Abstract:
A system for processing the sale of goods and services includes a psychographic questionnaire to gather and assess buyers&#39; needs and purchasing patterns. In a buyer-driven commerce system, the questionnaire is used to gather information based upon which the buyer offer, or conditional purchase offer, may be changed to increase the likelihood of acceptance of the conditional purchase offer. In one embodiment, the results of the gathered information are used to determine actions that may be applied to the offer before the offer is distributed to potential sellers. In another embodiment, the results of the gathered information are used to determine actions that may be applied to the offer after the offer has been rejected by sellers. Actions may include, but are not limited to, proposing counter-offers of changed prices, proposing counter-offers of package deals, and subsidizing buyer offers.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/943,483, filed Oct. 3, 1997, which is continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/923,683, filed Sep. 4, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/889,319, filed Jul. 8, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/707,660 filed Sep. 4, 1996 U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,207, issued Aug. 11, 1998, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a system for processing the sale of goods and services and, more particularly, to a system and method for utilizing a psychographic questionnaire to efficiently increase the rate of sales in a buyer-driven commerce system based on an assessment of a potential buyer&#39;s needs and purchasing patterns. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Most systems for processing the sale of products are seller-driven, whereby the seller prices, packages, configures and offers the product for sale, and the buyer decides whether or not to accept the seller&#39;s offer. In a buyer-driven system, however, the buyer dictates the terms of the offer and one or more sellers decide whether or not to accept the offer. A “help wanted” advertisement, for example, is a buyer-driven inquiry since the employer is looking to locate and buy the services of a qualified employee. The inquiry is advertised to a large number of potential employees, who may respond by submitting their resumes to the prospective employer. 
     Priceline.com, Incorporated of Stamford, CT is a merchant that has successfully implemented a buyer-driven system for the sale of products such as airline tickets and automobiles. Priceline.com utilizes a Conditional Purchase Offer (CPO) Management System, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,207 and International Application Number PCT/US97/15492, that processes Conditional Purchase Offers and/or Binding Conditional Purchase Offers (Binding CPOs) received from individual consumers. These CPOs contain one or more buyer-defined conditions for the purchase of goods or services, at a buyer-defined price. The Binding CPOs are typically guaranteed by a General Purpose Account, such as a debit or credit account, and thereby provide sellers with a mechanism for enforcing any agreement that may be reached with the consumer. The CPOs are provided by the CPO Management System to sellers, either directly or using seller-supplied rules, for individual sellers to either accept or reject. If a seller accepts a Binding CPO, the CPO Management System binds the buyer on behalf of the accepting seller, to form a legally binding contract. 
     Thus, the CPO Management System empowers individual consumers to obtain goods and services at a price set by the consumer. The CPO Management System provides numerous commercial advantages to sellers as well. For example, the CPO Management System permits individual sellers to effectively sell excess capacity when actual demand fails to meet forecasted demand. In particular, the CPO Management System provides an effective mechanism for sellers to be confident that if they accept a consumer&#39;s offer, the consumer will purchase the requested goods or services at the agreed-upon price, and not just use the information to ascertain the seller&#39;s underlying level of price flexibility, which, if known to a seller&#39;s competitors or customers, could dramatically impact the seller&#39;s overall revenue structure. 
     One of the major advantages of the CPO Management System as it applies to, e.g., the purchase of airline tickets through priceline.com, is its ability to tap into the market of “below-the-fare-line” consumers. This is a group of consumers who will not pay a published fare and will thus base their decisions to travel solely upon their offers being accepted. However, oftentimes these consumers&#39; offers are found to be unacceptable and are subsequently rejected by the airlines. In an effort to make sales to these consumers, customer service representatives (“CSRs”) at priceline.com may contact them and propose counter-offers, sometimes including supplemental products (e.g., “We can&#39;t sell you tickets for your offered price of $300, but we can sell you tickets and a hotel room for the total price of $500”). Unfortunately, this method of counter-offering is expensive and potentially cost-ineffective because counter-offer decisions cannot be made efficiently. Because the CPO Management System has only limited information available on which to base its counter-offer decisions (i.e., the CPO conditions), it is difficult to determine which consumers are likely to accept counter-offers and on what specific terms. Thus, there exists a need to leverage the asset-value inherent in rejected offers by efficiently making counter-offer decisions. 
