Abstract:
An apparatus for heating a multicomponent working fluid includes a circulating fluidized bed configured to combust a collection of solid particles producing flue gases carrying particulate matter. Heat from the flue gases is transferred to a multicomponent working fluid contained within a plurality of first fluid tubes forming an enclosure for containing and directing a flow of the flue gases. The enclosure may also contain additional tubes forming a superheater. A separator receives the flue gases from the enclosure and separates the particulate matter therefrom expelling a first portion of the flue gases substantially without the separated particulate matter and a second portion of the flue gases containing the particulate matter. A heat exchanger receives the second portion of the flue gases provided as an output from the separator. An adjustable flow controller regulates the flow from the separator of the second portion of the flue gases to the heat exchanger and to the enclosure. The heat exchanger includes a third plurality of tubes which transfer heat from the second portion of the flue gases from the separator to the multicomponent working fluid and may also include a fourth plurality of tubes containing a single component working fluid.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application relates to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,165, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR CONTROLLING REGENERATIVE SYSTEM CONDENSATION LEVEL DUE TO CHANGING CONDITIONS IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,171, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR BALANCING REGENERATIVE REQUIREMENTS DUE TO PRESSURE CHANGES IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,364, filed Jan. 12, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR CONTROLLING SUPERHEATED VAPOR REQUIREMENTS DUE TO VARYING CONDITIONS IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,166, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR MAINTAINING PROPER DRUM LIQUID LEVEL IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,629, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR CONTROLLING DCSS CONDENSATE LEVELS IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,630, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR MAINTAINING PROPER FLOW IN PARALLEL HEAT EXCHANGERS IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,631, filed Jan. 13, 1999; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,164, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “WASTE HEAT KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,366, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “MATERIAL SELECTION AND CONDITIONING TO AVOID BRITTLENESS CAUSED BY NITRIDING”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,168, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “REFURBISHING CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS FOR KALINA CYCLE OPERATION”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,170, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “STARTUP TECHNIQUE USING MULTIMODE OPERATION IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,163, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR COOLING FURNACE WALLS IN A MULTICOMPONENT WORKING FLUID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,632, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “BLOWDOWN RECOVERY SYSTEM IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,368, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “REGENERATIVE SUBSYSTEM CONTROL IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,363, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “DISTILLATION AND CONDENSATION SUBSYSTEM (DCSS) CONTROL IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,365, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “VAPOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN A KALINA CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,367, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “A HYBRID DUAL CYCLE VAPOR GENERATOR”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/231,167, filed Jan. 13, 1999, for “TECHNIQUE FOR RECOVERING WASTE HEAT USING A BINARY WORKING FLUID”. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is in the field of power generation systems. In particular, the present invention is related to a circulating fluidized bed vapor generator utilized in a multicomponent fluid power cycle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In recent years, industrial and utility concerns with deregulation and operational costs have strengthened demands for increased power plant efficiency. The Rankine cycle power plant, which typically utilizes water as the working fluid, has been the mainstay for the utility and industrial power industry for the last 150 years. In a Rankine cycle power plant, heat energy is converted into electrical energy by heating a working fluid flowing through tubular walls, commonly referred to as waterwalls, to form a vapor, e.g., turning water into steam. Typically, the vapor will be superheated to form a high pressure vapor, e.g., superheated steam. The high pressure vapor is used to power a turbine/generator to generate electricity. 
     Conventional Rankine cycle power generation systems can be of various types, including direct-fired, fluidized bed and waste-heat type systems. In direct fired and fluidized bed type systems, combustion process heat is generated by burning fuel to heat the combustion air which in turn heats the working fluid circulating through the systems&#39; waterwalls. In direct-fired Rankine cycle power generation systems the fuel, commonly pulverized-coal, gas or oil, is ignited in burners supported by the waterwalls. In bubbling fluidized bed Rankine cycle power generation systems pulverized-coal is ignited in a bed located at the base of the boiler to generate combustion process heat. Waste-heat Rankine cycle power generation systems rely on heat generated in another process, e.g., incineration, for process heat to vaporize, and if desired superheat, the working fluid. Due to the metallurgical limitations, the highest temperature of the superheated steam does not normally exceed 1050° F. (566° C.). However, in some “aggressive” designs, this temperature can be as high as 1100° F. (593° C.). 
     Over the years, efficiency gains in Rankine cycle power systems have been achieved through technological improvements which have allowed working fluid temperatures and pressures to increase and exhaust gas temperatures and pressures to decrease. An important factor in the efficiency of the heat transfer is the average temperature of the working fluid during the transfer of heat from the heat source. If the temperature of the working fluid is significantly lower than the temperature of the available heat source, the efficiency of the cycle will be significantly reduced. This effect, to some extent, explains the difficulty in achieving further gains in efficiency in conventional, Rankine cycle-based, power plants. 
