Abstract:
Disclosed are compositions containing 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-one or thione corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur and the use thereof as antimicrobial and marine antifouling agents.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to the use of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-one (or thione) as antimicrobial and marine antifouling agents. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The compound 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione is known and taught by Tomura et al. in Heterocyles, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1993, pages 69-72. This compound as well as the oxygen counterpart are taught by Underhill et al. in Synthetic Metals, 55-57, (1993) pages 1914-1919. These compounds are useful as components of organic conductors and an intermediate in the preparation of bis(1,2,5)thiadiazolotetrathiafulvalene for use as an organic conductor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to the use of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-one (or thione) which correspond to the formula: ##STR2## wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur as antimicrobial and marine antifouling agents. 
     The present invention is also directed to a method for inhibiting microorganisms in a microbial habitat comprising contacting said microbial habitat with a composition containing an antimicrobially-effective amount of 4,5-dicyano-1,3-dithiole-2-one or thione. 
     The antimicrobial compositions of the present invention more specifically can be employed to treat surfaces exposed to a marine environment in which marine organisms grow to prevent the growth of said marine organisms on said surfaces. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione employed in the practice of the present invention is a known compound and can be prepared by the reaction of 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole with sodium sulfite followed by reacting the so produced product with thiophosgene to give 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione as taught by Tanaka et al., ibid and Underhill et al, ibid. The compound 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-one employed in the practice of the present invention is a known compound and can be prepared by the oxygenation of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione as taught by Underhill et al, ibid. 
     The following examples illustrate the present invention and the manner by which it can be practiced but, as such, should not be construed as limitations upon the overall scope of the same. 
     Since the hereinabove and hereinafter set forth compound preparation procedures employ only standard chemistry practices and it is known that slightly different reactants can require slightly different reaction parameters from those for other reactants, it is to be understood that minor modifications to the reaction parameters set forth such as the use of an excess of one reactant, the use of a catalyst, the use of temperatures slightly higher than room temperature and/or high speed mixing and other such conventional changes are within the scope of the present invention. 
     The structure identity of the compound was confirmed by carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13 C  NMR) recorded at 75 MHz; infrared spectroscopy (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The reaction is conducted under a positive pressure of nitrogen. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione ##STR3## 
     An ethanol solution containing 5.0 grams(g) (0.0323 mol) of 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole was added to a solution of 5.35 g (0.071 mol) of sodium sulfide in 100 mL of a 70:30 mixture of ethanol and water. The admixture was allowed to stir for 2.0 hours and then quenched with 810 g (0.07 m) of thiophosgene and allowed to stir overnight (16.0 hours) and extracted with hexane and chromatographed to yield 1.8 g of the above-named product as an orange solid melting at 99° C. in a yield of 30 percent of theoretical. 
     Preparation of Starting Materials 
     The 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole, sodium sulfide and thiophosgene employed as starting materials are well known compounds and can either be obtained commercially or prepared as taught in the literature. 
     Antimicrobial Activity 
     The compound of this invention is useful as an antimicrobial additive, and can be added to industrial products such as paints, inks, adhesives, soaps, cutting oils, textiles, and paper and pigment slurries and to styrene-butadiene latexes used for paper coatings. 
     The compound is also useful as an antimicrobial additive in such personal care products as hand creams, lotions, shampoos, and hand soaps. A further advantage of this invention is its cost-effectiveness for applications which need to have an antimicrobial continuously replenished, such as in cooling towers and pulp and paper mills. 
     The present invention is also directed to a method for inhibiting microorganisms which comprises contacting said microorganisms or habitat thereof with a composition containing an antimicrobially effective amount of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione. 
     The antimicrobial compounds of this invention may be added directly to aqueous formulations susceptible to microbial growth, either undiluted or dissolved in inert diluents such as organic solvents such as glycols, alcohols, or acetone. They may also be added alone or in combination with other preservatives. 
     As used herein, the term &#34;microorganism&#34; is meant to refer to bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, subvital agents and protozoa. 
     As used herein, the term &#34;antimicrobially-effective amount&#34; refers to that amount of the compound, or of a composition comprising such compound, of this invention needed to exhibit inhibition of selected microorganisms. Typically, this amount varies from providing about 1 part per million (ppm) to about 5,000 ppm by weight of the compound to a microbial habitat being contacted with the compound. Such amounts vary depending upon the particular microorganism treated. Also, the exact concentration of the compound to be added in the treatment of industrial and consumer formulations may vary within a product type depending upon the components of the formulation. A preferred effective amount of the compound is from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, more preferably from about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm by weight, of a microbial habitat. 
     The term &#34;microbial habitat&#34; refers to a place or type of site where a microorganism naturally or normally lives or grows. Typically, such a microbial habitat will be an area that comprises a moisture, nutrient, and/or an oxygen source such as, for example, a cooling water tower or an air washing system. 
     The terms &#34;inhibition&#34;, &#34;inhibit&#34; or &#34;inhibiting&#34; refer to the suppression, stasis, kill, or any other interference with the normal life processes of microorganisms that is adverse to such microorganisms, so as to destroy or irreversibly inactivate existing microorganisms and/or prevent or control their future growth and reproduction. 
