Abstract:
A pixel sensor cell includes a substrate of a first conductivity type, and a photoconversion region. The photoconversion region includes a pinning layer of the first conductivity type for receiving incident light of multiple colors, and a diode implant layer of a second conductivity type, disposed below the pinning layer, for accumulating photo-generated charge. Also included is a deep well of the first conductivity type, disposed below the diode implant layer, for rejecting at least one color of the incident light. The deep well includes a doped region, vertically disposed at a predetermined depth below the diode implant layer. The diode implant layer is effective in accumulating photo-generated charge of a blue color, and the deep well is effective in rejecting photo-generated charges of green and red colors from the diode implant layer. By placing the deep well at another predetermined depth below the diode implant layer, the deep well is effective in rejecting photo-generated charge of a red color from the diode implant layer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Embodiments of the invention relates generally to methods and apparatus pertaining to a pixel array of an imager. In particular, embodiments of the invention relate to improving crosstalk and sensitivity of the imager. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Typically, a digital imager array includes a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photoconversion device, e.g. a photogate, photoconductor, or a photodiode. In one such imager, known as a CMOS imager, a readout circuit is connected to each pixel cell which typically includes a source follower output transistor. The photoconversion device converts photons to electrons which are typically transferred to a charge storage region, which may be a floating diffusion region, connected to the gate of the source follower output transistor. A charge transfer device (e.g., transistor) can be included for transferring charge from the photoconversion device to the floating diffusion region. In addition, such imager cells typically have a transistor for resetting the floating diffusion region to a predetermined charge level prior to charge transference. The output of the source follower transistor may be gated as an output signal by a row select transistor. 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of imager device  308  having pixel array  200  with each pixel cell being constructed as described above. Pixel array  200  includes an array of pixels arranged in a predetermined number of columns and rows. The pixels of each row in array  200  transfer their signal charge to the output columns when selected by a signal on one of the horizontal control lines, and the pixels of each column are selectively output by respective column select lines. A plurality of row and column lines are provided for the entire array  200 . The row lines are selectively activated by row driver  210  in response to row address decoder  220 . The column select lines are selectively activated by column driver  260  in response to column address decoder  270 . Thus, a row and column address is provided for each pixel. The CMOS imager is operated by timing and control circuit  250 , which controls address decoders  220  and  270  for selecting the appropriate row and column lines for pixel readout. The control circuit  250  also controls row and column driver circuitry  210  and  260 , such that these apply driving voltages to the drive transistors of the selected row and column lines. 
         [0004]    The pixel column signals, which typically include a pixel reset signal (V rst ) and a pixel image signal (V sig ) for selected pixels, are read by sample and hold circuit  261  associated with column device  260 . A differential signal (V rst −V sig ) is produced by differential amplifier  262  for each pixel which is digitized by analog to digital converter (ADC)  275 . The analog to digital converter  275  supplies the digitized pixel signals to image processor  280  which forms a digital image. 
         [0005]    Pixels of conventional image sensors, such as a CMOS imager, employ a photoconversion device as shown in  FIG. 2 . This photoconversion device may typically include photodiode  59  having p-region  21  and n-region  23  in p-type substrate  58 . The pixel also includes a transfer transistor with associated gate  25 , floating diffusion region  16 , and a reset transistor with associated gate  29 . Photons striking the surface of photodiode  59  generate electrons which are collected in region  23 . When the transfer gate is on, the photon-generated electrons in region  23  are transferred to floating diffusion region  16  as a result of the potential difference existing between photodiode  59  and floating diffusion region  16 . The charges are converted to voltage signals by a source follower transistor (not shown). Prior to charge transfer, floating diffusion region  16  is set to a predetermined low charge state by turning on the reset transistor having gate  29 , which causes electrons in region  16  to flow into a voltage source connected to source/drain  17 . Regions  55  are isolation regions between pixels, which could be a shallow trench isolation (STI), or an implant isolation (e.g., p-type implant separating n-type pixel regions), or a combination of both STI and implant isolation. 
