Abstract:
A bypass conduit assembly is placed in a hollow body organ to route food and liquids past the hollow body organ. A flexible tubular member extends from a narrowed section through the hollow body organ and into either the pylorus or intestines. The tubular member is connected to tissue by fasteners such as clips, staples or stents.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to medical apparatus and methods and more particularly to devices and methods for dividing a hollow body organ or otherwise restricting or partitioning a certain section of that organ, such as a stomach, intestine or gastrointestinal tract. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In cases of severe obesity, patients may currently undergo several types of surgery either to tie off or staple portions of the large or small intestine or stomach, and/or to bypass portions of the same to reduce the amount of food desired by the patient, and the amount absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. The procedures currently available include laparoscopic banding, where a device is used to “tie off” or constrict a portion of the stomach, vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), or a more invasive surgical procedure known as a Roux-En-Y gastric bypass to effect permanent surgical reduction of the stomach&#39;s volume and subsequent bypass of the intestine. 
     Typically, these stomach reduction procedures are performed surgically through an open incision and staples or sutures are applied externally to the stomach or hollow body organ. Such procedures can also be performed laparoscopically, through the use of smaller incisions, or ports, through trocars and other specialized devices. In the case of laparoscopic banding, an adjustable band is placed around the proximal section of the stomach reaching from the lesser curve (LC) of the stomach around to the greater curve (GC), thereby creating a constriction or “waist” in a vertical manner between the esophagus (ES) and the pylorus (PY) (See Prior Art  FIG. 1 ). During a VBG (See Prior Art  FIG. 2 ) a small pouch (P) (approximately 20 cc in volume) is constructed by forming a vertical partition from the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) to midway down the lesser curvature of the stomach by externally applying staples, and optionally dividing or resecting a portion of the stomach, followed by creation of a stoma (ST) at the outlet of the partition to prevent dilation of the outlet channel and restrict intake. In a Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (see Prior Art  FIG. 3 ), the stomach is surgically divided into a smaller upper pouch connected to the esophageal inflow, and a lower portion, detached from the upper pouch but still connected to the intestinal tract for purposes of secreting digestive juices. A resected portion of the small intestine is then anastomosed using an end-to-side anastomosis to the upper pouch, thereby bypassing the majority of the intestine and reducing absorption of caloric intake and causing rapid “dumping” of highly caloric or “junk foods”. 
     Although the outcome of these stomach reduction surgeries leads to patient weight loss because patients are physically forced to eat less due to the reduced size of their stomach, several limitations exist due to the invasiveness of the procedures, including time, general anesthesia, healing of the incisions and other complications attendant to major surgery. In addition, these procedures are only available to a small segment of the obese population (morbid obesity, Body Mass Index≧40) due to their complications, leaving patients who are considered obese or moderately obese with few, if any, interventional options. 
     In addition to surgical procedures, certain tools exist for approximating or otherwise securing tissue such as the stapling devices used in the above-described surgical procedures and others such as in the treatment of gastroesophogeal reflux (GERD). These devices include the GIA® device (Gastrointestinal Anastomosis device manufactured by Ethicon Endosurgery, Inc. and a similar product by USSC), and certain clamping and stapling devices as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,897,562 and 5,571,116 and 5,676,674, Non-Invasive Apparatus for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Bolanos, et al) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,326 Method for Performing a Gastric Wrap of the Esophagus for Use in the Treatment of Esophageal Reflux (Harrison et al) for methods and devices for fundoplication of the stomach to the esophagus for treatment of gastro esophageal reflux (GERD). In addition, certain tools as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,983 Tissue Cutting and Stitching Device and Method (Solar et al), detail an endoscopic suturing device (C.R. Bard, Inc., Billerica, Mass.) that is inserted through an endoscope and placed at the site where the esophagus and the stomach meet. Vacuum is then applied to acquire the adjacent tissue, and a series of stitches are placed to create a pleat in the sphincter to reduce the backflow of acid from the stomach up through the esophagus. These devices can also be used transorally for the endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices (dilated blood vessels within the wall of the esophagus). 
