC 35218 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 51. 
                   E. coli  cefotaxim-res. 
                 U-97-10432 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 52. 
                   E. coli  cefotaxim-res. 
                 U-97-11088 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 53. 
                   E. coli  cefotaxim-res. 
                 U-97-15538 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 54. 
                   E. coli  cefotaxim-res. 
                 U-97-9689 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 55. 
                 
                   E. aerogenes 
                 
                 V2-92-33405 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 56. 
                 
                   C. freundii 
                 
                 U-93-13949 
                 4 
               
               
                 57. 
                   C. freundii  cefotaxim-res. 
                 V1-97-10468 
                 4 
               
               
                 58. 
                 
                   K. pneumoniae 
                 
                 U-93-13367 
                 8 
               
               
                 59. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 291087178 
                 2 
               
               
                 60. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 291087279 
                 16 
               
               
                 61. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 292084709 
                 4 
               
               
                 62. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 292084851 
                 4 
               
               
                 63. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 292084924 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 64. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 293115624 
                 8 
               
               
                 65. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 293115861 
                 2 
               
               
                 66. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 293116074 
                 4 
               
               
                 67. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 294082478 
                 4 
               
               
                 68. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 ATCC 27853 
                 8 
               
               
                 69. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 ATCC 27853 
                 4 
               
               
                 70. 
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 U-93-11944 
                 32 
               
               
                 71. 
                   Pseudomonas  spp. 
                 U-98-5688 
                 0.125 
               
               
                 72. 
                 
                   A. baumannii 
                 
                 29097133 
                 2 
               
               
                 73. 
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 291086916 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 74. 
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 291086918 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 75. 
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 291087192 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 76. 
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 292084887 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                 77. 
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 294081971 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of the results of MIC determinations for the protein isolated in 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 n 
                 0.06 
                 0.12 
                 0.25 
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 ≧64 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   S. aureus  (MSSA) 
                 12 
                 0 
                 1 
                 8 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   S. aureus  (MRSA) 
                 33 
                 0 
                 20 
                 9 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 
                   P. aeruginosa 
                 
                 12 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 
                 5 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   Pseudomonas  spp. 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 
                   A. baumannii 
                 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 
                   E. coli 
                 
                 9 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 9 
               
               
                 
                   C. freundii 
                 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 
                   E. aerogenes 
                 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 
                   K. pneumoniae 
                 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 
                   C. albicans 
                 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Determination of Activity Against Malaria 
     For establishing the activity of the substance against malaria, 20 laboratory mice were infected with  Plasmodium bergi  according to standard methods. The injected mice were administered one single dose of the antibiotically active substance (50 mg/kg, non-purified) per intraperitoneal injection. The average survival time of the injected mice was determined in comparison with an untreated control group. The average lifetime of the malaria-infected mice is 4 days without treatment with the antibiotically active substance. The average lifetime of the mice treated with the antibiotically active substance is 6 days.