Abstract:
The present invention provides a scanning probe microscope that is straightforward to use under sever environments. Optical fiber irradiates light from a laser diode towards the surface of a cantilever. The irradiated light is converged by a lens so as to irradiate the surface of the cantilever. Light reflected from the surface of the cantilever is focused by the lenses and inputted to optical fibers. Light passing through the optical fibers is then received by the photodiodes. Inclination of the cantilever is then detected based on changes in the amount of light received.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a scanning probe microscope, and particularly relates to a scanning probe microscope employing optical lever techniques.  
         [0002]     In the related art, scanning probe microscopes employing optical lever techniques are well known (for example, refer to Japanese Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Documents No 1 and 2). In this specification, “scanning probe microscope” refers to microscopes capable of employing optical lever techniques such as AFMs (Atomic Force Microscopes) and magnetic force microscopes, etc. Further, with AFMs, states where a probe tip does not make contact with a sample surface, and does make contact with a sample surface exist. The scanning probe microscopes of this specification include both states.  
         [0003]     With scanning probe microscopes of the related art (in this description hereinafter simply referred to as “SPMs”), the surface of a cantilever is irradiated with laser light, and reflected light is incident to a photodiode. The position of the cantilever can then be detected based on changes in the amount of incident light.  
         [0004]     In the related art, a photodiode constituting a light-receiving element has been arranged in the vicinity of the cantilever in order to bring about an increase in the amount of incident light.  
         [0005]     However, when a photodiode is in the vicinity of a sample when the sample is subjected to a particularly sever environment such as extremely low temperatures, a high vacuum or a strong magnetic field, it is possible that the environment will have an effect on the photodiode so as to make measurement difficult.  
         [0006]     Further, with SPMs of the related art, it has been necessary to move the sample because causing the cantilever to move so as to scan the sample has been difficult. This has caused the device to be large and presented the problem that using a large sample is difficult.  
         [0007]     In order to resolve this problem, it has been proposed to detect changes in the cantilever using an optical fiber interferometer. However, this method has the problem that handling is difficult.  
         [0008]     Japanese Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Hei. 6-323847.  
         [0009]     Non-Patent Document No. 1: Gerhard Meyer and Nabil M. Amer,  Appl. Phys. Lett . 53, 1045 (1988).  
         [0010]     Non-patent Document No. 2: S. Alexander, L. Hellemans, O. Marti, J. Schneir, V. Elings, P. K. Hansma, Matt Longmire, and John Gurley,  J. Appl Phys . 65, 164 (1989).  
       SUMMARY  
       [0011]     This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.  
         [0012]     In order to resolve this situation, it is therefore advantageous for the present invention to provide a scanning probe microscope that is easy to use even under sever environments.  
         [0013]     The scanning probe microscope of the present invention is therefore comprised of a cantilever, light-emitting section, and light-receiving section. The light-emitting section is equipped with a light emitting element and an input waveguide. The input waveguide is configured so that light from the light-emitting section is irradiated towards the surface of the cantilever. The light receiving section is equipped with an output waveguide and a light-receiving element. The output waveguide is configured so that light reflected by the surface is guided towards the light-receiving element.  
         [0014]     The input waveguide and the output waveguide may both be configured using optical fiber.  
         [0015]     The output waveguide may both be configured using a plurality of optical fibers.  
         [0016]     Substantially spherical-shaped lenses for focusing light reflected from the cantilever onto the plurality of optical fibers may be respectively arranged at the ends of the plurality of optical fibers, or alternatively, each set of lenses may be taken to have substantially flat facing surfaces and be next to each other.  
         [0017]     It is also possible to fit a tip probe to the end of the cantilever.  
         [0018]     The light-emitting element may also be a laser diode.  
         [0019]     The light-receiving element may also be a photodiode.  
         [0020]     According to the scanning probe microscope of the present invention, it is possible to provide a scanning probe microscope that is straightforward to use under severe environments. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]     The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a view illustrating an outline configuration for a scanning probe microscope of an embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is a photograph showing measurement results for the first embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0024]     A scanning probe microscope (SPM) of an embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to  FIG. 1 . This SPM is comprised of a cantilever  1 , probe tip  2 , light-emitting section  3 , and light-receiving section  4 .  
