Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a method of measuring an absolute lung volume. In the method, concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are measured and analyzed in respiratory gas, consisting of nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), to indirectly measure a concentration of nitrogen, thereby achieving measurement of absolute lung volume, such as a functional residual capacity. The method comprises connecting a one-way valve to a subject so as to separate an inspiration path from an expiration path, measuring a flow rate of respiratory gas using a flow sensor, which is provided in the expiration path, continuously measuring a concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and a concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide using O 2  and CO 2  sensors provided in the expiration path, correcting dynamic characteristics of the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide so that the dynamic characteristics agree with each other in terms of time, and analyzing oxygen and carbon dioxide gases using the following Equation.  
       FRC   =       1   0.79     ⁢     ∫       (     1   -     (       F   O2     -     F   CO2       )       )     ⁢   F   ⁢     ⅆ   t

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates, in general, to a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis and, more particularly, to a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis, in which concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are measured and analyzed in respiratory gas, consisting of nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), to indirectly measure a concentration of nitrogen, thereby achieving measurement of the absolute lung volume, including a functional residual capacity.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     Exhaled through expiration during respiration of humans, respiratory gas consists of only nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). A concentration of the respiratory gas exhaled during the respiration of humans is important to evaluate a respiratory function. For example, the evaluation of the respiratory function is implemented in such a way that expired air, which is generated through a physiological gas exchange process in the lung after inspiring 100% oxygen, is collected and subjected to concentration analysis so as to measure, for example, concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Used to evaluate the respiratory function, an absolute lung volume, such as a functional residual capacity (hereinafter, referred to as “FRC”), is a very important parameter for diagnosing a chronic respiratory disease.  
         [0005]     The FRC denotes a volume of air remaining in the lung at the moment that expiration ends, and is normally about 1-2 L. Of methods of measuring the FRC, a whole-body plethysmography is the most precise method. However, the whole-body plethysmography is disadvantageous in that a volume of air existing in the abdominal cavity is included in measurements, and that it is impossible to apply to claustrophobia patients or patients who have difficulty in breathing because a subject must respire in a closed large box.  
         [0006]     Accordingly, an N 2  wash-out test is clinically used to measure the FRC. The N 2  wash-out test employs the property that nitrogen does not diffuse into a closed capillary. As shown in  FIG. 1 , in the N 2  wash-out test, a three-way valve  50  is connected to a subject  40 , who inspires air, to form an air feeding path  13 , and an inspiration path  11  and an expiration path  12  of the subject. The inspiration path  11  and the expiration path  12  of the subject  40  are divided by one-way valves  10 ,  20 , and an airbag  30  is connected to the expiration path  12  to collect expired gases.  
         [0007]     When the subject  40 , who respires air fed through the air feeding path  13 , is in an FRC state, that is, when the subject  40  is in the last stage of expiration, the lung of the subject  40  is fully filled with air and a concentration of nitrogen is 79% in the air. Hence, the total nitrogen volume (V N2 ) of the lung of the subject is 0.79×FRC as shown in Equation 1. 
 
 V   N2 =0.79 ×FRC   Formula 1 
 
         [0008]     At this stage, the three-way valve  50  is adjusted to allow the subject to inspire 100% oxygen fed through the inspiration path  11 , and expired gas is collected through the expiration path  12  in the airbag  30 . When 100% oxygen is inspired through the inspiration path  13 , air in the lung of the subject  40  is diluted by oxygen fed into the lung. If the subject expires the air, which is diluted by oxygen, from the lung, the concentration of nitrogen in the expired gas is reduced to be less than 79% of the initial concentration. Upon repeating this process, the lung of the subject  40  is fully filled with oxygen, and the concentration of nitrogen in the expired gas becomes 0%.  
         [0009]     In the FRC state in which the lung of the subject is fully filled with air containing 79% nitrogen, the inspiration of 100% oxygen is repeated to collect the expired gas in the airbag  30  until the concentration of nitrogen is 0% in the expired gas, thereby completely transferring nitrogen from the lung of the subject  40  into the airbag.  
         [0010]     Calculated using a volume (V B ) of the airbag and a nitrogen concentration ratio (F N2 ) of gas in the airbag, a volume (V N2 ) of nitrogen in the airbag  30  is V B ×F N2  as shown in Equation 2. 
 
