Abstract:
A fast handover protocol standard implemented on WiMAX networks integrating Internet protocol fast handover messaging. A standard for performing handover in four scenarios is offered with an embodiment for the message flow to perform the handover. The four scenarios include a mobile subscriber station initiated predictive hand-off, a network initiated predictive hand-off, a mobile subscriber station initiated reactive hand-off, and a network initiated reactive hand-off. In general, Internet Protocol control messages for fast hand-off or handover are used on the WiMAX network. Fast binding and fast binding acknowledge messages are exchanged between two WiMAX access networks in all four scenarios. Other messages used include hand-off initiate, hand-off acknowledge, proxy router advertisement, session information request, and release resources Internet Protocol control messages are integrated with WIMAX control messages to perform the fast handover protocol.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/700,863 filed on Jul. 20, 2005, and priority is claimed for these earlier filings under 35 U.S.C. §120. The Provisional Patent Application is also incorporated by reference into this PCT patent application. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A handover protocol for integrating the Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol into WiMAX access protocol. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The Internet, like so many other high tech developments, grew from research originally performed by the United States Department of Defense. In the 1960s, the military had accumulated a large collection of incompatible computer networks. Computers on these different networks could not communicate with other computers across their network boundaries. 
         [0004]    In the 1960s, the Defense Department wanted to develop a communication system that would permit communication between these different computer networks. Recognizing that a single, centralized communication system would be vulnerable to attacks or sabotage, the Defense Department required that the communication system be decentralized with no critical services concentrated in vulnerable failure points. In order to achieve this goal, the Defense Department established a decentralized standard communication protocol for communication between their computer networks. 
         [0005]    A few years later, the National Science Foundation (NSF) wanted to facilitate communication between incompatible network computers at various research institutions across the country. The NSF adopted the Defense Department&#39;s protocol for communication, and this combination of research computer networks would eventually evolve into the Internet. 
       Internet Protocols 
       [0006]    The Defense Department&#39;s communication protocol governing data transmission between different networks was called the Internet Protocol (IP) standard. The IP standard has been widely adopted for the transmission of discrete information packets across network boundaries. In fact, the IP standard is the standard protocol governing communications between computers and networks on the Internet. 
         [0007]    The IP standard identifies the types of services to be provided to users and specifies the mechanisms needed to support these services. The IP standard also specifies the upper and lower system interfaces, defines the services to be provided on these interfaces, and outlines the execution environment for services needed in the system. 
         [0008]    A transmission protocol, called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), was developed to provide connection-oriented, end-to-end data transmission between packet-switched computer networks. The combination of TCP with IP (TCP/IP) forms a suite of protocols for information packet transmissions between computers on the Internet. The TCP/IP standard has also become a standard protocol for use in all packet switching networks that provide connectivity across network boundaries. 
         [0009]    In a typical Internet-based communication scenario, data is transmitted from an originating communication device on a first network across a transmission medium to a destination communication device on a second network. After receipt at the second network, the packet is routed through the network to a destination communication device, and the TCP/IP protocol determines this routing. Because of the standard protocols in Internet communications, the IP protocol on the destination communication device decodes the transmitted information into the original information transmitted by the originating device. 
       TCP/IP Addressing and Routing 
       [0010]    Under the TCP/IP protocols, a computer operating on an IP-based network is assigned a unique physical address called an IP address. The IP address can include: (1) a network ID and number identifying a network, (2) a sub-network ID number identifying a substructure on the network, and (3) a host ID number identifying a particular computer on the sub-network. A header data field in the information packet will include source and destination addresses. The IP addressing scheme imposes a consistent addressing scheme that reflects the internal organization of the network or sub-network. 
         [0011]    A router is used to regulate the transmission of information packets into and out of the computer network. Routers interpret the logical address contained in information packet headers and direct the information packets to the intended destination. Information packets addressed between computers on the same network do not pass through a router on the boundary of the network, and as such, these information packets will not clutter the transmission lines outside the network. If data is addressed to a computer outside the network, the router on the network boundary forwards the data onto the greater network. 
         [0012]    TCP/IP network protocols define how routers determine the transmission path through a network and across network boundaries. Routing decisions are based upon information in the IP header and corresponding entries in a routing table maintained on the router. A routing table contains the information for a router to determine whether to accept an information packet on behalf of a device or pass the information packet onto another router. 
       The IP-Based Mobility System 
       [0013]    The Internet protocols were originally developed with an assumption that Internet users would be connected to a single, fixed network. With the advent of cellular wireless communication systems using mobile communication devices, the movement of Internet users within a network and across network boundaries has become common. Because of this highly mobile Internet usage, the implicit design assumption of the Internet protocols (e.g. a fixed user location) is violated by the mobility of the user. 
         [0014]    In an IP-based mobile communication system, the mobile communication device (e.g. cellular phone, pager, computer, etc.) can be called a mobile node or mobile station. Typically, a mobile station maintains connectivity to its home network while operating on a visited network. The mobile station will always be associated with its home network for IP addressing purposes and will have information routed to it by routers located on the home and visited networks. The routers can be referred to by a number of names including Home Agent, Home Mobility Manager, Home Location Register, Foreign Agent, Serving Mobility Manager, Visited Location Register, and Visiting Serving Entity. 
         [0015]    During the formative years since the Internet was first established, Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was recognized and adopted as the standard version of the Internet Protocol. With the advent of mobile IP and proliferation of computers and computer systems linked to the Internet, various limitations in the IPv4 standard and associated procedures have developed and emerged. In response, new standards are evolving and emerging that offer increasing advantages of speed of data transmission, wireless communication range, and importantly, additional communication services. 
