Abstract:
A press is described using piezoelectric actuators to achieve both the hold down of the work piece during the processing operation as well as powering the die used in deforming the work piece. The sub-assembly containing the piezoelectric element is structured to allow convenient removal from the main body of the press thereby facilitating repair operations, as well as coarse and fine adjusting facilities for the position of the piezoelectric element within the actuator assembly.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a press device using a piezoelectric element, and an actuator used in the device. 
     Conventional press machines or systems generally use a die closing, wedge-type or toggle-type mechanism for die opening and closing, with the die-closing mechanism being driven and operated by a hydraulic cylinder or an air cylinder. 
     Further, specialty-parts assembling machines and assembling jigs also generally use a hydraulic cylinder or an air cylinder as the actuator to attach parts brought into the jig, as in the above case. 
     The above-mentioned conventional presses that are generally used have, in addition to the complexity of their die-closing mechanism, the problem that when using electric signals to control the presses, it is difficult to synchronize the operation of the mechanism of the main body of the press to the die-closing mechanism because the die-closing mechanism is operated by a hydraulic cylinder or an air cylinder. 
     Generally, press systems or mechanisms using piezoelectric elements had the following problems: 
     1. Because the die was a fixed-stripper type, warping occurred while shearing the material to be processed. Further, an actuator using a piezoelectric element only operates compressively and breaks down in tension making it impossible to drive the die set. 
     2. Since the structure is such that an actuator using a layer-type piezoelectric element directly drives a punch, its dismantling and replacement when damaged or degraded consumed a great deal of time. 
     3. Since the actuator using a layer-type piezoelectric element was mounted directly on a die, the actuator had to be installed on another die to process parts of a different shape. 
     4. The actuators or dies using a piezoelectric element required a special device to mount and hold them. 
     5. Because the conventional actuator using a piezoelectric element was not installed as an independent device, a replacement of the actuator and the movable piece required a great amount of time. 
     6. Because the insulation between the case and the actuator used an air space, a hazardous electrical shock could have been caused by a short circuit to the case during operation. 
     7. It was impossible to measure length of stroke of the movable piece. 
     8. In assembling the layer-type piezoelectric element and the movable piece into the drive mechanism, a space was created between the movable piece and the movement-receiving end of the drive mechanism because of insufficient processing precision. As a result, the drive mechanism became incapable of performing the desired operation. 
     9. Because the case for the piezoelectric element was made of a material having a larger thermal expansion coefficient than that of the piezoelectric element, the case expanded slightly in size during operation and caused malfunctions. 
     10. The case for the piezoelectric element was deformed by a high-load output and became incapable of reproducing the stroke length setting at no load. 
     11. The movable piece in the actuator, which used ferrous material, was compressed by the high loading and resulted in a reduction of the length of the stroke. 
     12. Because some conventional configurations had the layer-type piezoelectric element arranged in series with the resilient element that applies a compressive force constantly to the piezoelectric element, the length of the piezoelectric actuator needed to be longer than that of the layer-type piezoelectric element, thus limiting the compactness of the piezoelectric actuator. 
     The present invention was made in light of the above problems. Its first purpose is to provide an actuator using materials and parts that will allow simplified construction and that will make the actuator able to respond speedily to the operation and able to synchronize its motion directly from electric signals. 
     The second purpose of the present invention is to enhance processing precision and durability of a relatively low-cost press with replaceable parts that can be easily dismantled. 
     The third purpose of the present invention is to provide an actuator using a piezoelectric element which is easily handled and of high precision. 
     The fourth purpose of the present invention is to provide an actuator using a piezoelectric element which is compact, of high precision, and reliable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The applicants of the present invention (See FIGS. 14 and 15), propose a press structured so that a piezoelectric element (82) is arranged slidably in a cylindrical case (8) with the edge of this piezoelectric element (82) being directly coupled to the rear of punch (83) with the punch being driven with vibrations by the piezoelectric element (82). Element (82) is supplied with a repetitive pulse voltage from a power source (87), thereby punching out the material to be processed (86), which is retained by a die (85). A coil spring (84) is inserted between the cylindrical case (81) and a movable piece (or work piece means) (83) in series with the layer-type piezoelectric element (82). The coil spring (84) returns the displaced movable piece (83) (or work piece), as well as applies a constant, compressive stress to the layer-type piezoelectric element (82). The reason for applying the constant, compressive stress to the layer-type piezoelectric element (82) is that the layer-type piezoelectric element (82) is mechanically weak against a tensile stress, as it is made of layers comprising a great number of piezoelectric elements arranged in thin sheets. Therefore, the compressive force application is indispensable for this kind of actuator. 
     The proposed device, which uses the piezoelectric element (82) as an actuator, can variably control operation strokes (displacements) of the punch (83) with a good response (on the order of μm). Element (82) is supplied with voltage from the power source (87) that can selectively control the application voltage and provide a high-speed beating pulsation onto the material to be processed (86). Thus breakage and burrs on cut faces is suppressed, and the material to be processed can be sheared and punched with a highly accurate and smooth-sheared face. 
     The first form of the present invention to achieve its first purpose uses an actuator to clamp a material or part delivered to a press die or assembly jig. This actuator incorporates a piezoelectric element used as a drive source to clamp the material or part in a predetermined position by means of a displacement generated by the piezoelectric effect. 
