Abstract:
Disclosed are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with hypertension, end stage renal disease due to hypertension non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, end stage renal disease due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease due to hypertension, cerebrovascular accident due to hypertension, cataracts due to hypertension, cardiomyopathy with hypertension, myocardial infarction due to hyper-tension, atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accident non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, ischemic cardiomyopathy, ischemic cardiomyopathy with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cholecystectomy, degenerative joint disease, end stage renal disease and frequent de-clots, end stage renal disease due to focal segmental glomerular sclerosis, end stage renal disease due to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or seizure disorder. Also disclosed are methods for using the SNPs to determine susceptibility to these diseases; nucleotide sequences containing the SNPs; kits for determining the presence of the SNPs; and methods of treatment or prophylaxis based on the presence of the SNPs.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    This invention relates to detection of individuals at risk for pathological conditions based on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions 2239 and 2657 on the human endothelin-1 (EDN-1) promoter.  
           [0002]    During the course of evolution, spontaneous mutations appear in the genomes of organisms. It has been estimated that variations in genomic DNA sequences are created continuously at a rate of about 100 new single base changes per individual (Kondrashow,  J. Theor. Biol.,  175:583-594, 1995; Crow,  Exp. Clin. Immunogenet.,  12:121-128, 1995). These changes, in the progenitor nucleotide sequences, may confer an evolutionary advantage, in which case the frequency of the mutation will likely increase, an evolutionary disadvantage in which case the frequency of the mutation is likely to decrease, or the mutation will be neutral. In certain cases, the mutation may be lethal in which case the mutation is not passed on to the next generation and skis quickly eliminated from the population. In many cases, an equilibrium is established between the progenitor and mutant sequences so that both are present in the population. The presence of both forms of the sequence results in genetic variation or polymorphism. Over time, a significant number of mutations can accumulate within a population such that considerable polymorphism can exist between individuals within the population.  
           [0003]    Numerous types of polymorphisms are known to exist. Polymorphisms can be created when DNA sequences are either inserted or deleted from the genome, for example, by viral insertion. Another source of sequence variation can be caused by the presence of repeated sequences in the genome variously termed short tandem repeats (STR), variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), short sequence repeats (SSR) or microsatellites. These repeats can be dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide or pentanucleotide repeats. Polymorphism results from variation in the number of repeated sequences found at a particular locus.  
           [0004]    By far the most common source of variation in the genome is the single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. SNPs account for approximately 90% of human DNA polymorphism (Collins et al.,  Genome Res.,  8:1229-1231, 1998). SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in a population. In addition, the least frequent allele must occur at a frequency of 1% or greater. Several definitions of SNPs exist in the literature (Brooks,  Gene,  234:177-186, 1999). As used herein, the term “single nucleotide polymorphism” or “SNP” includes all single base variants and so includes nucleotide insertions and deletions in addition to single nucleotide substitutions (e.g. A→G). Nucleotide substitutions are of two types. A transition is the replacement of one purine by another purine or one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine. A transversion is the replacement of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.  
           [0005]    The typical frequency at which SNPs are observed is about 1 per 1000 base pairs (Li and Sadler,  Genetics,  129:513-523, 1991; Wang et al.,  Science,  280:1077-1082, 1998; Harding et al.,  Am. J. Human Genet.,  60:772-789, 1997; Taillon-Miller et al.,  Genome Res.,  8:748-754, 1998). The frequency of SNPs varies with the type and location of the change. In base substitutions, two-thirds of the substitutions involve the C⇄T (G⇄A) type. This variation in frequency is thought to be related to 5-methylcytosine deamination reactions that occur frequently, particularly at CpG dinucleotides. In regard to location, SNPs occur at a much higher frequency in non-coding regions than they do in coding regions.  
           [0006]    SNPs can be associated with disease conditions in humans or animals. The association can be direct, as in the case of genetic diseases where the alteration in the genetic code caused by the SNP directly results in the disease condition. Examples of diseases in which single nucleotide polymorphisms result in disease conditions are sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. The association can also be indirect, where the SNP does not directly cause the disease but alters the physiological environment such that there is an increased likelihood that the patient will develop the disease. SNPs can also be associated with disease conditions, but play no direct or indirect role in causing the disease. In this case, the SNP is located close to the defective gene, usually within 5 centimorgans, such that there is a strong association between the presence of the SNP and the disease state. Because of the high frequency of SNPs within the genome, there is a greater probability that a SNP will be linked to a genetic locus of interest than other types of genetic markers.  
           [0007]    Disease associated SNPs can occur in coding and non-coding regions of the genome. When located in a coding region, the presence of the SNP can result in the production of a protein that is non-functional or has decreased function. More frequently, SNPs occur in non-coding regions. If the SNP occurs in a regulatory region, it may affect expression of the protein. For example, the presence of a SNP in a promoter region, may cause decreased expression of a protein. If the protein is involved in protecting the body against development of a pathological condition, this decreased expression can make the individual more susceptible to the condition.  
           [0008]    Numerous methods exist for the detection of SNPs within a nucleotide sequence. A review of many of these methods can be found in Landegren et al.,  Genome Res.,  8:769-776, 1998. SNPs can be detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,324,631; 5,645,995). RFLP analysis of the SNPs, however, is limited to cases where the SNP either creates or destroys a restriction enzyme cleavage site. SNPs can also be detected by direct sequencing of the nucleotide sequence of interest. Numerous assays based on hybridization have also been developed to detect SNPs. In addition, mismatch distinction by polymerases and ligases has also been used to detect SNPs.  
           [0009]    There is growing recognition that SNPs can provide a powerful tool for the detection of individuals whose genetic make-up alters their susceptibility to certain diseases. There are four primary reasons why SNPs are especially suited for the identification of genotypes which predispose an individual to develop a disease condition. First, SNPs are by far the most prevalent type of polymorphism present in the genome and so are likely to be present in or near any locus of interest. Second, SNPs located in genes can be expected to directly affect protein structure or expression levels and so may serve not only as markers but as candidates for gene therapy treatments to cure or prevent a disease. Third, SNPs show greater genetic stability than repeated sequences and so are less likely to undergo changes which would complicate diagnosis. Fourth, the increasing efficiency of methods of detection of SNPs make them especially suitable for high throughput typing systems necessary to screen large populations.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0010]    The present inventor has discovered novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the development of various diseases, including hypertension (HTN), end stage renal disease due to hypertension (ESRD due to HTN), non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), end stage renal disease due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (ESRD due to NIDDM), lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease due to hypertension (ASPVD due to HTN), cerebrovascular accident due to hypertension (CVA due to HTN), cataracts due to hypertension (cataracts due to HTN), cardiomyopathy with hypertension (HTN CM), myocardial infarction due to hypertension (MI due to HTN), atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPVD due to NIDDM), cerebrovascular accident due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (CVA due to NIDDM), ischemic cardiomyopathy (Ischemic CM), ischemic cardiomyopathy with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Ischemic CM with NIDDM), myocardial infarction due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (MI due to NIDDM), atrial fibrillation without valvular disease (afib without valvular disease), alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cholecystectomy, degenerative joint disease (DJD), end stage renal disease and frequent de-clots (ESRD and frequent de-clots), end stage renal disease due to focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (ESRD due to FSGS), end stage renal disease due to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (ESRD due to IDDM), or seizure disorder. As such, this polymorphism provides a method for diagnosing a genetic predisposition for the development of these diseases in individuals. Information obtained from the detection of SNPs associated with the development of these diseases is of great value in their treatment and prevention.  
           [0011]    Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a method for diagnosing a genetic predisposition for HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder in a subject, comprising obtaining a sample containing at least one polynucleotide from the subject, and analyzing the polynucleotide to detect a genetic polymorphism wherein the presence or absence of said genetic polymorphism is associated with an altered susceptibility to developing HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder. In one embodiment, the polymorphism is located in the EDN-1 gene.  
           [0012]    Another aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising at least 10 contiguous nucleotides from SEQ ID NO: 1, or their complements, wherein the sequence contains at least one polymorphic site associated with a disease and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder.  
           [0013]    Yet another aspect of the invention is a kit for the detection of a polymorphism comprising, at a minimum, at least one polynucleotide of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, or their complements, wherein the polynucleotide contains at least one polymorphic site associated with HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder.  
           [0014]    Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method for treating HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast canter, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder comprising, obtaining a sample of biological material containing at least one polynucleotide from the subject; analyzing the polynucleotide to detect the presence of at least one polymorphism associated with HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder; and treating the subject in such a way as to counteract the effect of any such polymorphism detected.  
           [0015]    Still another aspect of the invention provides a method for the prophylactic treatment of a subject with a genetic predisposition to HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder comprising, obtaining a sample of biological material containing at least one polynucleotide from the subject; analyzing the polynucleotide to detect the presence of at least one polymorphism associated with HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder, and treating the subject.  