         [0016]    The IP-based mobile system includes at least one Mobile Node in a wireless communication system. The term “Mobile Node” includes a mobile communication device (e.g. cellular phone, pager, computer, etc.), and, in addition to the Mobile Node, the communication system has a home network and a foreign network. The Mobile Node may change its point of attachment to a communication system on different networks, but the Mobile Node will always be associated with a single Mobile Node home network for IP addressing purposes. 
         [0017]    In many typical systems, the home network has a Home Agent and the foreign network has a Foreign Agent—both of which control the routing of information packets into and out of their network. In the typical mobile IP configuration, the Mobile Node will be coupled by a wireless link (or possibly wired link in some applications) attached to a Foreign Agent correlating with a care-of address used to route information packets to the Mobile Node. The Home Agent will receive and forward information packets addressed to the Mobile Node by appending the care-of address to the information packet, which is routed to the Foreign Agent for final routing to the attached Mobile Node. 
         [0018]    The Mobile Node keeps the Home Agent informed of its current location by registering the care-of address with the Home Agent. Essentially, the care-of address represents the current connection on the foreign network at a Foreign Agent where the Mobile Node is located. If the Home Agent receives an information packet addressed to the Mobile Node while the Mobile Node is located on a foreign network, the Home Agent will “tunnel” the information packet to the Mobile Node&#39;s current location on the foreign network via the applicable care-of address. 
         [0019]    The Foreign Agent participates in informing the Home Agent of the Mobile Node&#39;s current care-of address. The Foreign Agent also de-tunnels information packets for the mobile node after the information packets have been forwarded to the Foreign Agent by the Home Agent. Further, the Foreign Agent serves as a default router for out-going information packets generated by the Mobile Node while connected to the foreign network. 
         [0020]    Foreign Agents and Home Agents periodically broadcast an agent advertisement to all nodes on the local network associated with that agent. An agent advertisement is a message from the agent on a network that may be issued under the Mobile IP protocol (RFC 2002) or any other type of communications protocol. This advertisement should include information that is required to uniquely identify a mobility agent (e.g. a Home Agent, a Foreign Agent, etc.) to a mobile node. Mobile Nodes examine the agent advertisement and determine whether they are connected to the home network or a foreign network. 
         [0021]    If the Mobile Node is located on its home network, no additional actions need to be taken because information packets will be routed to the Mobile Node according to the standard addressing and routing scheme. If the Mobile Node is visiting a foreign network, however, the Mobile Node obtains appropriate information from the agent advertisement, and transmits a registration request message to its Home Agent. The registration request message will include a care-of address for the Mobile Node. 
         [0022]    The registered care-of address identifies the foreign network where the Mobile Node is located, and the Home Agent uses this registered care-of address to tunnel information packets to the foreign network for subsequent transfer to the Mobile Node. A registration reply message may be sent to the Mobile Node by the Home Agent to confirm that the registration process has been successfully completed. In newer standards, Foreign Agents have been eliminated by using newer addressing protocols that do not require a Foreign Agent, but a care-of address is always used to for routing communications with Mobile Nodes on a foreign network or sub-network. 
         [0023]    A wireless radio transmission station, which can be comprised of several different components collectively called a Base Station, provides the point of attachment connecting a Mobile Node to a communication network. The Base Station will include a radio transceiver, controller, and other associated entities necessary to operate and communication over multiple communication channels using the appropriate communication protocol operative on the system. An important function of the Base Station is translating information packets into the appropriate data format for transmission over the wireless connection or onto the communication network. The Base Station will be coupled to a Gateway and/or Access Router which interfaces with the communication network to provide routing services to information packets transmitted into or out of the communication network. 
       Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) 
       [0024]    The most pressing limitation in the IPv4 standard is the restriction on the number of possible IP addresses imposed by the 32-bit address field size. Under the IPv4 protocol, the same IP addresses must be shared, because there is insufficient address availability for the needs of all users. Mobile IPv6 increases the size of the available address space 400% to 128 bits, which vastly increases the number of available addresses. While the 32-bit address field provides 2 32  or approximately 4 billion IP address possibilities, a 128-bit field provides 2128 IP address possibilities. 
         [0025]    A number of benefits emerge from this vastly larger available address field. First, there is little chance of exhausting the number of IP addresses. Second, a large address field allows aggregation of many network-prefix routers into a single network-prefix router. Finally, the large address pool allows nodes to auto configure using simple mechanisms. 
         [0026]    Mobile IPv6 dispenses with Foreign Agents by deriving a care-of address using an auto-configuration protocol such as router advertisements or using a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server on the foreign network. MIPv6 also allows for direct-packet routing between Mobile Nodes and Corresponding Nodes located on an IPv6 network. When the Mobile Node moves onto a Foreign Network, it derives a care-of address which it registers with its Home Agent using a binding update message. Route optimization allows the Mobile Node to send a binding update message to a Corresponding Node as well, which caches the care-of address so that it can communicate by sending packets directly to the Mobile Node. Moreover, the Mobile Node can send a binding update to the Home Agent anycast address, and it will only receive one response from one Home Agent even though multiple home agents may reside on the home network. 
         [0027]    When moving from one point of attachment to another, a Mobile Node undergoes a hand-off protocol whereby it registers its location on the foreign network or sub-network with the Home Agent on the home network. Hand-off latency occurs during the registration procedure as the Mobile Node and the Home Agent exchange binding update and other control messages to register the Mobile Node. The Mobile Node may also need to update the care-of address with binding updates on a Corresponding Node or previous access router. This latency is proportional to the round-trip time for a binding update message to reach the Home Agent, the Correspondence Node, or the previous access router. Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), or anticipated MIPv6, prepares for hand-off in advance of the actual movement. There are two modes of operation for FMIPv6. In the predictive mode, the hand-off registration is initiated before the Mobile Node handover begins. In the reactive mode, the hand-off registration is initiated after the Mobile Node handover begins. This protocol substantially reduces latency, improving reliability of communication and quality of service and reducing data packet loss. 
