Abstract:
Methods and equipment are described for placement of an array of seismic sensor sets along a horizontal section of wellbore for monitoring microseismic activity during and after hydro-fracturing. A perforated wellbore liner is positioned in the horizontal wellbore production section with sonic transmission enhancement devices such as longitudinal blade centralizers for acoustically coupling seismic sensing devices to the production formation. Internally of the perforated liner, a coiled tube is placed having an array of signal cable connected seismic sensor sets. The seismic sensor sets are linked to the coiled tube wall by sonic transmission enhancement devices and the tube wall linked by acoustic transmission enhancement devices to the perforated liner.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PRIOR APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is derived from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/352,603 filed Jan. 29, 2002 and claims all corresponding priority rights and privileges. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to the industrial arts of subterranean well drilling. More particularly, the invention is directed to methods and apparatus for conveyance of a seismic array for detecting and recording microseismic activity received along a substantially horizontal wellbore  
           [0004]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0005]    Production from an oil or gas bearing formation is often enhanced by induced fracturing of the rock that encapsulates the fluid minerals. There are numerous methods of formation fracturing. However, one significant method comprises high pressure “water” injection. In essence, water injection includes a procedure for injecting water or an engineered aqueous fluid below or into an oil bearing formation under magnitudes of extreme pressure that exceed the rock fracturing pressure.  
           [0006]    Applied to the field production of a large area, multiple wells are drilled into a producing formation in a matrix pattern. A portion of such wells may be injection wells. Other wells in the matrix may be producing wells. As production continues, some producing wells may be converted to injection wells and conversely, some injection wells may be converted to producing wells.  
           [0007]    To maintain overall field production efficiency, it is desirable to monitor the location, trends and degree of formation fracturing. Traditionally, such monitoring is accomplished by highly developed methods of seismic sensing, recording and analysis. Preferably, the monitoring is an ongoing practice with the seismic sensors positioned permanently or semi-permanently in formation penetrating wellbores. When the wellbores are vertical and susceptible to cement injection, the sensors may be cemented in place to provide an effective acoustic coupling with the formation structure. However, if cemented in place, the sensors are neither retrievable nor replaceable.  
           [0008]    Due to more recently developed well drilling equipment and techniques, wellbores may be turned to extend great distances through a substantially horizontal formation between relatively narrow bedding planes. Seismic sensor coupling to the formation structure by means of cementing is essentially precluded by the horizontal lay of the wellbore.  
           [0009]    Although a retrievable array of seismic sensors may be placed in a vertical well by wireline, the acoustic coupling to the formation structure is mechanically challenging. Moreover, the sensors and trailing signal cable cannot be readily turned into a horizontal bore section. Hence, it is necessary to rely upon a self-contained, microseismic acquistion and recording unit having only a 24 hour, for example, recording capacity.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    One objective of this invention therefore is provision of equipment and deployment methods for positioning an array of seismic sensors in a horizontal section of wellbore and enhancing the acoustic coupling of the array to the formation structure. An additional object of the invention is equipment for a method of retrieving an acoustically coupled seismic sensor array for repair and replacement.  
           [0011]    Also an objective of this invention is a method of monitoring microseismic activity during and after hydro-fracturing a long, horizontal wellbore. Another invention objective is the installation of a multiplicity of seismic sensor sets (e.g. individual or combinations of three-axial (three-axis) geophones, hydrophones, multi-axis accelerometers and the associated support hardware in a long, substantially horizontal segment of wellbore deep within the earth. Also an object of the invention is a method for enhancing the acoustic coupling of seismic sensors to a deep earth formation penetrated by a horizontal or highly deviated wellbore.  
           [0012]    Representatively, an application of the invention may include an earth-bored well having a depth of about three kilometers, for example. Additional wellbore length may include an additional three kilometers of horizontal production bore. Typically, such a well may be completed with a 9″ bottom-hole casing that supports a 7″ slotted liner and a 5½″ production tube. Bottomhole well conditions may be in the order of 4200 psi and 85° C., for example. If a water injection well, the bottomhole pressure may be in the order of 5900 psi, for example.  
