Abstract:
A mold half, especially for blow molding of thermoplastic articles, has a mold body defined at least in part by a single piece of aluminum or aluminum alloy mold material having a cavity and a pinch-off or other feature area and further having a metal-matrix composite (MMC) layer formed integrally in the mold body at the pinch-off or other feature area. A mold is fabricated from two mated mold halves. A process of producing a mold half involves machining a single piece of mold material to provide a mold body having a cavity and a pinch-off or other feature area, the pinch-off or other feature area being of smaller dimension than required for the mold half, integrally forming a metal-matrix composite layer in the pinch-off or other feature area to build up the pinch-off or other feature area to at least a dimension required for the mold half. The metal-matrix composite comprises an aluminum-nickel alloy matrix (e.g. AI-12Si alloy alloyed with Ni) having WC particles embedded therein or a aluminum matrix (e.g. AI-12Si alloy) having TiC particles embedded therein and has greater wear resistance, greater strength, greater toughness or any combination thereof than the mold material.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/366,740 filed Jul. 22, 2010, the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to molding, in particular to one-piece mold halves, especially for blow molding. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Blow molding is a manufacturing process by which hollow plastic parts (such as containers) are formed. It is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The blow molding process begins with melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison or preform. A parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end in which compressed air can pass through. A preform is a molded shape that is prepared prior to the actual blow molding step and then heated to a softened state for blow molding purposes. The basic process has two fundamental phases. First, a parison (or preform) of hot plastic resin is created. Second, a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the hot parison or preform and press it against a mold cavity formed by mold halves. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold halves open up and the part is ejected. The mold halves usually have internal cooling channels and/or heating elements to cool or heat the mold as necessary at the required locations. 
         [0004]    When mold halves are closed together during the molding process they pinch portions of the parison together to form seals at “pinch-off” areas, but excess parison material at the pinch-off areas is not completely cut away. Protruding edges are cut nearly through, creating an airtight closure by pinching the parison along the tail, shoulder and handle areas which makes it easy to break off or otherwise remove the excesses pieces. One method of obtaining more uniform welding lines is to build “dams” into mold halves at the parison pinch-off areas. These dams force some of molten resin back into the mold cavities to produce stronger weld lines. Mold halves are also required to provide features such as threaded necks that receive caps, and “push-ups” (hollows formed in the base of the containers to provide stability). Because, the mold halves at the pinch-off and feature areas are subjected to comparatively high pressure and mechanical stress, wear damage typically occurs at these areas. 
         [0005]    Aluminum alloys are typically used to make blow mold halves due to their good thermal conductivity, light weight and ease of machining. However, aluminum alloys are usually soft and have relatively inferior wear resistance. In order to extend mold life, inserts made of hard and tough metals (typically, beryllium-copper or hardened steel) are used at the pinch-off area as well as areas that provide special features in the aluminum mold ( FIG. 1 ). However, these inserts have to be machined separately from and fastened onto the mold halves, which significantly increases the complexity of the mold design and increases production cost and time for manufacturing and assembling of these inserts. 
         [0006]    Due to the addition of these inserts, cooling channels have to be designed beneath the inserts, which may restrict the effectiveness of the cooling. In addition, beryllium-copper material typically used to make these inserts is quite expensive and more difficult to machine. 
         [0007]    One-piece blow mold halves that eliminate insert segments ( FIG. 2 ) simplify mold design, as they reduce the effort expended to ensure that the various inserts align properly with one another upon assembly. One-piece molds may be constructed relatively quickly, as compared to molds with insert segments, and at low cost. Heat transfer performance is also enhanced over segmented molds, as thermal breaks formed by the junctions of aligned parts are eliminated. 
         [0008]    Methods are known that use explosive cladding (or roll cladding, diffusion bonding, etc.) to metallurgically bond a very hard metal layer (such as steel, titanium, etc.) to a softer but very thermally conductive metal substrate (such as an aluminum alloy) to produce blow molds. One problem with technologies such as these is that the layer of very hard metal has different thermal properties than the substrate leading to cracking, especially under prolonged usage. Extra layers of other thermally conductive material may be employed to mitigate against cracking, but this complicates the process and does not satisfactorily address the cracking problem. 