           [0016]    Further scope of the applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description and drawings provided below. It should be understood, however, that the following detailed description and examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 shows SEQ ID NO: 1, the nucleotide sequence of the EDN-1 promoter region as contained in GenBank Accession Number J05008. 1. Position of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are here given according to the numbering scheme in GenBank Accession Number J05008.1. Thus, all nucleotides will be positively numbered, rather than bear negative numbers reflecting their position upstream from the RNA polymerase II binding site (a TATA box in about half of eukaryotic genes), the transcription initiation site (a variable number of nucleotides downstream of, i.e. 3′ to, the TATA box), the translation start site, or the first codon of the encoded protein (the “A” of the “ATO” codon for methionine, the first amino acid of every protein). Since not all genes are fully annotated, and not all promoter sequences contain elements far downstream such as the “ATG” encoding the first methionine in the translated protein, the numbering system used in this patent application is less troublesome. 
     
    
       [0019]    The various numbering systems can be easily interconverted, if desired. According to the annotation of Accession Number, the TATA box is located at position 3577. The first exon begins at position 3608. The position of the ATG codon for the first amino acid (methionine) of the protein is at position 3876.  
         [0020]    The first SNP mentioned below is located at position 2239 of Accession Number J05008.1. According to the annotation of Accession Number J05008.1, the transcription start site is position 3608. Therefore, the T2239→G SNP would be −1369 relative to the transcription start position. Further, according to the annotation of Accession Number J05008.1, the position of the “A” of the ATG codon for the first amino acid (methionine) of the protein, i.e.—the translation start site, is at position 3876. The T2239→G SNP corresponds to −1637 with reference to the translation initiation site (the “A” of the first encoded “ATG”).  
         [0021]    The second SNP mentioned below (A2657→C) is located at position 2657 according to the numbering scheme of GenBank Accession Number Jp05008.1. Again, according to the annotation of Accession Number J05008.1, the transcription start site is position 3608. Therefore, the A2657→C SNP would be −951 relative to the transcription start position. Further, according to the annotation of Accession Number J05008.1, the position of the “A” of the ATG codon for the first amino acid (methionine) of the protein, i.e.—the translation start site, is at position 3876. The A2657→C SNP corresponds to −1219 with reference to the translation initiation site (the “A” of the first encoded “ATG”).  
       DEFINITIONS  
       [0022]    nt=nucleotide  
         [0023]    bp=base pair  
         [0024]    kb=kilobase; 1000 base pairs  
         [0025]    ASPVD=atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease  
         [0026]    COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  
         [0027]    CVA=cerebrovascular accident  
         [0028]    DJD=degenerative joint disease, also know as osteoarthritis  
         [0029]    DOL=dye-labeled oligonucleotide ligation assay  
         [0030]    ESRD=end-stage renal disease  
         [0031]    FSGS=focal segmental glomerular sclerosis  
         [0032]    HTN=hypertension  
         [0033]    MASDA=multiplexed allele-specific diagnostic assay  
         [0034]    MADGE=microtiter array diagonal gel electrophoresis  
         [0035]    MI=myocardial infarction  
         [0036]    NIDDM=noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus  
         [0037]    OLA=oligonucleotide ligation assay  
         [0038]    PCR=polymerase chain reaction  
         [0039]    RFLP=restriction fragment length polymorphism  
         [0040]    SNP=single nucleotide polymorphism  
         [0041]    “Polynucleotide” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably and mean a linear polymer of at least 2 nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds and may consist of either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides.  
         [0042]    “Sequence” means the linear order in which monomers occur in a polymer, for example, the order of albino acids in a polypeptide or the order of nucleotides in a polynucleotide.  
         [0043]    “Polymorphism” refers to a set of genetic variants at a particular genetic locus among individuals in a population.  
         [0044]    “Promoter” means a regulatory sequence of DNA that is involved in the binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of a gene. A “gene” is a segment of DNA involved in producing a peptide, polypeptide, or protein, including the coding region, non-coding regions preceding (“leader”) and following (“trailer”) coding region, as well as intervening non-coding sequences (“introns” between individual coding segments (“exons”). A promoter is herein considered as a part of the corresponding gene. Coding refers to the representation of amino acids, start and stop signals in a three base “triplet” code. Promoters are often upstream (“5′ to”) the transcription initiation site of the gene.  
         [0045]    “Gene therapy” means the introduction of a functional gene or genes from some source by any suitable method into a living cell to correct for a genetic defect.  
         [0046]    “Reference allele” or “reference type” means the allele designated in the Gen Bank sequence listing for a given gene, in this case Gen Bank Accession Number J05008.1 for the endothelin-1 gene.  
         [0047]    “Genetic variant” or “variant” means a specific genetic variant which is present at a particular genetic locus in at least one individual in a population and that differs from the reference type.  
         [0048]    As used herein the terms “patient” and “subject” are not limited to human beings, but are intended to include all vertebrate animals in addition to human beings.  
         [0049]    As used herein the terms “genetic predisposition”, “genetic susceptibility” and “susceptibility” all refer to the likelihood that an individual subject will develop a particular disease, condition or disorder. For example, a subject with an increased susceptibility or predisposition will be more likely than average to develop a disease, while a subject with a decreased predisposition will be less likely than average to develop the disease. A genetic variant is associated with an altered susceptibility or predisposition if the allele frequency of the genetic variant in a population or subpopulation with a disease, condition or disorder varies from its allele frequency in the population without the disease, condition or disorder (control population) or a control sequence (reference type) by at least 1%, preferably by at least 2%, more preferably by at least 4% and more preferably still by at least 8%. Altematively, an odds ratio of 1.5 was chosen as the threshold of significance based on the recommendation of Austin et al. in  Epidemiol. Rev.,  16:65-76, 1994. “[E]pidemiology in general and case-control studies in particular are not well suited for detecting weak associations (odds ratios &lt;1.5).” Id. at 66.  
         [0050]    As used herein “isolated nucleic acid” means a species of the invention that is the predominate species present (i.e., on a molar basis it is more abundant than any other individual species in the composition). Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid comprises at least about 50, 80 or 90 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present. Most preferably, the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (contaminant species cannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods).  
         [0051]    As used herein, “allele frequency” means the frequency that a given allele appears in a population.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0052]    All publications, patents, patent applications and other references cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent, patent application or other reference were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.  
         [0053]    Novel Polymorphisms  
         [0054]    The present application provides single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a gene associated with HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder. The first polymorphism is a T to G transversion at position 2239 and the second polymorphism is an A to C substitution at position 2657, both of the EDN-1 promoter.  
         [0055]    Preparation of Samples  
         [0056]    The presence of genetic variants in the above genes or their control regions, or in any other genes that may affect susceptibility to disease is determined by screening nucleic acid sequences from a population of individuals for such variants. The population is preferably comprised of some individuals with the disease of interest, so that any genetic variants that are found can be correlated with disease. The population is also preferably comprised of some individuals that have known risk for the disease. The population should preferably be large enough to have a reasonable chance of finding individuals with the sought-after genetic variant. As the size of the population increases, the ability to find significant correlations between a particular genetic variant and susceptibility to disease also increases.  
         [0057]    The nucleic acid sequence can be DNA or RNA. For the assay of genomic DNA, virtually any biological sample containing genomic DNA (e.g., not pure red blood cells) can be used. For example, and without limitation, genomic DNA can be conveniently obtained from whole blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, fecal material, sweat, buccal cells, skin or hair. For assays using cDNA or mRNA, the target nucleic acid must be obtained from cells or tissues that express the target sequence. One preferred source and quantity of DNA is 10 to 30 ml of anticoagulated whole blood, since enough DNA can be extracted from leukocytes in such a sample to perform many repetitions of the analysis contemplated herein.  
         [0058]    Many of the methods described herein require the amplification of DNA from target samples. This can be accomplished by any method known in the art but preferably is by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Optimization of conditions for conducting PCR must be determined for each reaction and can be accomplished without undue experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art. In general, methods for conducting PCR can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos 4,965,188, 4,800,159, 4,683,202, and 4,683,195; Ausbel et al., eds.,  Short Protocols in Molecular Biology,  3 rd  ed., Wiley, 1995; and Innis et al., eds.,  PCR Protocols,  Academic Press, 1990.  
         [0059]    Other amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR) (see, Wu and Wallace,  Genomics,  4:560-569, 1989; Landegren et al.,  Science,  241:1077-1080, 1988), transcription amplification (Kwoh et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  86:1173-1177, 1989), self-sustained sequence replication (Guatelli et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  87:1874-1878, 1990), and nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA). The latter two amplification methods involve isothermal reactions based on isothermal transcription, which produces both single stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) as the amplification products in a ratio of about 30 or 100 to 1, respectively.  
