Abstract:
Method, controller and system for an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes, the implantable medical device capable of delivering therapeutic stimulation to a patient, comprising a control module, a user interface operatively coupled to the control module, the user interface providing control of the control module by a medical professional or other user, and an electrode interface operatively coupled between the plurality of electrodes and the control module. The control module uses the electrode interface to obtain a plurality of measurements of impedance values for a plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. The control module determines a prescriptive analysis using the plurality of measurements of impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes comparative to a range, and the user interface displays the prescriptive analysis.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This disclosure is related to the following co-pending application entitled “OPERATIONAL ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT FOR AN IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL STIMULATOR” by Kelly, U.S. Patent Application No. 60/840,642; filed Aug. 28, 2006, which is not admitted as prior art with respect to the present disclosure by its mention in this section. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally controllers, systems and methods for implantable medical devices and, more particularly, to such controllers, systems and methods for implantable medical devices having therapeutic electrodes. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The medical device industry produces a wide variety of electronic devices for treating patient medical conditions. Depending upon medical condition, medical devices can be surgically implanted or connected externally to the patient receiving treatment. Medical professionals or other clinicians use medical devices alone or in combination with drug therapies and surgery to treat patient medical conditions. For some medical conditions, medical devices provide the best, and sometimes the only, therapy to restore an individual to a more healthful condition and a fuller life. Examples of implantable medical devices designed to deliver therapeutic electrical stimulation include neurological stimulators, pacemakers and defibrillators. 
         [0004]    Implantable medical devices configured to deliver therapeutic electrical stimulation commonly deliver therapy via electrodes positioned on one or more leads operatively connected to the implantable medical device. In some instances, the housing of the implantable medical device may also serve as an electrode or an electrode may be positioned on the housing. The electrode or electrodes are commonly positioned in the patient&#39;s body during the same surgical procedure in which the implantable medical device is implanted. 
         [0005]    The positioning of electrodes, and associated leads, is often an inexact procedure and may commonly be dependent on the particular physiologic characteristics of the patient. In addition, electrodes may commonly be positioned within the patient without the medical professional or user conducting the procedure being capable of actually seeing where the electrodes are positioned. Instead, external aides such as fluoroscopes and/or endoscopes may commonly be employed to inform the medical professional or other user as to an approximate location of the electrodes. 
         [0006]    Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in the placement of electrodes for an implantable medical device, implantable medical devices and the external controllers that interface with the devices are commonly operable to perform a test on the leads and electrodes to verify that the leads and electrodes are functioning properly and are positioned correctly. A common test is to check the impedance between pairs of electrodes. During testing, an electrode can be driven with a signal having known electrical characteristics. The signal may be measured, e.g., on another electrode, and the impedance computed between electrodes using known fundamental relationships. The measured impedance value can give a medical professional or other user information relating to whether the electrodes involved in the test are positioned correctly and operating properly. 
         [0007]    An external controller, or physician programmer, is commonly utilized in lead impedance tests. Physician programmers can be similar in size and composition to a large laptop computer. The physician programmer provides a user interface via a display screen, and is manipulated by a medical professional via a variety of inputs, such as buttons and touchscreens. The physician programmer commonly communicates with the implantable medical device via inductive telemetry. In order to accomplish this, a coil, operatively coupled to the controller, typically by a wire, is placed over a coil operatively coupled to the electronics in the implantable medical device, thereby establishing an inductive link over which data may be passed in either direction. Because physician programmers are typically not sterilized, the physician programmer itself is placed outside of the sterile field, only the coil and its housing is taken inside the sterile field, e.g., using a sterile bag. 
         [0008]    For example, United States Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0036186, Goetz et al, Automatic Impedance Measurement of an Implantable Medical Device, discloses a method and controller for automating impedance measurements. An entry for each electrode pair is displayed on a user interface. Each electrode pair entry includes an identification of electrodes for an electrode pair, an associated value of impedance, and a value of current that is measured between the electrodes of a pair. 
         [0009]    In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,179, Er et al, Method and Apparatus for Monitoring and Displaying Lead Impedance in Real-Time for an Implantable Medical Device, discloses a method and controller for displaying real-time graphical representations of variable lead impedance. Impedance values are calculated using Ohm&#39;s law or other related equations. Then the calculated impedance values are output to a graphic display for presentation thereby in graphical form or are output to a graphic printer, or both. 
