Abstract:
Individuals receive overwhelming barrage of information which must be filtered, processed, analyzed, reviewed, consolidated and distributed or acted upon. However, prior art tools for automatically processing content, such as for example returning search results from an Internet or database search for example are ineffective. Prior art search techniques merely provide large numbers of “hits” with at most removal of multiple occurrences of identical items. However, it would be beneficial to present searches as a series of multi-document clusters wherein occurrences of commonly themed content are clustered allowing the user to rapidly see the number of different themes and review a selected theme. Further, it would be beneficial, in repeated searches, for new clusters to be identified automatically as well as new items of content associated with existing clusters to be associated to these clusters.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/647,183 filed May 15, 2012 entitled “Method and System of Managing Content” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to published content and more specifically to the processing of published content to associate and label the content to multi-document clusters. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In 2008, Americans consumed information for approximately 1.3 trillion hours, or an average of almost 12 hours per day per person (Global Information Industry Center, University of California at San Diego, January 2010). Consumption totaled 3.6 zettabytes (3.6×10 21  bytes) and 10,845 trillion (10,845×10 12 ) words, corresponding to 100,500 words and 34 gigabytes for an average person on an average day. This information coming from over twenty different sources of information, from newspapers and books through to online media, social media, satellite radio, and Internet video although the traditional media of radio and TV still dominated consumption per day. 
     Computers and the Internet have had major effects on some aspects of information consumption. In the past, information consumption was overwhelmingly passive, with telephone being the only interactive medium. However, with computers, a full third of words and more than half of digital data are now received interactively. Reading, which was in decline due to the growth of television, tripled from 1980 to 2008, because it is the overwhelmingly preferred way to receive words on the Internet. At the same time portable electronic devices and the Internet have resulted in a large portion of the population in the United States for example becoming active generators of information throughout their daily lives as well as active consumers augmenting their passive consumption. Social media such as Facebook™ and Twitter™, blogs, website comment sections, Bing™ Yahoo™ have all contributed in different ways to the active generation of information by individuals which augments that generated by enterprises, news organizations, Government, and marketing organizations. 
     Globally the roughly 27 million computer servers active in 2008 processed 9.57 zettabytes of information (Global Information Industry Center, University of California at San Diego, April 2011). This study also estimated that enterprise server workloads are doubling about every two years and whilst a substantial portion of this information is incredibly transient overall the amount of information created, used, and retained is growing steadily. 
     The exploding growth in stored collections of numbers, images and other data represents one facet of information management for organizations, enterprises, Governments and individuals. However, even what was once considered “mere data” becomes more important when it is actively processed by servers as representing meaningful information delivered for an ever-increasing number of uses. Overall the 27 million computer servers were estimated as providing an average of 3 terabytes of information per year to each of the estimated 3.18 billion workers in the world&#39;s labor force. 
     Increasingly, a corporation&#39;s competitiveness hinges on its ability to employ innovative search techniques that help users discover data and obtain useful results. In some instances automatically offering recommendations for subsequent searches or extracting related information are beneficial. To gain some insight into the magnitude of the problem consider the following:
         in 2009 around 3.7 million new domains were registered each month and as of June 2011 this had increased to approximately 4.5 million per month;   approximately 45% of Internet users are under 25;   there are approximately 600 million wired and 1,200 million wireless broadband subscriptions globally;   approximately 85% of wireless handsets shipped globally in 2011 included a web browser;   there are approximately 2.1 billion Internet users globally with approximately 2.4 billion social networking accounts;   there are approximately 800 million users on Facebook™ and approximately 225 million Twitter™ accounts;   there are approximately 250 million tweets per day and approximately 250 million Facebook activities;   there are approximately 3 billion Google™ searches and 300 million Yahoo™ searches per day.       

     Accordingly it would be evident that users face an overwhelming barrage of information (content) that must be filtered, processed, analysed, reviewed, consolidated and distributed or acted upon. For example a market researcher seeking to determine the perception of a particular product may wish to rapidly collate sentiments from reviews sourced from websites, press articles, and social media. However, existing sentiment filtering approaches simply determine occurrences of a keyword with positive and negative terms. Accordingly content containing the phrase “Last night I drove to see Terminator 3 in my new Fiat 500, after eating at Stonewall&#39;s, the truffle bison burger was great” would be interpreted as positive feedback even though the positive term is associated with the food rather than either the film “Terminator 3” or the vehicle “Fiat 500.” Accordingly, it would be beneficial for sentiment analysis of content to be contextually aware. 
