Abstract:
A computer-implemented method of organizing, storing and representing human resource information and organizational responsibilities of an enterprise having a plurality of organizations in a hierarchy may include steps of defining a top node of the hierarchy, defining a top node responsibility that is responsible for the enterprise as a whole and storing the top node responsibility in memory; defining at least one responsibility for each organization and storing the defined responsibilities; establishing a hierarchical position for each defined responsibility within the hierarchy, such that each defined responsibility except the top node responsibility reports to another defined responsibility of higher rank within the hierarchy and storing the established hierarchical positions; assigning an operational manager to each defined responsibility and storing each assigned operational manager, each operational manager reporting to at least one other operational manager such that at least one operational manager is assigned to more than one responsibility and reports to a different operational manager for each assigned responsibility, and generating a report based upon the hierarchically-established positions for each defined responsibility by retrieving and manipulating the stored responsibilities, established hierarchical positions and assigned operational managers.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to methods and systems for organizing and representing corporate HR and management responsibility data.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art and Related Information  
         [0004]     In a traditional “old style” company, each person reports to one and only one supervisor and that supervisor is responsible for the employee&#39;s career development, performance evaluations, and salary adjustments as well as for giving that employee their day-to-day work assignments and monitoring the timely completion of those assignments. In this case, it is sufficient to show a manager the information about the people who directly report to them. This information is meaningful to that person, because they are responsible for the quality of the work of the people who report to them. If, however, there is a person who is responsible for a set of operations in the company, but the employees who work in that department do not report directly to that person, then that person would have to somehow generate a report that shows the performance of the department rather than a report detailing the performance of the people that work for him. This report by department (or organization) would give that person the information she needs, or would give her superiors the information they need to analyze performance. The association between that manager and the department, however, is not a relationship that is typically stored in the system. The person who requests the report must know the person they are evaluating well enough to know what responsibilities have been given to that person and what dimension and dimension value should be chosen to generate the correct report. They may also have to run multiple reports if the person has been given multiple responsibilities.  
         [0005]      FIG. 1  shows a conventional organization hierarchy  100  of the sales organization of an exemplary company called XYZ Company. As shown, the sales hierarchy  100  is headed by global sales  102 , to which the global direct sales department  104  and the global telesales department  106  report. The European direct sales department  108  reports to the global direct sales department  104  and the European telesales  110  reports to the Global telesales department  106 . The national direct sales departments for Germany, Italy, England and France shown at  112 ,  114 ,  116  and  118  respectively, report to the European direct sales department  108 . Similarly, the telesales departments  120 ,  122  and  124  for England, Germany and France, respectively, report to the European telesales department  110 .  FIG. 2  shows another representation of the organization hierarchy  100 . This representation, in addition to the structure of XYZ&#39;s sales organization, also shows the person(s) in charge of each of the aforementioned departments, and whom they report to. In this fictitious company, Steven Roberts is the CEO of XYZ, as shown at  202 . Benny Webster is in charge of the global direct sales department, as shown at  204  and Charles Bailey heads the global telesales department, as shown at  206 . Both Mr. Webster and Mr. Bailey report to Steven Roberts. As shown in  FIG. 2  at  208 , Joe Smith reports to Benny Webster and is responsible for European direct sales, but has delegated day to day operational responsibility for European direct sales to Rosemary Pritchard. Joe Smith, in turn, reports to Charles Bailey and heads European telesales, as shown at  210 . As shown at  212  and  220 , Petra K is responsible for both direct and telesales in France. Max K is responsible for direct sales in both Germany and Italy, as suggested by  214  and  216 . Zoe F. heads up telesales operations in Germany. Finally, direct sales in Great Britain are Jane C&#39;s responsibility, while telesales in Great Britain are headed by Liza B. As also shown, Max K. and Jane C. report to Joe Smith through Rosemary Pritchard, while Zoe F. and Liza B report to Joe Smith. As is proper in view of her responsibilities, Petra N. reports to Joe Smith through Rosemary Pritchard for European direct sales activities in France and to Joe Smith for telesales activities in France.  