     In view of the above, a departure from the Rankine cycle has recently been proposed. The proposed new cycle, commonly referred to as the Kalina cycle, attempts to exploit the additional degree of freedom available when using a binary fluid, more particularly an ammonia/water mixture, as the working fluid. The Kalina cycle is described in the paper entitled: “Kalina Cycle System Advancements for Direct Fired Power Generation”, co-authored by Michael J. Davidson and Lawrence J. Peletz, Jr., and published by Combustion Engineering, of Windsor, Connecticut. Efficiency gains are obtained in the Kalina cycle plant by reducing the energy losses during the conversion of heat energy into electrical output. 
     Kalina Cycle Power Generation System 
     A simplified conventional direct-fired Kalina cycle power generation system is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawings. Kalina cycle power plants are characterized by three basic system elements, the Distillation and Condensation Subsystem (DCSS)  100 , the Vapor Subsystem (VSS)  110  which includes the boiler  142 , superheater  144  and recuperative heat exchanger (RHE)  140 , and the turbine/generator subsystem (TGSS)  130 . The DCSS  100  and RHE  140  are sometimes jointly referred to as the Regenerative Subsystem (RSS)  150 . The boiler  142  is formed of tubular walls  142   a  and the superheater  144  is formed of tubular walls and/or banks of tubular tubes  144   a . A heat source  120  provides process heat  121 . A portion  123  of the process heat  121  is used to vaporize the working fluid in the boiler  142 . Another portion  122  of the process heat  121  is used to superheat the vaporized working fluid in the superheater  144 . 
     During normal operation of the Kalina cycle power system of FIG. 1, the ammonia/water working fluid is fed to the boiler  142  from the RHE  140  by liquid stream FS  5  and from the DCSS  100  by liquid stream FS  7 . The working fluid is vaporized, i.e., boiled, in the tubular walls  142   a  of the boiler  142 . The FS rich working fluid stream  20  from the DCSS  100  is also vaporized in the heat exchanger(s) of the RHE  140 . 
     In one implementation, the vaporized working fluid from the boiler  142  along with the vaporized working fluid FS  9  from the RHE  140 , is further heated in the tubular walls/fluid tube bank  144   a  of the superheater  144 . The superheated vapor from the superheater  144  is directed to and powers the TGSS  130  as FS vapor  40  so that electrical power  131  is generated to meet the load requirement. In an alternative implementation, the RHE  140  not only vaporizes but also superheats the rich stream FS  20 . In such a case, the superheated vapor flow FS  9 ′ from the RHE  140  is combined with the superheated vapor from the superheater  144  to form FS vapor flow  40  to the TGSS  130 . 
     Expanded working fluid FS extraction  11  egresses from the TGSS  130 , e.g., from a low pressure (LP) turbine (not shown) within the TGSS  130 , and is directed to the DCSS  100 . This expanded working fluid is, in part, condensed in the DCSS  100 . Working fluid condensed in the DCSS  100 , as described above, forms feed fluid FS  7 , which is fed to the boiler  142 . Another key feature of the DCSS  100  is the separation of the working fluid egressing from TGSS  130  into ammonia rich and ammonia lean streams for use by the VSS  110 . In this regard, the DCSS  100  separates the expanded working fluid into an ammonia rich working fluid flow FS rich  20  and an ammonia lean working fluid flow FS lean  30 . Waste heat  101  from the DCSS  100  is dumped to a heat sink, such as a river or pond. 
     The rich and lean flows FS  20 , FS  30 , respectively, are fed to the RHE  140 . Another somewhat less expanded hot working fluid FS extraction  10  egresses from the TGSS  130 , e.g., from a high pressure (HP) turbine (not shown) within the TGSS  130 , and is directed to the RHE  140 . Heat is transferred from the expanded working fluid FS extraction  10  and the working fluid FS lean stream  30  to the rich working fluid flow FS rich  20 , to thereby vaporize the rich flow FS  20  and condense, at least in part, the expanded working fluid FS extraction  10  and FS lean working fluid flow  30 , in the RHE  140 . As discussed above, the vaporized rich flow FS  20  is fed to either the superheater  144 , along with vaporized feed fluid from the boiler  142 , or is combined with the superheated working fluid from the superheater  142  and fed directly to the TGSS  130 . The condensed expanded working fluid from the RHE  140  forms part of the feed flow, i.e., flow FS  5 , to the boiler  142 , as has been previously described. 