     Similarly, a search by a user using the terms “Barack Obama Afghanistan” with Google™ run on May 2, 2012 returns approximately 324 million “hits” in a fraction of a second. These are displayed, by default in the absence of other filters by the user, in an order determined by rules executed by Google™ servers relating to factors including, but not limited to, match to user entered keywords and the number of times a particular webpage or item of content has been opened. However, within this search the same content may be reproduced multiple times in different sources legitimately as well as having been plagiarized partially into other sources as well as the same event being presented through different content on other websites. Accordingly, different occurrences of Barack Obama visiting Afghanistan or different aspects of his visit to Afghanistan may become buried in an overwhelming reporting of his last visit or the repeated occurrence of strategic photo opportunities during the visit during a campaign. 
     Accordingly, it would be beneficial for the user to be able to retrieve a collection of multiple items of content, commonly referred to as documents, which mention one or more concepts or interests, and automatically cluster them into cohesive groups that relate to the same concepts or interests. Each cohesive group (or cluster) formed thereby consists of one or more documents from the original collection which describe the same concept or interest even where the documents have perhaps a different vocabulary. Even when a user identifies an item of content of interest, for example a review of a product, then the salient text may be buried within a large amount of other content or alternatively the item of content may be formatted for display upon laptops, tablet PCs, etc. whereas the user is accessing the content on a portable electronic device such as a smartphone or portable gaming console for example. 
     Accordingly it would be beneficial for the user to be able to access the salient text contained in one or more items of content, based on learned semantic and content structure cues so that extraneous elements of the item of content are removed. Accordingly it would be beneficial to provide a tool for inducing content scraping automatically to filter content to that necessary or automatically extracting core text for viewing on constrained screen devices or vocalizing through a screen reader. Automated summarization or text simplification may also form extensions of the scraper. 
     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide improvements in the art relating to published content and more specifically to the processing of published content for users to associate sentiment to content, cluster content for review, and extract core text. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
     a) receiving a plurality of items of content;   b) extracting with a microprocessor for each item of content of the plurality of items of content at least one theme of a plurality of themes;   c) determining an association matrix with the microprocessor for the plurality of themes extracted from the plurality of items of content;   d) calculating a co-occurrence density with the microprocessor for each theme—theme co-occurrence and sorting the resulting co-occurrence densities;   e) selecting the theme—theme tuple with the highest co-occurrence frequency and establishing a set of seed terms for the selected theme—theme tuple;   f) determining with the microprocessor correlations of the set of seed terms with the other themes of the plurality of themes to establish a saliency for each theme of the plurality of themes; and   g) removing with the microprocessor those items of content of the plurality of items of content having a saliency below a predetermined threshold to create a cohesive cluster of items of content.   

     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
     receiving a plurality of items of content from a search;   creating at least a cluster of a plurality of clusters from the plurality of items, each cluster comprising those items of the plurality of items having co-occurrences of a predetermined sub-set of themes of a plurality of themes meeting a predetermined theme threshold;   establishing a header item, the header item being one of the items of the plurality of items having co-occurrences of a predetermined sub-set of themes of a plurality of themes meeting a predetermined threshold; and   presenting the search results by only the header item.   

     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
     a) establishing a criteria relating to a topic of interest to a user;   b) retrieving from at least a first content source of a plurality of first content sources a predetermined number of first headlines relating to items of content, each title meeting the criteria;   c) retrieving from at least a second content source of a plurality of second content sources a plurality of second headlines relating to items of content;   d) comparing each of the second headline of the plurality of second headlines against the predetermined number of first headlines to establish a similarity score for that second headline of the plurality of second headlines;   e) determining for each second headline of the plurality of second headlines an action, the action determined in dependence upon at least whether the similarity score exceeds a predetermined threshold; and   f) performing the determined action, the determined action at least one of:   marking the second headline of the plurality of second headlines as pre-existing when the similarity score exceeds the predetermined threshold; and   marking the second headline of the plurality of second headlines as new when the similarity score does not exceed the predetermined threshold.   