         [0006]    Conventional CMOS image sensors typically use a Bayer pattern including one red, one blue and two green colored pixels for acquiring the color information of an image. The differentiation between these pixels is achieved by using color filters for appropriate color pixels. The photo-sensing element (photodiode) for all pixels (regardless of the color) is either identical or very similar to one another. This is mainly done to simplify the processing, for example, limiting the number of masks required for fabrication and minimizing subsequent cycle time for processing the silicon. Because the absorption depths for different colors in silicon are different, placement of the photodiode junction, as well as rejection of photoelectrons from unwanted colors, could benefit from color-specific optimization. Current approaches, however, sacrifice achievable internal quantum efficiency and crosstalk performance for reduced cost in the image sensor, by using the same implants and antireflective coatings for all pixels, regardless of color. As the pixel size and the area of the photodiode shrinks, optical sensitivity is reduced. In addition, the reduction in pixel area and the larger density in a given area degrade the electrical, as well as the optical crosstalk performance. The combination of lower sensitivity and larger crosstalk results in much degradation of image quality. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional imager device having a pixel array. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a pixel in a conventional image sensor. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a pixel, fabricated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4   a  is an implant profile as a function of depth for the pixel shown in  FIG. 3 , when optimized for receiving blue light, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4   b  is an expanded view of the implant profile shown in  FIG. 4   a.    
           [0012]      FIG. 5   a  is an implant profile as a function of depth for the pixel shown in  FIG. 3 , when optimized for receiving green light, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5   b  is an expanded view of the implant profile shown in  FIG. 5   a.    
           [0014]      FIG. 6   a  is an implant profile as a function of depth for the pixel shown in  FIG. 3 , when optimized for receiving red light, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6   b  is an expanded view of the implant profile shown in  FIG. 6   a.    
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a Bayer pattern for adjoining green/red pixels, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a Bayer pattern for adjoining blue/red pixels, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a Bayer pattern for adjoining green/blue pixels, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a Bayer pattern of adjoining blue/green pixels with a single special p-well implant, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a pixel, similar to the pixel shown in  FIG. 3 , including an anti-reflective layer (ARC) disposed on top of the photodiode region, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and show by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and that structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0022]    It will be appreciated that the progression of processing steps described herein is an example of the invention. The sequence of steps, however, is not limited to that set forth herein and may be changed, as is known in the art, with the exception of steps necessarily occurring in a certain order. 
         [0023]    The terms “wafer” and “substrate,” as used herein, are to be understood as including silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a base semiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures. Furthermore, when reference is made to a “wafer” or “substrate” in the following description, previous processing steps may have been utilized to form regions, junctions, or material layers in or over the base semiconductor structure or foundation. In addition, the semiconductor need not be silicon-based, but may be based on silicon-germanium, germanium, gallium arsenide or other semiconductors. 
         [0024]    The term “pixel,” as used herein, refers to a photo-element unit cell containing a photoconversion device for converting photons to an electrical signal. In the following description, the invention is described in relation to a CMOS imager for convenience; however, the invention has wider applicability to circuits of other types of imager devices. For example, the invention is also applicable to an output stage of a CCD imager. 
         [0025]    As will be explained, the present invention differentiates between each color pixel and optimizes an implant method for each color separately. This allows better internal quantum efficiency, as well as reduced electrical crosstalk for each color, so that better image quality is maintained as pixel sizes are reduced. 
         [0026]    Referring now to the drawings, where like elements are designated by like reference numerals,  FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of pixel sensor cell  100  having dopant regions  188 ,  126  laterally displaced from gate structure  130 . The dopant regions  188 ,  126  form pinned buried photodiode  199 . 
         [0027]    An example of a process for fabricating the structure illustrated in  FIG. 3  is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,078,745 issued Jul. 18, 2006 to Patrick and assigned to Micron Technology, Inc. The relevant portions of the fabrication process are described below. 