       WiMAX 
       [0028]    Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is another designation for the IEEE 802.16 standard. The WiMAX standard is an emerging packet-based wireless communication standard. WiMAX can operate in the 2 to 16 GHz range. This communication technology can communicate over distances of up to 50 km (31 miles) of linear service area and permits communication not limited to line-of-sight. Shared data rates of up to 70 Mbits/s are possible with WiMAX, which provides enough communication bandwidth to simultaneously support over 1000 homes at the 1 Mbit/s DSL-level connectivity with excess capacity to spare. Currently, practical data rates transmitting speeds appear limited to between 500 kbits/s and 2 Mbits/s. 
         [0029]    The WiMAX protocol supports point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access applications with very high bit rates for both the uplink and the downlink. The access and bandwidth allocations on the system can support hundreds of terminals per channel. Services supported include time-division multiplexing (TDM) voice/data and Internet Protocol connections to include Voice over IP (VoIP), PTT (Push to Talk), VT (Video Telephony), etc. Both continuous and bursty data traffic transmissions must be supported to provide these services. The 802.16 medium access control (MAC) protocol also includes privacy sub-layer providing authentication for network access and connections, and it provides key exchange and encryption for securing packet transmissions. 
         [0030]    Mobile standards of WiMAX permits mobile Non Line of Sight (NLOS) communication by enhancing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). Each WiMAX base station node should enable high-speed Internet wireless connectivity between home and businesses in a radius of up to 50 km/31 miles. The evolving technology and standard will improve NLOS coverage, increase system gain by use of denser sub-channelization, enhance security and NLOS performance by introducing high-performance coding techniques, introduce downlink sub-channelization, improve coverage, eliminate channel bandwidth dependencies on sub-carrier spacing, and use an enhanced algorithm that can tolerate larger delay spread to increase resistance to interference. 
         [0031]    New standards and protocols for the WiMAX standard are being developed and implemented. There is no current accepted method for fast hand-off in the WiMAX transmission standard and networks. The invention is a new protocol for implementing fast mobile hand-off for FMIPv6 on the WiMAX communication protocol. As noted above, implementing fast handover on WiMAX would reduce the hand-off latency improving quality of service, reduce loss of data packets, and improve the reliability and efficiency of the system. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0032]    Four different fast hand-off procedures for performing handover of routing to a new gateway access router includes two predictive protocols and two reactive protocols. The two predictive protocols include 1) Mobile Station (e.g. Mobile Node) initiated fast hand-off and 2) a network initiated fast hand-off procedures. The two reactive protocols include 1) Mobile Station (e.g. Mobile Node) initiated fast hand-off and 2) a network initiated fast hand-off procedures. The four scenarios include a mobile subscriber station initiated predictive hand-off, a network initiated predictive hand-off, a mobile subscriber station initiated reactive hand-off, and a network initiated reactive hand-off. 
         [0033]    Internet Protocol control messages for fast hand-off or handover are used on the WiMAX network. The messages integrated with WiMAX include fast binding and fast binding acknowledge messages exchanged between two WiMAX access networks. Other messages used include hand-off initiate, hand-off acknowledge, proxy router advertisement, session information request, and release resources Internet Protocol control messages integrated with WiMAX. 
         [0034]    The fast handover protocol includes buffering information packets on the target gateway access router associated with the target base station gaining the mobile subscriber station. A handover initiate message received by the gateway access router initiates buffering of information packets. A fast binding update message transmitted by the mobile subscriber station to the currently coupled gateway access router starts the forwarding of information packets for buffering. Session information messages update the targeted base station and targeted gateway access router with necessary session information to support the communication session. Release resources messages are used to terminate the established communication connection between the serving gateway access router and the serving base station, so that those resources are available for reallocation after the move. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0035]    The objects and features of the invention will become more readily understood from the following detailed description and appended claims when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements and in which: 
           [0036]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of a WiMAX communication system that demonstrates operation of the invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  is a message flow chart for a Mobile Subscriber Station initiated predictive fast hand-off; 
           [0038]      FIG. 3  is a message flow chart for a network initiated predictive fast hand-off; 
           [0039]      FIG. 4  is a message flow chart for a Mobile Station initiated reactive fast hand-off; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 5  is a message flow chart for a network initiated reactive fast hand-off. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0041]      FIG. 1  shows a preferred embodiment of a WiMAX communication system using the invention.  FIG. 1  shows a Home Network (HN)  1  connected to the Internet and/or IP based network  30 . The Internet and/or IP based network  30  is also connected to a Serving Foreign Network Access Provider (S-NAP)  2  and a Target Network Access Provider (T-NAP)  6 . Each of the networks are WiMAX networks and can communicated with each other using the Internet and/or IP based network  30  infrastructure. 
         [0042]    The HN  1  includes a Gateway/Access Router (GW/AR)  5  that provides access to the HN  1 . The GW/AR  5  is coupled to a Base Station (BS)  10  by communication link  3 . The BS  10  includes a the necessary components to establish, maintain, and support wireless communication with mobile devices and includes a controller, transceiver, and associated components for multi-channel packet communication with multiple mobile nodes also referred to as mobile subscriber stations (MSS). The GW/AR  5  is connected to a Home Agent (HA)  15  by communication link  4 . The HA  15  is also coupled to a Home Network Server (HNS)  20  by communication link  14 , which in turn is connected to the GW/AR  5  by communication link  19 . The GW/AR provides access to the Internet and/or IP based network  30  using communication link  21 . 
