Abstract:
A method, computer program product, and data processing system, with which a unified security policy may be implemented using existing application components with disparate security mechanisms and user registries is disclosed. The present invention provides a generic application programming interface (API) that forms a framework for creating registry adapters. Registry adapters allow a policy director (an item of software for imposing a sitewide security policy) to operate with new or unfamiliar registry types by acting as a drop-in translator for converting generic registry-access commands into operations specific to the particular registry in question.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Technical Field  
           [0002]    The present invention is related to security systems for use with large sites on the World Wide Web. More specifically, the present invention provides a method, computer program product, and data processing system for allowing centralized access to information in disparate user registries across networked data processing system.  
           [0003]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0004]    The Internet, also referred to as an “internetwork,” is a set of computer networks, possibly dissimilar, joined together by means of gateways that handle data transfer and the conversion of messages from protocols of the sending network to the protocols used by the receiving network (with packets if necessary). When capitalized, the term “Internet” refers to the collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols.  
           [0005]    The Internet has become a cultural fixture as a source of both information and entertainment. Many businesses are creating Internet sites as an integral part of their marketing efforts, informing consumers of the products or services offered by the business or providing other information seeking to engender brand loyalty. Many federal, state, and local government agencies are also employing Internet sites for informational purposes, particularly agencies which must interact with virtually all segments of society such as the Internal Revenue Service and secretaries of state. Providing informational guides and/or searchable databases of online public records may reduce operating costs. Further, the Internet is becoming increasingly popular as a medium for commercial transactions.  
           [0006]    Currently, the most commonly employed method of transferring data over the Internet is to employ the World Wide Web environment, also called simply “the Web”. Other Internet resources exist for transferring information, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Gopher, but have not achieved the popularity of the Web. In the Web environment, servers and clients effect data transaction using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a known protocol for handling the transfer of various data files (e.g., text, still graphic images, audio, motion video, etc.). The information in various data files is formatted for presentation to a user by a standard page description language, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In addition to basic presentation formatting, HTML allows developers to specify “links” to other Web resources identified by a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URL is a special syntax identifier defining a communications path to specific information. Each logical block of information accessible to a client, called a “page” or a “Web page”, is identified by a URL. The URL provides a universal, consistent method for finding and accessing this information, not necessarily for the user, but mostly for the user&#39;s Web “browser”. A browser is a program capable of submitting a request for information identified by an identifier, such as, for example, a URL. A user may enter a domain name through a graphical user interface (GUI) for the browser to access a source of content. The domain name is automatically converted to the Internet Protocol (IP) address by a domain name system (DNS), which is a service that translates the symbolic name entered by the user into an IP address by looking up the domain name in a database.  
           [0007]    The Internet also is widely used to transfer applications to users using browsers. With respect to commerce on the Web, individual consumers and business use the Web to purchase various goods and services. In offering goods and services, some companies offer goods and services solely on the Web while others use the Web to extend their reach.  
           [0008]    In recent years, organizations have expanded the role of the Web from a mere disseminator of information to an integral part of business operations. Organizations increasingly rely on the Web to provide essential business services, such as allowing customers to view their accounts online or to allow internal employees to access internal information over the Internet for use while working from home.  
           [0009]    As organizations move from providing static content to providing key services, the amount of sensitive data becoming accessible over the Web is increasing steadily. This has brought about a major change in the requirements for data security over the Web. It is no longer sufficient to “keep the bad guys out.” Organizations with a strong web presence must not only keep out unauthorized users, but must also keep authorized users from accessing data and applications they should not be allowed to access.  
           [0010]    To complicate matters, even sophisticated websites are often a hodge-podge of various applications and servers, each with their own authentication systems and user registries (the databases that store data for use in authenticating users). Rewriting each and every application on a site so as to implement a unified security policy is a Herculean task. To provide effective site-wide security over a complex website, however, some sort of centralized access control is needed, so that authorized users may access only those resources they are authorized to access. It would also be beneficial if a user need only sign onto the site once, rather than for each time a new application is accessed.  
