Abstract:
A switched capacitor gain stage (110, 120) having a programmable gain factor. This gain factor is determined by the connection of desired gain determining components (14-17; 25-28) contained within a component array (100, 101). A sample and hold circuit (46) is provided for the storage of the error voltage of the entire gain-integrator stage. This stored error voltage (V error ) is inverted and integrated one time for each integration of the input voltage (V in ), thus eliminating the effects of the inherent offset voltages of the circuit from the output voltage (V out ).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to operational amplifiers and more specifically to a gain-integrator stage utilizing operational amplifiers wherein the effects of the inherent offset voltages of the operational amplifiers contained within the circuit are eliminated. Offset voltages from other causes, including parasitic capacitances, switch operation, and leakage currents, are also eliminated. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The use of operational amplifiers to form gain-integrator stages is well-known. A schematic diagram of one such prior art circuit is shown in FIG. 1. Operational amplifier 115 receives input voltage V in  from input terminal 111 through a switched capacitor means comprised of switches 112 and 113, and capacitor 114. The use of switched capacitors in this manner is well-known in the prior art. See, for example, an article entitled &#34;Analog Sample Data Filters&#34;, IEEE Journal of Solid-Stage Circuits, August 1972, Pg. 302. The closed loop gain (G 1 ) of operational amplifier 115 is equal to the negative of the ratio of the capacitance of capacitor 114 to the capacitance of capacitor 116, as is well-known. In a similar manner the closed loop gain (G 2 ) of operational amplifier 120 is equal to the negative of the ratio of the capacitance of capacitor 119 to the capacitance of capacitor 121. The overall gain of the circuit of FIG. 1 is equal to the product G 1  G 2 . 
     The use of capacitors to determine the closed loop gain of an operational amplifier is particularly useful when metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices are used as the active elements in the operational amplifier because resistance values, and thus the closed loop gain of an operational amplifier utilizing MOS resistors as the gain determining components, are not highly controllable. In contrast, capacitance values are determined by the plate size and the dielectric thickness. Capacitor plate sizes are highly controllable in MOS devices, and dielectric thickness is quite uniform across an MOS device. Thus, capacitance ratios, and therefore the closed loop gain of an operational amplifier using capacitors as shown in FIG. 1, are quite controllable in MOS devices. 
     As is well-known, component mismatches during the fabrication of operational amplifiers using integrated circuit technology result in an inherent offset voltage V off  unique to each operational amplifier. This offset voltage is defined as the voltage V out  appearing on the output lead of the operational amplifier when the amplifier is in the unity gain mode (inverting input lead and output lead connected) and its noninverting input lead grounded. Thus, the actual output voltage V out  of operational amplifier 115 available at node 150 is given in Equation (1): 
     
         V.sub.out1 =G.sub.1 V.sub.in +V.sub.off1                   ( 1) 
    
     Similarly, the output voltage of operational amplifier 120, available at node 151, is given by Equation (2): 
     
         V.sub.out =G.sub.2 V.sub.out1 +V.sub.off2                  ( 2) 
    
     Thus, the output voltage at node 151, expressed as a function of the input voltage V in , is shown in Equation (3): 
     
         V.sub.out =G.sub.1 G.sub.2 V.sub.in +G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +V.sub.off2 ( 3) 
    
     Thus, the error component of the output voltage available at nod 151 is: 
     
         V.sub.error =G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +V.sub.off2                ( 4) 
    
