Abstract:
The invention relates to methods for reducing the amount of halogenated organics produced during a halogen bleaching process for lignocellulosic pulp fibers. According to the disclosed invention, it has been discovered that the use of a chelating agent prior to a non-halogen containing bleaching stage of a pulp bleaching process is effective to increase the brightness of the resulting bleached pulp without the need to increase the amount of halogen compounds required to obtain the same pulp brightness and without adversely affecting the pulp viscosity and yield.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/149,313, filed Sep. 8, 1998, now abandoned; which is in turn a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/617,612, filed Mar. 19, 1996, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an improved process for halogen bleaching of pulp to obtain a significant increase in the brightness of the pulp without the need to increase the amount of halogen compounds used during the pulp bleaching process and without significant loss of pulp properties such as viscosity and yield. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The process of bleaching pulp for use in paper applications may be performed with halogen containing or non-halogen containing bleaching agents. Due to public perception and environmental concerns over chlorinated organics and dioxins, it has become necessary to reduce the use of halogen containing bleaching agents. An attempt to reduce the use of halogen compounds during the bleaching process by use of peroxide and/or non-halogen containing oxygen compounds often results in a detrimental effect on the characteristics of the pulp including decreased brightness, viscosity and yield. 
     One reason for the decrease in brightness of the pulp is the presence of metal ions in the bleached pulp. In an attempt to remove metals from the pulp, chelating agents have been added during the peroxide bleaching stage (P) of a non-halogen bleaching process and/or subsequent to the last alkaline stage since many of the metals are introduced into the pulp with the water used in the extraction and wash stages of the bleaching process. None of these prior uses of chelating agents has been found to be effective for decreasing the amount of halogenated compounds required to bleach the pulp in a halogen and non-halogen bleaching process while maintaining the target brightness, viscosity and yield characteristics of the pulp. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a process which reduces the amount of chlorinated organics in paper products and effluent from a paper bleaching process. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a halogen bleaching process wherein the efficiency of the bleaching process is improved without adversely affecting the pulp viscosity or yield. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a method for reducing the use of chlorinated compounds in a pulp bleaching process while obtaining a target brightness for the bleached pulp. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Having regard to the above and other objects, the present invention provides a method for bleaching a pulp containing lignocellulosic fibers with one or more halogen containing compounds, preferably chlorine and/or chlorine dioxide, whereby the amount of adsorbable organic halide content of the bleached pulp is significantly reduced. The method comprises contacting the pulp during one or more chlorine bleaching stages with an amount of chelating agent sufficient to increase the brightness of the pulp over the brightness of pulp which has been treated with a chelating agent after a final washing or extraction stage of the bleaching process, whereby an adsorbable organic halide content of the bleached pulp is significantly reduced. 
     It has been discovered, quite surprisingly, that contacting the pulp with one or more chelating agents during at least one of the halogen bleaching, wash or extraction sequences provides a pulp having superior brightness as compared to pulp bleached with the same amount of halogen compounds in the absence of the chelating agent. Furthermore, an increase in the pulp viscosity may be obtained by adding one or more oxygen stabilizers during a subsequent non-chlorine bleaching stage. Accordingly, the foregoing benefits may be obtained without significantly increasing the amount of organic halide compounds in the pulp or effluent from the bleaching process. These results are truly remarkable since they do not require substantial changes in the bleaching process and thus may be implemented without significantly increasing the complexity or operating cost of the bleaching process and without the need for significant capital expenditures. 
     In another aspect the invention provides a process for bleaching a pulp containing lignocellulosic fibers. The process comprises maintaining the pulp at a consistency in the range of from about 0.5% to about 40% and maintaining the pH in the range of from about 1 to about 9. The pulp is then bleached with a chlorine compound in a bleaching stage. During the bleaching or before a washing stage, the pulp is contacted with from about 0.01 wt. % to about 1 wt. % chelating agent. The amount of chelating agent used is based on the dry weight of pulp. This process has been found to significantly reduce the amount of adsorbable organic halide in the bleached pulp. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a process for bleaching a pulp containing lignocellulosic fibers with chlorine and non-chlorine containing bleaching agents, wherein the pulp has a consistency in the range of from about 0.5% to about 40% and has a pH in the range of from about 1 to about 9. The process comprises treating the pulp with chlorine dioxide in a first chlorination stage. Subsequent to the first chlorination stage, the pulp is contacted with a first amount of metal chelating agent, wherein the amount of chelating agent is sufficient to reduce an organic halide content of the fibers and wherein the temperature of the pulp during the contacting is within the range of from about 35° to about 110° C. Next the chlorine bleached pulp is bleached with a chlorine-free bleaching agent after a subsequent extraction stage resulting in bleached pulp having a low level of chlorinated organic compounds. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of the addition of a chelating agent during a halogen bleaching stage on the brightness of a bleached softwood pulp. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of the addition of a chelating agent during a halogen bleaching stage on the viscosity in of a bleached softwood pulp. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of the addition of a chelating agent during a halogen bleaching stage on the yield of a bleached softwood pulp. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the effect of the addition of a chelating agent during a halogen bleaching stage on the dirt content of a bleached softwood pulp. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the practice of the present invention a chelating agent is added to one or more stages of a halogen and non-halogen bleaching process for pulp, preferably during one or more halogen bleaching, washing or extraction stages. Each halogen bleaching stage may be either a chlorine bleaching stage (C stage) or a chlorine dioxide bleaching stage (D stage). Each halogen bleaching stage may involve the use of chlorine or chlorine dioxide as well a combination of chlorine or chlorine dioxide as in a D c  stage or a C d  stage. It is particularly preferred to contact the pulp with the chelating agent during or subsequent to each halogen bleaching stage. 
     In a multi stage bleaching process there is typically a washing stage and/or an alkaline extraction stage (E) after each halogen bleaching stage. The extraction stage may be conducted with or without the use of a non-halogen containing oxidizing agent such as ozone or peroxide. The sequential addition of the chelating agent is more preferred than the simultaneous addition of the chelating agent with chlorine dioxide or chlorine or in an admixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine however, the invention is not limited to sequential addition of the chelating agent. 