           [0011]    What is needed then, is a system whereby a unified security policy may be implemented in a website having disparate user registries and authentication mechanisms.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    The present invention provides a method, computer program product, and data processing system, with which a unified security policy may be implemented using existing application components with disparate security mechanisms and user registries. The present invention provides a generic application programming interface (API) that forms a framework for creating registry adapters.  
           [0013]    A policy director server authenticates a user using data stored in a registry associated with an existing application. The policy director issues generic registry-independent function calls taken from the API to a registry adapter. The registry adapter is custom-made to operate with the particular registry in question. The registry adapter, in response to the function calls, performs registry-dependent operations on the registry and returns the results to the policy director, thus obviating the need for the policy director to be programmed to operate with each type of registry. The policy director may be made to operate with a new type of registry by simply pairing it with a new registry adapter made to operate with the new registry type and exporting the API so as to make it accessible to the policy director.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in which the present invention may be implemented;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a data processing system that may be implemented as a server in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 depicts a networked computing environment in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting policy director software communicating with disparate registries through registry adapters;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 is a flowchart representation of a process of a policy director&#39;s accessing registry data in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 is a flowchart representation of a single sign-on administration of both URAF_Resource and URAF_ResGroup objects in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 is a flowchart representation of a single sign-on administration of a URAF_ResCreds Object in a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 9 is a flowchart representation of a complete single sign-on task between an application, a URAF adapter, and all related objects in the underlying registry in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0024]    With reference now to the figures, FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in which the present invention may be implemented. Network data processing system  100  is a network of computers in which the present invention may be implemented. Network data processing system  100  contains a network  102 , which is the medium used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within network data processing system  100 . Network  102  may include connections, such as wire, wireless communication links, or fiber optic cables.  
         [0025]    In the depicted example, a server  104  is connected to network  102  along with storage unit  106 . In addition, clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  also are connected to network  102 . These clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  may be, for example, personal computers or network computers. In the depicted example, server  104  provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients  108 - 112 . Clients  108 ,  110 , and  112  are clients to server  104 . Network data processing system  100  may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown. In the depicted example, network data processing system  100  is the Internet with network  102  representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, government, educational and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, network data processing system  100  also may be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). FIG. 1 is intended as an example, and not as an architectural limitation for the present invention.  
         [0026]    Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a data processing system that may be implemented as a server, such as server  104  in FIG. 1, is depicted in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Data processing system  200  may be a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system including a plurality of processors  202  and  204  connected to system bus  206 . Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed. Also connected to system bus  206  is memory controller/cache  208 , which provides an interface to local memory  209 . I/O bus bridge  210  is connected to system bus  206  and provides an interface to I/O bus  212 . Memory controller/cache  208  and I/O bus bridge  210  may be integrated as depicted.  
         [0027]    Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus bridge  214  connected to I/O bus  212  provides an interface to PCI local bus  216 . A number of modems may be connected to PCI bus  216 . Typical PCI bus implementations will support four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors. Communications links to network computers  108 - 112  in FIG. 1 may be provided through modem  218  and network adapter  220  connected to PCI local bus  216  through add-in boards.  
         [0028]    Additional PCI bus bridges  222  and  224  provide interfaces for additional PCI buses  226  and  228 , from which additional modems or network adapters may be supported. In this manner, data processing system  200  allows connections to multiple network computers. A memory-mapped graphics adapter  230  and hard disk  232  may also be connected to I/O bus  212  as depicted, either directly or indirectly.  
         [0029]    Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware depicted in FIG. 2 may vary. For example, other peripheral devices, such as optical disk drives and the like, also may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted. The depicted example is not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention.  
         [0030]    The data processing system depicted in FIG. 2 may be, for example, an IBM eServer pseries, a product of International Business Machines Corporation in Armonk, N.Y., running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX) operating system, or alternatively, the Linux operating system, which is freely available for a number of hardware platforms.  