     Further, certain devices are employed to approximate tissue such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,897 (Pietrafitta) describing the use of a circular stapler to perform a pyloroplasty to create a narrowing at the pylorus. In addition, intraluminal anastomosis, such as bowel anastomosis, use suturing or stapling and employ tools such as the circular stapler, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,309,927 (Welch), U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,579 (Schnut et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,008 (Gallagher et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,943 (Sauer), U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,639 (Sauer), U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,581 (Robertson et al), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,913 (Adams et al). Such circular staplers are available from Ethicon Endosurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio (Proximate™ and EndoPath Stealth™ staplers, see www.surgicalstapling.com), Power Medical Interventions, New Hope, Pa., and United States Surgical, a unit of Tyco Healthcare Group LP, Norwalk, Conn. 
     There is a need for improved devices and procedures. In addition, because of the invasiveness of most of the surgeries used to treat obesity, and the limited success of others, there remains a need for improved devices and methods for more effective, less invasive hollow organ restriction procedures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides for improved methods and apparatus for the transoral, or endoscopic, restriction of a hollow body organ, such as the creation of a small stomach pouch. In the case of the present invention, the surgeon or endoscopist may insert devices as described below through the patient&#39;s mouth, down the esophagus and into the stomach or intestine as appropriate. The procedure can be performed entirely from within the patient&#39;s stomach or other organ, and does not require any external incision. The end result of the procedure is the formation of a variety of organ divisions or plications that serve as barriers or “partitions” or “pouches” that are substantially sealed off from the majority of the organ cavity. For example, in the case of dividing the stomach, the “pouch” or partitions that are created may seal a small portion of the stomach just below the esophagus to allow only small amounts of food or liquid to be consumed by the patient. This pouch or partition will mimic the section of stomach sealed off from the majority of the organ in a traditional obesity surgery heretofore described; however, it can be formed and secured entirely from inside the stomach endoscopically, obviating the need for a prolonged procedure, external incisions, minimizing the risk of infections, and in some cases, general anesthesia. 
     The methods and tools of the present invention may also be used in treating GERD in that stomach folds just below the esophagus can be acquired and fastened to create a desired “pleat”, thereby effectively extending the length of the esophagus and preventing reflux. Preferably, multiple folds of tissue can be acquired to effect this end. Further, features of the present invention would assist in the longevity of the GE Junction (GEJ)/Esophageal pleat as compared to current devices and techniques as the plication would include a more significant amount of muscular tissue. In addition, the devices and methods of the present invention may be used to revise or repair failures seen in current surgical procedures, such as dilation of the pouch and/or stoma (stomata) formed in a traditional Roux-En-Y gastric bypass, or VBG. In these cases, when the stoma dilates or shifts, the tools of the present invention would be useful to circumferentially gather tissue at the site of dilation to narrow it, thereby making the stoma functional again, or by further reducing the volume of an existing pouch which has dilated. 
     The devices shown and described herein can be used to form a pouch or partition by the approximation and fixation of a circular section of tissue acquired circumferentially from the walls of the target organ. The tissue acquisition device and fastener may include an acquisition feature (utilizing, e.g., a vacuum, and/or some other mechanical method for acquiring a circumferential “bite” of tissue), a fixation element (such as a stapling mechanism) and possibly a cutting element. In addition, the device may be adapted to receive a standard endoscope to allow viewing of the target region at various points during the procedure. The devices may be articulatable through a variety of conventional methods; alternatively, they may be articulated by a endoscope or other articulation device inserted within. 
     The fastening assembly of the present invention may employ a similar design and function to those circular staplers heretofore referenced, taking advantage of their ability to deploy multiple rows of staples with one actuation, and their relative clinical efficacy in performing other types of fastening (e.g. anastomoses procedures, hemorrhoid plication, etc.). Such devices can be adapted to perform the novel procedures described herein. Such devices may be adapted to incorporate a tissue acquisition system within the stapler body to allow sufficient tissue to be acquired during a procedure, and other modifications may be done to enable use of the stapler in these novel procedures. 
