Abstract:
A simulation device for simulating images of at least one building includes a display ( 62 ) for displaying the images; an input ( 63, 64 ) for a user to input data; a memory ( 65 ) including a first memory field containing a layout ( 40 ) of the at least one building, which layout ( 40 ) contains references to all the utility spaces forming the layout, together with their performance characteristics, a second memory field containing a model ( 50 ) of the at least one building, which model ( 50 ) contains references to both physical and financial data of all the components forming the model, a processor ( 61 ) for: computing and showing elevations of and/or sections through the building, working from the layout of the model; calculating and showing the total expected investment costs and running costs for the building.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a simulation device for generating images of at least one building. 
   Such simulation device for generating images of at least one building is known from R. Sacks e.a., “a project model for an automated building system: design and planning phases”, automation in construction, 7 (1997), pages 21-34. Sacks e.a. disclose an automated building system used to design and support constructing of a building project, from its conceptual phase to its construction. The automated building system comprises a project model using three object hierarchies: for the representation of spaces, for representation of functional systems in these spaces, and for an installation by appropriate activities. Three levels of spaces are defined: building, primary spaces and secondary spaces. 
   The building is defined by properties like: lay-out on site, elevation, number of floors, list of primary spaces, functional system requirements, list of building assemblies and area. 
   The primary spaces are building floors, shafts of elevators, etc. The primary spaces are defined by properties like: spacename (floornumber), function, area, height, list of functional systems and their requirements, list of the floor work assemblies and lay out. Functional systems are for instance exterior enclosures, space dividers, structures, lighting, plumbing, etc. The work assemblies relate to the materials used for these functional systems, e.g., masonry of concrete blocks and mortar, gypsum boards on timber stud etc. 
   Secondary spaces are subdivisions of the primary spaces and will usually relate to rooms or other areas with distinctive performance requirements. Secondary spaces are defined by properties like: location on the floor, function, lay out, area and specific performance requirements. 
   A device of similar nature is known from K. Papamichael, “Building Design Advisor: automated integration of multiple simulation tools”, Automation in Construction, 6 (1997), pp. 341-352. The device comprises a computer provided with software to assist a designer of buildings during the design process, starting from the first draft design phase all the way through to the detailed entry of components employed. The known device uses a single user interface. The computer provides the user with the possibility of specifying a building which is to be designed in terms of actual objects, such as floors, walls, building sides, etc. For example, the user draws a room, and the computer program then automatically generates wall, ceiling and floor objects, together with standard values which, if necessary, can subsequently be altered by the designer. 
   The drawback of the existing device is that it only allows the user to position components which are to form the building directly at a specified location in the simulated module. The known software operates at the level of the concrete hardware components. 
   A further drawback is that it is not possible to visualize changes to the building over time. For example, it is not possible to record how a certain air volume changes with time from the moment at which construction is begun all the way through to completion. In other words, the program does not offer any assistance with construction planning, but only provides a simulated model of the end result. 
   It is usual, when constructing buildings, for various steps to be fixed over the course of time. The first phase is usually to record the requirements of end users, resulting in a program of requirements (PoR). Then, the architect usually makes a model, in the form of drawings, of the building to be constructed. Sometimes, the architect also makes a scale model. Then, preparations for actual construction begin, and after that construction itself will take place. 
   Currently, however, a building process is relatively often liable to be modified considerably. The objectives which were formulated at the outset are very often changed considerably during one of the phases of the construction process. This fact places considerable demands on the way in which a process is carried out, since any change during a certain phase of the process has consequences for the following steps of the process. 
   The underlying principle of cybernetics is that a preset objective may be modified at any time and this principle has over the years become well-established in modern industry. 
   In the construction industry, it is necessary to be able to respond to changing requirements of end users of a building more flexibly than has hitherto been the case. It is also necessary, before the actual construction of a building begins, to improve the likelihood that the building to be constructed will actually satisfy all the formulated requirements. 
   The object of the present invention is to provide a simulation device with which this can be achieved. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Using a simulation device of the present invention it is possible, before even a single brick of the building to be newly constructed or the building to be adapted has been put in place, to simulate the building in use, including the associated costs. All the functions which are required for the prospective building are inventoried beforehand and are computed for each utility space and stored in memory means. The functions and requirements are recorded by coupling them to the layout of utility spaces, providing an additional layer of information without selecting concrete (hardware) components. This means that air spaces in the layout can be rearranged as desired without there being any consequences for the (hardware) components. Moreover, the requirements and functions can be changed flexibly, since at the level of the layout they are not yet linked to (hardware) components. Only when agreement has been reached concerning these elements at the level of the layout do concrete components have to be added to the model. A simulation device of this nature, with a separation between a layout at the level of air spaces for specified applications with specified requirements and a model containing concrete components can therefore be used to flexibly improve the design of the building. 
   Within the context of the invention, the term “utility space” is used with a special meaning. If, for example, someone wants to have 1 table with 4 chairs and a desk with a desk chair in his/her office, the minimum utility space for that office is defined as the sum of the minimum utility space for 1 table with 4 chairs and a desk with a desk chair. The utility space of a desk chair is defined as the 3-dimensional volume which is required for the office chair during use by the user. Therefore, the utility space also comprises air space in which the desk chair is to be able to move when the user is to sit down on the desk chair and is to push it towards the desk. This utility space must be available for the desk chair and must not be taken up by the utility space of another component. 
   Thus, utility spaces are also defined, for example, for walls, doors, windows, etc. For doors too, the utility space is larger than the space which the door physically takes up. Something similar applies to a gallery. If a gallery is desired, it is necessary to define a three-dimensional utility space for this gallery (for example between two floor levels), and this space can no longer be used for anything else. 
