Abstract:
A device for detecting harmonics in a current carrying conductor, comprises current probe for placing adjacent a current carrying conductor, the current probe generating an output signal in response to the current in the conductor; a circuit operably connected to the current probe for processing the output signal from the current probe; the circuit including a switching portion responsive to the output of the current probe for automatically turning on or off the circuit when the current probe senses current in the electrical conductor; and a display for the output of the circuit for indicating the presence of harmonics in the conductor. The display includes a plurality of various colored LEDs that are lit depending on the severity of the harmonics of interest that are detected. The circuit also includes a microcontroller for computing the Fourier coefficients of the harmonics of interest and an automatic gain control feature for auto-ranging for various current inputs from the current probe.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to a hand-held electrical measuring device and particularly to a harmonics detector for detecting the presents of harmonic currents on electrical power lines in industrial and residential facilities. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrical distribution system components are designed to operate at the standard 60 Hz frequency. However, many loads found in industrial and residential facilities demand currents that are non-sinusoidal and may be mathematically represented as a Fourier series summation of a fundamental plus higher order harmonics. For example, switch mode power supplies found in computers and other office equipment draw highly non-sinusoidal currents rich in harmonics. Similarly, usage of adjustable speed drives (ASD) with rectifier and invertor circuits for induction motor speed control has contributed to much greater line current harmonic levels. 
     The presence of harmonic currents on electrical power lines is becoming a major problem for electrical power engineers. These currents are responsible for overheating transformers, circuit breakers, filters, and neutrals and other sometimes strange occurrences. Harmonic problems are, by their nature, non-local; the equipment or system damaged by harmonics may be some distance from the source of harmonics. 
     Detection, diagnosis, and mitigation of harmonic problems require specialized instrumentation to accurately assess the level of harmonics present in the system. Instrumentation available to field engineers is generally inadequate to perform any detection or assessment of harmonics. While harmonic analysis equipment is available commercially, it is expensive, bulky, and overly complex, which makes it inappropriate and frequently unavailable for the field engineer who is called upon to diagnose equipment failures. This lack of instrumentation leads to improper diagnosis of problems and failure to correct harmonic problems as they occur. 
     Currently several commercial vendors manufacture equipment for performing this type of analysis. The primary drawback of the equipment is that they are not designed for ease of use. As a primary diagnostic instrument, the harmonics detector should be carried by field personnel whenever diagnostic measurements are made on electrical power lines. Even if no specific problems are present, the instrument should be used in a preventive role, to determine if harmonic currents are present in excessive amounts in the system. However, the various instruments currently available share the following characteristics, which render their use unlikely: 
     These units have retail prices in the range of $1,000 to $10,000 and up. Instrumentation in this price range is not generally available to field personnel. 
     These instruments are relatively larger (some are suitcase size and weigh 30 lbs) and inconvenient to transport; this renders it unlikely that they will be carried to the trouble site. 
     While some allow for battery operation, many of them require AC power for operation, severely limiting their usefulness in the field, where 120 V outlets are seldom available at the trouble site. 
     They are complex instruments and a significant investment of time is required to learn their operation and few personnel are knowledgeable in their use. In particular, field personnel generally lack the training to use the equipment effectively. 
     Some require the use of a PC (personal computer) to analyze dafa. 
     For these reasons, the existing equipment is not carried by field personnel, and hence is not generally used for problem diagnosis and is seldom, if ever, used in a preventive maintenance manner. 
     There is therefore a need for a hand-held harmonics detector that solves the above problems. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a low cost, easy to use, light-weight (typically 8 oz.), hand-held harmonics detector that will allow service engineers and technicians to diagnose harmonics probl 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector completely based on commercial off-the-shelf components, including low-power CMOS circuitry and a low-cost microcontroller. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector which can be produced at relatively low cost. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector that operates from a relatively small battery, such as a 9 volt battery. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector that has auto sensing for power on/off operation, sensing the presence of current to turn the detector on and switching off when the current is not present, thereby conserving battery life and providing convenience of use. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector that has the capability to measure 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th harmonics. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector that measures current, since current harmonics are almost always present in higher levels and are a better indicator of potential harmonics problems than voltage harmonics. This advantage allows the use of a current probe to minimize safety hazards, since voltage inputs and dangerous voltages are avoided. 
     It is yet another object of present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector with auto-sensing for 60 Hz of 50 Hz (European) operation. 
     It is another object of present invention to provide a hand-held harmonics detector with a simple, easy to understand light emitting diode (LED) display for output. 
     In summary, the present invention provides a hand-held harmonics detector comprising current probe for placing adjacent a current carrying conductor, the current probe generating an output signal in response to the current in the conductor; a circuit operably connected to the current probe for processing the output signal from the current probe; the circuit including a switching portion responsive to the output of the current probe for automatically turning on or off the circuit when the current probe senses current in the electrical conductor; and a display for the output of the circuit for indicating the presence of harmonics in the conductor. The display includes a plurality of various colored LEDs that are lit depending on the severity of the harmonics of interest that are detected. The circuit also includes a microcontroller for computing the Fourier coefficients of the harmonics of interest and an automatic gain control feature for auto-ranging for various current inputs from the current probe. 