     The second form of the present invention to achieve its second purposes uses: 
     1. A first actuator with a piezoelectric element that expands and contracts in an axial direction in response to an applied voltage; 
     2. A piezoelectric actuator used as a drive source to drive the first punch with vibrations; 
     3. A movable stopper in the press die that has the punch in it in order to hold down work material during the shearing process; and 
     4. A second actuator with a piezoelectric element, which is in the press die and used to return the movable stopper to its initial position. 
     The third form of the present invention to achieve its second purpose is characterized in that the displacement of the first actuator and the punch is transmitted by contact transmission; and that a resilient element is disposed in the press die in order to press and hold the punch against the first actuator. 
     The fourth form of the present invention to achieve its second purpose is characterized in that it has a frame to mount the first actuator with a press die incorporated in this frame. 
     The fifth form of the present invention to achieve its second purpose is characterized in that self-standing legs are provided at the bottom of the frame or the press die. 
     The first form of the present invention to achieve its third and fourth purpose is equipped with a piezoelectric element which expands and contracts in an axial direction in response to an applied voltage; a movable piece to transmit a displacement of the piezoelectric element externally; a spring to return the movable piece to a predetermined position; a case containing a piezoelectric element, the movable piece and the spring, with a device-fixing flange formed at its end; and a guide plate to guide the movable piece in an axial direction and also to function as a positioning plate, such guide plate being removable in the concave part formed at the device-fixing edge of the case. 
     The second form of the present invention has an insulating element, which also functions as a stopper to stop the movable piece in an axial direction, interposed between the piezoelectric element and the inner wall of the case. 
     The third form of the present invention has a displacement transmitting piece for measuring the press stroke, which is fixed on the movable piece, and projecting externally from an opening in the cylindrical case. 
     The fourth form of the present invention has a position-adjusting mechanism constructed at the end of the case, which is capable of making variable adjustments (both coarse and fine) to the mounting position of the movable piece. 
     The fifth form of the present invention has a feature wherein an elongation of the case caused by temperature variations in the operating environment is approximately equal to the elongation of the piezoelectric element, as a result of the case being made in part with a material having a lower thermal expansion rate than that of the piezoelectric element and in part with a material having a higher thermal expansion rate than that of the piezoelectric element. 
     The sixth form of the present invention is characterized in that a part of the case is made of a ceramic material having a higher longitudinal resilience, or &#34;stiffer&#34; elasticity, than ferrous metal. 
     The seventh form of the present invention has the movable piece made of a material having a higher longitudinal resilience rate, i.e. stiffer elasticity than a typical ferrous metal. 
     The eighth form of the present invention is equipped with: 
     1. A piezoelectric element which expands and contracts in the axial direction in response to an applied voltage; 
     2. A movable piece (or work piece) to transmit a displacement of the piezoelectric element externally; 
     3. A resilient element to return the movable piece to a predetermined position; and 
     4. The piezoelectric element and the resilient element are connected in parallel, thereby pre-stressing the piezoelectric element with the compressive force generated by the resilient element. 
     The ninth form of the present invention is characterized in that the resilient element is made of a coil spring, and the piezoelectric element is internal to this coil spring. 
     The tenth form of the present invention is characterized in that the case external to the piezoelectric element is used as the resilient element. Specifically, the side-walls of the case itself are being used as the resilient element. 
     The above-mentioned structure in the present invention carries out the following functions: 
     1. The piezoelectric element used in the actuator comprises many layers of piezoelectric ceramic sheets made of material such as barium titanate porcelain. As is well known, when excited with an electric field, a piezoelectric element distorts itself in response to the direction of the electric field. Structuring the distorting direction as a result of the piezoelectric effect to match the laminating direction of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets will provide a relatively large elongation displacement for the piezoelectric element as a whole. Therefore, if the piezoelectric element is incorporated in a press die or an assembly jig as an actuator and is operated by electric signals to carry out die opening and closing of a press die and/or closing of an assembly jig, a material or part loaded on the press die or the assembly jig can be clamped in a predetermined position in the press die of the assembly jig. Its operation response time is much faster than if a hydraulic or air cylinder is used, and the operation can be timed directly by electric signals. 
     Therefore, because the actuator uses a piezoelectric element to perform an actuator operation using the displacement generated by the piezoelectric element for clamping a material or part in a predetermined position, 
     a. the system simplifies the conventional structure of a mechanical actuator using a hydraulic or air cylinder, improves the response time and can use operating timing signals directly from electric signals; and 
     b. when applied and implemented (particularly in a die-closing mechanism of a press), the system greatly simplifies the structure of the die-closing mechanism and facilitates the synchronizing of the operation of the die-closing mechanism with that of the press. 
     2. In a press which uses an actuator using a piezoelectric element for a punch drive source, a movable stopper made of a stiff material is disposed in a die (press die) to hold down a material to be processed in a shearing process, and a clamping actuator using a piezoelectric element is disposed in the die independently from the punch drive source to return the movable stopper to its initial position. In this configuration, the punch shears the material while the movable stopper holds it down, thus reducing deformation of the material, such as warping. Moreover, incorporating the actuator in the die makes the press device more compact, and allows the actuator as the punch drive source to perform all of the stroke operations of the punch, so that it is not necessary to drive the die set. 