     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts a network accessible by a user and content sources accessible to the user with respect to embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts an electronic device supporting communications and interactions for a user according to embodiments of the invention 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  depict a process flow for creating labelled multi-document clusters from a collection of documents according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 3  depicts a process flow for establishing new key concepts within evolving multi-document clusters according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is directed to published content and more specifically to the processing of published content for users to associate sentiment to content, cluster content for review, and extract core text. 
     The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. 
     A “portable electronic device” (PED) as used herein and throughout this disclosure, refers to a wireless device used for electronic communications that requires a battery or other independent form of energy for power. This includes devices, but is not limited to, such as a cellular telephone, smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computer, pager, portable multimedia player, portable gaming console, laptop computer, tablet computer, and an electronic reader. A “fixed electronic device” (FED) as used herein and throughout this disclosure, refers to a wired or wireless device used for electronic communications that may be dependent upon a fixed source of power, employ a battery or other independent form of energy for power. This includes devices, but is not limited to, such as a portable computer, personal computer, Internet enabled display, gaming console, computer server, kiosk, and a terminal. 
     A “network operator/service provider” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a telephone or other company that provides services for mobile phone subscribers including voice, text, and Internet; telephone or other company that provides services for subscribers including but not limited to voice, text, Voice-over-IP, and Internet; a telephone, cable or other company that provides wireless access to local area, metropolitan area, and long-haul networks for data, text, Internet, and other traffic or communication sessions; etc. 
     “Content”, “input content” and/or “document” as used herein and through this disclosure refers to an item or items of information stored electronically and accessible to a user for retrieval or viewing. This includes, but is not limited to, documents, images, spreadsheets, databases, audiovisual data, multimedia data, encrypted data, SMS messages, social media data, data formatted according to a markup language, and information formatted according to a portable document format. 
     A “web browser” as used herein and through this disclosure refers to a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. The web browser also allows a user to access and implement hyperlinks present in accessed resources to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser may also be defined within the scope of this specification as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet as well as access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems. 
     An “application” as used herein and through this disclosure refers to a software application, also known as an “app”, which is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. This includes, but is not limited to, web browser, enterprise software, accounting software, information work software, content access software, education software, media development software, office suites, presentation software, work processing software, spreadsheets, graphics software, email and blog client software, personal information systems and desktop publishing software. Many application programs deal principally with multimedia, documentation, and/or audiovisual content in conjunction with a markup language for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the content. Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. 
     A “user,” as used herein and through this disclosure refers to, but is not limited to, a person or device that generates, receives, analyses, or otherwise accesses content stored electronically within a portable electronic device, fixed electronic device, network accessible server, or other source storing content. 
     A “server” as used herein and through this disclosure refers to a computer program running to serve the requests of other programs, the “clients”. Thus, the “server” performs some computational task on behalf of “clients” which may either run on the same computer or connect through a network. Accordingly such “clients” therefore being applications in execution by one or more users on their PED/FED or remotely at a server. Such a server may be one or more physical computers dedicated to running one or more services as a host. Examples of a server include, but are not limited to, database server, file server, mail server, print server, and web server. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A  there is depicted a network supporting communications and interactions between devices connected to the network and executing functionalities according to embodiments of the invention with a first and second user groups  100 A and  1000 B respectively to a telecommunications network  100 . Within the representative telecommunication architecture a remote central exchange  180  communicates with the remainder of a telecommunication service providers network via the network  100  which may include for example long-haul OC-48/OC-192 backbone elements, an OC-48 wide area network (WAN), a Passive Optical Network, and a Wireless Link. The remote central exchange  180  is connected via the network  100  to local, regional, and international exchanges (not shown for clarity) and therein through network  100  to first and second wireless access points (AP)  120  and  110  respectively which provide Wi-Fi cells for first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B respectively. 