         [0009]    There remains a need in the art for further improvement to molds and molding methods. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    Thus, there is provided a mold half comprising a mold body defined at least in part by a single piece of aluminum or aluminum alloy mold material comprising a cavity and a feature area and further comprising a layer of a metal-matrix composite (MMC) formed integrally therein at the feature area, the MMC comprising an aluminum-nickel alloy matrix having WC particles embedded therein or an aluminum matrix having TiC particles embedded therein. 
         [0011]    There is further provided a mold comprising two mold halves of the present invention mated to receive a molding substance. 
         [0012]    There is further provided a process of producing a mold half comprising: machining a single piece of aluminum or aluminum alloy mold material to provide a mold body comprising a cavity and a feature area, the feature area being of smaller dimension than required for the mold half; and integrally forming a layer of a metal-matrix composite (MMC) in the feature area to build up the feature area to at least a dimension required for the mold half, the MMC comprising an aluminum-nickel alloy matrix having WC particles embedded therein or an aluminum matrix having TiC particles embedded therein. 
         [0013]    The feature area may be, for example, one or more of a pinch-off area, a bottle top, threads for a bottle cap, a bottle shoulder, moil or dome flash sections, a handle eye, a tail or bottom, a compression molded feature (e.g. a strengthening web, a sliding core) or a retractable insert. A layer of the MMC may be formed integrally in one, more or all of the feature areas. 
         [0014]    The MMC layer comprises an aluminum matrix. For the aluminum matrix, aluminum alloys are particular useful, for example Al 2024 all, Al 2124 all, Al 2219 T31 through T87, Al 6009 all, Al 6010 all, Al 6061 T4 through T6511, Al 7075 T6 through T7351, Al 7050 all and Al 7475 all. AI-12Si alloys are particularly preferred. AI-12Si alloys are identified in the art as Al 4047 and comprise aluminum alloyed with about 11-13 wt % (nominally about 12 wt %) silicon, based on total weight of the alloy. Embedded in the relatively soft aluminum matrix are hard and wear resistant particles of a tungsten carbide (WC) or titanium carbide (TiC). When WC particles are embedded, the aluminum matrix is an aluminum-nickel alloy matrix. When TiC particles are embedded, the aluminum matrix is a matrix without alloyed nickel. 
         [0015]    The nickel in the aluminum-nickel alloy matrix may be alloyed with the aluminum alloy prior to embedding the tungsten carbide (WC) particles, or more preferably, during the embedding process. During the embedding process, a WC/Ni material may be used in which the nickel acts as a binder for the WC particles in the material. During the embedding process, the nickel is melted and dissolves in the aluminum alloy to form the aluminum-nickel alloy matrix while the WC particles are only partially melted and remain as hard particulates embedded in the matrix. The Ni that dissolves in the aluminum alloy interacts with the aluminum alloy to form intermetallics that further increase matrix hardness. 
         [0016]    WC or TiC particles are embedded in the matrix in any amount suitable to provide sufficiently greater wear resistance, strength and/or toughness at the feature areas to satisfactorily extend the working life of the mold. The amount of WC or TiC distributed in the matrix is preferably in a range of from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, based on the weight of the composite, more preferably about 10-40 wt %, for example about 20-35 wt %. When used, the amount of nickel alloyed in the matrix of the composite is preferably in a range of from about 1.5 wt % to about 5.5 wt %, based on the weight of the composite, more preferably about 2.4-3.6 wt %, for example about 3 wt %. 
