Abstract:
Contact material for vacuum circuit breaker according to the present invention contains (1) copper, (2) molybdenum, and (3) niobium or tantalum.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a vacuum circuit breaker which is excellent in high current breaking characteristics, and more particularly, it relates to contact material for the same. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Vacuum circuit breakers, which are maintenance-free, pollution-free and excellent in breaking performance, have been widely used in the art. With development thereof, awaited is provision of circuit breakers applicable to both higher voltage and higher current. 
     Performance of a vacuum circuit breaker mainly depends on contact material for the same. Such contact material is preferable to have (1) larger breaking capacity, (2) higher withstand voltage, (3) lower contact resistance, (4) smaller force required to separate welded contacts, (5) smaller contact consumption, (6) smaller chopping current, (7) better machinability and (8) sufficient mechanical strength. 
     It is practically difficult to obtain a contact material having all of the said preferable characteristics. In practical contact material, therefore, only particularly important characteristics required for a specific use are improved at the sacrifice of the other characteristics. For example, a copper (Cu) - tungsten (W) contact material as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open Gazette No. 78429/1980 is excellent in withstand voltage performance, and thus commonly applied to load switchs, contactors etc. However, the Cu-W contact material is not so much satisfactory in current breaking performance. 
     On the other hand, a copper (Cu) - chromium (Cr) contact material disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Patent Laying-Open Gazette No. 71375/1979 is remarkably excellent in breaking performance, and thus commonly applied to circuit breakers etc. However, the Cu-Cr contact material is inferior in withstand voltage performance to the Cu-W contact material. 
     In addition to the aforementioned examples, examples of contact materials generally used in the air or oil are described in literature such as &#34;General Lecture of Powder Metallurgy&#34; edited by Yoshiharu Matsuyama et al. and published (1972) by Nikkan Kogyo Shinbun. However, such contact materials of silver (Ag) - molybdenum (Mo) and Cu-Mo systems as described in &#34;General Lecture of Powder Metallurgy&#34; pp. 229-230 are inferior in withstand voltage performance to the aforementioned Cu-W contact material as well as in current breaking performance to the said Cu-Cr contact material, and thus are scarcely applied to vacuum circuit breakers at present. 
     As mentioned above, practically selected and employed is a contact material which is excellent in characteristics required for a specific use. However, desired in recent years are vacuum circuit breakers which are applicable to both higher current and higher voltage, and it is difficult to satisfy characteristics required therefor by a conventional contact material. Further, a contact material having higher performance is desired also for miniaturizing the vacuum circuit breakers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide contact materials for the vacuum circuit breaker which are excellent in breaking performance with improvement in characteristics. 
     The contact material for the vacuum circuit breaker according to the present invention comprises (1) copper, (2) molybdenum and (3) niobium (Nb) or tantalum (Ta). 
     The above and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphs respectively showing normalized breaking performance of Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta contact materials prepared by an infiltration method in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphs respectively showing normalized breaking performance of Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta contact materials prepared by a powder sintering method in accordance with the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs showing normalized breaking performance of Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta contact materials prepared by a hot press method in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preparation of Contact Material 
     Three sample groups of contact materials were prepared by three methods of applied powder metallurgy, i.e., an infiltration method, a powder sintering method and a hot press method. 
     In the infiltration method, for example, Mo powder of 3 μm in mean grain size, Nb powder of grain size less than 40 μm and Cu powder of grain size less than 40 μm have been mixed in the ratio of 75.7:7.8:16.5 at weight percentage (wt. %) for two hours. The mixed powder was then filled in dies of prescribed geometry, to be compacted by a press under a pressure of 1 ton/cm 2 . The compact thus formed has been sintered at 1000° C. for two hours in a vacuum, thereby to obtain loosely sintered compact. A block of oxygen-free copper was placed on the loosely sintered compact, which were then kept at 1250° C. for one hour in a hydrogen atmosphere, to obtain a contact material impregnated with oxygen-free copper. The final composition of this contact material is that of a sample 2N as shown in Table 1A. Table 1A lists up the samples of the Cu-Mo-Nb system prepared by the infiltration method, in which a sample 1R containing no Nb was prepared for reference. 
     Similarly, Table 1B shows samples of the Cu-Mo-Ta system prepared by the infiltration method under the same processing conditions as above. 
     