     Another method used to make low offers acceptable is to create “package counter-offers” before consumers&#39; offers are presented to and subsequently rejected by the sellers. Here, consumers are required to purchase product(s) in addition to their originally sought-after products for an adjusted total price. When an additional product is introduced, a package counter-offer is created comprising the original product and the additional product for a single proposed price, thus combining the individual prices of each of the underlying products. In determining the single proposed price, the CPO Management System blends the additional product&#39;s price in order to make the original offer acceptable. For example, if a consumer submits an offer to purchase airline tickets for $100 and the CPO Management System determines that the consumer&#39;s offer is too low but would be acceptable for $125, a package counter-offer is created with an additional product, such as a rental car. If the rental car can be purchased from a seller for $75, the CPO Management System transmits the package counter-offer including the airline tickets and the rental car to the consumer for a package price of $200. 
     Although the package counter-offer method is effective for increasing sales by decreasing seller rejections, a shortcoming is that there is no way for the CPO Management System to determine which additional product(s) are appropriate to offer as complimentary products for each particular consumer. For example, if a consumer submits an offer for airline tickets, priceline.com knows that hotel rooms and rental cars are typically appropriate products to include in a package counter-offer. But if that consumer has already booked hotel accommodations but needs a rental car, a counter-offer opportunity is wasted if the CPO Management System redundantly counter-offers the consumer a package including a hotel room instead of a rental car. Thus, there exists a need to leverage counter-offer opportunities by counter-offering individual consumers with additional product(s) that they actually need and are therefore more likely to accept as part of a package counter-offer. 
     Another method utilized to make low consumers&#39; offers acceptable before the offers are rejected is to subsidize the offers. For example, if a consumer&#39;s offer of $100 for an airline ticket through the priceline.com system is low in comparison to the available fare of $125, the CPO Management System will make such a determination and apply a subsidy amount of $25 to the offer to make it more likely to be accepted by a seller. However, while this method is effective to sell low-demand, perishable inventory to below-the-fare-line consumers, there is no way for the CPO Management System to allocate its finite subsidy budget in a cost-effective manner. For example, it would be better for the CPO Management System to subsidize offers from consumers who will purchase tickets from a competing air travel service if their offers get rejected because priceline.com will gain market share by diverting sales from competitors. On the other hand, there is no market share advantage by subsidizing offers from consumers who are not likely to purchase tickets from a competitor. Therefore, a need exists to increase the acceptance rate of consumer offers while simultaneously managing a finite subsidy budget in a cost-effective manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a system and a method for processing a sale of an item, the system comprising the steps of: obtaining a first conditional purchase offer for the item from a customer, the first conditional purchase offer containing at least a description of the item, a payment identifier for specifying a manner in which funds may be paid and a price; providing a questionnaire having a first question and a first and a second answer to the customer; receiving one of the first and second answers from the customer; performing a predetermined action based upon said received answer; and generating a second conditional purchase offer including at least the item based on the predetermined action. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a system and a method for processing a sale of an item, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining a first conditional purchase offer for the item from a customer, the first conditional purchase offer containing at least a description of the item, a payment identifier for specifying a manner in which funds may be paid and a price; providing a questionnaire having a first question and a first and a second answer to the customer; receiving one of the first and second answers from the customer; providing the first conditional purchase offer to a plurality of potential sellers; determining whether one or more of the sellers have accepted the first conditional purchase offer, and if one or more sellers have not accepted the first conditional purchase offer: performing a predetermined action based upon the received answer; and generating a second conditional purchase offer including at least the item based on the predetermined action. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a CPO Management System in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the exemplary central controller of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the exemplary seller rules database of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the exemplary questionnaire database of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a questionnaire in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B are flow diagrams depicting a CPO Evaluation Process according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 7A through 7C are flow diagrams depicting a CPO Evaluation Process according to a second embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 8 is a flow diagram depicting a Rules Evaluation Process in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally, a conditional purchase offer (CPO) management system  100  is disclosed for administering a psychographic questionnaire  1200  (FIG. 5) to a potential buyer during or after the buyer&#39;s submission of a CPO. Based on the buyer&#39;s answers to the questionnaire  1200 , the CPO Management System  100  assesses the buyer&#39;s needs and purchasing patterns for the purpose of altering the processing of the CPO. 
     FIG. 1 shows the CPO Management System  100  for receiving and processing CPOs for one or more goods or services, from one or more buyers  110  or agents  120  (on behalf of buyers  110 ). The CPO Management System  100  determines whether one or more sellers, such as sellers  130 ,  140 ,  150  are willing to accept a given CPO. As discussed further below, if a seller accepts a given CPO, the CPO Management System  100  binds the buyer on behalf of the accepting seller, to form a legally binding contract. 