     Chelating agents suitable for use with the process of the invention may be selected from the primary, secondary or tertiary nitrogen containing compounds such as the amino- and aminopolycarboxylic acids and the alkaline metal salts thereof, the phosphonates and the hydroxy alkylidene diphosphonates, the aminopolyphosphonic acids and the alkaline metal salts thereof, the polyhydroxy- and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids and the alkaline metal salts thereof and the acrylic acid polymers. Accordingly, the chelating agents which may be used include orthophosphonic acid, sodium or potassium orthophosphoric acid, sodium or potassium orthophosphates, sodium or potassium pyrophosphates, sodium polyphosphates, cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic) acid, nitrilotri(methylenephosphonic) acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), citric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid (DTPMA), tripolyphosphate, bis-phosphonylmethylphosphinic acid, and the alkaline metal salts thereof. Of the foregoing, compounds such as EDTA, DTPA, and NTA, as well as the other compounds disclosed hereinabove, and those of similar structure, allow treatment of the pulp with chlorine containing compounds while producing a pulp and effluent with lowered concentrations of chlorinated organics. The amount of chelating agent added to the pulp during the one or more halogen bleaching stages generally ranges from about 0.01 wt. % to about 1 wt. % based on the dry weight of the pulp, preferably from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % and most preferably from about 0.05wt. % to about 0.2 wt. %. 
     The method comprises the steps of maintaining the consistency of the pulp in the solution at a range of from about 0.5% to about 40% by weight, preferably in the range of from about 3 to about 15% by weight, and adding a chelating agent to the solution of pulp during one or more halogen bleaching, wash or extraction stages. The concentration of the chelating agent is in the range of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, based on the dry weight of pulp in the brown stock, more preferably, in the range of from about 0.03 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % based on the dry weight of pulp in the brown stock. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in viscosity, yield, and brightness of the pulp when compared to processes which do not use the chelating agent during one or more halogen bleaching, wash or extraction stages. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the chelating agent is added to the bleaching tower exit dilution zone subsequent to chlorination or to the wash vat after the bleaching tower. During the chelating agent addition, the solution of pulp is preferably maintained at a pH in the range of from about 1 to about 9, more preferably from about 1 to about 6, depending on the chelating agent used, and at a temperature in the range of from about 15° C. to about 95° C., more preferably from about 35° C. to about 85° C. The bleached pulp is contacted with the chelating agent for a period of time in the range of from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes, and more preferably from about 6 minutes to about 60 minutes. 
     In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the stage of the bleaching process where the chelating agent is added in is a chlorine dioxide stage and the pH is maintained in the range of from about 1 to about 9, more preferably from about 1 to about 6, at a temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about 95° C., more preferably from about 60° C. to about 90° C., for a period of time in the range of from about 5 minutes to about 20 hours, more preferably for a period of time from about 1 hour to about 3 hours. 
     When the stage of the bleaching process wherein the chelating agent is added is an extraction stage, the pH is maintained in a range of from about 7 to about 14, more preferably from about 10 to about 14, and the temperature is maintained in the range of from about 50° C. to about 120° C., more preferably from about 60° C. to about 95° C. Preferably, the chelating agent is maintained in the extraction stage for a period of time in the range of from about 5 minutes to about 20 hours, more preferably from about 30 minutes to about 3 hours. 
     When the bleaching stage is an extraction stage a viscosity protection agent may be added to the solution at a concentration in the range of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 1 wt. % based on dry weight of the pulp in order to increase the viscosity of the bleached pulp. More preferably, the viscosity protection agent is added at a concentration in the range of from 0.03 wt. % to about 0.8 wt. %. The viscosity protection agent may be selected from a magnesium salt of an inorganic acid and magnesium acetate. More preferably, the viscosity protector is magnesium sulfate. 
     Subsequent to the halogen bleaching step and the contacting with the chelating agent, the pulp is typically further treated by use of an extraction stage with or without the use of a non-chlorine containing oxygen compound. The non-chlorine containing oxygen compounds include hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peracetic acid and the like. 
     According to one aspect of the invention, there is an increase in the viscosity, yield and brightness of the pulp when compared to the same bleaching process without the use of the chelating agent. Also there is an increase in the dirt removal from the solution of the pulp when compared to traditional bleaching processes. 
     In addition to adding the chelating agent to one or more of the foregoing halogen bleaching stage, the addition of a chelating agent to a peroxide stage (P) may also boost the pulp brightness in that stage particularly when the peroxide bleaching stage follows a chlorine dioxide stage. Typically, the peroxide bleaching stage is conducted in the presence of a stabilizer such as sodium silicate in order to permit effective bleaching while minimizing degradation of the pulp. 
     In order to provide a further understanding, the following non-limiting examples are given primarily to illustrate certain more specific aspects of the invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Different chelating agents were added in the chlorine dioxide stage of a D 0 E 0+p DP sequence (wherein D 0  is read as “D zero ” and is referred to as the initial chlorination stage) after addition of the chlorine dioxide in the D stage to the pulp. Sample #1 is a control without the addition of a chelating agent. The brown stock was a softwood pulp with a Kappa of 30.7 and a viscosity of 31.7 cp. The D 0  stage had a 0.2 chlorination factor at 50° C. at a 40 minute residency with a 10 wt. % consistency. The E 0+p  stage was conducted for 1 hour at 85° C. and contained 2.7 wt. % sodium hydroxide and 0.6 wt. % peroxide solution and had a 10 wt. % consistency. The pulp was treated in the D stage at 90° C. for 1.5 hours at 10 wt. % consistency with 0.4 wt. % chlorine dioxide and 0.16 wt. % sodium hydroxide. In the P stage, the pulp was treated with 1.5 wt. % peroxide, 1 wt. % sodium hydroxide, 0.05 wt. % magnesium sulfate, at 10 wt. % consistency and 90° C. for 3 hours. Table 1 illustrates the brightness and viscosity of the pulps after the sequential addition of the chelating agent in the D stage. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Chelating Agent 
                 Brightness (% GE) 
                 Viscosity (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 None (control 
                 86.3 
                 15.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.4 wt. % EDTA 1   
                 88.7 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.2 wt. % DTPA 2   
                 88.9 
                 15.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.5 wt. % STP 3   
                 87.1 
                 11.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.3 wt. % DTPMA 4   
                 88.3 
                 13.8 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.3 wt. % DMA 5   
                 87.5 
                 15.1 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.5 wt. % TAR 6   
                 87.5 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 EDTA = disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  
               
