Abstract:
A system for enhancing evaporation from a body of liquid, in which heated or unheated air is distributed through a pipe network that is submerged in the evaporation pond, with the air being injected into the pond to produce air bubbles in the water. The air may be combined with water prior to the injection. The water may be drawn from the pond. The air and/or water may be heated by solar heating, electric heating, fuel burning, or waste heat recovery. In the case of solar heating, any of a transpired solar collector, a packed bed solar collector, a flat plate solar collector, a linear Fresnel collector, a parabolic solar collector, a paraboloid dish solar collector, or other could be used. The pipe network may be maintained at a desired depth below the upper surface of the pond by various means, with one example being flotation devices, from which the pipe network is suspended.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/007,936, filed Jun. 5, 2014, and also claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/116,413, filed Feb. 14, 2015, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Many industrial processes (e.g., harvesting salt from seawater, desalination plants, separating produced water from mine tailings, oil fracking processes, and other similar processes that produce waste water) generate large volumes of contaminated water that cannot be disposed of by draining it into the local watershed. The large volume of water combined with these contaminants makes it difficult/expensive to transport the waste water to a treatment facility. Removing the water from the contaminants would facilitate disposal by reducing the amount of waste needing to be managed. In other applications, water removal can also be used to attain a desirable good such as sea salt. In these situations, it is important to have an efficient and low cost method of removing the water to minimize production costs. 
         [0003]    To address these issues, evaporation ponds are commonly used to concentrate materials by removing water. Evaporation ponds are artificial ponds with very large surface areas that expose a liquid mixture to air, solar radiation, and ambient temperatures. Exposure to ambient conditions causes the water to evaporate and contaminants or other materials that had been mixed with the water to be left in the pond. However, evaporation from these ponds is highly dependent on the ambient conditions. In order to have a sufficiently high evaporation rate, the surface area of the ponds needs to be very large, creating ponds that take up vast amounts of space. The large size of the ponds makes them expensive to construct and places constraints on where they can be built. Additionally, since the evaporation rate is related to the ambient temperature, little to no evaporation may take place in cold conditions. 
         [0004]    In order to increase the evaporation rate from such ponds, sprayers can be used (where it is permitted) to shoot a mist of the pond water into the air. However, any contaminants in the pond are also sprayed into the air, and can be dispersed into the surrounding environment. In addition, sprayer systems have expensive operational costs due to the large power consumption required by the water pumps to create the water mist, and due to the required maintenance caused by scaling that develops on the spray nozzles. 
         [0005]    What is needed, therefore, are improved techniques for increasing the evaporation rate of water from evaporation ponds. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Disclosed herein is a method for enhancing the evaporation rate of water in an evaporation pond having an upper surface. The method includes drawing in ambient air, the ambient air having an ambient air temperature; raising the temperature of the air to a temperature relatively higher than the ambient air temperature; and injecting the air at the relatively higher temperature into the evaporation pond at one or more points in the evaporation pond that are below the upper surface of the evaporation pond. 
         [0007]    The temperature of the air may be raised via solar heating. The temperature of the air may be raised by passing the air through a transpired solar collector. The temperature of the air may be raised by passing the air through a packed bed solar collector. The temperature of the air may be raised by passing the air through a parabolic solar collector. The temperature of the air may be raised by passing the air through a linear Fresnel solar collector. The temperature of the air may be raised via electrical heating. The temperature of the air may be raised via heating by burning fuel. The temperature of the air may be raised via waste heat recovery. 
         [0008]    The method may further include mixing the raised temperature air with water before injecting it into the evaporation pond. The mixed air and water may be injected into the evaporation pond via a liquid pump. The mixed air and water may be injected into the evaporation pond at a plurality of points in the evaporation pond by a pipe network. The pipe network may be maintained at a fixed depth in the evaporation pond below the upper surface of the evaporation pond. The pipe network may be maintained at the fixed depth by one or more flotation devices associated therewith. The fixed depth of the pipe network below the upper surface of the evaporation pond may be between 1 and 3 feet. The water that is mixed with the air may be drawn from the evaporation pond. 
         [0009]    The air may be injected into the evaporation pond via an air pump. The air may be injected into the evaporation pond at a plurality of points in the evaporation pond by a pipe network. The pipe network may be maintained at a fixed depth in the evaporation pond below the upper surface of the evaporation pond. The pipe network may be maintained at the fixed depth by one or more flotation devices associated therewith. The fixed depth of the pipe network below the upper surface of the evaporation pond may be between 1 and 3 feet. 
         [0010]    Also disclosed is a method for enhancing the evaporation rate of water in an evaporation pond. The method includes drawing in ambient air, the ambient air having an ambient air temperature; raising the temperature of the air to a temperature relatively higher than the ambient air temperature; combining the air at the relatively higher temperature with water; and injecting the combined air and water into the evaporation pond at one or more points in the evaporation pond that are below the upper surface of the evaporation pond. 