         [0043]    The Internet and/or IP based network  30  is coupled to the S-NAP  2  by communication link  29  to the Serving Gateway/Access Router (S-GW/AR)  35 , which provides communication access to the S-NAP  2 . The S-GW/AR  35  also connects to the Serving Base Station (S-BS)  45  using communication link  44 . The S-BS  45  includes the necessary components to establish, maintain, and support wireless communication with multiple mobile devices including the Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS)  65 . The MSS  65  communicates with the S-BS  45  over wireless communication link  61 . The MSS  65  is associated with the HN  1 , and communication arriving on the HN  1  addressed to the MSS  65  is routed to and from the MSS  65  using the HA  15  and GW/AR  5 . The S-GW/AR  35  is also connected to a Serving Network Server (SNS)  40  by communication link  34 . The MSS  65  is currently coupled to the S-NAP  2  and registered with the HA  15  for this communication connection. Collectively, the S-NAP can also be referred to as an Access Services Network, and the S-GW/AR can be referred to as the Serving ASN GW. 
         [0044]    The Internet and/or IP based network  30  is also coupled to the T-NAP  6  by communication link  27  to the Target Gateway/Access Router (T-GW/AR)  50 , which provides communication access to the T-NAP  6 . The T-GW/AR  50  also connects to the Target Base Station (T-BS)  60  using communication link  49 . The T-BS  60  includes the necessary components to establish, maintain, and support wireless communication with multiple mobile devices including the MSS  65 . In this embodiment, the MSS  65  is in the process of moving into the geographical area supported by the T-BS  60  and is establishing wireless communication link  62  using a hand-off protocol. The T-GW/AR  50  is also connected to a Target Network Server (TNS)  55  by communication link  54 . The MSS  65  is currently coupled to the S-NAP  2  and registered with the HA  15  for this communication connection and must undergo a hand-off to forward packets to the new connection with T-BS  60 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 2  is a message flow chart for a Mobile Subscriber Station initiated predictive fast hand-off. In normal operation, the MSS should be engaged in periodic scanning of neighboring Base Stations to gather signal quality information, which is forwarded to the S-GW/AR. In step  101 , a Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR_ADV) is received by the MSS from the S-BS. In step  102 , the MSS prepares for moving to a new target BS, the T-BS, by transmitting a Mobile MSS Handover Request (MOB_MSSHO_REQ) message to the S-BS to prepare for moving to a new wireless connection, which contains a candidate target list of base stations. In step  103 , the S-BS transmits a Handover Request (HO Request) primitives message to the SGW/AR notifying the S-GW/AR to prepare a list of recommended target BSs to transfer to for communication. In step  104 , after determining that an inter-ASN handoff is required, the SGW/AR transmits a Handover Request (HO Request) message to the T-GW/AR notifying it for permission to hand-off the MSS. In step  105 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Pre-Notification (HO Pre Notification) message to the T-BS to prepare the T-BS to connect with the MSS. 
         [0046]    In step  106 , the T-BS transmits a Handover Pre Notification Response (HO Pre Notification Response) message to the T-GW/AR indicating it can support communication with the MSS and is prepared to connect with the MSS. In step  107 , the T-GW/AR sends a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-GW/AR containing a list of recommended BSs for the hand-off. In step  108 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-BS that includes the recommended target list of BSs. In step  109 , the S-BS transmits the BSs target list to the MSS in a Mobile BS Handover Request (MOB-BSHO_REQ) message. 
         [0047]    In step  110 , the MSS selects a target BS (T-BS) and initiates the fast hand-off by sending a Mobile Handover Indication (MOB_HO_IND) message to the S-BS. The S-BS sends a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the S-GW/AR in step  111  to inform the S-GW/AR of the fast hand-off of the MSS. In step  112 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-GW/AR informing the T-GW/AR that the MSS will register with the supported T-BS. The T-GW/AR in turn will transmit a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-BS informing the T-BS or the movement and registration of the MSS in step  113 . 
         [0048]    In step  114 , the T-BS confirms availability for connection to the MSS in a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message transmitted to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR processes the message and transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the SGW/AR that confirms that the T-BS can support communication with the MSS in step  115 . In step  116 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the S-BS to inform the S-BS that the T-BS can connect to the MSS. In step  117 , the S-BS transmits a Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) message to the MSS with data on the T-BS for coupling to the S-BS. 
         [0049]    In step  118 , the MSS transmits a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the S-GW/AR communicating the changing wireless connection, which the S-GW/AR uses to update a routing table entry for forwarding any information packets routed to S-GW/AR after the wireless connection terminates. The S-GW/AR in turn in step  119  transmits a Handover Initiate (HI) message to the T-GW/AR to initiate the handover of the MSS to the new access router. In step  120 , a Handover Acknowledge (HAack) is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the S-GW/AR confirming receipt of the HI message and hand-off to the T-GW/AR. The S-GW/AR then transmits a FBACK message to the MSS indicating the MSS can connect to the T-BS in step  121 . Steps  110  through  121  are executed in parallel, and after step  121  information packets received at the S-GW/AR are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for buffering and delivery after the MSS establishes a connection. 
         [0050]    In steps  122  through  127 , the MSS starts the network re-entry procedure. In step  122 , a Fast Ranging Information Element (Fast Ranging IE) message is transmitted from the T-BS to the MSS to provide initial ranging information to the MSS. The MSS responds with a Ranging Request (RNG_REQ) message containing an identification of the handover (HO ID), an identifier for the S-BS (old BS ID), and its quality of service (QoS) requirements in step  123 . In step  124 , the T-BS transmits a Session Information Request message to the T-GW/AR requesting the session information for the MSS, and the Session Information Request message is forwarded to the S-GW/AR in step  125 . The S-GW/AR responds with session information in a Session Information Response message in step  126  transmitted to the T-GW/AR, which processes the message and transmits a Session Information Response message to the T-BS in step  127 . This information is used to set the &lt;source port, source IP address&gt; and &lt;destination port, destination IP address&gt; for the communication session. The Session Information Request/Session Information Response messages can be optional with the required information contained in the MOB_HO_IND message, and can also be used by the T-GW/AR to obtain required information from the S-GW/AR. At this point, the MSS disconnects from the S-BS and connects to the T-BS. 
