Abstract:
For large screen video displays using line-doubling to reduce scan line visibility, where a video source signal in standard interlaced format such as NTSC is converted to line-doubled non-interlaced format for progressively scanned display, visible motion degradations such as edge shimmer and strobe effects due to film-sourced video material are minimized by improved motion-detection video processing taught by this invention. In advance of actual display, successive fields are monitored for motion value in a first motion-detector and microprocessor comparator/analyzer where fields having high field-motion-value are detected as H-fields. Then, for display, each H-field is modified by pixel-averaging with a selected non-H-field. The regular and averaged fields are correctly sequenced to achieve vertical pixel alignment and smooth motion transitions thus minimizing film-source edge motion degradation. Film-mode entry and exit are accomplished automatically in a second motion-detector-analyzer that accomplishes fast film/video recognition and mode-switching. Film-mode entry and exit are each accomplished within a time period of one field, several times faster than in known art; such fast entry and exit are particularly important in avoiding visible motion defects under worst case conditions where regular video material is fragmented by frequent and/or non-synchronous spliced insertions of film-sourced or computer-generated portions.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is in the field of video and television, and more particularly the field of large screen displays where a standard input video signal, e.g. NTSC, formatted for interlaced scan, is converted to a line-doubled non-interlaced format for progressive scanning at a doubled scan rate. The invention is directed to motion-detection as applied to two aspects of line-doubled video processing optimized for video input material containing pull-down film-sourced segments: field-motion enhancement and film/video mode switching. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In high quality large-screen television displays, the visibility of the scanning line structure can be reduced by scan line multiplication, e.g. line-doubling. In the well known standard NTSC system, alternate 60 Hz fields having 262.5 lines are interlaced 2:1 to provide 525 line vertical resolution in 30 Hz frames; conventional interlaced scanning has proven to be susceptible to motion artifacts and other anomalies at the 30 Hz frame rate, especially with large screen displays. 
     By doubling the scan rate, the scanning can be made non-interlaced, i.e. progressively scanned, and the frame rate doubled to 60 Hz so that each field constitutes a complete 525 line frame. Additional integer multiplication can be utilized to further disguise the scanning line structure. Such line multiplication tends to accentuate the motion deficiencies inherent in the original interlaced format, e.g. strobe effects, shimmer and jaggedness along the edges of moving objects; thus further processing is required to obtain smoother displayed motion through timing correction. 
     Such correction typically involves separating the luminance (Y) from the chrominance (C) with a comb filter and motion-processing at least the luminance portion utilizing circuitry including delay means to provide successive fields of Y data for comparison and interpolation. Integrated circuit application data published by NEC Corporation, Japan describes Y/C separation and motion detection in connection with IC product uPD9380 and describes Y-C interpolation in connection with uPD9382. Scan conversion including Y signal separation and data interpolation techniques are described in connection with uPD41101/uPD41102 digital delay lines. 
     Transfer of film to videotape has been performed for many years using an artifice known as pulldown, where a difference between the film frame rate and a higher video frame rate is reconciled by using successive film frames for two and three video fields respectively. Film with a frame rate of 24 per second is transferred to NTSC video (60 interlaced 262.5 line fields/30 525 line frames per second nominal) using 3/2 pulldown: every odd film frame is encoded in two fields, i.e. shown twice, and every even frame is encoded in three fields, i.e. shown three times. Without special compensation, there will be unwanted anomalies appearing on edges of moving images. 
     With line multiplication, the motion-processing required for film-sourced video is substantially different than that required for normal video (e.g. video camera) sources, so generally two separate motion-processors are required. Thus a line-doubler to be used with a mixture of standard video material and film-originated material needs to be able to operate in either of two motion-processing modes: a normal video mode and a film mode. Selecting between these two modes requires motion-detection circuitry that can quickly recognize the beginning and end of film material inserts and control automatic film mode entry and exit.; however, in known art, film-mode entry is prolonged excessively due to the time required for the film-mode processor to acquire synchronization after film-sourcing has been detected. 