     where 
     V out1  =the output voltage of operational amplifier 115 available at node 150; 
     V out  =the output voltage of operational amplifier 120 available at node 151; 
     G 1  =the closed loop gain of operational amplifier 115; 
     G 2  =the closed loop gain of operational amplifier 120; 
     V off1  =the inherent offset voltage of operational amplifier 115; 
     V off2  =the inherent offset voltage of operational amplifier 120; and 
     V error  =the error component of V out . 
     The presence of inherent offset voltage V off1  and V off2  reduces the dynamic range of the gain-integrator stage of FIG. 1 because the output voltages of operational amplifiers 115 and 120 will saturate at a lower input voltage differential than ideal operational amplifiers free from inherent offset voltages. One prior art method of minimizing the effect of the error component, V error , is the use of DC blocking capacitor 122 between node 151 and output terminal 123. DC blocking capacitor 122 blocks the DC error component V error . However, the use of DC blocking capacitor 122 is undesirable because it must be rather large, on the order of approximately 0.1 microfarad, thus resulting in increased cost and the need for an off-chip component if the gain integrator stage is to be formed as an integrated circuit. Furthermoe, DC blocking capacitor 122 effectively blocks all DC components of the output voltage, not just the DC components attributable to offset voltages. Thus, desired DC components of the output voltage are also blocked by DC blocking capacitor 122. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with this invention, a unique gain-integrator circuit is provided wherein the closed loop gain of each operational amplifier stage contained therein is programmable by the connection of selected capacitors contained in a capacitor array comprising a plurality of capacitors, thus allowing a wide range of possible gains. The circuit of this invention also utilizes a unique integrating circuit wherein the amplified input voltages containing offset voltages are alternately integrated with the inverse of the offset voltages, thus providing an integrated output voltage free from the effects of the inherent offset voltages of the operational amplifiers utilized in the circuit, as well as the offset voltages due to parasitic capacitances, leakage currents, and other causes. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an example of a prior art gain stage utilizing a DC blocking capacitor to minimize the effects of the inherent offset voltage of the operational amplifiers; and 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of this invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of this invention. A detailed description of the operation of gain stages 110 and 120 (also called &#34;sample and hold stages&#34;) and integrator stage 130 to minimize the effect of the inherent offset voltage of the operational amplifier of each stage is given in co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,525 filed Mar. 3, 1981 and assigned to American Microsystems, Inc., the assignee of this invention, and thus will not be repeated here. The contents of aforesaid co-pending United States Patent are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The closed loop gain of gain stage 110 is equal to the ratio of the capacitance of the selected capacitors of capacitor array 100 to the capacitance of capacitor 19. Selected capacitors of capacitor array 100 are connected between input node 271 and inverting input lead 70 of operational amplifier 18. The use of capacitor array 100, comprised of any desired number of capacitors, allows the gain of sample and hold circuit 110 to be selected from a plurality of possible gains. The capacitors of capacitor array 100 may be of equal capacitance value or may be binary weighted, wherein the Kth of N capacitors has a capacitance equal to 2 K-1  C, where N is a selected integer and 1≦K≦N. Any other desired weighting scheme of capacitor array 100 may be utilized as well. 
     The operation of sample and hold stage 120 is identical to the operation of sample and hold circuit 110, thus providing an output voltage V&#39; out  at node 170 after one sample of the input voltage has been taken: 
     
         V&#39;.sub.out =G.sub.1 G.sub.2 V.sub.in1 +G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +V.sub.off2 
    
     where 
     G 1  =the closed loop gain of sample and hold circuit 110; 
     G 2  =the closed loop gain of sample and hold circuit 120; 
     V in1  =the first sample of the input voltage applied to terminal 11; 
     V off1  =the offset voltage of sample and hold circuit 110; and 
     V off2  =the offset voltage of sample and hold circuit 120. 
     When V in1  is equal to zero, the output voltage available at 170 is simply 
     
         V&#39;.sub.out =G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +V.sub.off2. 
    