         [0028]      FIG. 3  illustrates substrate  110  along a cross-sectional view, which is the same view shown in  FIG. 2 . As an example, substrate  110  is a silicon substrate of a first conductivity type, which, for example, is p-type. However, as noted above, the invention has equal application to other semiconductor substrates. For example, the invention may be adapted to n-type substrates or substrates with buried n-wells. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  also illustrates isolation regions  155  which are formed within substrate  110  and are filled with a dielectric material, which may be an oxide material, for example silicon oxide, such as SiO or SiO 2 , oxynitride, a nitride material such as silicon nitride, silicon carbide, a high temperature polymer, or other suitable dielectric material. As an example, isolation regions  155  are shallow trench isolation regions and the dielectric material is a high density plasma (HDP) oxide, a material which has a high ability to effectively fill narrow trenches. The shallow trench isolation regions  155  have a depth of about 1,000 to about 4,000 Angstroms, more preferably of about 2,000 Angstroms. Alternatively, the n-type photodiode regions of adjacent pixels may be isolated by p-type implantation instead of shallow trench isolation, or by a combination of trench and implant isolation. 
         [0030]    The layer  110  of the first conductivity type, which for example is p-type, is shown disposed on a p+substrate, designated as  120 . The p-type layer  110  may be a relatively thick epitaxial layer of 6-8 microns, which is grown on top of p+substrate  120 . As known in the art, epitaxial layer  110  may be a boron out-diffusion from substrate  120 . 
         [0031]    Referring still to  FIG. 3 , the first gate oxide layer  131  of grown or deposited silicon oxide and the conductive layer  132  are sequentially formed over silicon substrate  110 . The first gate oxide layer  131  and conductive layer  132  are part of a multi-layered transfer gate stack  130 . The first oxide layer  131  and the conductive layer  132  may be formed by conventional deposition methods, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), among other methods. 
         [0032]    In addition, if desired, silicide layer  133  may be formed over conductive layer  132  as part of the subsequently formed gate stack  130 . Advantageously, the gate structures of all other transistors in the imager circuit may have this additionally formed silicide layer. This silicide layer may be titanium silicide, tungsten silicide, cobalt silicide, nickel silicide, molybdenum silicide, or tantalum silicide, for example. 
         [0033]    Also shown in  FIG. 3  is floating diffusion region  125 . Region  125  may be an n-type doped region. 
         [0034]    The composition of pinned buried photodiode  199  will now be described by reference to  FIGS. 4   a ,  4   b ,  5   a ,  5   b ,  6   a  and  6   b . More specifically,  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  show examples of an implant profile for dopont regions  188  and  126  (also shown in  FIG. 3 ). 
         [0035]      FIG. 4   b  is an expanded view of  FIG. 4   a . The implant profile shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  assumes that pixel  100  is optimized for receiving blue light from input radiation  20  ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0036]    Similarly, the implant profile of  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  assumes that pixel  100  is optimized for receiving green light from input radiation  20 . Lastly, the implant profile of  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b  assumes that pixel  100  is optimized for receiving red light from input radiation  20 . 
         [0037]    As shown in  FIGS. 4-6 , the boron out-diffusion gradient, as it transitions from a heavily doped p+substrate  120  ( FIG. 3 ) to a lighter doped p-type region of epitaxial layer  110 , varies between approximately 5×10 18  and 1×10 14  atoms per cm 3  from a depth of 8 microns to a depth of 4 microns, respectively. The boron out-diffusion gradient may be similar for the blue, green and red pixels, as shown in  FIGS. 4   a ,  5   a  and  6   a , respectively. 
         [0038]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, it may be advantageous to locate the photodiode junction within the absorption length of a specific color. For example, the absorption length of blue light (400-525 nm) ranges from 0.1 microns to 1.4 microns. As such, the photodiode junction for blue light may be located within this range. As shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b, p +pinning layer  188  and n-type diode implant layer  126  are located within 0.4 microns from the surface of blue pixel  100  (the surface, for example, being at oxide layer  131  shown in  FIG. 3 ). Within this range, blue light may be optimally collected. 