     FIG. 2 details a portion of the RHE  140  of VSS  110  of FIG.  1 . As shown, the RHE  140  receives ammonia-rich, cold high pressure stream FS rich  20  from DCSS  100 . Stream FS rich  20  is heated by ammonia-lean hot low pressure stream FS  3010 . The stream FS  3010  is formed by combining the somewhat lean hot low pressure FS extraction stream  10  from TGSS  130  with the lean hot low pressure stream FS  30  from DCSS  100 , these flows being combined such that stream FS  30  dilutes stream FS  10  resulting in a desired concentration of ammonia in stream FS  3010 . 
     Heat energy  125 , is transferred from stream FS  3010  to stream FS rich  20 . As discussed above, this causes the transformation of stream FS  20  into a high pressure vapor stream FS  9  or the high pressure superheated vapor stream FS  9 ′, depending on the pressure and concentration of the rich working fluid stream FS  20 . This also causes the working fluid stream FS  3010  to be condensed and therefore serve as a liquid feed flow FS  5  to the boiler  142 . 
     As previously indicated, in one implementation the vapor stream FS  9  along with the vapor output from boiler  142  forms the vapor input to the superheater  144 , and the superheater  144  superheats the vapor stream to form superheated vapor stream  40  which is used to power TGSS  130 . Alternatively, the superheated vapor steam FS  9 ′ along with the superheated vapor output from the superheater  144  forms the superheated vapor stream FS  40  to the TGSS  130 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary heat transfer curves for heat exchanges occurring in the RHE  140  of FIG. 2. A typical Kalina cycle heat exchange is represented by curves  520  and  530 . As shown, the temperature of the liquid binary working fluid FS  20  represented by curve  520  increases as a function of the distance of travel of the working fluid through the heat exchanger of the RHE  140  in a substantially linear manner. That is, the temperature of the working fluid continues to increase even during boiling as the working fluid travels through the heat exchanger of the RHE  140  shown in FIG.  2 . At the same time, the temperature of the liquid working fluid FS  3010  represented by curve  530  decreases as a function of the distance of travel of this working fluid through the heat exchanger of the RHE  140  in a substantially linear manner. That is, as heat energy  125  is transferred from working fluid FS  3010  to the working fluid stream FS  20  as both fluid streams flow in opposed directions through the RHE  140  heat exchanger of FIG. 2, the binary working fluid FS  3010  loses heat and the binary working fluid stream FS  20  gains heat at substantially the same rate within the Kalina cycle heat exchangers of the RHE  140 . 
     In contrast, a typical Rankine cycle heat exchange is represented by curve  510 . As shown, the temperature of the water or water/steam mixture forming the working fluid represented by curve  510  increases as a function of the distance of travel of the working fluid through a heat exchanger of the type shown in FIG. 2 only after the working fluid has been fully evaporated, i.e., vaporized. The portion  511  of curve  510  represents the temperature of the water or water/steam mixture during boiling. As indicated, the temperature of the working fluid remains substantially constant until the boiling duty has been completed. That is, in a typical Rankine cycle, the temperature of the working fluid does not increase during boiling. Rather, as indicated by portion  512  of curve  510 , it is only after full vaporization, i.e., full phase transformation, that the temperature of the working fluid in a typical Rankine cycle increases beyond the boiling point temperature of the working fluid, e.g., 212° F. 
     As will be noted, the temperature differential between the stream represented by curve  530 , which transfers the heat energy, and the Rankine cycle stream represented by curve  510 , which absorbs the heat energy, continues to increase during phase transformation. The differential becomes greatest just before complete vaporization of the working fluids. In contrast, the temperature differential between the stream represented by curve  530 , and the Kalina cycle stream represented by curve  520 , which absorbs the heat energy, remains relatively small, and substantially constant, during phase transformation. This further highlights the enhanced efficiency of Kalina cycle heat exchange in comparison to Rankine cycle heat exchange. 
     As indicated above, the transformation in the RHE  140  of the liquid or mixed liquid/vapor stream FS  20  to vapor or superheated vapor stream FS  9  or  9 ′ is possible in the Kalina cycle because, the boiling point of rich cold high pressure stream FS  20  is substantially lower than that of lean hot low pressure stream FS  3010 . This allows additional boiling, and in some implementations superheating, duty to be performed in the Kalina cycle RHE  140  and hence outside the boiler  142  and/or superheater  144 . Hence, in the Kalina cycle, a greater portion of the process heat  121  can be used for superheating vaporized working fluid in the superheater  144 , and less process heat  121  is required for boiling duty in the boiler  142 . The net result is increased efficiency of the power generation system when compared to a conventional Rankine cycle type power generation system. 
