Abstract:
A herbicidal compound having the structural formula ##STR1## where R is C 1  -C 10  alkyl; X is oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide or sulfone; and Y is C 1  -C 6  alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds having the structural formula ##STR2## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl and Y is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halogen, cyano or nitro are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,501,286 as being herbicides. 
     A compound of the formula ##STR3## is taught by Pyman and Timmis, J. Chem. Soc., pp. 494-498 (1923). However, no utility for this compound is taught other than its use as an intermediate in the preparation of pharmaceuticals. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to esters of 2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazole carboxylic acid as herbicides. The novel compounds of this invention have the following structural formula (A) ##STR4## wherein 
     R is C 1  -C 10  alkyl, preferably C 2  -C 5  alkyl, more preferably isopropyl, isobutyl, isopentyl or sec-pentyl; and most preferably isopropyl; 
     X is oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide ##STR5## or sulfone ##STR6## and 
     Y is C 1  -C 6  alkyl, preferably C 1  -C 4  alkyl, phenyl, optionally substituted with halogen, preferably chlorine. 
     The structural formula (A) when R and Y are as defined is intended to define compounds of either of the following two structural isomers ##STR7## or mixtures of the two isomers in any proportion. 
     Both isomers are herbicidally active. 
     In the above description of the compounds of this invention alkyl includes both straight and branched configurations; for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, the amyls, the hexyls, the heptyls, the nonyls and the decyls; halogen includes chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine. 
     The compounds of this invention are active herbicides of a general type. That is, they are herbicidally effective against a wide range of plant species. The method of controlling undesirable vegetation of the present invention comprises applying an herbicidally effective amount of the above-described compounds to the area where control is desired. 
     The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by the following general method. ##STR8## wherein R is as defined and TEC is a transesterification catalyst such as Ti(O-alkyl) 4 , preferably Ti(isopropoxy) 4 . ##STR9## wherein R, X and Y are as defined. 
     Generally, for step (1) at least one mole of the alcohol is used for the reaction with the ethyl ester to prepare the imidazoles. Preferably, a slight mole excess of the alcohol is used. The reaction mixture is refluxed until completion of the reaction. The reaction product is recovered by removing the volatile materials. Atmospheric, subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressures can be used, depending on the boiling point of the solvent used. Ethanol is conveniently stripped at elevated temperatures and reduced pressure. 
     Reaction step (2) is run in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature of about 25°-100° C., preferably room temperature, using equal mole amounts of the two reactants and the hydride base. Preferably, the hydride base is sodium hydride. 
     The reaction product is a mixture of (1) and (3) isomers and is worked up by conventional techniques. 
     The following example teaches the synthesis of a representative compound of this invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Isopropyl ester of 2-Bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylic acid ##STR10## 
     To a suspension of 6.4 grams (g) (2.7×10 -2  moles) of ethyl 2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazole carboxylate in 70 milliliters (ml) isopropanol was added 0.6 ml (2.4×10 -3  moles) tetraisopropyl titanate. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 3 days, then concentrated in vacuo to one-half the original volume. The solution was cooled on ice and the precipitated crystalline solid was filtered and air dried to give 3.4 g of the desired product. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Isopropyl ester of N-n-Butoxymethyl-2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylic acid ##STR11## 
     To a suspension of 293 milligrams (mg) (1.22 mM) of sodium hydride in 30 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added, in portions, 3 g (1.22 mM) of isopropyl 2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate. The resulting suspension was cooled to 0° C. and 1.5 g (1.22 mM) of chloromethyl-n-butyl ether was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The precipitated sodium chloride was removed by filtration and concentration of the filtrate in vacuo gave 3.6 g (89%) of the desired product, isopropyl N-n-butoxymethyl-2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate as a golden oil (89% yield). 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Isopropyl ester of N-Methylphenylsulfoxo-2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylic acid ##STR12## 
     To a suspension of 195 mg (8.13 mM) of sodium hydride in 20 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added, in portions, 2 g (8.13 mM) of the isopropyl 2-bromo-4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate. The resulting suspension was cooled to 0° C. and 1.4 g (8.13 mM) of chloromethylphenylsulfoxide was added by drop. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The precipitated sodium chloride was removed by filtration and concentration of the filtrate in vacuo gave 3.1 grams of the desired product as a golden oil (100% yield). 
