Abstract:
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system ( 100 ) comprises a plurality of UPS units (UPS- 1,  UPS- 2 ) connected in parallel. Each UPS unit comprises a power converter ( 124 ) for supplying a share (i load  1 , i_load —   2 ) of a total load current (i_tot). The total load is shared automatically between UPS units of power ratings, in a proportionate manner. A controller  130  of each converter is arranged to establish real-time feedback control of a current supplied by the power converter. An exchange current (i_exch) for each converter represents an imbalance between an output current of the converter in question and output currents of the parallel converters. Exchange current sensing circuits of the parallel-connected UPS units are connected together. The controller steers the exchange current of each converter toward a value (i_exc_c) that is a non-zero proportion of a current (i_mut) sensed within the converter. Said non-zero proportion is calculated such that the exchange current will be steered towards a positive value in the case of a converter with higher than average nominal power rating and toward a negative value in the case of a converter with lower than average power rating.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for controlling power converters. Such power converters may operate for example in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Power converters can be used in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system, of conditioning and safeguarding electric supplies to sensitive or critical equipment. A common use for UPS systems is in data centers. To increase capacity and security of supply, UPS units can be connected in parallel, so that a current supplied to a load is the sum of currents supplied by a number of UPS units. Known UPS units adapted for such parallel applications comprise special features to ensure that “exchange current”, representing an imbalance between an output current of the converter in question and output currents of the parallel converters, is sensed and controlled to be zero. In this way, each UPS automatically adjusts its operation so as to supply an equal share of the total load current. The special features may comprise additional sensing circuits to measure exchange in each unit, and programming of a controller to respond to the sensed exchange current, in addition to other parameters and sensed values. 
         [0003]    UPS units are available in a range of sizes, each having for example a nominal power rating such as 100 kVA, 300 kVA, 500 kVA etc. For increased flexibility in the provision of UPS systems, it would be advantageous to be able to connect units with different power ratings in parallel. In such a case, however, the known controller will simply force each unit to take an equal share of the load current. Weaker units will be over-loaded, while stronger units are under-utilized. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Methods, apparatus and systems are provided for controlling a number of power converters that are connected in parallel to supply a total electric current to a load. According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method for controlling a number of power converters that are connected in parallel to supply a total electric current to a load. The method comprises: establishing real-time feedback control within each power converter so as to control a current supplied by that converter in accordance with a desired condition of supply; sensing in real time an exchange current for each converter, the exchange current representing an imbalance between an output current of the converter in question and output currents of the other converters operating in parallel; modifying said feedback control in response to the sensed exchange current so as to steer the exchange current of each converter toward a value that is a non-zero proportion of a current supplied by the converter, the non-zero proportion being different for different ones of said converters, whereby each converter is controlled to supply a predetermined proportion of the total electric current that is different for different ones of said converters. 
         [0005]    According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a power converter apparatus suitable for use as one of a number of power converters that are connected in parallel to supply a total electric current to a load. The power converter comprises: a plurality of switches and other components connected to be operable as a power converter; a controller arranged to establish real-time feedback control of said switches so as to control a current supplied by the power converter in response to one or more sensor inputs and in accordance with a desired condition of supply; and a module for sensing in real time an exchange current for each converter, the exchange current representing an imbalance between an output current of the converter in question and output currents of the other converters operating in parallel; wherein said controller is arranged to modify said feedback control in response the sensed exchange current so as to steer the exchange current of each converter toward a value that is a non-zero proportion of a current sensed within the converter. 
         [0006]    According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an UPS system. The UPS system comprises a plurality of UPS units connected in parallel, and each UPS unit comprises an above-mentioned power converter. 
         [0007]    According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program product for a power converter controller. The computer program product comprises instructions for causing a controller to operate with a non-zero exchange current, in accordance with an above-mentioned method. 