         [0031]    With reference now to FIG. 3, a block diagram illustrating a data processing system is depicted in which the present invention may be implemented. Data processing system  300  is an example of a client computer. Data processing system  300  employs a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus architecture. Although the depicted example employs a PCI bus, other bus architectures such as Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) and Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) may be used. Processor  302  and main memory  304  are connected to PCI local bus  306  through PCI bridge  308 . PCI bridge  308  also may include an integrated memory controller and cache memory for processor  302 . Additional connections to PCI local bus  306  may be made through direct component interconnection or through add-in boards. In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter  310 , SCSI host bus adapter  312 , and expansion bus interface  314  are connected to PCI local bus  306  by direct component connection. In contrast, audio adapter  316 , graphics adapter  318 , and audio/video adapter  319  are connected to PCI local bus  306  by add-in boards inserted into expansion slots. Expansion bus interface  314  provides a connection for a keyboard and mouse adapter  320 , modem  322 , and additional memory  324 . Small computer system interface (SCSI) host bus adapter  312  provides a connection for hard disk drive  326 , tape drive  328 , and CD-ROM drive  330 . Typical PCI local bus implementations will support three or four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors.  
         [0032]    An operating system runs on processor  302  and is used to coordinate and provide control of various components within data processing system  300  in FIG. 3. The operating system may be a commercially available operating system, such as Windows 2000, which is available from Microsoft Corporation. An object oriented programming system such as Java may run in conjunction with the operating system and provide calls to the operating system from Java programs or applications executing on data processing system  300 . “Java” is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented operating system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as hard disk drive  326 , and may be loaded into main memory  304  for execution by processor  302 .  
         [0033]    Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in FIG. 3 may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash ROM (or equivalent nonvolatile memory) or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIG. 3. Also, the processes of the present invention may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system.  
         [0034]    As another example, data processing system  300  may be a stand-alone system configured to be bootable without relying on some type of network communication interface, whether or not data processing system  300  comprises some type of network communication interface. As a further example, data processing system  300  may be a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, which is configured with ROM and/or flash ROM in order to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data.  
         [0035]    The depicted example in FIG. 3 and above-described examples are not meant to imply architectural limitations. For example, data processing system  300  also may be a notebook computer or hand held computer in addition to taking the form of a PDA. Data processing system  300  also may be a kiosk or a Web appliance.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 4 more specifically depicts a networked computing environment in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Client computer  400  accesses intranet  402  through Internet  404 . An authentication gateway server  406  containing policy director software acts as a single entry-point to the rest of intranet  402 , namely server  408  and server  410 .  
         [0037]    Authentication gateway server  406  allows or denies client computer  400  access to the resources of servers  408  and  410  based on a single-signon system. In other words, the user of client computer  400  provides a single username and password to authentication gateway server  406  and then is allowed access to the other servers in intranet  402 . The user of client computer  400 , however, may have varying levels of access to different servers, once signed on. For instance, although a user may be signed onto the intranet as a whole, the user might not be allowed to access all intranet resources (including hardware resources such as servers, clients, and peripheral devices, and software resources such as applications), once signed on.  
         [0038]    In a typical intranet pieced together from existing “off-the-shelf” components, each application or server will have its own registry of users, user groups, and other application-specific objects-the information each application or server itself uses to authenticate users. Having all of this authentication information distributed in this way, among different software and hardware components, makes providing a single-signon difficult. In order to authenticate a user when a user may have access to some resources, but not others, policy director software needs to have a way of accessing the various user registries throughout the intranet. Thus, the present invention provides a technique by which existing hardware and software components may be made to interact with policy director software, so as to provide single-signon capability readily and to also allow for central establishment of users, user groups, and policies across disparate application platforms.  