     High quality doubled video display requires the reaction time period required to accomplish such mode-detection and mode-switching needs to be made as short as possible for both entry and exit in order to suppress motion-artifacts appearing at moving image edges during the transition periods. This is particularly important when dealing with source material that was originally transferred from film to video in a pull-down process then edited electronically such that the film/video field pattern is highly fragmented and spliced, often in a non-synchronous manner. Film-video mode detectors and controllers in line multiplication systems of known art fail to react and re-synchronize quickly enough, and thus show shimmering and raggedness at the edges of moving objects during film mode entry and exit transitions. 
     DESCRIPTION OF KNOWN ART 
     As an example of line-doubled video processing to eliminate undesirable edge motion shimmering associated with video images that have originated from 3/2 film transfer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,596 to Faroudja discloses an &#34;Improved Film to Video Converter with Scan Line Doubling&#34;; while this processing approach can avoid unwanted spatial artifacts associated with film-sourced video once the system has become synchronized and runs continuously, Faroudja acknowledges the problem of determining &#34;the alpha and beta sequences&#34;, and, as opposed to motion analysis at the receiver as taught in the present invention, Faroudja elects to &#34;include a sequence control marker and a segment ID marker in the television signal as part of the film-to-video process&#34;, for which are provided an NTSC decoder (44, FIG. 1) and related sequencer control circuitry. In this aspect, the Faroudja invention would require non-standard television broadcast transmission, and is thus inoperable from all presently standard television transmissions since the required special encoded markers are not transmitted. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,280 to Lyon et al discloses a motion sequence pattern detector for recognizing film-sourced video from periodic recurrences of the pattern nMMMM of motion sequences within a succession of 5 video fields, where n represents &#34;no motion&#34; and M represents &#34;motion&#34;. The response time of this system for film mode entry is typically 15 fields (0.25 second) following the start of a film mode segment, and the exit time is 5 fields (0.083 second). Motion artifacts would be visible during these entry and exit response time periods. 
     FIG. 1 is an overall block diagram of a scan line doubler that is generally representative of known art. An input video luminance signal Y0 is replicated by Y1 which is delayed by one field in delay circuit 10A and by Y2 which is delayed by one additional field in a second identical series-connected delay circuit 10B. Signals Y0, Y1 and Y2 are processed through FIFO (first-in-first out) time-compressors 12A, 12B and 12C respectively for scan-doubling, i.e. horizontal line double speed conversion; their outputs are applied to a multiplexer 14 which is under control of a sequencer 16, which receives as input the signals Y0, Y1 and Y2 delayed by 0, 1 and 2 fields respectively. 
     The one-field delay circuits 10A, 10B and the time compressors 12A, 12B and 12C are typically implemented as digital circuitry, so that where the video source is analog, an A/D converter, typically 8 bit, would be required to provide digital signal input (YO). Multiplexer 14 can be implemented with either digital or analog circuitry; for analog multiplexing, a D/A converter would be required at each signal input port of multiplexer 14. 
     The processing in sequencer 16 and multiplexer 14 is critical to the quality of motion reproduction in the displayed image; processing that is optimal for regular video, e.g. from a camera where motion is smooth and continuous, is unsatisfactory for film-sourced video because the motion forms a discrete pattern having discontinuities due to field-to-field anomalies inherent in pull-down film-to-video transfer. Since two separate modes are required, a film mode and a regular video mode, mode-selection may be provided by the additional components shown in dashed lines: a SPDT output switch 18 selects between first and second line-doubled signals Y&#39; and Y&#34;, derived from two different processing modes. Such switching may be made automatic by actuating switch 18 by a control signal F/V from sequencer 16 as shown. As discussed above, the mode-switching response time, as addressed by the present invention, is particularly critical in the presence of spliced film-sourced fragmentation of the incoming video signal. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a line-doubling video processing mode operating from a logic protocol that is fully optimized for film-sourced video and that minimizes visible motion degradation attributable to the original film-to-video pull-down transfer process. 
     It is a further object to provide capability in the line doubler system for quickly detecting start and finish points of film-sourced portions spliced between regular video portions, and for accordingly switching between a regular video mode of known art and the film mode according to the present invention. 
     It is a further object to accomplish each event of such detecting and mode-switching in an unprecedented response time, not exceeding one scan field (i.e. 16.66 milliseconds at 60 HZ scan rate) for entering or exiting the film mode, regardless of whether the splicing is synchronous. 