    
    
     These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a hand-held harmonics detector made in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an analog circuit used in the detector of FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a digital circuit used in the detector of FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a software used in the detector of FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A hand-held harmonics detector R made in accordance with the present invention is disclosed in FIG.  1 . The detector R comprises a standard clamp-on current probe  2  connected to a detector unit  4  by means of a pair of input connectors or jacks  6 . The probe  2  is a current transformer that advantageously allows the detector R to work with a wide range of currents, from 0.1 A to many thousands of amperes. The use of the current probe  2  also advantageously eliminates the requirements for high voltage or current isolation, since the isolation is already provided by the probe itself. 
     The current probe  2  has a pair of opposing jaws  8  that are pivotable about pivot  10  such that when handle portions  12  are squeezed together, the jaws  8  separate from each other, providing a gap (not shown) between the jaws  8  through which the current carrying conductor (not shown) that is being tested could be disposed within the opening  14 . Current transformers (not shown) disposed within the jaws  8  sense the magnetic field around the conductor being tested, providing an input to the detector unit  4  via wires  16 . The wires  16  are provided with male connectors  18  that are designed to be received within the female connectors  6  in the detector unit  4 . 
     The detector unit  4  has a light emitting diode (LED) display  20  for output. Each harmonic (3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th) has four LED&#39;s  22 ,  24 ,  26  and  28  associated with it. The LED&#39;s  22 ,  24 ,  26  and  28  are green, yellow, orange and red, respectively. For each harmonic, set points are programmed in for lighting up each LED so that the color-coded bar graph indicator is obtained for each harmon These set points are different for each harmonic and are based on the IEEE-519 standard and the IEC-552-2 standard. The user is appraised of the severity of the problem based on which LED is lit for each harmonic of interest. The degree of the harmonics problem is indicated by the LEDs. Green light means low level of harmonics, yellow means slightly greater level of harmonics, orange is much greater level of harmonics and red is the greatest level of harmonics. 
     A power on/off LED indicator  29  is provided in the display  20 . The indicator  29  is lit when the unit  4  is powered. 
     The detector unit  4  comprises an analog circuit  30  and a digital circuit  32 , as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The current for the current probe  2  feeds a resistor  34 , which generates a voltage, feeding operational amplifiers  36  and  38 , as best shown in FIG.  2 . The analog circuit  30  includes a power control circuit that advantageously provides the means for sensing current into probe R and turning the remainder of the circuit on or off, depending on the presence of current in the probe R. This feature conserves battery life and results in a battery life in excess of one year (depending on battery type). Operational amplifiers  36 ,  38  and  40  are always powered. The rest of the analog circuit  30  is powered through a relay  44 . Power for the detector unit  4  is obtained from a 9 volt battery, providing V., as best shown in FIG.  2 . 
     The operational amplifiers  36  and  40  comprise a rectifier and level detector stage. When the current probe R detects a current, an AC voltage is generated which is rectified and detected by the operational amplifier  40 . The operational amplifier  40  then turns on the relay  44 , which provides power to the rest of the detector unit of  4 . When the current probe R is removed from the current carry conductor (not shown) being tested, the AC voltage goes to 0, the operational amplifier  40  turns off the relay  44 , and the detector unit  4  turns off. 
     The operational amplifier  42  generates a voltage, V o  midway between the battery voltage and ground. A voltage regulator  46 , such National Semiconductor Part No. LM340T, provides 5 volts for the digital circuit  32 , generally indicated at  47 . 
     The analog circuit  30  includes a gain control circuit that advantageously provides an auto-ranging function to scale the current input so that the peak-to-peak AC voltage signal fed to the analog/digital converter in the circuit  32  is always approximately the battery voltage. This advantageously ensures accurate operation of the unit  4  over the widest range of current inputs. 
     Two types of gain control are provided. The first is a circuit which varies the value of the current transformer burden resistor  34 , depending on the voltage developed across the resistor. The output from the operational amplifier  38  feeds operational amplifier  48 , which, along with SCR (silicon controlled rectifier)  50  comprises a peak detector and latch. If an over-range current is present, the operational amplifier  48  will detect a high peak and fire the SCR  50 , which will result in an additional resistor  52  being placed in parallel with the resistor  34 , thereby reducing the voltage drop across the inputs from the current probe R and increasing the current range. Relay  54  is energized when the SCR  50  is fired, thereby connecting the resistor  52  in parallel with resistor  34 . Consequently, an over-current input from the current probe R will result in lower voltage drop. 