V N2 =F N2 V B   Formula 2 
 
         [0011]     In this regard, since the volume (V N2 ) of nitrogen in the airbag  30  of Equation 2 must be the same as the volume (V N2 ) of nitrogen in the lung of Equation 1, the FRC of Equation 3 is calculated using Equations 1 and 2. 
 
 FRC=F   N2   V   B /0.79  Formula 3 
 
         [0012]     However, the concentration of nitrogen must be measured using a nitrogen concentration analyzer during the N 2  wash-out test. The nitrogen concentration analyzer has disadvantages of a high price, noise, and additional use of a large-sized vacuum pump, and thus, its usage is complicated. Accordingly, it is impossible to conduct the N 2  wash-out test to evaluate the FRC except in a large hospital.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis. In the method, concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in expired gas are measured using a relatively low-priced and general O 2 /CO 2  analyzer, and a concentration of nitrogen is indirectly calculated using the measured concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide to determine precisely FRC. Additionally, in the method, measurement is simply conducted and a measurement device is low-priced.  
         [0014]     In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a method of measuring an absolute lung volume. The method comprises connecting an one-way valve  120  to a subject so as to separate an inspiration path  112  from an expiration path  114 ; measuring a flow rate (F) of respiratory gas using a flow sensor  130 , which is provided in the expiration path  114 ; continuously measuring a concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and a concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide using O 2  and CO 2  sensors  150  provided in the expiration path  114 ; correcting dynamic characteristics of the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide so that the dynamic characteristics agree with each other in terms of time; and analyzing oxygen and carbon dioxide gases using the following Equation.  
       FRC   =       1   0.79     ⁢     ∫       (     1   -     (       F   O2     -     F   CO2       )       )     ⁢   F   ⁢     ⅆ   t               
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]     The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional N 2  wash-out test of measuring an absolute lung volume;  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  illustrates a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis according to the present invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  is a graph showing response characteristics of an O 2  sensor and a CO 2  sensor used in the present invention;  
         [0019]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing compensation of output of the O 2  sensor used in the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing response characteristics of the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor after the compensation of the output of the O 2  sensor according to a procedure of  FIG. 4 ;  
         [0021]      FIG. 6   a  is a graph showing a concentration of nitrogen gas which is calculated using concentrations of oxygen (F O2 ) and carbon dioxide (F CO2 ) and a flow rate (F) of respiratory gas according to the present invention; and  
         [0022]      FIG. 6   b  is a graph showing output of an expiratory flow sensor according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.  
         [0024]     Of the drawings,  FIG. 2  illustrates a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis according to the present invention, and  FIG. 3  is a graph showing response characteristics of an O 2  sensor and a CO 2  sensor used in the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing compensation of output of the O 2  sensor used in the present invention, and  FIG. 5  is a graph showing response characteristics of the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor after the compensation of the output of the O 2  sensor according to a procedure of  FIG. 4 . Additionally, FIG.  6   a  is a graph showing a concentration of nitrogen gas which is calculated using concentrations of oxygen (F O2 ) and carbon dioxide (F CO2 ) and a flow rate (F) of respiratory gas according to the present invention, and  FIG. 6   b  is a graph showing output of an expiratory flow sensor according to the present invention.  
         [0026]     In the method of measuring the absolute lung volume according to the present invention, respiratory gas expired by humans consists of only nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Accordingly, if the total of concentration ratios of the above gases is 1 (=100%), Equation 3, by which a concentration of nitrogen (N 2 ) is measured to calculate an FRC of a subject, is transformed into the following Equation 4.  
             FRC   =         1   -     (       F   O2     -     F   CO2       )       0.79     ⁢     V   B               Equation   ⁢           ⁢   4             
 