         [0011]    Also disclosed is a method for enhancing the evaporation rate of water in an evaporation pond. The method includes drawing in ambient air, the ambient air having an ambient air temperature; and injecting a fluid including the air into the evaporation pond at one or more points in the evaporation pond that are below the upper surface of the evaporation pond, wherein the fluid has a temperature that is relatively higher than the ambient air temperature. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The disclosure herein is described with reference to the following drawings, wherein like reference numbers denote substantially similar elements: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with air flow injection. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with air and liquid flow injection. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with heated air injection. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with air and liquid flow injection. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with heated air injection. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with air and liquid flow injection. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with transpired solar collectors and air flow injection. 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  schematically illustrates an evaporation system with heater and air flow injection. 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  shows an eductor or mixer that may be used in one or more of the evaporation systems described herein. 
           [0022]      FIG. 10  shows a transpired solar collector for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0023]      FIG. 11  shows a packed bed solar collector for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0024]      FIG. 12  shows a flat plate solar collector for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0025]      FIG. 13  shows a parabolic solar collector for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0026]      FIG. 14  shows a linear Fresnel solar collector for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0027]      FIG. 15  shows a pipe distribution network for use with the techniques described herein. 
           [0028]      FIG. 16  shows an alternative pipe distribution network for use with the techniques described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    While the embodiments disclosed herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives of embodiments of the invention as defined by the claims. The disclosure is described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers denote substantially similar elements. 
         [0030]    Disclosed herein are techniques and systems related to evaporation systems from bodies of liquid in which the evaporation rate is enhanced by pumping air into the liquid. This may be accomplished with a pipe/conduit network that is submerged in the body of liquid. The air that is delivered into the body liquid increases the evaporation rate. The incoming air may be heated in some way (e.g., a solar collector, a fossil fuel burner, an electric heater, or a waste heat recovery system). An air pump may be used or a liquid pump may be used to drive the air into the system, and reduce the power consumption related to air pumping. 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  shows the basic elements of the proposed enhanced evaporation system. Air  10  flows through a blower or compressor  14  and the pressurized air  16  flows into a flow distribution system  18  submerged in a body of liquid. When the air is delivered into the body of liquid, it forms bubbles. This process of injecting air bubbles into a still body of liquid increases the evaporation rate of the liquid by increasing the area available for heat and mass transfer. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  shows an enhanced evaporation system in which a liquid  20  flows through a pump  24  into a mixer device  32  where air  30  enters or is drawn into the system, creating a mixture of liquid and air  26 . This air and liquid mixture  26  is delivered to a body of liquid  22 , through a flow distribution system  28 . By using the mixer device  32 , it is possible to use a liquid pump instead of a blower or compressor, and reduce the power consumption related to pumping air into the system. The liquid  20  may be recirculated from the body of liquid or may come from another stream. 
         [0033]      FIG. 3  shows an enhanced evaporation system, in which air  40  flows through a solar collector  42 . The heated air  44  flows through a blower or compressor  46  where the air  48  is driven into a body of liquid  52 , through a flow distribution system  50 . The solar collector may be of any appropriate kind: a transpired solar collector, a packed bed solar collector, a flat plate solar collector, a linear Fresnel collector, a parabolic solar collector, a paraboloid dish solar collector, a fossil fuel burner, an electric heater, a waste heat recovery device, or other. If an electrical heater is used, the electricity may come from a photovoltaic panel, from the grid, from a generator, or other source. 
         [0034]      FIG. 4  shows an enhanced evaporation system in which a liquid  66  flows through a pump  68 , into a mixer device  70 . Air  60  flows through a solar collector  62 , and the heated air  64  enters the mixer device  70 , creating a mixture of liquid and air  72 . This mixture  72  is delivered to a body of liquid  76 , through a flow distribution system  74 . The solar collector may be of any appropriate kind. 
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows an enhanced evaporation system, in which air  80  flows through a heating device  82 . The heated air  84  flows through a blower or compressor  86  where the air  88  is driven into a body of liquid  92 , through a flow distribution system  90 . The heating device may be any appropriate kind. 
         [0036]      FIG. 6  shows an enhanced evaporation system in which a liquid  106  flows through a pump  108 , into a mixer device  110 . Air  100  flows through a heating device  102 , and the heated air  104  enters the mixer device  110 , creating a mixture of liquid and air  112 . This mixture  112  is delivered to a body of liquid  116 , through a flow distribution system  114 . The heating device may be any appropriate kind. 