     3. In a press device, which uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, when the actuator needs a replacement because of damage or deterioration, the structure allows the replacement of said actuator without having to dismantle the die section. This configuration facilitates dismantling of the punch for grinding, because the actuator has a piezoelectric element and the punch in contacted for transmission, and because the resilient element is used to press and hold the punch on the actuator in the die. 
     4. In a press device, which uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, the structure eliminates the need of removing the actuator at the press die interface, and facilitates shearing materials with different shapes, by disposing a frame to mount the actuator and incorporating the die in this frame. See FIG. 1 and 9. 
     5. In a press device, which uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, the structure eliminates the need for a special mounting location for the device, and allows fabrication of the device at a lower cost. This is done by disposing self-standing legs at the bottom of the frame or the die. 
     6. The displacement of a piezoelectric element is transmitted externally through a movable piece, rather than by coupling the piezoelectric element with an external device. A guide plate to guide this movable piece is removable on the mounting side of the case. Therefore, the actuator takes a single and independent form, and allows easy replacement without having to dismantle the mechanism with the piezoelectric element and the movable piece whenever the piezoelectric element is damaged or deteriorated or the movable piece is worn out and in need of replacement. 
     7. In addition, because an insulating element, also functioning as an axial stopper to stop the movable piece, is interposed between the piezoelectric element and the case, the actuator&#39;s position can be determined accurately and safely, and prevents a short circuit with the case during an insulation breakdown, eliminating the danger of electric shock to the operator. 
     8. Furthermore, a displacement transmitting part for measuring the stroke, which is on the movable piece and projecting externally from the opening on the case surface, measures the operation stroke directly and accurately on the actuator side. 
     9. A position-adjusting mechanism on the case end is capable of variably adjusting a mounting position of the movable piece, both in coarse and fine adjustments, allows an operator to accurately adjust the extension amount of the movable piece. This allows the desired depth of operation after the piezoelectric element is adjusted within the case. 
     10. The case is formed with two kinds of material, one having a lower thermal coefficient of expansion and the other having a higher thermal coefficient at expansion than that of the piezoelectric element in order to make the elongation of the piezoelectric element caused because of ambient temperature variations nearly equal to that of the case. Therefore, the structure eliminates variation in the extension amount of the movable piece from its initial setting caused by temperature variations, and drives the actuator from an initially set condition without adjustment, regardless of ambient temperature variation. 
     11. Furthermore, using in part of the case a ceramic material that can withstand the high load needed to cause a deformation of the piece being processed, enables, together with the function described in Item (10) above, the reduction of the elongation of the case caused from the load present during operation of the piezoelectric element, and prevents the stroke from becoming smaller, thus realizing a more compact actuator and eliminating the need for rust prevention treatment on the case surface. 
     12. Structuring the movable piece with highly longitudinally resilient material having a higher longitudinal resilience than steel, i.e. being &#34;stiffer&#34; than steel, such as cemented carbide or ceramic, reduces the compressive distortion of the movable piece caused from a load during operation of the piezoelectric element. This structure prevents the effective operating stroke from becoming smaller, making the actuator more compact, and eliminating the need for rust preventive treatment on slides, as well as reducing slide play. 
     13. Connecting the piezoelectric element in parallel with a resilient element to apply a compressive stress constantly to the piezoelectric element makes the total length of the piezoelectric actuator shorter than the conventional actuator typically connected in series, thus making it possible for the actuator to be more compact. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross section showing the entire structure according to the first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an expanded cross section showing in detail an adjusting mechanism for positioning a movable piece in the cylinder device shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a summarized cross section showing how the insulating cylinder in a cylinder device shown in FIG. 1 is housed; 
     FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing one example of the insulating cylinder shown in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a summarized cross section showing an example of an assembly structure of the cylinder device shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a wave-form chart showing an example of a pulse waveform of the voltage applied to the actuator shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7 is a longitudinal cross section showing the entire structure according to the second embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 (A) and (B) are side cross sectional drawings showing the side structure of the device shown in FIG. 7; 
     FIG. 9 is a longitudinal cross section showing in detail a press mechanism which is a variation of the second embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 (A), (B), and (C) are cross section drawings showing the conventional single punch-out process of the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 (D), (E) and (F) are cross sectional drawings showing the flat punch-out process implemented in this embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 11 is a longitudinal cross section showing the structure according to the third embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 14 and 15 are longitudinal cross sections showing the structures of piezoelectric devices; 
     FIG. 16 are longitudinal cross sections showing the structure of an actuator of the fourth embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 17 are longitudinal cross sections showing the structure of an actuator of the fifth embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Detailed explanations are hereunder given to the embodiments of the present invention, referring to the drawings 
     A. First Embodiment 
     FIG. 1 shows the entire structure associated with the cylinder device 100, the first embodiment of the present invention, which has as an actuator made of a piezoelectric element and a press punching device which is disposed within this cylinder device. 
     First, an explanation is given of the cylinder device (100). Part 1 is a hollow cylindrical cylinder case, 2 is a lid fixed on one end of the cylinder case (1) by multiple screws (3), and 4 is an actuator using a piezoelectric element to generate the piezoelectric force. The actuator is structured by laminating many piezoelectric ceramic sheets made of materials such as barium titanate porcelain, and is contained in a case (1). As is well known, when an electric field is applied, a piezoelectric element distorts itself using its piezoelectric effect in response to the direction of the electric field. Structuring the distorting direction as a result of the piezoelectric effect to match the laminating direction of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets will provide a relatively large elongation displacement for the piezoelectric element as a whole in response to the application of an electric field. 