     It is a further object to provide a film mode line doubler including a film/video mode-controller, that can be economically produced from commercially available electronic components and readily incorporated with an existing line-doubled video display system. 
     In connection with the above objects, it is an overall object to provide motion detector circuitry that detects pixel level movement values, sums and accumulates absolute movement values over each field time duration, quantifies the field motion values, and detects fields having a high motion value indicative of film-sourcing. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 2 is a simplified overall block diagram of a line doubler system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, providing novel implementation of the functions of sequencer 14 and multiplexer 16 of FIG. 1; these are replaced by multiplexer 14A of FIG. 2 containing novel motion detection circuitry and logic for processing film-sourced video in an automatically synchronized manner that achieves the objects of the invention as stated above. In comparison with FIG. 1 there is one additional field delay 10C and time compressor 12C. Sequencer 16 along with input lines Y0, Y1 and Y2 of FIG. 1, are eliminated. The four time-compressed signals 2Y0-2Y3 are converted by D/A converters 22A-22D to analog signals A2Y0-A2Y3 that are applied as input to multiplexer 14A. 
     The output signal Y&#39; is reconstructed primarily from the one-field-delayed signal 2Y1 and the two-field-delayed signal 2Y2 and therefore Y&#39; is delayed by about two fields relative to input Yin compared to about a one field delay introduced by the prior art system of FIG. 1: this additional one field delay, which is of no significant operational consequence or detriment, allows the present invention to achieve superior motion performance through a form of &#34;preview&#34; motion detection and analysis. 
     Multiplexer 14A comprises motion detectors of the present invention wherein picture information from two successive fields are subtracted on pixel basis to obtain motion difference values. These are converted from signed differences to unsigned absolute values; these are summed and accumulated over each field duration providing a field-motion signal that is quantized and analyzed digitally in a microcontroller for the occurrence of anomolous high-motion fields according to programmed criteria. 
     Two similar motion detectors are utilized: in the first motion detector, which performs field-averaging motion enhancement, each field of the signal is in effect previewed before display and analyzed for absolute pixel motion values, which are converted to absolute (i.e. unsigned) values, summed, accumulated and quantized for each field. The motion detector is programmed to detect H-fields, i.e. fields having abnormally high motion value indicative of discrete motion patterns, e.g. from computer animation, or from film pull-down transfer where one of every three fields is an H-field. When an H-field is detected it is modified, for display in the next field period, by averaging it at the pixel level with an appropriate neighboring regular field (non-H-field). This results in smoother film frame progression and minimizes motion degradations of edge shimmer and strobe effects in the display that are inherent in known art methods of scan-doubler processing of film-sourced video, including patents cited above, where film frames are repeated three and four times, whereas in the present invention no frame is repeated more than twice. 
     The second motion detector performs mode-selection by monitoring and analyzing even- and odd-line signals that have been processed through the above-described field-averaging process. The second motion detector includes a microcontroller portion that is programmed to detect the presence or absence of film-sourced motion in accordance with designated H-field occurrence criteria, and accordingly actuates a video/film mode switch that selects, as the line-doubled video drive source for the display, either an existing video-mode processor or the film-mode processor utilizing motion detection according to the present invention. 
     Film mode entry and exit via the mode switch are accomplished in the film-mode processor within a response time of one field, even under worst case conditions, e.g. when handling frequent transitions of non-synchronously spliced film-sourced video program segments. This being several times faster than the response of film-source detection/mode-selection systems of known art, the present invention achieves a significant reduction of visible edge motion degradations in the display, particularly when frequent transitions are required as in densely-spliced mixtures of video- and film-sourced material. 