     Upon the initialization of the gain integrator circuit of FIG. 2, gain stages 110 and 120 and integrator stage 130 are placed in the unity gain mode to eliminate, or at least minimize, their inherent offset voltages, as described in the previously mentioned co-pending patent. At the same time, any remaining offset voltage (1/A) V off3  of operational amplifier 38 (where V off3  is the offset voltage of integrator stage 130, and A is the gain of buffers 46a and 46b) appearing on node 107 is stored in capacitor 45 via closed switch 44. Switch 44 then opens, thus providing V off3  on output lead 190 of voltage buffer 46a. Of importance, buffer amplifiers 46a and 46b are closely matched, thus providing output voltages substantially equal to V off3  when integrator stage 130 is placed in the unity gain mode. The use of voltage buffers 46a and 46b to form a sample and hold circuit for storing the offset voltage of operational amplifier 38 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,365,204 issued Dec. 21, 1982 and assigned to American Microsystems, Inc., the assignee of this invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,365,204 is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The operation of the circuit of FIG. 2 is as follows, and may be more clearly understood with reference to Table I. 
     At time T 0 , integrator stage 130 is initialized by discharging integration capacitor 39 in the following manner. Switches 34, 35, 37, and 106 are opened, thus leaving capacitor 36 disconnected. Integrator stage 130 is initialized by closing switch 42, thus placing operational amplifier 38, together with buffer amplifier 46b, in the unity gain mode. Thus, V off3  is present on output node 47 and the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38. Switch 41 is opened, and switch 40 closed, thus storing V off3  on capacitor 39 connected between the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38 and ground. Switch 44 is closed, thus storing (1/A) V off3  on capacitor 45 (where A is the gain of buffers 46a and 46b), thus making V off3  available on output lead 190 of buffer amplifier 46a. 
     At time T 1 , gain stages 110 and 120 are initialized in the same manner as described above with respect to the initialization of integrator stage 130, by opening switches 21 and 22 and closing switches 20, 31, 22 and 33. Switch 12 opens and switch 13 closes, and switches 15a, 15b, 16a, 16b . . . , 17a, 17b close, thus initializing capacitor array 100 by discharging each capacitor contained within capacitor array 100. Likewise, switch 23 opens and switch 24 closes, and switches 26a, 26b, 27a, 27b . . . , 28a, 28b close, thus initializing capacitor array 101 by discharging each capacitor contained within capacitor array 101. Dummy switch 57, which serves to minimize the offset voltage due to the operation of switch 13 (more fully explained below) opens. 
     At time T 2 , switches 40 and 42 are opened and switch 41 is closed, thus taking integrator stage 130 out of the unity gain mode, and placing integrator stage 130 in the integrating mode. Switch 44 opens, and (1/A) V off3  remains stored on capacitor 45, and V off3  is available on output lead 190 of buffer amplifier 46a. V off3  is also available on the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38 because the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 38 is grounded. 
     At time T 3 , the gain factor G 1  of gain stage 110 is selected by the appropriate connection of selected capacitors within capacitor array 100 between input node 271 and inverting input lead 70 of operational amplifier 18. The gain factor G 2  of gain stage 120 is selected by the appropriate connection of capacitors of capacitor array 101 between node 371 and the inverting input lead 270 of operational amplifier 29. As previously mentioned, the gain G 1  of gain stage 110 is equal to the negative of the ration of the capacitance of capacitor array 100 connected between node 271 and inverting input lead 70 of operational amplifier 18 and the capacitance of capacitor 19. Similarly, the gain G 2  of gain stage 120 is equal to the negative of the ratio of the capacitance of capacitor array 101 connected between node 371 and the inverting input lead 270 of operational amplifier 29 and the capacitance of capacitor 30. 
     At time T 4  switches 20, 22, 31 and 33 open, and switches 21 and 32 close, thus taking gain stages 110 and 120 out of the initialization mode. Switches 34 and 37 close, thus connecting capacitor 36 between output node 170 of gain stage 120 and the output node 190 of buffer amplifier 46a. Switch 24 opens and switch 23 closes, thus charging capacitor 36 to V&#39; out  =(G 2  V off1  +V off2 )-(V off3 ). Switch 13 opens and dummy switch 57 closes, thus causing the offset voltage V off1  of gain stage 110 to include a component due to the switching action of switches 13 and 57. Switches 12, 13 and 57 are closely matched, thus the offset voltage due to the operation of switches 13 and 57 will be substantially equal to the offset voltage due to the operation of switches 12 and 13. The use of dummy switch 57 allows the offset voltage caused by the operation of switches 12 and 13 (during sampling of the input voltage) to be balanced by the offset voltage caused by the operation of switches 13 and 57 during time T 4  (during sampling of the offset voltage), thereby providing a highly accurate output voltage V out . The use of dummy switch 57 compensates for the effects of transient signals due to switch operation. This is particularly important at high operating speeds. 
     At time T 5 , switches 34 and 37 open, and switches 35 and 106 close, thus connecting capacitor 36 between ground and the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38. At all times (other than during transient periods when the charge on capacitor 39 is changing) the voltage on the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38 is equal to V off3  because the non-inverting input lead of operational amplifier is connected to ground. The closing of switches 35 and 106 and opening of switches 34 and 37 superimposes the voltage (O-V off3 ) onto the voltage already across capacitor 36 of (G 2  V off1  +V off2 )-(V off3 ), thus integrating (O-V off3 )-(G 2  V off1  +V off2  -V off3 )=-(G 2  V off1  +V off2 ) on integration capacitor 39 of integrator stage 130. 
