Abstract:
A method of monitoring quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network includes obtaining a metric associated with the telephone call where the metric is based on data packets that are transmitted daring the telephone call, and determining whether the metric exceeds a threshold. Plural metrics may be obtained and the method may determine whether the plural metrics exceed corresponding thresholds.

Description:
CLAIM TO PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This patent, application claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/809,063 filed on May 26, 2006 (docket no. 19825-004P01). The contents of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/809,063 are hereby incorporated by reference into this patent application as if set forth herein in full. 
     
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This patent application relates generally to monitoring the quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) enables users to make telephone calls over a computer network, such, as the Internet. VoIP is used to convert a voice signal from a telephone into a digital signal which can be transmitted over the computer network. At a receiving end, VoIP is used to convert the digital signal back into a voice signal. 
         [0004]    SIP is a signaling protocol for VoIP. In particular, SIP is a request/response protocol that allows devices to set up a communication session over a network. Real-time transport protocol (RTP) is typically used during the communication session to carry voice and other data between the devices on the network. 
         [0005]    Problems can arise during transmission of telephone calls over a network. For example, excessive network traffic can create a bottleneck at a node on the network, thereby affecting the quality of telephone calls transmitted through the node. Also, a node oil the network can fail or function improperly, which can also have a deleterious effect on telephone calls transmitted through the network. These problems are not unique to telephone calls that are implemented using. VoIP (e.g., telephone calls routed over a computer network), bin rather such problems can occur in any network over which telephone calls are routed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    This patent application describes methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for monitoring quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network. 
         [0007]    In general, this patent describes a method of monitoring quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network. The method comprises obtaining a metric associated with the telephone call, where the metric is based on data packets that are transmitted during the telephone call, and determining whether the metric exceeds a threshold. The method may also include one or more of the following features, either alone or in combination. 
         [0008]    Obtaining the metric may comprise obtaining plural metrics associated with the telephone call. Determining whether the metric exceeds the threshold may comprise determining whether the plural metrics exceed corresponding plural thresholds. 
         [0009]    The metric may comprise at least one of data, packet loss and jitter of the data packets. The method may comprise performing a traceroute through the network to obtain the metric, increasing a frequency of the traceroute if the metric exceeds die threshold, obtaining a second metric after increasing the frequency of the traceroute, determining whether the second metric exceeds the threshold, and adjusting a frequency at which the traceroute is performed based on whether the metric exceeds the threshold. 
         [0010]    The method may comprise performing the following actions at least until the metric is below the threshold: obtaining the metric periodically and, each time the metric is obtained, determining whether the metric exceeds the threshold. 
         [0011]    The method may comprise receiving information from nodes of the network, and rooting subsequent telephone calls based on the information. The information may comprise one or more records associated with telephone calls routed through different paths of the network. The method may comprise using the information and other information relating to routing of other telephone calls through the network to locate a problem, on the network. The subsequent telephone calls may be rented to attempt to avoid the problem. The metric may relate to degradation in call quality. The degradation represented by the metric may not be detectable by a human ear. The metric may be weighted. The weight may correspond to a system that initiates the telephone call. 
         [0012]    The foregoing method of monitoring quality of a telephone call may be implemented using one or more machine-readable media. The one or mom machine-readable media stores instructions that are executable by one or more processing devices to perform the method. The method may be implemented using one or more apparatus and/or systems that include one or more processing devices and memory for storing instructions that are executable by one or more processing devices. 
         [0013]    In general, this patent application also describes a method of locating faults on a network. The method comprises identifying an endpoint device on the network that is experiencing a problem with placing a telephone call over the network, and identifying paths through the network that are experiencing a problem and that are used by the endpoint device but not by other endpoint devices. The method may also include one or more of the following features, either alone or in combination. 
         [0014]    The method may include using real-time transfer protocol (RTF) data and/or real-time transfer control protocol (RTCP) data to identify the fault in the network or to identify a limit is another network that is inbound or outbound to the network. The RTF data and/or the RTCP data may be used to identify faults in the network by time based on a condition of the network. 