         [0037]      FIG. 7  shows a solar heating evaporation system. Ambient air  210  flows through one or more transpired solar collectors  212 , where solar radiation increases the temperature of the air. The heated air flows into at least another pipe  214 , and into at least one flow mixing valve  216 . The heated air from the mixer valve travels through one or more pipes  218  and into one or more blowers or fans  220 . The heated air then flows through at least one pipe  222  and into one or more air distribution systems  224 . Such an air distribution system may be submerged in a body of liquid  226 . When the hot air is delivered into the body of liquid, it forms bubbles. This process of injecting air bubbles into a still body of liquid increases the evaporation rate of the liquid by increasing the area available for heat and mass transfer, and by adding air that is at a higher temperature than the body of liquid. Another stream of air  228  may selectively enter the system through the flow mixing valves  220 . Such mixing valves allow for a few modes of operation: (1) use air from the transpired solar collectors  212 ; (2) use air from an additional airstream  228 ; or (3) use both sources of air  212  and  228 . 
         [0038]    Mode of operation 1 may be advantageous when there is solar radiation, so that the solar radiation increases the temperature of the air  210  that passes through the collector  212 . Mode of operation 2 may be advantageous at night, or when there is no solar radiation during the day, as it allows for bringing air  228  into the body of liquid, without the parasitic power consumption of passing air through the solar collector. This mode of operation could have the additional benefit if other means of heating air are available, such as waste heat, fossil fuels, biomass, biofuels, or electric heating, which may preheat the air  228 . 
         [0039]    The system may also include a heater device  230  to increase the temperature of the air traveling through the pipes  222  downstream of the fans or blowers  220 . The heater  230  may be an electric heater, a fossil-fired heater or a waste heat recovery heat exchanger. In one example, this heater  230  may be used when unheated air is drawn in via air stream  228 . 
         [0040]    The solar collector  212  may be an unglazed, transpired solar collector, with a porous absorber material. Alternatively, the solar collector may be a glazed, transpired solar collector. Alternatively, the absorber material may be a perforated metal surface. The transpired solar collector may include a dark-colored, perforated façade installed on a south-facing wall of a building or other structure. An added fan or an existing ventilation system may draw ventilation air into a system through the perforated absorber plate on the façade. 
         [0041]    In one embodiment, some of the main elements of the air distribution system may float in the body of liquid, or include a floating device. This floating device may allow the air distribution system to be submerged in the body of liquid, while the distance between the liquid surface and the place where air from the air distribution system  224  enters in contact with the liquid is controlled. Thanks to this floating characteristic of the floating device, the air distribution system  224  moves up or down automatically as the liquid level changes. 
         [0042]      FIG. 8  shows another embodiment in which the heat input is provided by a heater only. Ambient air  240  enters the system through one or more pipes  242 , and into one or more blowers or fans  244 . The air flows through one or more pipes  246  and into one or more heaters  248 . Such heater  248  increases the temperature of the air in the system. The heated air travels through one or more pipes  250  and into one or more air distribution systems  252 . Such an air distribution system  252  may be submerged in a body of liquid  254 . When the hot air is delivered into the body of liquid, it forms bubbles, and increases the evaporation rate from the body of liquid. In this embodiment, the heater  248  may be an electric heater, a fossil-fired heater or a waste heat recovery heat exchanger, or any other appropriate heating device. 
         [0043]      FIG. 9  shows an example of the mixer device that has been used in various embodiments above. Here, the mixer is a water eductor  260  that includes a conduit  262  for water (or other liquid) and a conduit  266  for air (or other gas). The conduit  262  includes a reduced-diameter nozzle  264  through which the water flows. Similarly, the conduit  266  includes a region  268  in the conduit  266  that surrounds (or partially surrounds) the exterior of the nozzle  264 . The mixer  260  also includes a downstream conduit  270  through which the mixture of water and air flows. As can be appreciated, water  272  flows through the conduit  262  and nozzle  264 . As it flows through the reduced-diameter nozzle, the water flowing therethrough speeds up (and thus its fluid pressure decreases, in keeping with the Bernoulli principle). This decrease in fluid pressure draws in air  274  through conduit  266  into region  268  and into the downstream conduit  270  where the air  274  is mixed with the water  272 . In another example, the streams in the eductor may be swapped: air may flow through conduit  262 , with water drawn in through conduit  266 . The low pressure created by the nozzle  264  on the air stream forces the water to enter the eductor. A mixture of air and water is thus created and flows through conduit  270 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 10  shows a transpired solar collector  300 , which includes a box  302  that may be angled so one side faces the sun. That side of the box  302  may have a perforated wall  306 . The perforated wall  306  may be selected/designed (such as via a dark paint) to absorb/retain solar energy. The interior  308  of the box  302  may also be selected to absorb and/or retain solar energy. Air  310  may be drawn in (via a pump, blower, or any other means for creating fluid flow or pressure differential) through the perforated wall  306 , the interior  308 , and out of a box outlet  312 . As ambient air is drawn through these areas heated by solar radiation, the temperature of the air can be increased, perhaps by as much as 20 to 30 degrees C., or perhaps as much as 55 degrees C. or more. As can be appreciated, this is but one example of a type of transpired solar collector. Although not necessary, in some applications it may be desirable to use a dark absorber or cloth in lieu of the perforated wall  306 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 11  shows a packed bed solar collector  320 , which includes a box  322  that may be angled so one side faces the sun. The box  322  has an interior  324  containing a plurality of heat-absorbing items  326  (such as stones). Air  328  may be drawn in (via a pump, blower, or any other means for creating fluid flow or pressure differential) through the interior  324 , across the heated items  326 , and out of a box outlet  330 . As ambient air is drawn through these areas heated by solar radiation, the temperature of the air can be increased. As can be appreciated, this is but one example of a type of packed bed solar collector. 
