Abstract:
The invention is particularly directed toward a structural member comprising an elongate metal flange having a pair of parallel side walls joined at one end by a transverse base wall to form a web receiving pocket. Each side wall has a plurality of raised teeth, each tooth having a body portion bent outwardly from the side wall along a first line transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange, and a penetrating point portion at the free end of the body portion, bent along a second line parallel to the first line, to extend toward the socket. The invention is also directed toward a composite structural member employing the flange with a web having opposed edge portions. One edge portion of the web is mounted in the pocket of the flange and the teeth on the flange are pressed into the web to joint the web and flange together. The invention is further directed toward a method of making the composite structural member using the metal flange.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention is directed toward an improved structural member, and more particularly to a metal flange to be used in making a composite structural member. The invention is also directed toward an improved composite structural member, and more particularly to an I-beam member having a web with a metal flange attached to at least one, and preferably both, edges of the web. The invention is further directed toward a method for making the composite structural member. 
     2. Description of the Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under CFR §§ 1.97-1.99 
     Composite structural members are well known. These members often employ a wooden web with wooden flanges attached on both edges of the web to form composite structural members such as I-beams. Composite I-beams are also known that employ wooden flanges with a steel web; steel flanges with a steel web; and steel flanges with a wooden web. The known composite I-beams have various disadvantages however depending on their structure. All composite wooden I-beams are weaker than beams of the same general size employing metal. In addition, the attachment of the wooden flange to the wooden web is often by gluing and the gluing process is time consuming and costly. All composite metal beams are more expensive than beams of the same general size employing wood. These beams are normally too costly for use in residential and light commercial buildings, and if used in such locations are unnecessarily strong. Composite beams employing wood flanges with a steel web are difficult to construct and thus expensive. It is difficult to make the connection between the wood flanges and the steel web strong enough. If the webs are full, they increase the cost of the beam and also make it difficult to provide access openings for the passage of wires and pipes. If the metal webs open, this usually results in smaller attachment areas between the web and the flanges resulting in poor connections which result in creep in the beam and less strength. Composite beams employing a wooden web with steel flanges are relatively inexpensive and relatively strong. However these beams are still relatively expensive to construct. In addition, the beam can have a strength problem in the connection between the web and flanges due to the construction of the flange normally employed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a purpose of the present invention to provide an improved structural member that makes the construction of a composite structural member much simpler and therefore cheaper. It is another purpose of the present invention to provide an improved structural member that makes for a stronger composite structural member. 
     It is a further purpose of the present invention to provide a less expensive composite structural member, and more particularly a less expensive I-beam having a wooden web and metal flanges. It is a further purpose of the present invention to provide a structural member, and more particularly an I-beam having a wooden web and metal flanges, which is stronger and yet simpler to construct. 
     It is another purpose of the present invention to provide a method for easily and simply making a composite structural member and more particularly an I-beam having a wooden web and metal flanges. 
     The improved structural member of the present invention comprises a metal flange which is to be used with a web to form a composite structural member. The metal flange is formed with parallel side walls joined by a transverse base wall at one end to define a web-receiving pocket. The side walls of the flange have raised penetrating fastening means which can be moved to penetrate the web to fasten the flange to the web. Each fastening means has a body portion bent outwardly from the side wall, the body portion extending generally in the same direction as the longitudinal direction of the flange. The body portion has a penetrating portion at its free end extending generally toward the pocket. The fastening means are easily formed by punching them out of the side walls. 
     The above described metal flange is used in the improved composite structural member of the present invention. The composite structural member has a web with at least its outer edge portions made from fastener penetrable material. Preferably at least the outer edge portions of the web, and preferably the entire web, is made from wood or a wood product. One of the metal flanges is mounted on each edge portion of the web. The pocket is sized to snugly receive an edge portion of a web. When the outer edge portion, or the entire web, is made from wood or a wood product, the snug fitting pocket closely confines the web and thus enhances the bearing capacity of the composite structural member. The fasteners on the side walls of the flanges are driven into the web to securely fasten the flanges to the web. 
     The composite structural member is easily formed by mounting an edge portion of the web in the pocket of the flange to form a structural unit, and then moving the unit in a longitudinal direction with suitable feeding means to cause pressing means to press the raised fastening means on the side walls of the flanges into the web to securely fasten the flange to the web. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flanges are formed with doubled side walls with base wall extensions extending in opposed directions from the free ends of the side walls. This construction allows the pocket portion of the flange to better adhere to the web, particularly when the web is wooden, since the doubled side walls are not as likely, as single side walls, to tend to spread away from the sides of the web. With the side walls of the flange adhering more closely to the web, the shear strength of the composite structural member is increased. In this embodiment, the fastening means are formed in one of the side wall layers or each doubled side wall with an opening, associated with each fastening means, being formed in the other layer of the doubled side wall to allow proper operation of fastening means. 