         [0027]     In Equation 4, F 02  and F CO2  are concentration ratios of oxygen and carbon dioxide, respectively, and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide may be measured using a general O 2 /CO 2  analyzer which is frequently used to evaluate exercise functions or in metabolic monitoring and is relatively low-priced.  
         [0028]     Furthermore, when a flow sensor is connected to an expiration path to detect a flow in the expiration path and the concentrations of oxygen (F O2 ) and carbon dioxide (F CO2 ) are continuously measured using the O 2 /CO 2  analyzer, Equation 4 is transformed into the following integral Equation 5.  
             FRC   =       1   0.79     ⁢     ∫       (     1   -     (       F   O2     -     F   CO2       )       )     ⁢   F   ⁢     ⅆ   t                   Equation   ⁢           ⁢   5             
 
         [0029]     Wherein, F is a flow rate of respiratory gas measured by the flow sensor. From Equation 5, it can be seen that since the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen, the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide, and the flow rate (F) of the respiratory gas are a continuous function of time, it is possible to calculate the FRC without measurement of the concentration of nitrogen (N 2 ).  
         [0030]     In  FIG. 2 , a device for measuring the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide to indirectly measure a temperature of nitrogen according to the present invention is illustrated. The device employs a 3 L syringe  110 , which is a standard measuring device of the American Thoracic Society, instead of the lung of a subject who inspires air. One-way valves  120  are connected to an upper part of the syringe  110  to form an inspiration path  112  and an expiration path  114 . A flow sensor  130 , which is capable of continuously measuring a flow, is provided to the expiration path  114  to measure a flow rate (F) of respiratory gas.  
         [0031]     As well, O 2  and CO 2  sensors  150  are provided between the one-way valves  120  to measure the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and an O 2 /CO 2  analyzer  160  is provided at output portions of the O 2  and CO 2  sensors  150  so as to continuously measure the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide using output signals of the O 2  and CO 2  sensors  150 . An A/D converter  170  is provided at an output portion of the O 2 /CO 2  analyzer  160  so as to convert analog signals with respect to the concentrations (F O2 , F CO2 ) of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the flow rate (F) of respiratory gas, which is measured by the flow sensor  130 , into digital signals. An operator  180  is provided at an output portion of the A/D converter  170  to calculate the absolute lung volume using the concentrations (F O2 , F CO2 ) of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the flow rate (F) of the respiratory gas.  
         [0032]     In a method of measuring the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide to indirectly measure the concentration of nitrogen according to the present invention, a plunger of the 3 L syringe  110  containing air is repeatedly pulled and pushed predetermined times for a predetermined time to simulate respiration by the lung of the subject. In other words, inspiration starts to be conducted when a rubber bulb of the syringe is located at any one of 0, 1, and 2 L in an initial stage. Subsequently, inspiration and expiration are alternately repeated 10-15 times for 2 min using air, having a volume of 1 L, to simulate respiration by the lung of the subject.  
         [0033]     During respiration, the signals output from the O 2  and CO 2  sensors  150  are analyzed using the O 2 /CO 2  analyzer  160  to continuously measure the concentrations (F O2 , F CO2 ) of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the flow rate (F) of the respiratory gas is measured using the flow sensor  130  provided at the expiration path  114 .  
         [0034]     At this stage, the operator  18  serves to compensate for oxygen measurements that have relatively slow measurement characteristics among outputs of the O 2  and CO 2  sensors, which have different measurement characteristics due to different operation mechanisms, so that the measurement characteristics of the oxygen measurements are the same as those of carbon dioxide measurements. In other words, the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor have different delay times and the same time constant. However, as shown in  FIG. 3 , when a step response of gas fed into the O 2 /CO 2  analyzer  160  is measured, response characteristics of the O 2  sensor are slower than those of the CO 2  sensor. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 4 , step response signals of the O 2  sensor are properly shifted on a time axis so as to agree with step response signals of the CO 2  sensor in terms of time. The step response signals of the O 2  sensor are differentiated to extract rapidly changed high frequency components among output signals of the O 2  sensor, and the components are multiplied by proper gain constants (K). A 5 point moving average of the output signals, which are multiplied by the gain constants, is performed to remove noise, and the resulting values are added to an initial step response signal of the O 2  sensor, thereby producing high frequency compensation signals.  