         [0039]    One of ordinary skill in the art will note that the processes of the present invention will apply with equal utility in the situation where client computer  400  is within intranet  402 , rather than connected through Internet  404 .  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting policy director software  500  communicating with disparate registries  502  and  504  through registry adapters  506  and  508 . Registry adapters  506  and  508  are custom-written to interact with registries  502  and  504 , respectively. Registry adapters  506  and  508 , on the other hand, communicate with policy director software  500  through a unified application programming interface (API), called a “User Registry Adapter Framework” or “URAF.” 
         [0041]    The API is a vocabulary of function definitions that provide a single interface that policy director  500  may use to communicate with any registry adapter. The actual program code corresponding to each of the function definitions within the API is custom tailored for each registry. Thus, each registry adapter acts as a translator, receiving function calls from policy director  500  to perform particular tasks, then performing the tasks on a particular registry.  
         [0042]    In this way, existing registry systems may be incorporated with existing policy director software by simply writing a registry adapter that includes program code for each of the functions in the API. In a preferred embodiment, a registry adapter is compiled as a dynamically-linked library (DLL), so that it may be loaded by policy director software  500  as needed, without rebuilding any existing software components, such as policy director software  500 .  
         [0043]    In a preferred embodiment, the API adopts an object-oriented approach to handling registry data. Each basic data concept is associated with a particular object class. Thus, a preferred embodiment of the API recognizes objects corresponding to users, user groups, policies, resources, resource groups, and resource credentials. A preferred embodiment also recognizes objects representing lists of the previously-mentioned objects. Each of these objects contains a number of data fields representing properties of that object. For instance, a “User” object will have a “firstName” field, containing a user&#39;s first (given) name. Table I provides a list of basic object classes with associated data fields in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Objects that represent lists of these basic objects are called URAF_UserList, URAF_GroupList, URAF_PolicyList, and so forth. It should be noted that Table I is merely an example of the kinds of objects that may be included in an embodiment of the present invention; it is by no means exhaustive or exclusive. Actual embodiments of the present invention may employ more, fewer, or different classes than those described in Table I.  
                             TABLE I                           Object Classes and their Fields                Data Field in the           Primary Data Object   Object   Field Description               URAF_User   userID   Policy Director user ID           domainName   Policy Director domain name           description   User description           type   User type           uuid   Unique object identification           accountValid   User account valid           authnDataValid   Authentication data valid           authnData   Authentication data           loginTypes   Login types           firstName   User&#39;s first name           middleName   User&#39;s middle name           lastName   User&#39;s last name           registryUID   Registry specific user ID           failedlogins   Number of failed logins           pwdLastChanged   Password last changed time           lastLogin   Last successful login time           policyID   Policy ID for this user           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements       URAF_Group   groupID   Policy Director group ID           domainName   Policy Director domain name           description   Group description           type   Group type           uuid   Unique object identification           valid   Group valid           registryGID   Registry specific group ID           members   List of users in this group           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements       URAF_Policy   policyID   Policy Director policy ID           domainName   Policy Director domain name           description   Policy description           type   Policy type           uuid   Unique object identification           valid   Policy valid           acctExpires   Account expiration time           acctLife   Account lifetime in seconds           acctInactivity   Account inactivity seconds           acctFailedLockout   Account lockout in seconds           maxFailedLogins   Max allowed login failures           pwdMinLen   Minimum password length           pwdMaxLen   Maximum password length           pwdAlphaOnly   Alpha only password allowed           pwdSpacesAllowed   Spaces allowed in password           loginRestrictions   Login restrictions string           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements       URAF_Resource   resourceID   Policy director resource ID           description   Resource description           type   Resource type           uuid   Unique object identification           valid   Resource valid           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements       URAF_ResGroup   resgroupID   Policy Director resgroup ID           description   Resource group description           type   Resource group type           uuid   Unique object identification           valid   Resource group valid           members   Resources in this resgroup           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements       URAF_ResCreds   rescredsID   Policy Director rescreds ID           description   Resource creds description           type   Resources creds type           uuid   Unique object identification           valid   Resource credentials valid           uid   Resource user ID           authnData   Resource authentication data           properties   Registry specific data           blob   For future data requirements                  
 
         [0044]    Each object class has methods associated with it. For instance, an object class representing a list of users has associated methods for accessing the first element of the list and the each next element in the list.  
