Abstract:
A circuit for modeling capacitive coupling comprising a victim line to be tested, a first aggressor line, running alongside the victim line, creating a coupling capacitance between the victim line and the first aggressor line, and a sensor circuit coupled to the victim line, to detect effects of the first aggressor line on the victim line, the sensor circuit measuring timing effects in pseudo-real time.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/016,592, filed on Jun. 24, 2015, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to Aggressor/Victim capacitive coupling impact on timing evaluation of circuits. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Within integrated circuits, a signal has to propagate through one or more paths consisting of one or more circuit elements as well as through interconnect connecting these circuit elements in a finite amount of time. This finite amount of time is known as the Liming budget, and is usually determined by the dock frequency of the system encompassing such path(s). The process of establishing that the propagation delay of a signal or a set of signals falls within the timing budget across a variety of operating voltage, process corner, and temperature conditions is known as timing closure. 
         [0004]    An integrated circuit is usually composed of blocks. Blocks in turn are composed of logic and memory elements and basic circuit elements connected by interconnect to perform a desired function. Basic and advanced logic elements are usually built and pre-characterized for a set of loads and operating conditions, and organized in to logic libraries and memory compilers. A segment of interconnect driven by a circuit element and connected to other logic elements or to a final load such as an output pad is referred to as a net. A net can have many active or passive circuit elements connected to it. 
         [0005]    Static timing analyzers are utilized to check if a path meets the timing budget. This is done through the summation of delay for each element in a path for the particular interconnect load that the element is driving. Logic libraries have such information pre-characterized and stored through a combination of look-up tables (LUT), equations, and de-rating curves. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  is an exemplary circuit showing basic representation of the aggressor/victim timing problem. The delay of the path extending from the victim input  10  to the victim output  40  is impacted by an aggressor net. This impact is represented by capacitive effect  20 . The extent of the impact of the aggressor switching on the delay of the victim path is determined by the difference in phase between the victim and the aggressor  30  and associated net and by the degree of alignment between the two switching signals. 
         [0007]    As the size of integrated circuits shrink, the logic and memory elements and basic circuit elements as well as spacing between interconnect elements they contain also shrink. As spacing between interconnect elements shrinks, the impact of capacitive coupling interaction between interconnect elements increases in significance. Accounting for the impact of capacitive coupling interaction in an accurate fashion becomes critical. 
         [0008]      FIG. 2A  illustrates the impact on the transition of a signal when an aggressor in the immediate vicinity is simultaneously switching in an out-of-phase fashion. The dotted line describes the ideal switching of the signal while the solid line indicates the actual switching and the corresponding timing impact on the transition caused by the switching of the aggressor neighbor. Therefore, timing delay  50  results in the low-to-high transition of the victim circuit due to the aggressor circuit timing and timing delay  60  results in the high-to-low transition of the victim circuit due to the aggressor circuit. 
         [0009]    Referring to  FIG. 2B , the switching behavior of the victim output in the presence of a capacitively coupled and simultaneously switching aggressor is represented through timing windows  100  and  110  spanning the impact of a fully incident in-phase aggressor to a fully incident out-of-phase aggressor. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0010]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of a classical circuit representation of capacitive coupling of an aggressor/victim pair. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2A  is timing diagram presentation of the impact on the transition of the output signal of a transitioning victim in the presence of an aggressor switching in opposite phase. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2B  is a representative of the switching timing window of a victim&#39;s transitioning output in the presence of an aggressor switching in phase or out of phase with the victim. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is the circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention showing a single aggressor/victim pair. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a representative simulation output of one embodiment of the invention showing the change in oscillation frequency of the ring oscillator (RO) of the invention used to capture the impact of phase relation between an aggressor and a victim. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart of the operation and utilization of one embodiment of the invention 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is the circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention showing a single aggressor/victim pair but allowing for incremental activation of capacitive coupling. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is the circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention showing the case for a multiple aggressor/victim pair scenario. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is one embodiment of a computer system that may be used with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]    The objective of this invention is to accurately characterize the timing impact of the simultaneous switching of an aggressor or a set of aggressors on a switching signal (the victim) in the presence of capacitive coupling between the nets driven by the aggressors and the net driven by the victim. In one embodiment, a ring oscillator circuit is utilized to allow the capture of small timing increments hard to capture through direct measurement techniques. Because the change in the ring oscillator&#39;s frequency is immediate for any variation in voltage, the use of the ring oscillator circuit enables the capture of small effects in pseudo-real time. In one embodiment, the system allows adjustment of the signals from constructive to destructive interference. In one embodiment, this information is used to build a characterization table, which may be used in circuit design. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  is a basic circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention. A victim line  110  has an aggressor line  120  alongside it. In one embodiment, the two lines are parallel, or nearly parallel. In one embodiment, the two lines are parallel for at least a portion of their length. The exact configuration of the relationship between the victim line and aggressor line need not be parallel, and the term “alongside” refers to two lines that do not intersect but rather run near each other. 