     As used herein, the following terms are defined to mean: 
     Agency-Based Seller—A seller who has delegated authority to the CPO Management System to accept or reject a given CPO using seller-defined CPO Rules. 
     Broadcast-Based Seller—A seller who has received a CPO from the CPO Management System (directly or by, for example, access to an electronic posting) for evaluation. 
     Conditional Purchase Offer (CPO)—An offer containing one or more conditions submitted by a buyer for the purchase of goods and/or services at a buyer-defined price. 
     Binding Conditional Purchase Offer (Binding CPO)—A binding offer containing one or more conditions submitted by a buyer for the purchase of goods and/or services at a buyer-defined price. As compared to a CPO, a Binding CPO includes a payment guarantee, for example with a General Purpose Account, and authorization to debit the Account upon acceptance of the Binding CPO. 
     Conditional Purchase Offer (CPO) Rule—A restriction defined by an Agency-Based Seller under which the operator of the CPO Management System may act as an agent to determine whether to fill a CPO for that Agency-Based Seller. 
     CPO Management System—A controller that receives and processes CPOs for one or more goods or services, from one or more buyers, to determine if one or more sellers (Agency-Based or Broadcast-Based Sellers) are willing to accept a CPO. 
     General Purpose Account—Any account from which payment can be made, including a credit or debit account. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, the CPO Management System  100  preferably includes a central controller  200 , discussed further below in conjunction with FIG.  2 . The CPO Management System  100  may provide a given CPO to selected sellers  130 ,  140 ,  150  based on predefined screening criteria, so that sellers only obtain CPOs that they may be interested in or are authorized to screen. Alternatively, the CPO Management System  100  may provide all CPOs to all sellers for screening. 
     As discussed further below, each buyer  110  contacts the CPO Management System  100 , for example, by means of telephone, facsimile, online access (i.e. the Internet), electronic mail, in-person contact or through an agent, and provides the CPO Management System  100  with the terms of the buyer&#39;s CPO. It is noted that each buyer  110  and seller  130 ,  140 ,  150  may employ a general-purpose computer for communicating with the CPO Management System  100 . The general-purpose computer is preferably comprised of a processing unit, a modem, memory means and any software required to communicate with the CPO Management System  100 . 
     The CPO Management System  100 , as well as any general-purpose computers utilized by buyers  110  or sellers  130 ,  140  (collectively, the “nodes”) preferably transmit digitally encoded data and other information between one another. The communication links between the nodes preferably comprise a cable, fiber or wireless link on which electronic signals can propagate. 
     Agency and Broadcast-Based Sellers 
     According to one feature of the present invention, the CPO Management System  100  preferably provides an optional agency feature that permits the CPO Management System  100  to accept or reject a given CPO on behalf of certain agency-based sellers  130  who have delegated such authority to the CPO Management System  100 . Thus, the CPO Management System  100  preferably (i) evaluates CPOs on behalf of certain agency-based sellers  130  who have delegated authority to the CPO Management System  100  to accept or reject a given CPO, and (ii) permits broadcast-based sellers, such as sellers  140 ,  150  to evaluate CPOs independently. 
     Thus, the CPO Management System  100  can preferably provide one or more CPOs to each broadcast-based seller  140 ,  150 , for the seller  140 ,  150  to independently determine whether or not to accept a given CPO. It is noted that the CPO Management System  100  can provide a CPO to each appropriate broadcast-based seller  140 ,  150 , for example, by means of a broadcast transmission, or by means of posting the CPO, for example, on an electronic bulletin board accessible by each broadcast-based seller  140 ,  150 . Alternatively, the CPO Management System  100  can evaluate one or more CPOs against a number of CPO rules defined by one or more agency-based sellers  130 , to decide on behalf of an agency-based seller  130  to accept or reject a given CPO. An illustrative set of CPO rules for one illustrative agency-based seller  130  is set forth in FIG. 3, discussed in more detail below. Thus, the CPO Management System  100  can determine if one or more sellers  140 ,  150  accepts a given CPO by providing the CPO to each seller  140 ,  150  and receiving an acceptance or rejection, or by applying the CPO to the CPO rules to render a decision to either accept, reject or counter a CPO on behalf of a particular seller  130 . 