     In the procedures of the present invention relating to treatment of gastric disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or in cases of treating obesity, a flexible circular stapler may be inserted transorally down the patient&#39;s esophagus and into the stomach at the region of the GEJ. Tissue may then be acquired circumferentially about the stapler device, or at least partially about the circumference of the stapler device at some point less than 360 degrees (possibly in a 180 degree formation) relative to a longitudinal axis of the device such that the tissue acquisition creates a “waist” within the organ volume. Subsequently, the tissue fixation element may then be deployed to fix the tissue in a manner to promote healing. 
     As set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/188,547 filed Jul. 2, 2002, which is fully incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the layered tissue structure of, e.g., the stomach, and the amount of desirable tissue acquisition and approximation is described in further detail. The devices and procedures of the present invention would allow the operator to reliably acquire and secure the necessary type of tissue, such as the muscularis, in creating the circumferential or curved tissue plication desirable to ensure a lasting clinical result. 
     Any of the fastening devices described herein may employ, e.g., bioabsorbable or biofragmentable staples or fixation element. Such fastening devices would typically dissolve or otherwise degrade leaving only the fixation region once the desired tissue healing has occurred. The remaining healed tissue, now a tissue “ring” (TR), would be sufficiently adhered or healed together to maintain the integrity of the pouch and stoma. In addition, the fastening devices may include coatings or other secondary features to aid healing, such as resorbable meshes, sclerosing agents, surgical felt, or tissue grafts. 
     The pouch or partitions may be created by a procedure of the present invention to remain permanently within the stomach to restrict it indefinitely. Alternatively, the creation of the pouch or partitions may be reversible (e.g., once weight loss is achieved, or reflux minimized) or revised (in the event pouch side needs to be modified). Reversal can also be achieved via various methods such as dilation of the restricted section, or, e.g., using an electro-surgical device such as a bovie to cut the restricted section to free the tissue folds. Further, if the physician so desires, techniques of the present invention may be augmented or assisted by the use of other techniques such as laparoscopy. Optionally, techniques of the present invention may be combined with other procedures such as for the treatment of GERD or the transoral placement of a bypass prosthesis or other type of liner in the intestine to bypass the hormonally active portion of the small intestine. Such a liner may be tubular in construction and made to match the diameter of the stoma created by the present invention such that they can be hooked together to achieve the desired clinical effect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts the prior art procedure commonly known as laparoscopic banding; 
         FIG. 2  depicts the prior art procedure commonly known as the vertical banded gastroplasty or “VBG”; 
         FIG. 3  depicts the prior art procedure commonly know as surgical Roux-En-Y procedure; 
         FIGS. 4A–4B  depicts one variation on a procedure of the present invention, showing a cut-away section of the tissue being acquired by the distal tip of the device of the present invention, and the resulting modification to the body organ (creation of a “pouch” within the stomach); 
         FIGS. 5A–5D  depict one variation of procedural steps of performing the methods of the present invention, by showing a cross section of an organ (stomach) and the placement of the device to create a narrowing or “pouch” within the organ; 
         FIG. 5E  depicts one variation of a result of the present invention, including a bypassing sleeve installed to bridge from the point of the stoma at the GEJ, to the pylorus, or further into the intestine. 
         FIGS. 6A–6D  shows a schematic depiction of an organ (stomach) following completion of one variation on a procedure of the present invention and the resulting cross sectional view of the treated region in various configurations; 
         FIGS. 7A–7F  show a variation on the circular tissue acquisition and fixation device of the present invention, including details on the inner working elements and flexible shaft thereof; 
         FIG. 8  depicts details of one variation on the distal portion of the circular tissue acquisition and fixation device of the present invention showing an angled annular acquisition space; 
         FIG. 9  depicts another variation of the tissue acquisition mechanism of the circular tissue acquisition and fixation device of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 10A–10B  depict variations of the distal working end of the distal tip of the circular tissue acquisition and fixation device of the present invention, detailing an anvil designed to be intraprocedurally manipulated to assist in removal of the circular tissue acquisition and fixation device of the present invention once the desired tissue has been acquired and fixed according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides, in part, for methods and devices for hollow organ division and restriction, more particularly providing methods and devices to perform a transoral, endoscopically mediated stomach reduction for purposes of, e.g., treating obesity. 