     A preferred embodiment is disclosed employing a cost-effective combination of analog and digital components in appropriate roles in both of the above-described aspects: two identical field adders are implemented with analog circuitry, and two motion detectors have identical analog portions that perform absolute-conversion, quasi-peak detection, summing accumulation and zero resetting. A microcontroller, receiving a field-motion signal input from the two analog motion detector portions, performs field-motion quantization and field-to-field comparisons thereof, and consequently provides as outputs a field-averaging switch-control signal and a fast film/video mode-control signal. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention is best understood through studying the following descriptions in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a simplified overall block diagram of a basic line-doubler system of known art. FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a line-doubler system in accordance with the present invention. FIG.3 is a functional block diagram of the multiplexer of FIG. 2 showing analog circuitry schematically. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the motion detectors in the multiplexer of FIG. 3 including analog circuitry and a microcontroller. FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing the line/field relationships of signals Y0-Y3, FA1-2, SW and Y&#39; for basic operation of scan-line-doubling, referencing FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 6 is shows five successive scan lines and a field motion value equation in connection with the operation of the motion-detection multiplexer of FIGS. 3. FIG. 7 is a timing diagram of the motion-detecting multiplexer of FIG. 3 operating in the film mode, showing the processing and field selection sequences for five successive film frames. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic/block diagram of multiplexer 14A of FIG. 2. The analog signals A2Y0, A2Y1, A2Y2 and A2Y3 (delayed by 0, 1, 2 and 3 fields respectively) are applied as input to multiplexer 14A. 
     A first field adder 26A receives signal A2Y2 directly and receives signal A2Y0 via switch 24A. 
     Signals A2Y0 and A2Y1 are applied to respective inputs of a motion detector 28A whose output MD1 controls switches 24A and 24B such that they act together in a DPST mode, opening and closing in response to logic levels 0 and 1 respectively in signal MD1. 
     A second field adder 26B, identical with field adder 26A, receives signal A2Y1 directly and receives signal A2Y3 via switch 24B. 
     Signals FA1 and FA2, outputs from field adders 26A and 26B respectively, are applied to input terminals of SPDT selector switch 30, which is actuated continuously at the doubled horizontal scanning rate, thus providing as output the line-doubled progressive-scan video signal Y&#39; with lines from the odd and even fields correctly interleaved. 
     Signals FA1 and FA2 are also applied to the inputs of motion detector 28B which performs film/video identification, providing as output the control signal F/V for actuating a mode-selector switch (e.g. switch 18, FIG. 1) to select between film and video modes for display. 
     The two field adders 26A and 26B have identical circuitry with op-amp A1 connected as a feedback unity gain buffer. Input resistors R1 and R2 are equal in resistance value and thus form a 2:1 attenuator at each input when switches 24A and 24B are closed; however when switches 24A and 24B are open there is no attenuation at the other input of the op-amp. Thus field adder 26A averages the even fields, i.e. (A2Y0+A2Y2)/2, when switch 24A is closed and transmits A2Y2 alone at full value when switch 24A is open; and similarly field adder 26B averages the odd fields, i.e. (A2Yl+A2Y3)/2, when switch 24B is closed and transmits A2Y1 alone at full value when switch 24A is open. 
     FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the circuitry of field motion detector/analyzers 28A and 28B of FIG. 3. The analog portions of these, for which circuitry is shown, are identical: the outputs of a differential amplifier A2 with diodes D1 and D2 form a full wave rectifier, which with 100k ohm resistor R3 provides a quasi-peak detected signal md1 (md2) at capacitor C1, representing an absolute motion value, i.e. any algebraic minus sign is removed. These absolute motion values, md1 and md2, in the form of zero-based ramp waveforms are applied via a pair of A/D converters 34&#39; as input to corresponding sections 34A and 34B of a microcontroller 34. Switches 32 connected across capacitors C1 are pulsed continuously from the microcontroller 34 at the field rate, 60 Hz, so as to discharge capacitors C1 between fields, thus resetting the motion values, md1 and md2, to zero so as to start the ramp waveform of each field uniformly at zero. The amplitude of each ramp waveform is sampled by the microcontroller at a designated slice of time along the waveform so as to obtain a quantitative motion value for the corresponding field. The sampling time slice is typically chosen to be near the high end of the ramp, e.g. at 90% of the ramp duration, however the sampling may be done much earlier, e.g. as early as 5% of the ramp duration or approximately the twentieth scan line, in the second motion detector to accomplish even faster film mode exit performance. 