         [0039]    As best shown in  FIG. 4   b , p+pinning layer  188  has its maximum concentration at the surface (approximately 7×10 18  atoms per cm 3 , in this example). On the other hand, n-type diode implant layer  126  has its maximum concentration below the surface, at a depth of approximately 0.1 microns. In addition, a shallower top junction (between layer  188  and layer  126 ) and bottom junction (between layer  126  and layer  110 ) are formed, as shown in  FIG. 4   b . By ensuring that the pinning implant peak is at the silicon/oxide interface, there is an additional electric field pushing electrons generated near the surface by short-wavelength photons away from the surface and toward the photodiode. This helps ensure that electrons generated from blue photons are collected by the photodiode, rather than recombining with holes at the surface. 
         [0040]    With respect to the blue pixel implant profile shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , the present invention provides a special deep p-type well implant, centered approximately at 3 times (3×) the median absorption depth of blue photons (approximately 1.2 microns). As such, the majority of the blue photons are absorbed above the special deep p-type well implant, and the generated electrons are collected by the photodiode of the blue pixel. Longer wavelength photons impinging on the blue pixel get absorbed below the special deep p-type well, such that electrons generated by longer wavelength photons are not collected by the blue pixel. These photons (electrons) are diffused to either the adjacent red pixel or the adjacent green pixel. 
         [0041]    The special deep p-type well implant is shown in  FIGS. 7 ,  8  and  9 . For example,  FIG. 8  shows a cross-sectional view of adjoining red/blue pixels. The special deep p-type well implant, designated as  300 , is disposed underneath photodiode  199  of the blue pixel. As shown in  FIG. 8 , electrons generated by blue photons (with their relatively short absorption length) are collected by photodiode  199  disposed above the special deep p-type well  300 . The longer absorption lengths of the red or green photons pass through the special deep p-type well  300  and generate electrons which are diffused towards the red pixel, thereby improving the collection area of the red pixel. 
         [0042]    As an a side,  FIG. 8  also shows first and second metallization layers  161  and  160 , respectively. Conductive vias  305  are shown connecting first metallization layers  161  to floating diffusion regions  125 . 
         [0043]    Referring next to  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , there is shown an implant profile for a green pixel. The absorption length for green light (475-600 nm) ranges from 0.8 microns to 2.6 microns. In order to maintain charge transfer efficiency, however, the junction between the pinning layer and the diode implant cannot be moved that deep. It is, therefore, necessary to keep the junction/depletion region as deep as possible, while relying on diffusion and a built-in electric field outside the depletion region to move generated electrons to the depletion region boundary. 
         [0044]    As shown in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , p+pinning layer  188  and n-type diode implant layer  126  for the green pixel are located within 0.4 microns from the surface of the green pixel (for example oxide layer  131 , shown in  FIG. 3 ). As best shown in  FIG. 5   b , p+pinning layer  188  has its maximum concentration at a depth below the surface. The pinning layer reaches a maximum concentration of approximately 1×10 19  atoms per cm 3  at a depth of approximately 0.08 microns. At the surface, the pinning layer has a smaller concentration of approximately 3×10 18  atoms per cm 3 . 
         [0045]    The diode implant for the green pixel, designated as  126 , reaches a maximum concentration of approximately 3×10 18  atoms per cm 3  at a depth of approximately 0.25 microns. By pushing the pinning layer implant peak concentration into the silicon substrate (thereby forming a lower p-type concentration at the silicon/oxide interface) a built-in electric field is created which directs electrons generated very close to the surface (for example, by blue photons) toward the surface, away from the n-type photodiode collection layer  126 . 