     The invention is particularly directed toward a structural member comprising an elongate metal flange having a pair of parallel side walls joined at one end by a transverse base wall to form a web receiving pocket. Each side wall has a plurality of raised penetrating fastening means. Each fastening means has a body portion bent outwardly from the side wall along a first line transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange, and a penetrating point portion at the free end of the body portion, bent along a second line parallel to the first line, to extend toward the pocket. 
     The invention is also particularly directed toward a composite structural member having a web with two parallel wide sides and two parallel narrow edges joining the sides, the web having a fastening edge portion adjacent each edge that can be penetrated by fastening means. At least one elongate metal flange is mounted on the web. The flange has a pocket formed by parallel side walls joined at one end by a transverse base wall. The web is mounted in the pocket with one edge abutting the end wall and with the wide sides adjacent the side walls. Each side wall of the flange has a plurality of penetrating fastening means. Each fastening means has a body portion attached at one end to the side wall and extending generally parallel to the longitudinal direction of the flange, and a penetrating point portion at the free end of the body portion, transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange, penetrating the web. 
     The invention is further directed toward a method for making the composite structural member comprising providing an elongate web having parallel edges, the web made at least partly of fastener penetrable material along edge portions adjacent the edges. Providing an elongate flange of metal material, the flange having a pair of side walls joined at one end by a transverse base wall to form a pocket. Each side wall has a plurality of raised penetrating fastening means. Each fastening means has a body portion bent outwardly from the side wall along a first line transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange, and a penetrating point portion at the free end of the body portion, bent along a second line parallel to the first line, to extend toward the pocket. The web is mounted in the pocket of the flange with one edge adjacent the base wall and projecting therefrom, to form a structural unit. The structural unit is then moved in a direction parallel to its longitudinal direction with the first bend line of each fastener leading while the penetrating point portion of each fastening means is pressed into the web. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the composite structural member; 
     FIG. 2 is an end view of the member; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective detail view of a fastener; 
     FIG. 4 is a detail plan view of a piece of sheet metal used to make a flange; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the assembly of the composite structural member; 
     FIG. 6 is a detail cross section view of the flange mounted on the web but not yet joined thereto; 
     FIG. 7 is a detail view similar to FIG. 6 but with the flange now joined to the web; 
     FIG. 8 is a detail perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the flange; 
     FIG. 9 is a detail plan view of a piece of sheet metal used to make the flange in FIG. 8; 
     FIG. 10 is a detail cross-section view showing the flange mounted on the web but not yet joined thereto; 
     FIG. 11 is a detail view similar to FIG. 10 but with the flange now joined to the web; 
     FIGS. 12A and 12B are detail end views of the flange showing variations therein; and 
     FIG. 13 is a detail end view of another embodiment of the flange. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The composite structural member  1  of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, has a web  3  at least partly made from fastener penetrable material. The web  3  is elongate and has parallel wide sides  5 ,  7  and parallel narrow edges  9 ,  11 . At least one metal flange  13  is mounted on one edge  11  of the web  3 . Preferably the web  3  has one metal flange  13  on each edge  9 ,  11  of the web, as shown in FIG. 2 to form a composite beam member. 
     The web  3  is preferably made in one piece, and preferably made from a wood product such as plywood. Regardless of its construction and the material it is made of, the web requires at least one continuous edge portion  15 , adjacent the edge  11  receiving the flange  13 , to be made from material that can be penetrated by fasteners such as sheet metal fasteners as will be described. Preferably, the web has two continuous edge portions  15 ,  17 , made from material that can be penetrated by fasteners, one edge portion adjacent each edge  9 ,  11 . 
     The flange  13  is made from sheet metal and has a pair of parallel side walls  21 ,  23  joined at one end by a transverse base wall  25  to form a pocket  27  as shown in FIG.  1 . The pocket  27  is sized to snugly receive one edge portion  15  of the web  3 . The flange  13  is snugly mounted on one edge portion  15  of the web by inserting the edge portion  15  of the web within the pocket  27 . The side walls  21 ,  23  of the flange  13  abut the sides  5 ,  7  of the web while the base wall  25  abuts the one end edge  11 . 
