Abstract:
High-purity gas purifiers for purification of corrosive gases, such as halogen gases or halide gases, and noncorrosive gases, such as hydrogen and inert gases, methods of making and methods of using the gas purifiers, are described. The gas purifier includes a housing made of nickel or stainless steel. Within the housing, the gas purifier includes a purifier resin, including a modifier coated onto a substrate. The gas purifier further includes porous nickel membranes located at the inlets and outlets of the device. The inlets and outlets are capable of fluid communication with external fixtures.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/981,390, filed on Apr. 18, 2014; the entire teachings of which application are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD TO WHICH THE INVENTION RELATES 
       [0002]    The invention generally is directed to a gas purifier for removing molecular contaminants, moisture, particulates, volatile metals and hydrocarbons that may be present in corrosive gases, such as halogen or halide gases, and noncorrosive gases, such as hydrogen. In one embodiment, a gas purifier includes a nickel housing, a nickel inlet end cap and a nickel outlet end cap, the end caps each having a fluid fitting external to the housing with a sealing surface for sealingly coupling to external fixtures, a purifier resin centrally disposed within the nickel housing, and inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes situated between the end caps and the purifier resin. 
       Prior Art 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Semiconductor manufacturing operations require that wafer surfaces be as clean as possible. High purity hydrogen halide gases, liquid hydrogen halides, and other corrosive gases are utilized in the semiconductor industry in manufacturing processes like cleaning reactor tubes and cleaning susceptors. Hydrogen halide gases and other corrosive gases can also be used as an etchant in the manufacture of microcircuits. 
         [0004]    The methods taught in the prior art, do not necessarily meet the purity requirements of today&#39;s customers in the semiconductor industry. There is a continuing need for the preparation of ultra-high purity halogen and halide gases, including hydrogen halides, nonmetal halides, and organohalides, to meet the new purification demands of the semiconductor industry. Additionally, there is a need for preparation of ultra-high purity noncorrosive gases, such as hydrogen and inert gases. 
       Technical Content of the Invention 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    This invention pertains to gas purifiers, as well as methods of making and using gas purifiers, for removing molecular contaminants, moisture, particulates, volatile metals and hydrocarbons that may be present in halogen or halide gases. This invention further pertains to the purification of molecular contaminants, moisture, and particulates that may be present in hydrogen and inert gases. 
         [0006]    In accordance with a version of the invention, there is provided a gas purifier comprising a nickel housing, a nickel inlet end cap and a nickel outlet end cap, the end caps each having a fluid fitting external to the housing with a sealing surface for sealingly coupling to external fixtures, a purifier resin centrally disposed within the nickel housing, and inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes situated between the end caps and the purifier resin. 
         [0007]    In further, related versions, the purifier resin may be a coating material coated onto a porous carbon support or onto a porous alumina support. The coating material may be a magnesium halide or a fluoride salt. The concentration of coating material may be about 5 to 75%, 10-40% or 15% to 30% by weight. The housing, end caps, and fluid fittings may have a surface finish of less than about 15 micro Ra on fluid-facing surfaces. The fluid fittings may be formed of stainless steel welded to the nickel end caps. The gas purifier may further comprise a media separator situated within the housing between the inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes to separate two beds of purifier resin. 
         [0008]    In other related versions, there is provided a gas purifier comprising a base having an inlet port and an outlet port and optionally configured to be removably fixed to a surface of an external fixture. The gas purifier further comprises an elongated outer shell connected to the base on a first end and enclosed on a second end, and an elongated inner nickel shell, disposed within the outer shell with a gap therebetween, a first end of the inner shell in fluid communication with the inlet port, a second end of the inner shell in fluid communication with the gap, and the gap in fluid communication with the outlet port. The gas purifier further comprises inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes situated within the inner shell, the inlet membrane located near the first end of the inner shell and the outlet membrane located near the second end of the inner shell, and a purifier resin disposed between the inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes. 
         [0009]    In further, related versions, the outer shell may be stainless steel or nickel. The resin may be a Group I or II halide salt coated onto a porous carbon support. The gas purifier may further comprise a media separator situated within the housing between the inlet and outlet porous nickel membranes to separate two beds of purifier resin. The inner shell, outer shell, and inlet and outlet ports may have a surface finish of less than about 15 micro Ra on fluid-facing surfaces. 
         [0010]    In other related versions, there is provided a method of purifying a gas, comprising providing a gas purifier, introducing a gas containing contaminants into the gas purifier, the gas travelling through a flowpath of the gas purifier from an inlet port or end cap, through an inlet porous nickel membrane, a purifier resin, and a outlet porous nickel membrane, to an outlet port or end cap, the contaminants remaining within the membranes and purifier resin, and recovering the gas, purified from contaminants, from the outlet port or end cap. The gas may be a corrosive gas such as a hydrogen halide gas or a halogen gas. The purifier resin may be magnesium halide coated onto a porous carbon support. In other versions the gas may be a noncorrosive gas, such as hydrogen and inert gases. 