               
                   2 DTPA = pentasodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid  
               
               
                   3 STP = sodium triphosphate  
               
               
                   4 DTPMA = diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid  
               
               
                   5 DMA = 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxy acetophenone  
               
               
                   6 TAR = sodium tartrate  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In each of Samples 2-7, the chelating agent was added 30 minutes after the addition of ClO 2  in the D stage. As illustrated, the addition of the chelating agents resulted in an increase in the efficiency of the subsequent peroxide stage bleaching. Approximately 1 to 2.5 units higher brightness were obtained as compared to the control sample without the use of the chelating agent. With EDTA (Samples 2), the final pulp viscosity was 3.8 points higher than the control. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     In this series of samples, the chelating agent was added simultaneously with the addition of chlorine dioxide in the (D) stage of the D 0 E 0+p DP bleaching process. The conditions and amount of reagents used in the bleaching process were the same as in Example I. The results are illustrated in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Chelating Agent 
                 Brightness (% GE) 
                 Viscosity (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8 
                 None (control) 
                 87.3 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.4 wt. % EDTA 1   
                 87.5 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.2 wt. % DTPA 2   
                 85.0 
                 17.2 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.5 wt. % STP 3   
                 86.8 
                 12.8 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.3 wt. % DTPMA 4   
                 86.5 
                 13.6 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.3 wt. % DMA 5   
                 85.0 
                 14.5 
               
               
                 14 
                 0.5 wt. % TAR 6   
                 87.2 
                 14.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 EDTA = disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  
               
               
                   2 DTPA = pentasodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid  
               
               
                   3 STP = sodium triphosphate  
               
               
                   4 DTPMA = diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid  
               
               
                   5 DMA = 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxy acetophenone  
               
               
                   6 TAR = sodium tartrate  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The simultaneous addition of the chelating agents with chlorine dioxide produced relatively small changes in brightness but did show a large improvement in viscosity for EDTA and DTPA (Samples 9 and 10). 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Chelating agents were added at the end of the chlorine dioxide (D) bleaching stage in the D 0 E 0+p DP bleaching process to simulate addition in the bleaching tower dilution zone or washer vat dilution zone. The conditions and reagents were otherwise the same as described in Example I except that the chelating agent was dissolved by mixing the chelating agent for 1 minute in water at 60° C. and a pH 4. The results are given in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Chelating Agent 
                 Brightness (% GE) 
                 Viscosity (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 15 
                 None (control) 
                 87.3 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.4 wt. % EDTA 1   
                 88.9 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 17 
                 0.2 wt. % DTPA 2   
                 89.4 
                 13.8 
               
               
                 18 
                 0.5 wt. % STP 3   
                 89.8 
                 14.6 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.3 wt. % DTPMA 4   
                 88.3 
                 16.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 EDTA = disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid  
               
               
                   2 DTPA = pentasodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid  
               
               
                   3 STP = sodium triphosphate  
               
               
                   4 DTPMA = diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The addition of the chemical additives at the end of the D stage improved the brightness by greater than about 1% with all of the chelating agents tested. In addition, the viscosity remained at a good level. 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     In this series of examples, a disodium salt of EDTA was used as the chelating agent. The chelating agent was added at 0.4 wt. % at different times to the D stage of the D 0 E 0+p DP bleaching sequence. The pulp was subjected to an acid wash between the D stage and the P stage. Otherwise, the conditions and reagents were the same as described in Example III. The control (Sample 20) was subjected to an acid wash only. In Sample 21 the chelating agent was added after 5 minutes of an acid wash, in Sample 22 the chelating agent was added simultaneously with the acid wash, and in Sample 23 the chelating agent was added at the end of the acid wash. The results are shown in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Addition of CA 
                 Brightness (% GE) 
                 Viscosity (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 20 
                 None (control) 
                 86.8 
                 9.8 
               
               
                 21 
                 After 5 min. 
                 89.8 
                 16.8 
               
               
                 22 
                 To acidic wash 
                 88.7 
                 13.4 
               
               
                 23 
                 End of acidic wash 
                 89.5 
                 13.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Each of the samples using the chelating agent had a 2 to 3 point greater brightness than the control sample (Sample 20) and a 4 to 7 point higher viscosity. 
     EXAMPLE V 
     A chelating agent, 0.4 wt. % disodium salt of EDTA, was added to a halogen and peroxide bleaching sequence at various stages of the sequence. The results are given in Table 5. In the Table, the T stage is used to indicate the stage wherein the chelating agent is added. In Sample 25 the chelating agent was added in the washing vat after the initial chlorination stage and before the extraction stage. In Sample 26 the chelating agent was added after the chlorination stage and before the extraction stage without washing after the chlorination stage. In Sample 27 the chelating agent was added after the extraction stage but before the D stage. In Sample 28 the chelating agent was added in the D stage after chlorine dioxide was added. In Sample 29 the chelating agent was added in the D stage washer vat. In Sample 30 the chelating agent was added after the D stage but before the P stage. The E 0+p  stage was conducted with an oxygen pressure ranging from 45 to 0 psig within 1 hour and the D stage was conducted at 70° C. and the T stages after the E 0+p  stages were conducted for 1 hour at a pH of 4 and 90° C., with 10 wt. % consistency. Otherwise the conditions and reagents were the same as Example I. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chelating 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                 Agent 
                 Brightness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 24 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 None 
                 86.3 
                 15.7 
               
               
                 25 
                 D o TE o+p DP 
                 prior to E 
                 87.3 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 26 
                 (D o T)E o+p DP 
                 during D o   
                 87.3 
                 11.4 
               
               
                 27 
                 D o E o+p TDP 
                 prior to D 
                 88.9 
                 12.3 
               
               
                 28 
                 D o E o+p (DT)P 
                 in D after 
                 88.8 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 min. 
               
               
                 29 
                 D o E o+p (DT)P 
                 add to 
                 86.7 
                 15.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 washer vat 
               
               
                 30 
                 D o E o+p DTP 
                 prior to P 
                 88.9 
                 17.9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results show that about 1 to 2.5 points of brightness were gained by adding the chelating agent in all stages of the bleaching process. The results also show that generally it was better to insert a T stage (i.e., add chelating agent) in a later stage of the bleaching process to improve both brightness and viscosity (Samples 28, 29 and 30). 
     EXAMPLE VI 
     In this example, chelating agents were added in the extraction stage (E) and/or in the chlorine dioxide bleaching stage (D) with the observation that different effects on the pulp were obtained. Chelating agents were added to D 0 E p P, D 0 E p D, and D 0 E p DP sequences. The brown stock was a softwood pulp with a Kappa of 30.7 and a viscosity of 31.7 cp. The D 0  stage had a 0.2 chlorination factor at 50° C. at a 40 minute residency with a 10 wt. % consistency. The E p  stage was conducted for 1 hour at 90° C. and contained 2.7 wt. % sodium hydroxide and 1.0 wt. % peroxide solution and had a 10 wt. % consistency. The %GE brightness of the E p  pulp for Samples 31-35 was 58.3, for Samples 36-40 was 66.1 and for Samples 41-45 was 62.5. The pulp was treated in the D stage at 70° C. for 1.5 hours at 10 wt. % consistency with 0.4 wt. % chlorine dioxide and 0.16 wt. % sodium hydroxide. In the P stage, the pulp was treated with 2.0 wt. % peroxide, 1.3 wt. % sodium hydroxide, 0.05 wt. % magnesium sulfate, at 10 wt. % consistency and 90° C. for 3 hours. In Samples 31-33 no chelating agents were added to the bleaching processes. In Samples 34 and 35, a disodium salt of EDTA was added as the chelating agent after 30 minutes in the D stage. Samples 36-40 were conducted in a manner similar to Samples 31-35, however, 0.9 wt. % triethanolamine (TEA) was also added in the E p  stage. In Samples 41-45, 1.4 wt. % potassium salt of gluconic acid (GA) and 0.4 wt. % magnesium sulfate were added in the E p  stage otherwise, the bleaching stages were conducted in a manner similar to Samples 31-35. The results are given in Table 6. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                   
                   