   In a preferred embodiment, the processor means are designed to calculate whether the utility spaces defined in the layout are situated in overlapping locations and, if this is the case, to generate a warning signal. It is thus possible, even before actual construction has commenced, to prevent the need to adapt the design during construction, resulting from the design of the building having conflicting features. For example, by defining the position and volume required for an entry to an underground garage, it is possible to prevent this entry subsequently overlapping with the position of a basement of specified dimensions. 
   In another preferred embodiment, the processor means are designed to calculate whether, for each utility space, the specified performance characteristics can be satisfied, making use of the component cards relating to the utility space in question. It is thus possible to continuously check whether the building satisfies the desired requirements. 
   In another embodiment, the processor means are designed to display a 3-dimensional display, comprising successive images of elevations of a building over the course of time, via display means. Using such a real-time, three-dimensional display, it is possible, as it were, to walk through or around the simulated building in order to obtain the best possible impression of how the building will look. The result is a virtual display with which it is possible to move through the model live, in real time and true to scale. In the process, the user of the simulation device may, if desired, make all kinds of changes, such as the position of radiators in a room, the position of support columns, the colour of the walls, the size of windows, etc. It is therefore possible, even before the building has actually been constructed, for a user to obtain a reasonably reliable picture of the building which is to be constructed. For example, it is possible to consider whether the building is at the correct position, i.e. whether it fits in with the surrounding area. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to several drawings, which are not intended to limit the inventive idea but merely to illustrate it. In the drawings: 
       FIG. 1  shows three steps during the initial phase of development of a building; 
       FIG. 2  shows six steps from the beginning to the end of development of a building; 
       FIG. 3  shows the memory structure according to the invention for storing data relating to all the areas of a building, which together form the layout of the building; 
       FIG. 4  shows a memory structure according to the invention relating to all the components which form part of the simulation model; and 
       FIG. 5  shows a diagrammatic arrangement of the device according to the invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  shows various steps which are taken in order to produce a model of a building. There are three successive steps in FIG.  1 : recording  1 , construction program  3  and design  5 . The aim of the three steps mentioned is to contribute to producing a building which functions correctly in all respects. For this purpose, in the phase comprising building program  3 , a building is simulated in use, including the associated costs. All the functions which are required in the prospective building are inventoried and linked to a layout and their mutual relationships are shown. The costs to be incurred are also calculated, both with regard to investment and with regard to running. This assembly of functions and costs is accommodated in the “construction program  3 ” step. 
   During the recording phase  2 , all those groups which have an interest in the construction of the building in question can formulate information, wishes and requirements. This will be dealt with in more detail below. 
   During the construction program phase  3 , the performance characteristics  4  of the building to be constructed, which correspond to the information, wishes and requirements  2  which have been expressed during the recording phase  1 , are input to a computer simulation program. In the process, the wishes and requirements are translated into a layout of utility spaces required, each of which must satisfy the performance characteristics defined above. In this sense, the layout represents a reservation of various volumes for various purposes and their respective positions. 
   During the design phase  5 , a computer is used to produce a three-dimensional model of the building. The three-dimensional model comprises the actual components  7  which shape the layout of the building, such as partitions, doors, windows, supporting walls, tables, chairs, etc., at a specified position. 
   As will be explained in more detail below, the choice of certain components  7  has consequences for the total investment/running costs  8 . The higher the quality of the components selected, the higher the investment costs, for example, may be, but sometimes the running costs are reduced accordingly. As indicated by arrows, the investment/running costs  8  are related to the performance characteristics  4 , since the performance characteristics determine, for example, how expensive the overall building will be and how high its running costs will be. There is thus a link to the construction program  3 . 
   The invention provides an interactive program with which, in a simulated model, both utility spaces and components can be changed and with which the overall performance of the building to be constructed can be monitored continuously. The performance characteristics of a building relate, for example, to dimensions for transportation of goods, temperature, light, etc., as will be explained in more detail below. 
     FIG. 2  shows, over the course of time, the successive steps which are required in order to obtain a functioning building. The first step  10  is the recording of information, wishes and requirements, corresponding to step  1  from FIG.  1 . This is associated with a section comprising planning  11  and formulation of the starting points. 
   The second step  14  is setting up the construction program  14 , corresponding to step  3  in FIG.  1 . This also includes a general plan  15  of the building to be constructed. 
   The third step  18  relates to making a model, which corresponds to step  5  in FIG.  1 . This includes the planning  19  of the design and the execution. 
   The fourth step  22  is to prepare for the actual construction and to specify associated components and their treatment. This also includes a section comprising 3D planning  23  of the execution. This also includes specifying utility spaces required during construction, for example for the supply of construction materials, the material and the working space for construction workers. 
   The actual execution takes place in step  26 , in which the components are put in place. The execution is continuously planned, step  27 . 
   After the building has been completed, the use phase  30  starts, in which the components are used for the intended purpose. In this phase, facilities management has to take place, step  31 . 
   The aim of facilities management is to offer space to users for a specific function while maintaining desired performance levels for the function in question. Desired performance levels may change over the course of time. When the use of a specific space changes, higher demands may, for example, be placed on the level of light and other performance characteristics. Certain investments are made in order to achieve a specified performance level. Components are put in place, for example a light fitting in order to achieve a light level of 400 lumen. This produces specific running costs, since the investment made can be written off while interest has to be paid for capital which has been used. Technical maintenance, cleaning maintenance, energy consumption, water consumption and insurance, taxes, inspections and monitoring, etc. have to be paid. All this requires planning with regard to the procurement of materials and equipment, as well as the use of labour. Ultimately, this leads to a workplace planning. The workplace planning includes, for example, the days on which a windowcleaner will be working in a finished building, authorized by the building management service and monitored, for example, by a security service. An administration section will take care of payment and be responsible towards the user for the finished building. It is then possible to assign costs for each work station. 