         [0008]    Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the art based on the teachings contained herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         [0009]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the invention. Embodiments of the invention are described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of an uninterruptable power supply (UPS) system, in which various UPS units are connectable in parallel to supply a shared load; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  illustrates equal sharing of a load current between two UPSs connected in parallel, in a known system; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of an exchange current measurement module for use in regulating load sharing in a parallel UPS system; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is an example of a current control loop in a known UPS system, including exchange current compensation using the module of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates a principle of non-equal load sharing in a parallel UPS system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  illustrates a modified current control loop implemented in the system embodying the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates an uninterruptable power supply (UPS) system  100  for delivering a reliable and consistent power supply to a load  102 . Load  102  may, for example, comprise an IT system of server computers, communications units and the like, such as would be found in a modern data centre, but the invention is not limited to such applications. The UPS system receives mains electric power through a supply illustrated generally as an input bus LIN (live in). A number of UPS units UPS- 1 , UPS- 2  etc are connected to receive the incoming mains supply, and to generate individual outgoing supplies LO- 1 , LO- 2  etc (live out). The live out connections from the individual UPS units are connected in parallel through a switch network  104  to drive the system live output LO-SYS. The live in and live out connections are shown as single lines in the diagram, but in reality each may comprise two or more lines. In a single-phase installation, the live out connection may comprise live and neutral lines. In a 3-phase system, each outgoing supply LO- 1  etc. connection could be 3 live wires, and optionally a neutral connection. These details are very familiar to the skilled person and do not need to be explained herein. 
         [0017]    Within the first UPS unit, UPS- 1 , there are shown some schematic details of the major components of a typical UPS. The other UPS units may have similar form, and their internal detail is not shown, for simplicity. As is generally known, a typical UPS unit comprises an AC-DC converter  120 , a DC battery  122  and a DC-AC converter  124 . Converter  120  receives power from the live input and converts it for use charging the battery  122 . Battery  122  stores energy for use in case of power interruption at the input side, and converter  124  converts and conditions energy from the battery to drive the live output LO- 1 . The battery  122  and converter  124  may be controlled to be operational only in the event of power failure at the input side, or they may be used continuously to provide an output supply that is more highly conditioned than the input supply. Various interconnections with switches  126 ,  128  are provided and the whole unit is under control of a controller  130 . 
         [0018]    Controller  130  will typically comprise digital signal processing circuits (DSPs), one or more micro controllers and/or digital circuits implemented for example by FPGA devices. Each converter  120 ,  124  comprises in practice numerous power switches that are operated in rapid sequence to convert voltages to different levels, and from DC to AC or AC to DC. All of these are well known functions in the art. To perform its operation, controller  130  is also connected to numerous sensing circuits for measuring currents, voltages, temperatures and the like throughout the system. A few examples are illustrated in dotted lines. Currents can be sensed by current transformers and the sensing circuit for an output current of UPS- 1  is indicated at  132 , by way of example. The current flowing out of UPS- 1  may be measured and labeled i_load_ 1 , and measured by sensor  132 . Other currents and voltages within the system can be measured likewise. The output current of the second UPS, UPS- 2 , can similarly be labeled i_load_ 2 . Between the controllers of the various UPS units, a communications bus COM is provided, that can be used for supervision purposes, as is well known. 
         [0019]    For operation in parallel, some cooperation is required between the controllers of the various UPS units, to ensure that they share the load evenly, and do not end up driving one another unnecessarily. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the controllers  130  in the UPS units UPS- 1 , UPS- 2  etc are arranged so as to supply a share of the current to load  1  and  2  that is proportionate to their individual power ratings. 
         [0020]    That is to say, if all the UPS units in system  100  have identical power ratings, then each will supply an equal share of the total current i_tot. On the other hand, if different UPS units have different power ratings, each will supply a share of the total current, in proportion to its power rating. This is not a feature of known UPS units, even when they are designed to be connected in parallel. Before describing how the proportionate sharing arrangement is implemented, we will describe the operation of existing units. 
         [0021]    In order to control the sharing of the load current, it is not necessary to measure directly the total current i_tot flowing to the load, although of course this may be measured and monitored by an overall system controller (not shown). Rather, in the present example, each UPS unit includes a dedicated module  136  that measures currents within the unit, and is interconnected by wires  138  with similar modules  136  in each of the UPS devices collected in parallel. The purpose of the module  136  is to supply to the controller  130  a value for an “exchange current” i_exch, that can be used by the controller in each unit, to assist in load sharing. More detail of these modules and interconnections will be provided later. The exchange current, as its name implies, is a portion of the output current i_load that is not being delivered to the overall system load  102 , but is effectively being exchanged between the parallel UPS units. 