     Part (5) is a piston-shaped movable piece (or work piece) contained in the case (1), which slides and moves linearly to transmit externally the displacement of the actuator (4). Part (6) is a spring contained in the case (1), which forces the movable piece (5) in close contact with the actuator (4), and (7) is a guide plate to assist the linear motion of the movable piece (5), having a through hole to guide the shaft (rod) of the movable piece (5). 
     The movable piece (or work piece) (5), the spring (6) and a motion movable-piece, position-adjusting elements (described later) are housed in the case (1). The guide plate (7) is fitted into a recess at the end of the operating mechanism mounting side of the case (1), and fastened by multiple screws. Thus, a cylinder device (100) which is separate and completely independent from the rest of the machine to which the cylinder device is to be mounted (for example, a press) is obtained. Because the cylinder device (100) can be mounted on the operating mechanism with the actuator (4) contained in the case (1), it allows easy and quick replacement if the actuator (4) is damaged or the movable piece (5) is worn out. Part (9) are the multiple screws used to mount the cylinder device (100) to the rest of the operating mechanism (a frame (8) of the press punching device in this embodiment). A flange at the end of device 100 provides a mounting means for screws (9). 
     Part (10) is a power supply unit used to apply a pulse voltage to the actuator (4). When the power supply unit (10) applies a pulse voltage to the actuator (4) through a lead (11), the actuator (4) expands and contracts along an axial direction of the case (1) as a result of the piezoelectric effect generated in the piezoelectric element. When the actuator (4) expands, it pushes the movable piece (5), which in turn pushes down a mechanism motion receiving end (12) in the press punching device. When the actuator (4) contracts, the movable piece (5) returns because of the upward force of the spring (6). 
     Part (20) is a displacement indicating piece used to extract and measure the displacement of the linear movement of the movable piece (or work piece) (5). The rear end of the displacement indicating piece (20) passes via a through hole with a groove shaped opening in the cylindrical section of the case (1), and is mounted nearly horizontally on the head or shaft of the movable piece (5). Part (21) is a displacement measuring device to measure the moving position of the movable piece (5) using the displacement transmitting piece (20), and is mounted to a fixed arm (22) fastened on the outer wall of the case (1). The displacement measuring device (21) may be an ordinary mechanical or electric micrometer having a probe to contact with the tip of the displacement transmitting piece (20), or a non-contacting air micrometer or a laser measuring device. Because this structure allows a simple and direct measurement of an operation stroke of the movable piece (5) outside the case (1), an operator can check at any time if the cylinder device (11) is operating properly, and can precisely adjust the position of the movable piece (5) while observing its movement. 
     FIG. 2 is an expanded view of the adjusting mechanism for adjusting the initial position of the movable piece (5) in the cylinder device (100) shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, Part (13) is a flat spacer plate housed in the case (1), and located on the head of the actuator (4), with the spacer (13) being made in various thicknesses. By varying the thickness of the spacer (13), an initial external extension of the movable piece (5) from the flange plane on the mounting side of the case (1) is adjusted. Part (14) is an adjusting screw that fits a female screw passing through the center of the lid (2) fixed on the end of the case (1), and part (15) is a locking nut for locking the adjusting screw (14). Part (16) is a wedge having a tapered plane of a trapezoidal cross section, and part (17) is an L-shaped tapered wedge, which has a tapered plane (slope) with the same slant angle as that on the tapered plane of the wedge (16) thereby complementing wedge (16). Wedge (17) is longer than the diameter of the case (1). Part (18) is an adjusting screw passing through the head of the tapered wedge standing upright, and fixed through a ring (19) and a knock pin (20). The male screw on the tip of the adjusting screw (18) fits the female screw formed horizontally on the wedge (16), and adjusts the inserting position of the tapered wedge (17) as the screw is rotated with respect to wedge (16). Note that the surfaces of the wedges in contact with the coarse adjusting screw (14) and the piezoelectric element stag parallel to each other as the overall thickness of the combination of the two wedges is adjusted by the sideways adjustment of wedge (17). 
     In other words, when the adjusting screw (18) is rotated clockwise (forwardly), it moves the tapered wedge (17) towards the right-hand side of the drawing. When the adjusting screw (18) is rotated counterclockwise, the tapered wedge (17) moves to the left-hand side. Since the contact face of the wedge (16) and the tapered wedge (17) is slanted, the position of the tapered wedge (17) moves in an axial direction of the case (1) relative to the inserting position of the tapered wedge (17), and finely adjusts the initial extended amount of the movable piece (5) through the spacer (13) and the actuator (4) in the piezoelectric element. 