     As previously discussed, the results of some clinical procedures of the prior art are shown in  FIGS. 1–3 , from a perspective external to the stomach. An example of a result of the procedure in one variation of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 4A , which depicts an external anterior view of a stomach organ  100 , having an esophagus  101  (cut away to reveal the esophageal lumen  102 ), and further depicting a circumferential orifice or stoma  103 , configured from staple line  104 , producing a pouch (P). Orifice  103  is preferably positioned close to and on the distal side of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) at the base of the esophagus, and angled toward the lesser curve of the stomach (LC), leaving a stoma or opening having a diameter of approximately 1 cm between the pouch (P) and the remaining stomach volume. A desirable pouch (P) volume is between 15–100 cc, preferably 15–20 cc. The orifice  103  operates to restrict food from emptying from the pouch, while still allowing communication between the pouch and the greater stomach volume for purposes of passage of digestive fluids and secretions and absorption of nutrients.  FIG. 4B  depicts an example of a cross sectional view of the esophagus where it joins the stomach, and further depicts one variation of a tissue acquisition device of the present invention  105 , actively engaging the tissue to be fastened in a circumferential fashion. 
     Method of Hollow Organ Volume Reduction 
     A clinical work-up, including a physical and mental assessment of the patient may be performed to determine whether a transoral stomach reduction clinically indicated. This assessment may include inspecting the esophagus and stomach of the patient to determine whether any contraindications exist for undertaking the procedure such as ulcerations, obstructions, or other conditions that may preclude treatment. Once the assessment has been completed, either in an operating room with the patient under general anesthesia, or in an endoscopy suite with the patient under sedation, the operator can introduce a tissue acquisition and fixation device, as shown in  FIGS. 5A–5D , down the patient&#39;s esophagus and into the stomach to a location just beyond the GE Junction (GEJ). Once in place, an optional calibration device (not shown) such as a balloon or bougie can be inflated or deployed proximally or adjacently to the GE Junction (GEJ) to assist in correctly sizing the pouch to be created. Alternatively, the physician may opt to use direct vision and place an endoscope through the main lumen of the tissue acquisition device to view the site of entry and resultant treatment zone. 
       FIGS. 5A through 5D  depict cross sectional schematic views of the procedure of the present invention showing tissue being manipulated within a hollow organ, the stomach.  FIG. 5A  depicts the esophagus (ES) the stomach cavity (SC), including the landmarks of the lesser curve of the stomach (LC), the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and the pylorus (PY). Tissue layers represented are the serosal layer (SL), the muscularis or fibrous muscular layer (ML), and the mucosal layer (MUC). Further,  FIG. 5A  shows the tissue acquisition device  105  positioned within the esophagus at a location within the stomach cavity (SC) between the lesser curve (LC) of the stomach and the GEJ. 
     The device  105 , includes a main body  106  having at least one lumen therethrough (not shown), an outer portion  107 , having a distal end  108  containing a fixation mechanism and a proximal end (not shown). The device  105  further comprises an inner portion  109 , which has a distal portion  110  containing a fixation mechanism and a proximal portion (not shown) received therein. Once device  105  is positioned in the preferred anatomical location, outer portion distal end  108  and inner portion distal end  110  are separated by relative movement of inner portion  109  within outer portion  107 , to expose opening  112 . As described in further detail later below, opening  112  is operatively connected to at least one lumen within the main body  106  and provides a force, e.g., a vacuum force, to facilitate tissue acquisition. Such a force may be provided by a vacuum or by a mechanical element. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5B , in the case of vacuum, once the opening  112  is exposed to the surrounding tissue within the stomach cavity (SC), the vacuum may be activated and tissue  111  may be drawn into the opening  112  in an entirely circumferential manner or a substantially circumferential manner, i.e., at least partially about the circumference of the device at some point less than 360 degrees (possibly in a 180 degree formation) relative to a longitudinal axis of the device. The amount of tissue  111  acquired can vary, but the amount drawn is preferably sufficient enough to result in healing of the fastened sections, thereby creating a tissue ring (TR) around the circumference of the fastened tissue. Said tissue ring may be formed of various layers of the stomach and may include scar tissue and other elements of effective wound healing. 