     Within the cell associated with first AP  120  the first group of users  100 A may employ a variety of portable electronic devices (PEDs) including for example, laptop computer  155 , portable gaming console  135 , tablet computer  140 , smartphone  150 , cellular telephone  145  as well as portable multimedia player  130 . Within the cell associated with second AP  110  the second group of users  100 B may employ a variety of portable electronic devices (not shown for clarity) but may also employ a variety of fixed electronic devices (FEDs) including for example gaming console  125 , personal computer  115  and wireless/Internet enabled television  120  as well as cable modem  105  which links second AP  110  to the network  100 . 
     Also connected to the network  100  is cell tower  125  that provides, for example, cellular GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) telephony services as well as 3G and 4G evolved services with enhanced data transport support. Cell tower  125  provides coverage in the exemplary embodiment to first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B. Alternatively the first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B may be geographically disparate and access the network  100  through multiple cell towers, not shown for clarity, distributed geographically by the network operator or operators. Accordingly, the first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B may according to their particular communications interfaces communicate to the network  100  through one or more communications standards such as, for example, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, UMTS, GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GPRS, ITU-R 5.138, ITU-R 5.150, ITU-R 5.280, and IMT-2000. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that many portable and fixed electronic devices may support multiple wireless protocols simultaneously, such that for example a user may employ GSM services such as telephony and SMS and Wi-Fi/WiMAX data transmission, VOW and Internet access. 
     Also communicated to the network  100  are first and second servers  110 A and  110 B respectively which host according to embodiments of the invention multiple services associated with content from one or more sources including for example, but not limited to:
         social media  160  such as Facebook™, Twitter™, LinkedIn™ etc;   web feeds  165  such as formatted according to RSS and/or Atom formats to publish frequently updated works;   web portals  170  such as Yahoo™, Google™, Baidu™, and Microsoft&#39;s Bing™ for example;   broadcasters  175  including Fox, NBC, CBS, and Comcast for example who provide content via multiple media including for example satellite, cable, and Internet;   print media  180  including for example USA Today, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and China Daily;   websites  185  including, but not limited to, manufacturers, market research, consumer research, newspapers, journals, and financial institutions.       

     Also connected to network  100  is application server  105  which provides software system(s) and software application(s) associated with receiving retrieved content and processing said published content for users to associate sentiment to content, cluster content for review, and extract core text as discussed below in respect of embodiments of the invention. First and second servers  110 A and  110 B and application server  105  together with other servers not shown for clarity may also provided dictionaries, speech recognition software, product databases, inventory management databases, retail pricing databases, shipping databases, customer databases, software applications for download to fixed and portable electronic devices, as well as Internet services such as a search engine, financial services, third party applications, directories, mail, mapping, social media, news, user groups, and other Internet based services. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1B  there is depicted an electronic device  1004 , supporting communications and interactions according to embodiments of the invention with local and/or remote services. Electronic device  1004  may be for example a PED, FED, a terminal, or a kiosk. Also depicted within the electronic device  1004  is the protocol architecture as part of a simplified functional diagram of a system  1000  that includes an electronic device  1004 , such as a smartphone  155 , an access point (AP)  1006 , such as first Wi-Fi AP  110 , and one or more remote servers  1007 , such as communication servers, streaming media servers, and routers for example such as first and second servers  110 A and  110 B respectively. Remote server cluster  1007  may be coupled to AP  1006  via any combination of networks, wired, wireless and/or optical communication links such as discussed above in respect of  FIG. 1 . The electronic device  1004  includes one or more processors  1010  and a memory  1012  coupled to processor(s)  1010 . AP  1006  also includes one or more processors  1011  and a memory  1013  coupled to processor(s)  1011 . A non-exhaustive list of examples for any of processors  1010  and  1011  includes a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC), a complex instruction set computer (CISC) and the like. Furthermore, any of processors  1010  and  1011  may be part of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or may be a part of application specific standard products (ASSPs). A non-exhaustive list of examples for memories  1012  and  1013  includes any combination of the following semiconductor devices such as registers, latches, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory devices, non-volatile random access memory devices (NVRAM), SDRAM, DRAM, double data rate (DDR) memory devices, SRAM, universal serial bus (USB) removable memory, and the like. 