     To set the position of the actuator (4) and the movable piece (5), rotate the adjusting screw (14) for a coarse adjustment. Lock this position to the lid (2) by the lock nut (15). If further fine adjustment is required, screw the adjusting screw (18) into the wedge (16) to slide the tapered wedge (17), and set the position. Then insert the locking knock pin (20) into a hole on the ring (19), and the adjusting screw (18) is set. Thus, it is possible to adjust the mounting position of the movable piece (5) as desired using the coarse adjustment or the fine adjustment, or both. Therefore, the cylinder device (100) enhances its versatility, facilitates maintenance and provide high-precision processing. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 show the detail of an insulating cylinder (23), as shown in FIG. 1. The insulating cylinder (23) is made of a somewhat rigid insulation material, housed in the annular space between the inner wall of the case (1) and the actuator (4). Insulator (23) insulates the actuator (4) from the case (1), and positions and stops the actuator (4) when it contracts. The actuator (4) comprises, for example, two piezoelectric elements (135 and 136). In the case where each element is connected by leads (137 through 140), the insulating cylinder (23) has in its inner side (as shown in FIG. 4), a groove &#34;a&#34; in which the leads (138 and 139) are laid, a groove &#34;b&#34; in which the leads (137 and 140) are laid, a notch &#34;c&#34; to pull out these leads toward the lid (2), and a groove &#34;d&#34; to pull around and house these leads. Thus, the insulating cylinder (23), inserted between the case (1) and the actuator (4), prevents short circuiting with the case (1) during an insulating breakdown, and eliminates the danger of electrical shock. Further, setting an axial length of the insulating cylinder shorter than the actuator (4) at its expansion, and setting it not shorter than the actuator (4) at its contraction, allows positioning and stopping of the actuator (4). It also eliminates the possibility of an actuator breakdown due to a sudden return motion caused by the spring (6). 
     FIG. 5 shows the detail of the cylinder case (1) shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 5, the case (1) is a body which consists of a coupling of an upper case (134) and a lower case (133). One of the cases, (133), is made of a material, ferrous material for example, which has larger thermal expansion than the actuator (4) in the piezoelectric element. The other case (134) is made of a material which has smaller thermal expansion than the actuator (4) (for example, Invar alloy (ferronickel alloy). Using these materials allows an elongation of the case (1) caused by an ambient temperature variation equal to that of the actuator (4). It also reduces variation of the initial extension of the movable piece (5) from an initial fixed plane by an almost negligible extent, which eliminates the need for adjustments. The cases (133 and 134) may be bolted together, or bonded by welding. Furthermore, using ceramic material for the case (134) in place of an Invar alloy (to raise a longitudinal resilience higher than a metallic material) reduces the elongation of the case (1) caused by a load at an operation of the actuator (4). It also prevents operation strokes of the actuator (4) from becoming smaller, and makes the actuator (4) more compact. Using ceramic material provides another advantage--no surface treatment is necessary to prevent rust generation. 
     Furthermore, making the movable piece (or work piece) (5) of a material having higher longitudinal resilience than ferrous materials (for example, cemented carbide or ceramics), reduces compressive distortion of the movable piece (5) caused by the load of the actuator (4), and prevents its effective operating strokes from becoming smaller. 
     Next, the press mechanism (as shown in FIG. 1) is explained. 
     A die is incorporated in a frame (8), self-standing legs (34) are fixed on the frame (8) at its lower part, a pair of cylinder devices (100) are affixed to the frame (8) from both above and below the frame (8) by screws (9), the tips of movable piece (5) on each cylinder device are positioned through the frame (8) so they reach the die to transmit a displacement of the actuator (4). The above legs (34) eliminate the need to provide a special device to hold and mount the processing device, and allow the processing device to function as a press. The die incorporated in the frame (8) eliminates the need to remove the cylinder device (100) when the die is changed. 
     Within the die section are an upper die (25) and a lower die (26), which hold material to be processed (24) from above and below, and an upper punch (12) and a lower punch (27)--the receiving end of the operating mechanism movement --which shears the material. A spring (28) is disposed in an empty chamber between the punches (12 and 27) and the dies (25 and 26). The spring (28) is pressed to the movable piece (5) in constant contact with the latter. The dies (25 and 26) are pressed against the material to be processed (24) and resiliently held. A flange (collar) disposed on a circumference of the punches (12 and 27) plays the role of a stopper contacting steps of the dies (25 and 26) at this time. This structure thus holds the punches (12 and 27) in the die. Using the spring, the movable piece (5) and the punches (12 and 27), stay in contact with each other to carry out the movement transmission. This structure facilitates replacement of the cylinder device (100) if necessary due to damage or deterioration of the actuator, and facilitates dismantling and assembly of the punches (12 and 27) for regrinding, allowing rapid replacement work. 
     When the material to be processed (24) requires delivery, a pair of the lower actuator devices (29) disposed below the frame (8) push the upper die (25) up. The device (29) uses a piezoelectric element. Next, when the material (24) requires fixing after having moved, the movable piece of the lower actuator device (29) draws back and returns to the original position. The spring (32) presses the upper die (25) downward through a pair of movable adjusting screws (30) tightened onto the frame (8) by nuts (31) to clamp the material (24). Thus, the spring (32) holds down the material (24) resiliently during the shearing process, and the punches (12 and 27) shear the material. Therefore, the processes reduce deformation of the material (24) such as warping, and because the frame (8) incorporates the lower actuator device (29), the cylinder device (100) does not need to drive a die set. This simplifies the use of the cylinder device (100) to serve one function--drive the punches. 
     FIG. 6 shows an example of a waveform of the pulse voltage to be applied to the actuators (4) in the pair of the cylinder devices (100). The material (24) is set on the dies (25 and 26), and a power source (10) applies a repetitive pulse voltage to the upper and lower actuators (4) at approximately the commercial power supply frequency (50 or 60 Hz). Note the phase difference of 180 degrees between the upper actuator (4) and the lower actuator (4). When the first actuator (4) is on, the other is off and vice-versa as shown in FIG. 6. This makes the actuators (4) expand and contract, which gives power to the punches (12 and 27). The punches (12 and 27) alternatively vibrate the material (24) from above and below (i.e., both sides). As a result, the shearing process proceeds without developing a fracturing phenomenon within material (24), which is finally punched out by dies (25 and 26). The cut face after processing shows very few burrs and/or fracture planes. The press process produces a finished product with a smooth cut face and high precision. 