         [0010]    In another example, United States Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0114899, Samuelsson et al, Programming System for Medical Devices, discloses a method and controller for displaying graphical representations of a quantity influenced by the operation of a medical device. Such quantities may include information derived from tests and diagnostics, such as an electrode impedance test. 
         [0011]    In another example, United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0033385, Peterson et al, Implantable Medical Device Programming Apparatus Having a Graphical User Interface, discloses graphical displays of the operation of a medical device, such as a test of a device lead. Results are organized according to the anatomical position of the lead, i.e., whether the lead is an atrial or ventricular lead, allowing the clinician to efficiently assess the functionally of all lead data by virtue of its grouping into precise anatomical categories. 
         [0012]    In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,721,600, Jorgenson et al, Implantable Lead Functional Status Monitor and Method, discloses a system for obtaining trend data on the status of leads of an implantable medical device. The lead status measurement derives its data from various sources including lead impedance, non-physiologic sensed events, percentage of time the device is in mode switch, the results of capture management operation, sensed events, reversion paced counts, and refractory sense counts. The lead status measurement employs a set of weighted sum rules used by algorithms to process data from all of the above-mentioned sources to arrive at easily interpreted messages accessible to clinicians via an external programmer. Data from these sources identify lead conductor/connector interface issues and electrode/tissue interface issues indicative of lead-related mechanisms suggestive of impending or actual lead failure. The weights are “interpreted” for the user in the following manner either by indicating (1) lead-related parameters are all within range or operating normally; (2) one or more of the lead parameters are out-of-range and, thus, leads should be investigated; or (3) a number of lead parameters are out-of-range and a safety problem exists. 
         [0013]    Messages to the user refer to three types of lead-related conditions: either lead/conductor/connector messages, lead insulation messages or biological interface messages. Examples of such messages include: (1) high impedance (&gt;4000 ohms, 2× increase over reference, among others); (2) increase in threshold(s) above preset or programmed limit; and (3) reduction in R-wave and P-wave amplitude below preset or programmed limits. 
         [0014]    Summary information from a variety of trend data is therefore presented for the use of a medical professional. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    But none of the above documents show, disclose or suggest providing a medical professional an immediate prescriptive analysis or of likely causes for why various inter-electrode impedance measurements are measured outside of a known, preferred range. The present invention conducts inter-electrode impedance measurements in ways fundamentally similar to the inventions disclosed above. Once the impedance measurement is completed, however, in addition to the raw data, a prescriptive analysis, possibly including possible causes of any discrepancies in the measured data from preferred and anticipated results, is displayed on the external controller. These prescriptive analyses go beyond identifying that a problem exists, instead adding interpretation of the results. The prescriptive analysis may suggest electrode combinations useful for effective therapy given that certain electrodes are not functional. 
         [0016]    Like much of the above documents, the controller provides a range of impedance values considered normal, bounded on either end by values fixed for the test. In addition, a medical professional may specify the range of impedance values considered normal. Inter-electrode impedance tests may also be conducted at voltage and current levels that are used by the device to deliver therapy in order to determine functionality at operation voltage levels. The controller may then provide recommendations specific to the therapy to be delivered. 
         [0017]    In an embodiment, the present invention provides a controller for an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes, the implantable medical device capable of delivering therapeutic stimulation to a patient, comprising a control module, a user interface operatively coupled to the control module, the user interface providing control of the control module by a medical professional or other user, and an electrode interface operatively coupled between the plurality of electrodes and the control module. The control module uses the electrode interface to obtain a plurality of measurements of impedance values for a plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. The control module determines a prescriptive analysis using the plurality of measurements of impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes comparative to a, preferably predetermined, range, and the user interface displays the prescriptive analysis. 
         [0018]    In an embodiment, the prescriptive analysis identifies a possible cause of at least one of the plurality measurements of impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes being outside of the range. 
         [0019]    In an embodiment, the prescriptive analysis comprises a recommended action to at least in part rectify the at least one of the plurality of measurements of impedance values that is outside of the range. 
         [0020]    In an embodiment, the user interface displays the recommended action. 