         [0023]    The victim line and aggressor line are coupled to each-other through one or more coupling capacitances  130 . The output of the victim line is an input into a ring oscillator  140 , which translates the output voltage of the victim line into a frequency. The output of the ring oscillator is fed back to the victim and the aggressor lines. 
         [0024]    By comparing the frequency of the ring oscillator  140  when the aggressor line  120  is not present, with the frequency of the ring oscillator  140  when the aggressor line is present, the effect of the aggressor line on the victim line  110  can be easily measured. Note that though in this example we reference a “victim line” and an “aggressor line” in a real configuration, a victim line can also be an aggressor at the same time. In one embodiment, the data built up based on the information from the ring oscillator is used to characterize the circuit, and can be used in future design for similar circuits. 
         [0025]      FIG. 4  is the circuit diagram of one embodiment of the invention showing a single aggressor/victim pair. In one embodiment, the driven victim net to be characterized is segmented into buffered sectors  240  to preserve the integrity of the driven signal, the phase relation between the aggressor and the victim is controlled through multiplexing circuits  210  that control the polarity, and the phase incidence in multiples of 1 buffer delay  220 ,  230 . 
         [0026]    In one embodiment, the output of the driven victim net is passed to a gated ring oscillator  250  to translate the delay of the victim path into a frequency that can be measured directly. In one embodiment, the frequency is measured through a counter  260 . In another embodiment, the frequency is measured through a divide-by circuit. The translation of the delay to a frequency allows for the capture of small increments of time measurement differentials caused by various aggressor phase relations to the victim, which are difficult to quantify in an accurate fashion otherwise Because the output of the ring oscillator or other sensor is immediately impacted by the changes in the voltage, the measurement is referred to as being in pseudo-real time. 
         [0027]      FIG. 5  is a representative simulation output showing the change in oscillation frequency of the ring oscillator (RO) used to capture the impact of phase relation between an aggressor and a victim. The change in the switching time of a victim path is displayed over time, beginning with the presence of a capacitively coupled and simultaneously switching in-phase aggressor and transitioning gradually through to the presence of a capacitively coupled and simultaneously switching opposite phase aggressor. The change in the switching time of the victim path is captured through the change in frequency of the ring oscillator (RO) through the victim path. 
         [0028]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart describing one embodiment of the characterization procedure for characterization of the timing impact of an aggressor on a capacitively coupled victim across a full range of phase relation between the aggressor and victim is described. The polarity of the aggressor is selected in Block  300 . The phase increment of the aggressor is selected at Block  310 . The oscillator is enabled at Block  320 . The frequency is measured at Block  330 . In one embodiment, the process stores the frequency data from the ring oscillator at Block  340 . If not all desired phases have been tested for the current polarity, the process returns to block  310  to select the next phase increment, and test it. If additional polarities should be tested, they are selected by returning to Block  300 , selecting the next polarity and testing it. 
         [0029]    At block  340 , the characterization data is stored. At block  350 , the characterization data is made available for use in circuit designs. In one embodiment, a characterization table is built up from the data obtained during testing, in Block  340 . The characterization data from stored data in Block  340  may be used in generating NBTI simulation models. These simulation models may be used to calibrate Electronic Design Automation (EDA) generated models and EDA simulator models. The characterization, in one embodiment, is applicable to future circuit designs that share the same metal and spacing as was used in the testing system. The process then ends. 
         [0030]      FIG. 7  is another embodiment of the invention wherein the characterization is extended to a variable capacitive coupling. The phase relation between the aggressor and the victim is controlled through input buffers  410  which can change the relationship of the signals on the victim line and the aggressor line from constructive to destructive interference. In on embodiment, the input buffers  410  are multiplexing circuits  410  that control the polarity, and the phase incidence in multiples of 1 buffer delay  420 ,  430 . In one embodiment, a ring oscillator  490  translates the voltage output by the victim line into a frequency. In one embodiment, the frequency is measured through a counter  490 . In another embodiment, the frequency is measured through a divide-by circuit, or another circuit element that can take as an input the output voltage of the victim line, and output a corresponding frequency. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, this configuration enables the switching in of capacitive elements, to provide variable capacitive coupling that can be measured at a fine-grained level  470 , and may additionally be measured at a gross level  450 ,  460 , and  480  through controlling the switching blocks via a state machine  440 . The switching blocks  450 ,  460  couple their respective coupling capacitances into the circuit. Thus, the level of capacitance that is experienced by the victim circuit may be varied. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 8  in another embodiment of the invention the characterization is extended to multiple aggressors  520  and  530 . The driven victim net to be characterized is segmented into buffered sectors to preserve the integrity of the driven signal, the phase relation between the aggressor and the victim is controlled through multiplexing circuits  510  that control the polarity, and the phase incidence in multiples of one buffer delay. In one embodiment, the driven victim net is configured into a gated ring oscillator  540  to translate the delay of the victim path into a frequency that can be measure through a variety of ways. In one embodiment, ring oscillator  540  is enabled through gate  500 . In one embodiment, the frequency is measured through a counter  560 . When testing the effect of multiple aggressors on a victim line, the phase and polarity on each of the aggressors may be varied with respect to the victim line and the other aggressors. This configuration is more likely to be present in a production circuit and provides a broader set of data. 