                 Bright- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 # 
                 E p   
                 D 
                 ness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 31 
                 D o E p P 
                 None 
                 None 
                 70.9 
                 23.3 
               
               
                 32 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 77.2 
                 25.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 33 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 83.2 
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 34 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 77.3 
                 28.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                 35 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 87.6 
                 16.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                 36 
                 D o E p P 
                 0.9% TEA 
                 None 
                 73.2 
                 25.9 
               
               
                 37 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 77.2 
                 27.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 38 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 83.2 
                 16.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 39 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 77.5 
                 26.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                 40 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 87.7 
                 16.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                 41 
                 D o E p P 
                 1.4% GA 
                 None 
                 79.1 
                 21.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.4% MgSO 4   
               
               
                 42 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 78.0 
                 30.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 43 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Acid wash 
                 87.1 
                 22.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 pH = 4 
               
               
                 44 
                 D o E p D 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 79.4 
                 28.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                 45 
                 D o E p DP 
                 Same as 
                 Add T 
                 87.8 
                 12.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 above 
                 after 30 min. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the D 0 E p P sequences without acid wash (Samples 31, 36 and 41) the addition of TEA or GA (Samples 36 and 41) resulted in a large increase in the brightness. In the D 0 E p D sequences with acid wash (Samples 32, 37 and 42) the addition of the TEA (Sample 37) in the extraction (E p ) stage improved the E p  stage brightness (as discussed above) but did not improve the brightness of the final D stage pulp over the control (Sample 32). However, the addition of GA (Sample 42) to the same sequence during the extraction stage gave an improvement of the D stage brightness of from 0.8 to 1.9% GE. For the D 0 E p DP bleaching sequences with acid wash in the D stage (Samples 33 and 38) the addition of TEA in the E p  stage (Sample 38) did not significantly improved the final brightness over the control (Sample 33). However, the addition of the GA (Sample 43) improved the brightness about 3.9% GE and viscosity to about 5.4 cP. For the D 0 E p D bleaching sequences with the addition of an EDTA chelating agent during the D stage after 30 minutes (Samples 34, 39 and 44), the addition of TEA (Sample 39) did not significantly improve the brightness of the D stage pulp over the control (Sample 34), but the addition of the GA (Sample 44) showed a significant improvement in brightness over Samples 39 and 34. For the D 0 E p DP bleaching sequences with the addition of an EDTA chelating agent during the D stage (Samples 35, 40 and 45), neither the addition of TEA (Sample 40) nor the addition of the GA (Sample 45) showed a significant improvement in brightness over the control (Sample 35). 
     What is illustrated by Example VI is that adding a chelating agent during the D stage of a D 0 E p DP bleaching process has a significant advantage over the same bleaching sequence without the addition of a chelating agent but with acid washing treatment (Compare Samples 33 and 35). Adding TEA in the E p  stage gave similar results (Compare Samples 38 and 40). Using GA in an extraction stage with MgSO 4  results in a similar brightness gain of also using a chelating agent in the D stage of a D 0 E p DP bleaching process but has the added benefit of increasing the viscosity of the pulp. 
     EXAMPLE VII 
     This example illustrates the application of the present invention on hardwood pulp. Southern hardwood brown stock with a Kappa of 14.6 and a viscosity of 22.5 cP was treated with a chelating agent (CA), disodium salt of EDTA in the D 0  or D stage of a D 0 E 0+p DP bleaching sequence with a chlorination factor of 0.2 in the Do stage at 60° C. for 35 minutes with a 3.5 wt. % consistency. The E 0+p  stage used 1.5 wt. % sodium hydroxide, 0.6 wt. % peroxide with an oxygen pressure ranging from 45 psig to 0 psig over a 1 hour period at a temperature of 85° C. The pulp was bleached in the D stage at 70° C. for 1.5 hours and had a 0.4 chlorination factor and a 10 wt. % consistency pulp. The h stage also had a 0.4 chlorination factor (as hypochlorite) with a 10 wt. % consistency pulp at 70° C. for 1.5 hours. The P stage contained 1.5 wt. % sodium hydroxide, 0.05% magnesium sulfate, and the pulp at a 10 wt. % consistency was treated at 90° C. for 3 hours. The results of the bleaching sequences are given in Table 7. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                 D o   
                 D or h 
                 Brightness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 46 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 C.F. = 0.2 
                 0.3% D 
                 79.5 
                 9.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 No CA 
               