         [0045]    One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that this object-oriented data organization need not be implemented using an object-oriented programming language, such as C++ or Java. A procedural language, such as C, may be used to implement an object-oriented API in accordance with the present invention. Typically, when a procedural language is used to implement an object-oriented API, objects are replaced with some type of structured data type (such as a C struct, or a Pascal record), and the object methods will be replaced with functions that take the object&#39;s structured data type (or some kind of pointer or handle representing a structured datatype) as an argument. For example, a call to an object&#39;s method in C++ or Java, “object.method(x)” would be replaced with a function call resembling “method(object,x)” in C.  
         [0046]    In a preferred embodiment, API functions (or methods) return a completion status code. This code can be interpreted to tell whether an API function completed successfully.  
         [0047]    In a preferred embodiment, API functions exist for reading, modifying, and making use of all of the various object classes. Table II provides a representative listing of API functions and the tasks they perform in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that Table II is merely an example of the kinds of functions that may be included in an embodiment of the present invention; it is by no means exhaustive or exclusive. Actual embodiments of the present invention may employ more, fewer, or different functions than those described in Table II.  
                     TABLE II                           API Functions                    INITIALIZATION/TERMINATION FUNCTIONS       uraf_router - Route requests to the proper adapter       uraf_initialize - Initialization of URAF       uraf_terminate - Termination of URAF       MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS       uraf_version - Get the URAF implementation version number       uraf_registry_type - Get the URAF implementation registry type       uraf_authn_type - Get the URAF implementation authentication type       uraf_extensions - Get URAF implementation extensions       REGISTRY PROPERTY FUNCTIONS       uraf_registry_properties - Get URAF registry specific properties       uraf_alloc_properties - Allocate a URAF_Properties object       uraf_free_properties - Free a URAF_Properties object       MEMORY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_alloc - Allocate memory       uraf_strdup - String duplication       uraf_free - Free memory       uraf_alloc_user - Allocate a URAF_User object       uraf_alloc_userlist - Allocate a URAF_UserList object       uraf_free_user - Free a URAF_User object       uraf_free_userlist - Free a URAF_UserList object       uraf_alloc_group- Allocate a URAF_Group object       uraf_alloc_grouplist - Allocate a URAF_GroupList object       uraf_free_group - Free a URAF_Group object       uraf_free_grouplist - Free a URAF_GroupList object       uraf_alloc_policy - Allocate a URAF_Policy object       uraf_alloc_policylist - Allocate a URAF_PolicyList object       uraf_free_policy - Free a URAF_Policy object       uraf_free_policylist - Free a URAF_PolicyList object       uraf_alloc_resource - Allocate a URAF_Resource object       uraf_alloc_resourcelist - Allocate a URAF_ResourceList object       uraf_free_resource - Free a URAF_Resource object       uraf_free_resourcelist - Free a URAF_ResourceList object       uraf_alloc_resgroup - Allocate a URAF_ResGroup object       uraf_alloc_resgrouplist - Allocate a URAF_ResGroupList object       uraf_free_resgroup - Free a URAF_ResGroup object       uraf_free_resgrouplist - Free a URAF_ResGroupList object       uraf_alloc_rescreds - Allocate a URAF_ResCreds object       uraf_alloc_rescredslist - Allocate a URAF_ResCredsList object       uraf_free_rescreds - Free a URAF_ResCreds object       uraf_free_rescredslist - Free a URAF_ResCredsList object       uraf_alloc_authndata - Allocate a URAF_AuthnData structure (for       holding authentication data)       uraf_free_authndata - Free a URAF_AuthnData structure       uraf_alloc_logintypes - Allocate a URAF_logintypes structure       uraf_free_logintypes - Free a URAF_logintypes structure       uraf_alloc_resgroupmembers - Allocate a URAF_ResGroupMembers       structure       uraf_free_resgroupmembers - Free a URAF_ResGroupMembers       structure       uraf_alloc_blob - Allocate a URAF_blob structure       uraf_free_blob - Free a URAF_blob structure       USER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_authenticate_user - Authenticate user in the Registry       uraf_change_authndata - Change authentication data in the       Registry       uraf_create_user - Create a new user in the Registry       uraf_delete_user - Delete a user from the Registry       uraf_enable_user - Enable a user for Policy Director use       uraf_disable_user - Disable a user for Policy Director use       uraf_get_user - Get user data from the Registry       uraf_get_user_by_uuid - Get user data from the Registry by UUID       uraf_user_grouplist - Get list of groups user belongs to       uraf_get_userlist - Get list of users from the Registry       uraf_first_user - Get first user from list of users       uraf_next_user - Get next user from list of users       uraf_previous_user - Get previous user from list of users       GROUP MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_create_group - Create a new group in the Registry       uraf_delete_group - Delete a group from the Registry       uraf_enable_group - Enable a group for Policy Director use       uraf_disable_group - Disable a group for Policy Director use       uraf_modify_group - Modify a group in the Registry       uraf_add_group_member - add a user to a group in the Registry       uraf_remove_group_member - remove a user from a group in the       Registry       uraf_get_group - Get group data from the Registry       uraf_get_group_by_uuid - Get group data from the Registry by UUID       uraf_get_grouplist - Get list of groups from the Registry       uraf_first_group - Get first group from list of groups       uraf_next_group - Get next group from list of groups       uraf_previous_group - Get previous group from list of groups       POLICY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_create_policy - Create a new policy in the Registry       uraf_delete_policy - Delete a policy from the Registry       uraf_modify_policy - Modify a policy in the Registry       uraf_get_policy - Get policy data from the Registry       uraf_get_policylist - Get list of policy data from the Registry       uraf_first_policy - Get first policy from policy list       uraf_next_policy - Get next policy from policy list       uraf_previous_policy - Get previous policy from policy list       RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_create_resource - Create a new resource in the Registry       uraf_delete_resource - Delete a resource from the Registry       uraf_modify_resource - Modify a resource in the Registry       uraf_get_resource - Get resource data from the Registry       uraf_get_resourcelist - Get list of resource data from the       Registry       uraf_first_resource - Get first resource from resource list       uraf_next_resource - Get next resource from resource list       uraf_previous_resource - Get previous resource from resource list       RESGROUP MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_create_resgroup - Create a new resgroup in the Registry       uraf_delete_resgroup - Delete a resgroup from the Registry       uraf_modify_resgroup - Modify a resgroup in the Registry       uraf_get_resgroup - Get resgroup data from the Registry       uraf_get_resgrouplist - Get list of resgroup data from the       Registry       uraf_first_resgroup - Get first resgroup from resgroup list       uraf_next_resgroup - Get next resgroup from resgroup list       uraf_previous_resgroup - Get previous resgroup from resgroup list       RESCREDS MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS       uraf_create_rescreds - Create a new rescreds in the Registry       uraf_delete_rescreds - Delete a rescreds from the Registry       uraf_modify_rescreds - Modify a rescreds in the Registry       uraf_get_rescreds - Get rescreds data from the Registry       uraf_get_rescredslist - Get list of rescreds data from the       Registry       uraf_first_rescreds - Get first rescreds from rescreds list       uraf_next_rescreds - Get next rescreds from rescreds list       uraf_previous_rescreds - Get previous rescreds from rescreds list                  
 
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 6 is a flowchart representation of a process of a policy director&#39;s accessing registry data in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. First, the policy director issues a registry-independent function call to a function within the URAF API (step  600 ). Next, the registry-specific registry adapter code associated with the function call and corresponding to the particular registry to be accessed is executed (step  602 ). Finally, any results, including completion codes, are returned to the policy director (step  604 ).  