   Other examples of planning work are the activities which are required in the event of internal office moves, the replacement of components and the maintenance of components. 
   From the above it will be clear that all of phases  10 ,  14 ,  18 ,  22 ,  26  and  30  involve planning. In practice, this means that the simulation device according to the invention is provided with means for recording in the 3D-model, for each utility space and during each of the said phases, the period for which this utility space is situated at a specified location, which location therefore is then unavailable for any other utility space. During the construction preparation, it is possible, for example, to record the work involved for an architect to draw up a design, and during construction it is possible to record the location where a bricklayer is working, together with his materials and flow of materials; or else, during the “in use” phase  30 , utility space can be reserved for washing the windows on every first Monday of the month. 
   The strength of the present invention is that simulation (virtual prototyping), via the model containing a database structure, is organized in such a manner that everything takes place within one system of arrangements, from the impetus to construct (parts of) a building through to demolition of a building. 
   It should be noted that within the context of the invention the word “building” must be interpreted sufficiently broadly: the word is also intended to include, for example, “an infrastructure project” involving road building and hydraulic engineering work. For example, the word may also encompass a ship. 
   During all the abovementioned phases, which are shown in  FIG. 2 , there is a relationship with investment/running costs. The investment/running costs are indicated in  FIG. 2  by blocks  12 ,  13 ,  16 ,  17 ,  20 ,  21 ,  24 ,  25 ,  28 ,  29 ,  32  and  33 . 
   The steps from  FIG. 2  form the background for the following text. 
   Table  1  shows examples of the wishes, information and requirements stipulated during the recording phase  10 . The list compiled in Table 1 is not intended to be exhaustive. Nor is it the case that all the points listed in Table 1 must always play a role for any building which is to be constructed. Table 1 shows those points which for most buildings are sufficient when filled in during the recording phase. 
   The various points from Table 1 may, for example, be filled in using a simple word processor. There is no particular need for coupling and testing with respect to further steps in the process. However, it is possible to fill in the points shown in Table 1 in such a manner that they are automatically linked to the performances of the building to be constructed, which will be discussed in more detail below with reference to FIG.  3  and Table 2. 
   After the recording phase  10  has been concluded, the construction program phase  14  begins. 
   Contradictory and unstructured wishes and requirements are often formulated in the recording phase  10 . They are translated into the optimum solution which can be achieved for a particular user at a defined location. Thus the user is provided with a simulation of the building to be constructed, allowing him/her to answer questions such as: 
   is there sufficient room for all the work the company is required to carry out? 
   do all the performance levels of all the functions satisfy the requirements set? 
   what are the costs, both in terms of investment and in terms of maintenance? 
   what is the time frame within which all this can be achieved? 
     FIG. 3  provides a more detailed explanation of a data structure for the layout of a building to be constructed, Note that the “layout” is not yet a “model” of the building to be constructed, but rather is a name for the set of specified utility spaces as defined above. The “model”, which will be explained below with reference to  FIG. 4 , comprises only the physical components, such as wall, doors, etc. In the “layout”, only necessary air volumes are defined and reserved within a three-dimensional positioning arrangement. For example, in the “layout” a meeting corner of a room is still nothing more than a defined volume of air at a stipulated location. Which physical components are used in or to delimit this volume of air is at this stage still irrelevant. The “hardware” components are only filled in later, during the model phase  18 . This provides a designer with a considerable freedom to make changes to the layout, since such changes at that level do not yet have any direct consequences for the physical components themselves. 
   The data structure shown in  FIG. 3  is built up in the memory of a computer (not shown in  FIG. 3 ) for the purpose of the simulation program.  FIG. 5  shows an arrangement, in diagrammatic form, of a computer which can be used to implement the invention. The arrangement shown in  FIG. 5  contains a processor  61 , which is connected to a monitor  62 , a keyboard  63 , a mouse  64 , memories  65  and presentation means  66 , such as a printer, plotter, video, means for generating virtual reality images. In accordance with the invention, the space model, the layout  40 , is firstly divided into various types of utility spaces  41 ( 1 ),  41 ( 2 ),  41 ( 3 ), . . . The utility spaces often form a cluster in the model, for example as a layer containing offices or bedrooms in a hospital. Ultimately, however, the model is the sum of separate utility spaces  42 ( 1 ),  42 ( 2 ),  42 ( 3 ), . . . 
   In order not to have to reformulate optimum spaces each time, a utility space library  45  is provided, in which data relating to known types of utility spaces are stored. The data can be retrieved from the utility space library  45  and can be fitted in the layout by the user in the form of specific utility spaces  42 ( 1 ), . . . Since the furnishings are required in the utility spaces, for example tables, chairs or beds, are one of the factors which determine the air space required for a certain activity, it is preferable for these furnishings, together with the air space required for it, to be stored in three-dimensional form in the utility space library  45 . Thus, the utility space library may, for example, include information relating to the air space required for a normal toilet and for a disabled toilet. A different air space will be defined for both types of toilet. 
   Performance cards  43 ( 1 ),  43 ( 2 ),  43 ( 3 ), . . . are linked to the defined utility spaces  42 ( 1 ), . . . Preferably, a performance library  44  is provided, in which known data relating to specific performance characteristics are stored. From this performance library, a user can read information and store it in the memory in suitable form as a performance card for a specific utility space. 
   A list containing performances is given in Table 2. Performance examples are the comfort of the space (for example subdivided into heat comfort, light, psychological comfort and hygiene) and safety and security (for example subdivided into fire prevention, theft prevention and access control to the space). 
   The layout of the three-dimensional model with the associated performance characteristics for each utility space ultimately forms an optimum solution which can be achieved for the user of a building at a specific location, together with an estimation of costs and time frame. A time frame of this nature means that for each air volume is stipulated, in the memory of the device shown in  FIG. 5 , the period for which any utility space occupies the said air volume. 
   An example is: 
   