         [0017]    The MMC layer has greater wear resistance, strength and/or toughness than the aluminum or aluminum alloy into which the MMC is integrally formed, thereby providing greater resistance to high pressures and mechanical stresses during the molding process when mold halves are closed together. Further, the MMC layer has good bonding and compatibility to the mold material so that the interface and surrounding areas will not induce crack or peel-off during the molding operation. The MMC has a similar coefficient of thermal expansion compared to the mold material, which reduces the likelihood of cracking or other damage to the mold half due to changes in temperature. 
         [0018]    The mold material comprises aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Some examples of suitable aluminum alloys include Al 2024 all, AL 2124 all, Al 2219 T31 through T87, Al 6009 all, Al 6010 all, Al 6061 T4 through T6511, Al 7075 T6 through T7351, Al 7050 all and Al 7475 all. It should be noted that all aluminum alloys are suitable for blow molds due to their excellent thermal properties but those with high strength and heat treated properties are generally chosen due to their improved wear, strength and thermal properties. 
         [0019]    The MMC layer may be formed in the feature area by any suitable process. The MMC layer may be formed by adding the MMC material to, or by otherwise modifying the surface of, the mold body in the feature area. In some instances, it may be desirable to form the MMC layer in different feature areas using different processes. The process or processes used to add and/or modify the feature area are preferably very well controlled so that the features are accurately engineered at the desired locations and are integrally formed in the mold body, e.g. by metallurgical bonding. Preferably, the process has minimal effect on the mold material in order to reduce potential distortion and property deterioration of the mold body. Thickness of the MMC layer depends on the mold working conditions and the process used to create the layer. For example, thicknesses may be from about several nanometers to several tens of millimeters. 
         [0020]    The present invention is particularly suited for one-piece molds and mold halves, i.e. mold halves that are wholly defined by a single piece of aluminum or aluminum alloy. However, in some cases, the mold half may comprise an insert in one or more parts where it is not desired to integrally form an MMC layer. 
         [0021]    In one preferred embodiment, an MMC layer may be formed by first engineering a mold body in which feature area is machined to an undersized dimension, and then adding MMC material to the feature area to build up the feature to final dimension. In a variation of this embodiment, the feature area may be built up with MMC material beyond final dimension and then machined down to final dimension. 
         [0022]    Various processes may be used to form the MMC layer. Such processes include, for example, laser cladding, laser alloying, electron beam cladding, electron beam alloying, brazing, diffusion bonding, friction stir welding, laser assisted thermal spray, laser assisted cold spray, low heat input welding (e.g. micro plasma welding), aluminum anodizing, ion implantation, chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition, diffusion coating, plasma treating, electroplating and electroless plating. 
         [0023]    Laser cladding is a process that enables metallurgical bonding of MMC material to the mold body to build up a relatively thick layer of the MMC layer in the feature area. Compared to conventional welding, laser cladding involves much better control and much less heat input, which reduces distortion and property deterioration in the mold body. As a variation, laser alloying may be used to melt the surface layer of the mold body to permit addition of various alloying elements to enhance surface hardness and wear resistance in the feature area. In another variation, an electron beam may be used instead of or in addition to a laser as the heating source for cladding. 
         [0024]    The present invention combines the advantages of both traditional molds with insert segments and one-piece molds. The present invention preferably uses one-piece mold halves that eliminate or reduce the number of insert segments, which significantly simplifies mold design, reduces purchasing and inventory controls, simplifies manufacturing and simplifies assembling. As a result, molds of the present invention may be constructed relatively quickly and at lower cost. In addition, improved heat transfer/thermal management of the molds of the present invention is permitted through (a) eliminating thermal breaks between the inserts and mold bodies, (b) permitting construction of cooling channels at the original insert areas, and (c) enabling addition of low thermal conductive material at the top of the feature area to help to produce strong and even weld lines. 
         [0025]    One-piece mold halves use one metal to construct the mold bodies including the feature areas. One-piece mold halves are generally manufactured using aluminum alloys for making prototype or small run containers as opposed to mass production. In the present invention, the feature areas are built up and/or enhanced with a specifically engineered MMC material. The specific requirements for each feature area can be met by tailoring the specifically engineered MMC material without affecting the material used to make mold bodies. Metallurgical bonding between the MMC material and the mold material offers good compatibility between the two materials, which ensures long life of the feature areas during high pressure and high cycle molding operations. As a result, the present invention permits mass production of molded articles. 