         [0015]    The foregoing method of locating faults on a network may be implemented using one or more machine-readable media. The one or more machine-readable media stores instructions that are executable by one or more processing devices to perform the method. The method may be implemented via one or more apparatus, and/or systems that include one or more processing devices and memory for storing instructions that are executable by the one or more processing devices. 
         [0016]    The details of one or more examples are set form in foe accompanying drawings and the description below. Further features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
     
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a network on which a process for monitoring the quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network may be implemented. 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an endpoint device on fee network of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing a process for monitoring the quality of a telephone call transmitted over a network. 
       
    
    
       [0020]    Like reference numerals in different figures indicate like elements. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]      FIG. 1  shows a network  10 , over which devices  11   a  to  11   e , such as telephones, communicate. Devices  11   a  to  11   e  (which are hereinafter referred to as “communication devices”) may be VoIP-enabled, or non-VoIP-enabled. For example, the communication devices may be standard telephones, cellular telephones, VoIP-enabled telephones, or any combination thereof. The communication devices may also include processing devices, such as computers or any other data processing apparatus including, but not limited to, desktop or laptop computers, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and gaming devices. 
         [0022]    Network  10  may be an IP-enabled, network, and may include a local area network (LAN), such as an intranet, and/or a wide area network (WAN), which may, or may not, include the Internet. Network  10  may be wired, wireless, or a combination of the two. Network  10  may also include part of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). 
         [0023]    For the purposes of this description, network  10  can be conceptualized as a set of nodes. These nodes include endpoint devices (or simply, “endpoints”)  12   a  to  12   e  and intermediary devices  14   a  to  14   h  for routing data, including telephone calls, between the various endpoints. Examples of intermediary devices include, but are not limited to, routers, switches, gateways, or the like. Examples of endpoints include servers for routing telephone calls, monitoring call quality, and adjusting routing based on call quality, as described in more detail below. Other examples of endpoints include servers or other computers that are maintained by services provides including, but not limited to, long-distance providers, such as MCI® and Sprint®, or VoIP providers. 
         [0024]    Each of endpoints  12   a  to  12   e  may be identical in structure and function, or at least have certain structure and functionality in common. This common structure and functionality is described with respect to endpoint  12   a  ( FIG. 2 ). Since the other endpoints contain this, structure and functionality, detailed descriptions thereof are omitted. 
         [0025]    Endpoint  12   a  may include one server  15   a  or multiple server  15   a  to  15   c  (servers  15   b  and  15   c  are depicted using dashed lines to indicate that they are optional). Each of servers  15   a  to  15   c  may have the same, or similar, hardware and/or software, configuration. In this implementation, servers  15   a  to  15   c  act together to perform, the various functions described below, in other implementations, a single server may perform all of the server functions. In the case of multiple servers, server  15   a  may act as a controller or “load, balancer” for the remaining servers  15   b  and  15   c . In this role, server  15   a  may route, data, requests, and instructions between a client (e.g., a VoIP communication device) and a “slave” device, such as server  15   b . Server  15   a  may store information locally, then route data to another device, such as device  15   b . For the purposes of the following, such internal communications between server  15   a  and any slave devices will be assumed. 
         [0026]    Server  15   a  may be any type of processing device that is capable of receiving and storing data, and of communicating with VoIP clients. As shown in  FIG. 2 , server  15   a  includes one or more processors  16  and memory  17  that stores computer programs that are executed by processors)  16 . In this regard, memory  17  stems a computer program  19  for communicating with other devices using, e.g., session initiation protocol (SIP), Memory  17  also contains one or more computer programs  20  for executing process  25  described herein, and one or more storage areas  21  for use as data storage. 
         [0027]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , in this implementation, each communication device  11   a  to  11   e  communicates over network  10  via an endpoint. For example, VoIP-enabled communication device  11  is communicates through endpoint  12   a ; VoIP-enabled communication device  11   b  communicates through endpoint  12   b ; non-VoIP-enabled communication device  11   d  communicates through endpoints  12   e  and/or  12   d ; and so on. In other implementations, one or more of communication devices may sot go through an endpoint to reach network  10 . 