         [0033]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a particular machine that may be used with the present invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, however that other alternative systems of various system architectures may also be used. 
         [0034]    The data processing system illustrated in  FIG. 9  includes a bus or other internal communication means  640  for communicating information, and a processing unit  610  coupled to the bus  640  for processing information. The processing unit  610  may be a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), or another type of processing unit  610 . 
         [0035]    The system further includes, in one embodiment, a random access memory (RAM) or other volatile storage device  620  (referred to as memory), coupled to bus  640  for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor  610 . Main memory  620  may also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processing unit  610 . 
         [0036]    The system also comprises in one embodiment a read only memory (ROM)  650  and/or static storage device  650  coupled to bus  640  for storing static information and instructions for processor  610 . In one embodiment, the system also includes a data storage device  630  such as a magnetic disk or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive, or Flash memory or other storage which is capable of storing data when no power is supplied to the system. Data storage device  630  in one embodiment is coupled to bus  640  for storing information and instructions. 
         [0037]    The system may further be coupled to an output device  670 , such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) coupled to bus  640  through bus  660  for outputting information. The output device  670  may be a visual output device, an audio output device, and/or tactile output device (e.g. vibrations, etc.) 
         [0038]    An input device  675  may be coupled to the bus  660 . The input device  675  may be an alphanumeric input device, such as a keyboard including alphanumeric and other keys, for enabling a user to communicate information and command selections to processing unit  610 . An additional user input device  680  may further be included. One such user input device  680  is cursor control device  680 , such as a mouse, a trackball, stylus, cursor direction keys, or touch screen, may be coupled to bus  640  through bus  660  for communicating direction information and command selections to processing unit  610 , and for controlling movement on display device  670 . 
         [0039]    Another device, which may optionally be coupled to computer system  600 , is a network device  685  for accessing other nodes of a distributed system via a network. The communication device  685  may include any of a number of commercially available networking peripheral devices such as those used for coupling to an Ethernet, token ring, Internet, or wide area network, personal area network, wireless network or other method of accessing other devices. The communication device  685  may further be a null-modem connection, or any other mechanism that provides connectivity between the computer system  600  and the outside world. 
         [0040]    Note that any or all of the components of this system illustrated in  FIG. 9  and associated hardware may be used in various embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0041]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the particular machine that embodies the present invention may be configured in various ways according to the particular implementation. The control logic or software implementing the present invention can be stored in main memory  620 , mass storage device  630 , or other storage medium locally or remotely accessible to processor  610 . 
         [0042]    It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the system, method, and process described herein can be implemented as software stored in main memory  620  or read only memory  650  and executed by processor  610 . This control logic or software may also be resident on an article of manufacture comprising a computer readable medium having computer readable program code embodied therein and being readable by the mass storage device  630  and for causing the processor  610  to operate in accordance with the methods and teachings herein. 
         [0043]    The present invention may also be embodied in a handheld or portable device containing a subset of the computer hardware components described above. For example, the handheld device may be configured to contain only the bus  640 , the processor  610 , and memory  650  and/or  620 . 
         [0044]    The handheld device may be configured to include a set of buttons or input signaling components with which a user may select from a set of available options. These could be considered input device #1  675  or input device #2  680 . The handheld device may also be configured to include an output device  670  such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) or display element matri6 for displaying information to a user of the handheld device. Conventional methods may be used to implement such a handheld device. The implementation of the present invention for such a device would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art given the disclosure of the present invention as provided herein. 
         [0045]    The present invention may also be embodied in a special purpose appliance including a subset of the computer hardware components described above, such as a kiosk or a vehicle. For example, the appliance may include a processing unit  610 , a data storage device  630 , a bus  640 , and memory  620 , and no input/output mechanisms, or only rudimentary communications mechanisms, such as a small touch-screen that permits the user to communicate in a basic manner with the device. In general, the more special-purpose the device is, the fewer of the elements need be present for the device to function. In some devices, communications with the user may be through a touch-based screen, or similar mechanism. In one embodiment, the device may not provide any direct input/output signals, but may be configured and accessed through a website or other network-based connection through network device  685 . 
         [0046]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any configuration of the particular machine implemented as the computer system may be used according to the particular implementation. The control logic or software implementing the present invention can be stored on any machine-readable medium locally or remotely accessible to processor  610 . A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g. a computer). For example, a machine readable medium includes read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, or other storage media which may be used for temporary or permanent data storage. In one embodiment, the control logic may be implemented as transmittable data, such as electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g. carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). 
         [0047]    In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.