       FIG. 5C  further depicts the device  105  after the desired amount of tissue  111  has been acquired, outer portion distal end  108  and inner portion distal end  110  may be moved towards one another such that the acquired tissue  111  is clamped therebetween. Device  105  is then actuated to engage at least one fastening element (not shown) through the acquired tissue  111  thereby fastening it in place in a circumferential fashion. This fastening step may also include a cutting step to score or otherwise abrade the acquired tissue  111  after it is fastened to enhance the healing response of the tissue  111  to increase the durability of the tissue ring. In addition, bulking agents, such as collagen, may be injected at the time the stoma is formed, or thereafter, to aid in healing and durability of the tissue. Once the tissue  111  has been fastened or fixed, the tissue acquisition device  105  is then removed. In doing so, the inner portion distal end  110  of the device may be carefully pulled through the newly-created tissue ring or stoma created by the procedure so as to minimize stretching of the ring or stoma. Finally,  FIG. 5D  depicts the stomach showing the final result and placement of a circumferential tissue ring (TR) or stoma (ST). 
     As depicted in  FIG. 5E , it is also contemplated that the procedural steps described above may be followed by the placement of an optional bypass conduit  113  to create a bypass from the newly created pouch (P) directly to the pylorus (PY) or beyond into the small intestine. Such a bypass would channel food directly from the pouch (P) into the small intestines to achieve a malabsorptive effect in cases where such an effect may enhance weight loss. Such a bypass conduit  113  may be formed of any suitable biocompatible graft material such as polyester or PTFE, and may be secured to the newly created tissue ring (TR) or stoma (ST) endoscopically using a clip or stent like structure at the anchored end to produce an interference fit within the stoma. Alternatively, the bypass conduit could be placed over the acquisition device of the present invention, and secured by the same fastening elements, and at the same time as the formation of the stoma. In doing so, the end of the bypass graft to be anchored may be placed over the tissue acquisition device such that the end of the graft coincided with the tissue acquisition device opening  112 , allowing it to be acquired into the device and fastened along with the surrounding tissue. Similarly, the bypass conduit may be anchored in the pylorus (PY) or intestine by similar methods, or may just be left unanchored in the intestine to allow for movement due to peristalsis of the intestinal wall. 
       FIGS. 6A–6D  depict variations of the tissue rings and pouches created using the method, and variations thereof, described herein.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict the results of utilizing the procedure described above, showing a complete circumferential ring, in this variation, created just distal from the where the esophagus (ES) and the stomach join each other.  FIG. 6B  shows a cross section of the stomach and tissue ring (TR) and further depicts the resulting tissue folds  114  acquired by the device  105  and the fixation elements  115  deployed to fix the acquired tissue. This cross section further depicts a cut zone or abraded zone  116  as described above.  FIGS. 6C and 6D  depict another variation in which fixation of the acquired tissue in a position centered between the lesser curve of the stomach (LC) and the greater curve (GC) in such a manner that multiple lumens  117 ,  118  result as shown in  FIG. 6D . Although only two additional lumens  117 ,  118  are shown in this variation, a number of lumens may be created in other variations depending upon the number of times and positions the tissue is affixed. 