                       TABLE 1A______________________________________(Infiltration Method)Sample     Composition (wt. %)                     IACS (%)*______________________________________ 1R        Cu--50.2Mo     60.5 2N        Cu--31.3Mo--3.7Nb                     70.3 3N        Cu--28.4Mo--11.6Nb                     71.3 4N        Cu--48.6Mo--2.4Nb                     65.5 5N        Cu--45.3Mo--4.7Nb                     62.8 6N        Cu--40.5Mo--9.5Nb                     64.0 7N        Cu--35.7Mo--14.3Nb                     61.3 8N        Cu--25.7Mo--24.3Nb                     62.2 9N        Cu--15.5Mo--34.5Nb                     63.710N        Cu--57.2Mo--2.8Nb                     58.211N        Cu--54.4Mo--5.6Nb                     55.312N        Cu--48.7Mo--11.3Nb                     53.613N        Cu--42.9Mo--17.1Nb                     44.114N        Cu--30.8Mo--29.2Nb                     50.415N        Cu--18.6Mo--41.4Nb                     49.8______________________________________ *IACS: International Annealed Copper Standard 
    
     
                       TABLE 1B______________________________________(Infiltration Method)Sample     Composition (wt. %)                     IACS (%)______________________________________ 1R        Cu--50.2Mo     60.5 2T        Cu--33.2Mo--6.8Ta                     59.7 3T        Cu--22.4Mo--17.6Ta                     55.5 4T        Cu--45.6Mo--4.4Ta                     62.4 5T        Cu--41.5Mo--8.5Ta                     58.0 6T        Cu--34.2Mo--15.8Ta                     53.5 7T        Cu--27.9Mo--22.1Ta                     50.2 8T        Cu--17.5Mo--32.5Ta                     45.4 9T        Cu--5.0Mo--45.0Ta                     48.910T        Cu--54.7Mo--5.3Ta                     54.411T        Cu--49.8Mo--10.2Ta                     48.412T        Cu--41.1Mo--18.9Ta                     44.413T        Cu--33.5Mo--26.5Ta                     47.214T        Cu--21.0Mo--39.0Ta                     46.415T        Cu--6.0Mo--54.0Ta                     44.3______________________________________ 
    
     In the powder sintering method, for example, Mo powder of 3 μm in mean grain size, Nb powder of grain size less than 40 μm and Cu powder of grain size less than 75μm have been mixed in the ratio of 38.1:1.9:60 at weight percentage for two hours. The mixed powder was then filled in dies of prescribed geometry, to be compacted by a press under a pressure of 3.3 ton/cm 2 . The compact thus formed has been sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature just below the melting point of copper for two hours, thereby to obtain a contact material. This contact material is shown as a sample 17N in Table 2A, which lists up the samples of the Cu-Mo-Nb system obtained by the powder sintering method. A sample 16R containing no Nb and a sample 23R of the Cu-Cr system are shown for reference. 
     Similarly, Table 2B shows samples of the Cu-Mo-Ta system prepared by the powder sintering method. These samples were prepared under the same conditions as those for the Cu-Mo-Nb system contact material. 
     
                       TABLE 2A______________________________________(Powder Sintering Method)Sample     Composition (wt. %)                     IACS (%)______________________________________16R        Cu--25Mo       66.917N        Cu--38.1Mo--1.9Nb                     55.518N        Cu--36.2Mo--3.8Nb                     55.019N        Cu--28.6Mo--11.4Nb                     61.320N        Cu--23.8Mo--1.2Nb                     74.921N        Cu--22.6Mo--2.4Nb                     73.622N        Cu--17.9Mo--7.1Nb                     60.623R        Cu--25Cr       41.8______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2B______________________________________(Powder Sintering Method)Sample     Composition (Wt. %)                     IACS (%)______________________________________16R        Cu--25Mo       66.917T        Cu--36.5Mo--3.5Ta                     57.018T        Cu--33.2Mo--6.8Ta                     56.419T        Cu--22.4Mo--17.6Ta                     52.020T        Cu--22.8Mo--2.2Ta                     73.721T        Cu--20.7Mo--4.3Ta                     71.222T        Cu--14.0Mo--11.0Ta                     62.223R        Cu--25Cr       41.8______________________________________ 
    
     In the hot press method, for example, Mo powder of 3 μm in mean grain size, Nb powder of grain size less than 40 μm and Cu powder of grain size less than 75 μm have been mixed in the ratio of 38.1:1.9:60 at weight percentage for two hours. The mixed powder was then filled in carbon dies to be heated at 1000° C. under a pressure of 200 Kg/cm 2  in a vacuum, thereby to obtain a contact material ingot. The contact material thus obtained is shown as a sample 25N in Table 3A, which lists up the samples of the Cu-Mo-Nb system prepared by the hot press method. A sample 24R containing no Nb was prepared for reference. 
     Similarly, Table 3B shows samples of the Cu-Mo-Ta system prepared by the hot press method. Conditions for preparing the same were identical to those for the samples of the Cu-Mo-Nb system. 
     