         [0006]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a conventional Human Resources (HR) supervisor hierarchy of the XYZ sales force. This hierarchy  300  shows the relationships in XYZ&#39;s sales force from an HR point of view and from an operational point of view. Corporate officer titles are included and the down arrows show the reports (if any) of each person within the hierarchy. The up arrows  302 ,  304 ,  306  and  308  are used to indicate reporting relationships, such as when a person with more than one responsibility reports to more than one person. For example, Joe smith, as shown at  302  reports to Charles Bailey for European telesales matters and to Benny Webster for European direct sales matters. Similarly, Petra N reports to Rosemary Pritchard for French direct sales and to Joe Smith for French telesales. In other words, Petra N&#39;s HR manager is Joe Smith, who is also her operational manager for French direct sales, as shown at  306 . Petra N&#39;s operational manager for French direct sales, however, is Rosemary Pritchard as indicated at  308 , and not Joe Smith. Likewise, Joe Smith&#39;s HR manager is Benny Webster, who is also Joe Smith&#39;s operational manager for European direct sales. Charles Bailey, on the other hand is Joe Smith&#39;s operational manager for European telesales, as shown at  302 .  
         [0007]     From these HR hierarchies such as shown in  FIGS. 1-3 , applications may generate reports to evaluate key indicators that may help managers set performance objectives for their organizations and measure how their reports are executing against those set objectives. At the highest levels in the company, the executive managers have the ability to view the performance of all areas of the enterprise. It is these top level managers that are the ones responsible for ensuring that the objectives of each individual department meet the objectives of the enterprise as a whole. For example, top-level managers may want to know how well are their managers performing and how efficient is the current organizational structure of the enterprise. Toward that end, it is useful for the top-level managers to have the ability to generate reports on the operational responsibilities of the persons reporting to them and on the performance of their manager&#39;s organizations.  
         [0008]     The complex organizational structure of modern enterprises makes the visualization of responsibilities and performance of those involved in the running of the enterprise especially difficult. The problem is often exacerbated by the fact that many employees, in the performance of their duties, often report to more than one manager, as detailed relative to  FIGS. 1-3 . The problem, therefore, of how best to represent an employee&#39;s position within a hierarchical management structure, together with an accurate representation of all of the employee&#39;s operational responsibilities has often proved to an unwieldy one. Moreover, given that an employee may have several responsibilities distributed across several management or business units, it has proven to be difficult to gain an accurate insight into all of the employee&#39;s responsibilities and an accurate measure of how they are performing in each of their responsibilities. Current state of the art business intelligence applications provide business metrics along many different dimensions. When such conventional applications refer to the ‘manager’ dimension, they usually refer to only the HR supervisor dimension. This leads to problems when a same person manages two sales groups, as detailed above. In that case, to see the total sales results for which that person has responsibility, it is necessary to either manually add up the results for both sales groups or to create a fictitious (i.e., that has no existence but for reporting purposes) rollup sales group that represents both sales groups combined. The relative fluidity of today&#39;s sales force renders the situation worse. For example, such fictitious sales groups must be changed whenever a manager&#39;s responsibilities change or when a manager leaves or is added, rendering the organizational and HR hierarchies very unstable and prior period comparisons difficult.  