     
       
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                           
                   
                       
                       
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   This coding system comprises four fields. The first field is a reference to the phase in which the design is currently situated. In the example, this phase is SD, which stands for Sketch Design. 
   The second field defines a utility space. The example selected here is the space O, which stands for Offices. It is then specified for each office, for example, how many utility spaces of the “workroom” type are required. It is then specified for each workroom how many utility spaces of the types “desk chair”, “desk”, “conference table”, “conference chair”, etc. types are required. 
   The third field is an indication of the floor on which the space in question is situated. In the example given above, it is possible to define nine levels beneath the ground floor and ninety-nine floors above the ground floor. In the example given above, the space in question is situated on the first floor (code  01 ). In the last field, it is possible to specify in which wing of the building the space is situated. It is also possible to specify a further subdivision for each wing. 
   A performance card  43 ( 1 ) . . . for all the specified performance characteristics is provided for each utility space which has been coded in this way. For example, for the “light” performance, it is specified how much daylight the utility space in question will receive. The minimum lux level required on the desk of a user in the said utility space will also be specified. This value may, for example, be 350 lux. For this purpose, it is then specified that such a level of light must be present as daylight on the desk for a period of, for example, 75% of the working hours, corrected for summer time. Having been given the orientation of the utility space in question and the window area available with respect to the sun, as well as the geographic position of the building on the Earth, it is possible to automatically calculate whether such a requirement can be met throughout the year. If the calculations show that such requirements cannot be met using daylight, it is possible to warn the user of the simulation program that the requirements which he/she has set cannot be achieved. The designer will then have to take counter-measures. He/she may, for example, increase or move the window surface or may introduce more artificial light into the space, so that the requirements will then be satisfied. 
   A level name has, for example, the following structure: 
   
     
       
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                           
                   
                       
                       
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   As stated, the first parameter of this code is a reference to the status of the volume in question. The second parameter is a number which does not in itself involve a maximum. The numbers employed refer to various types of measurement statements. For example, the number zero can be used for additional costs, i.e. those costs which are collectively required for a construction project, including, for example, providing a site hut for the contractors. 
   The third parameter represents a classification according to type of surface, for example in accordance with standard NEN  2580 , which is given here in Table 3. 
   After the layout of the building to be constructed has been produced in accordance with the structure of  FIG. 3 , a simulation model of the building to be constructed is made in accordance with the structure of FIG.  4 . All the necessary components are linked to the model  50 , in the form of component positions  51 ( 1 ),  51 ( 2 ),  51 ( 3 ), . . . A component position is a location, for example in the form of x, y, z coordinates of a corner of the component in question relative to a selected origin. 
   Here too, according to the invention, a construction component is placed in a required air space. Data relating to known construction components are present in a component library. The significant advantage of this is that the design can be worked out from broad all the way through to detailed. The 3D model can also be used to check that specific volumes do not intersect one another and/or adjoin one another and that all the mutually adjoining stages with their specific data structure can be linked to the air space. 
   The component library  55  has, for example, a structure in which data relating to the air space allocated to a component are stored, such as: 
   materials properties for making calculations; 
   investment costs; 
   running costs; 
   execution planning; 
   maintenance planning. 
   Each component position  51 ( 1 ),  51 ( 2 ),  51 ( 3 ), . . . has a card  52 ( 1 ),  52 ( 2 ),  52 ( 3 ), . . . with measurement statements, as shown in FIG.  4 . The measurement statements  54 ( 1 ),  54 ( 2 ),  54 ( 3 ),  54 ( 4 ) provide a global overview of the component at the component position in question. By way of example, the following measurement statements are defined in each card: 
   the type of component; for this, the so-called STABU code, for example, is used; this code is given in Table 4 at the end of this description. In total,  256  codes, for example, are available, and these can also be referred to as the layer number, running from 1 to 256 inclusive. Layer  1  is reserved for passages and layer  256  for auxiliary components, as can be seen from the said table. To display the various types of components, it is preferable to select a different colour for each component, so that the user can recognize the type of component direct from the colour when displayed on a screen. For example, external walls bear the STABU code  231100  and, according to the table, correspond to layer number  57  and colour  57 ; 
   the date on which the component was placed in the simulation model; 
   the type of material the component is made of; 
   the number of man hours required to install the component during construction; 
   the materials costs; and 
   the running costs. 
     FIG. 4  therefore shows a memory structure for the simulation model  50  of a building to be constructed in the form of type components, their positions and associated costs, both with regard to investment and running. On this basis, therefore, it is subsequently easy to provide total overviews of total investment costs and total running costs, by simply adding the individual investment costs and running costs. To this end, the processor  61  is provided with suitable adding means, for example in the form of suitable software. 
   Therefore, the memory furthermore comprises all the data which are important for planning all the desired activities relating to the building, for example hours which are required to install a component during construction or to maintain the component after construction has been completed. These time data are linked to the utility space which people require in order to carry out an activity relating to the component. In this sense, a 4D (4-dimensional=space+time) model is involved. Sometimes, components are only present temporarily, for example if they form part of a site hut required for construction or if they are to disappear from the building as a result of renovation. In that case, it is recorded in the memory that a component of this nature is present at a certain location only until a certain time. It is thus possible to avoid conflicts in planning different activities at the same location over the course of time. 
   The simulation model shown in  FIG. 4  therefore comprises all the data for all the components which will be installed during construction. The processor  61  is provided with suitable means, for example in the form of software, to check whether the combination of components and component positions provide the performance characteristics desired. For example, it is easily possible to check automatically whether a specific workroom is able to receive a specified quantity of light, by adding up the expected daylight and the maximum artificial lighting level which can be achieved. The daylight level may, for example, be calculated using simple formulae, if the surface area of the “windows” components and their position with respect to the sun are stored in the model. The same applies to, for example, the temperature. Using formulae which are known per se, it is easy to calculate whether a specific workroom can, for example, be kept at 20° C. throughout the year, given the external temperature, the type of “walls” components, the type of “floor” components and the type of “ceiling” components, the output of the “radiator” and “air-conditioning” components. 
   In order to be able to control the simulation model, a control model is preferably also stored in the memory  65  of the computer  60 . This control model then contains control cards for each space, which cards contain, for example, the following parameters: 
   the performances per utility space corresponding to the appropriate performance cards  43 ( 1 ),  43 ( 2 ), . . . (FIG.  3 ); 
   component information corresponding to the component cards  52 ( 1 ),  52 ( 2 ), . . . (FIG.  4 ); 
   fixed costs; 
   energy costs; 
   technical maintenance; 
   cleaning costs; 
   administrative management costs; 
   other operating costs; 
   organization 
   The control model can, in principle, be extended to form a complete facility management, including authorization as to who may request or modify what information at what time and use it for external purposes. 
   The processor  61  is equipped with a drawing design program which has access to the information contained in the memory  65 . Drawing design programs which are known per se may be used for this purpose. In a known drawing design program of this nature, the position from which a section is to be shown on the screen  62  can be defined. It is thus possible, as it were, to define the position of a “camera” and the position of the objective. It is also possible to define the scale of the drawing, as well as the type of drawing, for example “section” or “elevation drawing”. Both horizontal and vertical sections can be shown. 
   The drawing design program of the STAR mentioned above may, for example, be used as the drawing design program. 
   A special option for the processor  61  is to display various sections through the model in succession over the course of time on the screen  62 , so that a user looking at the screen  62  can, as it were, walk through the model. To do this, a user specifies a number of camera positions on a line which he/she has defined, as well as the objective which the camera is to view from the specified positions. The processor is designed in such a manner that it is able to display the various sections involved in this process in succession over the course of time. 
   It is also possible to make the data stored in the memory  65  available for a three-dimensional display, so that a user has an even better impression of walking through a real building. Three-dimensional simulators of objects are known per se. For example, one such three-dimensional simulator is provided at the Stichting AcademischRekencentrum Amsterdam [University Calculation Centre Institute of Amsterdam] (SARA) in Amsterdam. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
               RECORDING 
             