     FIG. 4 further depicts the TGSS  130  of FIG.  1 . As illustrated, the TGSS  130  in a Kalina cycle power generation system is driven by a high pressure superheated binary fluid vapor stream FS  40 . Relatively lean hot low pressure stream FS extraction  10  is directed from, for instance the exhaust of an HP turbine (not shown) within the TGSS  130  to the RHE  140  as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. A relatively lean cooler, even lower pressure flow FS extraction  11  is directed from, for instance, the exhaust of an LP turbine (not shown) within the TGSS  130  to the DCSS  100  as shown in FIG.  1 . As has been discussed to some extent, both FS extraction flow  10  and FS extraction flow  11  retain enough heat to transfer energy to still cooler higher pressure streams in the DCSS  100  and RHE  140 . 
     Problems with Design of Vapor Generator for Kalina Cycle 
     A crucial process in generating power for a Rankine cycle or a Kalina cycle, is the generation of heat and the transference of that heat to a working fluid. The working fluid is converted by the heat into a high pressure vapor that drives one or more vapor turbines. In a direct fired system, a single physical unit typically implements this process, i.e., the unit containing combustion components for generating heat, and heat transfer surfaces, such as the boiler, superheater and reheater, for converting that heat to a working vapor. This unit may be referred to by various names, including a “furnace” or a “vapor generator”. 
     The design of a vapor generator for use in a Kalina cycle must take into consideration the thermodynamic properties of a Kalina cycle. It has been proposed to use a direct fired pulverized coal boiler with a Kalina cycle. For a pulverized coal fired unit, normal furnace gas temperatures are quite high in the range 2800° F.-3000° F. Due in part to the heat transfer characteristics of the binary mixture and the high heat fluxes in the furnace, the wall tubes in a Kalina cycle direct-fired pulverized coal furnace may experience a cooling problem. In a conventional Rankine cycle power generation plant furnace, the furnace envelope is cooled with the working fluid as the working fluid is transformed from a liquid to a vapor (evaporative duty). In contrast, in a conventional Kalina cycle power generation plant, a large part of the evaporative duty is done in the regenerative subsystem, and hence outside the furnace envelope. Accordingly, there is a relatively small amount of low temperature liquid available for cooling the furnace walls. With a reduced amount of evaporative duty available and the different properties of the ammonia/water mixture, acceptable metal temperatures of furnace tubes formed of conventional materials may be exceeded. It may be possible to reduce the temperature in the furnace walls of a direct fired pulverized coal unit by adding a number of parallel heating duties; however, this could be complicated and expensive. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a vapor generator which will overcome the above described problems and efficiently operate in a multicomponent fluid power cycle, such as a Kalina cycle. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a technique for avoiding overheating of the furnace walls in a multicomponent fluid power cycle, such as a Kalina cycle. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a lower temperature fired Kalina cycle vapor generating furnace. 
     Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure, including the following detailed description, as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to a preferred embodiment(s), it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional implementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fields of use, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of significant utility. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, an apparatus for heating a multicomponent working fluid includes a circulating fluidized bed configured to combust a collection of solid particles producing flue gases. A first plurality of fluid tubes form an enclosure for containing and directing a flow of the flue gases. The first fluid tubes direct a flow of the multicomponent working fluid so that heat from the flue gases is transferred to the multicomponent working fluid. Preferably, the multicomponent working fluid is a mixture of ammonia and water and the apparatus operates in a Kalina power cycle. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, the first plurality of fluid tubes are further configured such that the heat transferred from the multicomponent working fluid performs vaporizing and superheating of the multicomponent working fluid. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the enclosure is formed proximate to the circulating fluidized bed for receiving the flue gases from the circulating fluidized bed. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, the enclosure further includes a second plurality of tubes hanging from the enclosure forming a heat transfer surface containing the multicomponent working fluid. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, refractory material lines the first plurality of fluid tubes forming the enclosure. 
     In still a further aspect of the present invention, a separator receives from the enclosure the flue gases which carry particulate matter, and separates the particulate matter from at least a portion of the flue gases and provides as an output therefrom the at least a portion of the flue gases without the separated particulate matter. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, the at least a portion of the flue gases is a first portion of the flue gases and the separator outputs a second portion of the flue gases with the separated particulate matter. A heat exchanger receives the second portion of the flue gases as an output from the separator. 
     In a still further aspect of the present invention, the separator receives the flue gases with the particulate matter traveling at a first velocity and provides as an output therefrom the second portion of the flue gases with the particulate matter traveling at a second velocity. The second velocity is substantially less than the first velocity. 
     In a still further aspect of the present invention, the enclosure receives the second portion of the flue gases as an output from the separator. An adjustable flow controller regulates the flow from the separator of the second portion of the gases to the heat exchanger and to the enclosure. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, the heat exchanger includes a third plurality of tubes which transfer heat from the second portion of the flue gases from the separator to the multicomponent working fluid. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the heat exchanger includes a fourth plurality of tubes which transfer heat from the second portion of the flue gases from the separator to a single component working fluid. The single component working fluid (e.g., water) is one of a liquid state and a vapor state. Preferably, the fourth plurality of tubes perform one of vaporization and superheating of the single component working fluid. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the enclosure contains a fifth plurality of tubes containing a single component working fluid. Typically, this feature would be present in a hybrid power generating system having a Rankine Power cycle and a Kalina power cycle. 