     Electronic device  1004  may include an audio input element  1014 , for example a microphone, and an audio output element  1016 , for example, a speaker, coupled to any of processors  1010 . Electronic device  1004  may include a video input element  1018 , for example, a video camera, and a video output element  1020 , for example an LCD display, coupled to any of processors  1010 . Electronic device  1004  includes one or more applications  1022  that are typically stored in memory  1012  and are executable by any combination of processors  1010 . Electronic device  1004  includes a protocol stack  1024  and AP  1006  includes a communication stack  1025 . Within system  1000  protocol stack  1024  is shown as IEEE 802.11 protocol stack but alternatively may exploit other protocol stacks such as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) multimedia protocol stack for example. Likewise AP stack  1025  exploits a protocol stack but is not expanded for clarity. Elements of protocol stack  1024  and AP stack  1025  may be implemented in any combination of software, firmware and/or hardware. Protocol stack  1024  includes an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module  1026  that is coupled to one or more Front-End Tx/Rx &amp; Antenna  1028 , an IEEE 802.11-compatible MAC module  1030  coupled to an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLC module  1032 . Protocol stack  1024  includes a network layer IP module  1034 , a transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module  1036  and a transport layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) module  1038 . 
     Protocol stack  1024  also includes a session layer Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) module  1040 , a Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) module  1042 , a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module  1044  and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) module  1046 . Protocol stack  1024  includes a presentation layer media negotiation module  1048 , a call control module  1050 , one or more audio codecs  1052  and one or more video codecs  1054 . Applications  1022  may be able to create maintain and/or terminate communication sessions with any of remote servers  1007  by way of AP  1006 . Typically, applications  1022  may activate any of the SAP, SIP, RTSP, media negotiation and call control modules for that purpose. Typically, information may propagate from the SAP, SIP, RTSP, media negotiation and call control modules to PHY module  1026  through TCP module  1038 , IP module  1034 , LLC module  1032  and MAC module  1030 . 
     It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that elements of the PED  1004  may also be implemented within the AP  1006  including but not limited to one or more elements of the protocol stack  1024 , including for example an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module, an IEEE 802.11-compatible MAC module, and an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLC module  1032 . The AP  1006  may additionally include a network layer IP module, a transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module and a transport layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) module as well as a session layer Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) module, a Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) module, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) module, media negotiation module, and a call control module. 
     As depicted remote server cluster  1007  comprises a firewall  1007 A through which the discrete servers within the remote server cluster  1007  are accessed. Alternatively remote server  1007  may be implemented as multiple discrete independent servers each supporting a predetermined portion of the functionality of remote server cluster  1007 . As presented the discrete servers include application servers  1007 B dedicated to running certain software applications, communications server  1007 C providing a platform for communications networks, database server  1007 D providing database services to other computer programs or computers, web server  1007 E providing HTTP clients connectivity in order to send commands and receive responses along with content, and proxy server  1007 F that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. 
     Labelled Multi-Document Clusters 
     Automatic Multi-Document Labeling Process: 
     Within this section of the specification processes for automatically creating labelled multi-document clusters from a collection of content are presented. The goal of these processes being to take a collection of content, e.g. multiple documents, that mention one or more concepts of interests, and automatically cluster them into cohesive groups that discuss the same event, news, or item (herein referred to as a concept). Each cohesive group (or cluster) thereby consisting of one or more documents from the original collection, relating to the same concept, wherein differences in vocabulary are accommodated in the process. Each cluster is also automatically assigned a descriptive label that identifies the core concept that each of the documents within the cluster describe. 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the invention allow multiple documents to be automatically distilled into a smaller set of “headlines” that can make it easier for a user to get an overview of the original document collection. Alternatively, embodiments of the invention allow for the creation of longitudinal “headlines” case-files for concepts that are present within the source content, e.g. media, over different periods of time. These case-files enable a software system and/or software application according to an embodiment of the invention to provide alerts when new or novel issues are discussed in the source media, as they do not map to any existing case-files, to maintain case-files over time allowing evolution and chronology to be easily established, to “contain” trend-analysis of key topics by effectively managing potentially high volumes of content on a particular topic, and automatically generate headline “timelines” which discuss dominant events associated with a tracked concept over predetermined timescales which may be minutes or hours for critical events or time sensitive events, weeks, months or years. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B  first and second process flow sections  200  and  2000  are depicted providing an overall process flow according to an embodiment of the invention for automatically creating labelled multi-document clusters from a collection of content. Accordingly first process flow section  200  in  FIG. 2B  begins with the retrieval of a set of documents in step  2005  associated with a set of topics. The set of documents may be retrieved from a document repository within a software system and/or software application according to an embodiment of the invention whereas in another embodiment of the invention the set of documents may be retrieved in real time from one or more sources. This set of documents being referred to as the initial extracted document collection. 
