Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of producing an oil, water, and gas well using a gas carrier/transport system to remove produced liquids and contained solids by altering the flow regime of the production fluids towards or into a flow regime in which gas is the continuous fluid. This can be accomplished by use of supplemental gas flow (hydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon) and/or stimulation of the production sand or coal bed gas flow with a reduced pressure drop across the well once near or in a gas-continuous flow regime. This invention can be applied to any well with insufficient formation gas pressure to prevent liquid buildup within the well during production. The present invention utilizes a second production pipe (or the annulus between the casing and the pipe), sized to transport compressed gas from the wellhead area down into the production liquid and into the production pipe. This flow of gas will cause the well fluids to flow up the pipe by approaching or entering a gas-continuous flow regime.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/526,141, filed Mar. 15, 2000, now U.S Pat. No. 6,367,555, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable 
     REFERENCE TO A “MICROFICHE APPENDIX” 
     Not applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to oil, water, and gas well drilling and production and to coal bed methane production. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved method and apparatus for producing oil and gas from a well using a gas carrier/transport system to remove produced liquids and/or solids by altering the flow regime of the production fluids towards or into a flow regime in which gas is the continuous fluid (i.e. the rate of upflowing gas in the well is sufficiently high in comparison with liquid production flow to generate plug flow, slug flow, froth flow, foam flow, annular flow, spray flow, or mist flow.) This is accomplished by use of supplemental gas flow and/or stimulation of the production sands or coal bed gas flow with a reduced pressure drop across the well itself. This invention can be applied to any gas, oil, and/or water well with insufficient formation gas pressure to prevent liquid buildup within the well during production. The present invention also relates to an improved method and apparatus for producing heavy and paraffinic oil from a well using a heated gas carrier/transport system to remove produced liquids and/or solids by altering the flow regime of the production fluids towards or into a flow regime in which gas is the continuous fluid. This invention can also be applied to any oil and/or water (liquid) well as a means of enhancing the well&#39;s production. The gas can be either hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon, or a mixture of the two. 
     2. General Background of the Invention 
     Several patents have issued that are directed to oil, water, and gas well production. Many patents are directed to “gas lift” technology. In such a “gas lift” situation, a relatively small volume of gas is bubbled through the up-flowing hydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon liquid, typically aided by or using valves, check valves, plungers, mandrels, or other mechanical devices “downhole” which are typically high maintenance devices. Some even refer to the necessity for “bottom of pipe” filters or screens to remove sand and silt from the production fluids in order to allow these mechanical devices to operate. Some refer to the use of such mechanical devices to minimize the, required “lift gas”. 
     All of the designs known to applicant and using these mechanical devices are designed to convert the well production from the bubble flow regime to the plug flow regime by use of these devices, not by gas alone. An early example of such a system is described in the Walter Loomis patent, U.S. Pat. No. 1,554,444 entitled “System for the Recovery of Mineral Oils”. The &#39;444 patent describes a system for causing produced hydrocarbon gas to be reintroduced into the oil well down through the casing, into a mixer, causing the gas to be mixed with the upflowing hydrocarbon liquid inside the production tubing. The heavier components of the hydrocarbon gas will dissolve under pressure back into the hydrocarbon liquid (probably including those hydrocarbons—propane and heavier), while the rest become mixed back into the oil in a finely divided form. Such an introducing of hydrocarbon gases into the hydrocarbon liquid cause the specific gravity of liquids to be lowered, thus causing the “lift”. The lighter hydrocarbon gases are supposed to dissolve in the hydrocarbon liquid at the bottom of the well, enhancing the lift by reducing the specific gravity. As the pressure in the production tubing is reduced as the hydrocarbon liquid rises to the surface, the lighter hydrocarbon gases will return to the vapor phase and further enhance the lift effect. The Loomis patent directed to the need to lift hydrocarbon liquid and does not deal with the need to lift “produced water”. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 1,790,450 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Operating Oil Wells” discloses a system of a mechanical means for causing produced hydrocarbon gas to build up pressure beneath a rubber plug, which will periodically rise and effectively “swab” the liquid hydrocarbon up the well pipe. This patent describes one of the early pumping type gas lifts. It uses a rubber plug or piston in the production tubing to lift the liquids out of the well by gas pressure under the piston. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 2,005,7671 issued to Zublin, there is disclosed a system for causing produced hydrocarbon gas to be mechanically and centrifugally separated from the hydrocarbon liquid down in the well pipe, the gas being returned to the formation and the oil being produced containing a minimum amount of gas. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,034,798 entitled “Method of Flowing Wells” discloses a system for causing produced hydrocarbon gas by multiple wells to be stored up, and possibly be pressure boosted for proper usage, and to be used as motive gas for depleted wells in the same area. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,090,316 issued to Norman Montgomery and entitled “Gas Lifting System” describes a system for causing produced hydrocarbon gas to lift a plurality of plungers throughout the production tubing, thus reducing the amount of time lost waiting for the plunger to return to the bottom for trapping new volume of lift gas. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,215,087 issued to Harry O. McLeod, Jr. and entitled “Gas Lift System” describes a system for using gas injection, combined with intermittent slugs of a liquid which is both immiscible with the liquid being lifted from the well and does not adhere to the walls of the tubing and casing. This reduces the amount of liquid slippage by the slugs of lift gas. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,873,238 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Flowing Crude Oil from a Well”, issued to Johnnie A. Elfarr, describes a system for causing steam and/or air to be pumped down into an older formation, whose formation pressure has been depleted, artificially boosting the formation pressure and causing the hydrocarbon liquid to flow upward toward the surface. Steam is especially beneficial as the oil viscosity is high, becoming reduced by the elevated temperature caused by the steam. This system uses multiple downhole valves to effect the claims. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,724 issued to Carlo F. Levoni et al. and entitled “Device for Cleaning, Widening and Repairing Wells of Drinking Water and Irrigation Water” describes a system for cleaning, widening and repairing of a water well. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,790 issued to Bolling A. Abercrombie, entitled “Surface Controlled Liquid Removal Method and System for Gas Producing Wells” describes a system for removal of accumulated production liquids. Assuming hydrocarbon gas is being produced from the well inside the casing, an internal production tubing, fitted with a loose fitting plunger, is used to periodically remove any collected liquids in the casing by shutting off the gas production while opening up the inner tubing, causing the gas to divert to the inner tubing, lifting the plunger and bringing the liquid up to the surface. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,345,64,7 issued to William C. Carmichael and entitled “Apparatus to Increase Oil Well Flow” describes a system for attaching a pump to the top of the production pipe, thus causing a vacuum on the production oil. This production pipe goes down into an oil sump, lower than the producing sands in the well casing. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,061 issued to Charles short and entitled “Apparatus for Production of Liquid from Wells” describes a system for causing gas to enter the production tubing through an aspirator into the hydrocarbon liquid contained therein. The bottom of the production tubing should be fitted with a sand screen to prevent entrainment of sand particles. Further up the drill tubing are one or more check valves to prevent downward flow of liquid. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,041 issued to Davis et al. and entitled “Process for Gas-Lifting Liquid from a Well by Injecting Liquid into the Well” describes a system for sealing off any particular zone of the formation with remotely-actuable packers, and using gas to lift any produced hydrocarbons from this very zone. The primary purpose is for formation and drill stem testing. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,288 issued to Michael L. Bowyer and entitled “Apparatus with Annulus Safety Valve Through Tubing Injection and Method of Use” describes a system for effecting safety control valving on both the gas supply line into the well casing and the return production tubing. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,697 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Converting an Oil Well to a Well with Effluent Raising by Gas-Lift”, issued to Rene F. Goldaniga et al, describes a system for retrofitting an existing well, converting it to a gas lift system. Included in this patent is the required means for effecting the gas lift system while apparently providing superior flow shut-off capabilities. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,801 issued to Wayne C. McLaughlin et al. and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Recovery of Hydrocarbons from Underground. Water Tables” describes a system for using compressed air to lift hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater up for collection and recovery. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,306 issued to Roy A. Bobo and entitled “Gas Lift System” describes a system for mixing pressurized injection gas with pressurized injection liquid, which is then pumped down the well, during which time the increase in pressure will cause the gas to become compressed. As this injection stream enters the production conduit near the bottom of the well bore, the gas will begin to expand, helping to lift the production fluid. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,450 issued to Gregory R. Anderson et al. and entitled “Gas Lift Process for Restoring Flow in Depleted Geothermal Reservoirs” describes a system for causing a gas lift process in a geothermal well. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,156 issued to Frank Hesh entitled “Method of Secondary Extraction of Oil from a Well” describes a system for repeatedly pressuring (super atmospheric) and depressuring (sub-atmospheric) the well formation by use of a sealed well casing. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,550 issued t Kenneth J. Johnson et al. and entitled “Well Production Method” describes a system, targeted specifically at the coal bed methane production, causing lift gas to be fed down injection tubing to a side pocket mandrel and then to a gas lift valve. The objective is to reduce the bottom hole pressure low enough so that the methane gas, impregnated into the coal fines, will be released and carried up by the lift gas to the well head. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,242 issued to Malcolm W. Coleman et al. entitled “Apparatus and Method for Unloading Production-Inhibiting Liquid from a Well” describes a system for collecting liquids in a chamber down in the well casing, to which two tubing strings are connected; Volumes of the liquid are intermittently lifted out of the well through one of the tubing strings in response to high pressure gas injected into the other tubing string. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,764 issued to Alfred R. Jennings, Jr. and entitled “Means of Injecting CO 2  into Circulation Tubing to Facilitate CO 2  Gas Lift” describes a system for introducing carbon dioxide gas into a viscous hydrocarbon heavy oil in the bottom casing of the well, allowing the carbon dioxide to dissolve in the oil, reducing it&#39;s viscosity and density, thus allowing the less viscous oil to be lifted up the production tubing by means of the gas lift effect with carbon dioxide. 
     A system for introducing carbon dioxide gas into a viscous hydrocarbon heavy oil in the bottom casing of the well, allowing the carbon dioxide to dissolve in the oil, reducing it&#39;s viscosity and density, thus allowing the less viscous oil to be lifted up the production tubing by means of the gas lift effect with carbon dioxide is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,828, “Use of Carbon Dioxide for Gas-Lifting Heavy Oil”, issued to Alfred R. Jennings, Jr. 
     A system for effecting a formation flooding to drive hydrocarbons up to the surface in a well is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,345,655 issued to Bruno Bernhardt, entitled “Method of and Arrangement for Obtaining Liquids and/or Gases from Ground or Rock Layers”. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,309 issued to Alfonso R. Mancini et al. describes a system for removing chemical contaminants from groundwater formations; it accomplishes this by a “tube within a tube” design, using one of the tubes to supply gas down to the underground site, while applying a vacuum to the other tube and lifting the contaminated water. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,279 issued to Arvind K. Garg et al. entitled “Apparatus and Method for Removing Production-Inhibiting Liquid from a Wellbore” describes a system for causing produced water to be removed from a wellbore by use of chambers, valves, and potentially retrievable wirelines. With two production tubes attached to the chambers, one transporting pressurized lift gas down to the wellbore and the other lifting the produced water and methane gas, the pressure at the wellbore can be lowered enough to cause the entrained methane to be released from the carbonaceous subterranean formation. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,021 issued to Dennis P. Raden and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Fluid Production from a Wellbore” describes a system for assisting in lifting produced hydrocarbon liquid and produced water by means of a vacuum applied to the top of the production tubing; in addition, could possibly supplement lift by providing a lift gas fed from another production tubing to the bottom of the well. This lift gas could also be supplied by delivering down the well casing or the casing/tubing annulus. He also claims usage of eductors and valves. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,593 entitled “Multi-Stage In-Well Aerator”, issued t Joseph C. Stagner, describes a system for utilizing in-casing aeration to remove VOC&#39;s from contaminated groundwater. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,522 entitled “Liquid level Detection for Artificial Lift System Control” issued to Michael D. Hershberger describes a system for detecting the liquid level in the well production tube, thus aiding in the determination when artificial lift becomes necessary. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,813 issued to Paulo Cesar Ribeiro Lima, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Intermittent Production of Oil with a Mechanical Interface” describes a system foressentially “pigging” oil out of a production tube “loop” by sending a mechanical interface down one tube, propelled by pressurized gas, and then up the other tube (which has collected some oil as a “sump”), eventually arriving back at the surface having delivered a slug of oil. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,735,346, entitled “Fluid Level Sensing for Artificial Lift Control Systems” and issued to James Robert Brewer, describes a system for determining the fluid level in a well casing for controlling artificial lift systems. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,326 issued to John P. Slater entitled “Uphole Disposal Tool for Water Producing Gas Wells” describes a system for pumping produced water up the casing by use of a mechanical device with multiple mandrels, utilizing production gas to cause the device to “pump”. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,514, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Injection of Tubing into Wells” issued to Thomas C. Gipson describes a system for improved handling of “coiled tubing” in and out of a well. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,893,414 issued to Vladimir M. Shaposhnikov et al. discloses a device for intensification of hydrocarbon production and a hydrocarbons production system. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,906,241 issued to Mehmet Pehlivan et al, entitled “Method for Bubbling Extraction of Groundwater” describes a system for lifting contaminated groundwater by placing a hole in the extraction pipe a short distance above the static groundwater table, thus causing a bubbling action to aid in the lift of the groundwater by an applied vacuum at the head of the pipe. It is also claimed that this bubbling gas aids in the stripping of contaminants from the groundwater. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,278 issued to Donald D. Reitz, entitled “Calliope Oil Production System,” describes a system for gas lifting oil from a well by using down-hole valve on the end of the production tubing, and either lifting the oil up some macaroni tubing, or by possibly using an optional plunger or other device to mechanically lift the oil up a production tube. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus for producing oil, gas, and/or water from a well. The method of the present invention utilizes a gas carrier/transport system to remove produced liquids and/or solids by altering the flow, regime of the production fluids towards or into a flow regime in which the gas is the continuous fluid. The rate of upflowing gas in the well is sufficiently high in comparison with liquid production flow to generate plug flow, slug flow, froth flow, foam flow, annular flow, spray flow, or mist flow. The method of the present invention is accomplished by use of supplemental gas flow and/or stimulation of the production sands or coal bed gas flow with a reduced pressure drop across the well itself. The present invention can be applied to any oil, gas and/or water well with insufficient formation gas pressure to prevent liquid buildup within the well during production. This invention can also be applied to any oil and/or water (liquid) well as a means of enhancing the well&#39;s production. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a cross section of a typical prior art well, showing the well production pipe partially filled with liquid (oil and/or water); 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic elevation view of a first embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a sectional elevation view of a second embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing the production valve on the annulus in a closed position and showing a second embodiment of the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is another sectional elevation view of the second embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a sectional elevation view of a third embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is another sectional elevation view of the third embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a sectional elevational view of a fourth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration displaying various horizontal flow regimes at given superficial liquid and superficial gas velocities; 
     FIGS. 9A-9H are sectional elevational view showing various types of flow in horizontal pipe; 
     FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration displaying various vertical flow regimes at given superficial liquid and superficial gas velocities; 
     FIGS. 11A-11G are sectional elevational view showing various types of flow in vertical pipe; and 
     FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a fifth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 13 shows a sectional elevation view of a sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, without a packer, and showing the method of the present invention and showing the production valve on the annulus in a closed position; 
     FIG. 14 a  is another sectional elevation view of the sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 14 b  is another sectional elevation view of the sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 15 is another sectional elevation view of the sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 16 is another sectional elevation view of the sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 17 is another sectional elevation view of the sixth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and showing the method of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 shows a prior art type well designated generally by the numeral  10 . Well  10  is shown in relation to the earth&#39;s surface  11 . The well  10  is comprised of a borehole  14  that contains a well casing  12  that can be surrounded by a layer of concrete  13 . 
     Deep into the earth, production sands  15  produce oil, water, and/or gas (or coal bed  15  produces water and/or gas) via a plurality of well perforations  20 . Production pipe  16  is placed inside of casing  12 . The production pipe  16  has a lower end portion that extends to a level adjacent production sands or coal bed  15 , as shown in FIG.  1 . At this location, perforations  20  cut through casing  12  and its concrete layer  13  enable oil, gas, and/or water to flow under pressure via perforations  20  into production pipe  16 . 