           [0013]    The general concept of the invention includes the alignment of blade or fin centralizers for enhancing the acoustic coupling of seismic wave sensing devices such as geophones to the surrounding formation structure. Inclusively, centralizers are secured to a fluid permeable tube such as a perforated or slotted wellbore liner. The liner centralizers are attached to the perforated tube at exterior locations along the liner length corresponding to seismic sensor locations that are specified for the survey objective. These casing or liner centralizers make intimate contact with the raw, wellbore wall and, hence, with the formation structure. Seismic sensors such as geophone modules and signal cable are secured within appropriate continuous tubing for downhole placement within the well liner. The geophones are spaced along the tubing length at the specified locations that correspond to the liner centralizers. The geophones are then acoustically coupled to the interior tubing wall. One mode of acoustic coupling enhancement includes blade centralizers that are secured to the exterior wall of the continuous tubing in substantially radial alignment with the geophones positioned within the internal bore of the continuous tube. This alignment of centralizers allows the geophones to measure and spacially locate the position of seismic wave generation activity within a reservoir formation.  
           [0014]    Typically, a slotted or perforated liner is run into the well with associated centralizers secured to the outer surface of the liner. These centralizers are placed at the locations desired for the corresponding geophone spacing. The slotted liner also includes a liner hanger/packer and a tie-back receptacle. After the liner is positioned and the liner hanger is set, a coiled tube and/or coupled pipe containing the geophones, cooperative signal cable and centralizers is run into the well for a distance corresponding to the geophone array length or length of the horizontal well section. The geophones and associated centralizers are positioned along the coiled tube length to correspond with the external liner centralizers.  
           [0015]    While holding the upper end of the coiled pipe enclosing the geophone array within the well at the well derrick platform, a joint of well fluid production pipe is positioned for running into the well alongside the geophone array tube. By means of well known parallel flow tube appliances, the upper end of the geophone array tube is secured to the production pipe. The parallel flow tube may be arranged for secure connection with the liner hanger/packer and provide a pressure tight aperture for the geophone array tube and the production tube past a pressure opposing bulkhead.  
           [0016]    The parallel flow tube may also be a benchmark for coordination alignment of the slotted liner centralizers with the geophone array tube centralizers whereby connection of the parallel flow tube to the liner hanger/packer physically coordinates alignment of the liner centralizers with the geophone array tube centralizers. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    For a thorough understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate like or similar elements throughout the several figures of the drawing. Briefly,  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a wellbore assembly schematic having representation for many of the important elements respective to a first embodiment of the invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2A is a schematic wellbore assembly respective to an incompletely aligned second embodiment of the invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2B is a sectioned detail of the second invention embodiment.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3A is a schematic wellbore assembly respective to an incompletely aligned third embodiment of the invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3B is a sectioned detail of the third invention embodiment.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4A is a schematic wellbore assembly respective to an incompletely aligned fourth embodiment of the invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 4B is a sectioned detail of the fourth invention embodiment.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5A is a schematic wellbore assembly respective to an incompletely aligned fifth embodiment of the invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5B is a sectioned detail of the fifth invention embodiment. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0027]    A first embodiment of the invention is represented schematically by FIG. 1 and comprises a wellbore casing  10  that is customarily secured to the raw wall of the surrounding wellbore by cement. Near the bottom end of the casing  10 , a slotted or perforated well liner  12  is secured to the inside wall of the casing  10  by means of a liner hanger/packer  14 . Although hereafter referred to as a slotted liner, comprehensively, the element  12  is a fluid permeable tube or fluid production screen of any suitable form. The slotted liner may be extended beyond the bottom end of the casing between horizontal bedding planes of a petroleum production formation or a water injection strata, for example.  