         [0025]     The cantilever  1  is a cantilever with a supported base section, with the tip position changing as a result of force applied to the tip. The probe tip  2  is fitted to the lower surface of the end of the cantilever  1 . This configuration is the same as for an SPM of the related art.  
         [0026]     The light-emitting section  3  is equipped with a light-emitting element  31 , input waveguide  32 , and lens  33 . The light-emitting element  31  may be a laser diode, for example. The light-emitting element  31  is driven by a circuit (not shown).  
         [0027]     In this embodiment, the input waveguide  32  is configured from a single optical fiber. The input waveguide  32  is configured so as to transmit light from the vicinity of the light-emitting element  31  to the lens  33 . As a result, the input waveguide  32  is capable of irradiating light from the light-emitting element  31  towards the surface of the cantilever  1 .  
         [0028]     The lens  33  is configured so as to focus light from the input waveguide  32  and irradiate this light onto the surface of the cantilever  1 . In this embodiment, a plano-convex lens is used as the lens  33 .  
         [0029]     The light-receiving section  4  is equipped with a lens  41 , output waveguide  42 , and light-receiving element  43 . The lens  41  is configured from two spherical lenses  411  and  412 . Opposing surfaces of the two spherical lenses  411  and  412  are formed substantially flat, are next to each other, and are bonded to each other (refer to  FIG. 1 ).  
         [0030]     In this embodiment, the output waveguide  42  is constructed from two optical fibers  421  and  422 . Here, the number of optical fibers is taken to be one, but may also be three or more. One end of the optical fiber  421  is capable of receiving light focused by the spherical lens  411 . One end of the optical fiber  422  is capable of receiving light focused by the spherical lens  412 . The other ends of the optical fibers  421  and  422  extend as far as the light-receiving element  43 . Namely, the output waveguide  42  is configured so that light reflected by the surface of the cantilever  1  is guided to the light-receiving element  43 .  
         [0031]     In this embodiment, the light-receiving element  43  is configured from two photodiodes  431  and  432 . The photodiode  431  is arranged at a position facing the other end of the optical fiber  421  and receives light from the optical fiber  421 . The photodiode  432  is arranged at a position facing the other end of the optical fiber  422  and receives light from the optical fiber  422 . The light-receiving element  43  is connected to a circuit (not shown) and provides outputs due to light received by each of the photodiodes  431  and  432 .  
         [0032]     Next, a description is given of the operation of an SPM of this embodiment configured in the above manner. First, light is generated by the light-emitting element  31 . As a result, light is irradiated onto the surface of the cantilever  1  via the input waveguide  32  and the lens  33 . Light reflected by the surface of the cantilever  1  is then irradiated onto the light-receiving element  43  via the lens  41  and the output waveguide  42 . At the light-receiving element  43 , electromotive force is generated according to the amount of light received, and the amount of received light is calculated from this electromotive force.  
         [0033]     In this state, as with the SPM of the related art, the sample is scanned by the probe tip  2 . In doing so, the position of the tip of the cantilever  1  changes in accompaniment with relative movement between the probe tip and the sample. As a result, the angle of reflection of light at the cantilever  1  changes and the amount of light incident to the lens  41  changes. For example, the amount of light incident to the lens  411  increases and the amount of light incident to the lens  412  decreases. As a result of this, the electromotive force occurring at the photodiodes  431  and  432  changes. The amount of change in the cantilever  1  (i.e., in the case of an AFM, the surface shape of a sample) can then be detected based on this fluctuation.  
         [0034]     In this embodiment, it is possible to distance the light-receiving element  43  from the cantilever  1  by using the output waveguide  42 . In doing so, the light-receiving element  43  can be distanced from an environment even when the cantilever  1  is placed under severe conditions, such as extremely low temperatures or strong magnetic fields, and it is therefore possible to detect the amount of light received in a precise manner. Namely, measurement is possible using an SPM even under severe conditions.  