     In FIG. 1, arrows  21  schematically illustrate production flow from production sands or coal bed  15  into production pipe  16 . A packer  19  is typically placed in between well casing  12  and production pipe  16  as shown. The packer  19  is located at an elevational position above perforations  20  so that the packer  19  prevents the flow of oil or gas upwardly in the annulus or space in between casing  12  and production pipe  16 . At the upper end portion of production pipe  16  there is provided a well head comprised of piping and valves that can include a lateral flow line  17  that receives production as indicated by arrow  18  as the well produces. 
     In FIG. 1, various pressure reference points  22 - 25  are shown. The well in FIG. 1 has a liquid content indicated by the numeral  27 . This liquid content  27  can include water and/or oil. This liquid rises to level  26  in production pipe  16 . 
     FIG. 1 thus shows a cross section of a typical well  10 , but also showing the well production pipe  16  partially filled with liquid  27  (oil and/or water) having liquid level  26 . Gas bubbles  28  rise up through the “column” of liquid  27  with the liquid  27  being the “continuous phase”, and the gas  28  as the “discontinuous phase”. Above liquid level  26  is gas, but can also include liquid droplets  29 . 
     The minimum possible pressure drop limiting the production of hydrocarbons from the well is pressure from the production sands or coal bed (reference numeral  22 ) to the inside of the well casing (reference numeral  23 ), plus the pressure drop which would exist between the pressure at  23  and at the wellhead (reference numeral  25 ), and assuming the production pipe contained only gas with no standing liquid. However, since wells can also have a standing “column of liquid”, production is also limited by the additional pressure drop incurred due to the column of liquid  27 , calculated at the top of the liquid at level  26  (pressure point reference numeral  24 ) minus the pressure at  23  inside the well casing. 
     And in many cases, this additional pressure drop from  24  to  23  is much greater than the minimum possible pressure drop, restricting hydrocarbon production to a mere fraction of what would otherwise be possible. In other cases, the column of liquid rises to a height such that the pressure drop, from  23  to  24  to  25  equals the inherent production sands or coal bed pressure minus the pressure drop from  22  to  23 . In such a case, the well no longer produces hydrocarbons, and the well is said to be “watered up”, “flooded”, or just “dead”. 
     The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus for increasing production of a well by eliminating the column of liquid  27  and thus it&#39;s pressure drop which often can approach or exceed the inherent production sands or coal bed pressure wherein the well no longer produces hydrocarbons. The apparatus and method of the present invention as shown in FIGS. 2-4, designated generally by the numeral  30 . Well  30  in FIGS. 2-4 includes a well casing  31  surrounded by concrete layer  32  in bore hole  33 . Packer  37  is placed above perforations  38  so that oil and/or water flows (arrow  39 ) into casing  31 . Production pipe  34  has lateral flow line  35  at the well head. Valve  44  can be used to control flow in line  35 . Arrow  36  in FIG. 2 indicates production of oil and gas through lateral flow line  35 . However, in FIG. 2 there is also production (as indicated by arrow  43 ) through production tubing  42 . 
     The production tubing  42  is a tubing that can be fitted inside of production pipe  34  as shown. Parallel tubes are as effective as the tube  42  inside the pipe  34  shown. The production pipe  34  is closed at  46  so that flow and production in the annulus  47  that is in between production tubing  42  and production pipe  34  must exit via lateral flow line  35 , as shown by arrow  36  in FIG.  2 . Fluid that is produced in production tubing  42  exits the top of production tubing  42  at arrow  43  in FIG.  2 . This is a schematic representation for illustrative purposes. Actual field installed method would include a dual production wellhead or ‘Christmas Tree’. 
     In FIG. 2, a production tube  42  of a smaller diameter than the existing production pipe  34  has been inserted inside of the production pipe  34 , with both pipe  34  and tube  42  preferably having separate control valves at the wellhead. The liquid column  41  of oil and/or water achieves similar levels in both the tube  42  itself, and the annulus  47  between the pipe  34  and the tube  42 . However, production now occurs from both the tube  42  and the annulus  47 . 
     When the production valve  44  on the annulus  47  is closed, production is now limited to the production tube  42  only (see FIGS.  3 - 4 ). Because of the reduced cross sectional area of tube  42 , and since it has the same inherent pressure drop and restriction due to the same height of its column of liquid, all of the hydrocarbon can be produced through tube  42 , and the production velocity is greatly increased. This effect causes more of the liquid from the column in tube  42  to become entrained in the flowing hydrocarbon gas, starting to reduce the height of the liquid column (See FIG.  3 ). 
     As the height of this column is reduced, the flow rate increases, entraining even more liquid. As this process continues, the hydraulic characteristics inside the tube  42  change, as the continuous phase transitions from being the liquid, transitioning through some or all of the following states: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1. Bubble flow 
                 (Liquid is continuous phase); 
               
