Abstract:
“Noxious substances in the exhaust, including CO, NOx, and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons are converted to more benign substances through the action of the catalytic element, which is preferably a frangible ceramic honeycomb structure having a plurality of internal passages coated with a catalytically active substance.” 
     “The tabulated ends minimize production of turbulence in the gas flow and allow the converter to be connected to the rest of the exhaust system by clamped, welded, or flanged joints. The one-piece, seamless construction of the converter is economical to produce and eliminates welding of housing components that tend to fail when subjected to corrosive exhaust gasses over a prolonged period of time.”

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/389,868, filed Mar. 18, 2003, and further claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/367,419, filed Mar. 26, 2002. Each of application Ser. Nos. 10/389,868 and 60/367,419 is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the field of automotive exhaust components; and more particularly, to a muffler, catalytic converter or the like, that is formed and housed within a seamless enclosure. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     It is widely recognized that the exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines constitute a major source of air pollution throughout the world. The combustion process in these engines inevitably results in the production of certain substances that pass into the exhaust stream and are detrimental to the health and well being of humans and other animal and plant species. The emissions of concern include particulates (soot) along with gases such as CO, SO 2 , NO x , and imperfectly burned hydrocarbons (HC). These substances are produced in the combustion process, along with the CO 2  and H 2 O that are the products of the complete oxidation of the hydrocarbons comprised in fuel. 
     The combination of market forces and governmental environmental regulations has spurred research and development of ways to mitigate or eliminate the production of the harmful constituents in engine exhaust. Automakers and suppliers have been challenged to control and reduce vehicle tailpipe emissions by the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1965 and subsequent legislation in the U.S. and other countries. In response to this legislation, virtually every system in the engine has been improved. As a result, modern engines more efficiently convert the latent chemical energy in fuels to useful mechanical work, so that their emissions are markedly reduced. 
     To date significant efforts have been directed toward the four-stroke Otto engine in passenger automobiles, owing to consumer preferences and government action. Despite progress in emission reduction for these automobile engines, increasingly stringent limits are being imposed. Emission regulations have also extended to other on-road vehicles, such as busses, and trucks, many of which employ diesel engines; to off-road vehicles; and to non-propulsion engines, many of which are two-stroke. 
     Much of the reduction in noxious emissions is attributable to use of catalytic converters through which exhaust gas streams are directed. The passage of the exhaust across a surface comprising a suitable catalyst promotes further chemical reaction that removes a substantial fraction of the noxious CO, NO x , and HC substances, converting them instead into more benign substances such as CO 2 , O 2 , N 2 , and H 2 O. Moreover, use of catalytic converters in combination with computer-driven, adaptive control of timing and fuel-air mixture gives an engine designer significant flexibility when optimizing engine-operating parameters to achieve reduced emissions. 
     Notwithstanding the market pull coming from the significant advantages realized by interposition of catalytic converters in the exhaust stream, there remain substantial impediments to their manufacture. It would be desirable if converters could be manufactured using reliable, efficient and inexpensive construction processes; and maintained durability and functionality over a prolonged service life. However, conventional converters fail to afford these desirable characteristics. 
     Converter constructions must produce a gas-tight enclosure so that exhaust enters solely at an inlet port and exists exclusively through an outlet port. Failure to achieve a hermetic sealing deleteriously allows leakage of exhaust gas, circumventing the beneficial effect of the catalyst and producing unacceptable noise. In some cases, leakage of exhaust containing combustible gases can lead to engine backfiring and damage to other portions of the engine system. Leakage can also expose vehicle occupants to unhealthy or dangerous levels of CO and other emissions. In addition, leaks have been known to trigger catastrophic vehicle fires. 
     Understandably, automobile manufacturers are impelled by several factors to minimize or eliminate these catalytic converter failures. The reputation of a manufacturer as a supplier of a high-quality product is degraded by reported failures. In addition, both market forces and current U.S. environmental regulations compel an auto manufacturer to warranty the integrity and efficacy of all aspects of an auto&#39;s pollution control system. More specifically, the regulations require that the system function to maintain the auto&#39;s emissions within established standards for an extended period of time and mileage. Any failures expose the manufacturer to costly warranty repairs and to the ire of an inconvenienced consumer. 
     Heretofore, the metal housings used for catalytic converters have mostly fallen into three broad categories of construction: a “pancake” or “clamshell” form, a wrapped form, and a multipiece form, each of which encloses a catalytic substrate bearing catalytically active material. 
     Typically, the “pancake” or “clamshell” form comprises stamped upper and lower shells, which are substantially identical to each other, and which have mating, peripheral, side flanges that are welded together to lie in a plane containing the longitudinal axis of the housing. They are shaped to form an internal chamber in which the catalytic substrate is mounted by “L-shaped” or other known brackets or pre-formed features provided integrally in the housing component shells. 
     The wrapped-form housing is made with material that initially is sheet-like and formed so as to generally encircle the catalytic substrate. This form is also known as a “tourniquet wrap,” reflecting its construction. The edges of the housing must be joined at a welded seam that runs essentially the full axial length of the converter. The inlet and outlet ports in this construction may either be formed as part of the wrapping operation or, more commonly, may comprise separate components welded to the ends of the housing subsequent to the formation of the sheet material. 
     Several multipiece housing constructions are known. One form disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,476 comprises a tubular middle section in which the catalytic substrate is placed and end bushings attached to each end of the middle section. U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,314 discloses a two-piece housing. Each of the pieces is shaped by deep drawing to provide an open end and a conical outer end tapered to an opening appointed for connection to associated exhaust system pipes. The two pieces are welded together with the catalytic substrate contained within. 