     One method of the present invention is to use the device  105 , or a variation thereof, to modify or otherwise assist in other procedures that utilize stomach or organ plication such as those described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/188,547 earlier incorporated herein by reference, which describes, in part, in further detail methods and devices for stapling regions of the stomach in a linear fashion. In cases where a zone of the stomach is linearly stapled, the device  105  may be employed to create circular stomas at either end of the linear staple line so as to enhance the efficacy of a volume reduction procedure or to enhance durability of the staple line. It may also be advantageous to place semi-circular or partially circumferential fixation zones at various locations within the target hollow organ. The devices and methods described herein are particularly well-suited for this because of their ability to “gather” the tissue and create a circumferential restriction that acts to limit the flow of matter, such as food, through the organ. 
     Devices 
       FIG. 7  depicts a cross-sectioned view of one variation of tissue acquisition device  120 . As shown, device  120  has a main body portion  123  which has a proximal end, a distal end, and a main lumen  121  defined therethrough. Device  120  also has a grip portion  122 ′ and an opposing handle portion  122  which may be pivotally attached to main body portion  123  such that handle portion  122  is angularly positionable relative to grip portion  122 ′. Main body portion  123  may further define one or more circumferentially defined lumens along its length such that these lumens terminate at the distal end of body portion  123  at outer distal portion  124 . Main body portion  123  further houses main body inner portion  125 , which may be an elongate tubular member configured to be slidably positioned within main body lumen  121  defined through the length of main body portion  123 . At the distal end of inner portion  125 , an inner body distal portion  126  may be attached thereto. This distal portion  126  may be integrally formed onto inner portion  125  or attached separately and may be used as a clamping member to facilitate the mechanical retention of tissue invaginated into the device  120 . Distal portion  126  may also function as an anvil for reconfiguring fastening members inserted into the tissue, as further described below. The proximal end of inner portion  125  may terminate proximally of main body portion  123  in a fluid port  127 , which may be utilized for fluid connection to, e.g., a vacuum pump (not shown). Alternatively, distal portion  126  may function as the staple housing and outer distal portion  124  may function as the opposing anvil. In this variation, the fasteners, as positioned within distal portion  126 , may be deployed through inner face  128  into the tissue using an actuation device, as known in the art. 
     Inner body distal portion  126  may further comprises an inner face  128  which may define an anvil or fastener element detent  129 . Where inner portion  125  joins with distal portion  126 , one or more distal ports  132  may be defined which are in fluid communication through inner portion  125  with fluid port  127 . To actuate device  120 , handle portion  122  may be urged to pivot relative to grip portion  122 ′. Slider pins  130  may be fixedly attached to main body inner portion  125  and configured to extend perpendicularly relative to inner portion  125 , as shown in  FIG. 7B . Pins  130  may be operatively connected with handle  122  such that rotation or movement of handle  122  is translated into the linear motion of inner portion  125 . Pins  130  may be positioned within slot  131  which are defined longitudinally within main body portion  123 . Slots  131  may be configured to allow limited translational movement of pins  130  thereby limiting the overall translational distance traveled by inner portion  125 . 
     Actuation of handle  122  in a first direction may urge pins  130  to slide within slots  131  a first direction, e.g., distally, thereby moving inner portion  125  distally, and actuation of handle  122  in a second direction may urge pins  130  to slide in a second direction, e.g., proximally, thereby moving inner portion  125  proximally. Main body inner portion  125  may be actuated to linearly move inner body distal portion  126  relative to outer distal portion  124  to a desired distance between the two. When the two portions  124 ,  126  are moved into apposition to one another, a circumferential tissue acquisition chamber or space  200  may be created about or defined between the outer surface of inner portion  125 , inner distal portion  126 , and outer distal portion  124 . Space  200  may be in fluid communication with distal port  132  and/or optionally through main body lumen  121 . In operation, a vacuum force may be applied through distal port  132  and/or main body lumen  121  to invaginate or draw tissue into space  200  such that the tissue is held or configured to then receive at least one fastening element to affix the tissue configuration. 