         [0021]    In an embodiment, the control module inhibits delivery of the therapeutic stimulation on at least one of the plurality of electrodes for which the prescriptive analysis determines is a cause of at least one of the plurality of measurements of impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes being outside of the range. 
         [0022]    In an embodiment, the control module inhibits delivery of the therapeutic stimulation on at least one of the plurality of electrodes for which one of the plurality of measurements of impedance values corresponding to the at least one pair of the selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes is outside of the range. 
         [0023]    In an embodiment, the control module, under direction of the medical professional or other user via the user interface, inhibits at least one of the plurality of electrodes. 
         [0024]    In an embodiment, the user interface displays the plurality of measurements of impedance values of the plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment, the present invention provides a controller for an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes, the implantable medical device capable of delivering therapeutic stimulation to a patient, comprising a control module, a user interface operatively coupled to the control module, the user interface providing control of the control module by a medical professional or other user, and an electrode interface operatively coupled between the plurality of electrodes and the control module. The control module uses the electrode interface to obtain a measurement of an impedance value for a selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. The control module determines a prescriptive analysis using the impedance value of the selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes comparative to a, preferably predetermined, range, and the user interface displays the prescriptive analysis. 
         [0026]    In an embodiment, the prescriptive analysis identifies a possible cause of the impedance value of the selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes being outside of the range. 
         [0027]    In an embodiment, the prescriptive analysis comprises a recommended action to at least in part rectify the impedance value that is outside of the range. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, the user interface displays the recommended action. 
         [0029]    In an embodiment, the control module inhibits delivery of the therapeutic stimulation on at least one of the plurality of electrodes for which the prescriptive analysis the impedance value for the selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes is outside of the range. 
         [0030]    In an embodiment, the present invention provides a system for delivering therapeutic stimulation to a patient, comprising an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes, and a controller. The controller comprises a control module, a user interface operatively coupled to the control module, the user interface providing control of the control module by a medical professional or other user, and an electrode interface operatively coupled between the plurality of electrodes and the control module. The control module uses the electrode interface to obtain a plurality of measurements of impedance values for a plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. The control module determines a prescriptive analysis using the plurality of measurements of impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes comparative to a range, and the user interface displays the prescriptive analysis. 
         [0031]    In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for delivering therapeutic stimulation to a patient using an implantable medical device having a plurality of electrodes, comprising the steps of obtaining a plurality of measurements of impedance values for a plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes, determining a prescriptive analysis using the plurality of measured impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes comparative to a, preferably predetermined, range, and communicating the prescriptive analysis to a user. 
         [0032]    In an embodiment, there is an additional step of identifying a possible cause of at least one of the plurality of measured impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes being outside of the range. 
         [0033]    In an embodiment, the prescriptive analysis comprises a recommended action to at least in part rectify the at least one of the plurality of measured impedance values that is outside of the range. 
         [0034]    In an embodiment, there is an additional step of displaying the recommended action. 
         [0035]    In an embodiment, there is an additional step of inhibiting delivery of the therapeutic stimulation on at least one of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes for which the prescriptive analysis determines is a cause of at least one of the plurality of measured impedance values of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes being outside of the range. 
         [0036]    In an embodiment, the inhibiting step inhibits delivery of the therapeutic stimulation on at least one of the selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes for which one of the plurality of impedance values corresponding to the at least one pair of the selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes is outside of the range. 
         [0037]    In an embodiment, there is an additional step of preventing, under direction of the medical professional or other user via the user interface, at least one of the plurality of measurements of a selected pair of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. 