     Each of these multi-piece constructions must be sealed by welding, either to close a seam in a sheet-like material or to affix appropriate end caps. The welding is needed both to provide the required hermetic sealing of the housing and to secure the catalytic substrate. However, each of these welds is a likely failure mode. Moreover, the OBD2 (on-board diagnostics) standard mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for passenger vehicles after 1996 imposes a further need for hermetic integrity in the engine exhaust system. This standard mandates measurement of O 2  content before and after the catalytic converter as a required input for the computerized engine control system. Even a pinhole leak in the system between the sensors compromises the accuracy of the comparison in O 2  levels which is used for a mass balance determination. The emissions control system fails, negating the ability of the engine control system to adaptively optimize timing and fuel/air mixture to minimize emissions. Such failure of the emissions control system must be corrected under warrantee by the vehicle manufacturer at considerable expense and inconvenience to the consumer. 
     The environment of a catalytic converter is harsh for a multiplicity of reasons, each of which can potentially cause penetrating corrosion and ultimate failure of the converter housing. For example, a converter used in an on-road vehicle, especially in cold climates, is exposed externally to a spray of road salt and internally to acidic exhaust gases. It is well known in the art that chemical and stress effects combine to make weldments especially likely loci of corrosive attack. Accordingly, a catalytic converter housing that could be formed efficiently and economically into a single piece without welding has long been sought in the automotive art. Such a one-piece catalytic converter housing would overcome serious shortcomings involving the reliability of extant multi-piece and welded housing forms. 
     The only known technique for producing single-piece housings is spinning. In this process, a catalytic element is placed within a tube and the combined workpieces are rapidly spun about the tube&#39;s cylindrical axis while suitable tools are brought into contact with the tube at each of its ends. Sufficient deformation is thus accomplished to form tubular ports of reduced diameter at each end of the tube. Depending on the required reduction, the spinning may be carried out either cold or hot. While the spinning approach does produce a single-piece housing, it also carries substantial drawbacks. The production forming is expensive and energy-intensive to conduct. Moreover, it results in formation of circumferential ridges on both the inside and outside surfaces of the housing in the deformed region. These ridges are both unattractive and present significant disruption of the gas flow inside the muffler, causing turbulence and undesirable back pressure that reduce the engine power available for a given cylinder displacement. The magnitude of diameter reduction achievable by spinning is limited. In addition, substantial work hardening is produced in the metal in the reduced section. As a result, the ductility of the tube in the reduced section, including the port tubulation, is too low to allow the converter to be attached to adjoining exhaust sections by ordinary clamps. Welded or flanged joints must be used instead. The need for welding joints is particularly inconvenient for aftermarket and repair use. 
     The spinning process is further limited by the size and shape of product that it can produce. Very long shapes are unwieldy to secure and spin at the required rate in available lathes and similar machine tools. Moreover devices produced by spinning must be rotationally symmetric about a cylindrical axis, or the resulting imbalance makes it impossible to spin the device and accomplish the needed forming of the desired shape. In many cases the circuitous path available for the exhaust system would make it highly desirable to have non-symmetric components available, such as a catalytic converter in which the inlet and outlet ports need not be coaxially aligned, but angulated or offset relative to one another. Such configurations cannot be formed by known spinning methods. Furthermore, areas of the housing formed by spinning are work-hardened to an extent that renders subsequent bending and like operations virtually impossible. 
     As a result of these deficiencies, spinning is not widely used in the manufacture of exhaust components, notwithstanding the eagerness of the market for a viable single-piece, seamless device which spinning might be thought capable of producing. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In an aspect of the present invention there is provided a catalytic converter for an internal combustion engine exhaust system having a single-piece, seamless metallic housing, and a method for constructing the converter. The catalytic converter comprises: (i) a tubulated gas inlet port in the housing through which exhaust gas is introduced; (ii) a tubulated gas outlet port in the housing through which the exhaust gas is discharged; (iii) a tubulated intermediate section of the housing having an inlet end and an outlet end; (iv) an inlet transition section connecting the inlet port and the inlet end of said intermediate section; (v) an outlet transition section connecting the outlet end of the intermediate section and the outlet port; and (vi) a plurality of cascaded catalytic elements contained within the intermediate section and through which the exhaust gas passes when flowing between the gas inlet port and the gas outlet port. The interior surfaces of the inlet and outlet transition sections and the gas inlet and outlet ports are smooth and substantially free from ridges thereon. The inlet and outlet ports and the inlet and outlet transition sections are formed by swaging the ends of a seamless tube used to form the housing. As used herein, the term “seamless metallic tube” is understood to mean a generally cylindrical metallic tube produced, e.g. by extrusion, or a tube formed by shaping a long, relatively narrow sheet into a tube like structure by bringing opposite, generally parallel edges of the sheet into abutment and joining the edges by welding. 
     Exhaust gas produced by operation of the engine passes into the converter and through the catalytic element. Noxious substances in the exhaust, including CO, NO x , and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons are converted to more benign substances through the action of the catalytic element, which preferably comprises a frangible ceramic honeycomb structure having a plurality of internal passages coated with one or more catalytically active substances. 
     Advantageously, the one-piece, seamless converter construction of the invention is economical to produce and eliminates welding of housing components that are highly prone to failure. More specifically, the one-piece, seamless construction of the converter housing reduces the size and number converter parts (as compared with known practical constructions) while, at the same time, increasing the converter&#39;s effectiveness and improving its construction and manufacture. The converter is inherently economical to produce and can be mass-manufactured in the large volumes required to supply original equipment converters directly to manufacturers of automobiles and trucks for factory installation in exhaust systems. Furthermore, the improvement of the housing affords additional advantages including better vehicle fuel efficiency and better manufacturing economics. 
     The elimination of any welding of seams or end caps afforded by the one-piece construction of the present catalytic converter greatly enhances its reliability during service. Welds are notoriously vulnerable as loci of corrosive attack due both to chemical and stress effects. In operation, catalytic converters in typical on-road vehicle applications are exposed externally to road salt and other corrosive substances and internally to acidic exhaust gases. The absence of weldments in the present catalytic converter removes a prime source of failures during the service life of the device. 
     The manufacture of the catalytic converter of the invention comprises use of swaging processes to form the tubulated ends of the catalytic converter. The central section of the housing, being generally larger in inner dimension than the ends, envelops and holds the catalytic element in position. Swaging is used in the practice of this invention generally to reduce the ends of the housing to a tube diameter appointed for connection of the converter to the adjoining components of the engine exhaust system. 
     Compared to other known methods used to form ends, swaging often affords a number of advantages. The reduction in diameter can be carried out in a sequence of steps using a plurality of dies. As a result, the swaging process is highly adaptable, providing a designer with great flexibility in tailoring a housing to fit into an available space and in optimizing the dynamics of gas flow through the device. The tubulated ends and transition sections are smooth and substantially free of circumferential ridges on either the inside or outside surfaces. The external appearance of the device is enhanced. The smoothness of the inside surface and the absence of ridges thereon minimizes generation of turbulence that impedes the flow of exhaust gas through the converter and causes excessive backpressure. Swaging ordinarily maintains a level of ductility sufficient to allow the converter to be connected to the rest of the exhaust system by clamped, welded, or flanged joints. 
     A further benefit offered by some embodiments of the present method over spinning is the ability to form more intricate structures, including those having features such as extended length and bends or other non-symmetrical configuration. Since the present end-forming process does not entail rapid rotation of the workpiece, neither rotational balance nor the size of available lathes or similar machine tools is a consideration. End forming can thus produce converters having inlet and outlet ports and transitional sections which can be round or have a variety of other shapes, such as that of ovals, and especially “flat ovals”, needed to accommodate vehicle clearance or other size and space requirements. A converter could also be formed with bends in any of its sections. Designs can also be formed wherein the catalytic element is an oval cylinder instead of a right circular cylinder. 
     In one aspect of the invention the catalytic element comprises a frangible ceramic honeycomb structure having a plurality of passages extending therethrough. The surfaces of the passages are substantially covered with a finely dispersed, catalytically active substance. This construction makes effective use of the catalytic substance, which generally comprises one or more of the expensive platinum-group noble metals including Pd, Pt, and Rh. The ceramic honeycomb is preferably encircled with a mat of an intumescent material which acts to resiliently and insulatively secure it within the inside diameter of the intermediate section. The intumescence of the mat material creates a reliable and gas-tight seal that protects the ceramic during its construction and in-service life. In addition, the intumescent material forces the exhaust gas stream to pass through the passages of the honeycomb, maximizing catalytic efficacy. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be more fully understood and further advantages will become apparent when reference is had to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote similar elements throughout the several views and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a catalytic converter in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view along the axial mid-plane of the catalytic converter depicted by  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view along the axial mid-plane of a catalytic converter in accordance with another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is an axial cross-sectional view taken in the intermediate section of the converter depicted by  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane of a catalytic converter having plural catalyst elements in accordance with another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane of a catalytic converter having plural catalyst elements of different diameters and disposed in different intermediate subsections in accordance with another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 7A  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane showing an intermediate stage in one process for fabricating the housing of the converter depicted by  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 7B  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane showing an intermediate stage in an alternate process for fabricating the housing of the converter depicted by  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8A  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane showing an intermediate stage in one process for fabricating the housing of the converter depicted by  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8B  is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the axial mid-plane showing an intermediate stage in an alternate process for fabricating the housing of the converter depicted by  FIG. 6 , the view of  FIG. 8B  taken subsequent to the stage seen in  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 9A  is a perspective view, partially cut away, of a tube preform engaged by gripping dies during production of one implementation of the present method for producing a catalytic converter; and 
         FIG. 9B  is a horizontal longitudinal cross-sectional view of the tube preform engaged by gripping dies also shown in  FIG. 9A , the cross-section taken at level IX-IX of  FIG. 9A . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is directed to a catalytic converter, which term is herein used to mean a catalytic converter, muffler, pre-catalytic converter, or the like, incorporated in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. Generally stated, the catalytic converter is housed in a single-piece, seamless metallic housing preferably made of a corrosion-resistant metal alloy such as a stainless steel alloy. The housing has tubulated gas inlet and outlet ports through which exhaust gas is introduced and discharged, respectively. The converter also comprises a plurality of cascaded catalyst elements contained within a tubulated intermediate section of the housing. During its passage through the converter, exhaust gas is caused to flow over the surface of the catalyst element. A catalytically active material present on the catalyst element promotes chemical reactions that purify the gas stream. This is accomplished by converting certain chemical species therein to other species which are generally considered not harmful to life or the environment, or which present a significantly reduced danger. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2  there is shown generally at  10  a catalytic converter comprising one aspect of the invention. The catalytic converter  10  has a one-piece, seamless metal housing composed of a corrosion-resistant metal, preferably stainless steel. The embodiment depicted by  FIG. 1  is generally cylindrical, having a round cross-section at each point along its axial length. However, in other embodiments the housing may have a non-circular cross-section, such as a flat oval. Housing  12  is generally tubular in shape, and is provided with tubulated gas inlet port  14  having inlet orifice  16  and tubulated gas outlet port  18  having outlet orifice  20 . Converter  10  is appointed for use in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine (not shown). Inlet port  14  is connected to tubulated intermediate section  22  of housing  12  by inlet transition section  24 . Intermediate section  22  is connected to outlet port  18  through outlet transition section  26 . Exhaust gas produced during operation of the internal combustion engine enters the converter through inlet orifice  16  in inlet port  14 . The exhaust gas then passes successively through inlet transition section  24 , intermediate section  22 , and outlet transition section  26 , before being discharged through outlet orifice  20  of outlet port  18 . Inlet and outlet ports  14 ,  18  of converter  10 , though of reduced diameter owing to the manufacturing process described hereinafter, are not work hardened. As a result, the ports,  14 ,  18  of converter  10  can be readily connected to other components of the exhaust system by welded, clamped, and flanged joints produced by suitable means known in the engine art. 
     The arrangement of the components inside the catalytic converter  10  of  FIG. 1  is best seen in the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 2 . Converter  10  further comprises catalytic element  28 . In an aspect of the invention catalytic element  28  comprises a generally cylindrical, frangible, heat-resistant ceramic honeycomb substrate  30  having a large number of passages  32  therethrough, each of the passages  32  running generally parallel to the cylindrical axes of both substrate  30  and intermediate section  22 . Passages  32  are generally arranged in a honeycomb pattern or a similar array. Passages  32  extend completely through substrate  30 , thereby allowing the passage of gas from one end  34  of element  28  to the other end  36  thereof. In an aspect of the invention substrate  30  is composed of cordierite. Other ceramic materials having adequate strength, thermal shock resistance, heat resistance, and chemical compatibility both with the exhaust gas stream and catalyst material applied thereto may also be used. The interior surfaces of passages  32  are substantially covered with a substance catalytically active to induce the chemical reaction of substances present in engine exhaust for the purification thereof. In some aspects of the invention, catalytic element  28  may comprise a plurality of ceramic or other substrates arranged sequentially or in parallel, e.g. to achieve better gas flow, to provide more than one type of catalyst, or to facilitate manufacture of a longer converter. Sequentially disposed substrates may be in substantially abutting relationship or may be separated by a free space which may be desired for optimizing gas flow. 
     One skilled in the art will also appreciate that while the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is cylindrically symmetric, the invention also contemplates aspects in which bends, angulations, and other non-symmetric features may be present. The intermediate section may be oval or “pancake” shaped and have a catalyst element of mating shape therein. The inlet and outlet ends, as well as the intermediate section, may be coaxially directed, as shown in  FIGS. 1-2 . Alternatively, the housing may be structured in such a way that the ends may be directed along parallel but offset directions, or at a relative angle. 
     In addition, the inlet and outlet ends may be extended to serve as portions of the engine exhaust system. While this extension entails additional forming steps, the corresponding reduction in the number of parts in the total engine exhaust system is advantageous both for simplifying assembly and for eliminating otherwise required joints that are also prone to corrosion failure. 
     The present catalytic converter employs any of a variety of known catalytically active substances. Many of these substances contain noble metals such as Pt, Pd, and Rh. As a result of the needs to (i) use these high cost materials as efficiently as possible and (ii) maximize the catalytic surface&#39;s effective area, the catalyst material is generally provided in a finely divided form coated on, and adhered to, a catalytic substrate. Suitable catalyst materials include three-way catalysts appointed to convert nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons to nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Means for selecting a suitable catalyst material and for ascertaining the specific activity and the effective surface area of a catalytic material are well known in the catalyst art. The converter may also comprise an oxidation catalyst and means (not shown) for supplying secondary air to intermediate section  22  so as to promote conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to water and carbon dioxide. Other forms of catalyst substrate, including metallic catalyst support systems, may also be used in the practice of the present invention. 
     Ceramic substrate  30  is preferably supported and held securely in sealing contact within intermediate section  22  by a generally encircling mat  38 . The mat is preferably resilient, insulative, and shock absorbent and may be composed of a gas impervious, vermiculite based material, available in the open market. Such a material is intumescent, that is, it expands substantially upon heating. Typically a mat having an initial thickness of approximately ¼″ is used. During assembly of converter  10 , mat  38  is wrapped to substantially encircle the ceramic substrate  30  and cover at least a portion of its longitudinal or axial length. Preferably, a short portion of the cylindrical periphery of the ceramic substrate  30  at each of its ends  34 ,  36  is left uncovered by mat, as depicted by  FIG. 2 . Preferably, the axial length uncovered at each end ranges from about half to three times the thickness of the mat. This holdback ensures that portions of the mat do not break off and block any of the passages through honeycomb structure  30 . The wrapped mat  38  is compressed radially to a thickness approximately half of its initial thickness prior to insertion of the combined substrate  30  and mat  38  into the inner diameter of intermediate section  22  to secure the positioning of the combined assembly within the converter housing  12 . 