             
               TABLE OF CONTENTS 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               1 
               USER PROGRAM 
             
             
                 
                 
               (including future expectations) 
             
             
                 
               1.1 
               User category 
             
             
                 
               1.1.1 
               User functions 
             
             
                 
               1.1.2 
               Arrangement in a layout 
             
             
                 
               1.1.3 
               Optimization for the future 
             
             
                 
               1.2 
               Production 
             
             
                 
               1.2.1 
               Separate processes 
             
             
                 
               1.2.2 
               Performance requirements 
             
             
                 
               1.3 
               Movements of people 
             
             
                 
               1.3.1 
               External 
             
             
                 
               1.3.2 
               Internal 
             
             
                 
               1.4 
               Movements of goods 
             
             
                 
               1.4.1 
               External 
             
             
                 
               1.4.2 
               Internal 
             
             
                 
               1.5 
               Communication 
             
             
                 
               1.5.1 
               External 
             
             
                 
               1.5.2 
               Internal 
             
             
                 
               2 
               Location 
             
             
                 
               2.1 
               Construction conditions 
             
             
                 
               2.1.1 
               Land register 
             
             
                 
               2.1.2 
               Development plan 
             
             
                 
               2.1.3 
               Building regulations 
             
             
                 
               2.1.4 
               Population 
             
             
                 
               2.1.5 
               Nuisance Act/environment 
             
             
                 
               2.1.6 
               Water management authorities 
             
             
                 
               2.1.7 
               Fire prevention 
             
             
                 
               2.1.8 
               Labour inspection 
             
             
                 
               2.2 
               Facilities in the surrounding area 
             
             
                 
               2.2.1 
               Social facilities 
             
             
                 
               2.2.2 
               Commercial facilities 
             
             
                 
               2.3 
               Ground data 
             
             
                 
               2.3.1 
               Soil conditions 
             
             
                 
               2.3.2 
               Groundwater 
             
             
                 
               2.3.3 
               Complications with adjoining plots 
             
             
                 
               2.3.4 
               Foundation remains 
             
             
                 
               2.4 
               Existing buildings 
             
             
                 
               2.4.1 
               Retain 
             
             
                 
               2.4.2 
               Demolish 
             
             
                 
               2.5 
               Earth-moving options 
             
             
                 
               2.5.1 
               Dumping on site 
             
             
                 
               2.5.2 
               Temporary storage 
             
             
                 
               2.5.3 
               Removal 
             
             
                 
               2.5.4 
               Supply 
             
             
                 
               2.6 
               Infrastructure 
             
             
                 
               2.6.1 
               Public transport services 
             
             
                 
               2.6.2 
               Private transport 
             
             
                 
               2.6.3 
               Roads network 
             
             
                 
               2.6.4 
               Communications 
             
             
                 
               2.6.5 
               Energy 
             
             
                 
               2.6.6 
               Water 
             
             
                 
               2.6.7 
               Sewerage 
             
             
                 
               2.6.8 
               Large refuse 
             
             
                 
               3 
               PLANNING 
             
             
                 
               4 
               ECONOMICS 
             
             
                 
               4.1 
               Maintenance 
             
             
                 
               4.2 
               Charges/subsidies 
             
             
                 
               4.3 
               Property tax 
             
             
                 
               4.4 
               Initial costs 
             
             
                 
               4.5 
               Financing 
             
             
                 
               4.6 
               Depreciation 
             
             
                 
               4.7 
               Purchase of land 
             
             
                 
               4.8 
               Lease 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
             
             
               CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM 
             
             
               LIST OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               0 
               INTRODUCTION 
             
             
                 
               1 
               COMMUNICATION 
             
             
                 
               1.1 
               Movements of people 
             
             
                 
               1.1.1 
               External 
             
             
                 
               1.1.2 
               Internal 
             
             
                 