     The following is a table of certain selected compounds that are preparable according to the procedure described herein. Compound numbers are assigned to each compound and are used throughout the remainder of the application. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________ ##STR13##CompoundNumber     R          X        Y______________________________________1          isopropyl  S        methyl2          ethyl      S        methyl3          isopropyl  SO.sub.2 methyl4          isopropyl  SO       methyl5          isopropyl  S        4-chlorophenyl6          isopropyl  S        phenyl7          isopropyl  SO       phenyl8          isopropyl  O        methyl9          isopropyl  O        n-propyl10         isopropyl  O        n-butyl11         isopropyl  O        sec-butyl12         isopropyl  O        isopropyl______________________________________ 
    
     Herbicidal Screening Tests 
     As previously mentioned, the herein described compounds produced in the above-described manner are phytotoxic compounds which are useful and valuable in controlling various plant species. Selected compounds of this invention were tested as herbicides in the following manner. 
     Pre-emergence herbicide test: On the day preceding treatment, seeds of eight different weed species are planted in loamy sand soil in individual rows using one species per row across the width of a flat. The seeds used are green foxtail (FT) (Setaria viridis), watergrass (WG) (Echinochloa crusgalli), wild oat (WO) (Avena fatua), annual morningglory (AMG) (Ipomoea lacunosa), velvetleaf (VL) (Abutilon theophrasti), Indian mustard (MD) (Brassica juncea), curly dock (CD) (Rumex crispus), and yellow nutsedge (YNG) (Cyperus esculentus). Ample seeds are planted to give about 20 to 40 seedlings per row, after emergence, depending upon the size of the plants. 
     Using an analytical balance, 600 milligrams (mg) of the compound to be tested are weighed out on a piece of glassine weighing paper. The paper and compound are placed in a 60 milliliter (ml) wide-mouth clear bottle and dissolved in 45 ml of acetone or substituted solvent. Eighteen ml of this solution are transferred to a 60 ml wide-mouth clear bottle and diluted with 22 ml of a water and acetone mixture (19:1) containing enough polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier to give a final solution of 0.5% (v/v). The solution is then sprayed on a seeded flat on a linear spray table calibrated to deliver 80 gallons per acre (748 L/ha). The application rate is 4 lb/acre (4.48 Kg/ha). 
     After treatment, the flats are placed in the greenhouse at a temperature of 70° to 80° F. and watered by sprinkling. Two weeks after treatment, the degree of injury or control is determined by comparison with untreated check plants of the same age. The injury rating from 0 to 100% is recorded for each species as percent control with 0% representing no injury and 100% representing complete control. 
     The results of the tests are shown in the following Table II. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________Pre-Emergence Herbicidal ActivityApplication Rate - 4.48 kg/haCmpd.No.   FT      WG     WO   AMG   VL   MD   CD   YNG______________________________________1     25      50     25   85    80   100  70   02      0       0      0    0     0    0    0   03     50      65      0   90    60   100  50   04     60      60     15   80    20   80   85   05     25      80      0    0     0    0    0   06     50      25     40    0    25   50   35   07     85      75     100  100   85   95   75   08     95      100    60   100   100  100  95   09     75      65     75   65    75   100  50   010    60      60      0   25    75   85   60   011    100     100    80   100   100  100  75   --12    100     40      0   65    75   85   35   0______________________________________ -- = Not tested. 
    
     Post-Emergence Herbicide Test: This test is conducted in an identical manner to the testing procedure for the pre-emergence herbicide test, except the seeds of the eight different weed species are planted 10-12 days before treatment. Also, watering of the treated flats is confined to the soil surface and not to the foliage of the sprouted plants. 
     The results of the post-emergence herbicide test are reported in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________Post-Emergence Herbicidal ActivityApplication Rate - 4.48 kg/haCmpd.No.   FT      WG     WO   AMG   VL   MD   CD   YNG______________________________________1      0       0      0    80    60   90  80   02      0       0      0    25    80   15  30   03     50      90     85   100   100  100  50   04     25       0     25    85   100  100  30   05     35      50     40    75    60   95   0   06     90      60     40   100   100  100  100  07     100     100    95   100   100  100  100  258     90      30     100  100   100  100  80   09     100     100    65   100   100  100  100  1010    100     100    85   100    95  100  85   011    60      60      0    75   100  100  75   012    100     70     50   100    95  100  100  0______________________________________ --  = Not Tested 
    
     The compounds of the present invention are useful as herbicides, and can be applied in a variety of ways at various concentrations. in practice, the compounds herein defined are formulated into herbicidal compositions, by admixture, in herbicidally effective amounts, with the adjuvants and carriers normally employed for facilitating the dispersion of active ingredients for agricultural applications, recognizing the fact that the formulation and mode of application of a toxicant may affect the activity of the materials in a given application. Thus, these active herbicidal compounds may be formulated as granules of relatively large particle size, as wettable powders, as emulsifiable concentrates, as powdery dusts, as solutions or as any of several other known types of formulations, depending upon the desired mode of application. Preferred formulations for pre-emergence herbicidal applications are wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates and granules. These formulations may contain as little as about 0.5% to as much as about 95% or more by weight of active ingredient. A herbicidally effective amount depends upon the nature of the seeds or plants to be controlled and the rate of application varies from about 0.05 to approximately 25 pounds per acre, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 pounds per acre. 