         [0060]    Detection of Polymorphisms  
         [0061]    Detection of Unknown Polymorphisms  
         [0062]    Two types of detection are contemplated within the present invention. The first type involves detection of unknown SNPs by comparing nucleotide target sequences from individuals in order to detect sites of polymorphism. If the most common sequence of the target nucleotide sequence is not known, it can be determined by analyzing individual humans, animals or plants with the greatest diversity possible. Additionally the frequency of sequences found in subpopulations characterized by such factors as geography or gender can be determined.  
         [0063]    The presence of genetic variants and in particular SNPs is determined by screening the DNA and/or RNA of a population of individuals for such variants. If it is desired to detect variants associated with a particular disease or pathology, the population is preferably comprised of some individuals with the disease or pathology, so that any genetic variants that are found can be correlated with the disease of interest. It is also preferable that the population be composed of individuals with known risk factors for the disease. The populations should preferably be large enough to have a reasonable chance to find correlations between a particular genetic variant and susceptibility to the disease of interest. In addition, the allele frequency of the genetic variant in a population or subpopulation with the disease or pathology should vary from its allele frequency in the population without the disease or pathology (control population) or the control sequence (reference type) by at least 1%, preferably by at least 2%, more preferably by at least 4% and more preferably still by at least 8%.  
         [0064]    Determination of unknown genetic variants, and in particular SNPs, within a particular nucleotide sequence among a population may be determined by any method known in the art, for example and without limitation, direct sequencing, restriction length fragment polymorphism (RFLP), single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), heteroduplex analysis (HET), chemical cleavage analysis (CCM) and ribonuclease cleavage.  
         [0065]    Methods for direct sequencing of nucleotide sequences are well known to those skilled in the art and can be found for example in Ausubel et al., eds.,  Short Protocols in Molecular Biology,  3 rd  ed., Wiley, 1995 and Sambrook et al.,  Molecular Cloning,  2 nd  ed., Chap. 13, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. Sequencing can be carried out by any suitable method, for example, dideoxy sequencing (Sanger et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  74:5463-5467, 1977), chemical sequencing (Maxam and Gilbert,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  74:560-564, 1977) or variations thereof. Direct sequencing has the advantage of determining variation in any base pair of a particular sequence.  
         [0066]    RFLP analysis (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,324,631 and 5,645,995) is useful for detecting the presence of genetic variants at a locus in a population when the variants differ in the size of a probed restriction fragment within the locus, such that the difference between the variants can be visualized by electrophoresis. Such differences will occur when a variant creates or eliminates a restriction site within the probed fragment. RFLP analysis is also useful for detecting a large insertion or deletion within the probed fragment. Thus, RFLP analysis is useful for detecting, e.g., an Alu sequence insertion or deletion in a probed DNA segment.  
         [0067]    Single-strand conformational polymorphisms (SSCPs) can be detected in &lt;220 bp PCR amplicons with high sensitivity (Orita et al,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  86:2766-2770, 1989; Warren et al., In:  Current Protocols in Human Genetics,  Dracopoli et al., eds, Wiley, 1994, 7.4.1-7.4.6.). Double strands are first heat-denatured. The single strands are then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions at constant temperature (i.e., low voltage and long run times) at two different temperatures, typically 4-10° C. and 23° C. (room temperature). At low temperatures (4-10° C.), the secondary structure of short single strands (degree of intrachain hairpin formation) is sensitive to even single nucleotide changes, and can be detected as a large change in electrophoretic mobility. The method is empirical, but highly reproducible, suggesting the existence of a very limited number of folding pathways for short DNA strands at the critical temperature. Polymorphisms appear as new banding patterns when the gel is stained.  
         [0068]    Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can detect single base mutations based on differences in migration between homo- and heteroduplexes (Myers et al.,  Nature,  313:495-498, 1985). The DNA sample to be tested is hybridized to a labeled reference type probe. The duplexes formed are then subjected to electrophoresis through a polyacrylamide gel that contains a gradient of DNA denaturant parallel to the direction of electrophoresis. Heteroduplexes formed due to single base variations are detected on the basis of differences in migration between the heteroduplexes and the homoduplexes formed.  
         [0069]    In heteroduplex analysis (HET) (Keen et al.,  Trends Genet. 7:5, 1991), genomic DNA is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction followed by an additional denaturing step which increases the chance of heteroduplex formation in heterozygous individuals. The PCR products are then separated on Hydrolink gels where the presence of the heteroduplex is observed as an additional band.  
         [0070]    Chemical cleavage analysis (CCM) is based on the chemical reactivity of thymine (T) when mismatched with cytosine, guanine or thymine and the chemical reactivity of cytosine (C) when mismatched with thymine, adenine or cytosine (Cotton et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  85:4397-4401, 1988). Duplex DNA formed by hybridization of a reference type probe with the DNA to be examined, is treated with osmium tetroxide for T and C mismatches and hydroxylamine for C mismatches. T and C mismatched bases that have reacted with the hydroxylamine or osmium tetroxide are then cleaved with piperidine. The cleavage products are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis.  
         [0071]    Ribonuclease cleavage involves enzymatic cleavage of RNA at a single base mismatch in an RNA:DNA hybrid (Myers et al.,  Science  230:1242-1246, 1985). A  32 P labeled RNA probe complementary to the reference type DNA is annealed to the test DNA and then treated with ribonuclease A. If a mismatch occurs, ribonuclease A will cleave the RNA probe and the location of the mismatch can then be determined by size analysis of the cleavage products following gel electrophoresis.  
         [0072]    Detection of Known Polymorphisms  
         [0073]    The second type of polymorphism detection involves determining which form of a known polymorphism is present in individuals for diagnostic or epidemiological purposes. In addition to the already discussed methods for detection of polymorphisms, several methods have been developed to detect known SNPs. Many of these assays have been reviewed by Landegren et al.,  Genome Res.,  8:769-776, 1998, and will only be briefly reviewed here.  
         [0074]    One type of assay has been termed an array hybridization assay, an example of which is the multiplexed allele-specific diagnostic assay (MASDA) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,181; Shuber et al.,  Hum. Molec. Genet.,  6:337-347, 1997). In MASDA, samples from multiplex PCR are immobilized on a solid support. A single hybridization is conducted with a pool of labeled allele specific oligonucleotides (ASO). Any ASOs that hybridize to the samples are removed from the pool of ASOs. The support is then washed to remove unhybridized ASOs remaining in the pool. Labeled ASOs remaining on the support are detected and eluted from the support. The eluted ASOs are then sequenced to determine the mutation present.  
         [0075]    Two assays depend on hybridization-based allele-discrimination during PCR. The TaqMan assay (U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,233; Livak et al.,  Nature Genet.,  9:341-342, 1995) uses allele specific (ASO) probes with a donor dye on one end and an acceptor dye on the other end, such that the dye pair interact via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A target sequence is amplified by PCR modified to include the addition of the labeled ASO probe. The PCR conditions are adjusted so that a single nucleotide difference will effect binding of the probe. Due to the 5′ nuclease activity of the Taq polymerase enzyme, a perfectly complementary probe is cleaved during the PCR while a probe with a single mismatched base is not cleaved. Cleavage of the probe dissociates the donor dye from the quenching acceptor dye, greatly increasing the donor fluorescence.  
         [0076]    An alternative to the TaqMan assay is the molecular beacons assay (U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,517; Tyagi et al.,  Nature Biotech.,  16:49-53, 1998). In the molecular beacons          method for real time detection of the presence of target sequences or can be used after amplification.  
         [0077]    High throughput screening for SNPs that affect restriction sites can be achieved by Microtiter Array Diagonal Gel Electrophoresis (MADGE) (Day and Humphries,  Anal. Biochem.,  222:389-395, 1994). In this assay restriction fragment digested PCR products are loaded onto stackable horizontal gels with the wells arrayed in a nicrotiter format. During electrophoresis, the electric field is applied at an angle relative to the columns and rows of the wells allowing products from a large number of reactions to be resolved.  
         [0078]    Additional assays for SNPs depend on mismatch distinction by polymerases and ligases. The polymerization step in PCR places high stringency requirements on correct base pairing of the 3′ end of the hybridizing primers. This has allowed the use of PCR for the rapid detection of single base changes in DNA by using specifically designed oligonucleotides in a method variously called PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) (Sommer et al.,  Mayo Clin. Proc.,  64:1361-1372, 1989; Sarker et al.,  Anal. Biochem.,  1990), allele-specific amplification (ASA), allele-specific ICR, and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) (Newton et al.,  Nuc. Acids Res.,  1989; Nichols et al.,  Genomics,  1989; Wu et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  1989). In these methods, an oligonucleotide primer is designed that perfectly matches one allele but mismatches the other allele at or near the 3′ end. This results in the preferential amplification of one allele over the other. By using three primers that produce two differently sized products, it can be determined whether an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for the mutation (Dutton and Sommer,  BioTechlniques,  11:700-702, 1991). In another method, termed bi-PASA, four primers are used; two outer primers that bind at different distances from the site of the SNP and two allele specific inner primers (Liu et al.,  Genome Res.,  7:389-398, 1997). Each of the inner primers has a non-complementary 5′ end and form a mismatch near the 3′ end if the proper allele is not present. Using this system, zygosity is determined based on the size and number of PCR products produced.  