                       TABLE 3A______________________________________(Hot Press Method)Sample     Composition (wt. %)                     IACS (%)______________________________________24R        Cu--25Mo       76.125N        Cu--38.1Mo--1.9Nb                     62.526N        Cu--36.2Mo--3.8Nb                     62.027N        Cu--28.6Mo--11.4Nb                     68.328N        Cu--23.8Mo--1.2Nb                     75.829N        Cu--22.6Mo--2.4Nb                     75.530N        Cu--17.9Mo--7.1Nb                     72.8______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 3B______________________________________(Hot Press Method)Sample     Composition (wt. %)                     IACS (%)______________________________________24R        Cu--25Mo       76.125T        Cu--36.5Mo--3.5Ta                     72.026T        Cu--33.2Mo--6.8Ta                     61.327T        Cu--22.4Mo--17.6Ta                     54.028T        Cu--22.8Mo--2.2Ta                     75.329T        Cu--20.7Mo--4.3Ta                     73.830T        Cu--14.0Mo--11.0Ta                     71.0______________________________________ 
    
     Characteristics of Contact Material 
     The respective samples of the contact materials prepared by the said methods were machined into electrodes of 20 mm in diameter, and then subjected to measurement of electric conductivity. The results are included in Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A and 3B, and it is obvious that most of the samples are equivalent to or higher than the reference sample 23R of the conventional Cu-Cr contact material in electric conductivity. 
     The said electrodes were assembled into standard circuit breakers, to be subjected to measurement of electric characteristics. FIG. 1A shows normalized breaking performance of the samples prepared by the infiltration method as shown in Table 1A. The contact materials according to the present invention are of the ternary system, and hence the abscissa indicates the content of Nb with respect to Mo, i.e., the total weight percentage of Mo and Nb is 100%. The ordinate indicates the normalized breaking performance with reference to the conventional Cu - 50 wt. % Mo contact material, i.e., the value of the current breakable through the standard vacuum circuit breaker, with reference to the Cu - 50 wt. % Mo contact material as shown by a double circle 4 in FIG. 1A. 
     A curve 1 in FIG. 1A represents breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Nb samples 2N and 3N respectively containing about 60 wt. % Cu as shown in Table 1A. A curve 2 represents breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Nb samples 4N, 5N, 6N, 7N, 8N and 9N respectively containing about 50 wt. % Cu and the Cu - 50.2 wt. % Mo sample 1R containing no Nb as shown in Table 1A. A curve 3 in FIG. 1A represents breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Nb samples 10N, 11N, 12N, 13N, 14N and 15N respectively containing about 40 wt. % Cu as shown in Table 1A. A line 5 in FIG. 1A represents breaking performance of the sample 23R of the conventional Cu - 25 wt. % Cr contact material prepared by the powder sintering method for reference. 
     Similarly, FIG. 1B shows breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Ta contact material prepared by the infiltration method as shown in Table 1B. 
     As an example of the breaking performance, a current of 12.5 KA at 7.2 KV was satisfactorily broken by the sample 5N or 4T of 20 mm in diameter assembled into the standard vacuum circuit breaker. 
     It is understood from FIGS. 1A and 1B that the contact materials of the Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta systems prepared by the infiltration method is superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material. In the infiltration method, the samples were prepared within the range of 2.4-41.4 wt. % Nb and 15.5-57.2 wt. % Mo, or 4.4-54.0 wt. % Ta and 5.0-54.7 wt. % Mo. With respect to the contact materials being superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material, it is believed that contents of Mo and Nb, or Mo and Ta may be in wider ranges. However, increase in the contents of Ta, Nb and Mo generally involves increased cost and deteriorated machinability. Therefore, optimum compositions can be selected in consideration of electric characteristics as well as cost and mechanical characteristics. 