         [0051]    In step  128 , the MSS looses its connection to the serving network (S-NAP  2 ) and gains connection to the target network (T-NAP  6 ). Information packets addressed to the MSS received after step  121  are buffered on the T-GW. The MSS transmits a Fast Neighbor Advertisement (FNA) message to the T-GW/AR to announce attachment to the T-BS, which triggers the delivery of buffered packets to the MSS. In step  129 , a Challenge message is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the MSS to request authentication and authorization information from the MSS. The MSS responds with a Request message in step  130  requesting secured authorization and authentication data, which it processes to generate a correct data response in a Response message transmitted to the T-GW/AR in Step  131 . In step  132 , the T-BS generates a response to the RNG_REQ of step  123  to transmit QoS information to the MSS in a Range Response (RNG_RSP) message and includes information for compensating for frequency, time, and transmit power for the ranging. 
         [0052]    In step  133 - 135 , the T-BS establishes a connection with the T-GW/AR for the communication session. In step  133 , the T-BS transmits a Data Path Establishment Request (Data Path Est RQ) message to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR responds with a Data Path Establishment Reply (Data Path Est RP) message in step  134 , and the T-BS acknowledges the message and established data path between the T-BS and the T-GW/AR with a Data Path Establish Aclcnowledge (Data Path Est Ack) message in step  135 . The steps  129 - 135  can occur in parallel. 
         [0053]    In step  136 , the Home Agent (HA) is updated with the new location of the MSS using a Binding Update message transmitted from the MSS, and the HA responds in step  137  with a Binding Acknowledge (BA) message confirming the update of the location of the MSS on the HA routing tables. From this point on, all packets received on the home network addressed to the MSS are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for routing to the MSS. In step  138 , the T-GW/AR starts releasing the communication resources to the S-BS by transmitting a Release Resources message to the S-GW/AR, which in response transmits a Data Path Revoke message to the S-BS in step  139 , terminating the connection to the S-BS for the MSS. In step  140 , a Release Resources Acknowledge (Release Resources Aclc) message is sent to the S-GW/AR from the TGW/AR to acknowledge receipt of the Release Resources message. In step  141 , a Data Path Revoke Reply (Data Path Revoke RP) message to confirm receipt of the Data Path Revoke message and release of resources. 
         [0054]    In this embodiment, the integration of the PrRtAdv, FBU, HI, HAck, FBACK, Session Information Request, Session Information Response, FNA and Release Resources messages between the MSS, the S-BS, the T-BS, the S-GW/AR, and the T-GW/AR are unique and not found in the prior art. The addition of these messages allows the WiMAX protocol to perform predictive Fast Handover with the MSS initiating the hand-off. 
         [0055]      FIG. 3  is a message flow chart for a network initiated predictive fast hand-off. In normal operation, the MSS should be engaged in periodic scanning of neighboring Base Stations to gather signal quality information, which is forwarded to the S-GW/AR. In step  201 , a Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR_ADV) is received by the MSS from the S-BS. In step  202 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Pre-Notification (HO Pre Notification) message to the T-BS to prepare the T-BS to connect with the MSS. 
         [0056]    In step  203 , the T-BS transmits a Handover Pre Notification Response (HO Pre Notification Response) message to the T-GW/AR indicating it can support communication with the MSS and is prepared to connect with the MSS. In step  204 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Directive (HO Directive) message to the S-GW/AR containing a list of recommended Base Stations for connecting the MSS. In step  205 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Directive (HO Directive) message to the S-BS with the list of recommended Base Stations, and the S-BS transmits a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-GW/AR confirming receipt in step  206 . The S-GW/AR also transmits the list to the MSS in a Mobile Base Station Handover Request (MOB_BSHO_REQ) to the MSS in step  207 . In step  208 , the S-GW/AR transmits a HO Response message to the T-GW/AR. 
         [0057]    In step  209 , the MSS selects a target BS (T-BS) and initiates the fast hand-off by sending a Mobile Handover Indication (MOB_HO_IND) message to the S-BS. The S-BS sends a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the S-GW/AR in step  210  to inform the S-GW/AR of the fast hand-off of the MSS. In step  211 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-GW/AR informing the T-GW/AR that the MSS will register with the supported T-BS. The T-GW/AR in turn will transmit a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-BS informing the T-BS or the movement and registration of the MSS in step  212 . 
         [0058]    In step  213 , the T-BS confirms availability for connection to the MSS in a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message transmitted to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR processes the message and transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the SGW/AR that confirms that the T-BS can support communication with the MSS in step  214 . In step  215 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the S-BS to inform the S-BS that the T-BS can connect to the MSS. In step  216 , the S-BS transmits a Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) message to the MSS with data on the T-BS for coupling to the S-BS. 
         [0059]    In step  217 , the MSS transmits a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the S-GW/AR communicating the changing wireless connection, which the S-GW/AR uses to update a routing table entry for forwarding any information packets routed to S-GW/AR after the wireless connection terminates. The S-GW/AR in turn in step  218  transmits a Handover Initiate (HI) message to the T-GW/AR to initiate the handover of the MSS to the new access router. In step  219 , a Handover Acknowledge (HAck) is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the S-GW/AR confirming receipt of the HI message and hand-off to the T-GW/AR. The S-GW/AR then transmits a FBACK message to the MSS indicating the MSS can connect to the T-BS in step  220 . Steps  209  through  220  are executed in parallel, and after step  220  information packets received at the S-GW/AR are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for buffering and delivery after the MSS establishes a connection. 