         [0011]    In further, related versions, there is provided a method of making a gas purifier, comprising exposing porous material with a solution containing a coating substance, heating the porous material and the coating substance to create a purifier resin, and placing the purifier resin into a gas purifier. The method further comprises conditioning the purifier resin by providing a flow of purified gas to the inlet port or end cap, the purified gas moving through the purifier resin and out the outlet port or end cap, and purging the purifier resin by providing a flow of inert gas to the inlet port or end cap, the inert gas moving through the purifier resin and out the outlet port or end cap. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1A  is a section view of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1B  is a perspective view of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2A  is a section view of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS 
       [0017]    Reference Numerals in  FIG. 1A   
         [0018]      100  gas purifier 
         [0019]      110  nickel housing 
         [0020]      120  nickel inlet end cap 
         [0021]      125  inlet fluid fitting 
         [0022]      130  nickel outlet end cap 
         [0023]      135  outlet fluid fitting 
         [0024]      140  inlet porous nickel metal membrane 
         [0025]      145  outlet porous nickel metal membrane 
         [0026]      150  media chamber 
         [0027]      170  inlet port 
         [0028]      175  outlet port 
         [0029]      180  media separator 
         [0030]    Reference Numerals in  FIG. 1B   
         [0031]      100  gas purifier 
         [0032]      110  nickel housing 
         [0033]      120  nickel inlet end cap 
         [0034]      125  inlet fluid fitting 
         [0035]      130  nickel outlet end cap 
         [0036]      135  outlet fluid fitting 
         [0037]    Reference Numerals in  FIG. 2A   
         [0038]      200  gas purifier 
         [0039]      205  base 
         [0040]      210  outer shell 
         [0041]      215  inner shell 
         [0042]      230  gap 
         [0043]      240  inlet porous nickel membrane 
         [0044]      245  outlet porous nickel membrane 
         [0045]      250  media separator 
         [0046]      260  bolt holes 
         [0047]      270  inlet port 
         [0048]      275  outlet port 
         [0049]    Reference Numerals in  FIG. 2B   
         [0050]      200  gas purifier 
         [0051]      205  base 
         [0052]      210  outer shell 
         [0053]      260  bolt holes 
       PRACTICE MODE 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0054]    While this invention will be particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 
         [0055]    While various compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular molecules, compositions, designs, methodologies or protocols described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or versions only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. 
         [0056]    It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “nickel housing” is a reference to one or more nickel housing elements and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of versions of the present invention. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. All numeric values herein can be modified by the term “about” whether or not explicitly indicated. The term “about” generally refers to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value (i.e., having the same function or result). In some versions the term “about” refers to ±10% of the stated value, in other versions the term “about” refers to ±2% of the stated value. While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including, but not limited to”), the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps, such terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially closed-member groups. 
         [0057]    A description of example embodiments of the invention follows. 
         [0058]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are section and perspective views, respectively, of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. The gas purifier  100  includes an all nickel housing  110 . A nickel inlet end cap  120  has an inlet fluid fitting  125  and a nickel outlet end cap  130  has an outlet fluid fitting  135 . Alternatively, the gas purifier  100  can include an all stainless-steel housing and stainless-steel end caps. The fluid fittings  125 ,  135  are shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  as male fittings but can also be configured to be female fittings or another configuration. The inlet fluid fitting  125  provides an inlet port  170  and the outlet fluid fitting provides an outlet port  175 . The purifier  100  further includes an inlet porous nickel metal membrane  140  or screen and an outlet porous nickel metal membrane  145  or screen. A media chamber  150  containing purifier resin (not shown) is positioned between the inlet porous nickel metal membrane  140  or screen and the outlet porous nickel metal membrane  145  or screen. One or more beds of purifier resin may be included within the media chamber  150 . A first bed of purifier resin may be separated from a second bed of purifier resin by an optional media separator  180 . 
         [0059]    The gas purifier  100  can be positioned in-line with other components of a gas purification process or semiconductor manufacturing process. The fluid fittings  125 ,  135  can have a gland sealing surface providing a fluid tight connection to other components connected to the gas purifier  100 . Furthermore, the fluid fittings  125 ,  135  may be formed from nickel or may be formed from stainless steel welded to the nickel end caps  120 ,  130 . 
