Abstract:
Lighting device for a microscope comprising at least one observation beam path, in particular a surgical microscope, with an illumination system ( 3, 4, 5, 28, 29 ) and a deflection device ( 8; 48, 49 ) for deflecting light emitted from the illumination system onto an object to be observed, in particular an eye to be operated on, the deflection device providing an illumination of the object under various illumination angles with regard to the at least one observation beam path, wherein the deflection device comprises two deflection elements ( 16, 17 ) at least partly provided as physical beam splitters.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    This application claims priority of the German patent application 103 11 000.3 filed Mar. 6, 2003 which is incorporated by reference herein.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention concerns a lighting or illumination device for a microscope, in particular a surgical microscope, of a type having at least one observation beam path, an illumination system, and a deflection device for deflecting light emitted from the illumination system onto an object to be observed, for example an eye to be operated on, the deflection device providing an illumination of the object under various illumination angles with regard to the at least one observation beam path.  
           [0003]    Lighting devices for surgical microscopes generally use an illumination beam path featuring an angle of approximately 6° (so-called 6° illumination) with respect to the observation beam path. This avoids unwanted shadow formation which would arise in the case of greater angles between the observation beam path and the illumination beam path.  
           [0004]    Eye surgery presents further specific requirements with respect to the illumination of a microscope. First of all, sufficient plasticity of the image is achieved with an illumination angle of again approximately 6°. However, for certain surgical ophthalmological observations or operations, it is necessary to produce the so-called red reflex. This involves the pupil of the operated eye being lit up red by light reflected from the retina. This type of illumination is of great significance for example in the case of cataract operations as residual tissue is particularly easy to detect in the back light of the red reflex. The generation of the red reflex requires smaller angles between the observation beam path and the illumination beam path; angles between 0° and 2° are preferable (so-called 2° illumination) here.  
           [0005]    Surgical microscopes designed with two pairs of stereoscopic observation beam paths for one main surgeon and one co-observer often have a shortcoming in that, while the main surgeon is able to see the red reflex clearly, the co-observer&#39;s view of it is inadequate. Dependent upon his position, either to the right or left of the main surgeon, the co-observer only receives a good red reflex in one of his two observation channels. This interferes with the stereoscopic observation.  
           [0006]    A lighting device for a surgical microscope with an illumination system positioned outside the optical axis of the microscopic lens and which illuminates the operation area parallel to the lens axis through the microscope objective, and with a deflection element on the side of the microscope objective facing away from the object, which illuminates the operation area with a fraction of the illuminative light along the objective axis is known from DE 040 28 605. This lighting device is characterised by the illumination system being fitted with a reflection element on the objective side reflecting the illuminating light parallel to the objective axis towards the objective of the microscope, and the deflection element illuminating the area of operation under an inclination angle with respect to the objective axis, this being smaller than the inclination angle under which the reflection element illuminates the area of operation. The greater inclination angle is preferably 6° in this instance, while the smaller one may vary between 0° and 6°.  
           [0007]    The disadvantage of this design is that the rays reflected by the deflection element are boundary rays from the lighting aperture of the lighting system, so that an illumination close to the axis, for example under an angle of 2° to the observation beam path, leads to a relatively non-homogeneous and vignetted illumination of the luminous field.  
           [0008]    Other lighting devices for surgical microscopes are known from DE 196 50 773 A1 and EP 1 109 046 A1. These lighting devices also use the boundary rays of the lighting device&#39;s lighting aperture for illumination close to the axis, leading to the disadvantages specified arising here as well.  
           [0009]    Another disadvantage with the state-of-the-art technology is that the surgical microscopes described are designed to be relatively tall, as the 2° and the 6° illumination are arranged on top of each other.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    This invention aims to make available a lighting device for a microscope which enables a more homogeneous illumination of the light field which is freer of vignetting than conventional devices of this kind. The aim is also to provide a compact lighting device in order that the constructional height of a microscope is not increased in an unwanted way.  
           [0011]    This aim is achieved through a lighting device featuring comprising an illumination system for emitting light, and a deflection device for deflecting the light emitted by the illumination system onto the object, wherein the deflection device includes two deflection elements each being at least in part a physical beam splitter. this aim is further achieved through a microscope incorporating such a lighting device.  
