Abstract:
A chemical species mass flow meter measurement system for use in fluid mixture streams includes a chemical species concentration detection analyzer physically located within a fluid volume flow rate sensing probe along with bulk temperature and pressure sensing devices for relating to standard conditions. The system uses concentration detection analyzers specifically suited to the intended application. Applications include the measurement of exhaust mass emissions from vehicles, the fuel economy of vehicles, as well as the measurement of the mass flow rate of chemical species of interest in general industrial processes.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not Applicable 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    This invention was not made with federal funding or resources. 
       REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX 
       [0003]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present invention is in the technical field of mass flow measurement of the constituent chemical species of a flowing fluid mixture. It relates to a system and a method for real-time sensing and recording of the mass flow rates of the individual components of interest of a fluid mixture flowing in a pipe or other container. More specifically, the invention relates to a multi-species mass flow rate measurement system which can be inserted in a fluid stream to provide output signals indicative of the fluid species mass flow rates and a method of determining the mass flow rates of each of the detected species of interest from the species concentration detector and bulk gas stream flow rate detector comprising the system. The invention has broad applicability to industrial processes and the measurement of pollutants in vehicle exhaust gas. 
         [0005]    It is desirable to accurately measure the mass flow rates of the constituent species of fluid streams in many industrial processes and for environmental compliance testing purposes. But it is well-known that under dynamic conditions in which the concentration of species of interest and the fluid flow rate are both changing, there can be a significant error in determining the mass flow rates of the species in the usual manner involving the use of two different devices or probes—one for measuring the concentration of the species of interest and a separate probe, located upstream or downstream from the first probe for determining the bulk fluid flow rate. The error results from a variable time delay due to the inability to continuously synchronize the concentration data series in transient fluid flow with the bulk fluid flow rate data series when the probes are placed apart from each other and from the disturbance of the flow rate signal when the concentration probe is placed in close proximity to the flow measurement probe. Thus there exists the need for an improved mass flow measurement device which is accurate under transient flow conditions in which the concentration of the species of interest is also changing rapidly. 
         [0006]    For example, it has been desirable to measure the exhaust gas mass flow rates from internal combustion engines in a laboratory testing setting since the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began regulating automobile emissions in the 1970s. More recently it has become desirable to measure the exhaust emissions mass flow rates on moving vehicles operated in the real world for regulatory compliance testing purposes [Breton, also the current inventor, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,148,656; 6,382,014 B1; 6,470,732 B1, henceforth referred to collectively as Breton]. 
         [0007]    There is also a desire to minimize the effects, e.g. the backpressure created by the measurement devices, on the flow being measured and on the machine or process associated with the flow being measured. Therefore, there is a need for the invention to be practiced in a compact geometrical footprint to minimize the disturbance to the bulk flow, thereby minimizing the effect of the measurement device on the system or machine for which the fluid flow is being measured. 
         [0008]    Traditional EPA exhaust emissions compliance testing employs gas and particulate matter analyzers based on specific measurement principles, depending on the chemical species of interest. Because those measurement principles are used by EPA when regulatory compliance or certification testing is done by the Agency, engine and vehicle manufacturers typically use those same analyzers or analyzer technologies to ensure consistency with the regulators&#39; testing results, i.e. there are de facto standard analyzer technologies. For this reason Breton teaches a “Real-Time On-Road Vehicle Exhaust Gas Modular Flowmeter and Emissions Reporting System” in which the exhaust gas analyzers employ the same measurement principles referenced by EPA regulations for each chemical species being measured. 
         [0009]    Using the de facto standard analyzer technologies can have a number of drawbacks however, and those drawbacks can be significant for many potential users of a mobile measurement system. For example, the de facto standard gas analyzers must be “warmed up” before use. To ensure accuracy, the standard analyzers must also be calibrated on a regular basis, and “zeroed” and “spanned” prior to each test, requiring the use of numerous, expensive calibration gases of various known concentrations, each contained in a large gas cylinder. Because of these requirements, calibration gases often need to be carried with vehicles being tested. 
         [0010]    The traditional analyzers must also be mounted onto or inside the vehicle being tested, requiring a significant volume of space in the vehicle. And some vehicles don&#39;t have suitable space for mounting. 