         [0060]    The gas purifier  100  can be made by welding the nickel inlet end cap  120  and inlet porous nickel metal membrane  140  to a first portion of the nickel housing  110 . Purifier material or precursor material can be placed in the nickel housing  110  over the top of the inlet porous nickel metal membrane  140 . A nickel outlet end cap  130  and outlet porous nickel metal membrane  145  or screen can be welded to a second portion of the nickel shell  110  to seal the purifier material (not shown) in the media chamber  150  in the nickel housing. 
         [0061]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are section and perspective views, respectively, of a gas purifier in accordance with one version of the invention. The gas purifier  200  includes a base  205  having an inlet port  270  and an outlet port  275 . The base can be configured to be removably fixed to a surface of an external fixture, such as a gas manifold, a gas supply source, or a processing chamber. The base  205  includes bolt holes  260 . Bolt holes  260  are optional and can be used to removably attach the gas purifier to an external fixture. The bolt holes can be made to comply with various specifications, including SEMI F86-0304. The base can include c-seals for fluid tight connection to other components. The base can be made of stainless steel, including 316L stainless steel. 
         [0062]    The gas purifier  200  further includes an elongated outer shell  210  connected to the base  205  on a first end and enclosed on a second end. An elongated inner shell  215  is disposed within the outer shell and a gap  230  is provided between the inner shell  215  and the interior surface of the outer shell  210 . The inner shell  215  is in fluid communication with the inlet port  270  on a first end and is in fluid communication with the gap  230  on a second end. The gap  230  is in fluid communication with the outlet port  275 . The gas purifier  200  further includes an inlet porous nickel membrane  240  and an outlet porous nickel membrane  245 . Within the inner shell  215  and between the membranes  240 ,  245  is a media separator  250 . 
         [0063]    The outer shell  210  and inner shell  215  can be formed of nickel, such as Nickel  200 , a commercial grade of nickel. Alternatively, the outer shell  210  can be formed of stainless steel, such as 316L stainless steel. To reduce corrosion of the gas purifier, surfaces of the gas purifier in contact with a gas contaminated with water vapor can be made of nickel. 
         [0064]    The inlet porous nickel membranes  140 ,  240  and outlet porous nickel membranes  145 ,  245  can be high-porosity membranes or screens. For example, metal membrane elements are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,447, filed on Mar. 12, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,771, filed on Jul. 27, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,287, filed on Dec. 10, 2007; U.S. Pat. No. 8,932,381, filed on Jun. 16, 2010; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/982,936, filed on Jan. 24, 2012; the teachings of which are incorporated by reference. 
         [0065]    The media separators  180 ,  250  can be a media-retaining porous membrane separating a first bed of purifier resin (not shown) from a second bed of purifier resin (not shown). Where one separator is shown in  FIGS. 1A and 2A , more than one separator may be used. For example, media separators are described in International Application No. PCT/U52013/025239, filed on Feb. 8, 2013 and International Application No. PCT/U52014/039351, filed on May 23, 2014, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference. The location of the media separator  250  can vary depending upon the ratio of media included in the inner shell  215 . 
         [0066]    The purifier media, or purifier resin, can be a combination of a modifier, such as Group I or II halide salt, coated onto a substrate, such as alumina or activated carbon. The selection of a purifier media is dependent upon the gas to be purified. For purification of corrosive gases, the purifier media preferably comprises a monolayer purifier bed. Two types of purifier media may be included in a gas purifier as two separate media beds, which can be separated by a media separator. For example, a first bed of purifier media tailored to remove volatile metals from a gas may be separated from a second bed of purifier media tailored to remove moisture from the gas. Alternatively, the purifier media can be a mixed bed of two or more different media. Purification media substrates include activated carbon, alumina, zirconia, titanium dioxide, zeolites and zirconia. One substrate or a combination of two or more substrates may be used to create a purifier media. In some cases, a purification media may include a substrate without a coating. A listing of halogen, halide, organohalide, and other haloganted process gases, such as halogenated silanes, with corresponding example purifier media, including coating/modifiers and substrates, is listed in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gases and Corresponding Purifier Media 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Gas 
                 Coating/Modifier 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 MgCl 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 MgCl 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 HBr 
                 MgBr 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 NaF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 NaF 
                 TiO 2   
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 NaF 
                 Zirconia 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 KF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 KF 
                 TiO 2   
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 KF 
                 Zirconia 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                 None 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 Cl 2   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 Cl 2   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 Br 2 * 
                 MgBr 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 Br 2 * 
                 MgBr 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 Br 2 * 
                 None 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 Br 2 * 
                 None 
                 Zeolites 
               