         [0022]      FIG. 2  illustrates the principle of load sharing between two UPS units UPS- 1  and UPS- 2  in a known commercial embodiment. Each UPS unit supplies a current i_load_ 1 , i_load_ 2  into the parallel connection, so as to supply total current i_tot to the load  102 . The output supply lines have a certain inductance, represented by inductors L 1 , L 2 . Each UPS unit has its own output voltage v_out — 1, v_out — 2. A mutator is a term for one “arm” or “leg” of a DC-AC, AC-DC or DC-DC converter, in which power switches are provided at the high side and low side of an output line. These switches connect the output line alternately to high- and low-side DC supplies, so as to generate a desired AC output waveform. The mutator output will typically feed an output capacitor, via an output inductance. The UPS output current i_load is drawn then from the output capacitor, and is a smoothed version of the mutator output. In a 3-phase converter, an additional mutator may be provided for driving an internal neutral line, to which the individual output capacitors are connected in a star topology. The exact construction of the UPS is not relevant to the present invention, but it is useful to recognize that measurements of “output current”, for a UPS may be made not at the final output i_load, but at some earlier part of the circuit. It should also be remembered that measurements and control functions can be implemented independently for each phase of a multi-phase output. 
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the exchange current monitoring module  136  that is provided in each UPS unit, where the UPS is to be connected in a parallel system  100 . In a known, commercial embodiment, module  136  is a plug-in board that can be added to a single UPS unit, to adapt it for parallel operation. Different implementations are of course possible. Within module  136 , a current transformer  300  is provided for sensing current in and output line of the UPS unit. As already mentioned, this could in principle be the final output current i_load of the UPS unit. In a preferred embodiment, however, it happens to be the mutator current i_mut that is sensed, prior to smoothing. In the secondary loop of current transformer  300 , resistors  302  are connected as a potential divider. Transient voltage suppressors  304  are also shown. Across the resistive divider, voltage transformers  306 ,  308  are connected as shown, and these provide at terminals  310 ,  312  a voltage output which carries a measure of the so-called “exchange current” i_exch. In this example, the voltage ratios of transformers  306 ,  308  are the same. In order for this exchange current to be measured, terminals  314  and  316  of this module  136  are connected to the corresponding terminals  314 ,  316  of all the other UPS units that are currently connected in parallel. A switch  318  is provided and controlled by the controller  130  in the UPS unit, so as to isolate the module  136  from those of other UPS units, at times when the present UPS unit is not currently in operation. 
         [0024]    In a known commercial system, the modules  136  and the interconnections  314 ,  316  are used to measure exchange current, and the controller  130  in each UPS unit takes note of the measured exchange current and adjusts the UPS output current to drive the exchange current to zero. In this way, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the total current i_tot is divided equally in half by the UPS units, so that i_load_ 1 =i_load_ 2 =i_tot/2. 
         [0025]      FIG. 4  illustrates, purely by way of example, a current control loop implemented in the controller  130  of a UPS unit in the known system. Certain input variables for the control loop are either measured or dictated as follows: v_out is a measurement of the output voltage of the UPS unit; v_ref is an internally-generated reference voltage, representing a target to which the output voltage should be controlled; i_load is the output current of the UPS unit; i_mut is a measured mutator current, previously mentioned; i_cap is an internally-generated theoretical capacitor current waveform that models the smoothing effect of the output capacitors, previously mentioned; i_exch is the measured exchange current obtained from module  136  ( FIG. 3 ). Each of these variables is received and processed through a respective transfer function H_vo, H_iload etc, and combined as illustrated by logic functions  410 - 440 , to generate a composite value i_ref. Each of logic functions  410 - 440  can include one or more adder and subtractor, according to the ‘+’ and ‘−’ signs shown in  FIG. 4 . This value i_ref is compared with the measured mutator current i_mut and used to generate a control value eps_i for the convertor  124 . The control value eps_i is a value indicating a current error of the system and the difference between the composite value i_ref and the measured mutator current i_mut. 
         [0026]    By suitable design and execution of this control loop, the output current i_load of the UPS is controlled in real time to achieve a desired output voltage v_out=v_ref, and to drive to zero the exchange current i_exch. Transfer functions H associated with each variable and intermediate result are of course carefully designed with respect to their gain and frequency response, so as to obtain the desired control characteristics. Other control loops, for example a voltage control loop, may also be implemented. Depending on the detailed implementation of the controller  130  hardware, implementation may be in hardware circuits, in FPGA programming, microprocessor programming, DSP programming or a combination of these. Depending on the implementation, a change in the control loop architecture and/or response characteristics can be effected simply by reprogramming of software modules and/or registers within controller  130 . Such reprogramming may be done at a factory, and/or in the field, for example by a computer connected to the communications bus COM ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0027]    Now, by operation of the modules  136  and the known control loop of  FIG. 4  in each UPS unit, the exchange current measurement by module  136  gives for the UPS- 1 : 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       i_exch 
                        