               
                   
                 2. Slug or Plug Flow 
                 (Liquid is continuous phase); 
               
               
                   
                 3. Foam or Froth Flow 
                 (Vapor is continuous phase); 
               
               
                   
                 4. Annular Flow 
                 (Vapor is continuous phase); 
               
               
                   
                 5. Spray Flow 
                 (Vapor is continuous phase); 
               
               
                   
                 6. Mist Flow 
                 (Vapor is continuous phase). 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As it transitions, the overall pressure drop (because of the disappearing liquid column in the tube) decreases, and production increases. In FIG. 8, a graphical illustration is shown that displays various horizontal flow regimes at given superficial liquid and superficial gas velocities. In FIGS. 9A-9H, there are shown sectional, elevational views for various types of flow in horizontal pipe. These include stratified flow (FIG.  9 A), wavy flow (FIG.  9 B), bubble flow (FIG.  9 C), plug flow (FIG.  9 D), slug flow (FIG.  9 E), annular flow (FIG.  9 F), spray flow (FIG.  9 G), and mist flow (FIG.  9 H). 
     FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration that displays various vertical flow regimes at given superficial liquid and superficial gas velocities. FIGS. 11A-11G are sectional elevational views showing various regimes of flow in vertical pipe. These include bubble flow. (FIG.  11 A), plug flow (FIG.  11 B), slug flow (FIG.  11 C), foam and froth flow (FIG.  11 D), mist flow (FIG.  11 E), spray flow (FIG.  11 F), and annular flow (FIG.  11 G). 
     As the column of liquid in the production tube  42  at the wellhead reaches the well bottom, production rates reach a maximum possible through the tube with its given diameter (see FIG.  4 ). However, flowing pressure drop is higher than desired. One option is to close the valve on the production tube  42  to perform the same steps on the annulus  47 . 
     In the embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6, gas makeup (to prevent vacuum by applying an “above atmospheric” pressure) is applied to the annulus  47  via flow line  35  with valve  44  open, helping the production gas flowing up the production tube  42  begin to entrain the liquid column now contained in the annulus  47 . 
     Arrows  48  in FIG. 5 show the flow-path of such gas makeup. As the liquid column  40  disappears, the production of entrained liquid at the wellhead will drop off, indicating the annulus  47  is dry (see FIG.  6 ). 
     In FIG. 6, both the valve on the production tube  42  and the valve  44  on the production pipe  34  and annulus  47  can be opened in order to again achieve maximum production flow, now that the liquid column  40  is removed. Since there is no liquid column  40  to cause excessive pressure drop, the gas flow should be much higher than originally experienced. In addition, because the flow is so high, liquid will have difficulty accumulating and reforming the liquid column in either the tube  42  or the annulus  47 . 
     As in FIG. 12, if the gas flow from the production sands  15  is not great enough or non-existent, production flow can be restricted to either the tubing  42  or the annulus  47 . The preferred choice would be whichever best matches the resulting oil and/or water production from sands or coal bed  15  in a gas-continuous stream. Supplemental gas flow can be fed to either the annulus  47  or the tubing  42 , whichever is not used for production. 
     As an alternative (see FIG.  7 ), a smaller tube  42  could be chosen and placed beside the production pipe  34 , and provide supplemental gas to the bottom of the well  30 , keeping the velocity of the gas high (maintaining gas as continuous phase) and flowing out of the production pipe  34 . 
     Although a second pipe or tube would be the preferred embodiment, other means could be used, such as using the annulus between the casing and the production pipe as the “second pipe or tube”. 
     FIG. 7 shows a fourth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention wherein the overall configuration is similar to that of FIGS. 2-6, FIG. 7 illustrating the use of a production pipe  34  and production tubing  42  that are parallel and positioned side by side. 
     The apparatus and an alternative method of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 13-17, designated generally by the numeral  30 . Well  30  in FIGS. 13-17, includes a well casing  31  surrounded by concrete layer  32  in bore hole  33 . No packer is present in the well. Well casing  31  has lateral flow line  35  at the wellhead. Valve  44  can be used to control flow in line  35 . Arrow  43  in FIG. 13 indicates production of oil, water, and gas through production pipe  42  (as indicated by arrow  43 ). 
     The production pipe  42  is fitted inside of well casing  31  as shown. Valve  44  in lateral flow line  35  is closed, and fluid that is produced in production tubing  42  exits the top of production tubing  42  at arrow  43  in FIG.  13 . This is a schematic representation for illustrative purposes. Actual field installed method would include a production wellhead or ‘Christmas Tree’. 
     In the embodiment of FIG. 14 a , supplemental gas is applied to the annulus  47  via flow line  35  with valve  44  open, causing the fluid level (liquid column  40 ) in the annulus  47  to drop, as the contained fluids are pushed up the production pipe  42  and into the formation sands or coal bed  15 . 
     In the alternate embodiment of FIG. 14 b , supplemental gas is applied to the annulus  47 , via flow line  35  with valve  44  open, combined with gas applied to the production pipe  43  as shown by arrow  43 , causing the fluid level in the annulus  47  (liquid column  40  in FIG. 13) and in the production pipe  42  to drop, as the contained fluids are pushed into the formation sands or coal bed  15 . 