               
                   
                 NF 3   
                 None 
                 Zeolites 
               
               
                   
                 NF 3   
                 None 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 GeF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiH 2 Cl 2   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiH 2 Cl 2   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiCl 4   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiCl 4   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 SiHCl 3   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 SiHCl 3   
                 MgCl 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CH 3 F 
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 3   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 CF 4   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 3 F 8   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 H 9 F 
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 2 F 6   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 CsF 
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 CsF 
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 FeF 3   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 FeF 3   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 CuF 2   
                 Alumina 
               
               
                   
                 C 4 F 6   
                 CuF 2   
                 Activated carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Elemental bromine is a liquid. Bromine could be supplied as a gas mixture, for example, in helium, nitrogen or argon. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    Gas purifier  100 ,  200  can also include one or more purifier resin beds for the purification of inert or non-corrosive gases and semi-gases. For example, hydrogen, argon, helium, and nitrogen could be purified utilizing media comprising zeolites (crystalline materials), activated carbon (amorphous materials), and catalytic materials (a combination of both crystalline and amorphous materials), either individually or in combination. For example, hydrogen and inert gases can be purified using media comprising zeolite, activated carbon and nickel catalyst. 
         [0068]    The concentration of a modifier to substrate can range from 5% to 75% by weight, 10-40% by weight, or 15-30% by weight. For example, a magnesium halide salt in concentrations of equal to or greater than 15% but less than or equal to 20% by weight on a high surface area carbonaceous substrate is effective. For further example, a fluoride salt in concentrations of equal to or greater than 15% but less than or equal to 30% by weight on a high surface area carbonaceous or alumina substrate is effective. 
         [0069]    The surface area of a substrate can be 200-1200 square meters/gram, 500-1000 square meters/gram, or about 1000 square meters/gram. 
         [0070]    A method of purifying gas, for example hydrogen bromide (HBr) gas, can include the steps or acts of: (a) flowing a source of HBr gas containing contaminants, including water vapor, into the inlet of an HBr purifier, for example gas purifier  100  or  200  containing a purifier resin of a Group II bromide salt deposited on a high surface area carbonaceous support; (b) passing the HBr gas containing the contaminants through the purifier; and, (c) removing purified HBr gas from the outlet of the HBr purifier, the purified HBr gas contains less water vapor than the HBr gas inlet to the purifier. 
         [0071]    Purified gas exiting the gas purifier having purifier material contained in a nickel housing will have a lower metals content compared to purified gas exiting a gas purifier having purifier material contained in a traditional steel housing. For example, the purified HBr gas exiting from the outlet of a gas purifier having purifier material contained in a nickel housing has a water vapor content of less than about 1 ppm v/v  (parts per million). In some cases the water vapor content of the purified HBr can be less than 100 ppb v/v  (parts per billion). The moisture content of the purified HBr gas can be determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy or Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). 
         [0072]    HBr gas can be sampled before and after purification for a predetermined amount of time to measure metals content. A bubbler can be used to capture samples of HBr gas and analysis can be conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A variety of trace metals may be monitored in one scan. Low detection sensitivity can be achieved by pre-concentration of the sample, the use of background suppression and separation column, and completion of testing in a controlled cleanroom environment with chemical filters. 
         [0073]    Current performance data for the purification of sample gases from water vapor utilizing media of MgCl 2  coated onto an activated carbon substrate is shown in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Water Vapor Purification Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Gas 
                 Moisture Capacity 
                 Outlet Purity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HCl 
                 25 L/L 
                 20 ppbv 
               
               
                   
                 N 2   
                 18 L/L 
                  1 ppbv 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    Current performance data for the purification of HBr gas for metals removal utilizing media of MgBr 2  coated onto activated carbon substrate is shown in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Metals Removal Purification Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Metal Contaminant 
                 Removal Efficiency 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chromium 
                 98.6% 
               