         [0026]    Further, molds having a very hard metal layer (such as steel, titanium, etc.) metallurgically bonded to a softer but very thermally conductive aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate suffer from thermal incompatibility between the cladding layer and the mold body leading to cracking, thereby shortening the effective working life of the mold. The present molds combine wear resistance, strength and/or toughness with good thermal compatibility at the feature areas to provide molds with significantly extended working lives. 
         [0027]    Furthermore, the present invention may be used not only on flat parting surfaces but may also be advantageously used on contoured parting surfaces. There is no restriction on mold size, the present molds being applicable to both large and small size molds. Molds of the present invention may be used for any molding process, for example, blow molding, injection molding and compression molding. The present invention is particularly useful for blow molding processes. The present invention is particularly useful for molding of plastics, particularly thermoplastics. 
         [0028]    The present invention may be used to produce any article that may be formed using a molding process. Some examples of articles include containers (e.g. bottles), automotive components, recreational components, industrial components and chemical components, especially containers. 
         [0029]    Further features of the invention will be described or will become apparent in the course of the following detailed description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, embodiments thereof will now be described in detail by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing of a traditional blow mold half with insert segments; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing of a one-piece blow mold half in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 7,531,124; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  is a schematic drawing of one embodiment of a one-piece blow mold half pre-machined to an undersized shape at the pinch-off and other feature areas; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is a schematic drawing of one embodiment of a metal-matrix composite (MMC) layer integrated on to the mold half of  FIG. 3  at the pinch-off area, where  FIG. 4A  shows the MMC layer with an initial excess of MMC material and  FIG. 4B  shows the MMC layer after being machined to final dimension; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  is a schematic drawing of a one-piece blow mold half of the present invention having a metal-matrix composite layer integrated at the pinch-off and other feature areas; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6A  depicts microstructure of a cross-section of a Al 7075-T651 substrate clad with a Al 4047 +30% (90% WC+10% Ni) metal-matrix composite layer; 
           [0037]      FIG. 6B  depicts microstructure of a cross-section of a Al 7075-T651 substrate clad with a Al 4047 +30% (TiC) metal-matrix composite layer; 
           [0038]      FIG. 7  depicts a graph showing hardness depth profile of Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) metal-matrix composite layer clad on Al 7075-T651 substrate; 
           [0039]      FIG. 8  depicts a graph comparing Vickers hardness of Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) metal-matrix composite layer to that of Al 7075-T651, A2 steel, Be—Cu alloy and Stainless Steel Stavex ESR; and, 
           [0040]      FIG. 9  depicts a graph comparing wear loss of Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) and Al 4047+30% (TiC) metal-matrix composite layer to that of Al 7075-T651, A2 steel, Be—Cu alloy and Stainless Steel Stavex ESR. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0041]      FIG. 1  depicts a traditional blow mold half for a bottle blow mold in which insert segments are used in the pinch-off and other feature areas. Thus, mold half  10  comprises mold body  11  having cavity  12 . Pinch-off insert segment  14  comprising raised pinch-off area  15  is inserted into pinch-off insert area  13  of the mold body and secured to the mold body by bolts. Bottle top thread insert  17  comprising raised thread feature  18  and bottle top insert  19  comprising raised bottle top feature  20  are inserted into bottle top feature insert area  16  of the mold body and secured to the mold body by bolts. Bottle shoulder insert  22  comprising raised shoulder feature  23  is inserted into shoulder insert area  29  of the mold body and secured to the mold body by bolts. 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  depicts a one-piece blow mold half for a bottle blow mold in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 7,531,124. Mold half  30  comprises mold body  31  having cavity  32 , raised pinch-off area  35 , raised thread feature  38 , raised bottle top feature  40  and raised shoulder feature  43 . The mold body, pinch-off area and all three features comprise the same mold material. 