         [0028]    Distinctively, the slotted liner  12  includes a plurality of centralizers  15  at precisely located positions along the liner length. These centralizers may consist of longitudinally or helically aligned fins that are intimately secured to the liner  12  outer surface. Importantly, these centralizing fins  15  should also be structurally sufficient to support the liner weight along a horizontal formation boring. Additionally, the centralizing fins  15  should make intimate support contact with the formation structure to provide an enhanced acoustic transmission coupling with the formation.  
         [0029]    A seismic sensor array assembly (cabling, seismic sensor sets, connectors and associated electronics)  24  is assembled within a coiled tube of sufficient buckling strength, 4.5 in. nominal diameter, for example, to be pushed into position along the inner bore of the slotted liner  12 . The seismic sensors may include tri-axial geophones  28 , for example, which are positioned along the internal length of the coiled tube with longitudinal spacing that corresponds with the spacing between the plurality of liner centralizers  15 . A seismic sensor set is an instrumentation package that senses seismic particle motion and provides ancillary measurements at a point or for a limited spatial extent. A sensor set may contain multi-axis sensors such as geophones or accelerometers along with an acoustic pressure sensor but can also include electronics, power and ancillary sensors such as temperature, inclination and orientation sensors. Each of the seismic sensor sets (e.g. tri-axial geophones) is secured at the specified location; preferably by a fluid impermeable method such as swaging or crimping. The tube may also be filled with seawater or oil. Also, each geophone  28  is provided intimate acoustic contact with the interior wall of the coiled tube housing. Centralizing fins  26  are intimately attached to the exterior wall of the coiled tube housing in radial alignment with each geophone  28 . The centralizing fins  26  may be similar to the liner fins  15  such as longitudinally or helically oriented blades that project radially from the coiled tube surface out to intimate seismic contact with the interior wall surface of the slotted liner  12 .  
         [0030]    The lower end of the geophone array  24  is terminated with a hydraulically set anchor  29  having a shear release capacity. Additionally, the distal end of the array tubing includes a profile locator  34  to centralize the tubing end within the slotted liner.  
         [0031]    The upper end of the coiled tube housing for the geophone array  24  is terminated by a connector housing  22 . Signal transmission carriers respective to each geophone  28  in the array  24  are accommodated by dedicated splice pins within the connector housing  22 . The housing is fluid pressure tight to prevent electrical disruption of the geophone signals.  
         [0032]    The geophone array  24  is suspended within the wellbore casing  10  for incremental assembly into the open wellhead. Supporting the array is a traveling block, not illustrated, supported from the crown of a derrick, also not illustrated. The first section of the geophone array is provided with the tubing anchor mechanism  29  and profile/locator  34 . Successively, the coiled tube housing with pre-installed geophones  28  is lowered into the well in increments as centralizers  15  are secured to the exterior surface of the coiled tube housing. The final or upper section of the geophone array  24  is secured to the parallel flow tube assembly  20 , along with the first joint of production tubing string  16 . A connector housing  22  is installed above the parallel flow assembly  20 . Once it reaches the liner hanger/packer depth, the parallel flow tube assembly and the lower end of the production tube  16  connect with the liner hanger/packer  14  with a pressure tight fit to both production tube  16  and geophone array  24 . Fluid sealed apertures (penetrations) for hydraulic control lines  32  may also be accommodated by the parallel flow tube  20 .  
         [0033]    The surface connected segment of the geophone signal cable is connected to the signal carrier splice pins within the connector housing  22  and threaded internally through a reel-laid, continuous tube conduit  30 . The cable conduit  30  is secured and sealed to the connector housing  22 . Subsequently, as successive joints of production tubing  16  are added to the descending workstring, parallel segments of the cable conduit  30  are externally secured to the production tubing string by banding.  
         [0034]    Above the connector housing  22 , a tubing anchor  18  is attached to the production tube string  16  to relieve the liner hanger/packer  14  of supporting the production tube  16  weight when the production string is ultimately released from the supporting derrick. This tubing anchor  18  transfers all or a portion of the production tube  16  weight directly to a segment of the casing  10 . Depending on the well depth, there may be more than one tubing anchor.  