         [0028]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , process  25  is shown which may be performed by computer program  20  in one or more endpoints to monitor the quality of one or more telephones call transmitted across network  10 , and/or to re-route one or more subsequent telephone calls based on information obtained via the monitoring. Process  25  will be described in the context of endpoint  12   a  (here, a computer, such as a server), however, process  25  may be performed by any and all endpoints or other devices on network  10 . 
         [0029]    According to process  25 , endpoint  12   a  makes ( 30 ) a telephone call over network  10 . That is, endpoint  12   a  receives call data from a communication device  11   a , such as a telephone. Endpoint  12   a  may then formulate a call, e.g., to another endpoint  12   d , such as a server for a long distance provider. In this implementation, foe call is established using SIP and data packets for the call are transferred using FTP. Real-time transfer control protocol (RTCP) is used to provide out-of-band control information for RTP, RTCP provides feedback on the quality of service (QoS) being provided by RTF, QoS may also be based on evaluation of the RTF packets. One feature of RTCP is that it provides for monitoring of lost data packets and jitter at the source of a call at the destination of a call and at one or more nodes between the source and destination. Jitter is a variation in packet transit delay, which may be caused by several factors including, but not limited to, queuing, contention and serialization effects. With respect to monitoring lost data packets, data packets are typically sequential. RTCP is able to identity lost data packets based on a break in the packet sequence. 
         [0030]    By using RTF and RTCP collected data, faults can be associated wits a local network, an inbound network, or an outbound network. Furthermore, changes in call quality may vary by time-of-day, e.g., times with greater amounts of traffic may experience lower call quality. The RTF and RTCP may be used to identify the times of day that provide lowest call quality for given network conditions. 
         [0031]    Once the call is established, process  25  performs ( 31 ) a traceroute for the call. Generally speaking, a traceroute identifies a path that data packets for the call take through network  10  and the amount of time it took to arrive at each node (i.e., hop) of the network. The traceroute may be implemented by sending a “ping” to each hop on the network, initially, the traceroute is performed at a predetermined frequency, such as every five seconds. The traceroute thus establishes a baseline for the network. The baseline may be a point to which subsequent operation of the network may be compared. 
         [0032]    The traceroute also establishes the network topology for use in identification of command and unique paths for multiple endpoints. This may be done in order to facilitate fault location, e.g., by observing which endpoints experience a problem, which do not, and then correlating the common and unique parts of foe paths through the network. For example, network paths that are unique to selected endpoints are more likely to contain a fault if the selected endpoints are experiencing problems and ether endpoints (e.g., that share common network paths with the selected endpoints) are not. There may also be a correlation of data packet loss over time in a traceroute from a single endpoint, which can aid in location of the network fault. 
         [0033]    Process  25  obtains ( 32 ), via the traceroute, one or more metrics associated with the call. That is, in response to the ping, the device that initiated the traceroute receives information (the metrics) from the device that was “pinged”. In this implementation, the metrics include, but are not limited to, amounts of jitter and packet loss between the source and destination of the call. As indicated above, RTCP provides for monitoring of lost data packets and jitter from die source of a call. The traceroute obtains this RTCP-maintained information. The traceroute also enables identification of nodes of network  10  that have failed or that are not working properly. Referring to  FIG. 1 , for example, process  25  may receive no information beyond node  14   c  (between, source  12   a  and destination  12   e ) in response to the traceroute. From this, process  25  may infer that one or more nodes beyond node  14   c  has either failed, or is not working properly. 
         [0034]    After process  25  obtains the metrics, process  25  performs a comparison ( 34 ) of the metrics to a predetermined threshold. The individual metrics may be compared to separate corresponding thresholds or, alternatively, the metrics may be combined into a single metric and compared to a single threshold. If one or more metric(s) exceed one or more of the threshold(s), process  25  increases ( 35 ) the frequency of the traceroute (e.g., from five second intervals to one second intervals), and returns to block  32 , where part  36  of process  25  is repeated until the metric(s) are below the threshold(s). The frequency is increased in order to obtain additional information from the network. 