     Main body portion  123  may further house driver element  133  within circumferentially-shaped fastener lumen  134 . Driver element  133  may be a tubularly shaped member which is configured to traverse longitudinally within fastener lumen  134 . Disposed distally of driver element  133  within fastener lumen  134  are fasteners  135  and fastener pusher mechanism  136 . Fasteners  135  may comprise any variety of staples or mechanical fasteners which are made from a biocompatible material, e.g., stainless steel, platinum, titanium, etc., and fastener retention mechanism  136  may also comprise any variety of staple retainer which is configured to hold fasteners  135  within fastener lumen  134  until fasteners  135  have been pushed or urged out of the lumen  134  and into the tissue. The proximal end of driver element  133  abuts driver actuator  137  in handle portion  122 . Handle portion  122  may define a threaded cavity  138  at its proximal end which is configured to correspondingly receive and is in operative communication with driver actuator  137 , which may also define a threaded insertion surface for mating with threaded cavity  138 . In operation, upon tissue acquisition within circumferential space  200  and approximation of main body inner distal portion  126  and main body outer distal portion  124 , driver actuator  137  may be rotated in a first direction so as to matingly engage the threads of handle portion threaded cavity  138  and thereby engage the proximal end of driver element  133  to cause driver element  133  to move distally. As driver element  133  is advanced longitudinally in a corresponding manner as driver actuator  137  is rotated, the distal end of driver element  133  may contact fastener pusher mechanism  136  and actuating fastener  135  to distally advance and deploy fastener  135  into any acquired tissue. 
     Main body portion  123  may be bendable as depicted in  FIG. 7C . As shown, the device  201  may be seen in one configuration in which main body portion  123  may be configured in an infinite number of different configurations for negotiating pathways within a body. This particular variation  201  shows handle grip  202  having an opposing actuation handle  203  for actuating movement of inner body distal portion  126 . Also shown is an optional scope lumen  204  in the handle  202  which may be used for visualizing the tissue region being treated during deployment or actual treatment. The flexibility of the main body portion  123  may be imparted, in part, by the use of, e.g., linking multiple rings  211 , as shown in the isometric view in  FIG. 7D . A portion  210  of the main body  123  is shown with the covering, control mechanisms, etc., omitted for clarity. Although this variation shows the use of stacked multiple rings, other variations may also be used as known in the art for flexible and/or articulatable elongate devices, e.g., endoscopes, etc. A plurality of individual rings  211  may be aligned with one another to create a length of the main body portion  123 . Any number of rings  211  may be used depending upon the overall desired length of the device or the desired length of a flexible portion of the device. Each of the rings  211  may have at least one main channel or lumen  212 , which when individual rings  211  are aligned as a whole, create a main channel throughout the length of the device. Each of the rings  213  may also have a number of spacers or protrusions  213  defined on or around the circumference of the device for creating pivotable sections for facilitating relative motion between adjacent rings  211 , as known in the art. Although the rings  211  are shown with two oppositely positioned protrusions  213 , any number of protrusions  213  may be used as practicable depending upon the degree of relative motion desired between adjacent rings  211 . Alternatively, device main body  123  may be constructed in part of, e.g., a coil spring, to achieve a similar functional result. Coil springs may be made of superelastic materials, e.g., nitinol, or spring steels made, e.g, from stainless steels. The main body  123  or main body segments may be constructed of various biocompatible materials, such as stainless steel, Delrin or other engineering thermoplastics, etc. 
       FIG. 7E  depicts a single ring  211  having the main lumen  212  defined therethrough. Main lumen  212  may be modified and enlarged to provide a channel having a large enough diameter to receive a conventional endoscope for possible use with the present device. One example of such a device may have a lumen diameter of, e.g., 10 mm, with an outer diameter of, e.g., 18 mm. One or more of such lumens may be created within the annular section  211  to enable linkage of each section  211  to one another by one or several cables or flexible wires (not shown) adapted to be positioned through the lumens. These wires or cables may be routed through the length of the device and fixed at the proximal end of the main body portion  123 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7F , an optional sheath or thin film  221  may be placed over the device or at least along a portion  210  of the device to encapsulate the linkages and create a smooth shaft surface, while still maintaining its flexibility. The sheath or thin film  221  may be made of a variety of biocompatible materials, e.g., heatshrink polymers, plastics, etc. 
       FIG. 8  depicts another variation on the distal end of a tissue acquisition device. The inner distal portion  230  is shown defining an inner face  231  and device outer distal portion  232  having an inner face  233 . The inner distal portion inner face  231  and the outer distal portion inner face  233  may be formed to face one another in apposition and both faces  231 ,  233  may each be formed at an angle (A) relative to a longitudinal axis of the device main body  123 . The angle (A) may range anywhere from 0–90 degrees, but is preferably in the range of 15–45 degrees, depending on the desired angle of the resulting tissue fixation zone. This variation may be used to allow the operator to position the tissue acquisition device perpendicularly to a surface of the organ to be treated (for ease of use) while acquiring and fixing the tissue at an angle relative to the tissue surface. In doing so, the operator may fashion the resulting fixation zone to more closely approximate a curvature of the organ, such as the curvature between the GEJ and the LC of the stomach.  FIG. 9  depicts a further variation  240  of the tissue acquisition device in which fenestrations or ports  241  may be defined over the surface of the device inner distal portion  242 . Additional fenestrations or ports  243  may be defined over a portion of the device outer distal portion  232 , and additional fenestrations or ports  244  may also be defined over a surface of body inner portion  245 . These additional ports may allow this variation  240  to acquire tissue along a length of the distal end of the tissue acquisition device  240  at multiple locations therealong. In practice, this method of tissue acquisition may allow the operator some freedom to manipulate the acquired tissue by the relative movement of device inner distal portion  242  and the device outer distal portion  232 . This technique can also assist in positioning the tissue to be fixed, and/or assuring that the required amount of tissue (e.g. some muscular layers of the organ wall), have been uniformly acquired prior to fixation. 
     Following fixation, the tissue acquisition device of the present invention is withdrawn from the organ. In doing so, care should be used not to over-dilate or stretch the newly created tissue ring or stoma. To mitigate any dilation or stretching, the inner distal portion may also be modified.  FIGS. 10A and 10B  depict variations  250 ,  260  of the tissue acquisition inner distal portion that are adaptable to effectively reduce in cross sectional area to allow for easier removal of the tissue acquisition device from the organ once the circumferential fixation zone has been created.  FIG. 10A  depicts tissue acquisition device inner distal end  251  which is pivotally mounted on main body inner portion  253  about pin  252 . Activation of the pivoting action may be controlled by release of an interface between pin  252  and a stay (not shown) housed within main body inner portion to activate rotation of inner distal end  251 , e.g., in a direction  256 . The inner distal end  251  may be rotated by any angle such the inner face  254  is angled or parallel relative to the longitudinal axis  255  of the device. 
       FIG. 10B  depicts another variation  260  on tissue acquisition inner portion distal end which may have a segmented configuration. In this variation  260 , the inner portion distal end may be made of a plurality of individual segments  262  which when collapsed, reduces the diameter of inner portion distal end to facilitate removal. Thus, during tissue acquisition and/or fixation, the expanded inner distal portion  264  may be utilized and after the procedure, it may then be compressed radially  265  about a pivot  263  to reduce the cross-sectional profile for removal from the area. 
     The steps of performing the method of organ division or reduction (transoral stomach reduction) are used to illustrate in detail the method and devices of the present invention, however the present invention is not limited thereby. Use of these steps and the tools deployed therein may be varied to achieve a similar result in other hollow body organs and it is anticipated that such techniques can be employed to divide or restrict other hollow body organs such as organs of the gastrointestinal tract such as bowel, stomach or intestine, or in procedures in the bladder (treatment for incontinence by reinforcing the bladder sphincter) or uterus, etc. In addition, as previously mentioned, other procedures such as the treatment of GERD may also benefit from the methods and devices disclosed herein. While certain embodiments have been illustrated and described in detail, those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used and that the invention is not intended to be limited to the specifics of these variations.