         [0046]    Still referring to  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , the present invention provides a special deep p-type well implant, centered approximately at a depth of 2 to 3 times (×) the median absorption depth of the green photon (approximately 2.5-4.0 microns). All longer wavelength photons (such as red photons) which get absorbed beyond this special deep p-type well implant will not be collected by this pixel. The carriers that are generated beyond the deep p-well implant (mostly photoelectrons generated by long wavelength photons) will diffuse towards the adjacent red or blue pixels. Such electrons from red light through green pixels which diffuse toward blue pixels will be re-directed towards red pixels by the special deep p-type well  300  under the blue pixels. The diffusion of carriers generated by stray red light under green pixels thus increases the effective collection area of the red pixels. This, therefore, improves the collection area for the red pixel. 
         [0047]    As shown in  FIG. 5   a , the special deep p-type well of the green pixel is similar in concentration to the special deep p-type well of the blue pixel, described above. A difference, however, is the special deep p-type well of the green pixel is located at a greater depth from the surface than the depth of the deep p-type well of the blue pixel. The special deep p-type well implant, designated as  302 , for the green pixel, is shown in  FIG. 7 . As shown, special deep p-type well  302  is disposed underneath photodiode  199  of the green pixel. The shorter wavelength photons will be absorbed by the green photodiode, disposed above special deep p-type well  302 . The electrons generated at the longer absorption length of the red photon will not be collected by the green pixel. Some of the longer wavelength photons will be blocked by special deep p-type well  302  and will be deflected towards the red pixel collection area. 
         [0048]    Referring next to  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b , there is shown the implant profile for a red pixel. As shown, the p+pinning layer, designated as  188 , and the diode implant, designated as  126 , of the red pixel have the same implant profile as the implant profile of the green pixel (previously described with respect to  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b ). The absorption length for red light (575-700 nm) ranges from 2.1 to 6.0 microns. In order to maintain a charge transfer efficiency the junction between the pinning layer and the diode implant cannot be moved so deep. Consequently, it is necessary to keep the junction/depletion region as deep as possible, while relying on diffusion and the built-in electric field to move generated electrons to the depletion region boundary. A gradual transition from low to high p-type doping moving from below the depletion region toward the substrate provides an extended built-in field directing electrons generated by red photons vertically toward the photodiode. Such a gradual doping gradient can be created by boron out diffusion from a p+substrate ( 120 ) during epitaxial growth of the surface silicon epilayer ( 110 ). The thickness of the epitaxial layer may be chosen as a compromise between red collection efficiency and crosstalk caused by diffusion of electrons generated far below the surface into neighboring pixels. The inclusion of special deep p-type well implants under the blue and green pixels provides some lateral electric field to deflect deep electrons diffusing from neighboring red pixels back toward the red photodiode depletion region, thus reducing the electronic crosstalk, and allowing deeper epitaxial layers (for better red sensitivity). In other words, the boron out-diffusion profile shown in  FIGS. 4   a ,  4   b  and  4   c  is optimized for red collection. 
         [0049]    As described for the green pixel, pushing the concentration peak of the pinning layer  188  of the red pixel into the silicon (thereby creating a doping gradient increasing from the surface) creates a built-in electric field to direct electrons generated by shorter-wavelength photons away from the junction and back toward recombination at the surface. Here too, it is necessary to keep the junction/depletion region as deep as possible, while relying on diffusion and the built-in electric field to move generated electrons to the depletion region boundary. A gradual transition from low to high p-type doping moving from below the depletion region toward the substrate provides an extended built-in field directing electrons generated by red photons vertically toward the photodiode. Such a gradual doping gradient can be created by boron out diffusion from a p+substrate ( 120 ) during epitaxial growth of the surface silicon epilayer ( 110 ). The thickness of the epitaxial layer may be chosen as a compromise between red collection efficiency and crosstalk caused by diffusion of electrons generated far below the surface into neighboring pixels. The inclusion of special deep p-type well implants under the blue and green pixels provides some lateral electric field to deflect deep electrons diffusing from neighboring red pixels back toward the red photodiode depletion region, thus reducing the electronic crosstalk, and allowing deeper epitaxial layers (for better red sensitivity). 