         [0035]    This unitized assembly is progressively lowered into well with the seismic sensor array  24  passing through the open liner hanger/packer  14  into the interior of the slotted liner  12 . The seismic sensor array  24  is thereafter pushed along the slotted liner interior until the parallel flow tube  20  attached to the production tube  16  and geophone array  24  engages the liner hanger/packer  14 . The parallel flow tube  20  is sealed and secured to the liner hanger/packer in a manner well known to the prior art. The profiled locator  34  is engaged to center the end of the array  24  within the slotted liner  12  and the tubing anchor  29  is set.  
         [0036]    The secured and sealed interface between the parallel flow tube  20  and the liner hanger/packer  14  may be a mutual bench-mark for locating both, the slotted liner centralizers  15  and the geophone array centralizers  26 . Resultantly, a substantially solid, acoustically coupled linkage may be erected between each geophone and the formation structure. From this solid linkage, microseismic data from the formation may be accumulated as the formation is fractured for production enhancement and/or subsequently as the formation is produced or injected.  
         [0037]    A second embodiment of the invention is represented schematically by FIGS. 2A and 2B and is characterized by a seismic sensor array comprising a small, 1¾″ for example, continuous sheathing  42  of coiled tube for the geophones  28 . The axial locations of the geophones is secured within the internal bore of the fluid filled tube  42  at respective, specified positions by swaging or crimping. Longitudinal or helically oriented centralizing fins  46  are secured to the exterior surface of the tube  42  in alignment with the geophones.  
         [0038]    Corresponding substantially to the length of horizontal well bore to be serviced, a length of larger diameter, 3½″ nominal diameter for example, threaded and coupled pipe  48  is suspended in the well from the derrick. Preferably, the distal end of the coupled pipe string is sealed by a plug  49 . With respect to FIG. 2B, longitudinal or helical centralizing fins  26  are secured to the external surface of the coupled pipe string at the specified positions along the pipe string  48  length. While suspended from the derrick floor, the geophone tube sheath  42  is inserted into the bore of the larger, coupled pipe string  48 .  
         [0039]    The coupled pipe string  48  and enclosed geophone tube sheath  42  are secured to a parallel flow tube  20  to facilitate a sealed barrier transition past the liner hanger/packer  14 . The uppermost ends of the geophone tube sheath  42  and coupled pipe string  48  are terminated at an electrical splice housing above the parallel flow tube assembly  22 . The parallel flow tube  20  is also secured to the lowermost section of a 5½″ production tube  16 , for example.  
         [0040]    A small diameter continuous tube, 1¾″ nominal for example, may be secured with a pressure sealed fit to the upper end of the splice housing  22 . This 1¾″ continuous tube shields the geophone signal carrier cable from the hostile well environment up to the surface. As joints of production tube  16  are added to the workstring, the coupled pipe string  48  is incrementally banded to the more structurally substantial production tube  16 .  
         [0041]    The workstring development and wellbore run-in is continued as described above until the parallel flow tube  20  engages the liner hanger/packer  14 . Here, the parallel flow tube  20  is secured and sealed to the liner hanger/packer. At this point, the geophones  28  should be in radial alignment with the centralizers  15  that radiate from the outer surface of the slotted liner  12 .  
         [0042]    A third embodiment of the invention is schematically represented by FIGS. 3A and 3B. For this embodiment, vertical wellbore casing  10  is set and slotted liner  12  having centralizers  26 , is run into a horizontal wellbore along the formation of interest as described relative to the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2A. The slotted liner  12  is secured to the casing by a liner hanger/packer  14 . From the derrick floor, threaded and coupled pipe, 3½″ nominal diameter for example, is run into the vertical wellbore section for a distance corresponding to the length of the horizontal wellbore section. Preferably, this coupled pipe string  48  is closed at its distal end by a pipe plug  49 .  