         [0079]    The joining by DNA ligases of two oligonucleotides hybridized to a target DNA sequence is quite sensitive to mismatches close to the ligation site, especially at the 3′ end. This sensitivity has been utilized in the oligonucleotide ligation assay (Landegren et al.,  Science,  241:1077-1080, 1988) and the ligase chain reaction (LCR; Barany,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  88:189-193, 1991). In OLA, the sequence surrounding the SNP is first amplified by PCR, whereas in LCR, genomic DNA can be used as a template.  
         [0080]    In one method for mass screening for SNPs based on the OLA, amplified DNA templates are analyzed for their ability to serve as templates for ligation reactions between labeled oligonucleotide probes (Samotiaki et al.,  Genomics,  20:238-242, 1994). In this assay, two allele-specific probes labeled with either of two lanthanide labels (europium or terbium) compete for ligation to a third biotin labeled phosphorylated oligonucleotide and the signals from the allele specific oligonucleotides are compared by time-resolved fluorescence. After ligation, the oligonucleotides are collected on an avidin-coated 96-pin capture manifold. The collected oligonucleotides are then transferred to microtiter wells in which the europium and terbium ions are released. The fluorescence from the europium ions is determined for each well, followed by measurement of the terbium fluorescence.  
         [0081]    In alternative gel-based OLA assays, numerous SNPs can be detected simultaneously using multiplex PCR and multiplex ligation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,711; Day et al.,  Genomics,  29:152-162, 1995; Grossman et al.,  Nuc. Acids Res.,  22:4527-4534, 1994). In these assays, allele specific oligonucleotides with different markers, for example, fluorescent dyes, are used. The ligation products are then analyzed together by electrophoresis on an automatic DNA sequencer distinguishing markers by size and alleles by fluorescence. In the assay by Grossman et al., 1994, mobility is further modified by the presence of a non-nucleotide mobility modifier on one of the oligonucleotides.  
         [0082]    A further modification of the ligation assay has been termed the dye-labeled oligonucleotide ligation (DOL) assay (U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,283; Chen et al.,  Genome Res.,  8:549-556, 1998). DOL combines PCR and the oligonucleotide ligation reaction in a two-stage thermal cycling sequence with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) detection. In the assay, labeled ligation oligonucleotides are designed to have annealing temperatures lower than those of the amplification primers. After amplification, the temperature is lowered to a temperature where the ligation oligonucleotides can anneal and be ligated together. This assay requires the use of a thermostable ligase and a thermostable DNA polymerase without 5′ nuclease activity. Because FRET occurs only when the donor and acceptor dyes are in close proximity, ligation is inferred by the change in fluorescence.  
         [0083]    In another method for the detection of SNPs termed minisequencing, the target-dependent addition by a polymerase of a specific nucleotide immediately downstream (3′) to a single primer is used to determine which allele is present (U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,710). Using this method, several SNPs can be analyzed in parallel by separating locus specific primers on the basis of size via electrophoresis and determining allele specific incorporation using labeled nucleotides.  
         [0084]    Determination of individual SNPs using solid phase minisequencing has been described by Syvanen et al.,  Am. J. Hum. Genet.,  52:46-59, 1993. In this method the sequence including the polymorphic site is amplified by PCR using one amplification primer which is biotinylated on its 5′ end. The biotinylated PCR products are captured in streptavidin-coated microtitration wells, the wells washed, and the captured PCR products denatured. A sequencing primer is then added whose 3′ end binds immediately prior to the polymorphic site, and the primer is elongated by a DNA polymerase with one single labeled DINP complementary to the nucleotide at the polymorphic site. After the elongation reaction, the sequencing primer is released and the presence of the labeled nucleotide detected. Alternatively, dye labeled dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) can be used in the elongation reaction (U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,819; Shumaker et al.,  Human Mut.,  7:346-354, 1996). In this method, incorporation of the ddNTP is determined using an automatic gel sequencer.  
         [0085]    Minisequencing has also been adapted for use with microarrals (Shumaker et al.,  Human Mut.,  7:346-354, 1996). In this case, elongation (extension) primers are attached to a solid support such as a glass slide. Methods for construction of oligonucleotide arrays are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be found, for example, in  Nature Genetics,  Suppl., Vol. 21, January, 1999. PCR products are spotted on the array and allowed to anneal. The extension (elongation) reaction is carried out using a polymerase, a labeled dNTP and noncompeting ddNTPs. Incorporation of the labeled dNTP is then detected by the appropriate means. In a variation of this method suitable for use with multiplex PCR, extension is accomplished with the use of the appropriate labeled ddNTP and unlabeled ddNTPs (Pastinen et al.,  Genome Res.,  7:606-614, 1997).  
         [0086]    Solid phase minisequencing has also been used to detect multiple polymorphic nucleotides from different templates in an undivided sample (Pastinen et al.,  Clin. Chem.,  42:1391-1397, 1996). In this method, biotinylated PCR products are captured on the avidin-coated manifold support and rendered single stranded by alkaline treatment. The manifold is then placed serially in four reaction mixtures containing extension primers of varying lengths, a DNA polymerase and a labeled ddNTP, and the extension reaction allowed to proceed. The manifolds are inserted into the slots of a gel containing formamide which releases the extended primers from the template. The extended primers are then identified by size and fluorescence on a sequencing instrument.  
         [0087]    Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been used in combination with minisequencing to detect SNPs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,283; Chen et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  94:10756-10761, 1997). In this method, the extension primers are labeled with a fluorescent dye, for example fluorescein. The ddNTPs used in primer extension are labeled with an appropriate FRET dye. Incorporation of the ddNTPs is determined by changes in fluorescence intensities.  
         [0088]    The above discussion of methods for the detection of SNPs is exemplary only and is not intended to be exhaustive. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to envision other methods for detection of SNPs that are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.  
         [0089]    In one embodiment the present invention provides a method for diagnosing a genetic predisposition for a disease. In this method, a biological sample is obtained from a subject. The subject can be a human being or any vertebrate animal. The biological sample must contain polynucleotides and preferably genomic DNA. Samples that do not contain genomic DNA, for example, pure samples of mammalian red blood cells, are not suitable for use in the method. The form of the polynucleotide is not critically important such that the use of DNA, cDNA, RNA or mRNA is contemplated within the scope of the method. The polynucleotide is then analyzed to detect the presence of a genetic variant where such variant is associated with an increased risk of developing a disease, condition or disorder, and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder. In one embodiment, the genetic variant is at one of the polymorphic sites contained in Table 17. In another embodiment, the genetic variant is one of the variants contained in Table 17 or the complement of any of the variants contained in Table 17. Any method capable of detecting a genetic variant, including any of the methods previously discussed, can be used. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, those methods based on sequencing, mini sequencing, hybridization, restriction fragment analysis, oligonucleotide ligation, or allele specific PCR.  
         [0090]    The present invention is also directed to an isolated nucleic acid sequence of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides from SEQ ID NO: 1, or the complements of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one preferred embodiment, the sequence contains at least one polymorphic site associated with a disease, and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder. In one embodiment, the genetic variant is at one of the polymorphic sites contained in Table 17. In another embodiment, the genetic variant is one of the variants contained in Table 17 or the complement of any of the variants contained in Table 17. In yet another embodiment, the polymorphic site, which may or may not also include a genetic variant, is located at the 3′ end of the polynucleotide. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide further contains a detectable marker. Suitable markers include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, such as radionuclides, fluorophores or fluorochromes, peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, vitamins or steroids.  
         [0091]    The present invention also includes kits for the detection of polymorphisms associated with diseases, conditions or disorders, and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DID, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder. The kits contain, at a minimum, at least one polynucleotide of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1, or the complements of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the genetic variant is at one of the polymorphic sites contained in Table 17. Alternatively the 3′ end of the polynucleotide is immediately 5′ to a polymorphic site, preferably a polymorphic site selected from the sites in Table 17. In another embodiment, the genetic variant is one of the variants contained in Table 17 or the complement of any of the variants contained in Table 17. In still another embodiment, the genetic variant is located at the 3′ end of the polynucleotide. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide of the kit contains a detectable label. Suitable labels include, but are not limited to, radioactive labels, such as radionuclides, fluorophores or fluorochromes, peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, vitamins or steroids.  