     The antimicrobial activity of the compound of the present invention is demonstratedby the following techniques. 
     The antimicrobial activity of the compound is set forth as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the active compound and is determined for nine (9) bacteria, using nutrient agar, and seven (7) yeast and fungi, using malt yeast agar. This determination is conducted using a one percent solution of the test compound prepared in a mixture of acetone and water. 
     Nutrient agar is prepared at pH 6.8, representing a neutral medium, and at pH 8.2, representing an alkaline medium. The nutrient agars are prepared by adding 23 g of nutrient agar to one-liter of deionized water. In addition, the alkaline medium is prepared by adjusting a 0.04M solution of N- tris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl!-glycine buffered deionized water with concentrated sodium hydroxide to a pH of 8.5. 
     Malt yeast agar is preparedby adding 3 g yeast extract and 45 g malt agar per liter of deionized water. The specific agar is dispensed in 30 mL aliquots into 25×200 mm test tubes, capped and autoclaved for 15 minutes at 115° C. 
     The test tubes containing the agar are cooled in a water bath until the temperature of the agar is 48° C. Then, an appropriate amount of the one percent solution of the test compound is added (except in the controls where no compound is added) to the respective test tubes so that the final concentrations are 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.0 and zero parts per million of the test compound in the agar, thus having a known concentration of test compound dispersed therein. The contents of the test tubes are then transferred to respective petri plates. After drying for 24 hours, the petri plates containing nutrient agar are inoculated with bacteria and those containing malt yeast agar are inoculated with yeast and fungi. 
     The inoculation with bacteria is accomplished by using the following procedure. Twenty-four hour-cultures of each of the bacteria are prepared by incubating the respective bacteria in tubes containing nutrient broth for 24 hours at 30° C. in a shaker. Dilutions of each of the 24 hour-cultures are made so that nine separate suspensions (one for each of the nine test bacteria) are made, each containing 10 8  colony forming units (CFU) per mL of suspension of a particular bacteria. Aliquots of 0.3 mL of each of the bacterial suspensions are used to fill the individual wells of Steer&#39;s Replicatot. For each microbial suspension, 0.3 mL was used to fill three wells (i.e., three wells of 0.3 mL each) so that for the nine different bacteria, 27 wells are filled. The Steer&#39;s Replicator is then used to inoculate both the neutral and alkaline pH nutrient agar petri plates. 
     The inoculated petri plates are incubated at 30° C. for 48 hours and then read to determine if the test compound which is incorporated into the agar prevented growth of the respective bacteria. 
     The inoculation with the yeast and fungi is accomplished as follows. Cultures of yeast and fungi are incubated for seven days on malt yeast agar at 30° C. These cultures are used to prepare suspensions by the following procedure. A suspension of each organism is preparedby adding 10 mL of sterile saline and 10 microliters of octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol to the agar slant of yeast or fungi. The sterile saline/octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol solution is then agitated with a sterile swab to suspend the microorganism grown on the slant. Each resulting suspension is diluted into sterile saline (1 part suspension to 9 parts sterile saline). Aliquots of these dilutions are placed in individual wells of Steer&#39;s Replicator and petri plates inoculated as previously described. The petri plates are incubated at 30° C. and read after 48 hours for yeast and 72 hours for fungi. 
     Table I lists the bacteria, yeast and fungi used in the MIC test described above along with their respective American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) identification numbers. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Organisms used in the MinimumInhibitory Concentration TestOrganism              ATCC NO.______________________________________BacteriaBacillus subtilis (Bs)                 8473Enterobacter aerogenes (Ea)                 13048Escherichia Coli (Ec) 11229Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp)                 8308Proteus vulgaris (Pv) 881Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa)                 10145Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PRD-10)                 15442Salmonella choleraesuis (Sc)                 10708Staphylococcus aureus (Sa)                 6538Yeast/FungiAspergillus niger (An)                 16404Candida albicans (Ca) 10231Penicillium chrysogenum (Pc)                 9480Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc)                 4105Trichoderma viride (Tv)                 8678Aureobasidium pullulan (Ap)                 16622Fusarium oxysporum (Fo)                 48112______________________________________ 
    
     In Tables II and III, the MIC values of the compound of the present invention as compared to the MIC of a standard commercial preservative (with 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride as the active agent, and referred to in Tables II and III as &#34;STANDARD&#34;) are set forth for the bacteria organisms and yeast/fungi organisms which are listed in Table I. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Test Compounds in Bacteria Species(in ppm)Compound (Example No.)       ORGANISMSSTANDARD    Bs  Ea  Ec  Kp  Pv  PRD Pa  Sc  Sa__________________________________________________________________________  pH 6.8    &lt;10 100 50  25  50  &gt;500                               &gt;500                                   50  25  pH 8.2    250 500 &gt;500                   500 500 &gt;500                               &gt;500                                   &gt;500                                       500(I) pH 6.8  25  50  25  25  25  &gt;500                               250 25  25  pH 8.2    100 500 500 250 250 &gt;500                               &gt;500                                   500 250__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for TestCompounds in Yeast/Fungi Species (in ppm)COMPOUND   ORGANISMSEXAMPLE NO.      An     Ca     Pc   Sc   Tv   Ap   Fo______________________________________STANDARD   &gt;500   &gt;500   &gt;500 500  &gt;500 &gt;500 &gt;500I          &lt;1     2.5    &lt;1   5    5    &lt;1   2.5______________________________________ 
    
     Marine Antifouling Activity 
     The present invention is also directed to a method for inhibiting marine organisms. The term &#34;marine organisms&#34; is meant to include marine animals, such as barnacles, serpulid, bryozoa, oysters and hydroids, and marine plants, such as green algae and brown algae. The method for inhibiting marine organisms comprises contacting a surface exposed to a marine environment in which marine organisms grow with a marine antifouling effective amount of the compound of this invention. 