         [0011]    Because the concentration signals from remotely mounted gas analyzers are significantly delayed in time compared with the flow rate signals from the flow meter, it is necessary to measure the time delay initially and whenever the length of the gas sample hose is changed. Repairs are often necessary because the traditional analyzers draw a sample from the exhaust stream using a pump, check valves, and other plumbing prone to failures. 
         [0012]    Parks [U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,000,374 and 9,068,933] teaches a laser-based Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) diagnostic probe for engine research. The probe is capable of measuring the concentration of some gas species. Other chemical species could also be measured by adding additional laser light frequencies to the system. A species concentration analyzer with the appropriate frequencies of operation would be desirable for at least one embodiment of the present invention related to exhaust gas mass flow measurement. 
         [0013]    Even though Breton teaches how to minimize measurement error by fixing the gas analyzer probe tip in close proximity to the flow sensing means, it is not possible to have them at exactly the same location due to potential disturbance of the exhaust flow near the flow sensing means. So the overall accuracy of the traditional measurement system is reduced by a small, variable time shift between the flow rate signal and the gas concentration signal as the engine speed and load change quickly. 
         [0014]    It would also be advantageous to possess the ability to continuously measure the exhaust gas mass flow rates of the pollutants of moving vehicles operated in the real world with an embedded measurement system low enough in cost to be able to be permanently installed by vehicle manufacturers on all new vehicles for providing input to a vehicle&#39;s on-board diagnostics (OBD) system to indicate the health of the emissions controls, the fuel economy of the vehicle, and for the continuous measurement of the regulatory compliance level of the vehicle over its lifetime. 
         [0015]    The present invention teaches a mass flow measurement system for constituent gas species in a contained gas flow which eliminates all of the aforementioned drawbacks, thereby increasing the ease of use of the measurement system for the testing of vehicle emissions, as well as the accuracy in measuring fluid species mass flow rates for transient flows and the simplicity and low cost of a mass flow measurement device for high volume applications such as automobiles or numerous industrial applications. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    The present mass flowmeter invention is comprised of a concentration detector or analyzer co-located with a flow measurement detector, ideally in a single probe for insertion into a fluid flowing in a pipe or other container. The components, including but not limited to all of the internal structures of the bulk fluid flow measurement means were conceived to be made with conventional machine tools, or optionally to be 3-D printed using additive manufacturing technologies in any suitable material or size, considering the needs dictated by the specific application. 
         [0017]    Co-location of the two detectors in space guarantees the synchronization of the bulk flow rate and concentration signals in time, even with highly compressible and highly transient flows, while preventing the interference of each detector means with the other. Calculating means continuously computes the products of the bulk flow detector, concentration detectors, and the known densities of the fluid species of interest and provides output signals proportional to the mass flow rates of the species of interest under both transient and steady flow conditions. 
         [0018]    Optional display means display the calculated mass flow rates of the species of interest, if desired. Separate display and calculating means are not necessary for applications in which the mass flowmeter serves as part of a larger measurement system, e.g. as part of an On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) system provided by a vehicle manufacturer. In that case, the invention provides signal outputs to other input or calculating means used for other vehicle functions. 
         [0019]    Choice of the flow measurement principle and the concentration measurement principles depends upon the intended application. In one embodiment for improving EPA regulatory compliance testing purposes as taught by Breton, the flow measurement principle is an averaging pitot tube previously proven by Breton, and subsequently adopted worldwide by the automotive industry, to be suitable for transient exhaust gas flow measurement. The concentration measurement means taught by Parks is a multi-color, multi-species laser spectroscopy probe suitable for physically locating within an averaging pitot tube such that it does not alter the flow structure created by the averaging pitot tube in the vicinity of the pitot tube sampling ports, yet is in continuous, direct contact with the exhaust gas flow. 
         [0020]    In another embodiment for improving the capabilities of OBD systems for new automobiles, a low-cost probe is comprised of an averaging pitot tube for flow measurement and a solid-state or electrochemical gas sensor for gas concentration measurement of one or more regulated pollutants related to the health or control of the engine or emissions control system. The flow measurement and gas concentration signals are output to the vehicle or engine control system for use in controlling the engine or emissions controls system and for the detection of undesirable operation of emission control equipment. 