     Now in step  2010  for each document a core set of topics, named-entities or themes discussed in the document are extracted, referred to as themes. For each document typically between 8 and 25 themes are associated with it. Next in step  2015  the process determines if all documents in the initial extracted document collection have been processed for theme extraction wherein the process either loops back to step  2010  where the last document has not been processed or proceeds to step  2020 . In step  2020  an association matrix is derived from the extracted themes wherein this association matrix counts the co-occurrences between each theme and the other themes that occur in the same document. For example, if the theme “Taliban” co-occurred with the theme “Afghanistan” 15 times, the association matrix would record this number. Also stored within the association matrix is the number of documents in which a particular theme occurred in step  2025 . Thus, if the theme “Afghanistan” occurred in 20 documents, this number is stored in association with the theme “Afghanistan” within the association matrix. 
     Next in step  2030  the process calculates for each &lt;theme→theme co-occurrence&gt;a co-occurrence density which is calculated as the co-occurrence count divided by the total number of lines in which the theme occurred. Thus in the above example, the density of the &lt;“Taliban”→“Afghanistan”&gt;co-occurrence is calculated as 15/20=0.75. In step  2035  the &lt;theme→theme co-occurrence&gt;co-occurrence densities are sorted by density, highest density first. The set N≧1 of &lt;theme→theme&gt;tuples with the highest density is selected in step  2045  and then in step  2050  from the selected &lt;theme→theme&gt;tuples the &lt;theme→theme&gt; with the highest co-occurrence frequency is selected. From this the seed terms for the first cluster are established in step  2055 . 
     Next in step  2060  the seed terms are correlated to the other themes and then ordered according to saliency in step  2065 . The saliency being defined as frequency of a term&#39;s co-occurrence with a theme multiplied by the density of the occurrences of the term. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that content may be correlated with multiple seed terms, or seed terms from multiple items of other content, and accordingly their correlations would count towards the saliency score. The process then in step  2075  proceeds to second flow section  2000  from which there is also a return loop to step  2035  as discussed below. 
     Accordingly referring to second flow section  2000  the process proceeds from first flow section  200  in step  2105  to step  2110  wherein it is determined whether a spread between the maximum salience terms score and the minimum salience terms score exist wherein if the determination in step  2115  is yes the process proceeds to step  2120  wherein the entries with the lowest scores are removed from the salience table before the process proceeds to step  2125 . If the determination in step  2115  was no then the process proceeds directly to step  2125 . Step  2120  frequently removes the hapax legomenon entries, which may in many instances only co-occur once with the selected seed terms. 
     Proceeding to step  2125  the process determines the statistical mean of the salience of the remaining terms and then proceeds in step  2130  to remove everything below this statistical mean thereby generating a cohesive cluster. The seed terms are then added to the set of terms to no longer consider for clustering in step  2135  before determining whether in step  2140  there are more clusters to form. If the determination is positive then the process proceeds to step  2145  wherein it returns to process step  235  in the first flow section  200  wherein the intervening process is repeated for the next highest density &lt;theme→theme&gt;tuple until a determination in step  2150  is that no &lt;theme→theme&gt;tuples remain and hence there are no more clusters to form. 
     Next in step  2150  a determination is made as to whether clusters exist wherein an overlap between the clusters exceeds a predetermined overlap. If such clusters exist the process proceeds to step  2155  wherein those clusters exceeding the predetermined overlap are merged before proceeding to step  2160  which is directly proceeded to from step  2150  is no clusters exceeding the predetermined overlap exist. In step  2160  each cluster of terms is set as a “theme” fingerprint and each of the documents in the initial extracted document collection is ranked in step  2165  according to similarity with this theme fingerprint. This ranking may be established for example via a standard Vector Space model, Jaccard index, or other similarity measure. In step  2170  the highest ranked documents are selected as being part of this cluster. The ranking can be either done on the core topics associated with the document, or against the full text. Next in step  2175  the title of the top ranked document is set as the label for this cluster and then in step  2180  the cluster results are stored. Optionally additional steps may be executed at this point. 