     One form of mat suitable for the practice of the invention comprises a flexible intumescent sheet, which may be used for mounting automotive catalytic converter monoliths. The sheet comprises an unexpanded vermiculite produced by subjecting vermiculite ore containing interlamellar cations to a potassium nitrate solution for a time interval sufficient to ion exchange interlamellar cations within the ore with potassium ions; an inorganic fibrous material; and a binder. The sheet material may be provided with, or temporarily laminated to, a backing sheet of kraft paper, plastic film, non-woven synthetic fiber web, or the like. Another suitable form of intumescent sealing mat  38  is available on the market under the trade name of “3M INTERAM MAT.” Suitable intumescent sealing mat is also sold commercially by Unifrax as type “XPE.” 
     Advantageously the intumescence of mat  38  ensures the secure mounting of catalytic substrate  30  within the converter housing. In addition, the intumescent mat  38  seals the gap between the outside cylindrical surface of catalytic substrate  30  and the inside cylindrical surface of intermediate section  22 . This “sealing action” forces substantially all the gas flowing into the converter  10  through inlet port  16  to pass through internal passages  32  in substrate  30  before exiting through outlet port  18 . Efficacy of the catalytic material coating the surface of internal passages  32  is thereby enhanced, since exhaust gas is maximally exposed to the catalytically active material. The resiliency of mat  38  serves to cushion and protect frangible substrate  30  during the initial fabrication of converter  10 . Moreover, mat  38  retains this resiliency even after repeated thermal cycling. The constituents of converter  10  experience differential thermal expansion and contraction during each cycle of heatup, operation, and cool-down of the engine wherein exhaust passes through converter  10 . By virtue of maintaining its resiliency, mat  38  is able to protect substrate  30  from damage due to this pattern of differential expansion, while still maintaining an adequate degree of sealing during the entirety of each operating cycle. 
     While the aspect of the invention depicted by  FIG. 1  comprises a catalytic converter employing a catalyst dispersed and supported on a ceramic substrate, other forms of catalyst and substrate may also be used in the practice of the invention. For example, a catalyst may be dispersed on a metallic substrate, which may take the form of corrugated metal foil that is coiled upon itself to form a generally cylindrical structure having a plurality of passages longitudinally extending therethrough. Since metals are substantially less frangible and tougher than known ceramic catalyst substrates, a metal catalytic support of this form may allow elimination of intumescent material  38  in the construction of converter  10 . 
     A variety of metallic alloys are suitable for the housing of the invention. Alloy selection is made on the basis of cost and the level of performance required with respect to temperature capability, durability, and corrosion resistance needed. For automotive use, ferritic stainless steels are commonly used, including various 400-series alloys. Most commonly 409SS and SAE51409 alloys are employed. For small engines, including non-propulsion applications, and other instances where cost considerations are dominant, carbon steels are frequently used. For demanding applications wherein especially long life and high corrosion resistance are desired, such as marine engines, austenitic and 300-series stainless steel alloys such as 304SS are generally employed. 
     The catalytic converter of the invention may be manufactured in a wide range of sizes to accommodate the requirements of different engines, which may range from small engines of a few horsepower or less, such as might be used in lawn mowers, snow blowers, weed trimmers, and similar off-road, non-propulsion applications, to large diesel engines used in trucks. Many present automotive applications employ ceramic substrates commercially available in standard diameters of 2.5 and 4 inches. Automotive converters are typically about 9 to 20 inches in total length. Small, non-propulsion engines may employ substrates as small as 1-inch diameter or even less and may be only a few inches long. The minimum length of the substrate is generally determined by the flow velocity and the amount of time the exhaust gas must be at the catalytic surface to achieve a chemical reaction that sufficiently reduces the concentration of pollutants. The total length of the converter is then determined both by the length of the active catalyst and the required shaping of the transition sections and the inlet and outlet ports. Often the inlet and outlet ports of a converter are approximately half the diameter of the substrate to reduce exhaust flow impedance. The tapering of the inlet transition and outlet transition sections may range from very gradual to very abrupt. For automotive applications the transition sections are often chosen with a straight taper of 10-15° for simplicity. However, curved transitions provided in some implementations of the present converter are generally advantageous for better aerodynamics. In one aspect of the invention, the intermediate section is cylindrical and the length of the inlet and outlet transition sections is chosen so that each length ranges from about 30% to 100% of the diameter of the intermediate section. 
     The catalytic converter shown in  FIGS. 1-2  and described hereinabove is of the so-called under-floor type normally disposed under the floor of an automotive vehicle for reasons of available space. However, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that the principle of the present invention may be applied to catalytic converters of many different types, including those types appointed to be mounted proximate the exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine. These types are sometimes denoted as pre-cat catalytic converters if mounted within about thirty-six inches of the manifold or as pre-light catalytic converters if mounted within about eight inches of the manifold. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the principle of the present invention may be applied to the manufacture of catalytic converters for a variety of internal combustion engines other than those of an automotive vehicle, and converters that are integrated with mufflers, resonators, or other similar components in the exhaust system. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the inlet and outlet transition sections and the inlet and outlet ports of the catalytic converter are formed by swaging. In the aspect of the invention depicted in  FIGS. 1-2 , the converter housing  12  is formed from a cylindrical metallic tube, the diameter of which is uniform through its length. The ends of the tube are swaged to form the transition sections  24 ,  26  and the ports  14 ,  18  with mat  38  and substrate  30  being located in intermediate section  22 . As depicted by  FIG. 2 , the inside diameter of intermediate section  22  through substantially its entire length is d t . A swaging operation forms transition section  24  and inlet port  14 , tapering the tube smoothly to a diameter of d i  in the inlet port region, so that inlet port  14  may be attached to the preceding component of the exhaust system. A swaging operation is also used to form outlet transition section  26  and outlet port  18 . The diameter d o  of outlet port  18  may be the same as diameter d i  of inlet port  14 . Alternatively, different diameters may be selected to accommodate the requirements of the exhaust system. 