     The microcontroller section 34A compares the motion value of each field with that of the previous field: if there is an increase beyond a designated threshold the field is detected as an H-field (high-motion-value field); if there is no detected increase the field is categorized as a non-H-field having a regular motion value. Identification of a non-H-field results in logic 0 at output MD1 during the subsequent field and detection of an H-field results in logic 1 at output MD1 during the subsequent field, actuating field-adder switches 24A and 24B accordingly. The detection threshold in section 34A is set at 1.05, thus an H-field is detected when the motion value is more than 5% above that of the previous field. 
     Section 34B of microcontroller 34, receiving signals md2 and MD1 as inputs, continuously analyzes md2 and monitors MD1 to control the F/V output. Section 34B is programmed with the following criteria: initially in the video mode, in the absence of detected discrete motion, continuous (at least two fields) absence of H-field detection at md2 causes the output F/V to remain at V, sustaining the video mode. Following detection of an H-field in md1 (i.e. MD1=1), subsequent detection of a non-H field at md2 will cause the F/V output to immediately transition and switch the system to enter the film mode by actuating the mode switch to drive the display from output Y&#39; of multiplexer 14A. Output F/V will hold at F and sustain the film mode as long as an H-field is detected at MD1 at least once in every three successive fields and no H-fields are detected in the second motion detector 28B. Then upon detection of an H-field in the second motion detector 28B, the output F/V will transition to V, actuating the mode switch (e.g. switch 18 FIG. 1) to immediately exit from the film mode. 
     In an alternative implementation, section 34B can be made to receive md1 as input instead of MD1, with appropriate programming to accomplish the above-described operation and result. 
     FIG. 5 is a timing diagram of the scan-line-doubling process showing the relationship of signals Y0-Y3 from FIG. 2 and signals FA1, FA2, SW and Y&#39; from FIG. 3. In the presence of motion and/or film sourcing, activation of motion detector 28A will result in field-averaging of Y0 with Y2 and Y1 with Y3 as explained below in connection with FIG. 7. However, in a basic condition where the signal source is regular video (not film-sourced) and is virtually motionless, the system operates in the V (video) mode with motion detectors 28A and 28B remaining inoperative and holding switches 24A and 24B open so that FA1 replicates A2Y2 and FA2 replicates A2Y1. In either case, a line-doubled signal Y&#39; is generated continuously at the output of multiplexer 14A, however this is selected for display only when motion detector 28B detects film-mode sourcing, otherwise switch 28B remains in the V mode where the output control signal V selects the output signal from the main system line-doubler for viewing, e.g. via switch 18, FIG. 1. 
     For illustrative purposes regarding FIG. 5, the source signal (Yin, FIG. 2) is assumed to have an interlaced format with five lines per frame, i.e. 2 1/2lines per field. 
     Rows 1 and 3 of FIG. 5 show the timing and sequences of numbered scan lines and field/frame relationships of signals Y0/Y2 and Y1/Y3 respectively. 
     Rows 2 and 4 show the corresponding timing and sequences of at FA1 and FA2, the outputs of field adders 26A and 26B respectively. 
     Row 5 shows the waveform of control signal SW: a square wave at the doubled scan rate applied to switch 30. 
     Row 6 shows the output signal Y&#39; as commutated by switch 30 selecting FA1 and FA2 alternately. In this progressively-scanned (non-interlaced) scan-line-doubled output luminance signal Y&#39;, each field is a complete frame, the scan rate and the frame rate have been doubled, and the output scan lines are seen to be in correct progressive sequence: 1 2 3 4 5. 
     FIG. 6 shows vertical pixel alignment in five successive lines that are progressively-scanned lines as in the doubled video output Y&#39; of the multiplexer 14A of FIG. 3 and shown at row 6 of FIG. 5. The accumulated absolute field motion value associated with the operation of motion detectors 28A and 28B in FIG. 3 is defined by the equation: field motion value=[a-b]+[f-g]+[c-b]+[g-h]+[c-d]+[h-i]. . . etc., taken over the time duration of a field. 
     FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating the film-mode processing of a series of five successive original film frames A-E in the multiplexer 14A (FIG. 3) of the present invention, including the field-selection process that provides the motion-enhanced output luminance signal Y&#39;. 
     Row 1 shows five original film frames A through E. 
     Row 2 shows the undelayed signal A2Y0/Y0 with even and odd fields from the original film-sourced interlaced video signal. The 3/2pulldown relationship with row 1 is evident: three A&#39;s, two B&#39;s, three C&#39;s, two D&#39;s. . . . .etc. 