         [0038]    In an embodiment, there is an additional step displaying the measured impedance values of the plurality of selected pairs of individual ones of the plurality of electrodes. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  shows an example of an implantable neurological stimulator implanted in the side of a patient, with electrodes positioned along the patient&#39;s spinal cord; 
           [0040]      FIG. 2  shows an implantable neurological stimulator with a lead and lead extender and electrodes; 
           [0041]      FIG. 3  shows a screen shot of a window for controlling an electrode impedance test of an implantable neurological stimulator; 
           [0042]      FIG. 4  shows a screen shot of a window for displaying out-of-range results of an electrode impedance test of an implantable neurological stimulator; 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  shows a screen shot of a window for displaying results of an electrode impedance test of an implantable neurological stimulator; 
           [0044]      FIG. 6  shows a screen shot of a window for displaying recommendations for addressing failures that resulted during an electrode impedance test for an implantable neurological stimulator; 
           [0045]      FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of a controller for an implantable medical device; 
           [0046]      FIG. 8  shows a cutaway diagram of a lead with electrodes, and a lead extender, for an implantable medical device; 
           [0047]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart for conducting a therapy impedance measurement for an implantable medical device; and 
           [0048]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart for conducting an electrode impedance test for an implantable medical device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0049]      FIG. 1  shows the general environment of one rechargeable implantable medical device  20  embodiment. Implantable neurological stimulator  22  is shown, but other embodiments such as pacemakers and defibrillators and the like are also applicable. Implantable neurological stimulator  22  is implanted subcutaneously in side  28  of patient  30 . Lead  24  is operatively coupled to implantable neurological stimulator  22  at header  26 . Lead  24  is positioned along spinal chord  31  of patient  30 . Controller  32 , which may be a physician programmer or patient programmer, may become transcutaneously coupled to implantable neurological stimulator  22  via an inductive communication link through the tissue of patient  30  when controller  32  is placed in proximity to implantable neurological stimulator  22 . 
         [0050]      FIGS. 2 and 8  show a closer view of implantable neurological stimulator  22  and lead  24 , operatively coupled by extender  36 . Electrodes  38  are mounted on distal end  37  of lead  24 . Electrodes  38  are comprised of a conductive material, in an embodiment, metal, that come into direct contact with tissue of patient  30 . Electrodes  38  are operatively coupled with implantable neurological stimulator  22  via header  26  through wires  39  comprised of conductive material that pass through the interior  41  of lead  24  and are operatively coupled with conductive wires  39  in the interior  40  of extender  36 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  shows electrode impedance panel  40  for neurological stimulator  22 , in this case a deep brain stimulator. Pick menus  42  allow selection of different leads  24  to test. Pick boxes  44  allow the medical professional or other user to select which electrodes  38  will be tested and whether those electrodes  38  will be tested in unipolar or bipolar configuration. Scroll menu  46  allows the medical professional or other user to set the voltage amplitude, and optionally, pulse width and frequency, at which the test will be conducted. Pressing button  48  begins the test according to the parameters that have been chosen on panel  40 . After the test has completed a summary of the results is displayed in window  50 , while buttons  52  give the medical professional or other user access to panel  60  ( FIG. 4 ) that displays all results that were out of the predetermined range and to panel  80  ( FIG. 5 ) that displays all results. 
         [0052]    In a typical electrode impedance test, each electrode  38  will be tested both in unipolar mode and bipolar mode. Each electrode  38  in unipolar mode is paired up with neurological stimulator case  23  and the impedance between each electrode  38  and implantable neurological stimulator case  23  is measured and stored. In addition, each electrode  38  in bipolar mode is paired up with every other electrode  38  and the impedance between each electrode  38  and every other electrode  38  is measured and stored. An exception may be that electrodes  38  that are located in different physiologic regions of the body, e.g., the head, the chest, are never paired and tested. 
         [0053]      FIG. 4  shows out of range results panel  60  for displaying the results of testing initiated from electrode impedance panel  40 . Text  62  at top of out of range results panel  60  informs the medical professional or other user what test the current results pertain to by displaying which electrodes  38  were tested, in which mode electrodes  38  were tested and at which voltage amplitude electrodes  38  were tested. Possible open circuits window  64  lists possible locations, e.g., all possible locations, of open circuits that cause faults of tested electrodes  38 . Possible short circuits window  66  lists possible locations, e.g., all possible locations, of short circuits that cause faults. Buttons  68  provide access to out of range help panel  100  ( FIG. 6 ), all results panel  80  ( FIG. 5 ) and electrode impedance panel  40 , as well as a print command to print the data displayed on out of range results panel  60 . 