                       _ 
                        
                       1 
                     
                     = 
                       
                      
                     
                       k_exch 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           i_mut 
                            
                           _ 
                            
                           1 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 i_mut 
                                  
                                 _ 
                                  
                                 1 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 i_mut 
                                  
                                 _ 
                                  
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           / 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     = 
                       
                      
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             i_mut 
                              
                             _ 
                              
                             1 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             i_mut 
                              
                             _ 
                              
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       / 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    where k_exch is a constant and can be defined by the multiplication of an electrical resistance of the resistor  302  with the voltage ratio of transformers  306 ,  308 . 
         [0029]    For an arbitrary number N of UPS units in parallel, labelled UPS- 1  to UPS-N, each UPS unit UPS-x has an exchange current i_exch_x defined by the formula: 
         [0000]      i_exch_x=k_exch[i_mut_x−(i_mut — 1+ . . . +i_mut_N)/N ].
 
         [0030]    In this way, i_exch for each UPS is controlled to be 0. Consequently, for two UPS in parallel, i_load  1 =i_load_ 2 =i_tot/2. The skilled person would understand that i_exch_ 1  and i_exch_ 2  are approximately 0 in a conventional UPS system. 
         [0031]    While this equal division of the load current is appropriate for two identical UPS units, it may sometimes be desirable to connect UPS units having different power ratings in parallel with one another. Suppose UPS- 1  has a nominal power rating of 500 kVA and UPS- 2  has a nominal power rating of 300 kVA. Using the known control loop to set the exchange current to zero, the 300 kVA and 500 kVA units will still each provide the same current level to the load. This is undesirable for maximising capacity of the whole system, and for avoiding undue stress on the weaker units. 
         [0032]      FIG. 5  is a diagram similar to  FIG. 2 , but showing the proportionate division of current between non-identical UPS units, in a system of  100  operating according to an embodiment of the present invention. It will be seen that UPS- 1  has a power rating of 500 kVA while UPS- 2  has a rating of only 300 kVA. Whatever is the total current i_tot to load  102 , the current from the first UPS unit i_load_ 1  should be ⅝ of the total, and the current i_load_ 2  on the second UPS unit should be ⅜ of the total. The inventors have recognized that this desired outcome can be achieved by a simple modification of the control loop, illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 6  shows the modified control loop for current in the UPS units of system  100 . This is identical to the known control loop shown in  FIG. 4 , except that an additional exchange compensation amount i_exc_c is calculated and subtracted at a suitable point in the overall calculation. The exchange compensation amount takes account of the actual output current (either the mutator current, the final output current or other suitable measure), but takes account also of stored values representing the power capacity individual UPS unit, in proportion to the total capacity of the units currently operating in parallel. 
         [0034]    In a basic implementation, by adding an exchange compensation amount 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       i_exc 
                        
                       _c 
                     
                     = 
                       
                      
                     
                       i_load 
                       * 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Pnom 
                             - 
                             Pnom_av 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         / 
                         Pnom 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     = 
                       
                      
                     
                       i_load 
                       * 
                       k_exc 
                        
                       _c 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0035]    each UPS will provide what is expected. We can call k_exc_c an exchange compensation factor determined by the nominal power Pnom of the individual UPS and is the average nominal power Pnom_av of all UPS in parallel in the system. Note that i_exc_c will need to be recalculated if one or more units drop out of the parallel operation, or are added in. This can be achieved automatically if desired, for example by status messages exchanged via communication bus COM. 
         [0036]    In the previous example, with UPS- 1  rated 500 kVA in parallel with UPS- 2  rated 300 kVA: 
         [0000]      Pnom_av=(500 k+300 k)/2=400 k 
         [0000]      and 
         [0000]      Ptot=800 k. 
         [0037]    Using the suffixes 500 kVA and 300 kVA to identify the values in UPS- 1  and UPS- 2  directly, the exchange compensation factor k_exc_c for each UPS is: 
         [0000]      k_exc_c — 500 kVA=(500 k−400 k)/500 k=1/5
 