               1.1.3 
               Window cleaner 
             
             
                 
               1.2 
               Movements of goods 
             
             
                 
               1.2.1 
               External 
             
             
                 
               1.2.2 
               Internal 
             
             
                 
               1.2.3 
               Special requirements 
             
             
                 
               1.3 
               Telecommunications 
             
             
                 
               2 
               STABILITY 
             
             
                 
               2.1 
               Static loads 
             
             
                 
               2.2 
               Dynamic loads 
             
             
                 
               3 
               COMFORT 
             
             
                 
               3.1 
               Heat comfort 
             
             
                 
               3.1.1 
               Air temperature 
             
             
                 
               3.1.2 
               Temperature of surrounding areas 
             
             
                 
               3.1.3 
               Air movement 
             
             
                 
               3.1.4 
               Atmospheric humidity 
             
             
                 
               3.2 
               Light 
             
             
                 
               3.2.1 
               Light level 
             
             
                 
               3.2.2 
               Variations in light level 
             
             
                 
               3.2.3 
               Glare 
             
             
                 
               3.2.4 
               Light dazzle 
             
             
                 
               3.2.5 
               Light colour 
             
             
                 
               3.2.6 
               Colour display 
             
             
                 
               3.3 
               Psychological comfort 
             
             
                 
               3.3.1 
               Individual requirements 
             
             
                 
               3.3.2 
               View 
             
             
                 
               3.4 
               Hygiene and/or medical aspects 
             
             
                 
               3.4.1 
               Air purity 
             
             
                 
               3.4.2 
               Acoustics 
             
             
                 
               3.4.3 
               Ionization 
             
             
                 
               3.4.4 
               Electric field intensity 
             
             
                 
               3.4.5 
               Sanitary 
             
             
                 
               3.5 
               Contact comfort 
             
             
                 
               3.5.1 
               Static electricity 
             
             
                 
               3.5.2 
               Surface roughness 
             
             
                 
               3.5.3 
               Surface temperature 
             
             
                 
               4 
               SAFETY AND SECURITY 
             
             
                 
               4.1 
               Fire prevention 
             
             
                 
               4.1.1 
               Fire detection and alarm 
             
             
                 
               4.1.2 
               Fire-fighting 
             
             
                 
               4.2 
               Burglary 
             
             
                 
               4.2.1 
               Protection 
             
             
                 
               4.2.2 
               Detection and alarm 
             
             
                 
               4.2.3 
               Reaction time 
             
             
                 
               4.2.4 
               Action 
             
             
                 
               4.3 
               Access control 
             
             
                 
               4.3.1 
               Visitors 
             
             
                 
               4.3.2 
               Staff 
             
             
                 
               4.4 
               Lightning arrester 
             
             
                 
               4.5 
               Earthing 
             
             
                 
               4.6 
               Protection of electronic communication 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 3 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Surface standards in accordance with NEN 2580 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                           
                   
                       
                       
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
             
               Note: The primary and secondary net areas are not included in NEN 2580, but are added in order to clarify the conversion of the square mentioned in the spatial requirement diagrams to gross floor area.  
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 4 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               STABU codes 
             
           
        
         
             
               Description 
               Stabu_code 
               Layer No. 
               Colour No. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Passages 
                 
               1 
               1 
             
             
               Temporary facilities 
               001000 
               5 
               5 
             
             
               Site 
               100000 
               6 
               6 
             
             
               Paved site 
               110000 
               7 
               7 
             
             
               Unpaved site 
               120000 
               8 
               8 
             
             
               Drainage ditch 
               130000 
               9 
               9 
             
             
               Structure 
               140000 
               10 
               10 
             
             
                 
                 
               11 
             
             
                 
                 
               12 
             
             
               Outside sewerage 
               151000 
               13 
               13 
             
             
               Drainage 
               151200 
               14 
               14 
             
             
               Water removal 
               151300 
               15 
               15 
             
             
               Water pipe network 
               152100 
               16 
               16 
             
             
               Gas pipe network 
               152200 
               17 
               17 
             
             
               Oil pipe network 
               152300 
               18 
               18 
             
             
               Town management network 
               152400 
               19 
               19 
             
             
               Electrical line network site 
               153100 
               20 
               20 
             
             
               Information network site 
               153200 
               21 
               21 
             
             
               Site illumination 
               154000 
               22 
               22 
             
             
               Building/object illumination 
               154100 
               23 
               23 
             
             
               Site illumination installation 
               154200 
               24 
               24 
             
             
               Advertising/decorative 
               154400 
               25 
               25 
             
             
               illumination 
             
             
               Site noise installation 
               155100 
               26 
               26 
             
             
               Signalling lighting 
               156100 
               27 
               27 
             
             
               Security installation 
               156200 
               28 
               28 
             
             
                 
                 
               29 
             
             
                 
                 
               30 
             
             
               Site fencing 
               171000 
               31 
               31 
             
             
               Site buildings 
               172000 
               32 
               32 
             
             
               Site decoration 
               173000 
               33 
               33 
             
             
               Site furnishing 
               174000 
               34 
               34 
             
             
                 
                 
               35 
             
             
                 
                 
               36 
             
             
               Pile foundation 
               211100 
               37 
               37 
             
             
               Point foundation 
               211200 
               38 
               38 
             
             
               Earth-/water-retaining wall 
               211300 
               39 
               39 
             
             
               Foundation beam/base 
               211400 
               40 
               40 
             
             
               Three-dimensional construction 
               212000 
               41 
               41 
             
             
               part 
             
             
               Two-dimensional construction 
               213000 
               42 
               42 
             
             
               part 
             
             
                 
                 
               43 
             
             
                 
                 
               44 
             
             
               Ground seal 
               221100 
               45 
               45 
             
             
               Outside floor on sand 
               221200 
               46 
               46 
             
             
               Inside floor on sand 
               221300 
               47 
               47 
             