           [0012]    According to this invention, a particularly homogeneous illumination of the luminous field of the microscope is guaranteed, free of vignetting, as, by using deflection elements (to deflect light from one illumination system onto an object to be observed) which are designed as physical beam splitters, essentially the full cross-section of the lighting aperture impacts all mirror or reflecting elements. In the case of prior art lighting devices only small, fully reflective segments of the deflective elements have been used for deflecting the boundary areas of the lighting aperture (pupil). Beam splitters based on prior art technology are therefore geometric beam splitters. It is especially possible to position the individual deflection elements along one single optical axis with this deflection device according to the invention, allowing the constructional height of the microscope to be reduced advantageously.  
           [0013]    The subsidiary claims relate to advantageous embodiments of the lighting device and the microscope according to the invention.  
           [0014]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the lighting device according to the invention, the deflection device comprises at least three deflection elements. The particularly preferred embodiment enables for example a 6° illumination, a +2° illumination and a −2° illumination with surgical microscopes.  
           [0015]    In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, for which special protection is sought, two deflection elements are arranged in such a way as to enable a +2° and a −2° illumination simultaneously.  
           [0016]    This possibility for illumination proves to be particularly advantageous in the case of surgical techniques using a red reflex where the eye can rollingly move. Phacoemulsification is given as an example here. Simultaneous +2° and −2° illumination ensures that the surgeon will not need to make any adjustments to the microscope while working. +2°, −2° and 6° illumination is also possible simultaneously, as is any other combination, which can be set by using appropriately positionable shutters, for example.  
           [0017]    Conveniently, at least one of the deflection elements is at least in part fully mirror-coated. This measure allows light cast onto the fully mirror-coated areas to be directed fully on to the object to be observed, thus making it possible to influence the strength of the lighting to one&#39;s advantage. Furthermore, in this way, overlaps between the observation beam paths of the microscope and the fully mirror-coated areas can be produced easily. This kind of overlapping is necessary for certain applications within the framework of ophthalmological surgery, for example in the provision or adjustment of the red reflex.  
           [0018]    In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the illumination according to the invention, the deflection device is designed as a prism combination comprising part-reflective surfaces. In practice, prism systems have proved to be adjustable relatively easily. However, it is also conceivable to design the deflection device with appropriately positioned part-reflective reflectors (mirrors).  
           [0019]    In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the lighting device according to the invention, the deflection device is designed as a single unit or one-piece prism block. With a single unit prism block of this type, it is possible to keep the adjustment required when setting up the microscope to a minimum. Furthermore, this type of prism block proves to be extremely robust during the handling of microscopes.  
           [0020]    It is likewise possible and advantageous for the deflection device to feature two prism blocks, spatially separated from one another. This measure for example makes it possible to prevent adhesive joints between the respective prisms of the deflection device disrupting the observation beam paths, which can lead to double images or reflections. It should be noted that the deflection elements could also be designed as reflective or transmissive reflectors, positioned independently of prism blocks.  
           [0021]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the microscope according to the invention, this microscope is designed as a stereomicroscope. It is particularly preferable here for the stereomicroscope to feature two observation beam paths for a main surgeon and two further observation beam paths for an assistant. In comparison with conventional microscopes of this type, this kind of stereomicroscope comprising observation beam paths for a main surgeon and an assistant allows red reflex characteristics to be adjusted both for the main surgeon and the assistant as required. Using the entire lighting aperture (pupil) generally results in it being possible to prevent vignetting as well as to create a homogenous luminous field for both the main surgeon and the assistant.  
           [0022]    The microscope according to the invention advantageously comprises shutters or screens which can be used to turn the illumination beam paths on or off as desired. This makes it possible for example to cut off 0° illumination, thereby making it possible if necessary to avoid the generation of the red reflex.  
           [0023]    In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the microscope according to the invention, the deflection device is able to move transversely with respect to the optical axis of the main objective of the microscope. Particular provision is made here for transverse mobility perpendicular to the optical axis of the main objective. This leads to further possibilities for variation in the adjustment of illumination angles and/or overlaps between fully mirror-coated areas of the deflection elements and observation beam paths, through which the formation of the red reflex can be influenced.  