     Row 3 shows the motion value ramp waveform md1 developed by analog portion of the first motion detector 28A. The amplitude of the ramps will vary according to amount of motion present as well as on the video content, reaching minimum when two successive fields are identical, i.e. black or white, and going to maximum if two successive fields are totally different, e.g. black and white. As a feature of the present invention, the influence of such unwanted fluctuations is eliminated by detecting H-fields by field-motion-value comparison with the previous field on the basis of requiring a predetermined relative increase in absolute motion value that is indicative of film-sourcing or other discrete motion irregularities. 
     Under a still or low-motion picture condition regardless of whether the incoming signal is film or video sourced, the amplitude of md1 would remain below the detection threshold, no H-fields would be detected and thus every field motion value along row 3 would be L, and the system would operate in the video mode. 
     With regular video sourcing, motion is characteristically continuous and the absence of vertically aligned pixels in the successive interlaced video fields (H fields detected at md1) will repeat for md2 delayed by one field, thus the system will remain in the video mode. 
     When film-sourced material appears in the incoming signal, md1, H-fields will be detected from md1 as shown in row 3 where one in every three fields is detected as an H-field, and continuous L-fields will be detected at md2, thus the system will enter the film mode after an H-field is detected at md1 and the subsequent field at md2 is a non-H-field. After entering the film mode, the H-field detection threshold may be increased to 50% to prevent any unnecessary exit from film mode during scene changes. 
     Row 4 shows the one-field delayed signal A2Y1/Y1: subtracting A2Y0-A2Y1 in the first motion detector 28A yields a low motion value L in md1 if A2Y0 and A2Y1 are both from the same film frame, but yields a higher value H in md1 if they are from different frames. 
     Row 5 shows the incoming two-line-delayed signal A2Y2/Y2. 
     Row 6 shows the incoming three-line-delayed signal A2Y3/Y3. 
     Row 7 shows signal MD1, the final output of motion detector 28A, delivered by microcontroller section 28A&#39; which is made to act on md1 (row 3) according to the following rule: whenever md1 is L the subsequent field in output MD1 (row 7) is logic 0, and whenever md1 is H, the subsequent field in output MD1 is logic 1. 
     Row 8 shows how the output luminance signal Y&#39; in progressive scan format is reconstructed by commutative switch 30 (FIG. 3) which recombines the even field-averaged signal FA1 and the odd field-averaged signal FA2 in alternating field sequence. 
     Row 9 shows film-mode field selection corresponding to row 8. It is seen that the odd and even fields are sequenced identically, thus picture information will be in vertical alignment, and that one out of every three fields are now averaged in replacement of the corresponding high-motion transitional fields indicated in row 3. 
     The process of FIG. 7 goes on continuously, restarting automatically by switching at MD1 on a first indication of a film-sourced segment so that synchronization is always automatic and complete ready for display at the instant of mode detection and mode switching execution. 
     In implementing the microcontroller 34 in the present invention, a commercially available microcontroller may be utilized, e.g. Siemens type SAB80535, which includes the required a/d converters 34&#39; at the input ports. 
     The principles involved in the embodiment shown are applicable to scan-multiplication by integers other than 2. 
     The choice between analog and digital circuitry for particular portions of the circuitry is a matter of design choice based on technology availability and cost. 
     The operation as described for luminance signals could be readily applied to motion detection and enhancement of chroma signals. 
     The process of motion detection taught by the present invention can be applied to the aspect of field-averaging enhancement independent of the mode-selection aspect. 
     The invention may be practiced with motion value criteria other than examples given as illustrative and with other variations that are matters of design choice within a working range. 
     The embodiment described is suited to operation from NTSC 525 line 30 Hz frame rate and PAL/SECAM 625 line 25 Hz frame rate standards, and film-to-video transfers from 24, 25 or 30 Hz frame rate to any of the foregoing standards as well as computer-generated (graphic animation) video sources. The principles of the invention are also adaptable to other television/video standards. 
     The invention may be embodied and practiced in other specific forms without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments therefore are considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All variations, substitutions, and changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims therefore are intended to be embraced therein.