         [0009]     From the foregoing, it may be appreciated that improved computer-implemented methods and systems for mapping, representing and storing complex HR and operational relationships within an enterprise are needed. Specifically, such methods and systems should accurately model the fact that employees have different HR and operational managers, if needed. Such methods and systems should accurately represent the results of the organization and to identify the person or persons responsible for those results. In addition, such methods and systems should accurately represent summarized results for all organizations managed by the same person. Moreover, such methods and systems should enable analysis of the performance of a manager without having to define a fictitious or dummy organization that accurately represents all of the manager&#39;s responsibilities.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     Embodiments of the present invention include a computer-implemented method of organizing, storing and representing human resource (HR) information and organizational responsibilities of an enterprise having a plurality of organizations in a hierarchy. The method may include steps of defining a top node of the hierarchy, defining a top node responsibility that is responsible for the enterprise as a whole and storing the top node responsibility in memory; defining at least one responsibility for each of the plurality of organizations within the enterprise and storing the defined responsibilities in memory; establishing a hierarchical position for each defined responsibility within the hierarchy, such that each defined responsibility except the top node responsibility reports to another defined responsibility of higher rank within the hierarchy and storing the established hierarchical position for each defined responsibility in memory; assigning an operational manager to each defined responsibility and storing each assigned operational manager in memory, wherein each operational manager reports to at least one other operational manager such that at least one operational manager is assigned to more than one responsibility and reports to a different operational manager for each assigned responsibility, and generating a report based upon the hierarchically-established positions for each defined responsibility by retrieving from memory and manipulating the stored responsibilities, established hierarchical positions and assigned operational managers.  
         [0011]     According to further embodiments, the method may further include a step of storing performance-related information and associating the stored performance-related information to at least one defined responsibility. The performance-related information may include sales data, for example. The operational manager(s) that are assigned to more than one responsibility may appear in the hierarchy once for each assigned responsibility. The report may be selectively configurable to show a selected responsibility and all hierarchically-lower responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected responsibility and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected operational manager and all responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned, and/or a selected operational manager and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned.  
         [0012]     According to another embodiment thereof, the present invention is also a computer system for organizing, storing and representing human resource (HR) information and organizational responsibilities of an enterprise having a plurality of organizations in a hierarchy. According to this embodiment, the computer system may include at least one processor; at least one data storage device coupled to the at least one processor and a plurality of processes spawned by said at least one processor. The processes may include processing logic for defining a top node of the hierarchy, defining a top node responsibility that is responsible for the enterprise as a whole and storing the top node responsibility in memory; defining at least one responsibility for each of the plurality of organizations within the enterprise and storing the defined responsibilities in memory; establishing a hierarchical position for each defined responsibility within the hierarchy, such that each defined responsibility except the top node responsibility reports to another defined responsibility of higher rank within the hierarchy and storing the established hierarchical position for each defined responsibility in memory; assigning an operational manager to each defined responsibility and storing each assigned operational manager in memory, wherein each operational manager reports to at least one other operational manager such that at least one operational manager is assigned to more than one responsibility and reports to a different operational manager for each assigned responsibility, and generating a report based upon the hierarchically-established positions for each defined responsibility by retrieving from memory and manipulating the stored responsibilities, established hierarchical positions and assigned operational managers.  
         [0013]     According to further embodiments, tem of claim  6 , the processes may include processing logic for storing performance-related information and associating the stored performance-related information to at least one defined responsibility. The performance-related information includes sales data, for example. One or more operational managers that are assigned to more than one responsibility may appear in the hierarchy once for each assigned responsibility. The report may be selectively configurable to show: a selected responsibility and all hierarchically-lower responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected responsibility and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected operational manager and all responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned, and/or a selected operational manager and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned.  
         [0014]     According to another embodiment thereof, the present invention is also a machine-readable medium having data stored thereon representing sequences of instructions which, when executed by a computing device, causes the computing device to organize, store and represent human resource (HR) information and organizational responsibilities of an enterprise having a plurality of organizations in a hierarchy, by carrying out steps including: defining a top node of the hierarchy, defining a top node responsibility that is responsible for the enterprise as a whole and storing the top node responsibility in memory; defining at least one responsibility for each of the plurality of organizations within the enterprise and storing the defined responsibilities in memory; establishing a hierarchical position for each defined responsibility within the hierarchy, such that each defined responsibility except the top node responsibility reports to another defined responsibility of higher rank within the hierarchy and storing the established hierarchical position for each defined responsibility in memory; assigning an operational manager to each defined responsibility and storing each assigned operational manager in memory, wherein each operational manager reports to at least one other operational manager such that at least one operational manager is assigned to more than one responsibility and reports to a different operational manager for each assigned responsibility, and generating a report based upon the hierarchically-established positions for each defined responsibility by retrieving from memory and manipulating the stored responsibilities, established hierarchical positions and assigned operational managers.  