               
                   
                 Iron 
                 99.7% 
               
               
                   
                 Manganese 
                 99.4% 
               
               
                   
                 Molybdenum 
                 77.9% 
               
               
                   
                 Nickel 
                 96.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0075]    A method of making a body of gas purifier  100 , for example an HBr gas purifier, in accordance with the present invention, includes the following steps or acts: (a) placing a magnesium-bromide-coated carbon material into a first purifier housing sub-assembly that includes a nickel shell, a porous nickel metal membrane, and a nickel end cap; and, (b) welding a second purifier housing sub-assembly that includes a nickel metal membrane and a nickel metal end cap to the nickel shell portion of the first nickel purifier housing sub-assembly, the magnesium bromide coated carbon material contained within the nickel shell. The purifier can have components including inlet and outlet fittings, inlet and outlet caps, a shell, and inlet and outlet porous membranes. The purifier components comprise 99% by weight or more of nickel metal and one or more components can be welded together. 
         [0076]    A method of making a gas purifier media or resin, for example for an HBr gas purifier, in accordance with the present invention, includes the following steps or acts: (a) activating magnesium-bromide-coated carbon material in a nickel housing with heating in a flow of dry purified nitrogen gas and then cooling the inert gas activated magnesium-bromide-coated carbon material to room temperature; and (b) conditioning the activated magnesium-bromide-coated carbon material from step (a) in a purified hydrogen bromide gas composition. The conditioning of the activated magnesium-bromide-coated carbon material from step (a) can occur in a purified hydrogen bromide gas composition with heating. 
         [0077]    An aqueous or methanolic solution of MgBr 2  can be allowed to contact the porous carbon support. After the carbon support material is coated, the coated material can be dried either in vacuo or by flowing dry N 2  at room temperature for about one hour and then with heating at 60-80° C. for another hour. After initial drying, the coated carbon material can be loaded into a purifier body and activated with heating. For example, heating can be at a temperature in the range of about 150° C. to about 300° C. for about 8 hours in a flow of dry, purified nitrogen gas and then the material can cooled to room temperature. The coated carbon material (the carbon support impregnated with MgBr 2  or solvates thereof) can then be conditioned in a purified and/or heated hydrogen bromide gas composition using a purified HBr gas stream (HBr gas with moisture removed using another HBr purifier available from Entegris, Inc.) at room temperature and/or with externally applied heat to the purifier by a Vent/Fill method. The temperature of the activated material during conditioning with HBr can be measured with a temperature probe contacting the outside of the housing. The conditioned purifier can subsequently be purged with an inert gas, with optional heating, to remove residual conditioning HBr to safe concentration levels. 
         [0078]    The inlet fluid fittings and outlet fluid fittings can be machined to the nickel end caps or welded to the nickel end caps. The inlet fluid fitting sealing gland surface and the outlet fluid fitting sealing gland surface can have a surface finish of 15 micro inch Ra or less. In some cases, the surface of the inlet fluid fitting gland surface and the outlet fluid fitting gland surface can have a surface finish of 5 micro inch Ra or less. Fluid contacting surfaces of the purifier shell and end cap can also have a surface finish of 15 micro inch Ra or less. In some cases the fluid contacting surfaces of the purifier shell and end caps can have a surface finish of 5 micro inch Ra or less. 
         [0079]    Nickel metal that can be used for the housing and membranes include those compositions that are 99% Ni by weight or more. An example of a nickel metal that can be used for the housing is Ni 200. 
         [0080]    The porous nickel membrane outlet from the purifier can have a particle retention removal of all particles referenced at the most penetrating particle size of greater than or equal to 0.003 micron, of greater than 99.9999%. 
         [0081]    A nickel screen or nickel porous membrane can have a mesh or pore size that is smaller than the size of the carbon based support resin material so that the purifier resin remains contained within the housing. 
         [0082]    Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. The invention includes all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims In addition, while a particular feature or aspect of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature or aspect may be combined with one or more other features or aspects of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” Also, the term “exemplary” is merely meant to mean an example, rather than the best. It is also to be appreciated that features and/or elements depicted herein are illustrated with particular dimensions and/or orientations relative to one another for purposes of simplicity and ease of understanding, and that the actual dimensions and/or orientations may differ substantially from that illustrated herein. 
         [0083]    Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain versions thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description and the versions contained within this specification. 
         [0084]    The teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.