     As discussed further below, a CPO rule is a set of restrictions defined by a given agency-based seller  130  for which the seller  130  is willing to accept a CPO. For a more detailed discussion of CPO rules, the manner in which they are generated, and related security issues, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/889,319, entitled “Conditional Purchase Offer Management System,” referenced above, and International Patent Application PCT/US97/15492, entitled “Conditional Purchase Offer Management Systems,” incorporated by reference herein. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the architecture of an illustrative central controller  200 . The central controller  200  preferably includes certain standard hardware components, such as a central processing unit (CPU)  205 , a random access memory (RAM)  210 , a read only memory (ROM)  220 , a clock  225 , a data storage device  230 , and a communications port  240 . The CPU  205  is preferably linked to each of the other listed elements, either by means of a shared data bus, or dedicated connections, as shown in FIG.  2 . The communications port  240  connects the central controller  200  to each buyer  110  and seller  130 ,  140 ,  150 . The communications port  240  preferably includes multiple communication channels for simultaneously establishing a plurality of connections. 
     The ROM  220  and/or data storage device  230  are operable to store one or more instructions, discussed further below in conjunction with FIGS. 6A and 6B, FIGS. 7A,  7 B and  7 C, and FIG. 8, which the CPU  205  is operable to retrieve, interpret and execute. For example, the ROM  220  and/or data storage device  230  preferably store processes to accomplish the transfer of required payments, charges and debits, between the sellers  130 ,  140 ,  150  and buyer  110 . The processing of such accounting transactions are preferably secured in a conventional manner, for example, using well-known cryptographic techniques. 
     The data storage device  230  includes a seller database  300 , a buyer database  400 , an offer database  500 , a questionnaire database  600  (discussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 4) and a seller rules database  700 . The seller database  300  preferably stores information on each seller  130 ,  140 ,  150  which is registered with the CPO Management System  100  to sell goods or services to CPO buyers, including contact information. The buyer database  400  preferably stores information on each buyer of the CPO Management System  100 , including identification information and billing information, such as a credit card number. The offer database  500  preferably contains a record of each CPO processed by the CPO Management System  100 , including the conditions associated with the CPO and the associated status. 
     As previously mentioned, the seller rules database  700  set forth in FIG. 3 preferably maintains the CPO rules for one or more agency-based sellers. The seller rules database  700  maintains a plurality of records, such as records  705 ,  710 ,  715 , each associated with a different CPO rule identified by rule number in field  720  and identifying the associated seller by identifier in field  730 . The conditions of the original CPO which must be present in order for the rule to apply are set forth in field  740 , and the conditions of the rule itself are set forth in field  750 . Any additional terms and conditions that the buyer must agree to are recorded in field  760 . The action item that is initiated upon satisfaction of a rule is set forth in field  770 . 
     As also previously indicated, the data storage device  230  maintains a questionnaire database  600  that stores questions and answers of a psychographic questionnaire, and actions based upon those answers. A psychographic questionnaire is a questionnaire specifically designed to assess the buyer&#39;s needs and purchasing patterns. An example of a psychographic questionnaire  1200  to be presented to the buyer is illustrated in FIG.  5 . 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the questionnaire database  600  maintains a plurality of records, such as records  605  to  625 , each associated with a different psychographic question of the questionnaire  1200  stored in field  630  and designed to elicit a particular answer choice that is stored in field  635 . The action items in field  640  are initiated upon the match of an answer choice in field  635  to its corresponding question in field  630 , and include: (i) a counter-offer (record  605 ), (ii) a package counter-offer (records  610  and  625 ), (iii) a subsidy (record  615 ) and (iv) instant acceptance subject to a reasonableness test (record  620 ). 
     According to a first embodiment of the invention, discussed in more detail below, the questionnaire  1200  functions to elicit answers from the buyer for the purpose of making efficient counter-offer decisions after the buyer&#39;s CPO has been rejected by all sellers (“Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800 ”). After the submission of the buyer&#39;s CPO, the buyer is asked to participate in a survey. In one example, the survey question is “Are you a frequent leisure traveler who flies more than 5 times a year?” The possible answer choices are (A) Yes or (B) No. As set forth in record  605 , the CPO Management System  100  is configured to evaluate the buyer&#39;s answer to the survey question and to counter-offer the buyer if the buyer responds “(A) Yes” and if the buyer&#39;s offer has been rejected. More specifically, record  605  is provided to counter-offer rejected frequent travelers who fly more than 5 times per year with a price equal to the buyer&#39;s offered price plus 20% of the offered price. Accordingly, the decision of whether or not to counter-offer the buyer is made efficiently and wisely because frequent travelers (such as the buyer), if pleased, are likely to use the CPO Management System  100  in the future. 