         [0015]     The machine-readable medium may also store sequences of instructions that cause the computer to store performance-related information and to associate the stored performance-related information to at least one defined responsibility. The performance-related information includes sales data, for example. The operational manager(s) that are assigned to more than one responsibility may appear in the hierarchy once for each assigned responsibility. The report may be selectively configurable to show: a selected responsibility and all hierarchically-lower responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected responsibility and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the selected responsibility; a selected operational manager and all responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned, and/or a selected operational manager and all operational managers having responsibilities that report to the responsibility to which the selected operational manager is assigned. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]      FIG. 1  shows an example of a conventional organizational hierarchy of the sales organization of an exemplary company called XYZ Company.  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  is a graphical representation of the conventional organizational hierarchy of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a conventional Human Resources (HR) supervisor hierarchy.  
         [0019]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a management hierarchy, according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 5  is a representation of a report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 6  is a representation of another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 7  is a representation of yet another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 8  is a representation of still another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 9  is a representation of another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 10  is a representation of a further report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 11  is a representation of yet another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 12  is a representation of a still further report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]      FIG. 13  is a representation of a report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0029]      FIG. 14  is a representation of another still further report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 15  is a representation of a still another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0031]      FIG. 16  is a representation of a yet further report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0032]      FIG. 17  is a representation of yet another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0033]      FIG. 18  is a representation of a further report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0034]      FIG. 19  is a representation of a still another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0035]      FIG. 20  is a representation of another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0036]      FIG. 21  is a representation of another report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy of  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0037]      FIG. 22  is a block diagram of a computer with which embodiments of the present invention may be practiced. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0038]     Aspects of an embodiment of the present invention are illustrated in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  shows a management hierarchy that combines an organization hierarchy for a company with the managers who are responsible for the company&#39;s organizations or departments. Embodiments of the present invention enable a common definition and tracking of all the operational responsibilities in the company. According to embodiments of the present invention, companies wishing to deploy the present invention may break down their work force into organizations (departments, or like functional groups), each of which is defined to have specific goals and objectives. These organizations roll up via an organization hierarchy to the top node, which is the entire company. Each department is assigned a lowest level manager. A single person may manage multiple organizations. When a person is assigned as the manager of an organization, that organization becomes that manager&#39;s responsibility, meaning that person has been given responsibility for the output of the organization to which he or she has been assigned. For each responsibility that a person has, the person will report into another responsibility for daily operations. If one person has two or more responsibilities (that is, has been assigned as manager of two or more organizations), they may have a different manager for each responsibility. This forms a hierarchy of responsibilities (not just a hierarchy or organizations or a hierarchy of people as is conventional, but a hierarchy of responsibilities—which may include people/organization combinations).  
         [0039]     This hierarchy of responsibilities may be termed a management hierarchy, as shown at  400  in  FIG. 4 . It can be seen that the management hierarchy  400  is a hierarchy of responsibilities, which embody both the functionality of conventional HR hierarchies and the functionality of organization hierarchies to yield a construct having functionalities not found in either hierarchies individually. That is, the management hierarchy  400  is effective both as a people management tool (more useful for upper management) and as a tool that facilitates the evaluation of functional areas (more useful to the lower level managers). For multinational corporations that tend to organize around projects, each of which may have its own HR hierarchy, embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful. For example, when operational responsibilities for a large project are divided between two countries say, the US and India, there may be an HR hierarchy dedicated to that project in the US and another HR hierarchy dedicated to that project in India. However, the organizational hierarchy for the project as a whole cuts across both local HR hierarchies. Embodiments of the present invention can accurately represent the manner in which complex modem enterprises are organized and run, and thus provide both higher and lower level managers with the information and flexibility they require.  