     A control of the pulse voltage applied to the actuators (4) in the piezoelectric elements can regulate the operation strokes of the punches (12 and 27) with ease and responsiveness in the order of microns. 
     B. Second embodiments 
     FIG. 7 shows the entire structure of a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 7, Part (33) is a movable stopper in the shape of a plate. This is arranged in a recess between upper die 25 and the lower die (26) contained in the frame (8). It has a hole through which the tip of the upper punch (12) passes at its center, and is pressed down by a center spring (28) and a pair of upper springs (32) disposed in recesses in the upper die (25), so as to hold the material between the stopper and lower die (26). Parts (29) are a pair of actuators using layer-type piezoelectric elements to displace the movable stopper (33), which are disposed in a groove in the lower die (26) to hold the movable stopper (33) from below. The adjusting screws (30) are tightened onto the frame (8) by nuts (31), and define the position of the upper and lower dies (25 and 26). 
     Detailed explanation regarding other structures is omitted as these are the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, including the cylinder device (100). 
     As explained, the die section used in this embodiment uses the structure of a movable stopper system. When the material (24) requires delivery, the actuator (29) uses a piezoelectric element and, contained in the die, pushes up the stopper (33). During shearing, the actuator (29) draws back to the original position, and the movable stopper (33), pressed by the spring (32), holds down the material (24), thereby reducing a deformation of the material to be processed while it is sheared by the punches (12 and 27). In addition, the die, which incorporates the actuator (29), can simplify the press device body and make it more compact. 
     FIGS. 8 (A) and (B) show the side structure of the press shown in FIG. 7. As shown in the figure, the material to be processed is coiled on pulley (63). The material is delivered to the punches (12 and 27) installed in the frame (8), processed and pulled by a pair of delivery rollers (61 and 62), which are directly linked to motor (60), which is driven by a motor driver (59). 
     FIG. 9 shows a variant of FIG. 7, particularly the expanded-view detail of a die incorporated in the frame (8). 
     In the figure, the parts (42 and 53) are punch holders, which contact a movable piece such as the movable piece (100) in the cylinder device (100) (shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 7), and transmits a displacement of an actuator (4) to an upper punch (40) and lower punch (50). An upper die backing plate (36), fixed on upper die sets (37), functions as a stopper for a pair of stopper springs (38) and one upper punch holder (42). It is possible to structure the upper die backing plate (36) and the upper die sets (37) as an integral part. However, to maintain the high precision processing of the face to work as a stripper, it is best to structure them separately, so that the stripper face can be ground independently. An upper punch (40) is held to the punch holder (42) by a punch presser (41), and this punch holder (42) is resiliently held by a punch spring (39) through the punch presser (41). 
     A lower die backing plate (49), fixed on lower die sets (48), functions as a stopper of a pair of actuators (45) using piezoelectric elements and one lower punch holder (53). It is possible to structure the lower die backing plate (49) and the lower die sets (48) as an integral part. However, they can achieve high precision when separated, for the same reason as for the upper die. The lower die sets (48) have a pair of guide pins (44) disposed in the vertical grooves, with the guide pins (44) guiding the stripper (43). The lower die set (48) has a lower die (47) set on it, and the upper die set (43) has an upper die (46) set on it. 
     The stripper spring (38) keeps the stripper (43) pushed down, material to be processed (51) is loaded into the space between the upper die (46) and the lower die (47), and the stripper spring (38) holds down the material (51) by its resilience. The movable piece (5) pushes the punch holder (42 or 53), and the upper die (46) or the lower die (47) shears the material (51). The upper die (46) and the lower die (47) also guide the upper punch (40) and the lower punch (50). To deliver the sheared material (51) to the next shearing process, an external power source applies a pulse voltage to the actuator (45) to expand it in order to push up the stripper (43) and make the material (51) free, which is moved by an external material delivery device. 
     FIG. 10 explains the difference between the conventional single punch-out process and the flat punch-out process, the latter being used in the embodiment of the present invention. 
     The single punch-out method, used in the conventional process, as shown in FIGS. 10 (A), (B) and (C), generates punching burrs. To prevent burr generation, material is sent in a half-punched condition to the die where a flat punch-out is carried out while a movable stripper holds down the material to complete a punch-out, consuming the same amount of time as the single punch-out process, but with no burrs. This is called a flat punch-out method. 
     In a flat punch-out process, the upper punch (40) first half-punches the material to be processed (51), as shown in FIG. 10 (D). Then, as shown in FIG. 10 (E), the upper punch (40), the upper die (46) and the lower punch (50) rise, and the lower die (47) pushes out the material so that it can be moved. Thereafter, an external delivering device moves the material to the next shearing position. Then, as shown in FIG. 10 (F), the upper die (46) descends to crush the half-punched part of the material, generate cracks in the part not cut by shearing, and thereby completing the shearing. Then, the process returns to the one shown in FIG. 10 (D), and repeats the cycle. This process allows a no-burr shearing without punching the material from above and below, with the same processing speed as in the single punch-out method, or it may eliminate the lower punch. 