     Another example of a survey question according to the Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  is “Do you have lodging accommodations planned for your trip?” Again, the possible answer choices are (A) Yes or (B) No. As set forth in record  610 , the CPO Management System  100  is configured to evaluate the buyer&#39;s answer to the survey question and to package counter-offer the buyer if the buyer responds “(B) No” and if the buyer&#39;s offer is rejected. More specifically, record  610  is designed to generate a hotel/airline package counter-offer to rejected buyers who do not yet have lodging accommodations for their trips. Once again, the decision of who and what to counter-offer is made efficiently and wisely because travelers (such as the buyer) who do not yet have lodging arrangements are more likely than not to accept a package counter-offer including a lodging component. This process also eliminates a wasted hotel/airline package counter-offer to travelers who do not require a hotel. 
     According to a second embodiment of the invention, discussed in more detail below, the questionnaire  1200  functions to elicit answers for the purpose of making intelligent counter-offer decisions before a CPO is evaluated to determine if it is acceptable by one of a plurality of sellers (“Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000 ”). During or after the submission of a buyer&#39;s CPO, the buyer is asked to participate in a survey. In one example, the survey question is “If we are unable to find you tickets at your price for this trip, what will you do?” The possible answer choices are (A) Drive, (B) Not go, (C) Buy tickets directly from a major airline, or (D) Buy tickets from another on-line travel service. As set forth in record  615 , the CPO Management System  100  is configured to evaluate the buyer&#39;s offer and to subsidize the buyer if the buyer responds “(C) Buy tickets directly from a major airline” and if the buyer&#39;s offer is considered to be too low for acceptance. More specifically, record  615  is designed to subsidize the buyer pre-processing, with whatever amount necessary to make the offer acceptable if the buyer indicates that he will alternatively buy tickets directly from a major airline. As previously described, the gain in market share from the buyer may be worth the cost of the subsidy. It should be noted that other actions may be required for discriminatory subsidization, such as determining whether or not there is enough money in a subsidy budget to apply to a given offer or determining whether the subsidy amount exceeds a threshold dollar amount (e.g., $50/offer). 
     In another example of the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000 , the questionnaire  1200  functions to elicit answers for the purpose of making efficient instantaneous acceptance or rejection decisions. Here, the survey question is once again “If we are unable to find you tickets at your price for this trip, what will you do?” The answer choices are (A) Drive, (B) Not go, (C) Buy tickets directly from a major airline, or (D) Buy from another on-line travel service. As set forth in record  620 , the CPO Management System  100  is configured to evaluate and instantly accept low offers from buyers who answer “(D) Buy from another on-line travel service,” provided that the buyer submits an offer determined to be reasonable based on an instantly available statistical or historical analysis. More specifically, record  620  is designed to perform a reasonableness test and to instantly accept a buyer&#39;s offer if it is reasonable and if the buyer indicates he will purchase tickets from another on-line travel service if his offer is rejected. The reasonableness test may consist of, e.g., the system determining if the buyer&#39;s offer at least exceeds a statistically or historically determined threshold amount for the particular conditions of the offer. Once again, the gain in market share from the buyer may be worth the acceptance of a low, but reasonable, offer. 
     In yet another example of the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000 , the questionnaire  1200  functions to elicit answers for the purpose of the CPO Management System  100  making efficient package counter-offer decisions. The survey question is “Do you need hotel accommodations for your stay in your destination city?” The possible answer choices are (A) Yes or (B) No. The CPO Management System  100  is configured to evaluate the buyer&#39;s offer and to counter-offer a hotel as a component of a package counter-offer if the buyer responds “(A) Yes.” More specifically, record  625  is designed to provide counter-offer to buyers who affirmatively express necessity for such accommodations. As previously described, the package counter-offer is customized to that particular buyer so as to not waste any opportunities to make the buyer&#39;s low offer acceptable or to sell additional products. 
     Alternate embodiments of psychographic question/answer choices include those that trigger actions based on the conditions of a buyer&#39;s CPO or those that are age-based, e.g., the system may assume that a 22 year-old traveler is more flexible than an older traveler and is therefore more apt to change his destination airport so long as it is still in the same city. 