     At time T 6 , switches 34 and 106 open and switches 35 and 37 close, thus connecting capacitor 36 between ground and node 190. This charges capacitor 36 to (O-V off3 ). Switch 23 opens, thus disconnecting output node 191 of gain stage 110 from node 371 of gain stage 120. Switches 12 and 57 open and switch 13 closes, thus removing the input voltage V in  from node 271, and discharging (initializing) capacitor array 100. Switch 24 closes, thus discharging capacitor array 101. Switches 20, 22, 31 and 33 close and switches 21 and 32 open, thus initializing gain stages 110 and 120. 
     At time T 7 , switches 35 and 37 open and switches 34 and 106 close, thus connecting capacitor 36 between node 170 and the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 38. Switch 13 opens and switch 12 closes, thus applying the input voltage V in  to input node 271 of gain stage 110. This provides G 1  G 2  V in  +G 2  V off1  +V off2  on node 170, thus charging capacitor 36 to G 1  G 2  V in  +G 2  V off1  +V off2  -V off3 . Switches 20, 22, 31 and 33 open, and switches 21 and 32 close, thus taking gain stages 110 and 120 out of the initialization mode. Switch 23 closes and switch 24 opens, thus connecting output node 191 of gain stage 110 to input node 371 of gain stage 120. This integrates (G 1  G 2  V in  +G 2  V off1  +V off2  -V off3 )-(O-V off3 )=(G 1  G 2  V in )+G 2  V off1  +V off2  on integration capacitor 39. The total integrated voltage on capacitor 39 from steps T 5  and T 7  is equal to [-(G 2  V off1  +V off2 )+(G 1  G 2  V in  +G 2  V off1  +V off2 )]=G 1  G 2  V in . 
     Steps T 3  through T 7  are now repeated in sequence, thus integrating the sampled input voltage V in  (N). Thus, at times T 5 , -(G 2  V off1  +V off2 ) is integrated on capacitor 39. At times T 7 , (G 1  G 2  V in  (N)+G 2  V off1  +V off2 ) is integrated on integration capacitor 39 of integrator stage 130. 
     After N such cycles, the output voltage is equal to ##EQU1## where V out  (N)=the output voltage on terminal 47 after N complete integration cycles; 
     V off1  =the offset voltage of sample and hold circuit 110; 
     V off2  =the offset voltage of sample and hold circuit 120; 
     G 1  (K)=the closed loop gain of operational amplifier 110 during the Kth integration cycle; 
     G 2  (K)=the closed loop gain of operational amplifier 120 during the Kth integration cycle; and 
     V in  (K)=the input voltage on terminal 11 during the Kth integration cycle. 
     Steps T 3  -T 7  are repeated for each sample of input voltage V in , thus providing an integrated output voltage V out  which is free from the effects of the inherent offset voltages of operational amplifier 18, 29, and 38. Of importance, the gain G 1  of gain stage 110 and the gain G 2  of gain stage 120 may be selected prior to the receipt of each input voltage sample. In this manner, the gain factor of each input voltage sample may be selected independently from the gain factor used in conjunction with other input voltage samples. When it is desired to initialize the integrator stage 130, the steps are repeated beginning with step T 0 . 
     Thus, utilizing this invention a switched capacitor gain stage utilizing a capacitor array may be programmed to one of a plurality of desired gains. Furthermore, the effects of the inherent offset voltages of the operational amplifiers used in the circuit are eliminated. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Time Events             Comments______________________________________T.sub.0Switches open:            41, 34, 35,                       Initialize integrator            37, 106    stage 130Switches close:            40, 42, 44T.sub.1Switches open:            12, 23, 21,                       Initialize gain stages            32, 57     110, 120 and capacitor                       arrays 100, 101Switches close:            13, 24, 20, 31,            22, 33T.sub.2Switches open:            40, 42, 44 V.sub.off3 available onSwitches close:            41         node 190. Integration                       stage 130 in integration                       modeT.sub.3Switches within capacitor                   Select gain factors G.sub.1arrays 100 and 101 operate                   and G.sub.2 via capacitor                   arrays 100 and 101T.sub.4Switches open:            24, 20, 31,                       Store G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +            13, 22, 33 V.sub.off2 - V.sub.off3 onSwitches close:            23, 34, 37,                       capacitor 36            21, 32, 57T.sub.5Switches open:            34, 37     Store (0 - V.sub.off3) onSwitches close:            35, 106    capacitor 36, thereby                       integrating -(G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 +                       V.sub.off2) on capacitor 39T.sub.6Switches open:            34, 106, 23,                       Store (0 - V.sub.off3) on            57, 12, 21, 32                       capacitor 36. Initial-Switches close:            35, 37, 13, 22,                       ize gain stages 110,            33, 31, 20, 24                       120 and capacitor                       arrays 110, 101T.sub.7Switches open:            13, 35, 37, 22,                       Store (G.sub.1 G.sub.2 V.sub.in +            33, 20. 31, 24                       G.sub.2 V.sub.off1 + V.sub.off2) -Switches close:            12, 34, 106,                       V.sub.off3 on capacitor 36,            21, 32, 23 thereby integrating                       G.sub.1 G.sub.2 V.sub.in + G.sub.2 V.sub.off1                       +                       V.sub.off2 on capacitor 39.                       Total charge stored                       on capacitor 39 from                       steps T.sub.5 and T.sub.7 is                       equal to G.sub.1 G.sub.2 V.sub.inRepeat steps T.sub.3 -T.sub.7 until integrator stageis to be reinitialized. For reinitializationof integrator stage, begin at step T.sub.0.______________________________________