         [0060]    In steps  221  through  226 , the MSS starts the network re-entry procedure. In step  221 , a Fast Ranging Information Element (Fast Ranging IE) message is transmitted from the T-BS to the MSS to provide initial ranging information to the MSS. The MSS responds with a Ranging Request (RNG_REQ) message containing an identification of the handover (HO ID), an identifier for the S-BS (old BS ID), and its quality of service (QoS) requirements in step  222 . In step  223 , the T-BS transmits a Session Information Request message to the T-GW/AR requesting the session information for the MSS, and the Session Information Request message is forwarded to the S-GW/AR in step  224 . The S-GW/AR responds with session information in a Session Information Response message in step  225  transmitted to the T-GW/AR, which processes the message and transmits a Session Information Response message to the T-BS in step  226 . This information is used to set the &lt;source port, source IP address&gt; and &lt;destination port, destination IP address&gt; for the communication session. The Session Information Request/Session Information Response messages can be optional with the required information contained in the MOB_HO_IND message, and can also be used by the T-GWIAR to obtain required information from the S-GW/AR. At this point, the MSS disconnects from the S-BS and connects to the T-BS. 
         [0061]    In step  227 , the MSS looses its connection to the serving network (S-NAP  2 ) and gains connection to the target network (T-NAP  6 ). Information packets addressed to the MSS received after step  220  are buffered on the T-GW. The MSS transmits a Fast Neighbor Advertisement (FNA) message to the T-GW/AR to announce attachment to the T-BS, which triggers the delivery of buffered packets to the MSS. In step  228 , a Challenge message is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the MSS to request authentication and authorization information from the MSS. The MSS responds with a Request message in step  229  requesting secured authorization and authentication data, which it processes to generate a correct data response in a Response message transmitted to the T-GW/AR in step  230 . In step  231 , the T-BS generates a response to the RNG_REQ of step  222  to transmit QoS information to the MSS in a Range Response (RNG_RSP) message and includes information for compensating for frequency, time, and transmit power for the ranging. 
         [0062]    In step  232 - 234 , the T-BS establishes a connection with the T-GW/AR for the communication session. In step  232 , the T-BS transmits a Data Path Establishment Request (Data Path Est RQ) message to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR responds with a Data Path Establishment Reply (Data Path Est RP) message in step  233 , and the T-BS acknowledges the message and established data path between the T-BS and the T-GW/AR with a Data Path Establish Aclcnowledge (Data Path Est Ack) message in step  234 . The steps  228 - 234  can occur in parallel. 
         [0063]    In step  235 , the Home Agent (HA) is updated with the new location of the MSS using a Binding Update message transmitted from the MSS, and the HA responds in step  236  with a Binding Acknowledge (BA) message confirming the update of the location of the MSS on the HA routing tables. From this point on, all packets received on the home network addressed to the MSS are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for routing to the MSS. In step  237 , the T-GW/AR starts releasing the communication resources to the S-BS by transmitting a Release Resources message to the S-GW/AR, which in response transmits a Data Path Revoke message to the S-BS in step  238 , terminating the connection to the S-BS for the MSS. In step  239 , a Release Resources Acknowledge (Release Resources Ack) message is sent to the S-GW/AR from the TGW/AR to acknowledge receipt of the Release Resources message. In step  240 , a Data Path Revoke Reply (Data Path Revoke RP) message to confirm receipt of the Data Path Revoke message and release of resources. 
         [0064]    In this embodiment, the integration of the HO Directive, HO Response, PrRtAdv, FBU, HI, HAck, FBACK, Session Information Request, Session Information Response, FNA and Release Resources messages between the MSS, the S-BS, T-BS, the S-GW/AR and the T-GW/AR are unique and not found in the prior art. The addition of these messages allows the WiMAX protocol to perform predictive Fast Handover with the Network initiating the hand-off. 
         [0065]      FIG. 4  is a message flow chart for a Mobile Subscriber Station initiated reactive fast hand-off. In normal operation, the MSS should be engaged in periodic scanning of neighboring Base Stations to gather signal quality information, which is forwarded to the S-GW/AR. In step  301 , a Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR_ADV) is received by the MSS from the S-BS. In step  302 , the MSS prepares for moving to a new target BS, the T-BS, by transmitting a Mobile MSS Handover Request (MOB_MSSHO_REQ) message to the S-BS to prepare for moving to a new wireless connection, which contains a candidate target list of base stations. In step  303 , the S-BS transmits a Handover Request (HO Request) primitives message to the SGW/AR notifying the S-GW/AR to prepare a list of recommended target BSs to transfer to for communication. In step  304 , after determining that an inter-ASN handoff is required, the SGW/AR transmits a Handover Request (HO Request) to the T-GW/AR notifying it for permission to hand-off the MSS. In step  305 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Pre-Notification (HO Pre Notification) message to the T-BS to prepare the T-BS to connect with the MSS. 
         [0066]    In step  306 , the T-BS transmits a Handover Pre Notification Response (HO Pre Notification Response) message to the T-GW/AR indicating it can support communication with the MSS and is prepared to connect with the MSS. In step  307 , the T-GW/AR sends a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-GW/AR containing a list of recommended BSs for the hand-off. In step  308 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-BS that includes the recommended target list of BSs. In step  309 , the S-BS transmits the BSs target list to the MSS in a Mobile BS Handover Request (MOB-BSHO_REQ) message. 
         [0067]    In step  310 , the MSS selects a target BS (T-BS) and initiates the fast hand-off by sending a Mobile Handover Indication (MOB_HO_IND) message to the S-BS. The S-BS sends a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the S-GW/AR in step  311  to inform the S-GW/AR of the fast hand-off of the MSS. In step  312 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-GW/AR informing the T-GW/AR that the MSS will register with the supported T-BS. The T-GW/AR in turn will transmit a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-BS informing the T-BS of the movement and registration of the MSS in step  313 . 