         [0021]    Other embodiments are contemplated for industrial and other applications in which the specific flow measurement principle and gas concentration detector operating principles are chosen based on the specific application requirements and cost. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a detailed view of an exemplary embodiment of a fluid species mass flow meter for use in measuring the mass flow rate of chemical species in a bulk fluid flow. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary embodiment of a portable emissions measurement system employing the fluid species mass flow meter shown in  FIG. 1 , for mounting on a passenger vehicle. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  shows the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2  installed on a vehicle. 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a view of an exemplary embodiment of a general industrial chemical species mass flow meter or a vehicle exhaust gas mass flow meter for use in a vehicle monitoring system or On-Board Diagnostics system (OBD). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0026]    Specific embodiments of the present invention for are discussed below. It should be understood that those embodiments are for specific applications for illustrative purposes only and that the present invention has much wider applicability than these or any other single embodiment. Mass flow measurement of chemical species or pollutants of interest contained in fluids comprised of multiple species is widely practiced in many industries and industrial processes. All such processes are contemplated herewith. 
         [0027]    A first exemplary embodiment of the present invention for measuring the mass flow rate of fluid species of interest is shown in  FIG. 1 . This embodiment is comprised of a multi species laser-based gas concentration detector  68 , constructed as taught by Parks, mounted in lug  80  which has an integral fluid static pressure port (pressure transducer not shown)  81 . The pressure sensed at the static pressure port  81  and the temperature sensed by the thermocouple  82  are used to correct the sensed flow rate to standard conditions. 
         [0028]    The laser-based gas concentration detector  68  and thermocouple  82  are physically mounted within the averaging pitot tube  69  with upstream pressure sensing ports  102  and downstream pressure sensing ports  101  forming a mass flow measurement assembly  110 . The assembly  110  is semi-permanently mounted to the process pipe  103  using attachment lug  80 . 
         [0029]    In one preferred embodiment the averaging pitot tube  69  is constructed of stainless steel using machine tools in a conventional manner. In another preferred embodiment the averaging pitot tube  69  is constructed using a 3-D printing process of stainless steel or other materials, or other additive manufacturing techniques, including the construction of all internal structures and components of the averaging pitot tube  69 . The additive manufacturing techniques allow for greater flexibility in combining and integrating the pitot tube  69  with various other gas concentration, temperature, or pressure sensing components or improved shapes or profiles to cause an increased signal magnitude or greater sensitivity, or for compactness, improved fit, or other possible advantages. 
         [0030]    The detector  68  location is displaced longitudinally with respect to the upstream sensing ports  101  and the downstream sensing ports  102 , along the averaging pitot tube  69  longitudinal axis to prevent the presence of the detector  68  from disturbing the flow field in the vicinity of the sensing ports  101 ,  102 , thereby preventing the presence of the detector  68  from causing erroneous flow rate measurements by the pitot tube  69 . The concentration detector  68  is in communication with the bulk fluid by the provided windows or openings  200  in the pitot tube  69  outer surface and provides an output signal (not shown) indicative of the concentrations X 1  through Xn associated with gaseous species of interest 1 through n, which may be any chosen subset from a set of candidate species including, but not limited to, CH4, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, or particulate matter number to the calculating means  170 . 
         [0031]    All supporting and associated electronics and sensors are located in an enclosure  150  physically mounted on top of the measurement probe  110  or in close proximity. 
         [0032]    When the novel mass flow measurement probe  110  is installed in a pipe carrying a fluid mixture for an industrial or other process, or alternatively when the measurement probe  110  is installed in a permanently or temporarily attached tube or pipe connected to the exhaust system of a vehicle or engine, it creates a differential pressure which is sensed by the differential pressure transducer  120  indicative of the average exhaust flow velocity in the pipe  103 . Flow orifices (not shown) serve to dampen noisy differential pressure signals from reaching the differential pressure transducer  120 . Differential pressure transducer  120  outputs a signal to the calculating means  170  indicative of the average fluid flow velocity v in the pipe  103  of known diameter D. 