     Wettable powders are in the form of finely divided particles which disperse readily in water or other dispersants. The wettable powder is ultimately applied to the soil either as a dry dust or as a dispersion in water or other liquid. Typical carriers for wettable powders include fuller&#39;s earth, kaolin clays, silicas and other readily wet organic or inorganic diluents. Wettable powders normally are prepared to contain about 5% to about 95% of the active ingredient and usually also contain a small amount of wetting, dispersing, or emulsifying agent to facilitate wetting and dispersion. 
     Emulsifiable concentrates are homogenous liquid compositions which are dispersible in water or other dispersant, and may consist entirely of the active compound with a liquid or solid emulsifying agent, or may also contain a liquid carrier, such as xylene, heavy aromatic naphtha, isophorone and other non-volatile organic solvents. For herbicidal application, these concentrates are dispersed in water or other liquid carrier and normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The percentage by weight of the essential active ingredient may vary according to the manner in which the composition is to be applied, but in general comprises about 0.5% to 95% of active ingredient by weight of the herbicidal composition. 
     Granular formulations wherein the toxicant is carried on relatively coarse particles, are usually applied without dilution to the area in which suppression of vegetation is desired. Typical carriers for granular formulations include sand, fuller&#39;s earth, bentonite clays, vermiculite, perlite and other organic or inorganic materials which absorb or which may be coated with the toxicant. Granular formulations normally are prepared to contain about 5% to about 25% of active ingredients which may include surface-active agents such as wetting agents, dispersing agents or emulsifiers; oil such as heavy aromatic naphthas, kerosene or other petroleum fractions, or vegetable oils; and/or stickers such as dextrins, glue or synthetic resins. 
     Typical wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agents used in agricultural formulations include, for example, the alkyl and alkylaryl sulfonates and sulfates and their sodium salts; polyhydroxy alcohols; and other types of surface-active agents, many of which are available in commerce. The surface-active agent, when used, normally comprises from 0.1% to 15% by weight of the herbicidal composition. 
     Dusts, which are free-flowing admixtures of the active ingredient with finely divided solids such as talc, clays, flours and other organic and inorganic solids which act as dispersants and carriers for the toxicant, are useful formulations for soil-incorporating application. 
     Pastes, which are homogenous suspensions of a finely divided solid toxicant in a liquid carrier such as water or oil, are employed for specific purposes. These formulations normally contain about 5% to about 95% of active ingredient by weight, and may also contain small amounts of a wetting, dispersing or emulsifying agent to facilitate dispersion. For application, the pastes are normally diluted and applied as a spray to the area to be affected. 
     Other useful formulations for herbicidal applications include simple solutions of the active ingredient in a dispersant in which it is completely soluble at the desired concentration, such as acetone, alkylated naphthalenes, xylene and other organic solvents. Pressurized sprays, typically aerosols, wherein the active ingredient is dispersed in finely-divided form as a result of vaporization of a low boiling dispersant solvent carrier, such as the Freons, may also be used. 
     The phytotoxic compositions of this invention are applied to the plants in the conventional manner. Thus, the dust and liquid compositions can be applied to the plant by the use of power-dusters, boom and hand sprayers and spray dusters. The compositions can also be applied from airplanes as a dust or a spray because they are effective in very low dosages. In order to modify or control growth of germinating seeds or emerging seedlings, as a typical example, the dust and liquid compositions are applied to the soil according to conventional methods and are distributed in the soil to a depth of at least 1/2 inch below the soil surface. It is not necessary that the phytotoxic compositions be admixed with the soil particles since these compositions can also be applied merely by spraying or sprinkling the surface of the soil. The phytotoxic compositions of this invention can also be applied by addition to irrigation water supplied to the field to be treated. This method of application permits the penetration of the compositions into the soil as the water is absorbed therein. Dust compositions, granular compositions or liquid formulations applied to the surface of the soil can be distributed below the surface of the soil by conventional means such as discing, dragging or mixing operations.