     Penetrating fastening means are provided on the flange  13  for permanently attaching the flange  13  to the web  3 . The penetrating fasteners are in the form of teeth  31  formed from the side walls  21 ,  23  of the flange  13 , the teeth  31  adapted to penetrate the web  3  to connect the flange  13  to the web. Each tooth  31  is partially punched out of the side walls  21 ,  23 , as shown in FIG. 3, leaving an opening  32  and then bent once, as shown at first line  33 , to have a main body portion  35  connected at one end to the side wall  21  and extending therefrom at a relatively shallow obtuse angle A. The tooth is bent a second time, as shown at second line  37 , to have a pointed end portion  39  extending at about right angles to the main body portion  35 . The obtuse angle A is such that the point  41  on the pointed end portion  39  of the tooth is normally in the same general plane of the side wall  21 . In accordance with the present invention, the teeth  31  are punched out to have them extend generally in the longitudinal direction of the flange with the bend lines  33 ,  37  generally transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange. The teeth  31  in one side wall portion  21  preferably extend in the opposite direction to the teeth  31  in the other side wall  23 . 
     The teeth  31  are pressed into the web  3  with the pointed end portions  39  passing through the openings  32  when the composite structural member is assembled as will be described. The end portions  39  of the teeth are made long enough to penetrate the web  3  a sufficient distance to securely hold the flange  13  to the web  3 . When the teeth  31  are pressed into the web  3 , their main body portions  35  lie generally within the side walls  21 ,  23 . The teeth  31  can be arranged in various patterns and locations on the flange to provide the strongest connection between the flange and web. 
     The flange  13  is formed from an elongated piece of sheet metal. The sheet metal piece  45 , as shown in FIG. 4, cut to the required size, is first stamped to form the teeth  31  in the portions which will form the side walls  21 ,  23 . The teeth could be easily stamped out by moving the piece longitudinally past stamping wheels. The teeth  31  are bent to form the pointed end portions  39  and to have them bent outwardly of the side walls  21 ,  23 . The bending can occur during stamping or after. The metal piece  45  is then bent along fold lines  47 ,  49  to form the pocket  27 . 
     To mount the flange  13  to the web  3 , the web  3  is mounted within the pocket  27  of the flange  13  to form a structural unit  51  as shown in FIG.  5 . The one edge  11  of the web abuts the base wall  25  of the flange and the side walls  21 ,  23  of the flange lie snug against the sides  5 ,  7  of the web in the edge portion  15 . The assembled unit  51  is then transported longitudinally by suitable feed means&#39; such as pairs of driven feed rollers  53  on a stationary support surface  55 . The roller pairs are mounted on opposite sides of the unit  51  and are constructed and positioned to feed the flange  13  and web  3  as a single unit while not interfering with fastening means. The unit  51  is arranged to move in a direction, shown by arrow B in FIGS. 5 and 6 with the first bend  33  of each tooth  31  leading. As the assembled unit  1  is moved longitudinally in the one direction, press rollers  57  located adjacent the side walls  21 ,  23  of the flange  13 , press the teeth  31  into the web  3  through the openings  32  as shown in FIG.  7 . If the teeth on both sides extend in the same direction, there are press rollers  57  on both sides to press the teeth on both sides simultaneously into the web. Preferably however the teeth on one side extend in the opposite direction to the teeth on the other side. This arrangement provides greater holding force for the flange on the web. In this case, the unit  51  is moved in one direction first to press the teeth  31  on one side wall  21  into the web and is then moved in a reverse direction to press the teeth  31  on the other side wall  23 , which extend in the opposite direction, into the web. The press rollers  57  are arranged to accommodate this back and forth movement. It will be seen that the assembly of the unit  51  to form the composite structural member  1  is quick and simple thereby making the member relatively inexpensive compared to known composite structures. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flange is provided with double side walls and base wall extensions. As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the flange  13 ′ has base wall extensions  61 ,  63  extending in opposed directions from the ends of the side walls  21 ′,  23 ′, the extensions generally aligned with the base wall  25 ′. The side walls  21 ′,  23 ′, in more detail, each have an inner wall portion  65 ,  65 ′ and an outer wall portion  67 ,  67 ′. The inner wall portions  65 ,  65 ′ are joined at one end to the ends of the base wall  25 ′ while the outer wall portions  67 ,  67 ′ are joined at one end to the base wall extensions  61 ,  63  respectively. The other ends of the inner and outer wall portions  65 ,  65 ′ and  67 ,  67 ′ are joined to each other as shown at  69 ,  69 ′. Teeth  31 ′ are punched out in the outer wall portions  67 ,  67 ′ leaving openings  32 ′ therein. The teeth  31 ′ are similar to teeth  31  and have a main body portion  35 ′ and a pointed end portion  39 ′ both bent along bend lines  33 ′,  37 ′ which are transverse to the longitudinal direction of the flange. Openings  71 ,  71 ′ are punched out in the inner wall portions  65 ,  65 ′ of the side walls  21 ′,  23 ′, the openings  71 ,  71 ′ located opposite the pointed ends  41 ′ of the teeth  31 ′ in the outer wall portions  67 ,  67 ′. The metal piece  45 ′ from which the flange is formed, is bent along fold lines  69 ,  69 ′ to form the doubled side walls  21 ′,  23 ′ as shown in FIG. 10; bent along fold lines  75 ,  75 ′ to form the pocket  27 ′, and bent along fold lines  77 ,  77 ′ to form the base wall extensions  61 ,  63 . The flange is then joined to the web in the same manner that flange  13  was joined to web  3 , the teeth  31 ′ passing through openings  71 ,  71 ′ in the inner wall portions  65 ,  65 ′ into the web. When the flange  13 ′ is joined to the web the base wall extensions  61 ,  63  extend laterally from web  3  forming, with base wall  25 ′, one flange F of an I-beam structure shown in FIG.  8 . The pocket  27 ′ formed by the doubled side walls  21 ′,  23 ′ is not only stronger in shear for the flange but also stronger in shear for the combined web and flange since the pocket will not tend to separate from the web. 
     The flange has been described above as having the teeth  31 ′ in the outer wall portions  67 ,  67 ′ of the side walls  21 ′,  23 ′. The teeth however could also be provided in the inner wall portions  65 ,  65 ′ of the side walls with the openings  71 ,  71 ′ provided in the outer wall portions  67 ,  67 ′ adjacent the teeth and large enough to allow the teeth  31 ′ to be bent outwardly during initial formation of the flange. 
     If required, the flanges  13 ′ can be bent in the extension portions  61 ,  63  to provide stiffening flanges  81  as shown in FIG. 12A or stiffening ribs  83  as shown in FIG.  12 B. 
     The web  3  has been described as being a unitary member. However the web could also be a composite member. It could for example have diagonal truss members with top and bottom stringers on both sides fixing the trusses in place. The flanges could be attached to the stringer members. The stringer members are made of penetrable material and are preferably wood. The truss members could be made of wood or other materials, even metal. The truss member could be in the form of a sinuous metal rod with the stringers suitably attached thereto. The web could also be made in sections to achieve the desired length. The unique flanges of the present invention could have the fasteners arranged to securely splice the web sections together when forming the composite member. 
     The flange  13  has also been described as a unitary member. It could also however be made in more than one piece. For example, the flange  13 ″ could have a first central piece  91 , as shown in FIG. 13, having parallel side walls  21 ″,  23 ″ joined by a base wall  25 ″ at one end. Second and third outer pieces  93 ,  93 ′ each having a side wall  95 , and a base wall  97  are also provided. The teeth  31 ″ are formed in the side wall  95  of each outer piece  93 ,  93 ′, the teeth  31 ″ extending in the longitudinal direction of the outer pieces. Openings  99  are formed in the side walls  21 ″,  23 ″ of the central piece  91  in positions where the teeth in the outer pieces will pass through the side walls. The unit is assembled placing the web in the pocket of the central piece, placing the outer pieces with their side walls against the side walls of the central piece and with their base walls aligned with the base wall of the central piece. The assembled unit is moved longitudinally and rollers press the teeth in the outer pieces through the openings in the central piece to join the three pieces to the web to form a flange on one side of the web. 
     The flange could also be formed by forming a flange member similar to the flange shown in FIG. 8 with a pocket formed by double side walls a central base wall and outer base walls extending in opposite directions from the outer side walls. Openings are formed through both double side walls. A fastener strip with the penetrating teeth punched and bent out of the strip is then provided, one for each side of the side walls. The assembled unit of web, flange unit and fastener strips, one on either side of the flange unit, are fed through rollers which press the teeth in the fastener strips in through the openings in side walls of the flange member and into the web to fasten both the fastener strips and the flange member to the web. This arrangement uses more material but may in some cases be more cost effective than present assembly methods because of the speed with which the unit can be assembled. Other arrangements of the flange are possible.