         [0040]     Turning now specifically to  FIG. 4 , and working from the bottom up, it may be seen that Petra N. is the local manager for France telesales. That is, France telesales is her responsibility. That responsibility reports to the European telesales, for which Joe Smith is the operational manager. Similarly, the Germany telesales is Zoe F&#39;s responsibility, which responsibility also reports to Joe Smith. Likewise, Liza B&#39;s responsibility, England telesales, also reports to Joe Smith, one of whose responsibility is European telesales. The European telesales responsibility reports to the global telesales responsibility, whose operational manager is Charles Bailey. In turn, both the global telesales (Charles Bailey) and the global direct sales responsibility (Benny Webster) report to the Steven Roberts, who currently has the CEO responsibility. Petra N., who has the France direct sales responsibility, Jane C., who has the England direct sales responsibility, Max K, who has both the Italy and Germany direct sales responsibility report to Rosemary Pritchard, who heads the day-to-day direct sales operations in Europe. Continuing up the management hierarchy  400 , Rosemary Pritchard&#39;s direct sales responsibility reports to the European direct sales responsibility, for which Joe Smith is the operational manager. In turn, the European direct sales responsibility reports to the Global direct sales responsibility, headed by Benny Webster.  
         [0041]     Note that, unlike the HR hierarchy of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , a single person may be represented twice in the same hierarchy. In the example of  FIG. 4 , Petra N. is responsible for both France telesales and France direct sales. Joe Smith is also represented twice in the management hierarchy of  FIG. 4 , as his responsibilities include both European direct sales and European telesales. This management hierarchy  400 , which is a hierarchy of responsibilities, has multiple advantages over the traditional organization hierarchy of  FIG. 1  and over the HR supervisor hierarchy of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The management hierarchy according to embodiments of the present invention allows true modeling of the operational reporting relationships between the people running the organization. For example, the management hierarchy  400  allows an accurate representation of the case wherein people report to one person for part of their daily duties and report to another person for another part of their daily duties. For example, Petra N. reports to Joe Smith because part of her responsibilities (France telesales) reports to the European telesales responsibility. Petra N. also reports to Rosemary Pritchard because the other part of Petra&#39;s responsibilities is France direct sales, which responsibility reports to direct sales, headed by Rosemary Pritchard. Each responsibility in the management hierarchy has an operational manager. Each operational manager may have a single responsibility or may have more than one responsibility. It is to be noted that most of the time, this operational manager will also be the HR supervisor of the person, but need not be.  
         [0042]     Another advantage of the structure and functionality of the management hierarchy  400  is that it properly models the delegation of responsibility from one manager to another. For example, it is common for an organization (such as European direct sales, for example) to have more than one person responsible for managing the operations of the organization. For example, in  FIG. 4 , European direct sales have both a VP (Rosemary Pritchard) and a senior VP (Joe Smith), with the VP reporting to the Senior VP. To represent this, a conventional organization hierarchy would only allow one node to be present in the organization chart for that sales organization, and only one person could be associated with that organization. With the present management hierarchy, the VP (e.g., Rosemary Pritchard) can have the responsibility managing the European direct sales organization and can report to the Senior VP (Joe Smith) who also has a management responsibility on this sales organization. It is only natural for managers having wide ranging responsibilities to try to find people to work for them who can take charge of a complete responsibility. They will delegate that responsibility to someone else, in the same manner that Joe Smith has delegated responsibility for European direct sales to Rosemary Pritchard. This does not mean that such operational managers are no longer for that which they have delegated. Quite to the contrary—they will continue to be held responsible for that organization from the perspective of upper management, but they have passed this responsibility down the chain of command. In the example of  FIG. 4 , Joe Smith, having delegated European direct sales responsibility to Rosemary Pritchard, still must answer to Benny Webster (the operational manager for the Global Direct Sales organization) for the performance of the European direct sales organization, and this is accurately represented in the management hierarchy of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0043]     Another significant advantage of the management hierarchy over conventional HR and organization hierarchies is the reporting benefits. By understanding and correctly representing who has operational management responsibility for each organization and enabling these responsibilities to roll up to the top levels of the company, management reporting may be carried out from a true operational perspective. For example, if one person works for two different organizations, that is accurately reflected in the reports generated from management hierarchy data. If a responsibility has been delegated, that delegation is accurately reflected in the reports. Because each node in the management hierarchy identifies or is associated with both the responsibility and the operational manager for that responsibility, reports may be generated that show all responsibilities for each manager, or show all managers having responsibilities that report to any given node within the management hierarchy.  