         [0035]     In this embodiment, the light-emitting element  31  is also distanced from the cantilever  1  by the input waveguide  32 . As a result, in this embodiment, it is possible for the cantilever  1 , lens  33 , tip of the input waveguide  32 , lens  41 , and tip of the output waveguide  42  to be made to move independently from the light-emitting element  31  and the light-receiving element  43 . Because of this, it is straightforward to make the cantilever  1  move with respect to the sample. This means that, according to an SPM of this embodiment, it is not necessary to move the sample, and it is also possible to handle large samples.  
         [0036]     Moreover, in this embodiment, the two photodiodes  431  and  432  are irradiated with light using the two optical fibers  421  and  422 . This means that differential detection is possible and it is possible to increase the strength of signals obtained as output. This also makes detection of microscopic changes in the amount of light straightforward.  
         [0037]     Moreover, in this embodiment, it is possible to take stable measurements compared with the case of using a single optical fiber because two optical fibers  421  and  422  are used. In the event that a single optical fiber is used, when the amount of light received by these fibers is increased or reduced, this corresponds to the displacement of the cantilever  1 . However, errors occur due to disturbances (for example, changes in the amount of irradiation itself and noise). Further, when displacement of the cantilever  1  becomes larger than a certain extent, it is no longer possible to detect displacement in excess of this due to reduction in the amount of light received. According to this embodiment, it is possible to counteract disturbances because two optical fibers are used and the number of measurement errors can be reduced compared to the case of using a single optical fiber. Further, according to this embodiment, it is also possible to increase the range of displacement of the cantilever  1  that can be measured.  
         [0038]     In this embodiment, two lenses, the spherical lenses  411  and  412 , are used as the lens  41 . This means that it is possible to focus and input reflected light from the cantilever  1  to the optical fibers  421  and  422 . Further, the opposing surfaces of the lenses  411  and  412  are taken to be substantially flat, and also neighbor each other, and the intervening space can therefore be made small.  
         [0000]     First Embodiment  
         [0039]     The SPM of the aforementioned embodiment is used as an AFM and measurements are carried out under the following conditions. The results are shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0040]     (Measurement Conditions)  
         [0041]     Controller: JOEL JSTM4200D  
         [0042]     Light source: Wavelength 680 nm laser diode (HL6738MG, Hitachi)  
         [0043]     Input waveguide: Single mode optical fiber (FS-SN-3224, 3M)  
         [0044]     Input lens: Plano-convex lens, diameter 1 mm (45589-E, Edmund Industrial Optics)  
         [0045]     Input lens focal length: Approximately 3 mm  
         [0046]     Cantilever and probe tip: AC-mode Si cantilever (NSC12C, μmash)  
         [0047]     Distance from cantilever to light-receiving lens: Approximately 3 mm  
         [0048]     Spherical lens (light-receiving lens): 45538-E, Edmund Industrial Optics (processed)  
         [0049]     Output waveguide: Multimode fiber (FIP100110125, Polymicro Technologies)  
         [0050]     Light-receiving element: SiPIN photodiode (S7797, Hamamatsu Photonics used as a differential detector)  
         [0051]     Sample: SrTiO 3  substrate (having a unit lattice step)  
         [0052]     Sample measurement range: 5 μm(5 micrometers)×5 μm(5 micrometers)  
         [0053]     Under these conditions, it was possible to obtain the topographic image shown in  FIG. 2 . It was possible to observe a step terrace structure. The amplitude it was possible to measure was 0.4 Angstroms and under.  
         [0054]     The scanning probe microscope of the present invention is by no means limited to the embodiment described above and various modifications are possible without deviating from the spirit of the present invention.  
         [0055]     For example, it is also possible to employ another focusing mechanism such as a transparent cone in place of the lens  41 . Further, lens  41  can be omitted. In this case, it is necessary to put one end of the output waveguide  42  sufficiently close to the cantilever  1 .  
         [0056]     Similarly, it is also possible to use another focusing mechanism in place of the lens  33  or this installation may be omitted. In the latter case, it is necessary for the end of the input waveguide  32  to be sufficiently close to the cantilever  1 .  
         [0057]     If installation of the lens  41 , etc., is omitted, it is possible to make the device smaller, and the optical system can be simplified. This makes moving the cantilever  1  with respect to the sample much more straightforward.  
         [0058]     While illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.