     According to the present invention, a method is provided for heating a multicomponent working fluid for use in power generation, wherein heat is generated from a circulating fluidized bed configured to a collection of solid particles is combusted producing flue gases, a flow of the flue gases is directed through a chamber formed by a plurality of first fluid tubes, and then the heat from the flue gases is transferred to the multicomponent working fluid in the first fluid tubes. The chamber is formed proximate to the circulating fluidized bed and is configured to receive the flue gases from the circulating fluidized bed. The multicomponent working fluid may be vaporized and superheated. Preferably, the multicomponent working fluid is a mixture of ammonia and water and the circulating fluidized bed operates in a Kalina cycle. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the chamber further includes a second plurality of tubes forming a heat transfer surface for receiving the multicomponent working fluid. 
     In still another aspect of the present invention, the first plurality of fluid tubes forming the chamber are lined with refractory material. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, the flue gases generated in the chamber carry particulate matter, and the flue gases are received from the chamber. The particulate matter of the received flue gases are separated in a separator into a first portion of the flue gases, this first portion being substantially without the particular matter, and a second portion of the flue gases having the particulate matter. The first portion of the flue gases are released to the atmosphere, preferably through a smokestack, or through some other mechanism. 
     In still another aspect of the present invention, a heat exchanger receives the second portion of the flue gases output from the separator. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, in accordance with the method the chamber receives the second portion of the flue gases as an output from the separator, and regulates the flow of the second portion of the flue gases from the separator to the heat exchanger and to the chamber. 
     In still another aspect of the present invention, in accordance with the method heat is transferred from the second portion of the flue gases to a multicomponent working fluid contained within a third plurality of tubes of the heat exchanger. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, in accordance with the method heat is transferred from the second portion of the flue gases to a single component working fluid contained within a fourth plurality of tubes of the heat exchanger. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, in accordance with the method the single component working fluid is vaporized in the fourth plurality of tubes, and the single component working fluid is superheated in the fourth plurality of tubes. Preferably, the single component working fluid is one of a liquid state and a vapor state. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, in accordance with the method the heat is transferred from the flue gases to a single component working fluid within a plurality of fifth tubes within the chamber. 
     According to the present invention, a power generating system is provided which includes a vapor generator and one or more turbines. The vapor generator has a circulating fluidized bed configured to combust a collection of solid particles producing flue gases and particulate matter that flow upwardly therewithin. A furnace of the vapor generator forms a chamber configured to contain and direct the flow of the flue gases and the particulate matter. A fluid bed heat exchanger of the vapor generator forms another chamber separate from the furnace chamber but connected to the furnace via a duct through which the flue gases and the particulate matter flow. A plurality of heat transfer surfaces is associated with the fluid bed heat exchanger. At least one of the heat transfer surfaces is configured to have a multicomponent working fluid flow therethrough whereby the multicomponent working fluid absorb heat from the flue gases to produce a vapor for performing work in a power cycle, preferably a Kalina cycle. A turbine of the system expands the vapor to produce mechanical work. The system may have one or more turbines. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, a regeneration subsystem receives the expanded vapor from the turbine and condenses the expanded vapor back to the multicomponent working fluid in the form of a liquid. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, one of the heat transfer surfaces is selected from one of an evaporator and a superheater and a reheater. 
     In still another aspect of the present invention, at least one of the heat transfer surfaces is configured to carry a single component working fluid. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the appended drawings. These drawings should not be construed as limiting the present invention, but are intended to be exemplary only. 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a prior art Kalina cycle system. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the regenerative heat exchanger (RHE) of the conventional Kalina cycle system shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the basic heat exchange between the flow streams in the RHE of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram further detailing the turbine/generator subsystem of the conventional Kalina cycle system shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a first embodiment of a Kalina cycle power generation system including a circulating fluidized bed system according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of a Kalina cycle power generation system including a circulating fluidized bed according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a third embodiment of a hybrid cycle power generation system including a circulating fluidized bed according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system  200  for transferring heat to a multicomponent working fluid, such as the binary ammonia/water working fluid used in Kalina cycle operations. The system  200  includes a circulating fluidized bed combustion chamber  211  which combusts fuel to produce hot gases. The hot gasses, commonly referred to as flue gasses, are directed by the chambers  210 ,  230 ,  260  and  270  and the ducts  250 ,  252 , and  253  which connect the chambers. The spent gasses are exhausted from the system via opening  275  to a smokestack (not shown). 