     C. Third embodiment 
     FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 show a third embodiment of the present invention and various patterns of arrangement of an actuator to hold and set a material or part at a predetermined position in an assembly jig. 
     First in FIG. 11, the lower die (66) incorporates the piezoelectric element (70), and the upper die (65) incorporates the piezoelectric element (69) as a die-opening actuator and a die-closing actuator, respectively. The piezoelectric elements (69 and 70) are connected to the output terminals on the controller (71). 
     This structure operates a press in the following manner. When the controller (71) receives a press operation command, the controller operates the power source (72) to supply a voltage to the piezoelectric element (70) incorporated in the lower die (66). This makes the piezoelectric element (70) expand in the directions shown by the broken lines as a result of the piezoelectric effect, and it operates by its drive power a die opening operation which pushes up the upper die (65). 
     When a notch delivery is completed for the material (68) loaded (brought) between the lower die (66) and the upper die (65), the controller stops the voltage supply to the piezoelectric element (70) and at the same time supplies a voltage to the piezoelectric element (69) incorporated in the upper die (65). This makes the piezoelectric element (69) expand in the directions shown by the broken lines and operate by its drive power a die closing operation which holds the material (68) between the lower die (66) and the upper die (65). 
     Next, in this die-closed condition, the punch (67) strokes in the directions shown by the arrow mark to punch out the material (68). The controller then stops the voltage supply to the piezoelectric element (69), completing one cycle of a press operation. This process is repeated to punch (or press) the material (68) continuously. 
     FIGS. 12 and 13 show variations of the case shown in FIG. 11. In the case of FIG. 12, the lower die (66) incorporates the piezoelectric element (70) as a die opening actuator in the same manner as the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 7 and 9, where the spring element (73) incorporated in the upper die (65) is used to close the die. In contrast, FIG. 13 shows a case where the upper die (65) incorporates the piezoelectric element (69) as a die closing actuator, and the spring element (74) incorporated in the lower die (66) is used to open the die. 
     The cases described above referring to FIGS. 12 and 13 also use piezoelectric elements (69 and 70) as actuators, as in the case of FIG. 11, to open and close the press die. These actuators using piezoelectric elements respond instantaneously when a voltage is applied from an external source. This provides an advantage in controlling operations linked with the main press mechanism, because the timing of the operation of the control signals is simplified. 
     While the illustrated embodiments describe cases using press dies, the assembly jigs in specialty parts assembling machines may produce the same effects when they incorporate piezoelectric elements as jig actuators, as done in the embodiments of the present invention. 
     Because a piezoelectric element is used as an actuator to utilize the displacement generated from its piezoelectric effect to set a material or a part in a predetermined position, the structure is simpler in construction and faster in operational response then a conventional mechanical actuator using a hydraulic or air cylinder and is also capable of accurate operational timing (synchronization) with electric signals. When the described structure is used, especially in a die closing mechanism of a press die, it greatly simplifies the mechanical structure of the mechanism and facilitates electrical synchronization with the main press mechanism, thus leading to practical advantages in actual use of the machine. 
     D. Fourth embodiment 
     FIG. 16 shows the structure of an actuator according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. 
     This embodiment uses a system where a plurality of thin piezoelectric ceramic sheets are laminated, internal electrode foils are located in each layer of the laminate, a layer-type piezoelectric element (111) with piezoelectric ceramics connected in parallel electrically by an external electrode located in a cylindrical case (112), and a movable piece (or work piece) (113) to transmit displacement to an external source bonded to the layer-type piezoelectric element (111). Furthermore, a coil spring (114) that is either bolted or welded between the movable piece (113) and the bottom of the cylindrical case (112) is present, of appropriate length to preload, the layer-type piezoelectric element (111) which is located on the inner side of the coiled spring (114). 
     This structure in this embodiment keeps the layer-type piezoelectric element (111) constantly under compressive stress. Now, the total length of the piezoelectric actuator, using a layer-type piezoelectric element of the same shape as conventional elements obviously becomes shorter than the conventional structure, where a coil spring is inserted in series with the piezoelectric element. 
     According to results of experiments, a high precision displacement control was possible, on the order of microns, as in the conventional cases, when a voltage regulating power source (115) supplied an adequate voltage to the layer-type piezoelectric element (111). 
     F. Fifth embodiment 
     FIG. 17 shows the structure of an actuator according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, which has approximately the same functional effect as the embodiment shown in FIG. 16. 
     In this embodiment, layer-type piezoelectric elements (121) are housed in a cylindrical case (122), and a movable piece (123) is arranged so as to be bonded to the layer-type piezoelectric element (121), as in the case of the above fourth embodiment. In this embodiment, the side wall of the cylindrical case is used as a resilient element by making the wall thin enough to make its equivalent spring constant about one tenth the value of the spring constant of the layer-type piezoelectric element. Furthermore, a sliding section of the movable piece (123) is welded to the cylindrical case (124) to fix the movable piece (124) to the case with the layer-type piezoelectric element (121) kept in a compressive stress through the movable piece (123). 
     The structure in this embodiment keeps the layer-type piezoelectric element (121) constantly under compressive stress. Now the total length of the piezoelectric actuator becomes much shorter than the case where the coil spring is arranged in series with the piezoelectric element, as has been practiced conventionally. 