         [0049]    [0049]FIGS. 7, 8, and  9  depict a single sign-on system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and in view of the interaction between policy director software, a URAF adapter and the underlying registry.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 7 is a flowchart representation of the operation of a single sign-on administration from the perspective of URAF_Resource and URAF_ResGroup objects. The process starts with setting up required objects in the registry (registry  502 , for instance) to perform single sign-on task. The administrator of policy director software  500  first issues a request to create a single sign-on (SSO) Resource or ResGroup (step  702 ). Each SSO Resource object represents a backend HTTP server while each SSO ResGroup object contains multiple SSO Resources (i.e., multiple backend HTTP servers). If an SSO resource is to be made, an uraf_create_resource function call from the API is made from policy server  500  to URAF adapter  506 ; if an SSO ResGroup is to be made instead, a call to uraf_create_resgroup will be made (step  704 ). Depending on which function was called, URAF adapter  506  will in turn create either a URAF_Resource object or a URAF_ResGroup object in registry  502  (step  706 ). This process can be repeatedly performed (step  708 ) by the administrator of policy director  500  based on the user&#39;s configured environment.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 8 is a flowchart representation of the operation of a single sign-on administration from the perspective of a URAF_ResCreds object. Each URAF_ResCreds contains a user&#39;s identification and password, which can be used to sign on to a backend server. In the case that the backend server is an HTTP server, this authentication can take place via the HTTP basic-authentication protocol, described in Internet Request for Comments (RFC)  2617 .  
         [0052]    The URAF_ResCreds object administration process starts with a request issued from the administrator of policy director software  500  to create an SSO ResCreds for a particular user (step  802 ). A call to uraf_create_rescreds interface call will be issued to URAF adapter  506  to create a URAF_ResCreds object associated with a URAF_Resource or a URAF_ResGroup (step  804 ). The adapter then in turn creates a URAF_ResCreds object under the user object corresponding to the user in question in registry  502  (step  806 ). This procedure can, be repeated (step  808 ) by the administrator of policy director software  500 .  
         [0053]    Once the administration flows in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are completed, the environment is ready for user to perform web single sign-on. FIG. 9 is a flowchart representation of the actual single sign-on task between application, URAF adapter, and all the related objects in underlying registry.  
         [0054]    The user starts from requesting a web resource in a SSO object name space located in policy director software  500  (step  900 ). When the request is received by the policy director software  500 , the SSO ResCreds name and user&#39;s id associated with the requested web resource will be used by policy director software  500  to retrieve the user&#39;s id and password for signing onto the backend server. Specifically, the uraf_get_rescreds interface will be issued to URAF adapter  506  (step  902 ). Adapter  506  will then locate the SSO ResCreds name under the requested user object, and return the ResCreds object back to policy director software  500  (step  904 ). Upon receiving the ResCreds object, policy director software  500  then extracts the user id and password stored in the ResCreds object, and forwards them to the backend server to perform authentication on behalf of the user (step  906 ). After successfully authenticating to the backend server, the user requested resource (e.g., a web resource) will be sent back from the server to policy director software  500 , which in turn passes it back to the user and completes the single sign-on task for the user (step  908 ). If policy director software  500  receives another request (step  906 ), the process cycles to step  900 . Otherwise, the process terminates.  
         [0055]    It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of a computer readable medium of instructions and a variety of forms and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include recordable-type media, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a RAM, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMS, and transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communications links, wired or wireless communications links using transmission forms, such as, for example, radio frequency and light wave transmissions. The computer readable media may take the form of coded formats that are decoded for actual use in a particular data processing system.  
         [0056]    The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.