         [0092]    In addition, the kit may also contain additional materials for detection of the polymorphisms. For example, and without limitation, the kits may contain buffer solutions, enzymes, nucleotide triphosphates, and other reagents and materials necessary for the detection of genetic polymorphisms. Additionally, the kits may contain instructions for conducting analyses of samples for the presence of polymorphisms and for interpreting the results obtained.  
         [0093]    In yet another embodiment the present invention provides a method for designing a treatment regime for a patient having a disease, condition or disorder and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder caused either directly or indirectly by the presence of one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this method genetic material from a patient, for example, DNA, cDNA, RNA or mRNA is screened for the presence of one or more SNPs associated with the disease of interest. Depending on the type and location of the SNP, a treatment regime is designed to counteract the effect of the SNP.  
         [0094]    Alternatively, information gained from analyzing genetic material for the presence of polymorphisms can be used to design treatment regimes involving gene therapy. For example, detection of a polymorphism that either affects the expression of a gene or results in the production of a mutant protein can be used to design an artificial gene to aid in the production of normal, wild type protein or help restore normal gene expression. Methods for the construction of polynucleotide sequences encoding proteins and their associated regulatory elements are well know to those of ordinary skill in the art. Once designed, the gene can be placed in the individual by any suitable means known in the art ( Gene Therapy Technologies, Applications and Regulations,  Meager, ed., Wiley, 1999;  Gene Therapy: Principles and Applications,  Blankenstein, ed., Birkhauser Verlag, 1999; Jain,  Textbook of Gene Therapy,  Hogrefe and Huber, 1998).  
         [0095]    The present invention is also useful in designing prophylactic treatment regimes for patients determined to have an increased susceptibility to a disease, condition or disorder, and in particular HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HTN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma, COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder due to the presence of one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this embodiment, genetic material such as DNA, cDNA, RNA or mRNA, is obtained from a patient and screened for the presence of one or more SNPs associated either directly or indirectly to a disease, condition, disorder or other pathological condition. Based on this information, a treatment regime can be designed to decrease the risk of the patient developing the disease. Such treatment can include, but is not limited to, surgery, the administration of pharmaceutical compounds or nutritional supplements, and behavioral changes such as improved diet, increased exercise, reduced alcohol intake, smoking cessation, etc.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0096]    The positions of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) pre given according to the numbering scheme in GenBank Accession Number J05008.1. thus, all nucleotides will be positively numbered, rather than bear negative numbers reflecting their position upstream from the transcription initiation site, a scheme often used for promoters. The two numbering systems can be easily interconverted, if necessary. GenBank sequences can be found at http://www.nrbi.nlm.nih.gov/  
         [0097]    In the following examples, SNPs are written as “reference sequence nucleotide”→“variant nucleotide.” Changes in nucleotide sequences are indicated in bold print. The standard nucleotide abbreviations are used in which A=adenine, C=cytosine, G=guanine, T=thymine, M=A or C, R=A or G, W=A or T, S=C or G, Y=C or T, K=G or T, V=A or C or G, H=A or C or T; D=A or G or T; B=C or G or T; N=A or C or G or T.  
       Example 1  
     Detection of Novel Polymorphisms by Direct Sequencing of Leukocyte Genomic DNA  
       [0098]    Leukocytes were obtained from human whole blood collected with EDTA as an anticoagulant. Blood was obtained from a group of black men, black women, white men, and white women without any known disease. Blood was also obtained from individuals with HTN, ESRD due to HTN, NIDDM, ESRD due to NIDDM, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, ASPVD due to HEN, CVA due to HTN, cataracts due to HTN, HTN CM, MI due to HTN, ASPVD due to NIDDM, CVA due to NIDDM, Ischemic CM, Ischemic CM with NIDDM, MI due to NIDDM, afib without valvular disease, alcohol abuse, anxiety, asthma,.COPD, cholecystectomy, DJD, ESRD and frequent de-clots, ESRD due to FSGS, ESRD due to IDDM, or seizure disorder as indicated in the tables below.  
         [0099]    Genomic DNA was purified from the collected leukocytes using standard protocols well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology (Ausubel et al.,  Short Protocol in Molecular Biology,  3 rd  ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1995; Sambrook et al.,  Molecular Cloning,  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; and Davis et al.,  Basic Methods in Molecular Biology,  Elsevier Science Publishing, 1986). One hundred nanograms of purified genomic DNA were used in each PCR reaction.  
         [0100]    Standard PCR reaction conditions were used. Methods for conducting PCR are well known in the art and can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,965,188, 4,800,159, 4,683,202, and 4,683,195; Ausbel et al., eds.,  Short Protocols in Molecular Biology,  3 rd  ed., Wiley, 1995; and Innis et al., eds.,  PCR Protocols,  Academic Press, 1990.  
         [0101]    The first SNP T2239→G can be identified by PCR amplification of a specific region of the endothelin-1 promoter. The sequence of the sense primer was 5′-CTC CAT CCC CAG AAA AAC TG-3′, corresponding to nucleotides 2113 to 2132, inclusive. (SEQ ID NO: 2). The sequence of the anti-sense primer is 5′-AAG GAA GGT GGT GCT GAG AA-3′ corresponding to nucleotides 2490 to 2509, inclusive. (SEQ ID NO: 3). The PCR product spanned positions 2113 to 2509, inclusive, of the EDN1 gene.  
         [0102]    The second SNP A2657→C can be identified by PCR amplification of a specific region of the endothelin-1 promoter. The sense primer was 5′-GGG GGA TTT CAA GGT TAG AT -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4). The anti-sense primer was 5′-GAG AAG CCC CGA TAA GTT CTT T-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5). The PCR product thus produced spanned positions 2390 to 2924 of the human EDN-1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 1).  
         [0103]    The PCR reaction contained a total volume of 20 microliters (μl), consisting of 10 μl of a premade PCR reaction mix (Sigma “JumpStart Ready Mix with RED Taq Polymerase”). Primers at 10 μM were diluted to a final concentration of 0.3 μM in the PCR reaction mix. Approximately 25 ng of template leukocyte genomic DNA was used for each PCR amplification. After an initial 5 minutes denaturation at 94° C., 35 cycles were performed consisting of 45 seconds of denaturation at 94° C., 45 seconds of hybridization at 62° C., 45 seconds of extension at 72° C., followed by a final extension step of 10 minutes at 72° C.  
         [0104]    Post-PCR clean-up was performed as follows. PCR reactions were cleaned to remove unwanted primer and other impurities such as salts, enzymes, and unincorporated nucleotides that could inhibit sequencing. One of the following clean-up kits was used: Qiaquick-96 PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) or Multiscreen-PCR Plates (Millipore, discussed below).  
         [0105]    When using the Qiaquick protocol, PCR samples were added to the 96-well Qiaquick silica-gel membrane plate and a chaotropic salt, supplied as “PB Buffer,” was then added to each well. The PB Buffer caused the DNA to bind to the membrane. The plate was put onto the Qiagen vacuum manifold and vacuum was applied to the plate in order to pull sample and PB Buffer through the membrane. The filtrate was discarded. Next, the samples were washed twice using “PE Buffer.” Vacuum pressure was applied between each step to remove the buffer. Filtrate was similarly discarded after each wash. After the last PE Buffer wash, maximum vacuum pressure was applied to the membrane plate to generate maximum airflow through the membrane in order to evaporate residual ethanol left from the PE Buffer. The clean PCR product was then eluted from the filter using EB Buffer.” The filtrate contained the cleaned PCR product ad was collected. All buffers were supplied as part of the Qiaquick-96 PCR-Purification Kit. The vacuum manifold was also purchased from Qiagen for exclusive use with the Qiaquick-96 Purification Kit.  
         [0106]    When using the Millipore Multiscreen-PCR Plates, PCR samples were loaded into the wells of the Multiscreen-PCR Plate and the plate was then placed on a Millipore vacuum manifold. Vacuum pressure was applied for 10 minutes, and the filtrate was discarded. The plate was then removed from the vacuum manifold and 100 μl of Milli-Q water was added to each well to rehydrate the DNA samples. After shaking on a plate shaker for 5 minutes, the plate was replaced on the manifold and vacuum pressure was applied for 5 minutes. The filtrate was again discarded. The plate was removed and 60 μl Milli-Q water was added to each well to again rehydrate the DNA samples. After shaking on a plate shaker for 10 minutes, the 60 μl of cleaned PCR product was transferred from the Multiscreen-PCR plate to another 96-well plate by pipetting. The Millipore vacuum manifold was purchased from Millipore for exclusive use with the Multiscreen-PCR plates.  