         [0035]    In this implementation, a threshold may correspond to an acceptable QoS, and may relate, e.g., to an acceptable amount of jitter and/or an acceptable packet loss (e.g. twenty packets lost in a live second interval). The amount of call degradation represented by the threshold may not be detectable by the human ear. Thus, routing corrections may be made, as described below, before call degradation on a route reaches an audible level. 
         [0036]    Process  25  continues to perform trace-routes as described above during the course of the call. The information obtained via the traceroutes may be stored in endpoint  12   a , As explained above, this information defines the QoS associated with the call, and may include the number of packets lost during the call or during a predefined period of the call, the amount of jitter during the call or during a predefined period, and information indicating problems in network  10 , such as which network nodes are disabled. 
         [0037]    In this implementation, the QoS information is obtained for multiple calls made by the same endpoint and for multiple devices on the same network  10 . In some implementations, the information is obtained for every call made by each endpoint and for every endpoint on network  10 . In any case, the information may be sent to a central monitoring system, winch may coordinate call routing, as described below. The central monitoring system may be a designated endpoint or other device on network  10 . 
         [0038]    More specifically, foe central monitoring system receives the QoS information from the various endpoints (or other devices) on network  10  and, based on that information, designates call routes through network  10 . The central monitoring system may designate routes that have the fewest number of packets lost, routes that have the least jitter, routes in which no device are inoperable or disabled, routes that have the shortest path to a destination, or some combination thereof. 
         [0039]    In designating its routes, the central monitoring system may use information from the various endpoints to identify, with greater precision, faults on network  10 . Since the central monitoring system receives information from endpoints that have used different routes through foe network, the central monitoring system is able to use triangulation to identify faults on network  10 . For example, the central monitoring system may receive information from device  12   d  that it does not receive traceroute information beyond node  14   e . The central monitoring system may also receive information from device  12   e  that it is able to access endpoint  12   b . Knowing tins, and the configuration of network  10 , the central monitoring system is able to ascertain that node  14   d  is not operating properly and, as such, designate routes that do not include node  14   d  in an attempt to avoid network faults. Factors other than those described above may also be taken into consideration, by the central monitoring system when designating routes through network  10 . For example, the central monitoring system may correlate data packet loss and jitter over foe network based on a sequence of traceroutes (or pings) to determine loss over the network. The correlation may also be over time, and from a single or multiple nodes, in order to determine the location of a fault on foe network. 
         [0040]    The designated routes may be distributed from the central monitoring system to the various endpoints. Updates to these routes may be made via process  25 , which may be performed on a continuous basis in order to keep the routes up-to-date. Bach endpoint may then route subsequent telephone calls in accordance with its designated route(s). For example, the subsequent telephone calls may be routed to avoid problems on network  10 . 
         [0041]    The central monitoring system may designate routes that are advantageous for each device given foe device&#39;s location on network  10 . Also, weights may be assigned to QoS information from different endpoints. As a result, some endpoints (e.g., predefined trusted endpoints) may have a greater effect on the routes designated by the central monitoring system than others. In like manner, a group or groups of endpoints may be given greater weight man others endpoints. 
         [0042]    Process  25  and its various modifications (hereinafter referred to as “the processes”) can be implemented, at least in part, via a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in one or more information carriers, e.g., in one or more machine-readable storage media or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. 
         [0043]    A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a network. 
         [0044]    Actions associated with implementing the processes can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the calibration process. All or part of the processes can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). 
         [0045]    Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only storage area or a random access storage area or both. Elements of a computer (including a server) include one or more processors for executing instructions and one or more storage area devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data, from, or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-Optical disks, or optical disks. Information earners suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile storage area, including by way of example, semiconductor storage area devices, e.g., EPROM, EPROM, and flash storage area devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. 
         [0046]    The processes are not limited to use with VoIP-enabled telephones or to any particular network configuration. Likewise, the processes are not limited to the specific hardware and protocols described herein. 
         [0047]    Elements of different implementations described herein may be combined to form other implementations not specifically set forth above. Other implementations not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims.