Abstract:
This invention relates to an imaging system useful in medical and industrial x-ray imaging, including classical and digital radiography, and classical CT scanning. The imaging system of the present invention provides an increased spatial resolution over imaging systems of the prior art by angulating an x-ray detector or detector array with respect to a radiation source.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to an imaging system useful in medical and industrial x-ray imaging, including classical and digital radiography, and CT scanning. The imaging system of the present invention provides an increased spatial resolution over imaging systems of the prior art by angulating an x-ray detector or detector array with respect to a radiation source. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     A number of prior art systems and devices exist for x-ray imaging. The resolution of prior art imaging systems is limited by a variety of different factors. In conventional x-ray detectors, resolution limitations arise from the ranges of electrons and reabsorbed, scattered x-ray photons released in the x-ray detection media. 
     In imaging systems which use x-ray intensifying screens and in image intensifiers, further resolution limitations arise from lateral light propagation in the detection media. In clear intensifying screen plus lens imaging systems, resolution limitations arise from optical aberrations which depend upon the x-ray absorption position. 
     In discrete scintillator plus photodetector systems, resolution limitations arise from finite cell dimensions. In gas ionization detectors, resolution limitations arise from finite cell or electrode size and from effects which disperse the ion positions during collection. 
     The apparatus of the present invention provides significantly improved resolution over x-ray imaging systems of the prior art. The x-ray imaging system of the present invention further provides information on the energy of detected photons. Such information is useful in differentiating component tissues and other materials in the subject based, not only on, gross x-ray absorption, but also on absorption vs. photon energy. The energy discriminating capabilities of the present system provide information allowing isolation of subject components according to atomic number, thereby allowing for chemical identification of components such as calcium, water, fat, and any contrast agents used. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed toward an imaging system for providing an image of a target body. The invention comprises a radiation source capable of emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation. The source is aimed at a target body. Depending upon the size of the target body, the invention may also comprise a collimator positioned between the radiation source and a target body so as to control the lateral dimension of the beam within a preselected range. 
     The invention further comprises a linear first detector array comprising a multiplicity of detectors. The detector array may comprise a multiplicity of scintillator crystals and photodiodes. Alternatively, the detector may comprise a continuous detection medium. The first detector array is oriented such that a radiation beam from a radiation source strikes the detector array at a tilt angle sufficient to define a field of view of sufficient size to image a target body. Because of the angulation of the detector array, the detector cells appear closer in projection as viewed from the radiation source, thereby proportionately increasing the spatial resolution. The detector array is capable of generating a signal indicative of integrated or counting data. 
     The invention further comprises a signal receiving and storage device connected to receive a signal indicative of integrated or counting data. The signal receiving and storage device is further capable of storing integrated or counting data from the detector array. 
     The invention further comprises an image display system coupled to the receiving and storage device and capable of displaying images derived from integrated or counting data in the receiving and storage device. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a top view of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a top view of a third embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a top view of a first detector array embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a top view of a second detector array embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a top view of the rotatable gantry of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a signal receiving and storage device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a top view of a detector array embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a top view of a detector array embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a top view of another detector array embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A first embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.  1 . This embodiment comprises a radiation source  10  capable of emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation. In a preferred embodiment the electromagnetic radiation may be x-rays. The source is aimed at a target body  11 . 
     This embodiment further comprises a linear first detector array  12  comprising a multiplicity of detector cells  26 . The first detector array is oriented such that the radiation beam strikes the detector array at a tilt angle sufficient to define a field of view of sufficient size to image a target body. The first detector array is capable of generating a signal indicative of integrated or accounting data. In a preferred embodiment each detector cell in the first detector array comprises a scintillator crystal  73  and photomultiplier tube  74  as shown in FIG.  7 . 
     This embodiment of the invention further comprises a signal receiving and storage device  32  connected to receive a signal indicative of integrated or counting data and to store the integrated or counting data from the detector array. This embodiment further comprises an image display system  34  coupled to the receiving and storage device. The image display system is capable of displaying images derived from integrated or counting data stored in the signal receiving and storage device. 
     A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.  2 . This embodiment of the invention further comprises a collimator  20  positioned between the radiation source  10  and the target body  11  so as to control the lateral dimension of the beam within a preselected range, as shown in FIG.  2 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the signal receiving and storage device further comprises an energy discriminating device  70  and a multiplicity of bins  72  such that the received signals can be stored according to their energy level, as shown in FIG.  7 . One example of an energy discriminating device suitable for use in the present invention is a pulse height analyzer. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the invention further comprises a rotatable gantry  60  having a first side  62  affixed to the radiation source and the collimator, as shown in FIG.  6 . The rotatable gantry further has a second side  64  affixed to the detector, as shown in FIG.  6 . In a preferred embodiment, an antiscatter collimator  66  is affixed to the second side of the gantry and positioned between the detector array and the radiation source, as shown in FIG.  6 . 
     This second embodiment of the invention further comprises a first detector array  12  comprising a proximal end  12   a  and a distal end  12   b . The proximal end is closer to the radiation source then the distal end. The first detector array is oriented such that a radiation beam strikes it at an angle within the range of 0.0005-90 degrees. The first detector array is capable of generating a signal indicative of integrated or counting data. This second embodiment of the invention further comprises a signal receiving and storage device and an image display system, as described for the first embodiment, above. 
     A third embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.  3 . This embodiment of the present invention comprises all of the elements depicted in FIG. 1 of the present invention. Additionally, this embodiment of the present invention comprises a second detector array  24  comprising a proximal end  24   a  and a distal end  24   b . The proximal end of the second detector array is closer to the radiation source then the distal end. 
     The second detector array is capable of generating a signal indicative of integrated or counting data. The second detector array is positioned with respect to the first detector array such that the distal ends of the first and second arrays are substantially in contact and the proximal ends of the first and second arrays are spaced apart such that they form an opening approximately the same size as the radiation beam. The opening formed by the proximal ends of the first and second detector arrays face the radiation beam. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 2, each detector array comprises a multiplicity of cells  26  wherein each cell comprises a center and is placed against at least one other adjacent cell. In another preferred embodiment, the invention may also comprise a collimator, as shown in FIG.  3 . The need or desirability of having a collimator is a function of the size of the target body. In general, the probability of needing a collimator is proportional to the size of the target. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the distal ends of the first and second arrays are spaced apart a distance that is less than or equal to 20% of the distance between the centers of adjacent cells within each detector array. In a preferred embodiment, each detector array comprises a continuous medium for detecting electromagnetic radiation  29 . 
     Another preferred embodiment of a detector array of the present invention is shown in FIG.  10 . In this embodiment, each detector array comprises a multiplicity of scintillation crystals  80 . Each of said crystals has a first end  81  a second end  82  and two sides  83 . 
     This detector array embodiment further comprises a spacer medium  84  positioned between the sides of the scintillation crystals. This medium has low x-ray absorbing and high light reflecting properties. The term “low x-ray absorbing”, as used herein, means that less than approximately 20% of incident x-ray photons are absorbed in the material. The term “high light reflecting”, as used herein, means that more than approximately 80% of the light photons produced in a crystal are reflected back into the crystal by the material. 
     This detector array embodiment further comprises a substrate  86  extending across the first end of the scintillation crystals. This embodiment further comprises a multiplicity of light sensitive elements  87  mounted on the substrate such that each element faces the first end of a respective crystal as shown in FIG.  10 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the spacer medium comprises magnesium oxide power suspended in a binder. In another preferred embodiment, the light sensitive elements are photodiodes. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the invention further comprises an x-ray absorbing septum  43  placed between the first and second detector arrays as shown in FIG.  3 . In a preferred embodiment, the x-ray absorbing septum is a plate comprising tungsten. 
     In a preferred embodiment each detector array comprises at least two linear subarrays  27  each of which comprises a mulplicity of detector cells  26 , as shown in FIG.  8 . In a preferred embodiment, each subarray is positioned at an angle with respect to its adjacent subarray such that the first detector array is arranged in an arched configuration, as shown in FIG.  9 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the first detector array comprises a multiplicity of cells  26  arranged in an arcuate geometry. In a preferred embodiment, the cells are arranged in a stairstep configuration, as shown in FIG.  5 . The first detector array is oriented such that the radiation beam strikes the array at an angle within a range of 0.0005-90 degrees. 
     In a preferred embodiment, each detector array comprises a multiplicity of cells arranged in an arcuate geometry, as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the cells are arranged in a stairstep configuration, as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are illustrative and explanatory. Various changes in the size, shape, and materials, as well as in the details of the illustrative construction may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.