     In  FIGS. 3 and 4  there is shown an aspect of the invention comprising a variation of the form of the housing  12  depicted by  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In this aspect, a further forming operation, which may include swaging, is optionally applied to intermediate section  22  of housing  12  to form therein a plurality of rib-like indentations  50 , which are axially elongated along intermediate section  22 . Preferably indentations  50  extend along a substantial portion of intermediate section but do not extend to inlet and outlet transition sections  24 ,  26 . The cross-sectional view of  FIG. 4 , taken at lines A-A shown by  FIG. 3 , depicts an aspect in which three such indentations are present. Preferably indentations  50  extend radially inward to a depth of at most half the thickness of intumescent mat  38 . They act to further support and constrain mat  38  and substrate  30  from axial movement and to assure sealing of the mat/substrate assembly within the walls of housing  12 . Indentations  50  should not be so deep as to cause fracture of substrate  30 . 
       FIG. 3  also depicts optional circumferentially extending indentations  52  at the junction between inlet transition section  24  and intermediate section  22  and at the junction between intermediate section  22  and outlet transition section  26 . These indentations  52  serve to support and constrain substrate  30  from moving axially. If present, these indentations are preferably of a depth less than or about equal to the thickness of the mat. This indentation in some cases also advantageously improves the uniformity of gas flow across presented at the face area of substrate  30 . In other embodiments a screen, baffle, or similar structure may also be used to protect the inlet and outlet of the ceramic substrate from the intrusion of foreign matter and to improve gas flow. 
     The swaging used to form each of the ends of converter housing  12  is carried out by mechanically forcing a suitably configured die over each end of the tube, the force being applied in a generally axial direction and the die being designed to cause flow of the metal and thereby reduce the tube&#39;s diameter while maintaining its circularity. Preferably, the swaging is carried out in a plurality of swaging steps using a plurality of dies to form each end of the converter housing  12 . A suitable sequence of dies may further be used to achieve a desired profile in the transition section. The profile may be as simple as a cone, but alternatively comprises a more complicated pattern having a combination of curvatures in which there is no discontinuity in the slope of the inside surface of the converter in its axial direction. In some embodiments of the invention both ends of the housing are swaged simultaneously by applying oppositely directed compressive forces to dies on each end using hydraulically driven rams. 
     The flexibility in choosing the profile of the transition sections of the present converter is highly advantageous. The profile is characterized, in part, by the curvature at each point along the length of the transition sections and the overall rapidity with which the sections taper. A converter designer must satisfy several constraints. The overall length of the converter may be limited to a maximum length by available space. The required gas flow rate, allowable impedance to gas flow, and required extent of exposure of the exhaust to active catalyst, along with available forms of substrate and the geometry of the passages therethrough, generally constrain the area and length required for the catalytic element. In addition, properly designed transition sections advantageously maintain a generally laminar flow of exhaust gas and minimize the generation of unwanted turbulence therein. This turbulence undesirably increases the impedance of the catalytic converter and results in excessive backpressure. The absence of the above-mentioned discontinuity in slope in the transition sections, together with suitable transition profiles with gradually tapered diameters, minimizes this turbulence. 
     A further benefit of swaging over other forming techniques, such as spinning, is its ability in most cases to produce reduced sections while maintaining smoothness of both the interior and exterior surfaces of the converter. When properly carried out, significant reductions in diameter can be made without producing internal and external circumferential ridges that are typically produced by spinning. If present, such ridges on the interior surface of an exhaust component are a further source of undesirable turbulence, as previously discussed. In addition, the swaging technique ordinarily results in an exterior surface that is smooth and aesthetically appealing, minimizing its vulnerability to pitting, corrosion, or like attack, and rendering it easily finishable by plating or other coating operations. The swaging technique also produces a smooth inner surface without significant ridges. 
     A further disadvantage of techniques such as spinning is the amount of work hardening that results in the reduced section. This work hardening is highly detrimental in that it leaves the inlet and outlet ports with a ductility level that is insufficient to allow the ports to be reliably and hermetically attached to other exhaust components by clamping. Instead, joints have to be made using welds or flanges, which are more expensive and difficult to implement, especially with after-market installations. 
     The present catalytic converter may be manufactured in other configurations. For example, the converter may incorporate a plurality of cascaded catalytic elements.  FIG. 5  depicts such an embodiment  11  including two catalyst elements  28 ,  28 ′ in a generally cylindrical converter. Each of the elements is of substantially similar size and is encircled by an intumescent mat  38 . The elements are laterally spaced by a distance s 1 . Preferably, s 1  is at least 10% of diameter d t . Exhaust gas enters through inlet port  14  and transits elements  28  and  28 ′, sequentially entering end  34  of element  28  and exiting at end  36 , transiting the space between the elements, and then entering end  34 ′ of element  28 ′ and exiting at end  36 ′, and finally exiting the converter through outlet port  18 . In some embodiments, the elements  28 ,  28 ′ include substantially the same catalytically active material, which may be a coating applied to a ceramic honeycomb substrate such as cordierite. However, the elements may also incorporate different catalytic substances, which may be optimized to catalytically promote different reactions. For example, one catalyst may be of a type used to convert NO x  to N 2 +O 2 , while another catalyst may be of a type used to completely combust unburned HC. Other combinations, and configurations employing more than two elements, are also understood to be within the scope of the invention. 