           [0024]    In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the microscope according to the invention, for which special protection is sought, the microscope features a deflection device with a deflection element constructed as a physical beam splitter and a further reflective deflection element, glass blocks also being provided, which are positioned in such a way as to allow the observation beam paths of the microscope to run through them. This measure enables the apertures of the observation beam paths to be contracted in an effective manner, thereby making it possible to reduce the constructional height of the microscope. By designing the deflection device appropriately, it is also possible to shorten the length of the deflection device in the direction of the optical axis.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]    The invention will now be described further with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1 shows a schematically simplified lateral sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the microscope according to the invention comprising a preferred embodiment of the lighting device according to the invention;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a first preferred embodiment of the deflection device used according to the invention, in the direction of arrow P in FIG. 1;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 3 shows a view of another preferred embodiment of the deflection device used according to the invention, in the direction of arrow P;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 4 shows the inventive microscope according to the invention according to FIG. 1 with another preferred embodiment of the lighting device according to the invention in a schematic lateral sectional view;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 5 shows a preferred embodiment of the deflection device used according to the invention in the microscope shown in FIG. 4, viewed in the direction of arrow P in FIG. 4; and  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 6 shows another preferred embodiment of the deflection device used according to the invention, in the direction of the arrows P in FIGS. 1 and 4. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0032]    In FIG. 1 a preferred embodiment of the microscope according to the invention is generally designated  100 .  
         [0033]    The microscope  100  features a main objective (lens)  2  and a magnifying system  9  designed especially as a zoom system. The axis of the entire optical system comprising the main objective  2  and the magnifying system  9  is indicated by numeral  11 . The observation channels of the microscope  100  run parallel to this axis  11 . As is apparent from FIG. 1, this axis  11  features a sharp bend in the main objective  2 , caused by the asymmetrical positioning of the magnifying system  9  in relation to the main objective  2 . This asymmetrical positioning of the main objective  2  and the magnifying system  9  proves to be advantageous for certain applications. In the case of a sufficiently large lighting aperture of the 6° illumination (partial beam  13 ) described further below, with a central or symmetrical alignment of the main objective  2  in relation to the magnifying system  9 , the boundary rays would be cut off as, in this case, the right side of the main objective in FIG. 1 would fall into the lighting aperture (pupil) of the partial beam  13 .  
         [0034]    Light for the illumination of an object  1  to be observed is acquired from a light source  3  via a deflection device formed as a prism block  8  onto the object  1 . Two lenses  4 ,  5  and two screens (shutters)  28 ,  29  are, for example, provided between the light source  3  and the deflection device  8 . All common light sources, in particular coherent and/or incoherent light sources, such as bulbs, fibre lighting, discharge lamps, lasers etc., may be used.  
         [0035]    The prism block  8  features  3  deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18  formed as mirror-coated surfaces.  
         [0036]    Deflection element  16  is formed entirely and deflection element  17  is formed at least partly as a physical beam splitter. That is, the beam (cluster) profile of the (schematically shown) light beam  12   a  from the light source  3  impacting the deflection elements  16 ,  17  from the right in FIG. 1 remains unchanged. The light beam  12   a  is distributed evenly over the entire cross-section of the deflection elements  16 ,  17 . It is apparent that the light beam  12   a  incident along the illumination axis  12  of the deflection device  8  is split by the deflection element  16  into a first partial beam  13 , which is reflected, and a second partial beam  12   b , which is transmitted. The partial beam  13  provides a 6° illumination for the object  1  after passing through the main objective  2 .  
         [0037]    The partial beam  12   b  transmitted by the deflection element  16  is also again partly deflected and transmitted by the second deflection element  17 . The reflected partial beam is designated  14  and the transmitted partial beam is designated  12   c . The reflected partial beam  14  initially runs substantially parallel to partial beam  13 . Partial beam  14  provides a +2° illumination of the object  1  after passing through the main objective  2 .  