         [0000]      k_exc_c — 300 kVA=(300 k−400 k)/300 k=−1/3
 
         [0038]    In the specific example illustrated in  FIG. 6 , mutator current i_mut rather than the final output current i_load is used as a specific measure of the output current within each UPS unit, to optimize synchronization and efficiency. Therefore the additional current compensations in the control loops are: 
         [0000]      i_exc_c — 500 kVA=i_mut — 500 kVA*1/5. 
         [0000]      i_exc_c — 300 kVA=i_mut — 300 kVA*(−1/3)
 
         [0039]    We can calculate the exchange current for both UPS: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     i_exch 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     500 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       i_load 
                        
                       _ 
                        
                       500 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       kVA 
                     
                     - 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i_load 
                            
                           _ 
                            
                           300 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           kVA 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           i_load 
                            
                           _ 
                            
                           500 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           kVA 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     / 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     * 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           5 
                           / 
                           8 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             4 
                             / 
                             8 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     / 
                     8 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     i_exch 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     300 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       i_load 
                        
                       _ 
                        
                       300 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       kVA 
                     
                     - 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           i_load 
                            
                           _ 
                            
                           300 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           kVA 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           i_load 
                            
                           _ 
                            
                           500 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           kVA 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     / 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     * 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           3 
                           / 
                           8 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             4 
                             / 
                             8 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     / 
                     8 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0040]    We can likewise calculate the additional current compensation i_exc_c in each UPS controller as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     i_exc 
                      
                     _c 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     500 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_load 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     500 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                     * 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           500 
                           - 
                           400 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       / 
                       500 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_load 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     500 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       kVA 
                       / 
                       5 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         i_tot 
                         * 
                         
                           5 
                           / 
                           8 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     / 
                     5 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     / 
                     8 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     i_exc 
                      
                     _c 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     300 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_load 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     300 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     kVA 
                     * 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           300 
                           - 
                           400 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       / 
                       300 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_load 
                      
                     _ 
                      
                     300 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       kVA 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                           / 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         i_tot 
                         * 
                         
                           3 
                           / 
                           8 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     / 
                     3 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     i_tot 
                     / 
                     8 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0041]    These last two sets of equations confirm that the compensation amounts, when added to the existing control loop, cause exchange current to be regulated not to zero, but to the amount appropriate to ensure that the 300 kVA and 500 kVA UPS will provide respectively ⅜ and ⅝ of the current load. It will be appreciated that the exchange current will be steered towards a positive value in the case of a converter with higher than average nominal power rating, and towards a negative value in the case of a converter with lower than average power rating. Note also that this control is done primarily by processes (algorithms) and sensors within the individual UPS units, and without explicitly measuring the total current i_tot. In theory, the control of exchange current can therefore be managed continuously with performance according to the particular design of current feedback loop and/or voltage feedback loop. The skilled reader will understand that the feedback loop may be designed to allow for a delay from the current sensor, when designing a transfer function. 
         [0042]    While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is to be understood that numerous variations and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, defined in the appended claims. While UPS units generating a conditioned AC supply have been illustrated, these are just one example of a power converter, in which the invention may be useful. The generated supply need not be AC, but could be DC. 
         [0043]    The control loops described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or any combination thereof. For example, the invention may take the form of a computer program containing one or more sequences of machine-readable instructions which, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform one or more methods described above. 
         [0044]    When the embodiments are implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, program code or code segments, they can be stored in a machine-readable medium, such as a storage component. The term “machine-readable medium” can include, without being limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing, and/or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A code segment can represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment can be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
         [0045]    For a software implementation, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes can be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit can be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art. 
         [0046]    For a hardware implementation, the processing units can be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. All of the processes described above may be embodied in, and fully automated via, functional code modules executed by one or more general purpose electronic devices or processors. The code modules may be stored in any type of non-transitory machine-readable medium or other storage device. Some or all of the methods may alternatively be embodied in specialized hardware. Depending on the embodiment, the non-transitory machine-readable medium may be a hard disk drive, a compact disc, a digital video disc, a tape drive or other suitable storage medium.