               
                 47 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 C.F. = 0.2 
                 0.3% D 
                 89.1 
                 13.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CA 
               
               
                 48 
                 D o E o+p (DP) 
                 C.F. = 0.2 
                 0.3% D 
                 86.3 
                 15.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5% CA 
               
               
                 49 
                 D o E o+p hP 
                 C.F. = 0.2 
                 0.3% h 
                 83.7 
                 13.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5% CA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results show that the brightness of a hardwood pulp may be increased as much as 4 to 10 points through the use of a chelating agent in the first or third chlorine dioxide bleaching stages (Samples 47-49). 
     EXAMPLE VIII 
     The following samples were run to determine the effect on brightness and viscosity of the addition of the chelating agent 0, 1, 3 and 60 minutes after adding the chlorine dioxide to the chlorine dioxide stage. The samples were conducted with Northern softwood pulp brown stock having a kappa number of 20. The bleaching sequence was D/CE p D q P. The D/C stage conditions were 0.6 wt. % ClO 2 , 50° C., 3.5 wt. % consistency and 30 minutes contact time. The E p  stage conditions were 2.0 wt. % NaOH, 0.6 wt. % hydrogen peroxide, 70° C., 40 minutes contact time and 10 wt. % consistency. The D q  stage conditions were 0.6 wt. % ClO 2 , 0.25 wt. % NaOH, 80° C., 2 hours contact time and 10 wt. % consistency. The chelating agent added in the D q  stage after the time indicated was 0.2 wt. % EDTA. The P stage conditions were 2 wt. % peroxide, 1.5 wt. % NaOH, 90° C., 3 hours and 10 wt. % consistency. Results of the foregoing runs are contained in Table 8. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                 Chelating Agent 
                 Brightness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Sequence 
                 Addition (min.) 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 50 
                 D/CE p D q P 
                 none 
                 71.9 
                 14.3 
               
               
                 51 
                 D/CE p D q P 
                 after 0 min. 
                 80.0 
                 14.2 
               
               
                 52 
                 D/CE p D q P 
                 after 1 min. 
                 83.5 
                 14.1 
               
               
                 53 
                 D/CE p D q P 
                 after 3 min. 
                 83.7 
                 15.2 
               
               
                 54 
                 D/CE p D q P 
                 after 60 min. 
                 83.8 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Samples 51-54 illustrate the substantial increase in brightness achieved by the use of a chelating agent in the chlorine dioxide stage as compared to the control (Sample 50) wherein no chelating agent was used. These runs also show that adding the chelating agent 1 minute or more after adding the chlorine dioxide has a significant effect on the pulp brightness. 
     EXAMPLE IX 
     A series of pulp bleaching sequences were conducted to determine the overall advantage of the use of a chelating agent according to the present invention. The bleaching sequence was D→C D E 0+p DP for a softwood pulp. The conditions in the D→C D  stage were: chlorination factor of 0.10 to 0.22; chlorine dioxide substitution at 0 to 100%; and pH of 1.4 to 2.6. The conditions in the D stage were: chlorine charge of 0.3 to 1.2 wt. %; and pH of 1.8 to 3.9. Conditions in the P stage were: peroxide charge of 0.4 to 1.4 wt. %. Two sets of these reactions were run. An initial set was run without a chelating agent prior to the P stage and one was run with a chelating agent prior to the P stage. The chelating agent was disodium salt of EDTA at 0.5 wt. %. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of the addition of the chelating agent on the brightness in percent GE of the pulp. The use of the chelating agent produced a significantly brighter pulp than a pulp bleached without the chelating agent. FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of adding the chelating agent on the viscosity of the pulp. The viscosity of the pulp was approximately 3 cP greater when the chelating agent was used during the bleaching sequence. FIG. 3 illustrates the effect on yield when the chelating agent is added. The yield was significantly greater upon addition of the chelating agent as opposed to when no chelating agent was used. FIG. 4 illustrates the effect of adding the chelating agent on the resulting dirt count. The dirt count was significantly reduced when the chelating agent was used during the bleaching process. 
     EXAMPLE X 
     In this series of samples, an extended delignified pulp rather than a conventional kraft pulp was used to illustrate the effect of the addition of chelating agents on a bleaching sequence with and without a peroxide bleaching stage. The pulp was a delignified southern softwood pulp with a Kappa number of 22.1 and a pulp viscosity of 31.7 cP. The D 0  stage was conducted for 40 to 45 minutes at 50° C. and 10 wt. % pulp consistency. The E 0+p  stage was conducted with 1.8-2.5 wt. % sodium hydroxide, 0.4 to 0.6 wt. % peroxide, 10 wt. % pulp consistency, and an oxygen pressure ranging from 45 to 0 psig over a 1 hour period at 70° C. The D stage was conducted at 70° C. with 1 wt. % chlorine dioxide and 0.4 wt. % sodium hydroxide at 10 wt. % pulp consistency. The P stage was conducted at 90° C. and 10 wt. % pulp consistency. 
     Samples 55, 56 and 57 illustrated that there was a slight gain in pulp brightness and viscosity by using magnesium sulfate and/or sodium silicate (Samples 56 and 57) as compared to the control (Sample 55) when no chelating agents were used. The use of EDTA in the D stage of the bleaching process with magnesium sulfate and/or sodium silicate (Samples 58 and 59) provided a significant increase in brightness and viscosity as compared to the control (Sample 55). Samples 60 illustrated a conventional D 0 E 0+p D bleaching process using a chlorination factor of 0.22 as compared to the chlorination factor of 0.13 for samples 55-59 and in Sample 61 a P stage is used before the D stage. While the brightness characteristics of the pulp are similar to the pulp bleached with a chelating agent and a lower chlorination factor. (Sample 59), the viscosity of the pulp in Sample 61 is much lower than in Samples 58 and 59. Accordingly, the benefits of the use of a chelating agent on the brightness of the pulp using a lower chlorination factor are illustrated in Table 9. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Bright- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                 D 
                 P 
                 ness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 55 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 1.0% D 
                 1.3% P 
                 86.4 
                 14.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
                 1.5% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                 56 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 1.0 % D 
                 1.3% P 
                 87.2 
                 16.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
                 1.5% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.05% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MgSO 4   
               