     FIG. 2A shows normalized breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Nb samples prepared by the powder sintering method as listed in Table 2A. In FIG. 2A, the abscissa indicates the Nb content with respect to Mo similarly to FIG. 1A, while the ordinate indicates the breaking performance with reference to a contact material of Cu - 25 wt. % Mo (sample 16R) as shown by a double circle 8. A curve 6 represents breaking performance of samples 20N, 21N, 22N and 23N of the Cu-Mo-Nb contact material respectively containing about 75 wt. % Cu and the reference sample 16R as shown in Table 2A. A curve 7 in FIG. 2A represents breaking performance of the samples 17N, 18N and 19N of the Cu-Mo-Nb system respectively containing about 60 wt. % as shown in Table 2A. A line 5 in FIG. 2A represents breaking performance of conventional Cu - 25 wt. % Cr contact material for reference, similarly to FIG. 1A. 
     In a similar manner, FIG. 2B shows breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Ta contact material prepared by the powder sintering method as shown in Table 2B. 
     It is understood from FIGS. 2A and 2B that the contact materials of the Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta systems prepared by the powder sintering method are also superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material. While compositions of the contact materials prepared by the powder sintering method were within the ranges of 1.2-11.4 wt. % Nb and 1.79-38.1 wt. % Mo, or 2.2-11.0 wt. % Ta and 1.40-36.5 wt. % Mo, the contact materials in wider ranges of these contents are believed to be superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material. 
     FIG. 3A shows breaking performance of the contact material prepared by the hot press method as shown in Table 3A. Similarly to FIG. 1A, the abscissa indicates the Nb content with respect to Mo. The ordinate indicates the breaking performance with reference to a contact material of Cu - 25 wt. % Mo (sample 24R) prepared by the hot press method, with the reference being shown by a double circle 11. A curve 9 in FIG. 3A represents the breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Nb samples 28N, 29N and 30N respectively containing about 75 wt. % Cu and the reference sample 24R as shown in Table 3A. A curve 10 represents the breaking performance of samples 25N, 26N and 27N respectively containing about 60 wt. % Cu as shown in Table 3A. Similarly to FIG. 1A, a line 5 represents the breaking performance of the conventional contact material of Cu - 25 wt. % Cr (sample 23R) for reference. 
     In a similar manner, FIG. 3B shows breaking performance of the Cu-Mo-Ta contact material prepared by the hot press method as shown in Table 3B. 
     It is understood from FIGS. 3A and 3B that the contact materials of the Cu-Mo-Nb and Cu-Mo-Ta systems prepared by the hot press method are also superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material. Similarly to Tables 2A and 2B, compositions of the contact material prepared by the hot press method were within the ranges of 1.2-11.4 wt. % Nb and 17.9-38.1 wt. % Mo, or 2.2-11.0 wt. % Ta and 14.0-36.5 wt. % Mo, but the contact materials of these systems in wider ranges of the contents are believed to be superior in breaking performance to the conventional Cu-Cr contact material. 
     Referring to the curves 1, 7 and 10 in FIGS. 1A, 2A and 3A, comparison can be made on the Cu-Mo-Nb samples containing about 60 wt. % Cu prepared by different methods, whereas no remarkable difference is observed except for that the samples prepared by the hot press method are somewhat better in breaking performance than the other samples. While the samples of the Cu-Mo-Nb contact material were investigated within the ranges of 15.5-57.2 wt. % Mo and 1.2-41.4 wt. % Nb, the breaking performance thereof is believed to be excellent in a wider range of the Nb content, since the performance is increased with increase of the Nb content in each of FIGS. 1A, 2A and 3A. Although the Cu-Mo-Nb samples containing 40 wt. % Cu are lower in breaking performance in certain ranges of the Mo and Nb contents than the other Cu-Mo-Nb samples in FIG. 1A, the same are sufficiently applicable in practice since the breaking performance is increased with increase of the Nb content. 
     Similarly, comparison can be made on the Cu-Mo-Ta samples containing about 60 wt. % Cu prepared by different methods, with reference to the curves 1, 7 and 10 as shown in FIGS. 1B, 2B and 3B. However, only slight difference in breaking performance is observed between the samples. Although the Cu-Mo-Ta samples were investigated within the range of 5.0-54.7 wt. % Mo and 2.2-54.0 wt. % Ta, the contact material containing a higher content of Ta is believed to be excellent in breaking performance since the breaking performance is increased with increase of Ta content in each of FIGS. 1B, 2B and 3B. 
     Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.