     The chamber  210 , which will be referred to as the furnace, includes fluid tubes  216  which are connected into tubular walls forming a sealed tube wall enclosure and hanging tubes  215 . The sealed tube wall enclosure formed by tubes  216  directs the flue gasses produced in the circulating fluidized bed combustion chamber  211 , while, during normal operations, each of the tubes  216  at the same time directs a flow of the working fluid along a path so that heat is transferred from the flue gasses to the working fluid flowing within the tubes  216 . As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the tubes  216  serve as a boiler for evaporating, i.e., vaporizing, the working fluid. The additional fluid tubes  215 , as shown, form a primary superheater within the enclosure formed by the tubes  216 . 
     Chamber  270 , which will be referred to as the furnace backpass, includes fluid tubes  265  forming a heat exchanger which receives vaporized working fluid from the tubes  216 . The vaporized working fluid within the tubes  265  is superheated to some extent by the gasses flowing through chamber  270  prior to being directed by the tubes  265  to the primary superheater formed by tubes  215 . The chamber  270  also includes tubes  266  forming another heat exchanger, commonly referred to as a reheater. The tubes  266  receive expanded vaporized working fluid from a turbine, such as an HP turbine (not shown). The expanded working fluid within the tubes  266  is reheated by the gasses flowing in chamber  270  prior to being directed by the tubes  266  to another turbine, such as an IP or LP turbine (not shown). 
     The chamber  260 , which will be referred to as a fluid bed heat exchanger, includes tubes  271  and  272 , each forming a respective heat exchange element for receiving, as shown, a working fluid received from outside system  200 . For example, the working fluid might be received from a regenerative heat exchanger (RHE) and/or distillation and condensation subsystem (DCSS) of the type typically found in a Kalina cycle power generation system. The working fluid might alternatively or additionally be expanded working fluid received from a turbine, in which case the heat exchanger serves as a reheater. The received working fluid flowing within the tubes  271  and  272  is vaporized and/or superheated or reheated by the gases being directed from the chamber  260 . The working fluid may be a multicomponent working fluid of the type heated in the furnace and furnace backpass, or could, if desired, be some other type of working fluid, such as a some other type of multicomponent working fluid or a single component working fluid, e.g., water. The working fluid within the tubes  271  and  272  is vaporized and/or superheated or reheated prior to being directed by the tubes  271  and  272  from the system  200 . For example, the vaporized/superheated or reheated working fluid could be directed to an RHE or DCSS of the type discussed above and used to vaporize multicomponent working fluid of the type flowing within the fluid tubes  215 ,  216 ,  265  and  266 . 
     The circulating fluidized bed combustor  211  operates such that a fluidized bed of particulate fuel, such as pulverized coal, is, as noted above, combusted to produce hot flue gases at approximately 1600° F. This should be contrasted with the temperatures of flue gases produced in direct fired burner type furnaces which are typically in the range of 2800° F.-3000° F. These high temperatures will have a detrimental effect on the longevity of fluid tubes cooled by multi-component fluids, such as those used in Kalina cycle power generation systems. Hence, the tube life can be prolonged by generating process heat using a CFB rather than direct fired burner type furnaces. 
     The combustion of the coal by the CFB combustor  211  also produces a relatively substantial amount of particulate matter which is intermixed with the flue gasses flowing in the furnace. The flue gasses move at a high velocity, a typical velocity being 20 ft/sec, through the furnace chamber  210  and furnace output duct  252 . The lower portion of the fluid walls formed by tubes  216  are covered with refractory material  225  to protect the tubes such as, for example, against radiant heat and erosion damage which might otherwise be caused by the fast moving, typically still burning, particulate matter which flows through the lower portion of the furnace chamber  210  with the high velocity flue gasses from the CFB combustor  211 . 
     A cyclone separator  230  receives the high velocity flue gases and particulate matter from the furnace chamber  210  via duct  252 . The received flow is preferably at a temperature of approximately 1600° F. The cyclone separator  230  separates out the particulate matter from a portion of the flue gasses. This portion of the flue gasses, which is now preferably at a temperature within the range of from 1500° F. to 1600° F., is directed via duct  253  to the furnace backpass chamber  270 . It should be recognized that, if desired, the particulate matter could be completely removed from the flue gasses in the separator  230 . In such a case, the particulate matter would be collected from the bottom of the separator and all the flue gasses could be directed to the furnace backpass chamber  270 . 