         [0044]      FIG. 5  is a representation of a exemplary report that may be obtained using the management hierarchy and relationships illustrated in  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the report of  FIG. 5  shows the revenue in US dollars for all products attributable to Steven Roberts (the CEO of XYZ Company) and to his direct reports. This is the Responsibility—Manager view, which gives the revenue from a person perspective—that is, from the perspective of the operational managers. It is to be noted that the reports shown in  FIGS. 5-21  are only exemplary in nature and are intended to illustrate some of the advantages made possible using embodiment of the present invention. It is possible, for example, to generate reports on expenses attributable to operational managers and/or organizations, in the same manner that revenue-related reports are shown herein.  
         [0045]      FIG. 6  shows the report of  FIG. 5 , with a pull-down menu  602  activated, to reveal a number of possible dimensions over which to view the data associated with the constituent nodes of the management hierarchy according to embodiments of the present invention. The report of  FIG. 7  may be generated by selecting the Responsibility-Responsibility view. This report is similar to that shown in  FIG. 6 , but shows the responsibilities of each of Steven Roberts&#39; reports. Here again, a single person may be listed more than once, if that person has more than one responsibility. In this case, the operational manager of the responsibility “unassigned”; namely, Steven Roberts reports to the CEO, which responsibility happens to be assigned to Steven Roberts also. According to embodiments of the present invention, no responsibility may be added to the management hierarchy unless it has an operational manager and reports to at least one other responsibility. The CEO responsibility is the exception to this rule, as it may not report to any other responsibility, although the management hierarchy may form part of a larger management hierarchy, in which case the CEO may well report to another hierarchically higher responsibility. That each responsibility in the management hierarchy must report to at least one other responsibility insures that no orphan nodes are created and that all responsibilities are properly reported on.  
         [0046]      FIG. 8  shows the next level of responsibilities below the CEO level. As shown, the responsibilities that report to each of the responsibilities shown in  FIG. 7  are shown in  FIG. 8 . However, it is possible to drill down to see only the responsibilities that report to any other responsibility in  FIG. 7 . For example, the responsibilities that report to the global direct sales could have been shown, while keeping all other responsibilities in their initial, unexploded state of  FIG. 7 . As shown in  FIG. 8  and in  FIG. 4 , Joe Smith has a responsibility in both direct sales and telesales, and so he appears twice in the report of  FIG. 8 . Drilling into Benny Webster&#39;s responsibility, direct sales, yields the report of  FIG. 9 , in which it can be seen that Joe Smith has delegated Europe direct sales to Rosemary Pritchard. The other responsibilities that report to Benny Webster&#39;s responsibility (global direct sales) are also shown in  FIG. 9 , along with another level of hierarchically lower reports, and the names of the operational managers thereof.  