         [0068]    In step  314 , the T-BS confirms availability for connection to the MSS in a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message transmitted to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR processes the message and transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the SGW/AR that confirms that the T-BS can support communication with the MSS in step  315 . In step  316 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the S-BS to inform the S-BS that the T-BS can connect to the MSS. In step  317 , the S-BS transmits a Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) message to the MSS with data on the T-BS for coupling to the S-BS. In step  318 , the MSS transmits a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the S-GW/AR communicating the changing wireless connection, which the S-GW/AR uses to update a routing table entry for forwarding any information packets routed to S-GW/AR after the wireless connection terminates. Steps  310  through  319  are executed in parallel, and after step  318  information packets received at the S-GW/AR are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for buffering and delivery after the MSS establishes a connection. 
         [0069]    In steps  319  through  324 , the MSS starts the network re-entry procedure. In step  319 , a Fast Ranging Information Element (Fast Ranging IE) message is transmitted from the T-BS to the MSS to provide initial ranging information to the MSS. The MSS responds with a Ranging Request (RNG_REQ) message containing an identification of the handover (HO ID), an identifier for the S-BS (old BS ID), and its quality of service (QoS) requirements in step  320 . In step  321 , the T-BS transmits a Session Information Request message to the T-GW/AR requesting the session information for the MSS, and the Session Information Request message is forwarded to the S-GW/AR in step  322 . The S-GW/AR responds with session information in a Session Information Response message in step  323  transmitted to the T-GW/AR, which processes the message and transmits a Session Information Response message to the T-BS in step  324 . This information is used to set the &lt;source port, source IP address&gt; and destination port, destination IP address&gt; for the communication session. The Session Information Request/Session Information Response messages can be optional with the required information contained in the MOB_HO IND message, and can also be used by the T-GW/AR to obtain required information from the S-GW/AR. At this point, the MSS disconnects from the S-BS and connects to the T-BS. 
         [0070]    In step  325 , the MSS looses its connection to the serving network (S-NAP  2 ) and gains connection to the target network (T-NAP  6 ). The MSS detects linkup with the T-BS. Information packets addressed to the MSS received after step  318  have been buffered on the T-GW. The MSS transmits a Fast Neighbor Advertisement (FNA) message encapsulating a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the T-GW/AR to announce attachment to the T-BS and update the binding address, which triggers the delivery of buffered packets to the MSS. In step  326 , the TGW/AR transmits a FBU message to the S-GW/AR, which updates the routing table to route any additionally received information packets to the new address corresponding to the connection to the T-GW/AR In step  327 , the T-GW/AR acknowledges the connection with a Fast Binding Acknowledge (FBack) message sent to the T-GW/AR. 
         [0071]    In step  328 , a Challenge message is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the MSS to request authentication and authorization information from the MSS. The MSS responds with a Request message in step  329  requesting secured authorization and authentication data, which it processes to generate a correct data response in a Response message transmitted to the TGW/AR in Step  330 . In step  331 , the T-BS generates a response to the RNG_REQ of step  319  to transmit QoS information to the MSS in a Range Response (RNG_RSP) message and includes information for compensating for frequency, time, and transmit power for the ranging. 
         [0072]    In steps  332 - 334 , the T-BS establishes a connection with the T-GW/AR for the communication session. In step  332 , the T-BS transmits a Data Path Establishment Request (Data Path Est RQ) message to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR responds with a Data Path Establishment Reply (Data Path Est RP) message in step  333 , and the T-BS acknowledges the message and established data path between the T-BS and the T-GW/AR with a Data Path Establish Acknowledge (Data Path Est Ack) message in step  334 . The steps  328 - 334  can occur in parallel. 
         [0073]    In step  335 , the Home Agent (HA) is updated with the new location of the MSS using a Binding Update message transmitted from the MSS, and the HA responds in step  336  with a Binding Acknowledge (BA) message confirming the update of the location of the MSS on the HA routing tables. From this point on, all packets received on the home network addressed to the MSS are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for routing to the MSS. In step  337 , the T-GW/AR starts releasing the communication resources to the S-BS by transmitting a Release Resources message to the S-GW/AR, which in response transmits a Data Path Revoke message to the S-BS in step  338 , terminating the connection to the S-BS for the MSS. In step  339 , a Data Path Revoke Reply (Data Path Revoke RP) message to confirm receipt of the Data Path Revoke message and release of resources. 
         [0074]    In this embodiment, the integration of the PrRtAdv, Session Information Request, Session Information Response, FBU, FNA encapsulating a FBU, FBACK, and Release Resources messages between the MSS, the S-BS, the T-BS, the S-GW/AR and the T-GW/AR are unique and not found in the prior art. The addition of these messages allows the WiMAX protocol to perform reactive Fast Handover with the MSS initiating the hand-off. 
         [0075]      FIG. 5  is a message flow chart for a network initiated reactive fast hand-off. In normal operation, the MSS should be engaged in periodic scanning of neighboring Base Stations to gather signal quality information, which is forwarded to the S-GW/AR. In step  401 , a Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR_ADV) is received by the MSS from the S-BS. In step  402 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Pre-Notification (HO Pre Notification) message to the T-BS to prepare the T-BS to connect with the MSS. 
         [0076]    In step  403 , the T-BS transmits a Handover Pre Notification Response (HO Pre Notification Response) message to the T-GW/AR indicating it can support communication with the MSS and is prepared to connect with the MSS. In step  404 , the T-GW/AR transmits a Handover Directive (HO Directive) message to the S-GW/AR containing a list of recommended Base Stations for connecting the MSS. In step  405 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Directive (HO Directive) message to the S-BS with the list of recommended Base Stations, and the S-BS transmits a Handover Response (HO Response) message to the S-GW/AR confirming receipt in step  406 . The S-GW/AR also transmits the list to the MSS in a Mobile Base Station Handover Request (MOB_BSHO_REQ) to the MSS in step  407 . In step  408 , the S-GW/AR transmits a HO Response message to the T-GW/AR. 