         [0107]    Cycle sequencing was performed on the clean PCR product using an ABI Prism Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Perkin-Elmer). For a total volume of 20 μl, the following reagents were added to each well of a 96-well plate: 2.0 μl Terminator Ready Reaction mix, 3.0 μl 5× Sequencing Buffer (ABI), 5-10 μl template (30-90 ng double stranded DNA), 3.2 pM primer (primer used was the forward primer from the PCR reaction), and Milli-Q water to 20 μl total volume. The reaction plate was placed into a Hybaid thermal cycler block and programmed as follows: ×1 cycle: 1 degree/sec thermal ramp to 94° C., 94° C. for 1 min; ×35 cycles: 1 degree/sec thermal ramp to 94° C., then 94° C. for 10 sec, followed by 1 degree/sec thermal ramp to 50° C., then 50° C. for 10 sec, followed by 1 degree/sec thermal ramp to 60° C., then 60° C. for 4 minutes.  
         [0108]    The cycle sequencing reaction product was cleaned up to remove the unincorporated dye-labeled terminators that can obscure data at the beginning of the sequence. A precipitation protocol was used. To each sequencing reaction in the 96-well plate, 20 μl of Milli-Q water and 60 μl of 100% isopropanol was added. The plate was left at room temperature for at least 20 minutes to precipitate the extension products. The plate was spun in a plate centrifuge (Jouan) at 3,000×g for 30 minutes.  
         [0109]    Without disturbing the pellet, the supernatant was discarded by inverting the plate onto several paper tissues (Kimwipes) folded to the size of the plate. The inverted plate, with Kimwipes in place, was placed into the centrifuge (Jouan) and spun at 700×g for 1 minute. The Kimwipes were discarded and the samples were loaded onto a sequencing gel.  
         [0110]    Approximately 1 μi of sequencing product was loaded into each well of a 96-lane 5% Long Ranger (FMC single pack) gel. The running buffer consisted of 1×TBE. The glass plates consisted of ABI 48-cm plates for use with a 96-lane 0.4 mm Mylar shark-tooth comb. A semi-automated ABI Prism 377-96 DNA sequencer was used (ABI 377 with 96-lane, Big Dye upgrades). Sequencing run settings were as follows: run module 48E-1200, 8 hr collection time, 2400 V electrophoresis voltage, 50 mA electrophoresis current, 200 W electrophoresis power, CCD offset of 0, gel temperature of 51° C., 40 mW laser power, and CCD gain of 2.  
         [0111]    Pyrosequencing is another method of sequencing DNA by synthesis, where the addition of one of the four dNTPs that correctly matches the complementary base on the template strand is detected. Detection occurs via utilization of the pyrophosphate molecules liberated upon base addition to the elongating synthetic strand. The pyrophosphate molecules are used to make ATP, which in turn drives the emission of photons in a luciferin/luciferase reaction, and these photons are detected by the instrument. A Luc96 Pyrosequencer was used under default operating conditions supplied by the manufacturer. Primers were designed to anneal within 5 bases of the polymorphism, to serve as sequencing primers.  
         [0112]    Patient genomic DNA was subject to PCR using amplifying primers that amplify an approximately 200 base pair amplicon containing the polymorphisms of interest. One of the amplifying primers, whose orientation is opposite to the sequencing primer, was biotinylated. This allowed selection of single stranded template for pyrosequencing, whose orientation is complementary to the sequencing primer. Amplicons prepared from genomic DNA were isolated by binding to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. After denaturation in NaOH, the biotinylated strands were separated from their complementary strands using magnetics. After washing the magnetic beads, the biotinylated template strands still bound to the beads were transferred into 96-well plates. The sequencing primers were added, annealing was carried out at 95° for 2 minutes, and plates were placed in the Pyrosequencer. The enzymes, substrates and dNTPs used for synthesis and pyrophosphate detection were added to the instrument immediately for to sequencing.  
         [0113]    The Luc96 software requires definition of a program of adding the four dNTPs that is specific for the location of the sequencing primer, the DNA composition flanking the SNP, and the two possible alleles at the polymorphic locus. This order of adding the bases generates theoretical outcomes of light intensity patterns for each of the two possible homozygous states and the single heterozygous state. The Luc96 software then compares the actual outcome to the theoretical outcome and calls a genotype for each well. Each sample is also assigned one of three confidence scores: pass, uncertain, fail. The results for each plate are output as a text file and processed in Excel using a Visual Basic program to generate a report of genotype and allele frequencies for the various disease and population cell groupings represented on the 96 well plate.  
         [0114]    Prediction of potential transcription binding factor sites was performed using a commercially available software program [GENOMATIX MatInspector Professional; URL: http://genomatix.gsf.de/cgi-bin/matinspector/matinspector.pl ; Quandt et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.,  23: 4878-4884 (1995)].  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 1                           GROUP I ALLELE FREQUENCY                T   G                        CONTROL            Black men (n = 22 chromosomes)   13   (59%)   9   (41%)       Black women (n = 22 chromosomes)   11   (50%)   11   (50%)       White men (n = 18 chromosomes)   16   (89%)   2   (11%)       White women (n = 24 chromosomes)   21   (88%)   3   (13%)            DISEASE       BREAST CANCER            Black women (n = 24 chromosomes)   12   (50%)   12   (50%)       White women (n = 22 chromosomes)   19   (86%)   3   (14%)            LUNG CANCER            Black men (n = 24 chromosomes)   17   (71%)   7   (29%)       Black women (n = 4 chromosomes)   1   (25%)   3   (75%)       White men (n = 22 chromosomes)   15   (68%)   7   (32%)       White women (n = 20 chromosomes)   14   (70%)   6   (30%)            PROSTATE CANCER            Black men (n = 24 chromosomes)   13   (54%)   11   (46%)       White men (n = 24 chromosomes)   17   (71%)   7   (29%)            NIDDM            Black men (n = 20 chromosomes)    14   (70%)   6   (30%)       Black women (n = 20 chromosomes)   14   (70%)   6   (30%)       White men (n = 22 chromosomes)   16   (73%)   6   (27%)       White women (n = 20 chromosomes)   13   (65%)   7   (35%)            ESRD due to NIDDM            Black men (n = 8 chromosomes)   6   (75%)   2   (25%)       Black women (n = 20 chromosomes)   14   (70%)   6   (30%)       White men (n = 20 chromosomes)   18   (90%)   2   (10%)       White women (n = 16 chromosomes)   16   (100%)   0   (0%)                  
 
         [0115]    [0115]                                                                           TABLE 2                           GROUP II ALLELE FREQUENCY            Disease   Race   CHROMOSOMES   N   T   N   G                    Controls   African-American   90   61   67.8%   29   32.2%           Caucasian   88   76   86.4%   12   13.6%       Colon cancer   African-American   44   31   70.5%   13   29.5%           Caucasian   44   35   79.5%   9   20.5%       Lung cancer   African-American   40   26   65.0%   14   35.0%           Caucasian   44   31   70.5%   13   29.5%       Hypertension   African-American   48   31   64.6%   17   35.4%           Caucasian   44   40   90.9%   4   9.1%       CVA due to HTN   Caucasian   46   38   82.6%   8   17.4%       ESRD due to HTN   African-American   42   26   61.9%   16   38.1%           Caucasian   48   38   79.2%   10   20.8%       HTN CM   African-American   48   30   62.5%   18   37.5%           Caucasian   46   38   82.6%   8   17.4%       NIDDM   African-American   42   32   76.2%   10   23.8%       ASPVD due to NIDDM   Caucasian   46   38   82.6%   8   17.4%       CVA due to NIDDM   Caucasian   44   39   88.6%   5   11.4%       ESRD due to NIDDM   Caucasian   46   35   76.1%   11   23.9%       Ischemic CM with NIDDM   African-American   48   30   62.5%   18   37.5%           Caucasian   48   42   87.5%   6   12.5%       MI due to NIDDM   Caucasian   48   37   77.1%   11   22.9%       Afib without valvular disease   African-American   48   29   60.4%   19   39.6%           Caucasian   48   40   83.3%   8   16.7%       Alcohol abuse   African-American   48   22   45.8%   26   54.2%           Caucasian   48   36   75.0%   12   25.0%       Asthma   Caucasian   48   41   85.4%   7   14.6%       COPD   African-American   40   33   82.5%   7   17.5%           Caucasian   42   34   81.0%   8   19.0%       ESRD due to FSGS   Caucasian   42   33   78.6%   9   21.4%                    