         [0043]      FIGS. 3-5  depict one embodiment of a one-piece blow mold half for a bottle blow mold in accordance with the present invention at various stages of fabrication. Referring to  FIG. 3 , one-piece blow mold half  50  comprising aluminum alloy mold body  51  and cavity  52  is pre-machined to an undersized shape at pinch-off area  53 , thread feature area  56 , bottle top feature area  57  and shoulder feature area  59 . Referring to  FIG. 4A , in order to complete the mold half, a layer of MMC material is laser clad at pinch-off area  53  (and the other feature areas not shown in  FIG. 4 ) to provide raised layer  70  of the cladding material having excess portion  71 . In order to avoid undercut and/or mismatch, mold body  51  at each side of raised layer  70  is rough machined prior to the laser cladding step to leave spare layer  72  of mold material at each side of raised layer  70 . After the cladding step, spare layer  72  is machined off along with excess portion  71  of the cladding material to bring mold body  51  and raised layer  70  to final dimension ( FIG. 4B ). For certain processes, the spare layer may not be necessary provided no undercut and/or mismatch between the MMC material and the mold body occurs. Referring to  FIG. 5 , after cladding, one-piece blow mold half  50 , having mold body  51  and cavity  52 , comprises clad pinch-off area  55  and clad other feature areas  58 ,  60  and  63  in which an MMC layer is integrally formed. 
       Example 1 
     Laser Cladding of Al 7075-T651 substrate with Al 4047+WC/Ni 
       [0044]    Laser cladding was performed by using a focused Nd:YAG laser beam with a 115-mm focal length lens. A powder feeder was used to simultaneously deliver Al 4047 and WC/Ni powder mixture through a feed nozzle into the melt pool at a rate of about 2 g/min. The laser beam and powder feeding nozzle were kept stationary, while the Al-7075-T561 substrate was moved under the beam by a CNC motion system. The cladding was conducted with an average laser power up to 500 W with a beam diameter of about 1 mm. A laser pulse duration of 10 ms and a frequency of 10 Hz were used for the processing. An overlap ratio of 30% was used between passes to produce multi-passes to cover the required area, while a z movement of about 130 μm was used to deposit multi-layers to reach the required height. 
       Example 2 
     Laser Cladding of Al 7075-T651 substrate with Al 4047+TiC 
       [0045]    Laser cladding was performed by using a focused Nd:YAG laser beam with a 115-mm focal length lens. A powder feeder was used to simultaneously deliver Al 4047 and TiC powder mixture through a feed nozzle into the melt pool at a rate of about 2 g/min. The laser beam and powder feeding nozzle were kept stationary, while the Al-7075-T561 substrate was moved under the beam by a CNC motion system. The cladding was conducted with an average laser power up to 500 W with a beam diameter of about 1 mm. A laser pulse duration of 10 ms and a frequency of 10 Hz were used for the processing. An overlap ratio of 30% was used between passes to produce multi passes to cover the required area, while a z movement of about 200 μm was used to deposit multi-layers to reach the required height. 
       Example 3 
     Microstructure Analysis of Clad Substrates 
       [0046]    In a preliminary experiment, a layer of Al 4047 (which is the matrix material of the metal-matrix composite) was laser clad on to Al 7075-T651 substrate by a modification of the procedure of Example 1 in order to examine the microstructure of the clad specimen. This was compared to a similar specimen in which a layer of Al 7075 was clad on to Al 7075-T651 substrate. Examination by optical microscopy of a cross-section of the specimens showed that cladding with Al 7075 showed a tendency for cracking while cladding with Al 4047 produce a good metallurgical bond without inducing cracks or pores in the clad layer. Further, the laser clad Al 4047 layer showed good machinability, a smooth transition of hardness from the substrate to the clad layer, and a generally uniform hardness through the layer. Finally, a polishing test showed that the laser clad Al 4047 layer is superior to the Al 7075-T651 substrate in polishing. 