         [0047]     Changing the view back to Responsibility-Manager on the same view as shown in  FIG. 9  yields the layout shown in  FIG. 10 , in which the responsibilities of the hierarchically lower operational managers are not shown. The foregoing views were views from the perspective of the CEO responsibility. If, however, Benny Webster were to login himself, the view of  FIG. 11  would result. The view of  FIG. 11  is limited to direct sales, as Benny Webster&#39;s responsibility as global direct sales manager is limited to just that—global direct sales. In  FIG. 11 , in keeping with the selected Responsibility-Manager view, Benny Webster would see his direct sales responsibility (global direct sales) and the names of the operational managers that report to him. In the same manner,  FIG. 12  shows the view Benny Webster would obtain by drilling into Joe Smith.  FIG. 12  shows Joe Smith&#39;s responsibility (Europe direct sales) and the name of his direct report; namely, Rosemary Pritchard. Drilling in on Rosemary Pritchard, in turn, yields  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  is another Responsibility-Manager view, and shows Rosemary Pritchard&#39;s responsibility (Europe direct sales, received through delegation from Joe Smith) and the names of the operational managers and sales figures of those that directly report to her. Changing the view back to Responsibility-responsibility yields the view of  FIG. 14 . In this view, it is worthy of note that Max Kingston appears twice, since he has been assigned two responsibilities: Germany direct sales and Italy direct sales. Therefore, unlike the Responsibility-Manager view of  FIG. 13  where Max Kingston appears only once (he reports to Rosemary Pritchard and there is only one of him), in the Responsibility-Responsibility view, he is listed twice, once for each responsibility for which he reports to Rosemary Pritchard. Therefore, unlike a traditional HR hierarchy in which a single person can only be listed once, embodiments of the present invention, depending upon the selected view, a same person may appear more than once, depending upon the number of his or her responsibilities and to whom that person reports to for each of his or her responsibilities. This allows a far more flexible means of organizing and displaying information than is possible in conventional hierarchical representations.  
         [0048]     From the view of  FIG. 8 , which is a Responsibility-Manager view of the global (direct and tele) sales responsibilities, the view of  FIG. 15  is obtained by drilling into Charles Bailey (whose responsibility is global telesales) and changing the view to Responsibility-Manager. Therefore, Charles Bailey&#39;s name and responsibility appears, together with the names of the operational managers that report directly to him in their responsibility or in at least one of their responsibilities, together with their respective sales figures. Changing the view Responsibility-Manager view to responsibility-Responsibility yields the view of  FIG. 16 , in which the responsibilities of Charles Bailey&#39;s reports are also listed, together with their sales figures. Selecting (clicking on or otherwise actuating) the Joe Smith entry generates the view of  FIG. 17 , which yields Joe Smith&#39;s Europe telesales responsibility, together with the names and responsibilities of the operational managers that report to him, with their respective sales numbers.  
         [0049]     Additional details of a responsibility may be obtained by selecting one of the responsibilities, such Joe Smith&#39;s responsibility of EU direct sales, for example. The view may also be changed from Responsibility-Responsibility or Responsibility-Manager to a product based view, as shown in  FIG. 18 .  FIG. 18  shows a breakdown of Joe Smith&#39;s responsibilities from a product perspective. From a product point of view, Joe Smith&#39;s European telesales responsibilities are divided between licensing (License (Y68)) category and an unassigned category. Each of these categories also lists the operational managers to whom Joe Smith has delegated some or all of his responsibilities by categories, this being a Product-Manager view. Again, note that the same names may appear more than once in any view, if the person&#39;s hierarchical position and responsibilities warrant such multiple entries. As shown in  FIG. 19 , embodiments of the present invention enable a drill/pivot operation to both drill into a person&#39;s responsibility and to pivot the view as shown in  FIG. 19 .  
         [0050]     As shown therein, the drill/pivot functionality enables the user to delve deeper into a person or a responsibility and to control the manner in which any hierarchically-lower information related thereto is displayed. For example, the drill/pivot functionality may enable the user to choose between views organized by Manager-Product Responsibility; Responsibility-Manager; Responsibility-Responsibility or Product Category-Responsibility, to identify only a few possible combinations. Drilling into the licensing revenue (Drill) and viewing the licensing revenue by Manager-Product Category (Pivot), for example, will generate a view from the management hierarchy that shows the licensing revenue attributable to each hierarchically lower manager to which Joe Smith has delegated responsibility, together with the product category that generated the revenue, as shown in  FIG. 20 . In this hypothetical and exemplary case, the product categories listed are Applications and Database Tech.  