         [0038]    The partial beam  12   c  transmitted by the deflection element  17  then impacts the third deflection element  18 , which is suitably fully mirror-coated. The partial beam designated  15 , which is reflected by the deflection element  18 , likewise impinges the object  1  after passing through the main objective  2 . The partial beam  15  provides a −2° illumination of the object  1 . It is possible to cut off or partly screen off partial beams  13 ,  14 ,  15  using the shutters  6 ,  7  provided. During an eye examination, for example, this can avoid disruptive cornea reflexes or improve the contrast of the red reflex.  
         [0039]    The arrangement of the microscope&#39;s observation beam paths in relation to the deflection elements or reflective surfaces  16 ,  17 ,  18  already mentioned is presented clearly in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 presents a projection of the deflection elements onto the underside  8   a  of the deflection device  8 . The respective lower edges  16   a ,  17   a ,  18   a  of the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18 , which actually run along this underside  8   a , are presented as continuous lines. The upper edges  16   b ,  17   b ,  18   b  of the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18  which run along the top side  8   b  are presented as dotted lines.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 2 shows the observation beam paths of the microscope, with two observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  being provided for the main observer or surgeon and two observation beam paths  23   a ,  23   b  being provided for a co-observer or assistant.  
         [0041]    It is apparent that the co-observer&#39;s beam paths  23   a ,  23   b  are fully superimposed by the projection of the deflection elements or reflective surfaces  16 ,  17 ,  18  while the main observer&#39;s beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  are only partly superimposed. The fully or partly mirror-coated areas of the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18 , are highlighted in FIG. 2 by curly brackets and are designated  24 ,  19  and  20 . It should be pointed out again that, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the mirror-coated areas basically cover the entire surface of the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18 . For example in the case of fully mirror-coated deflection elements  17 ,  18 , the observation beam paths  23   a ,  23   b  are therefore blocked, resulting in this design of microscope only being suitable for stereoscopic observation by one main observer (use of observation channels  22   a ,  22   b ).  
         [0042]    However, in the case of partly mirror-coated deflection elements  17 ,  18 , observation of the object  1  is possible through the observation channels  23   a ,  23   b  as well.  
         [0043]    For optimisation of luminous efficiency in the observation beam paths presented, it is preferable for the deflection elements  17 ,  18  to be, in part, fully mirror-coated (fully reflective), while the non-mirror-coated areas of the deflection elements  17 ,  18  may be made semi-transparent or partly mirror-coated or transparent. This aspect is now explored in more detail with reference to FIG. 3.  
         [0044]    The deflection elements  17 ,  18 , as presented in FIG. 3, are characterised by being fully mirror-coated only in part. The lower edges and upper edges of the deflection elements ( 17 ,  18 ) are once again designated  17   a / 17   b  and  18   a / 18   b . In the projection presented, an arrow-shaped area  19  is visible between edges  17   a / 17   b  of the deflection element  17 , said area  19  featuring a lower edge  19   a  and an upper edge  19   b . This area  19  provides the fully mirror-coated area of deflection element  17 . The area to the right of the upper edge  19   b , identified here as  17   c , and the area to the left next to the lower edge  19   a , identified as  17   d , is transparent in construction in order to reduce the respective overlapping areas between the observation channels  23   b  or  22   a ,  22   b  and the fully mirror-coated area  19 . This guarantees largely unimpeded observation through the observation channels  22   a ,  22   b  and  23   b.    
         [0045]    Deflection element  18  is designed analogously and the fully mirror-coated area is once again designated  20 . In comparison with the embodiment according to FIG. 2, it is apparent that the overlap area between the fully mirror-coated area  20  and the observation channel  23   a  is reduced significantly, resulting in the provision of a stereoscopic observation for a co-observer using beam paths  23   a ,  23   b . The overlap areas between the fully mirror-coated area  19  and the observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  are also reduced in comparison with the embodiment presented in FIG. 2.  
         [0046]    The fully mirror-coated areas  19 ,  20  in FIG. 3 are drawn in schematically in FIG. 1 as bold lines on the deflection elements  17 ,  18 .  
         [0047]    It should be noted that a certain amount of overlap of the mirror-coated areas  19 ,  20  with the observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b ,  23   a ,  23   b  is necessary in order to produce the red reflex required for specific applications.  
         [0048]    It is possible to optimise this red reflex, for example with respect to intensity and contrast, by suitable dimensioning or design of the fully mirror-coated areas  19 ,  20  on the deflection elements  17 ,  18 .  