         [0047]    With reference to  FIG. 6A , microstructure analysis was extended to a metal-matrix composite (MMC) in which Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) MMC layer 100 was laser clad on to Al 7075-T651 substrate 101 in accordance with the process in Example 1. The MMC comprises WC particles embedded in an Al 4047/Ni matrix formed using 30 wt % WC/Ni material. The WC/Ni material consists of 90 wt % WC (tungsten carbide) and 10 wt % Ni (nickel). Thus, the amount of WC in the MMC layer is about 27 wt % and the amount of nickel alloyed with the Al 4047 is about 3 wt %, based on the weight of the MMC. A good metallurgical bond was formed with no formation of cracks or pores in the MMC layer. Further, in the MMC layer, WC hard particles  102  were evenly distributed in Al 4047/Ni matrix  103 , while the Ni from the WC/Ni material dissolved in the Al 4047 to form intermetallics that further increase matrix hardness. Similar experiments were performed with other metal-matrix composites, i.e. Al 4047+Al 2 O 3  and Al 4047+WC/Co. In the case of Al 4047+Al 2 O 3 , laser cladding did not generate hardening, probably due to the decomposition of Al 2 O 3  during the cladding process. In the case of Al 4047+WC/Co, the clad layer had improved wear resistance but showed a tendency to crack. 
         [0048]    With reference to  FIG. 6B , microstructure analysis was extended to a metal-matrix composite (MMC) in which Al 4047+30% (TiC) MMC layer  200  was laser clad on to Al 7075-T651 substrate  201  in accordance with the process in Example 2. The MMC comprises TiC particles embedded in an Al 4047 matrix formed using 30 wt % TiC material. A good metallurgical bond was formed with no formation of cracks or pores in the MMC layer. Further, in the MMC layer, TiC hard particles  202  were evenly distributed in Al 4047 matrix  203 . 
       Example 4 
     Microhardness Analysis of Clad Substrates 
       [0049]    A Vickers hardness test (ASTM E384-10e2) was conducted on the laser clad products of Examples 1 and 2 using a load of 500 g for 15 s at evenly distributed points spaced by 0.2 mm.  FIG. 7  depicts hardness depth profile of the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) MMC layer clad on the Al 7075-T651 substrate. It is evident from  FIG. 7  that the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) is harder than the Al 7075-T651 substrate. The substrate near the clad layer has a softening zone with a Vickers hardness (Hv0.5) of around 140, perhaps due to annealing induced by laser cladding. There was a larger deviation in the hardness of laser clad (Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni)) layer due to heterogeneous features in the MMC. 
         [0050]    Further, with reference to  FIG. 8 , Vickers hardness of the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) MMC layer was compared to that of the Al 7075-T651 and other typical mold insert materials (i.e. A2 steel, Be—Cu alloy and Stainless Steel Stavex ESR). Table 1 summarizes the results and includes the hardness of the Al 4047+30% (TiC) MMC layer. Table 1 and  FIG. 8  demonstrate that the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) layer is harder than Al 7075-T651 and approaches that of the steels. Table 1 demonstrates that the Al 4047+30% (TiC) layer is somewhat softer than Al 7075-T651. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Vickers Hardness 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material 
                 Vickers Hardness (Hv0.5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A2 steel 
                 222 
               
               
                 Be—Cu alloy 
                 384 
               
               
                 Stainless Steel Stavex ESR 
                 231 
               
               
                 Al 4047 + 30% (90% WC + 10% Ni) 
                 198 
               
               
                 Al 4047 + 30% (TiC) 
                 141 
               
               
                 Al 7075-T651 
                 177 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     Wear Resistance Analysis of Clad Substrates 
       [0051]    Wear resistance was performed with pin-on-disc testing as per ASTM G99-05 (2010) to evaluate sliding wear resistance of a laser-clad specimen of the present invention (Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) on Al 7075-T651; Al 4047+30% (TiC) on Al 7075-T651) in comparison to Al 7075-T651, A2 steel, Be—Cu and Stainless Steel Stavex ESR. The test was performed with a Falex Pin-on-Disc Tester with a dry slide to determine volume wear loss. All sample surfaces were fine ground and cleaned before testing. The testing was done with a normal load of 3.5 N, at a linear slide speed of 300 mm/s over a total slide distance of 1500 m using a ¼″ tungsten carbide (WC) ball. 