             
               Cantilever floor, external 
               222100 
               48 
               48 
             
             
               Cantilevered floor, internal 
               222200 
               49 
               49 
             
             
               Secondary floor, external 
               223100 
               50 
               50 
             
             
               Secondary floor, internal 
               223200 
               51 
               51 
             
             
               Floor opening filling, external 
               225100 
               52 
               52 
             
             
               Floor opening filling, internal 
               225200 
               53 
               53 
             
             
                 
                 
               54 
             
             
                 
                 
               55 
             
             
                 
                 
               56 
             
             
               External wall 
               231100 
               57 
               57 
             
             
               External wall partition 
               231200 
               58 
               58 
             
             
               Internal wall 
               232100 
               59 
               59 
             
             
               Internal wall partition 
               232200 
               60 
               60 
             
             
               Secondary wall, external 
               233100 
               61 
               61 
             
             
               Secondary wall, internal 
               233200 
               62 
               62 
             
             
               Wall opening filling, external 
               234100 
               63 
               63 
             
             
               Wall opening filling, internal 
               234200 
               64 
               64 
             
             
               Balustrade, guide rail element 
               235000 
               65 
               65 
             
             
               Sun protection/outside wall 
               236100 
               66 
               66 
             
             
               protection 
             
             
               Moveable wall, external 
               237100 
               67 
               67 
             
             
               Moveable wall, internal 
               237200 
               68 
               68 
             
             
                 
                 
               69 
             
             
                 
                 
               70 
             
             
               Sloping roof 
               241000 
               71 
               71 
             
             
               Sloping roof opening filling 
               241200 
               72 
               72 
             
             
               Flat roof 
               242000 
               73 
               73 
             
             
               Flat roof opening filling 
               242200 
               74 
               74 
             
             
               Canopy 
               243000 
               75 
               75 
             
             
                 
                 
               76 
             
             
                 
                 
               77 
             
             
               Fixed stair 
               251100 
               78 
               78 
             
             
               Moveable stair 
               251200 
               79 
               79 
             
             
               Ladder/climbing facility 
               251300 
               80 
               80 
             
             
               Stair platform 
               251400 
               81 
               81 
             
             
               Sloping path 
               252100 
               82 
               82 
             
             
               Sloping path stair 
               252200 
               83 
               83 
             
             
                 
                 
               84 
             
             
                 
                 
               85 
             
             
               External ceiling 
               261100 
               86 
               86 
             
             
               Internal ceiling 
               261200 
               87 
               87 
             
             
               Acoustic grating 
               262100 
               88 
               88 
             
             
               Baffle 
               262200 
               89 
               89 
             
             
               Soundboard 
               262300 
               90 
               90 
             
             
                 
                 
               91 
             
             
                 
                 
               92 
             
             
               Ventilation duct 
               271100 
               93 
               93 
             
             
               Gas discharge duct 
               271200 
               94 
               94 
             
             
               Chimney 
               271300 
               95 
               95 
             
             
               Chute 
               272000 
               96 
               96 
             
             
               Pipe duct 
               273000 
               97 
               97 
             
             
               Lift shaft 
               274000 
               98 
               98 
             
             
               Electrical engineering 
               275000 
               99 
               99 
             
             
               installation ducts 
             
             
                 
                 
               100 
             
             
                 
                 
               101 
             
             
               Sewerage inside building 
               311100 
               102 
               102 
             
             
               Rainwater drain 
               311200 
               103 
               103 
             
             
               Building drainage 
               311300 
               104 
               104 
             
             
               Building water removal 
               311400 
               105 
               105 
             
             
               Cold-water tap installation 
               312100 
               106 
               106 
             
             
               Hot-water tap installation 
               312200 
               107 
               107 
             
             
               Dry fire-extinguishing pipe 
               313100 
               108 
               108 
             
             
               Fire-extinguishing water 
               313200 
               109 
               109 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Fire-extinguishing gas 
               313300 
               110 
               110 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Industrial water installation 
               314000 
               111 
               111 
             
             
               Natural gas installation 
               315100 
               112 
               112 
             
             
               Butane/propane installation 
               315200 
               113 
               113 
             
             
               Compressed air installation 
               315600 
               114 
               114 
             
             
               Vacuum cleaner installation 
               316100 
               115 
               115 
             
             
                 
                 
               116 
             
             
                 
                 
               117 
             
             
                 
                 
               118 
             
             
               Mechanical extraction 
               321100 
               119 
               119 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Mechanical ventilation 
               321200 
               120 
               120 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Air heating installation 
               321300 
               121 
               121 
             
             
               Air-conditioning installation 
               321400 
               122 
               122 
             
             
               Hot-water heating installation 
               322100 
               123 
               123 
             
             
               Steam heating installation 
               322200 
               124 
               124 
             
             
               Heat-transfer oil heating 
               322300 
               125 
               125 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Cooling installation 
               323000 
               126 
               126 
             
             
                 
                 
               127 
             
             
                 
                 
               128 
             
             
               Combined heating and power 
               330000 
               129 
               129 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
                 
                 
               130 
             
             
                 
                 
               131 
             
             
               High-voltage installation 
               341100 
               132 
               132 
             
             
               Three-phase low-voltage 
               341200 
               133 
               133 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Single-phase low-voltage 
               341300 
               134 
               134 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Very-low-voltage installation 
               341500 
               136 
               136 
             
             
               Emergency power supply 
               342100 
               137 
               137 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               No-break installation 
               342200 
               138 
               138 
             
             
               Earthing installation 
               348100 
               139 
               139 
             
             
               Lightning arrester installation 
               348200 
               140 
               140 
             
             
                 
                 
               141 
             
             
                 
                 
               142 
             
             
                 
                 
               143 
             
             
               General lighting installation 
               351000 
               144 
               144 
             
             
               Night lighting installation 
               352000 
               145 
               145 
             