     A mixture of the remainder of the flue gases and the particulate matter are directed by the cyclone separator  230  to the duct  250 . The cyclone separator  230  significantly slows the flow of the mixture of flue gases and particulate matter directed to the duct  250  so that the velocity of the mixture in the chamber  260  is 3-4 feet/sec. and thus much slower than the mixture of flue gases and particular matter flowing through the furnace chamber  210 . Because of the lower velocity of the mixture, the fluid tubes  271  and  272  can be exposed to the high particulate matter mixture without incurring substantial erosion damage to the tube surfaces. 
     The duct  250  opens into the furnace chamber  210  and heat exchange chamber  260 . Flow control dampers  240   a  and  240   b  are included to control the flow of the mixture to the respective chambers  210  and  260 . More particularly, the dampers  240   a  and  240   b  can be operated such that all of the mixture flows reenters chamber  210 , i.e., with damper  240   b  fully closed, or all of the mixture flows to the heat exchange chamber  260 , i.e., with damper  240   a  fully closed, or the flow of the mixture is split and any desired ratio between chambers  210  and  260 , i.e., by opening both damper  240   a  and damper  240   b  an appropriate amount. The portion of the mixture directed through duct  250  back to chamber  210  is used to further heat the working fluid flowing through tubes  215  and  216 . The portion of the mixture directed through duct  250  to heat exchange chamber  260  is used to heat the working fluid flowing through tubes  271  and  272 , as previously described. 
     For example, during startup operations of the CFB system  200 , dampers  240   a  and  240   b  can be used to regulate the influx of heat into the fluid bed heat exchanger  260 . More particularly, during initiation of operations of system  200  damper  240   b  is preferably closed so that all of the flue gases entering duct  250  flow back to the furnace chamber  210  and are recirculated through the furnace to provide additional evaporative or superheat duty to the working fluid flowing in tubes  215  and  216 . 
     After some initial period of the start-up operations, the damper  240   b  is opened to some extent. Damper  240   a  may be closed to some extent at the same time, although this is not mandatory. This allows the fluid bed exchanger  260  to begin receiving the hot mixture of flue gasses and particulate matter from the duct  250 . By carefully setting the flow ratio with the dampers  240   a  and  240   b , the mixture flowing from duct  250  to the heat exchanger  260  will heat the tubes  271  and  272  over time. Because of the controlled heating of the exchanger damage to the heat transfer surfaces of the tubes  271  and  272 , which might otherwise occur, is avoided. This might be particularly important when multicomponent working fluid is cooling the tubes  271  and  272 . Further still, if additional evaporative or superheat duty is needed for a particular cycle design, say during start-up or shut-down, it could, if desired, be provided in the fluid bed heat exchanger  260  as necessary. Thus, system  200  provides enhanced start-up and shutdown operational control. 
     The mixture of flue gasses and particulate matter egressing from the heat exchanger  260  is directed by duct  265  back to the lower portion of the furnace chamber  210  where particulate matter within the mixture can be reignited by the burning particulate matter rising from the CFB, thereby undergoing further combustion and generating further heat which will be transferred to the working fluid(s) in the fluid tubes of the various chambers. 
     Hence using a circulating fluid bed (CFB)  211  in combination with a fluid bed heat exchanger  260  as described above, results in heat fluxes which are more tolerable to systems utilizing multi-component working fluids, such as ammonia/water binary working fluids used in a Kalina cycle, as the cooling medium. 
     FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a Kalina cycle power generation system  300  including the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system  200  as a component for heating a multicomponent working fluid, such as the binary working fluid used in a Kalina cycle, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and water. Although the system  300  will be described below in an implementation using a Kalina cycle, it should be recognized that the working fluid could be a mixture of chemicals or chemical compounds other than water and ammonia. 
     A working fluid stream  335  enters the furnace  210  from the RHE/DCSS  301 , discussed in the background, and is vaporized in the boiler tubes  216 , initially superheated in the fluid tubes  265  located in the furnace backpass  270  and finally superheated by superheater tubes  215 . The superheated binary working fluid which is provided as an output from the superheater tubes  215  is directed to the high pressure (HP) turbine  310 . 
     Another working fluid stream  305  enters the fluid bed heat exchanger  260  from the RHE/DCSS  301 . The stream  305  has already been vaporized in the RHE/DCSS  301  and is superheated in the fluid tubes  271  which form one of the heat exchange elements of the heat exchanger  260 . The superheated binary vapor stream  306  is provided as an output to the HP turbine  310  where it is used to perform useful work. Typically the output from the superheater tubes  215  and the stream  306  are combined upstream of the HP turbine  310 . 