         [0052]    Wear loss results from the pin-on-disc testing are shown in  FIG. 9  and summarized in Table 2. Using wear of Al 7075-T651 substrate as a reference, relative wear resistance (R) was calculated by dividing volume wear loss of Al 7075-T651 by volume wear loss of the other materials. Wear resistances of the clad Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) and Al 4047+30% (TiC) in accordance with the present invention are significantly better (5.28 and 4.99 times, respectively) than that of the Al-7075-T651 substrate. The wear resistances of the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) and Al 4047+30% (TiC) layers are similar to that of Stavex Stainless Steel. The wear resistances of the Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) and Al 4047+30% (TiC) layers are close to but still relatively inferior to that of Be—Cu. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Wear Loss 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Volume Wear Loss 
                 Relative Wear 
               
               
                 Material 
                 (10 −3  mm 3 /m) 
                 Resistance (R) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A2 steel 
                 0.085 
                 17.1 
               
               
                 Be—Cu alloy 
                 0.157 
                 9.27 
               
               
                 Stainless Steel Stavex ESR 
                 0.251 
                 5.80 
               
               
                 Al 4047 + 30% (90% WC + 
                 0.276 
                 5.28 
               
               
                 10% Ni) 
               
               
                 Al 4047 + 30% (TiC) 
                 0.292 
                 4.99 
               
               
                 Al 7075-T651 
                 1.456 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    Cladding of an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate with a Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni) or Al 4047+30% (TiC) metal-matrix composite provides an excellent balance of properties for molding, especially blow molding, applications. The clad metal-matrix composite layer forms a good metallurgical bond with the substrate with no formation of cracks or pores. Excellent hardness and wear resistance for Al 4047+30% (90% WC+10% Ni), approaching that of materials used in the prior art, and excellent wear resistance for Al 4047+30% (TiC) leads to extended life at feature areas of the mold, while good thermal compatibility between the substrate and metal-matrix composite layer makes the MMC layer less prone to cracking further extending the life of the mold. Good machinability provides for ease of manufacturing. 
         [0054]    In contrast, Al 7075-T651 itself is soft and easily worn, therefore its use at feature areas in one-piece molds results in reduced service life of the molds. Use of typical hard, wear resistant materials such as steels and Be-Cu alloy at feature areas extends working life of aluminum or aluminum alloy molds, but is still unsatisfactory since thermal incompatibility leads to cracking which prevents a full realization of the benefits of the harder material. Further, such hard, wear resistant materials are difficult to machine, which makes manufacturing more difficult. 
         [0055]    References: The contents of the entirety of each of which are incorporated by this reference. 
         [0056]    Dickinson A, et al. (1991) “Process for forming an extrusion-blow molded ultrathin container using a heat generating pinch off arrangement”. U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,209 issued Jun. 4, 1991. 
         [0057]    Kobayashi S. (1996) “Blow molding die and method of manufacturing same”. European Patent Publication 742,094 published Nov. 13, 1996. 
         [0058]    Lee N. (2007) “Understanding blow molding”. Hanser Publications, p.61-70. 
         [0059]    Paget T. (2009) “One-piece blow mold halves for molding a container”. U.S. Pat. No. 7,531,124 issued May 12, 2009. 
         [0060]    Other advantages that are inherent to the structure are obvious to one skilled in the art. The embodiments are described herein illustratively and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Variations of the foregoing embodiments will be evident to a person of ordinary skill and are intended by the inventor to be encompassed by the following claims.