     In addition, the various catalytic elements may be of different diameters. One such configuration  70  employing three catalytic elements is seen in  FIG. 6 . In this embodiment, the intermediate section of the catalytic converter includes subsections  72 ,  74 , and  76 , in which catalytic elements  78 ,  82 , and  84 , respectively, are disposed. The subsections are joined by transitions  73 ,  75 . The embodiment shown also includes intumescent mats  80  encircling and securing each of the catalytic elements in their respective subsections. The subsections sequentially decrease in diameter from transition inlet end  90  to outlet end  91 . In other embodiments (not shown), one or more of the transition sections  73 ,  75  may include a bend, so that ends  90  and  91  may be non-coaxial or offset from one another. Such shapes are advantageously employed in some vehicle applications, wherein the exhaust system must follow a circuitous route due to the lack of any available straight path from the engine to the desired terminus of the exhaust system. 
     The ability to employ plural catalysts and to configure them on substrates of different diameters provides significant design flexibility in providing maximum catalytic efficacy. The different materials can be selected to promote different reactions that address the multiple undesirable constituents in a typical exhaust stream. By changing the geometrical configuration of the overall converter and the individual catalytically active elements, the flow pattern and resulting exhaust gas residence time can also be beneficially optimized. The geometric flexibility is also beneficial in vehicle designs in which the available space for locating the converter and other exhaust system components is often limited and circuitously disposed in the vehicle undercarriage. 
     Multi-stage converter configurations, such as that depicted by  FIG. 6 , may be manufactured using a number of manufacturing techniques, which may be carried out in a variety of orders. The housing with its intermediate subsections of the requisite diameters can be formed before or after the different catalyst elements are inserted. 
     In one implementation usable to make the housing depicted by  FIG. 6 , there is provided a preform having the approximate diameter of the largest subsection  72 . As shown generally at  70 ′ in  FIG. 7A , swaging is then used to reduce the diameter of a portion of the preform long enough to accommodate sections  74  and  76 , thereby creating temporary subsection  74 ′, with the concomitant formation of transition  73  of the ultimately desired shape. A subsequent swaging operation (not shown) is applied to a portion of temporary subsection  74 ′ to form the ultimately desired subsections  74  and  76 , with transition  75 . 
     Alternatively, as seen generally at  70 ″ in  FIG. 7B , a preform with the approximate diameter of the largest subsection  72  is again provided. Subsection  76  is first formed, creating temporary subsection  72 ″ and transition  75 ″. A subsequent swaging is then carried out to form subsection  74  and reshape temporary transition  75 ″ into transition  75  having the desired shape, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     Either of the formations shown in  FIGS. 7A-7B  may be carried out before or after insertion of the catalytic elements. Other sequences may also be employed. For example, the formation of subsections and the insertion of the associated catalytic elements can be carried out in alternation. Such a sequence is also preferably employed if the transitions include bends. It is also possible to create the transitions between subsections by other forming methods such as spinning. However, the aforementioned swaging is preferred, since it ordinarily produces an inner surface that is smooth and substantially ridge-free, whereby flow disruption is minimized. Also, a housing that is not cylindrically symmetric is far easier and more efficient to form using swaging than spin forming or other similar processes. 
     In an aspect of the method of the invention the forming process is carried out semicontinuously. Seamless tubes having substantially the diameters desired for the intermediate section (or the largest of its subsections) are supplied in long lengths. From these tubes are cut preforms adapted to be formed into the catalytic converter housing. Ceramic substrates are provided having the desired diameter and length. Each substrate is wrapped with an intumescent mat to form the catalytic element. The mat is compressed and the combined assembly inserted into the free end of the supply tube. The supply tube is then gripped circumferentially and its free end is swaged to form the inlet port and inlet transition section. Subsequently, the supply tube is cut to remove a portion thereof having a requisite preselected length, thereby defining the preform. The preform is then re-gripped and the other end swaged to form the outlet port and outlet transition section. Most of the steps of this process are easily automated to provide a high level of manufacturing efficiency and process control, thereby minimizing production costs. 
     In another aspect of the method of the invention, preforms are cut to length from a seamless tube having substantially the diameter desired for the intermediate section of the converter. A ceramic substrates having the requisite length is wrapped with an intumescent mat to form the catalytic element and inserted approximately in the middle of each preform. The preform, with its substrate, is then placed in a hydraulic ram assembly having swaging dies coaxially aligned and adapted to be forced compressively over each of the preform&#39;s ends, thereby simultaneously swaging each end. A plurality of dies are sequenced into a hydraulic ram and used stepwise to accomplish the desired reduction to the final inlet and outlet port diameters and to form the inlet and outlet transition sections. Alternatively, a plurality of rams are used, with the preform being indexed between rams, which are appointed with a desired sequence of dies to progressively swage the ends in a plurality of graduated swaging stages. 