     The fluid bed heat exchanger  260  also includes a reheater section formed of tubes  272  which reheats an expanded vapor working fluid which is provided as an output from the HP turbine  310  as stream  315 . The working fluid which is provided as an output from the exchanger  260  as reheated stream  320  is directed to the low pressure (LP) turbine  325 , where it is used to perform useful work. It will be recognized that an intermediate pressure (IP) turbine could, if desired, be substituted for the LP turbine  325 . The exhausted working fluid is provided as an output from the LP turbine as stream  330  to the RHE/DCSS  301 . The DCSS of the RHE/DCSS  301  may, for example, condense vapor in the working fluid stream  330  back to a liquid state. All or part of this liquid working fluid may be provided as an output to the RHE of the RHE/DCSS  301  where it can be vaporized and used to form all or part of the working fluid stream  305  and/or to the furnace  210  and can be used to form part of the feed liquid working fluid stream  335 . 
     FIG. 7 shows an third embodiment of a hybrid Kalina cycle power generation system  300  including the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system  200 . The third embodiment includes two Rankine power cycles, one using the heat exchanger  272  and the other using the superheater  215 , and a Kalina power cycle using the heat exchanger  271 . 
     In the Rankine power cycle, a single component working fluid stream  335 , typically water, enters the furnace  210  from the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ and is vaporized in the boiler tubes  216  and superheated by superheater tubes  215 . The superheated working fluid output from the superheater tubes  215  is directed to the high pressure (HP) turbine  326  and the expanded vapor stream  322  is reintroduced into the RHE/DCSS  301 ′. The RHE/DCSS  301  of FIG. 6 has been modified to produce the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ employed for hybrid application. In the RHE/DCSS  301 ′, the Rankine power cycle may share one or more components of the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ with the Kalina power cycle, such as the cooling system. In RHE/DCSS  301 ′, the expanded vapor  322  is condensed back to liquid form. 
     In the Kalina power cycle, a binary working fluid stream  305 , typically ammonia/water, enters fluid bed heat exchanger  260  from the RHE/DCSS  301 ′. The stream  305  has already been vaporized in the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ and is superheated in the fluid tubes  271  which form one of the heat exchange elements of the heat exchanger  260 . The superheated binary vapor stream  306  is provided as an output to the HP turbine  310  where it expands while performing useful work. The expanded stream  337  returns back to the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ completing the cycle. 
     In another Rankine power cycle, a single component working fluid stream  321 , typically water, enters fluid bed heat exchanger  260  from the RHE/DCSS  301 ′. The stream  321  from the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ is superheated in the fluid tubes  272  which forms one of the heat exchange elements of the heat exchanger  260 . The superheated binary vapor stream  320  is output to the HP or LP turbine  325 ′ where it expands while performing useful work. The expanded stream  330  returns to the RHE/DCSS  301 ′ completing the cycle. 
     Although FIGS.  5 , 6 ,  7  illustrate particular embodiments of the use of a CFB system with a multicomponent working fluid, such as a binary working fluid of the type used in a Kalina cycle, other embodiments may be configured, having one or more heat exchange elements in the furnace (e.g., heat exchange elements  215 ,  216 ), one or more heat exchange elements in the fluid bed heat exchanger (e.g.,  271 ,  272 ), or one or more heat exchange elements in the furnace backpass  270  (e.g.,  265 ,  266 ). These heat exchange elements may be evaporators, superheaters, or reheaters, or any desired combination thereof. These heat exchange elements may be connected in various combinations with one or more turbines and with one or more heat transfer devices, such as an RHE/DCSS, to implement a particular circuit arrangement to perform work. Another embodiment of the hybrid system of FIG. 7 may have only one of the Rankine cycles. Other embodiments of a hybrid system could allocate in any combination the heat exchange elements of the furnace, fluid bed heat exchanger, and backpass to multicomponent power cycles and single component power cycles. 
     Accordingly, the above described embodiments and other similar embodiments of a CFB system including a circulating fluidized bed, an external fluidized bed heat exchanger including heat exchange elements for carrying a multicomponent fluid produces a system having the following advantages: (1) since combustion temperatures of a circulating fluidized bed are low, peak heat fluxes are significantly lower than in a conventional combustion system, consequently reducing the presence of high radiant heat conditions; (2) startup may be more easily dealt with by suitable design of circuitry to and/or the external fluidized bed heat exchanger, for example, an evaporative and/or superheat section could be included in the external fluidized bed exchanger to produce vapor or superheated vapor early in the startup cycle, with this section(s) being shut off if not desired at higher loads, (3) the flexibility of the circulating fluidized bed system allows better integration and optimization of a Kalina cycle, (4) the use of the CFB allows a binary fluid stream to be used to cool the furnace walls without the need for complicated parallel duties, (5) having a refractory lined lower furnace and lower heat flux to the furnace walls, allows for easier start up and operation with working fluids which require reduced evaporative duty, and (6) the reduced heat flux to the furnace walls allows for lower cost materials to be used to form the fluid tubes and could reduce the need for protective coating on the fluid tubes.