         [0077]    In step  409 , the MSS selects a target BS (T-BS) and initiates the fast hand-off by sending a Mobile Handover Indication (MOB_HO_IND) message to the S-BS. The S-BS sends a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the S-GW/AR in step  410  to inform the S-GW/AR of the fast hand-off of the MSS. In step  411 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-GW/AR informing the T-GW/AR that the MSS will register with the supported T-BS. The T-GW/AR in turn will transmit a Handdver Indication (HO Indication) message to the T-BS informing the T-BS or the movement and registration of the MSS in step  412 . 
         [0078]    In step  413 , the T-BS confirms availability for connection to the MSS in a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message transmitted to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR processes the message and transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirnation) message to the SGW/AR that confirms that the T-BS can support communication with the MSS in step  214 . In step  415 , the S-GW/AR transmits a Handover Confirmation (HO Confirmation) message to the S-BS to inform the S-BS that the T-BS can connect to the MSS. In step  416 , the S-BS transmits a Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) message to the MSS with data on the T-BS for coupling to the S-BS. 
         [0079]    In step  417 , the MSS transmits a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the S-GW/AR communicating the changing wireless connection, which the S-GW/AR uses to update a routing table entry for forwarding any information packets routed to S-GW/AR after the wireless connection terminates. Steps  409  through  419  are executed in parallel, and after step  417  information packets received at the S-GW/AR are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for buffering and delivery after the MSS establishes a connection. 
         [0080]    In steps  418  through  423 , the MSS starts the network re-entry procedure. In step  418 , a Fast Ranging Information Element (Fast Ranging IE) message is transmitted from the T-BS to the MSS to provide initial ranging information to the MSS. The MSS responds with a Ranging Request (RNG_REQ) message containing an identification of the handover (HO ID), an identifier for the S-BS (old BS ID), and its quality of service (QoS) requirements in step  419 . In step  420 , the T-BS transmits a Session Information Request message to the T-GW/AR requesting the session information for the MSS, and the Session Information Request message is forwarded to the S-GW/AR in step  421 . The S-GW/AR responds with session information in a Session Information Response message in step  422  transmitted to the T-GW/AR, which processes the message and transmits a Session Information Response message to the T-BS in step  423 . This information is used to set the &lt;source port, source IP address&gt; and &lt;destination port, destination IP address&gt; for the communication session. The Session Information Request/Session Information Response messages can be optional with the required information contained in the MOB_HO_IND message, and can also be used by the T-GW/AR to obtain required information from the S-GW/AR. At this point, the MSS disconnects from the S-BS and connects to the T-BS. 
         [0081]    In step  424 , the MSS looses its connection to the serving network (S-NAP  2 ) and gains connection to the target network (T-NAP  6 ). Information packets addressed to the MSS received after step  417  have been buffered on the T-GW. The MSS transmits a Fast Neighbor Advertisement (FNA) message encapsulating a Fast Binding Update (FBU) message to the TGW/AR to announce attachment to the T-BS and update the binding address, which triggers the delivery of buffered packets to the MSS. In step  425 , the T-GW/AR transmits a FBU message to the S-GW/AR, which updates the routing table to route any additionally received information packets to the new address corresponding to the connection to the T-GW/AR In step  426 , the T-GW/AR acknowledges the connection with a Fast Binding Acknowledge (FBACK) message sent to the T-GW/AR. 
         [0082]    In step  427 , a Challenge message is transmitted from the T-GW/AR to the MSS to request authentication and authorization information from the MSS. The MSS responds with a Request message in step  428  requesting secured authorization and authentication data, which it processes to generate a correct data response in a Response message transmitted to the TGW/AR in Step  429 . In step  430 , the T-BS generates a response to the RNG_REQ of step  419  to transmit QoS information to the MSS in a Range Response (RNG_RSP) message and includes information for compensating for frequency, time, and transmit power for the ranging. 
         [0083]    In steps  431 - 433 , the T-BS establishes a connection with the T-GW/AR for the communication session. In step  431 , the T-BS transmits a Data Path Establishment Request (Data Path Est RQ) message to the T-GW/AR. The T-GW/AR responds with a Data Path Establishment Reply (Data Path Est RP) message in step  432 , and the T-BS acknowledges the message and established data path between the T-BS and the T-GW/AR with a Data Path Establish Aclknowledge (Data Path Est Ack) message in step  433 . The steps  424 - 433  can occur in parallel. 
         [0084]    In step  434 , the Home Agent (HA) is updated with the new location of the MSS using a Binding Update message transmitted from the MSS, and the HA responds in step  435  with a Binding Acknowledge (BA) message confirming the update of the location of the MSS on the HA routing tables. From this point on, all packets received on the home network addressed to the MSS are forwarded to the T-GW/AR for routing to the MSS. In step  436 , the T-GW/AR starts releasing the communication resources to the S-BS by transmitting a Release Resources message to the S-GW/AR, which in response transmits a Data Path Revoke message to the S-BS in step  437 , terminating the connection to the S-BS for the MSS. In step  438 , a Data Path Revoke Reply (Data Path Revoke RP) message to confun receipt of the Data Path Revoke message and release of resources. 
         [0085]    In this embodiment, the integration of the HO Directive, HO Response, PrRtAdv, FBU, FNA encapsulating an FBU, FBACK, Session Information Request, Session Information Response and Release Resources messages between the MSS, the S-BS, the T-BS, the S-GW/AR and the T-GW/AR are unique and not found in the prior art. The addition of these messages allows the WiMAX protocol to perform reactive with the Network initiating the hand-off. 
         [0086]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments, it will be readily understood that minor changes in the details of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.