         [0051]     This same Responsibility-Manager view may be generated for all of Joe Smith&#39;s responsibilities. Recall that  FIG. 4  lists Joe Smith as having responsibility for both European direct sales and European telesales.  FIG. 21  is a view that may be generated by selecting Joe Smith in the “Manager” pull down menu and keeping the “View By” pull down on the Responsibility-Manager view. As shown,  FIG. 21  shows, in a Responsibility/Manager format, both of Joe Smith&#39;s European sales responsibilities, along with his reports in each of the listed responsibilities, together with their sales.  
         [0052]     Embodiments of the present invention provide a new dimension that confers important advantages in the world of management reporting. Managers like to manage through people. It is human nature. Managers need to know who to talk to if there is something wrong. With the management hierarchy according to embodiment of the present invention, managers can immediately see all the responsibilities of a manager without having to preliminarily create a fictitious organization to represent that person. Fictitious or fake organizations (or summary organizations) that are named after the manager are a Very common work-around to the problem of understanding who is responsible for what. If the organization is named after the manager, there is no question who is responsible. However, this means that the organization hierarchy of the company changes every time a manager comes or goes. This creates a very unstable hierarchy that does not allow comparison over time. Trend reporting is lost. Creating such fictitious organizations and maintaining an ever changing organization hierarchy places an enormous burden on the administrators of the organization hierarchy. The organization hierarchy should be the functional breakdown of the company and people are slotted into the management positions of those organizations. The organizations themselves should not have to change just because there is a new manager. When the present management hierarchy is implemented, the organizations need not change when managers arrive or depart. The present management hierarchy will provide better management reporting, will enable a much more stable organization hierarchy, will prevent redundant maintenance between the supervisor hierarchy and the organization hierarchy, and will provide better accountability for the performance of each department in the company.  
         [0053]      FIG. 22  illustrates a block diagram of a computer system  2200  upon which embodiments of the present inventions may be implemented. Computer system  2200  includes a bus  2201  or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and one or more processors  2202  coupled with bus  2201  for processing information. Computer system  2200  further comprises a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device  2204  (referred to as main memory), coupled to bus  2201  for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor(s)  2202 . Main memory  2204  also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processor  2202 . Computer system  2200  also includes a read only memory (ROM) and/or other static storage device  2206  coupled to bus  2201  for storing static information and instructions for processor  2202 . A data storage device  2207 , such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is coupled to bus  2201  for storing information and instructions. The computer system  2200  may also be coupled via the bus  2201  to a display device  2221  for displaying information to a computer user. An alphanumeric input device  2222 , including alphanumeric and other keys, is typically coupled to bus  2201  for communicating information and command selections to processor(s)  2202 . Another type of user input device is cursor control  2223 , such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor  2202  and for controlling cursor movement on display  2221 . The computer system  2220  may be coupled to a database  2225  configured to store the present management hierarchy and other information.  
         [0054]     Embodiments of the present invention are related to the use of computer system  2200  and/or to a plurality of such computer systems to enable methods and systems for storing management hierarchies and for defining, creating and maintaining reports based upon embodiments of the present management hierarchy structure. According to one embodiment, the methods and systems described herein may be provided by one or more computer systems  2200  in response to processor(s)  2202  executing sequences of instructions contained in memory  2204 . Such instructions may be read into memory  2204  from another computer-readable medium, such as data storage device  2207 . Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in memory  2204  causes processor(s)  2202  to perform the steps and have the functionality described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.  
         [0055]     While the foregoing detailed description has described preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the above description is illustrative only and not limiting of the disclosed invention. Those of skill in this art will recognize other alternative embodiments and all such embodiments are deemed to fall within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention should be limited only by the claims as set forth below.