         [0035]     With respect to this, the step response signals of the CO 2  sensor are subtracted from the step response signals of the O 2  sensor compensated according to the procedure of  FIG. 4 , and the resulting signal values are squared. The squared values are integrated, and a square root of an average value of the integrated values is extracted to produce a root-means-square (RMS) error. When the RMS error is minimized, the gain constant (K) is determined as an optimum value.  
         [0036]     When the output of the O 2  sensor, compensated as described above, is compared to the output of the CO 2  sensor, the outputs of the two sensors are almost the same as each other as shown in  FIG. 5 . In other words, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the time constants of the step response signals of the output of the O 2  sensor before the compensation is conducted, and the output of the CO 2  sensor are 0.27 sec (oxygen) and 0.19 sec (carbon dioxide). Hence, the step response signal of the O 2  sensor is slower by 0.08 sec. However, if the step response signal of the O 2  sensor is compensated through the procedure of  FIG. 4 , the step response signals of the outputs of the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor agree with each other in terms of time.  
         [0037]     Therefore, when the output of the O 2  sensor is compensated so that the step response signals of the outputs of the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor agree with each other in terms of time, and when a time axis is shifted so that delay times of the outputs of the O 2  sensor and the CO 2  sensor agree with a flow rate signal (F) of the respiratory gas, which is measured by the flow sensor  130  provided at the expiration path  114 , the flow rate (F) of the respiratory gas, the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen, and the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide agree with each other in terms of time. Thereby, it is possible to gain the FRC using Equation 5 without the concentration measurement of nitrogen (N 2 ).  
         [0038]      FIG. 6   a  is a graph showing a concentration (F N2 ) of nitrogen, which is calculated using concentrations of oxygen (F O2 ) and carbon dioxide (F CO2 ), when a volume of air contained in the 3 L syringe  110  is 1 L in the device of  FIG. 2 , and  FIG. 6   b  is a graph showing output of the flow sensor  130 . In other words, since an expired flow consists only of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, the concentration (F N2 ) of nitrogen is 1−(the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen+the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide). With respect to this, from  FIG. 6   a , it can be seen that the concentration decreases in accordance with repetition of the respiration. Furthermore, from  FIG. 6   b , it can be seen that since the flow sensor  130  measures only the expired flow, the output of the flow sensor  130  is 0 during an inspiration process.  
         [0039]     Furthermore, when the concentration of nitrogen, which is indirectly gained using the concentration (F O2 ) of oxygen and the concentration (F CO2 ) of carbon dioxide according to the present invention, is compared to the concentration of nitrogen, which is directly measured using a nitrogen analyzer, a correlation coefficient between the two results is 0.9984, and thus, the two results are very close to each other.  
         [0040]     As described above, a method of measuring an absolute lung volume based on O 2 /CO 2  gas analysis according to the present invention is advantageous in that a FRC is measured using an O 2 /CO 2  analyzer, which is relatively low-priced and easily handled, instead of a nitrogen analyzer, which is costly and troublesome in use, thereby easily measuring the FRC that is clinically important, resulting in an improved quality of a medical examination.  
         [0041]     The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in an illustrative manner with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is to be understood that the terminology used is intended to be in the nature of description rather than of limitation. Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. Therefore, it is to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.