               
                 57 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 1.0% D 
                 1.3% P 
                 88.6 
                 16.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
                 1.5% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.05% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 silicate 
               
               
                 58 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 1.0% D 
                 1.3% P 
                 89.4 
                 16.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
                 1.5% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5% CA 
                 0.05% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 after 
                 MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 hr 
               
               
                 59 
                 D o E o+p DP 
                 1.0% D 
                 1.3% P 
                 88.7 
                 24.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
                 1.5% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5% CA 
                 0.05% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 after 
                 MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 hr 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 silicate 
               
               
                 60 
                 D o E o+p D 
                 1.0% D 
                 No 
                 87.7 
                 18.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NaOH 
               
               
                 61 
                 D o E o+p PD 
                 1.0% D 
                 0.6% P 
                 88.7 
                 11.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.4% 
                 1.0% NaOH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NaOH 
                 80° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE XI 
     In this series of samples, a Kappa 30 kraft pulp was treated with a low chlorination factor (C.F.) (0.08 C.F. in Sample 62 and 0.12 C.F. in Samples 63-72). In all of the samples, 0.5 wt. % EDTA was added in the initial chlorination stage (D 0 ) at 50° C. and in the chlorine dioxide stage (D) at 70° C. In Sample 72, 0.3 wt. % disodium salt of EDTA was also added in the P stage. The percent chlorine dioxide in the D stage varied from 0.8 wt. % in Sample 63 to 1.0 wt. % in Samples 62 and 64-72. During the P stage of Samples 64-72, 0.05 wt. % MgSO 4  was added and 1 wt. % sodium silicate was added in the P stage of Samples 71 and 72. All of the P stages were conducted at 90° C. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Bright- 
                 Vis- 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Bleaching 
                 D 
                 P 
                 ness 
                 cosity 
               
               
                 # 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 62 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 2.0% P 
                 78.0 
                 20.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 90° C., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 1.3 hr 
                 3 hrs 
               
               
                 63 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 2.0% P 
                 80.0 
                 18.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8% D 
                 90° C., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 1.3 hr 
                 3 hrs 
               
               
                 64 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 82.7 
                 19.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                 65 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 84.1 
                 13.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                 66 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 84.5 
                 12.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                 67 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 84.1 
                 22.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CA added 
               
               
                   
                   
                 after 1.5 hr 
               
               
                 68 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 84.7 
                 18.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 3 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CA added 
               
               
                   
                   
                 after 1.5 hr 
               
               
                 69 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 3.0% P 
                 86.6 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CA added 
                 19 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 after 1.5 hr 
               
               
                 70 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 2.5% P 
                 82.8 
                 20.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 4 hrs 
               
               
                 71 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 2.5% P 
                 83.0 
                 23.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 90° C., 4 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with 1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 silicate 
               