     The data storage device  230  also includes the Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800 , the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  and a Rules Evaluation Process  900 , discussed further below in conjunction with FIGS. 6A and 6B, FIGS. 7A,  7 B and  7 C, and FIG.  8 . Generally, both CPO Evaluation Processes  800  and  1000  (i) receive a CPO from a buyer  110 , (ii) provide the questions and answers set forth in the questionnaire  1200  to the buyer, (iii) provide the CPO to the appropriate broadcast-based sellers  140 ,  150  and evaluate each CPO against the appropriate rules of each agency-based seller  130 , and (iv) determine whether any sellers  130 ,  140 ,  150  accept the CPO. The Rules Evaluation Process  900  is a subroutine executed by the CPO Evaluation Processes  800  and  1000 , which receives a CPO and compares the CPO against the rules of one or more agency-based sellers to generate a response on behalf of the sellers to the given CPO. 
     As previously described, the Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  compares the buyer&#39;s answer choices with those in field  635  of the questionnaire database  600  after the buyer&#39;s original offer has been rejected. If the buyer&#39;s answer choice(s) “match” one or more records, i.e., correspond to the answer choice(s) in field  635  for a given question in field  630 , the counter-offer, subsidy or instant acceptance action in field  640  of that record may be triggered. In the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000 , the same comparison generally described above is performed, but before the buyer&#39;s offer is transmitted to the sellers for consideration. 
     Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process Embodiment 
     The Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  described above will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. The Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  begins at step  805  of FIG. 6A, where a CPO is received from the buyer for an identified good or service. The CPO is evaluated in step  810  to determine whether or not it is a valid offer, and, in step  820 , if it is determined that the CPO is not valid, the buyer is requested to re-transmit the CPO. 
     The CPO may optionally be a Binding CPO, wherein authorization is obtained with the buyer offer to bind the buyer if and when the offer is accepted by a seller. In a Binding CPO, there are typically no provisions for a Buyer to renege. The present invention is described with respect to a non-binding CPO, wherein a buyer may renege after a seller acceptance. In the described embodiment, a penalty may be assessed against a buyer who reneges after an acceptance by a seller. 
     The CPO may also contain a seller-defined variable or flexible condition, typically specified using a range. For example, the variable condition may be a date range within which the product may be delivered by the seller. Other variable conditions might include: a price range, a performance range, a quality range, etc. The seller may then choose a product to fill the buyer&#39;s flexible condition within the specified range. Such a variable condition may provide substantial assistance to the seller in filling the buyer&#39;s CPO. For example, with respect to an airline ticket, the seller may be able to be meet a buyer&#39;s specified price if the CPO permits him to select a flight within a range of times or days. 
     In step  815 , when a valid CPO is received, a payment identifier of a General Purpose Account, such as a credit or debit card account from which funds may be paid, is received. The General Purpose Account is used with a Binding CPO to guarantee payment of the goods or services if a seller accepts the CPO. In the described non-binding CPO, the General Purpose Account may be used to guarantee payment of a fee or penalty if the buyer reneges on its promise to purchase the goods or services. Thus, in step  825 , the payment identifier is evaluated to determine whether or not it is a valid payment identifier. For example, the system may query a remote authorization server to verify that sufficient funds are available in the General Purpose Account to cover the buyer&#39;s CPO offer price. In step  830 , if it is determined that the payment identifier is invalid, the buyer is requested to either re-transmit the payment identifier or to transmit another payment identifier. 
     When a payment identifier has been found to be acceptable, the questionnaire  1200  set forth in FIG. 5 is transmitted to the buyer in step  835 . After the buyer has had an opportunity to select answers to each of the questions, the buyer reports the answers back to the CPO Management System  100 . Such reporting can be performed by telephone, facsimile, e-mail, over the Internet, etc. The buyer&#39;s answers are received by the CPO Management System  100  in step  840 . 
     In step  845 , the CPO is transmitted to broadcast-based sellers and the Rules Evaluation Process  900  is executed on behalf of agency-based sellers. The Rules Evaluation Process  900 , discussed in detail below in conjunction with FIG. 8, evaluates whether or not the buyer&#39;s CPO is accepted as in conformance with CPO Rules provided by an Agency-Based Seller. In step  850 , it is determined if an acceptance signal thus results from Rules Evaluation Process  900 , and/or is received from a broadcast-based seller. If so, one acceptance signal is selected in step  855 . The seller corresponding to the acceptance signal is identified by reference to its seller identifier in the seller database  400  in step  860 , and in step  865 , the seller(s) are then provided with the buyer&#39;s personal information as set forth in the buyer database  500 , such as the buyer&#39;s name, address and payment identifier. 