     According to an experiment, high precision displacement control was possible, on the order of microns as in the conventional cases, when an adequate voltage is supplied to the layer-type piezoelectric element (121), as in the case of the fourth embodiment. 
     As described above, the present invention provides the following benefits: 
     1. The piezoelectric element used in the actuator comprises a plurality of layers of piezoelectric ceramic sheets made of such materials as barium titanate porcelain. As is well known, when an electric field is applied, a piezoelectric element distorts itself via the piezoelectric effect in response to the direction of the electric field. Structuring the distorting direction to match the laminating direction of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets will create a relatively large elongation displacement for the piezoelectric element as a whole. Therefore, if the piezoelectric element is incorporated in a press die or an assembly jig as an actuator and operated on electric signals to open and close the die and/or close the assembly jig, material or a part loaded on the press die or the assembly jig can be clamped in a predetermined position in the press die of the assembly jig. Its operation response time is much faster than by a hydraulic or air cylinder, and the operation can be timed directly with electric signals. 
     Therefore, because the actuator uses a piezoelectric element to perform an actuator operations involving displacement generated by the piezoelectric effect for 
     a. the system simplifies the conventional structure of a mechanical actuator using a hydraulic or air cylinder, improves the operation response time and can take the operation timing directly from electric signals; and 
     b. when applied and implemented particularly in a die closing mechanism of a press, the system greatly simplifies the structure of the die closing mechanism and facilitates timing of the operation of the die closing mechanism with that of the press, thereby providing practical advantages. 
     2. In a press device, which uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, a movable stopper made of a resilient (i.e. stiff) material is located in a die (press die) to hold down the material to be processed in a shearing process. And a clamping actuator using a piezoelectric element is located in the die independent from the punch drive source to return the movable stopper to its initial position. Therefore, the punch shears the material while the movable stopper holds it down thus reducing deformation of the material, such as warping. Moreover, incorporating the actuator in the die makes the press processing device body more compact and allows the actuator as the punch drive source to perform all of the stroke operations of the punch, so that it is not necessary to drive a die set. 
     3. In a press processing device, which uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, when the actuator needs to be replaced because of damage or deterioration, the system allows for replacement without having to dismantle the die section. This facilitates dismantling of the punch for grinding by making the actuator with a piezoelectric element and the punch contact, and using the resilient element to press and hold the punch on the actuator in the die. 
     4. In a press device that uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, the system eliminates the need to remove the actuator at a press die exchange, and facilitates work to shear materials having different shapes, by using a frame to fix the actuator and incorporating the die into the frame. 
     5. In addition, in a press processing device that uses an actuator with a piezoelectric element as a punch drive source, the present system eliminates the need to build special mounting apparatus for the device and allows for fabrication of the device at a lower cost because of self-standing legs at the bottom of the frame or the die. 
     6. The displacement of the piezoelectric element is transmitted externally through a movable piece, rather than by coupling the piezoelectric element with an external device, and a guide plate to guide this movable piece is removably attached to side of the case. Therefore, the actuator assembly takes a single and independent form. This allows for easy replacement without having to dismantle the mechanism having then the piezoelectric element and the movable piece if the piezoelectric element is damaged or deteriorated or the movable piece is worn out and requires replacement. 
     7. In addition, because the insulating element, also functioning as an axial stopper to stop the movable piece, is interposed between the piezoelectric element and the case, the actuator is positioned accurately and safely within the case, thereby eliminating the danger of electrical shock to persons touching the case. 
     8. Furthermore, a displacement transmitting piece for measuring the stroke of the piezoelectric actuator which is located on the movable piece and projects externally from the opening in the case wall, measures the stroke directly and accurately on the actuator side. 
     9. A position adjusting mechanism, which is capable of variably adjusting the mounting position of the movable piece both in coarse and fine adjustments and is located on the case end, allows an operator to accurately adjust the extension amount of the movable piece after the piezoelectric element is set. 
     10. The case is formed with two kinds of material, one having lower thermal expansion coefficient and another having a higher thermal expansion coefficient than that of the piezoelectric element to nearly equalize elongation of the piezoelectric element with that of the case during ambient temperature variations. Therefore, the structure eliminates variation in the extension length of the movable piece from its fixed plane caused by temperature variations, and drives the actuator in an initially set condition without the need of adjustments regardless of the ambient temperature variation. 
     11. The use in a portion of the case of a ceramic material that withstands high deformation loads enables, together with the function described in Item (1) above, to reduce elongation of the case caused by the load when operating the piezoelectric element and prevents the operation stroke from becoming smaller, thus allowing for a more compact actuator and eliminating the need for rust prevention treatment on the case surface. 
     12. Structuring the movable piece with high longitudinally resilient materials having higher longitudinal elasticity (i.e. stiffness) than steel, such as cemented carbide or ceramic, reduces the compressive distortion of the movable piece caused by the load when operating the piezoelectric element, thereby preventing the effective operation stroke from becoming smaller, making the actuator more compact, and eliminating the need for rust prevention treatment on slides and reducing the slide play if a ceramic material is used. 
     13. Connecting the piezoelectric element in parallel with a resilient element to apply a constant compressive stress to the piezoelectric element makes the total length of the piezoelectric actuator shorter than the conventional actuator connected in series, thus making possible the construction of a more compact actuator. 
     The invention is therefore claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the legitimate and valid scope of the claims.