     The other gain control circuit consists of a circuit  53  called operational transconductance amplifier with linearizing diode and buffers, available from National Semiconductor as Part No. LM13600. The circuit  53  is designed to act as an automatic gain control circuit. The circuit  53  takes the output from the operational amplifier  56 , which ranges from 30 mV signal to a 4 V signal and produces a signal in the range of 0.5 V to 2 V. Operational amplifier  58  is an output buffer for this circuit and amplifier  60  adjusts the DC offset voltage prior to the signal going to the analog to digital converter of the digital circuit  32 . 
     One quad-amp package may be used for the operational amplifiers  36 ,  38 ,  40  and  48  and another quad-amp package for the operational amplifiers  56 ,  58 ,  42  and  60 . This choice advantageously simplifies construction of the circuit  30 . 
     Referring to FIG. 3, the analog signal from the analog circuit  30  coming from output  62  is digitized by an analog to digital converter  64 , such as that available from National Semiconductor, Part No. AD7880. The 12-bit output of the AD converter  64  is loaded into an Intel 87C51H microcontroller  66 , which preforms all the signal analysis. The microcontroller  66  determines the level of harmonics in the signal and outputs data to a display driver and latch  68 , such as that available from National Semiconductor, Part No. MM74C911. The integrated circuit  68  drives four digit driver transistors  70 , each transistor driving all five of one color LED&#39;s. Each column in the display  20  (i.e. power, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th harmonics) is driven by an output line  72  from the integrated circuit  68 . The digital output circuit provides the necessary hardware so that the output of the microcontroller  66  can drive the five separate multicolored LED bar graph displays, one for each harmonic of interest. 
     The software for the microcontroller  66  is included as Appendix A and a flow chart  74  of the software is disclosed in FIG.  4 . 
     The microcontroller  66  first determines whether a 50 Hz or 60 Hz signal is present by sampling at 1920 Hz (60 Hz times 32 samples/cycle) and then sampling at 1600 Hz (50 Hz times 32 samples/cycle). This step is generally indicated at  75 . For each rate, the software determines the amount of fundamental signal present, and uses that information to determine whether the signal source fundamental is 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The software then adjusts its sample rate to account for the difference, sampling at 3840 Hz for a 60 Hz signal or 3200 Hz for a 50 Hz signal. 
     After determining the proper frequency, the software goes into its main computational routine. The main routine consist of four nested loops; the outermost loop is an infinite loop that the software remains in as long as power is applied. The inner loops consist of (from the innermost to outermost) a loop over 64 samples, a loop over different numbered harmonics, and an averaging loop. 
     In the innermost loop  76 , the software samples the current  64  times and computes the Fourier coefficient for harmonic k. The next loop  78  then repeats the sampling over all the Fourier components of interest, namely k equals 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11. Then, this process is repeated four times in the next loop  80  to obtain an average value for the magnitudes of P k , k=1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. 
     The P k  are then normalized at step  82  to the fundamental by division by P 1 . 
     Finally, for each relevant k, P k  is compared to a series of set points to determine which color LED to light up for each harmonic. This step is generally indicated at  84 . The outer loop is generally indicated at  86 . 
     In operation, the current carrying conductor that is being investigated is placed within the opening  14  of the current probe R by squeezing the handles  12  and permitting the conductor to pass through the resulting gap between the jaws  8 . The signal picked up by the probe  2  is fed to the detector unit  4  via the connectors  6 . The detector unit  4  automatically turns itself on when it auto-senses 50 Hz or 60 Hz and advantageously auto-ranges to select the proper current range for the input. 
     The detector R advantageously provides a simple easy to interpret, go-no-go type of indicator. This eliminates the need for the operator to be trained in investigating harmonics problems. The operator merely has to know that if the red LED&#39;s light up on the detector that significant harmonics are present and further investigation is required. After use, the operator merely removes the current probe  2  from the current-carrying conductor, thereby automatically turning off the detector unit  4 . This advantageously conserves the battery life. 
     Current harmonics are in general a better indicator of potential harmonics problems than voltage harmonics. This specific design advantageously allows the total cost and complexity of the detector to be minimized, instrument safety to be maximized and interpretation of results to be easy. This combination of safety and ease of interpretation of results allows the detector to be used with very minimal operator training. 
     It should be understood to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the choices of the specific components are arbitrary. The operational amplifies  36 ,  38 ,  40  and  48  should preferably be very low power to conserve battery life (ideally under 100 μA current drain per amp). The other operational amplifiers  42 ,  56 ,  58 , and  60  are general purpose units, available in hundreds of configurations from several vendors. The particular choice of using quad amps (for operational amplifiers in a single package) is likewise arbitrary and was made to advantageously simplify construction. All the transistors are common small signal NPN and PNP type transistors, used simply as switches. The microcontroller  66  could easily be replaced by another microcontroller and the code transferred to the new controller without loss of function. 
     While this invention has been described as having preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modification, uses and/or adaptations following in general the principle of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the essential features set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention or the limits of the appended claims.