         [0043]    Outside of the wellbore, the seismic sensor array is assembled and secured to the bottom of a small diameter, 1″ for example, coiled tube. The intended distal end of the coiled tube is provided with a remotely actuated, detachable anchor  55  to which the geophone array is attached. Hydraulic control conduit  32 , for example, may be drawn along the 1″ coiled tube with the connected geophones  28  for actuating the anchor  55 .  
         [0044]    This coiled tube sheath and geophone array is then pushed into the bore of the vertically suspended, coupled pipe string and the geophones  28  longitudinally aligned with the coupled pipe centralizers  26 . The geophone array anchor is set, the coiled tube is detached from the anchor and drawn out of the well over the seismic sensor array thereby leaving the seismic sensor array openly distributed along the internal length of the coupled pipe  48 .  
         [0045]    As the coiled tube sheath is withdrawn from the coupled pipe bore, a fluidized mixture of waterblock material is pumped through the coiled tube bore into the coupled pipe bore. The coupled pipe bore is filled to capacity. A common formulation of suitable waterblock material includes a mixture of seawater and sodium silicate. When set, the waterblock material becomes extremely stiff, albeit flexible, and constitutes a suitable seismic wave couple between the seismic sensors  28  and the coupled pipe wall  48 . Certain formulations of such waterblock provide amber-like properties.  
         [0046]    The upper end of the coupled pipe  48  is secured within a parallel flow tube  20 . The parallel flow tube is also attached to a 5½″ production tube, for example. The upper end of the coupled pipe  48  is reduced to structurally connect the lower end of the withdrawn 1″ coiled tube having the vertical section of the geophone signal cable  44  continuing up the bore. Consequently, the 1″ coiled tube becomes the external armor for the geophone signal cable.  
         [0047]    The assembly is completed by strapping the coiled tube to the string of production tube as each joint is added. Assembly of the parallel flow joint  20  with the liner hanger/packer  14  benchmarks the geophones  28  with the slotted liner centralizers  26 .  
         [0048]    A fourth permutation of the invention is schematically represented by FIGS. 4A and 4B. As in the previous embodiments, the casing  10  is set and the slotted liner  12  with centralizers  15  secured in a horizontal wellbore section by a liner hanger/packer  14  that can accommodate a parallel flow tube  20  around a 5½″ production tube, for example, and a 3½″ threaded and coupled pipe string  48 .  
         [0049]    In this embodiment, the horizontal run length of coupled pipe string  48  is suspended into the wellbore from the derrick floor while the assembled seismic sensor array is hydraulically pumped into the coupled pipe string behind a pump-down plug  52 . Each geophone  28  is provided with a dedicated tubing anchor  50  deployed either hydraulically or electrically. The tubing anchors  50  are retracted until the array is aligned with corresponding centralizers  26 . When activated, the anchors  50  provide seismic signal continuity from the formation to the seismic sensors.  
         [0050]    The fifth invention embodiment of FIGS. 5A and 5B is similar to the apparatus and method of FIG. 4 except that the dedicated anchor assemblies  58  are attached to the 3½″ coupled pipe string  48 , for example. Using either a 1″ coiled tube to unitize the geophone assembly for the placement of geophone sensors within the coupled pipe string or, a wash-down plug  52 , the seismic sensors are positioned within the coupled pipe string  48  adjacent to the respective anchor assemblies  58  while the coupled pipe string  48  is suspended in the wellbore from the derrick floor. The upper end of the coupled pipe string  48  is assembled with the lower end of a 5½″ production string  16 , for example, by means of parallel flow tube  20  and continued into the wellbore. As additional pipe joints are added to the production string  16 , a continuous armored signal cable extended from the sealed upper end of the coupled pipe string  48  is incremently strapped to the production string  16 . When the parallel flow tube  20  is secured and sealed to the liner hanger/packer  14 , the anchor assemblies  58  are actuated.  
         [0051]    Although the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto. Alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. Accordingly, modifications of the invention are contemplated which may be made without departing from the spirit of the claimed invention.