         [0050]    As also shown in  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b , the special deep p-type well is missing from the red pixel implant profile. The deep p-type well implants, used for the blue and the green pixels, however, allow the photoelectrons generated by the long wavelength photons to diffuse towards the red pixel. This improves the collection area for the red pixel. 
         [0051]    Attention is now directed toward  FIGS. 7-9 , which show the special deep p-type well, designated as  302 , underneath the green pixel and the special deep p-type well, designated as  300 , underneath the blue pixel. The substrate region underneath the red pixel, however, is free-of any special deep p-type well implant. As shown,  FIG. 7  provides a cross-sectional view of a Bayer pattern ( 100 A) for adjoining green/red pixels. Similarly,  FIG. 8  shows a diagonal cut ( 100 B) through a Bayer pattern showing adjoining blue/red pixels. Finally,  FIG. 9  shows a Bayer pattern ( 100 C) for green/blue pixels. Each of these figures schematically depicts the minimization of spectral crosstalk and optical spatial crosstalk, in which the wrong color photon is collected by a specific color pixel. These figures also show minimization of electrical crosstalk by not allowing carriers generated by long wavelength photons to be collected by the other pixels. Due to the relatively large absorption length of the green wavelength band and the practical constraints on the depth of the special p-type well implant, however, there may be some limitations in the amount of electrical crosstalk rejection between the green and the red pixels. 
         [0052]      FIG. 10  shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which a single special p-type well implant, designated as  304 , is placed underneath the entire region of the blue and green pixels in Bayer pattern  100 D. The implant  304  selectively rejects photo-generated carriers that are from the long wavelength photons. This special p-type well implant is absent under the red pixels. Since only a single special implant is required, as shown in  FIG. 10 , the single implant is more cost effective than the implant profiles shown in  FIGS. 7-8 . It will be appreciated that in the embodiment of  FIG. 10 , the green special p-well implant ( 302  in  FIG. 9 ) and the blue special p-well implant ( 300  in  FIG. 9 ) have been replaced by a single p-well implant ( 304  in  FIG. 10 ). 
         [0053]    In addition to the previously described structures for improving electrical crosstalk and sensitivity, an anti-reflective coating (ARC) layer may be disposed on top of p+pinning layer  188 , as shown in  FIG. 11 , generally designated as  1100 . The ARC layer may be tuned individually for each color. Alternatively, the ARC layer may be tuned for only one pixel color, and not included for any other pixel color. For best performance, the ARC layer may have a dielectric constant which is intermediate between the silicon and the silicon dioxide. For example, the ARC layer may be comprised of silicon nitride. In addition, the ARC layer may have a thickness that is a multiple of a specific color wavelength divided by four (4). 
         [0054]    Including ARC layer  1100  comprised of a material having a refractive index in-between silicon and silicon dioxide and of an appropriate thickness for cancellation of reflection from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface for blue light, the blue sensitivity may be maximized. Similarly, using an ARC layer comprised of a material having a refractive index in-between silicon and silicon dioxide and of an appropriate thickness for cancellation of reflection from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface for green light, the green sensitivity may be maximized. 
         [0055]    Finally, using an ARC layer comprised of a material having a refractive index in-between silicon and silicon dioxide and of an appropriate thickness for cancellation of reflection from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface for red light, the red sensitivity may be maximized. 
         [0056]    Because red has a longer wavelength, the ARC layer thickness for the red pixel may be of a maximum thickness. Next, the green pixel may have a smaller ARC layer thickness. The blue pixel, having the shortest wavelength, may have a minimum ARC layer thickness. 
         [0057]    Although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention. For example, the invention may be adapted to other color patterns than red/green/blue (RGB). For example, the invention may be applied to cyan/magenta/yellow (CMY) patterns. In addition, patterns other than Bayer patterns may also be used.