         [0116]    [0116]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         TABLE 3                           GROUP I GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES                T/T   T/G   G/G                        CONTROLS            Black men (n = 11)   4   (36%)   5   (45%)   2   (18%)       Black women (n = 11)   4   (36%)   3   (27%)   4   (36%)       White men (n = 9)   8   (89%)   0   (0%)   1   (11%)       White women (n = 12)   9   (75%)   3   (25%)   0   (0%)            DISEASE       BREAST CANCER            Black women (n = 12)   4   (33%)   4   (33%)   4   (33%)       White women (n = 11)   8   (73%)   3   (27%)   0   (0%)            LUNG CANCER            Black men (n = 12)   6   (50%)   5   (42%)   1   (8%)       Black women (n = 2)   0   (0%)   1   (50%)   1   (50%)       White men (n = 11)   5   (45%)   5   (45%)   1   (9%)       White women (n = 10)   5   (50%)   4   (40%)   1   (10%)            PROSTATE CANCER            Black men (n = 12)   3   (25%)   7   (58%)   2   (17%)       White men (n = 12)   5   (42%)   7   (58%)   0   (0%)            NIDDM            Black men (n = 10)   6   (60%)   2   (20%)   2   (20%)       Black women (n = 10)   5   (50%)   4   (40%)   1   (10%)       White men (n = 11)   7   (64%)   2   (18%)   2   (18%)       White women (n = 10)   5   (50%)   3   (30%)   2   (20%)            ESRD due to NIDDM            Black men (n = 4)   2   (50%)   2   (50%)   0   (0%)       Black women (n = 10)   5   (50%)   4   (40%)   1   (10%)       White men (n = 10)   8   (80%)   2   (20%)   0   (0%)       White women (n = 8)   8   (100%)   0   (0%)   0   (0%)                    
         [0117]    [0117]                                                                                           TABLE 4                           GROUP II GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES            Disease   Race   People   N   T/T   N   T/G   N   G/G                    Controls   African-American   45   17   37.8%   27   60.0%   1   2.2%           Caucasian   44   33   75.0%   10   22.7%   1   2.3%       Colon cancer   African-American   22   10   45.5%   11   50.0%   1   4.5%           Caucasian   22   15   68.2%   5   22.7%   2   9.1%       Hypertension   African-American   24   10   41.7%   11   45.8%   3   12.5%           Caucasian   22   18   81.8%   4   18.2%   0   0.0%       CVA due to HTN   Caucasian   23   16   69.6%   6   26.1%   1   4.3%       ESRD due to HTN   African-American   21   9   42.9%   8   38.1%   4   19.0%           Caucasian   24   14   58.3%   10   41.7%   0   0.0%       HTN CM   African-American   24   10   41.7%   10   41.7%   4   16.7%           Caucasian   23   16   69.6%   6   26.1%   1   4.3%       NIDDM   African-American   21   14   66.7%   4   19.0%   3   14.3%       ASPVD due to NIDDM   Caucasian   23   16   69.6%   6   26.1%   1   4.3%       CVA due to NIDDM   Caucasian   22   17   77.3%   5   22.7%   0   0.0%       ESRD due to NIDDM   Caucasian   23   14   60.9%   7   30.4%   2   8.7%       Ischemic CM with NIDDM   African-American   24   10   41.7%   10   41.7%   4   16.7%           Caucasian   24   18   75.0%   6   25.0%   0   0.0%       MI due to NIDDM   Caucasian   24   13   54.2%   11   45.8%   0   0.0%       Afib without valvular disease   African-American   24   9   37.5%   11   45.8%   4   16.7%           Caucasian   24   16   66.7%   8   33.3%   0   0.0%       Alcohol abuse   African-American   24   7   29.2%   8   33.3%   9   37.5%           Caucasian   24   14   58.3%   8   33.3%   2   8.3%       Asthma   Caucasian   24   17   70.8%   7   29.2%   0   0.0%       COPD   African-American   20   13   65.0%   7   35.0%   0   0.0%           Caucasian   21   14   66.7%   6   28.6%   1   4.8%       ESRD due to FSGS   Caucasian   21   12   57.1%   9   42.9%   0   0.0%                            
         [0118]    The susceptibility allele is indicated below, as well as the odds ratio (OR). The allele which is present more often in the given disease category was chosen as the susceptibility allele. For example, the G allele was chosen as the susceptibility allele for black women with breast cancer because more of the individuals in that category had the G allele than had the T allele. Where there was a “0” in a cell which produced a 0 in the denominator, Haldane&#39;s correction (multiplying all cells by 2 and adding 1) was used. If the odds ratio (OR) was ≧1.5, the 95% confidence interval (C.I.) is also given.  
         [0119]    An odds ratio of 1.5 was chosen as the threshold of significance based on the recommendation of Austin et al. in  Epidemiol. Rev.,  16:65-76, 1994. “[E]pidemiology in general and case-control studies in particular are not well suited for detecting weak associations (odds ratios &lt;1.5).” Id. at 66.  
         [0120]    An example of the allele-specific odds ratio calculation is given below:  
         [0121]    Lung Cancer: Black men  
                                                                     Cases   Controls                                        T   17   13           G   7   9                      
 
         [0122]    The odds ratio for the T allele is (17)(9)/(7)(13)=1.7. Therefore, black men with the T allele have a 1.7 fold higher risk of developing lung cancer than black men without the T allele. Odds ratios of 1.5 or higher are highlighted below.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 5                           GROUP I ALLELE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                    SUSCEPTIBILITY                   DISEASE   ALLELE   OR   95% C.I.                            Breast Cancer                Black women   G   1.0               White women   T   0.9                Lung Cancer                Black men   T   1.7   0.5-5.7            Black women   G   3.0   0.3-33.5           White men   G   3.7   0.7-20.9           White women   G   3.0   0.6-14.0                Prostate Cancer                Black men   G   1.3               White men   G   3.3   0.6-18.3                NIDDM                Black men   T   1.6   0.4-5.8            Black women   T   2.3   0.7-8.3            White men   G   3.0   0.5-17.2           White women   G   3.8   0.8-17.2                ESRD due to NIDDM                Black men   T    1.3*               Black women   T    1.0*           White men   T    3.4*   0.6-19             White women   T   18.3*   2.3-148                                   
 
         [0123]    [0123]                                                                           TABLE 6                           GROUP II ALLELE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                            Lower   Upper                   Risk   Odds   Limit   Limit       Disease   Race   Allele   Ratio   95% CI   95% CI   Haldane                    Colon cancer   Caucasian   C   1.6   0.6   4.2           Hypertension   Caucasian   A   1.6   0.5   5.2       CVA due to HTN*   Caucasian   C   2.1   0.6   7.6       ESRD due to HTN*   African-American   C   1.1   0.5   2.6           Caucasian   C   2.6   0.8   9.1       Ischemic CM with NIDDM* 1     Caucasian   A   2.1   0.7   6.2       Afib without valvular disease   Caucasian   C   1.3   0.5   3.4       Alcohol abuse   Caucasian   C   2.1   0.9   5.2       Asthma   Caucasian   C   1.1   0.4   3.0       COPD   Caucasian   C   1.5   0.6   4.0       ESRD due to FSGS   Caucasian   C   1.7   0.7   4.5                    
         [0124]    Genotype-Specific Odds Ratios  
         [0125]    The susceptibility allele (S) is indicated; the alternative allele at this locus is defined as the protective allele (P). Also presented is the odds ratio (OR) for each genotype (SS, SP; the odds ratio for the PP genotype is 1, since it is the reference group, and is not presented separately). For odds ratios ≧1.5, the 95% confidence interval (C.I.) is also given, in parentheses. Where there was a “0” in a cell which produced a 0 in the denominator, Haldane&#39;s correction (multiplying all cells by 2 and adding 1) was used. As discussed above, an odds ratio of 1.5 is chosen as the threshold of significance based on the recommendation of Austin H et al. (Epidemiol. Rev. 16:65-76, 1994).  
         [0126]    An example of an odds ratio calculation is worked below, assuming that T is the susceptibility allele (S), and G is the protective allele (P).  
         [0127]    Black men: Lung Cancer  
                                                                             Cases   Controls   Odds Ratio                                        TT(SS)   6   4   (6)(2)/(1)(4) = 3.0           TG(SP)   5   5   (5)(2)/(1)(5) = 2.0           GG(PP)   1   2   1.0 (by definition)                      
 
         [0128]    The odds ratios for individual genotypes are given below. Odds ratios of 1.5 or higher are high-lighted below.  