         [0033]    The time delay between the gas concentration detector  68  signal and the corresponding differential pressure transducer  120  output signal is a constant or fixed value equal to zero or nearly equal to zero for any combination of species concentrations and transient flow conditions experienced, because of the co-location of said species concentration detector  68  and averaging pitot tube  69  along the bulk fluid flow path. 
         [0034]    The calculating means  170  may be mounted as shown, or may be mounted remotely, as desired for the particular application. Calculating means  170  calculates the mass flow rates (Mdot) 1  through (Mdot)n associated with fluid species of interest 1 through fluid species of interest n according to the formula and methodology taught in Breton and provides output signals corresponding to those mass flow rates for interfacing with other devices or for interfacing to a user display device. The mass flow rate KW of a fluid species of interest i is calculated by the calculating means  170  by using the measured bulk fluid volumetric flow rate Q(t) and the measured concentrations Xi(t) of the species of interest i using the known relationships: 
         [0000]        Q ( t )= c*F   AA *( h   w ) 1/2   *P   1/2 /( T+ 273) 1/2    
         [0035]    Where c is a constant which is determined by calibrating with a known bulk fluid flow rate at standard conditions, F AA  is a thermal expansion factor to correct for flow area change of the pipe due to varying bulk fluid temperatures as measured by the thermocouple  82 , h w  is the pressure difference measured by the differential pressure sensor  120 , P is the absolute fluid pressure measured using the pressure port  81 , and T is the fluid bulk temperature as measured by the thermocouple  82 , 
         [0000]      And  KW=k*p   i   *X   i   *Q ( t ) 
         [0036]    Where M i (t) is the mass flow rate of chemical species I, k is a constant dependent on the physical units used, p i  is the know density of the species i, X i  is the measured concentration of chemical species i, and Q(t) is given above. 
         [0037]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary embodiment of the present invention specifically adapted as a flow meter module  10  for easily mounting the entire species measurement system to the tailpipe of a vehicle and for efficient transfer between different vehicles. This embodiment measures exhaust gas pollutant mass flow rates and has the other advantages taught by Breton, including the optional merging of emissions data with other diagnostic data from other systems and data sources, e.g. scan tools, GPS systems, etc. 
         [0038]    A straight pipe section  11  serves as a housing for the flow measurement probe  110  with integral thermocouple and a static pressure detector (not shown) using the static pressure port  81 . Straight pipe section  11  also serves to provide the requisite straight pipe runs upstream and downstream of the flow measurement probe  110  as taught by Breton. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3  shows the flow meter module  10  illustrated in more detail in  FIG. 2  mounted on the rear of a passenger vehicle  100 . An example of the connection means for connecting the module  10  of the present invention to the exhaust pipe  4  of vehicle  100  is shown as the elastomeric boot  90  which is connected to the upstream end of elbow  17  of module  10  and to the exhaust pipe  4  by hose clamps  91  and  92 . The elastomeric boot may be a high temperature resistant silicone rubber tube of the type used to connect a vehicle exhaust pipe to a conventional (stationary) test stand used in emissions testing. Supporting the flow meter module  10  has already been taught by Breton. 
         [0040]    A conduit  99  carries communication means whenever the flow meter module  10  is used as a larger system and needs to communicate with other instruments. Alternatively, wireless communication means can be employed. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , another exemplary embodiment  150  employs a solid state or electrochemical concentration detector  140  substituted for the laser-based detector  68  specified in the earlier exemplary embodiment  110 . The solid state or electrochemical concentration detector  140  is in direct communication with the surrounding fluid. This embodiment may be more suitable for applications where cleaning or servicing of the sensor is not possible or for low-cost, high production volume applications of the invention, for example as an original equipment component included on new vehicles or engines for the purpose of On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) sensing and reporting on vehicles, feedback or other control of engine emissions controls, or exhaust emissions compliance reporting which may be desired or contemplated in future government regulations, including but not limited to transponder-based reporting from operating vehicles to remote data collection locations. 
         [0042]    Other potential applications include the measurement of the mass flow of chemical species of interest in industrial fluid flows, e.g. in manufacturing plants and oil refineries. 
         [0043]    Alternatively, or in addition to providing said output signals, the calculating means (not shown) optionally provides output signals to the display (not shown) for the purpose of displaying the mass flow rates of said fluid species of interest. 
         [0044]    The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.