     Optionally, the title may be simplified as the label or an extracted summary may be employed. Alternatively a simple title for the highest ranked document and hence its associated cluster may be generated via a natural language parse of the document text. 
     It would be evident to one skilled in the art that a document as referred to within the above description with respect to first and second process flow sections  200  and  2000  is one specific form of content and that according to embodiments of the invention a single overall combined process flow may be executed for arbitrary content types or that it may be executed upon a predetermined sub-set of content types. Optionally, multiple combined process flows may be executed targeting different content type sub-groups, such as one for example capturing text based content and another audiovisual content. In such instances the themes of one process flow may be deemed to be a master theme set and employed in the analysis within other process flows for other content types. 
     New Headline Identification and Content Folding Process: 
     Now referring to  FIG. 3  there is depicted a process flowchart  300  according to an embodiment of the invention for establishing new key concepts, headlines, etc within evolving multi-document clusters according to an embodiment of the invention. For example a user may identify new “headlines” via comparison with existing “headlines” via the process presented within flowchart  300 . Accordingly, in step  305  a single criterion is or multiple criteria are established for selecting existing headlines from a dataset of existing headlines. Such a criterion may include for example, matching a keyword, matching multiple keywords individually, matching multiple keywords in combination, a date range, a data range, a source, and multiple sources. For example, headlines may be selected solely upon a series of keywords. However, where multiple criteria are employed rather than a single criterion different Boolean operations may be applied such as            (Facebook)OR(LinkedIn)         AND         (NewYorkTimes)or(CNN)         NOT         (Lawsuit)         . Next in step  310  all existing headlines from a dataset of existing headlines are retrieved matching the criteria selected before in step  315  new headlines from a content source or content sources are retrieved and then in step  320  compared against the retrieved existing headlines to ascertain a similarity score.
     In step  325  the similarity scores are thresholded to determine whether the headline to which the similarity score relates is new, i.e. the similarity score is below the threshold, or a duplicate, i.e. the score is above the threshold. If the headline is a duplicate then the process moves to step  330  wherein some or all of the data of the duplicate headline is folded into the pre-existing headline. “Folding” some or all of the data, a data clipping, of the duplicate headline into the pre-existing headline may mean adding the data clipping to a file associated with the headline or alternatively one or other techniques such as salient content extraction and sentiment analysis for example may be applied to the data to form the data clipping prior to its integration with the previously clipped and stored data. The process then proceeds to step  330  and indicates to the user that new folded data exists in respect of that particular headline wherein the user in step  340  may choose to display the new folded data for all or some of the headlines for which the new existence is indicated. If the user elects to view then then process proceeds to step  345  wherein the folded content is presented to the user and then the process moves to step  350  and stops. 
     If at step  325  the headline was established as being below the similarity score threshold then the new the process proceeds to step  355  wherein the headline is marked as new. Next in step  360  the user is presented with a report/indication of the new headline and given the option to display it or not wherein the process proceeds to either step  345  to display it or step  350  to stop. Within the embodiment of the invention presented supra in respect of  FIG. 3  and process flowchart  300  has been described as a single process sequence wherein all headings are retrieved and compared before the results are presented to the user. However, it would be evident that alternatively the process may loop sequentially extracting a new headline and performing the comparison, folding, display etc according to the flow for each headline or that multiple processing threads may act in parallel on discrete headlines or subsets of the extracted set of headlines. 