         [0049]    Another preferred embodiment of the lighting device according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.  
         [0050]    It is apparent from FIG. 4 that the microscope presented there basically corresponds to the microscope portrayed in FIG. 1, so that the shared components are identified by the same reference numerals. The microscope in FIG. 4 differs from the one in FIG. 1 in that the deflection element is not designed as a single unit prism block, but instead has two prism blocks  48 ,  49  which are physically separated from one another.  
         [0051]    It is clear from FIG. 5 that, by removing two wedge-shaped sections  30   a ,  30   b  from a single unit prism block (as portrayed, for example, in FIG. 3), it is possible to provide a deflection device featuring two prism blocks as per the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5. The removal of these sections  30   a ,  30   b  proves to be advantageous in that it is effectively possible to eliminate areas covered by adhesive of the kind typically found on the boundary surfaces of deflection elements between the individual prisms of the prism blocks. This is favorable as, in practice, adhesive areas between two prisms cannot ideally be formed with parallel faces, and moreover the adhesive used features a different refraction index to the prisms to be attached together. On the whole this normally leads to reflection effects or refraction effects at the junction lines, potentially causing double images. These kinds of double images can largely be prevented both for the main surgeon and for the co-observer in accordance with the embodiment of the microscope according to the invention as presented in FIGS. 4 and 5. It should be noted that a prism combination featuring a two-prism block does not necessarily need to be provided by adapting or dividing a one-unit prism block, as illustrated here. It is also possible to create the two prism blocks separately from one another.  
         [0052]    It is possible to insert glass blocks into the site of the removed sections  30   a ,  30   b , which will ensure that the main surgeon and the co-observer experience the same observation conditions. It is also possible to omit these glass blocks entirely and to provide additional optically imaging lenses in the observation beam path of the co-observer or the main surgeon to balance any potential focal difference between the observation beam path of the main surgeon and the co-observer.  
         [0053]    As already mentioned, +/−2° illumination enables optimal observation of the red reflex. Switching from +2° illumination to −2° illumination shall especially serve to improve the red reflex, for example, if the patient&#39;s eye is moved by the surgeon in the case of phacoemulsification. With conventional microscopes it was necessary to actively adjust a +/−2° mirror to the appropriate position by turning an adjusting knob. This invention enables straightforward, simultaneous +2° and −2° illumination, so that the surgeon&#39;s attention need not be diverted from the actual operation to making adjustments.  
         [0054]    As a result of the easily variable overlapping of the fully mirror-coated areas on the deflection elements with the observation beam channels, optimal red reflexes can be obtained in both observation channels, for both the main surgeon and the assistant. +2° illumination is generally used for observing the red reflex in the case of a centred patient&#39;s eye. −2° illumination is particularly advantageous if the patient&#39;s eye is decentred.  
         [0055]    The lighting device according to the invention is characterised by being extremely simple to operate during practical application. The fusion of the deflection elements into one single prism block or two prism blocks means that adjustments to create optimal distances between the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18  can be either completely or largely avoided. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 it is possible to move the prism block  8  or the two prism blocks  48 ,  49  relative to each other along the axis  12 , as indicated clearly by means of double arrows  25 ,  58 ,  59 .  
         [0056]    It is also possible to provide the deflection elements  16 ,  17 ,  18  partly blackened. This measure enables the prevention of unwanted reflexes. It is also possible to fit absorbent elements, in particular plates, onto the underside and, with reference to FIG. 4, onto the inner side of the deflection device  8  or  48 ,  49 , which also help to prevent unwanted reflexes due to multiple reflections. One such plate is shown schematically in FIG. 1 and is identified as  17   e . Dotted lines are used in FIG. 4 to illustrate an absorbent surface covering which is designed as a light trap or optical filter, either blackened or selectively absorbent, which is designated  17   f.    
         [0057]    The blackening of the surfaces can also prevent internal reflexes in particular. The elements provided, for example the plate  17   e  or the surface covering  17   f , can be used to prevent unwanted reflexes on the main objective.  
         [0058]    The prism block according to FIG. 1 can be created by using two largely identical prism blocks which are rotated rotationally symmetrically to one another, wherein a parallelogram block is inserted between the rotationally symmetrically displaced prisms.  