     One method by which the catalytic converter partially depicted by  FIG. 6  may be produced is further elucidated by reference to  FIGS. 8A-B . There is provided a tube preform having approximately the diameter of the largest subsection  72  of the cascaded arrangement of intermediate section  70 . Catalytic substrate  78  encircled by intumescent mat  80  is first inserted into section  72 . Thereafter, an end of the preform is end-formed by forcibly inserting the preform into swaging die  92  adapted to reduce the diameter of the preform to create temporary subsection  74 ′ and transition  73 . Then the workpiece is removed from die  92  and catalytic substrate  82  encircled by intumescent mat  80  is disposed in temporary subsection  74 ′ at a preselected location. The preform, now bearing substrates  78  and  82 , is again end-formed using swaging die  94 , which reduces the diameter of part of the preform to the size preselected for section  76  and creates transition section  75 . In still another step (not shown), substrate  84  and encircling intumescent mat  80  are inserted in the preform. Both ends of the preform are swaged to provide inlet and outlet ports. It will be recognized that while the embodiment of the invention depicted by  FIGS. 6-8  employs three cascaded catalytic elements, embodiments with other numbers of catalytic elements, ranging from two to four or more elements are also possible and are to be understood as being within the scope of the present invention. As noted above, the housing, including the intermediate section and subsections graduated in diameter may be formed prior to insertion of the catalytic elements into the respective subsections, or the forming and insertion operations for each subsection may be accomplished in alternation, as set forth above. Implementations in which the individual forming and insertion operations are alternately accomplished also permit bends or offsets to be formed between the subsections. They also permit formation in which the sizes of the various subsections do not increase or decrease in strict sequence. However, configurations having sequentially decreasing diameters of the subsections, such as that depicted in  FIG. 6 , are especially preferred and simpler to form. 
     It will be understood that swaging operations are ordinarily carried out with part of a tube preform secured by grips so that sufficient axially-directed force may be applied to form at least one of the tube ends into the desired configuration, although methods in which the inlet and outlet ends are formed simultaneously may rely on the oppositely directed axial swaging forces to eliminate the gripping or reduce the amount of gripping force needed. 
     In some implementations of the present method, the gripping operation is accomplished by gripping dies that substantially encircle the tube and provide radially directed force to reduce the diameter of an inner section of the preform. One such operation is shown generally at  94  by  FIGS. 9A-B . Two gripping dies  96  are disposed to surround preform  98 . The dies  96  are urged together by force radially directed at F, as seen in  FIG. 9B . Dies  96  are adapted to create reduced diameter section  100  joined to the remainder of tube  98  by transition sections  102 . In the embodiment shown, the reduction is carried out with catalytic element inserted in the section to be reduced. The element may comprise ceramic substrate  104  with encircling intumescent mat  105 , as depicted, or any other form of catalytic element. Although two complementary dies are shown, other embodiments may employ three or more complementary dies which collectively surround tube  98  and, when forced radially, cause a substantially cylindrical reduction of the tube diameter. The force used to compress dies  96  is ordinarily provided hydraulically, but other known sources of mechanical force may also be used. 
     The use of gripping dies that simultaneously reduce a tube diameter beneficially improves the efficiency of a tube fabrication process by eliminating a step in many known forming processes. In particular, gripping operations capable of opposing the substantial axial forces required are frequently required for successful end forming. Heretofore, a separate step for reducing the diameter of an intermediate portion of the tube has been required. However, the use of dies that accomplish both the required gripping and reduction eliminates a process step. 
     The following example is presented to provide a more complete understanding of the invention. The specific techniques, conditions, materials, proportions and reported data set forth to illustrate the principles and practice of the invention are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation and Testing of a Catalytic Converter 
     A catalytic converter of a type commonly used for emissions reduction from an automobile engine was formed using a catalytic element comprising a conventional platinum-group noble metal type of catalyst supported on the walls of multiple passages extending through a cordierite ceramic honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure was about 3.6 inches in diameter and 3 inches long. The housing for the converter was formed from a seamless tube of 409 stainless steel alloy having an outside diameter of about four inches and 0.049-inch walls. The honeycomb structure was wrapped with an intumescent mat compressed to about 0.12 inches thickness, and the combined mat and ceramic were then inserted into the center part of the generally tubular converter housing. The ends of the housing were then end-formed to provide an inlet port section and an outlet port section, each of which having a diameter of two inches and a length of two inches. Tapered transition sections about two inches long joined the inlet and outlet sections to the central section. 
     The converter was subjected to standard tests known in the automotive industry and conformed to procedures set forth in 40 CFR 85.2116. The following tests were conducted. 
     The expansion of the intumescent mat material was tested by a dial-gage technique. The mat was heated to a maximum temperature of 825° C. and its expansion was measured and found to exhibit a maximum of about 120-130% relative to its initial thickness. This value is well within the usual range known in the art to result in satisfactory sealing and positioning of a ceramic substrate in a catalytic converter housing. 
     The cold push-out resistance of the ceramic substrate was measured by a standard mechanical pressing technique. The experiment was carried out by gripping the converter housing and exerting mechanical force through an arbor pressing axially on the substrate. It was found that a force of about 60-80 pounds was required to initiate shear of the intumescent mat and cause displacement of substrate. The observed force was well within standards recognized in the art, in which movement at less than about 30 pounds indicates an inadequately supported and sealed substrate, while movement at over about 200 pounds is indicative of excessive engagement of the substrate by the intumescent mat that is likely to result in chipping or brittle failure of the substrate during converter use. 
     The catalytic efficiency of the converter was measured by a sweep test using gas chromatographic analysis of the conversion efficiency for known CO, HC, and NO x  pollutants to benign substances. Minimal backpressure was observed, confirming the adequacy of flow through the converter, including the catalytic substrate. Satisfactory catalytic efficiency performance was observed, indicating the suitability of the converter for use in an automotive application that achieves compliance with applicable emissions standards. 
     The results of the foregoing tests establish that a one-piece, seamless converter satisfactorily demonstrates performance sufficient to meet requirements for emissions mitigation in an automotive application. 
     Having thus described the invention in rather full detail, it will be understood that such detail need not be strictly adhered to but that various changes and modifications may suggest themselves to one skilled in the art, all falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the subjoined claims.