         [0046]      FIG. 12  shows a flat panel solar collector  340 , which includes a box  342  (which may be shallower than boxes  302  and  322 ). Within the box may be a conduit network  344  through which a fluid may flow and exit through outlet  346 . The fluid may be air or it may be a liquid to be heated and to then be passed to a heat exchanger where air may be flowed across the heat exchanger to heat the air. 
         [0047]      FIG. 13  shows a parabolic solar collector  360  which includes a mirror  362  or other reflector in the shape of a parabola. Incoming light rays  364  are shown to reflect off the mirror  362  and be re-directed toward the focus of the parabola. Located at the focus of the parabola is a pipe  366  through which some fluid flows (air or liquid, as described above). The pipe  366  and the fluid contents therein are heated in this manner. 
         [0048]      FIG. 14  shows a linear Fresnel collector  380 , which includes a substrate  382  that supports a plurality of separate reflectors  384 . The reflectors  384  are all angled differently, so that each one reflects incoming sunlight to the same region, where a pipe  386  is located. The pipe  386  and the fluid contents therein are heated in this manner. 
         [0049]      FIG. 15  shows a pipe distribution network  400  that can be used with any of the techniques discussed herein. It is shown here in an evaporation pond  402  having an upper surface  404 . A flotation device  406  (of which there could be any number and in any arrangement) is associated with the pipe distribution network  400 , and in this case is shown to support the network  400  by a plurality of supports or lines  408  (which could be made of most any suitable material). The network  400  also includes a plurality of small holes  410  therein so that the air (and potentially other fluid) can escape the network  400  and enter the pond  402 . The holes could be any appropriate size, although holes in the range of 1 mm to 3.2 mm have been found to work well. 
         [0050]      FIG. 16  shows a pipe distribution network  420  that can be used with any of the techniques discussed herein. It is shown here in an evaporation pond  422  having an upper surface  424 . A flotation device  426  (of which there could be any number and in any arrangement) is associated with the pipe distribution network  420 , and in this case is shown to support the network  420  by direct contact with one or more portions of the network  420 . The network  420  includes upper, horizontal pipes  428 , vertical pipes  430 , and exit pipes  432 . The exit pipes  432  include a plurality of small holes  434  therein so that the air (and potentially other fluid) can escape the network  420  and enter the pond  422 . 
         [0051]    There is a range of practical depths for the holes  410  and  434  below the upper surfaces  404  and  424 , respectively. If the holes are too close to the surface, the evaporation rate is not significantly increased over the ambient evaporation rate. On the other hand, if the holes are too far below the surface, the pressure difference between the surface and at the location of the holes will be so great as to require a great deal of pumping power and thus energy usage. As can be appreciated, there is a trade-off between these two parameters. Initial experiments indicate that a range of 1 to 3 feet below the surface my work well. Nevertheless, these techniques apply at all possible depths. 
         [0052]    As can be appreciated, the various techniques disclosed herein increase the evaporation rate by exposing the water in the evaporation pond to air bubbles. By having more water molecules in contact with air, the evaporation rate is improved over a still pond. In addition, the air bubbles have an elevated temperature relative to the ambient air temperature. The evaporation rate is related to the ambient air temperature. Thus, using heated air bubbles effectively increases the ambient air temperature, thus increasing the evaporation rate. Further, compared with sprayer systems, injecting air reduces the operational costs as the system offers lower pressure drop, and no scaling occurs within the ducts that bring the air into the evaporation pond. 
         [0053]    There are many alternatives to the specifics discussed herein. For one thing, any of the features shown in any of the discussion provided herein could be incorporated into or combined with any other feature or design discussed herein. As a further example, any of the functionality of any of the described components could be combined with other components or further separated. 
         [0054]    While the embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered as examples and not restrictive in character. For example, certain embodiments described hereinabove may be combinable with other described embodiments and/or arranged in other ways (e.g., process elements may be performed in other sequences). Accordingly, it should be understood that only example embodiments and variants thereof have been shown and described.