     In step  870 , it is determined whether or not the buyer has reneged on its offer to purchase the goods or services described in the CPO. If the buyer has followed through with its purchase, the CPO Post-Rejection Evaluation Process  800  ends at step  875 . If the buyer has reneged, a penalty is collected from the buyer in step  880  by the payment method corresponding to the payment identifier described above. The Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  then terminates in step  875 . 
     If in step  850  it is determined that the CPO has not been accepted by at least one agency or broadcast-based seller after the predetermined period of time, the answers to the questionnaire  1200  are evaluated against the questionnaire database  600  in step  882 . Here, the buyer&#39;s question and answer choices are compared with the question and answer choice fields  630  and  635 , respectively, in order from record  605  to record  610  (i.e., the records relevant to the Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800 ) to determine whether or not there is a match. If a match in question and answer choice is found, the record in the questionnaire database  600  is retrieved and the action set forth in field  640  corresponding to the pulled record is executed in step  884 . It is noted that the actions in records  605  and  610  both include counter-offers. 
     In step  886 , a test is performed to determine whether or not the buyer has accepted the counter-offer. If it is determined that the buyer did not accept the counter-offer, step  882  is repeated until review of all of the records have been exhausted. Once it is determined that there are no more actions to be taken, the CPO Post-Rejection Evaluation Process  800  ends in step  888 . If, on the other hand, in step  886  it is determined that the buyer did accept the counter-offer, the Post-Rejection CPO evaluation Process  800  continues at step  865 , described above. 
     In the described embodiment, a proposed counter-offer accepted by a buyer is automatically accepted by the CPO Management System. In an alternate embodiment, a counter-offer accepted by a buyer may subsequently be resubmitted to both agency and broad-case based sellers to determine if there is a seller acceptance. 
     Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process Embodiment 
     The Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  described above will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 7A,  7 B and  7 C. The Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  begins at step  1005  of FIG. 7A, where a CPO is received from the buyer for an identified good or service. The CPO is evaluated in step  1010  to determine whether or not it is a valid offer, and, in step  1020 , if it is determined that the CPO is not valid, the buyer is requested to re-transmit the CPO. 
     As with the Post-Rejection CPO Evaluation Process  800  described above, the CPO may optionally be a Binding CPO, or a non-binding CPO as described herein. 
     In step  1015 , when a valid CPO is received, a payment identifier of a General Purpose Account, such as a credit or debit card account from which finds may be paid, is received. The payment identifier guarantees payment of the goods or services if a seller accepts the CPO or the payment of a fee or penalty if the buyer reneges on its promise to purchase the goods or services. Thus, in step  1025 , the payment identifier is evaluated to determine whether or not it is a valid payment identifier. As described above, the system may query a remote authorization server to verify that sufficient funds are available in the General Purpose Account to cover the buyer&#39;s CPO. In step  1030 , if it is determined that the payment identifier is invalid, the buyer is requested to re-transmit the payment identifier or to transmit another payment identifier. 
     When a payment identifier has been found to be acceptable, the questionnaire  1200  set forth in FIG. 5 is transmitted to the buyer in step  1035 . After the buyer has had an opportunity to select its answers to each of the questions, the buyer reports the answers back to the CPO Management System  100 . Once again, such reporting can be performed by telephone, facsimile, e-mail, over the Internet, etc. The buyer&#39;s answers are received by the CPO Management System  100  in step  1040 . 
     The answers to the questionnaire  1200  are evaluated against the questionnaire database  1000  in step  1045  by comparing the buyer&#39;s question and answer choices with the question and answer choice fields  630  and  635 , respectively, in order from record  615  to record  620  to record  625  (i.e., the records relevant to the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000 ) to determine whether or not there is a match. 