     As appreciated by those skilled in the art, there may be some variation in marine antifouling potency and spectrum of marine antifouling activity dependent on various factors including the specific materials with which the compound is formulated. 
     As used herein, the term &#34;marine antifouling effective amount&#34; refers to that amount of the compound of this invention needed to exhibit inhibition of selected marine organisms. Typically, this amount varies from providing about 1 weight percent to about 30 weight percent of the compound to a marine antifouling composition which is used to treat a surface exposed to a marine environment in which marine organisms live or grow. Such amounts vary depending upon the particular marine organism to be treated. Also, the exact concentration of the compound to be added in the preparation of industrial and consumer formulations may vary within a product type depending upon the components of the formulation. 
     A composition comprising a marine antifouling effective amount of the compound will also comprise an inert diluent which may be, for example, in the form of a paint. Particularly preferred are those paints having a vinyl resin binder such as, for example, a plasticized polyvinyl chloride or a polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate type. Preferably, the binders are formulated as latexes or emulsions. In a paint composition, the compound of the present invention is preferably used in an amount from about 1 to about 30 weight percent and, most preferably, from about 10 to about 25 weight percent. In addition to vinyl resin binder paints, epoxy and polyurethane binder paints containing the compound may also be useful. Coatings and films prepared from paints comprising the compound of the present invention typically remain substantially free from build-up of marine organisms for periods ranging from about 3 to about 12 months, depending upon the concentration of the compound and the thickness of the applied coating or film. 
     The term &#34;a surface exposed to a marine environment&#34; refers to a surface where a marine organism naturally or normally lives or grows. Typically, such a surface will be an area that is in continual or periodic contact with a marine environment such as an ocean or other body of water. Typical surfaces include, for example, a ship hull. 
     The marine antifouling activity of the compounds of the present invention is demonstrated by the following techniques. 
     Test panels are prepared from clear, rigid polyvinyl chloride film that is 0.381×10 -3  m thick and has one textured surface. The test panels are 0.1524 m by 0.1524 m squares that have 0.00635 m holes punched at corners on 0.127 m centers. A 0.102 square template, with a 0.067 m diameter hole at the center, is attached to the center of the textured surface of the test panels. 
     The candidate marine antifoulant compound (1.0 g) is stirred into a resinous latex binder (9.0 g). A portion of the compound/binder mixture (1.5 g) is added to the center of the test panel and uniformly spread over the circular area inside the template. 
     Water is added dropwise as needed to properly spread the compound/binder mixture. The template prevents the compound/binder mixture from spreading beyond the uncovered area. The test panel is allowed to sit for between 10 to 30 minutes until the edge of the spread compound/binder mixture has dried. The template is then removed. The test panel is then allowed to dry for 8 to 12 hours at room temperature. 
     Two test panels are prepared for each candidate marine antifoulant compound. Two control test panels are also prepared by only treating with the resinous latex binder. One test panel of each candidate marine antifoulant compound is attached over a white background to the topside of an exposure support apparatus. The second test panel is attached over a black background to the underside of the exposure support apparatus. The exposure support apparatus is placed horizontally 0.0254 m under a marine surface with the white background topside facing up. The exposure support apparatus is exposed to the marine environment for both 6 and 10 weeks during which time the control test panels become substantially covered with mature marine organism growth on both the topside and underside exposures. 
     After being removed from the exposure support apparatus, each test panel is inspected and rated for marine organism growth on both the treated and untreated areas of the test panel. The marine organisms present on the treated and untreated areas are noted. The presence of algae spores and bacterial slime are noted but not included in rating each test panel. The test panels are rated on a scale from 10 (representing completely free of marine organism growth) to 0 (representing completely covered with marine organism growth). 
     In Table IV, the marine antifouling rating values for 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-1,3-dithiole-2-thione is set forth, as well as the ratings for control panels (with no marine antifouling compound and referred to as &#34;Control&#34;). 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________Marine Antifouling Rating for Test Compounds  Marine Antifouling Ratings  Top Panel     Bottom Panel  at indicated  at indicated  time in weeks time in weeksTest Compound    6       10      16    6     10    16______________________________________1,2,5-thiadiazolo-    9       7       7     9     7     71,3-dithiole-2-thioneControl  6       3       --    0     0     --______________________________________