               
                 72 
                 D o E p DP 
                 0.5% CA 
                 same but 
                 82.6 
                 25.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0% D 
                 with 0.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C., 2.5 hr 
                 CA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The foregoing samples illustrate that use of a chelating agent with a Kappa 30 kraft pulp at a chlorination factor of 0.12 in a D 0 E p DP bleaching process can produce pulp having 80 to 85 % GE brightness with a pulp viscosity of 12 to 26 cP. Use of a magnesium salt and/or silicate may help to maintain a high pulp viscosity. 
     EXAMPLE XII 
     In this series of samples, an oxygen delignified Southern (Pine Bluff) softwood pulp having a Kappa number of 29.7 and a viscosity of 33.5 cP was treated with a chlorination factor (C.F.) of 0.2 wt. % in a chlorination stage containing 0.5 wt. % EDTA chelating agent at 60° C. and 10 wt. % consistency. In all of the samples the E p  stage was conducted with 1.8 wt. % sodium hydroxide and 0.6 wt. % peroxide for one hour at 70° C. and 10 wt. % consistency. Magnesium sulfate was added in Samples 76-78 having a P stage. During the P stage, 1 to 1.5 wt. % sodium hydroxide was added to maintain the pH between 10 and 12. Samples 73-75 did not have a P stage. The brightness and viscosity characteristics of the pulp are given in Table 11. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Bright- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bleaching 
                 D 
                 P 
                 ness 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 Sample # 
                 Sequence 
                 Stage 
                 Stage 
                 (% GE) 
                 (cP) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 73 
                 OD o E p D 
                 0.3% D 
                 No 
                 75.0 
                 20.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
               
               
                 74 
                 OD o E p D 
                 0.75% D 
                 No 
                 79.3 
                 19.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
               
               
                 75 
                 OD o E p D 
                 1.2% D 
                 No 
                 81.4 
                 18.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 hrs 
               
               
                 76 
                 OD o E p P 
                 No 
                 1% P 
                 82.6 
                 17.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 90° C., 4 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                 77 
                 OD o E p P 
                 No 
                 2.5% P 
                 84.7 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 90° C., 4 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                 78 
                 OD o E p P 
                 No 
                 4% P 
                 86.8 
                 13.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 90° C., 4 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.05% MgSO 4   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As illustrated in Samples 76-78, use of a chelating agent in a bleaching sequence containing a P stage results in an increase in brightness versus a bleaching sequence which does not contain a P stage (Samples 73-75). Thus, the present invention provides a means for increasing the efficiency of a peroxide stage in a bleaching sequence. This allows a decreased use of chlorine containing compounds for bleaching the pulp. Accordingly, a decrease in the amount of chlorine compounds used during the bleaching process may result in a significant decrease in the organic chloride content of the pulp and the effluent from the pulp bleaching process. 
     EXAMPLE XIII 
     In this series of samples, the effect of the use of a chelating agent added at various stages of the bleaching sequence is illustrated. The pulp was Southern pine brown stock having a Kappa number of 18.3. The bleaching sequence was D 0 E 0p DP. The D 0  was conducted with 0.84 wt. % ClO 2  at 50° C., 3.5 wt. % consistency and 40 minutes reaction time. The E 0p  stage conditions were 1.7 wt. % NaOH, 0.4 wt. % peroxide, 80° C., 1 hour reaction time and 10 wt. % consistency. The D stage and P stage were conducted as indicated in Table 12. In Sample #79, no chelating agent was used. In Sample #80, the chelating agent was added in the P stage. Chelating agent was added 1.5 hours after the chlorine dioxide was added in Sample #81. In Sample #82, the pH was adjusted at the end of the D stage from 3 to 1.4 and no chelating agent was added. The operating conditions and results illustrated by this Example are given in Table 12. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
               
               
                 Stage Conditions 
                 #79 
                 #80 
                 #81 
                 #82 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 D Stage 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ClO 2  (wt. %) 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
                 70 
               
               
                 consistency (wt. %) 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Time (hrs) 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 EDTA (wt. %) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0 
               
               
                 Sulfuric Acid (wt. %) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 End pH 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.0 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 P Stage 
               
               
                 Peroxide (wt. %) 
                 1.28 
                 1.28 
                 1.28 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 Peroxide consumed (wt. %) 
                 1.28 
                 1.27 
                 1.02 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 NaOH (wt. %) 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 MgSO 4  (wt. %) 
                 0.255 
                 0.255 
                 0.255 
                 0.255 
               
               
                 EDTA (wt. %) 
                 0 
                 0.51 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 consistency (wt. %) 
                 12.8 
                 12.8 
                 12.8 
                 12.8 
               
               
                 End pH 
                 11.0 
                 11.1 
                 10.9 
                 11.0 
               
               
                 Brightness (% GE) 
                 82.6 
                 84.6 
                 87.4 
                 87.4 
               
               
                 Reverted Brightness (% GE) 
                 81.4 
                 82.6 
                 85.3 
                 82.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As illustrated by the foregoing example, Sample #81, adding the chelating agent during the chlorine dioxide bleaching stage and before the peroxide stage provides an unexpected increase in the GE brightness of the pulp and a reduction in the use of peroxide in the peroxide stage. 
     Although this specification discloses particular embodiments of the invention, the Examples merely describe illustrations of the process of the invention. Those skilled in the art may suggest numerous modifications and substitutions of parts of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.