     Alternatively, the folded headline may be forwarded to a subscriber of the software application and/or software system automatically, based upon their preferences within the software application and/or software system, so that they can track the evolution of a headline and/or receive only the salient content of each item of retrieved information for which the headline is processed. Within the description of process flowchart  300  in  FIG. 3  the process is described as being performed upon “headlines.” A headline may include, but not be limited to, the title of an item of electronic content, a tag associated with an item of electronic content, a heading field within an item of electronic content, and a heading associated with an item of electronic content generated in dependence of a process of core content extraction and/or salient content extraction. An item of electronic content may refer to, for example, an article, a blog, a social media post, an email, a comment posted to a website, a word processing document, an office document, a response to a survey, an item of multimedia content, and an item of audiovisual content. Accordingly, a user may extract a headline, e.g. topic, from one source set of electronic content, e.g. news headlines from a news feed service, and apply this to another source of electronic content, e.g. Twitter™, news agency website, and outgoing electronic mail for example. 
     Optionally, headlines of items of content established as being below the similarity score threshold but within a predetermined range of the similarity score threshold may be handled by an additional process flow, not depicted in  FIG. 3 , wherein these headlines are stored and an indication presented to the user that items of content with similarity scores close to the criteria established exist. If the user wishes these may be presented for association by the user to either the pre-existing or new categories. Optionally, according to an embodiment of the invention a user may establish a criteria which is then employed as a seed to a number of processes wherein each process takes the established criteria and adds a sentiment, e.g. positive, neutral, negative wherein matches for any terms within a lexicon of sentiment terms associated with the sentiment constitute towards the similarity score for that particular sentiment. Accordingly, for example, all headlines matching, for example, the criteria            (Facebook)OR(LinkedIn)         AND         (NewYorkTimes)or(CNN)         NOT         (Lawsuit)          with positive sentiment form a first headline set whilst those with negative sentiment for a second group. Subsequently, new headlines may be folded to either group or if only positive sentiment was established initially under user direction then negative sentiment matches would be highlighted. Accordingly, headlines matching a criterion and/or criteria may be further categorized according to their sentiment. Optionally, the user may be alerted when the weighting between sentiments moves outside of a predetermined threshold from the initial weighting established with the initial headline set.
     In this manner a user may access via a selected headline, a set of documents that are similar to the terms that are associated with the headline. This set of documents can be generated via a method of extracting, ranking and filtering documents from a repository such that the documents are maintained intact, merged to form one master document, processed for salient content extraction and maintained as discrete summaries, or merged to a single extracted salient content file. The method according to embodiments of the invention also supports the extraction of documents from repositories that are different to the one used to generate the headlines, and which contains documents of a different genre, format, or nature for example. For example, the headlines can be generated from traditional news media sites, while the headline-matching documents can be extracted via a query generated (from headline associated keywords) to extract status updates from social media. Further, documents can be presented in the form of a timeline, with optional key events identified within the timeline such as, for example, when a new headline associated with the topic was initially published. 
     Specific details are given in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
     Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means described above may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques, blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described above and/or a combination thereof. 
     Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages and/or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, scripting language and/or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium, such as a storage medium. A code segment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters and/or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor and may vary in implementation where the memory is employed in storing software codes for subsequent execution to that when the memory is employed in executing the software codes. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more devices for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels and/or various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. 
     The methodologies described herein are, in one or more embodiments, performable by a machine which includes one or more processors that accept code segments containing instructions. For any of the methods described herein, when the instructions are executed by the machine, the machine performs the method. Any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine are included. Thus, a typical machine may be exemplified by a typical processing system that includes one or more processors. Each processor may include one or more of a CPU, a graphics-processing unit, and a programmable DSP unit. The processing system further may include a memory subsystem including main RAM and/or a static RAM, and/or ROM. A bus subsystem may be included for communicating between the components. If the processing system requires a display, such a display may be included, e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD). If manual data entry is required, the processing system also includes an input device such as one or more of an alphanumeric input unit such as a keyboard, a pointing control device such as a mouse, and so forth. 
     The memory includes machine-readable code segments (e.g. software or software code) including instructions for performing, when executed by the processing system, one of more of the methods described herein. The software may reside entirely in the memory, or may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the RAM and/or within the processor during execution thereof by the computer system. Thus, the memory and the processor also constitute a system comprising machine-readable code. 
     In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected, e.g., networked to other machines, in a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. The machine may be, for example, a computer, a server, a cluster of servers, a cluster of computers, a web appliance, a distributed computing environment, a cloud computing environment, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. The term “machine” may also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The foregoing disclosure of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents. 
     Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.