     If there is no match in step  1045 , the original CPO is transmitted to broadcast-based sellers and the Rules Evaluation Process  900  is executed on behalf of agency-based sellers in step  1055 . The Rules Evaluation Process  900  is discussed below in conjunction with FIG.  8 . It is then determined whether or not the CPO has been accepted by at least one agency or broadcast-based seller in step  1060 , by determining whether or not at least one acceptance signal either results from the Rules Evaluation Process, and/or has been received from a broadcast-based seller over a predetermined period of time. If so, one acceptance signal is selected in step  1070 . The seller corresponding to the acceptance signal is identified by reference to its seller identifier in the seller database  400  in step  1080 , and in step  1085  the seller(s) are then transmitted the buyer&#39;s personal information as set forth in the buyer database  500 , such as the buyer&#39;s name, address and payment identifier. If an acceptance signal is not received, the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  ends in step  1065 . 
     In step  1090 , it is determined whether or not the buyer has reneged on its offer to purchase the goods or services described in the CPO. If the buyer has followed through with the purchase, the Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  ends at step  1100 . If the buyer has reneged, in step  1095  a penalty is collected from the buyer by the payment method corresponding to the payment identifier described above. The Pre-Processing CPO Evaluation Process  1000  then terminates in step  1100 . 
     If a match in question and answer choice is found in step  1045 , the record in the questionnaire database  600  is pulled and the action set forth in field  640  corresponding to that record is executed in step  1050 . In step  1110 , it is determined whether or not the executed action requires a response from the buyer. For example, the action set forth in field  640  of record  625  involves a package counter-offer which requires an acceptance or a rejection from the buyer in step  1120 . If for such an action it is determined that the buyer does not accept, step  1045  is repeated until a review of all of the relevant records have been exhausted. If the buyer does accept, the terms of the counter-offer, which have been proposed to and accepted by the buyer, are transmitted to broadcast-based sellers and the Rules Evaluation Process  900  is executed on behalf of agency-based sellers in step  1055 . 
     If a buyer response is determined to not be required in step  1110 , such as with the application of the subsidy of record  615 , the terms of the subsidized offer is transmitted to broadcast-based sellers, and the Rules Evaluation Process  900  is executed on behalf of agency-based sellers in step  1055 . In other embodiments, such as that set out in record  620 , there is an instant acceptance of the revised offer by the CPO Management System. 
     As previously indicated, both CPO Evaluation Processes  800  and  1000  execute a Rules Evaluation Process  900  during steps  840  and  1055 , respectively, to determine if one or more agency-based sellers are willing to accept a given CPO. As shown in FIG. 8, the Rules Evaluation Process  900  compares the conditions associated with the CPO during step  910  with the corresponding restrictions set forth in any CPO rules defined by any agency-based sellers. A test is then performed during step  920  to determine if any CPO rule is satisfied. If it is determined during step  920  that no CPO rule is satisfied, then program control terminates during step  940 . If, however, it is determined during step  920  that a CPO rule is satisfied, an acceptance signal may be generated as necessary, and the corresponding seller is identified during step  930 , before program control terminates during step  940 . 
     It is desirable that in one embodiment the present invention include features that prevent buyers from repetitively querying, or ‘pinging,’ the system, to determine the underlying price flexibility of the sellers. Such pinging might result in potential damage to the seller&#39;s price margins and profitability. As mentioned above, requiring the buyer  110  to enter into a Binding CPO at least discourages pinging by insuring that if an offer is accepted, the product is actually purchased. Another method of discouraging pinging includes preventing buyers from submitting repetitive, similar offers. For example, repetitive CPOs changing only the offer price in an effort to determine price flexibility may be blocked by the system. In one embodiment, subsequent CPOs by the same buyer  110  are accepted by the CPO Management System  100  only if there is some substantial change to the buyer specifications that would result in the purchase of an essentially different product. For example, with respect to the sale of airline tickets, subsequent CPOs may be accepted for processing only if there is a significant change in the itinerary. Yet another method for discouraging pinging is to require a payment for each submission of a CPO. 
     It is also desirable that in another embodiment of the invention, sellers&#39; identities are maintained anonymous within the CPO Management System  100  until a CPO is accepted. Such identity anonymity, by itself and in combination with the discouragement of price pinging discussed herein, enables sellers to participate in the CPO Management System  100  process without fear of undercutting their published price structures and losing their regular customer base. For example, most sellers have published product prices, and loyal customers who willingly pay those prices. Participating in the CPO Management System  100  enables these sellers to discount those products, potentially below their published prices, to fill offers from buyers who might not otherwise pay published prices. With anonymity, these sellers can more freely participate in the CPO Management System  100  process with less fear of losing their regular customers and undercutting their published price structure. 
     It is to be understood that the embodiments and variations shown and described herein are merely illustrative of the principle of this invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.