         [0054]    Open circuits are typically detectable when all measured impedance values for one electrode  38  are higher than the allowable maximum value. For instance, if all impedance values involving electrode ( 38 ) number two exceed the maximum value and all impedance values not involving electrode  38  number two are within the allowable value, the controller could conclude that an open circuit existed on the path along which electrode ( 38 ) number two was operatively coupled with implantable neurological stimulator  22 . Similarly, if all measured impedance values pertaining to electrodes ( 38 ) number two and six exceeded the maximum value and all impedance values not involving electrodes ( 38 ) number two and six are within the allowable a values, the controller could conclude that both electrodes ( 38 ) number two and six were open. 
         [0055]    By contrast, short circuits are typically detectable when all measured impedance values involving those two electrodes ( 38 ) are lower than average and the measured impedance valve between the two electrodes  38  is below the minimum allowable value. For instance, if the average impedance between electrodes ( 38 ) is five hundred ohms, but between electrodes ( 38 ) four and five, and four and six, in bipolar mode, and electrodes ( 38 ) five and case  23  and six and case  23  were all four hundred ohms, and the impedance between electrodes  38  five and six was below the allowable minimum value, controller  120  ( FIG. 7 ) could conclude that there is a short circuit between electrodes ( 38 ) five and six. Such short circuits can occur, among other reasons, because the electrodes  38  in question are physically touching, or insulation  42  between wires  39  operatively coupling electrodes  38  with implantable neurological stimulator  22  have frayed. 
         [0056]    Occasionally, the results of testing may provide ambiguous results. For instance, if the impedance between electrodes ( 38 ) zero and two, three and two and between electrode ( 38 ) two and case  23  are all greater than the maximum allowable value, but the impedance between electrodes ( 38 ) one and two is within the allowable range, then it might not be clear what is the underlying cause of the issue. Controller  120  could return a message indicating that out of range values had been detected, but could be unable to offer definitive prescriptive guidance. 
         [0057]      FIG. 5  shows all results panel  80 , for displaying all results of testing initiated from electrode impedance panel  40 , regardless of whether testing resulted in an indication of failure or failures or not. Text  82  at the top of all results panel  80  informs the medical professional or other user to what test the current results pertain by displaying which electrodes  38  were tested, in which mode electrodes  38  were tested and at which voltage amplitude electrodes  38  were tested. Results are displayed in one of two windows  84 ,  86  depending on if the test mode was unipolar  84  or bipolar  86 . Buttons  88  provide access to electrode impedance panel  40  and a print command. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6  shows out of range help panel  100  for displaying recommendations for addressing the causes of any failures that derive from tests initiated from electrode impedance panel  40 . Text  102  at the top of out of range help panel  100  informs the medical professional or other user to what test the current results pertain by displaying which electrodes  38  were tested, in which mode electrodes  38  were tested and at which voltage amplitude electrodes  38  were tested. Window  104  shows recommended courses of action based on the results of the testing. Buttons  106  give access to a print command, and OK to return to out of range results panel  60 . 
         [0059]    Out of range help panel  100  may display analyses in conversational language dependent on the results of testing. For instance, if no faults are found, the result might read “No Problems Found.” If an open circuit was found on electrode  38  number two then the result might read “Combinations containing electrode  2  have measured with high impedance. High impedances are often the result of a broken lead wire or an issue with the connector.” If all electrodes  38  on a particular lead  24  register with high impedance, the result might read “All electrodes on the right lead measure high impedance. There may be an issue with the lead or extension connector. This could be caused by a lead or extension only partially inserted into a connector.” 
         [0060]    Where the results indicate electrodes  38  number five and six are shorted, the result might read “The impedance between electrodes  5  and  6  appears to be unusually low. This may result from a short or insulation issue on those two electrodes. This may result from leads touching or crossing in the tissue.” If the results are ambiguous as to the cause, the result might be “Out of range values have been detected” without further elaboration. 
         [0061]    Where a clear conclusion can be drawn from the data, recommendations may be made about therapeutic settings. For instance, if electrode ( 38 ) number two appeared to be open, the recommendation may include “Attempting to deliver therapy on electrode  2  may provide unexpected or inconsistent results. Do you wish to disable electrode  2  on the programming screen? Do you wish to review Left Lead settings now?” 
         [0062]    Further, depending on the information available, controller  120  may be able to determine the location of a lead short or open circuit. If a short occurs in close proximity to implantable neurological stimulator  22 , the measured impedance value will tend to be very small. If a short occurs relatively far away from implantable neurological stimulator  22 , then loop resistance will tend to be high. Based on these relationships, the analysis of the fault may be modified to identify the location of the fault. 