     In FIG. 15, supplemental gas is continually applied to the annulus  47  via flow line  35  with valve  44  open, thus providing supplemental gas to the bottom of the well  30 , keeping the velocity of the gas high (maintaining gas as continuous phase) and flowing out of the production pipe  42  as indicated by arrow  43 . 
     In FIG. 16, supplemental gas is no longer needed due to sufficient gas production from the production sands or coal bed  15 ; valve  44  is closed, and the velocity of the gas and fluids remains high (maintaining gas as continuous phase), flowing out of the production pipe  42  as indicated by arrow  43 . 
     In FIG. 17, supplemental gas is no longer needed due to sufficient gas production from the production sands or coal bed  15 ; valve  44  is open, and the velocity of the gas and fluids remains high (maintaining gas as continuous phase), flowing out of the production pipe  42  as indicated by arrow  43 , as well as out of lateral flow line  35  as indicated by arrow  36 . 
     As in FIG. 12, if the gas flow from the production sands or coal bed  15  is not great enough, production flow can be restricted to either the tubing  42  or the lateral flow line  35  (for the annulus  47 ). The preferred choice would be whichever best matches the resulting oil and/or water production from sands or coal bed  15  in a gas-continuous stream. Supplemental gas flow can be fed to either the lateral flow line  35  (into the annulus  47 ) or the tubing  42 , whichever is not used for production. 
     The potential for accumulating liquid and building up a column of liquid reoccurs each time production is interrupted for any reason. If this happens, these above discussed method steps can be reapplied to bring the well back into full production. 
     Also, the method could employ a smaller pipe or tubing in a “low gas flow well”, and by using the method of the present invention, dramatically boost their production (even though constrained in a smaller pipe) without the use of a second pipe. 
     Another way to remove accumulated liquid from the production pipe is to simply pressure up the annulus between the casing and the production pipe, blowing out the liquid and then resuming well operations in the gas-continuous regime. Although the first four embodiments are the desired methods, this additional embodiment could be used to remove accumulated liquid from the production pipe. Thus, a user could dry out the production pipe by one of five ways: 
     1. pressure up the annulus between the casing and production pipe and blow out the liquid; 
     2. pressure up the production pipe, and “blow out” the liquid through the casing annulus; 
     3. pressure up the production pipe and the annulus between the casing and production pipe and force the accumulated fluids back into the production sands or coal bed; 4. use a production pipe and production tubing (or two pipes or two tubes) wherein a user pressures up the production tubing and blows out the liquid through the production pipe; or 
     5. use a production pipe and production tubing (or two pipes or two tubes) wherein a user pressures up the production pipe and blows out the liquid through the production tubing. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 PARTS LIST 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PART NO. 
                 DESCRIPTION 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 well 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 earth&#39;s surface 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 well casing 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 concrete layer 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 borehole 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 production sands/coal bed 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 production pipe 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 lateral flow line 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 packer 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 perforations 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 pressure reference point 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 pressure reference point 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 pressure reference point 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 pressure reference point 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 liquid level 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 liquid (water/oil) 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 gas bubbles 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 liquid droplets 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 well 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 well casing 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 concrete layer 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 borehole 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 production pipe 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 lateral flow line 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 packer 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 perforations 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 liquid (oil and/or water) 
               
               
                   
                 41 
                 liquid level 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 production tubing 
               
               
                   
                 43 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 44 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 45A 
                 liquid level 
               
               
                   
                 45B 
                 liquid level 
               
               
                   
                 46 
                 closed end 
               
               
                   
                 47 
                 annulus 
               
               
                   
                 48 
                 arrows 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.