         [0059]    It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the microscope shown, the observation channels are largely arranged symmetrically around the observation axis  11 . This observation axis does not necessarily correspond to the mid-axis or the optical axis of the main objective  2 .  
         [0060]    Finally, FIG. 6 illustrates a further embodiment of the deflection device according to the invention, viewed in a direction corresponding to the direction of the arrows P in FIG. 1 or FIG. 4. The deflection device formed as a prism block illustrated in FIG. 6 comprises two deflection elements  16 ,  17 , where deflection element  16  is formed as a physical beam splitter and deflection element  17  is essentially fully mirror-coated. Corresponding to the illustrations in FIGS. 1-5, the lower edges  16   a  or  17   a  of the deflection elements  16  and  17  are shown. The respective upper edges have been omitted in these illustrations. For the sake of clarification it should be noted that the respective deflection elements or deflection surfaces  16   a ,  17   a  extend at an inclination to the right towards the plane of projection. Analogously to the embodiments of the lighting device according to the invention described hereinbefore, deflection element  16  serves to provide 6° illumination and deflection element  17  serves to provide +2° illumination. The observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  of the stereomicroscope are to the left of the deflection element  17 , as illustrated in FIG. 6. According to this embodiment, glass blocks  60 ,  61  which are transparent for the observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  are inserted in these observation beam paths. Introducing glass blocks of this kind enables a contraction of the apertures (pupils) of the observation beam paths, which in turn allows for a reduction in the constructional height of the lighting device or the microscope. In addition, this kind of deflection device is shorter in the direction of the axis  12  shown than conventional deflection devices, in particular as the part of the deflection device directed towards the two observation beam paths  22   a ,  22   b  tapers in form in order to achieve optimal observation, free of vignetting. The glass blocks are expediently adhesively attached to the deflection device formed as a prism block. It is also possible to provide the glass blocks separately from the deflection device, so that they can be used only when required.  
         [0061]    It should be noted that the light source is not shown in FIG. 6. In addition, only a lens, designated  4 , is illustrated schematically, in connection with an optical system provided between the light source and the deflection device.  
       KEY TO REFERENCE NUMERALS  
       [0062]    [0062] 1  Object  
         [0063]    [0063] 2  Main objective  
         [0064]    [0064] 3  Light source  
         [0065]    [0065] 4 ,  5  Lenses  
         [0066]    [0066] 6 ,  7  Shutters  
         [0067]    [0067] 8  Deflection device (prism block)  
         [0068]    [0068] 8   a  Underside of the deflection device  
         [0069]    [0069] 8   b  Top side of the deflection device  
         [0070]    [0070] 9  Magnifying system  
         [0071]    [0071] 11  Optical axis  
         [0072]    [0072] 12  Axis of the deflection device  
         [0073]    [0073] 12   a, b, c  Partial beam  
         [0074]    [0074] 14 , 15 , 16  Partial beam  
         [0075]    [0075] 16 , 17 ,  18  Deflection elements  
         [0076]    [0076] 16   a ,  17   a ,  18   a  Lower edges of the deflection elements  
         [0077]    [0077] 16   b ,  17   b ,  18   b  Upper edges of the deflection elements  
         [0078]    [0078] 17   e  Plate  
         [0079]    [0079] 17   f  Surface covering  
         [0080]    [0080] 19 ,  20  Mirror-coated areas of deflection elements  17 ,  18   
         [0081]    [0081] 22   a ,  22   b  Observation beam paths: main observer  
         [0082]    [0082] 23   a ,  23   b  Observation beam paths: co-observer  
         [0083]    [0083] 24  Mirror-coated area of deflection element  16   
         [0084]    [0084] 25  Double arrow  
         [0085]    [0085] 28 ,  29  Screens (shutters)  
         [0086]    [0086] 30   a ,  30   b  Wedge-like blocks  
         [0087]    [0087] 48 ,  49  Deflection device (prism blocks)  
         [0088]    [0088] 58 ,  59  Double arrows  
         [0089]    [0089] 60 ,  61  Glass blocks  
         [0090]    [0090] 100  Microscope