         [0063]      FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of the functional blocks of controller  120 . Control module  122  comprises a variety of off the shelf electronic components commonly found in a variety of commercial applications, such as personal computers. These electronic components include: a microprocessor, RAM, ROM and hard disks. These off the shelf components are integrated into control module  122  and additional operational features are added via custom electronics. These custom electronics are comprised of off the shelf integrated circuits and discrete components, and programmable components, such as FPGAs and DSPs, and custom integrated circuits and PCBs. 
         [0064]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart for measuring therapeutic impedance or the impedance electrodes  38  see when delivering stimulation of the same sort as when implantable neurological stimulator  22  is delivering therapy to the patient. It is often desirable to verify that the electrodes  38  will deliver therapy as anticipated. Sometimes lipids form on electrodes  38  and while voltage levels below a threshold value will not penetrate the lipid layer, thereby suggesting high impedance, voltage levels higher than the threshold value will pass through, thereby suggesting acceptable impedance. The allowable range of impedance values will vary depending on the specific characteristics of the therapy to be delivered. 
         [0065]    Initially, implantable neurological stimulator  22  performs a partial therapy measurement ( 140 ) involving minimal testing that still tests all electrodes  38  at a voltage that is below the allowable minimum value for the therapy that is being tested. If all of the resulting measured impedance values are within the allowable range ( 142 ) controller  120  indicates that no issue exists ( 144 ) and the user may continue programming implantable neurological stimulator  22  ( 146 ). 
         [0066]    If any result is out of range, however, controller  120  indicates the fault ( 148 ) and the test is repeated an amplitude that is at or above the minimum threshold value ( 150 ). If all results now pass ( 152 ) then controller  120  indicates that no issue exists ( 144 ) and the user may continue programming implantable neurological stimulator  22  ( 146 ). However, if any results fail ( 154 ) then a full electrode impedance test is conducted, as described above, at voltage and current levels that are commonly used in the prescribed therapy. Optionally, iterative testing may be done at higher voltage and/or current levels and potentially multiple, for example three, levels. 
         [0067]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart for conducting a standard electrode impedance test. Initially, implantable neurological stimulator  22  performs a partial impedance measurement ( 160 ) involving minimal testing that still tests all electrode  38  pairs at a voltage that is below the allowable minimum value. If all of the resulting measured impedance values are within the allowable range ( 162 ) controller  120  indicates that no issue exists ( 164 ), the user may continue programming implantable neurological stimulator  22  ( 166 ). 
         [0068]    If any result is out of range, however, controller  120  indicates ( 168 ) the fault and the test is repeated at an amplitude that is at or above the minimum threshold value ( 170 ). If all results now pass ( 172 ), then controller  120  indicates that no issue exists ( 164 ) and the user may continue programming ( 166 ) implantable neurological stimulator  22 . If not, the user may specify that the impedance test may be repeated to verify the fault. If the results are still out of range after a repeat of the test, or if a repeat is not allowed, then controller  120  provides ( 174 ) an analysis of the faults specifying, where possible, whether the results are likely due to reasons described above. Controller  120  then provides troubleshooting advice ( 176 ), of the types described above, and provides therapy recommendations ( 178 ) of the types described above. The user may then proceed to act on the provided analysis and advice ( 166 ). 
         [0069]    While most implantable neurological stimulators  22  conduct impedance tests as a function of voltage, some implantable neurological stimulators  22  are capable of conducting impedance tests as a function of current. Accordingly, in an alternative mode, electrode impedance testing may be performed as a function of current. This function, however, may only be utilized when testing an implantable neurological stimulator  22  operable to test electrode impedance as a function of current. 
         [0070]    Further, while the results of electrode impedance tests are commonly compared against a fixed allowable range, an adaptive algorithm that compares all measured impedance values against the average of the measured impedance values. Results that vary from the average may be flagged as suspect, deserving of further analysis. 
         [0071]    Thus, embodiments of the controller for obtaining prescriptive analysis of functionality of implantable medical device leads, system and method therefore are disclosed. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced with embodiments other than those disclosed. The disclosed embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation, and the present invention is limited only by the claims that follow.