             
               Advertising lighting installation 
               353100 
               146 
               146 
             
             
               Security lighting installation 
               353200 
               147 
               147 
             
             
               Orientation lighting installation 
               353300 
               148 
               148 
             
             
               Accent lighting installation 
               353400 
               149 
               149 
             
             
               Building sides lighting 
               353500 
               150 
               150 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Emergency lighting installation, 
               358100 
               151 
               151 
             
             
               decentralized 
             
             
               Emergency lighting installation, 
               358200 
               152 
               152 
             
             
               centralized 
             
             
                 
                 
               153 
               153 
             
             
                 
                 
               154 
               154 
             
             
               Telephone installation 
               361100 
               155 
               155 
             
             
               Data communications 
               361200 
               156 
               156 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Intercom installation 
               361300 
               157 
               157 
             
             
               Communal antenna installation 
               362100 
               158 
               158 
             
             
               Private antenna installation 
               362200 
               159 
               159 
             
             
               Radio/mobile phone installation 
               362300 
               160 
               160 
             
             
               Bell installation 
               363100 
               161 
               161 
             
             
               Time signalling installation 
               363200 
               162 
               162 
             
             
               Nurse call installation 
               363300 
               163 
               163 
             
             
               Broadcasting installation 
               364100 
               164 
               164 
             
             
               Conference/meeting installation 
               364200 
               165 
               165 
             
             
               Projection installation 
               365100 
               166 
               166 
             
             
               Television monitor installation 
               365200 
               167 
               167 
             
             
                 
                 
               168 
             
             
                 
                 
               169 
             
             
               Climate control installation 
               371100 
               170 
               170 
             
             
               Optimization installation 
               371200 
               171 
               171 
             
             
               Video monitoring installation 
               372100 
               172 
               172 
             
             
               Signalling installation 
               372200 
               173 
               173 
             
             
               Operating installation 
               372300 
               174 
               174 
             
             
               Building management 
               373100 
               175 
               175 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
                 
                 
               176 
             
             
                 
                 
               177 
             
             
               Electrical people-carrying lift 
               381100 
               178 
               178 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Hydraulic people-carrying lift 
               381200 
               179 
               179 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Electrical goods lift installation 
               381300 
               180 
               180 
             
             
               Hydraulic goods lift installation 
               381400 
               181 
               181 
             
             
               Service lift installation 
               381500 
               182 
               182 
             
             
               Book lift installation 
               381600 
               183 
               183 
             
             
               Roof carriage/cradle installation 
               382100 
               184 
               184 
             
             
               Roof crane/cradle installation 
               382200 
               185 
               185 
             
             
               Building sides carriage/cradle 
               382300 
               186 
               186 
             
             
               installation 
             
             
               Roof beam/cradle installation 
               382400 
               187 
               187 
             
             
               Roof hook/cradle installation 
               382500 
               188 
               188 
             
             
               Crane installation 
               383000 
               189 
               189 
             
             
               Lifting platform installation 
               384100 
               190 
               190 
             
             
               Dock leveller installation 
               384200 
               191 
               191 
             
             
               Stairlift installation 
               384300 
               192 
               192 
             
             
               Escalator/travellator installation 
               385000 
               193 
               193 
             
             
               Belt/chain conveyor installation 
               386000 
               194 
               194 
             
             
               Pipe conveyor installation 
               387000 
               195 
               195 
             
             
                 
                 
               196 
             
             
                 
                 
               197 
             
             
               Operating installation 
               400000 
               198 
               198 
             
             
                 
                 
               199 
             
             
                 
                 
               200 
             
             
                 
                 
               201 
             
             
               Light-regulating blind 
               511100 
               202 
               202 
             
             
               Curtain 
               511200 
               203 
               203 
             
             
                 
                 
               204 
             
             
                 
                 
               205 
             
             
               Cabinet/display case 
               521100 
               206 
               206 
             
             
               Storage racks 
               521200 
               207 
               207 
             
             
               Cloakroom arrangement 
               521300 
               208 
               208 
             
             
               Bicycle stand/rack 
               521400 
               209 
               209 
             
             
               Storage tank 
               521800 
               210 
               210 
             
             
               Kitchen arrangement 
               522100 
               211 
               211 
             
             
               Sink unit 
               522200 
               212 
               212 
             
             
               Refreshment bar 
               522300 
               213 
               213 
             
             
               Worktop 
               522400 
               214 
               214 
             
             
               Counter 
               522500 
               215 
               215 
             
             
               Nameplate 
               523100 
               216 
               216 
             
             
               Signposting 
               523200 
               217 
               217 
             
             
               Flag pole 
               524100 
               218 
               218 
             
             
                 
                 
               219 
             
             
                 
                 
               220 
             
             
               Toilet 
               531100 
               221 
               221 
             
             
               Urinal 
               531200 
               222 
               222 
             
             
               Sink/washbasin 
               531300 
               223 
               223 
             
             
               Washbowl/fountain 
               531400 
               224 
               224 
             
             
               Bath 
               531500 
               225 
               225 
             
             
               Shower 
               531600 
               226 
               226 
             
             
               Bidet 
               531700 
               227 
               227 
             
             
               Sanitary fittings 
               531800 
               228 
               228 
             
             
               Stove 
               532100 
               229 
               229 
             
             
               Air conditioner 
               532200 
               230 
               230 
             
             
               Room cooler 
               532300 
               231 
               231 
             
             
               Fan 
               532400 
               232 
               232 
             
             
                 
                 
               233 
             
             
                 
                 
               234 
             
             
               Container 
               541100 
               235 
               235 
             
             
               Fire-extinguisher 
               541200 
               236 
               236 
             
             
               Furnishings 
               542000 
               237 
               237 
             
             
                 
                 
               238 
             
             
                 
                 
               to 
             
             
                 
                 
               255 
             
             
               Auxiliary segments 
                 
               256 
               256