                                                                                                                                                                 TABLE 7                           GROUP I GENOTYPE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                SUSCEPTI-                   BILITY       DISEASE   ALLELE   OR(SS)   OR(SP)                    Lung Cancer            Black men   T   3.0   (0.2-45.2)   2.0   (0.1-29.8)       Black women   G   3.0   (0.3-34.6)   3.9   (0.3-45.6)       White men   G   1.5   (0.3-9.1)   17.0   (1.9-151)       White women   G   5.2   (0.5-56.1)   2.2   (0.6-7.6)            Prostate Cancer            White men   G   0.5       23.2   (2.7-201)            NIDDM            Black men   T   1.5   (0.1-15.5)   0.4           Black women   T   5.0   (0.4-64.4)   5.3   (0.4-75.8)       White men   G   1.9   (0.4-9.3)   5.7   (0.6-54.1)       White women   G   8.6   (0.9-83.8)   1.7   (0.5-6.2)            ESRD due       to NIDDM            White men   T   5.7   (0.6-54.1)*   5.0   (0.4-59.7)*       White women   T   7.7   (0.8-75.3)*   0.7*                          
 
         [0129]    [0129]                                                                           TABLE 8                           GROUP II GENOTYPE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                    RISK   SS       SP           Disease   Race   ALLELE   O.R.   HALDANE   O.R.   HALDANE                    Colon cancer   Caucasian   C   0.2       0.3           Hypertension   Caucasian   A   1.7   H   1.3   H       CVA due to HTN*   Caucasian   C   0.0       0.0       ESRD due to HTN*   African-American   C   0.7       0.5           Caucasian   C   0.8   H   2.3   H       Ischemic CM with NIDDM* 1     Caucasian   A   1.4   H   0.6   H       Afib without valvular disease   Caucasian   C   1.5   H   2.4   H       Alcohol abuse   Caucasian   C   0.2       0.4       Asthma   Caucasian   C   1.6   H   2.1   H       COPD   Caucasian   C   0.4       0.6       ESRD due to FSGS   Caucasian   C   1.1   H   2.7   H                                    
         [0130]    PCR and sequencing were conducted as described in Example 1. The primers used were the same as in Example 1. The control samples are in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as follows:  
         [0131]    For the Group I diseases, a frequency of 0.59 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.41 for the G allele (“q”) among black male control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 35% T/T, 48% T/G, and 17% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 36% T/T, 45% T/G, and 18% C/C, in close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0132]    A frequency of 0.50 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.50 for the G allele (“q”) among black female control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 25% T/T, 50% T/G, and 25% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 36% T/T, 27% T/G, and 36% C/C, in rather distant agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0133]    A frequency of 0.89 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.11 for the G Ilele (“q”) among white male control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 79% T/T, 20% T/G, and 1% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 89% T/T, 0% T/G, and 11% C/C, in rather distant agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0134]    A frequency of 0.88 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.13 for the G allele (“q”) among white female control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 77% T/T, 21% T/G, and 2% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 75% T/T, 25% T/G, and 0% C/C, in close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0135]    For the Group II diseases, a frequency of 0.68 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.32 for the G allele (“q”,) among African American control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 45.9% T/T, 44.0% TMG, and 10.1% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 37.8% T/T, 60.0% T/G, and 2.2% G/G, in distant agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0136]    A frequency of 0.86 for the T allele (“p”) and 0.14 for the G allele (“q”) among Caucasian control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 74.6% T/T, 23.5% T/G, and 1.9% G/G at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 75.0% T/T, 22.7% T/G, and 2.3% G/G, in excellent agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0137]    Using an allele-specific odds ratio of 1.5 or greater as a practical level of significance (see Austin H et al., discussed above), the following observations can be made.  
         [0138]    For black men with lung cancer, the odds ratio for the T allele as a risk factor for disease is 1.7 (95% CI, 0.5-5.7). The odds ratio for the homozygote (TT) is 3.0 (95% CI, 0.2- 45.2). The heterozygote (TG genotype) has an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% C.I., 0.1-29.8). These data suggest that the T allele behaves as a dominant allele, with an additive effect of allele dosage (2.0+2.0−1=3.0).  
         [0139]    For black women with lung cancer, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.0 (95% CI, 0.3-33.5). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is 3.0 (95% CI, 0.3-34.6). The heterozygote (GT genotype) has an odds ratio of 3.9 (95% C.I., 0.3-45.6). T hese data suggest that the G allele behaves as a dominant allele, with no additional effect of having two copies of the G allele (GG homozygote) as compared with having only one copy (GT heterozygote).  
         [0140]    For white men with lung cancer, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.7 (95% CI, 0.7-20.9). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is only 1.5 (95% CI, 0.3-9.1), whereas the heterozygote (GT genotype) has a remarkable odds ratio of 17.0 (95% C.I., 1.9-151). These data suggest that the G allele behaves as a codominant allele.  
         [0141]    For white women with lung cancer, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.0 (95% CI, 0.6-14.0). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is 5.2 (95% CI, 0.5-56.1), while the heterozygote (GT genotype) has an odds ratio of 2.2 (95% C.I., 0.6-7.6). These data suggest that the G allele behaves as a dominant allele with more than an additive effect of allele copy number (2.2+2.2−1&lt;5.2).  
         [0142]    For white men with prostate cancer, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.3 (95% CI, 0.6-18.3). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is actually less than 1, whereas the heterozygote (GT genotype) has a remarkable odds ratio of 23.2 (95% C.I., 2.7-201). These data suggest that the G allele behaves as a codominant allele.  
         [0143]    For black men with NIDDM, the odds ratio for the T allele as a risk factor for disease is 1.6 (95% CI, 0.4-5.8). The odds ratio for the homozygote (TT) is 1.5 (95% CI, 0.1-15.5), whereas the heterozygote (TG genotype) has an odds ratio of less than 1. These data suggest that the T allele behaves as a recessive allele.  
         [0144]    For black women with NIDDM, the odds ratio for the T allele as a risk factor for disease is 2.3 (95% CI, 0.7-8.3). The odds ratio for the homozygote (TT) is 5.0 (95% CI, 0.4-64.4), whereas the heterozygote (TG genotype) has an odds ratio of 5.3 (95% CI, 0.4-75.8). These data suggest that the T allele behaves as a classical dominant allele.  
         [0145]    For white men with NIDDM, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.0 (95% CI, 0.5-17.2). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is 1.9 (95% CI, 0.4-9.3), whereas the heterozygote (GT genotype) has an odds ratio of 5.7 (95% CI, 0.6-54.1). These data suggest that the G allele behaves as a codominant allele.  
         [0146]    For white women with NIDDM, the odds ratio for the G allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.8 (95% CI, 0.8-17.2). The odds ratio for the homozygote (GG) is 8.6 (95% CI, 0.9-83.8), whereas the heterozygote (GT genotype) has an odds ratio of only 1.7 (95% CI, 0.5-6.2). These data suggest that the G allele behaves as a dominant allele, with a more than multiplicative effect of allele dosage [8.6&gt;&gt;(1.7)(1.7)].  
         [0147]    For white men with ESRD due to NIDDM, the odds ratio for the T allele as a risk factor for disease is 3.4 (95% CI, 0.6-19.2) as compared with white men with NIDDM but no renal disease. The odds ratio for the homozygote (TT) is 5.7 (95% CI, 0.6-54.1), while the heterozygote (TG genotype) has a similar odds ratio of 5.0 (95% CI, 0.4-59.7). These data suggest that the T allele behaves as a classical dominant allele.  
         [0148]    For white women with ESRD due to NIDDM, the odds ratio for the T allele as a risk factor for disease is a remarkable 18.3 (95% CI, 2.3-148) as compared with white women with NIDDM but no renal disease. The odds ratio for the homozygote (TT) is 7.7 (95% CI, 0.8-75.3), while the heterozygote (TG genotype) has an odds ratio of only 0.7. These data suggest that the T allele behaves as a classical recessive allele.  
         [0149]    For Caucasians with alcohol abuse the odds ratio for the G allele was 2.1 (95% CI, 0.9-5.2). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with alcohol abuse in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to alcohol abuse.  
         [0150]    For Caucasians with colon cancer the odds ratio for the G allele was 1.6 (95 % CI, 0.6-4.2). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with colon cancer in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to colon cancer.  
         [0151]    For Caucasians with diabetic cardiomyopathy the odds ratio for the T allele was 2.1 (95% CI, 0.7-6.2), compared to Caucasians with MI due to NIDDM. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to diabetic cardiomyopathy.  
         [0152]    For Caucasians with ESRD due to hypertension the odds ratio for the G allele was 2.6 (95% CI, 0.8-9.1), compared to Caucasians with hypertension only. The odds ratio for the homozygote (G/G) was 0.8 H  (95% CI, 0-14.1), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (T/G) was 2.3 H  (95% CI, 0-137). These data suggest that G allele acts in a co-dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with ESRD due to hypertension in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to ESRD due to hypertension.  
         [0153]    For Caucasians with ESRD due to FSGS the odds ratio for the G allele was 1.7 (95% CI, 0.7-4.5). The odds ratio for the homozygote (G/G) was 1.1 H  (95% CI, 0.1-19.7), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (T/G) was 2.7 H  (95% CI, 0.1-75). These data suggest that the G allele acts in a co-dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with ESRD due to FSGS in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to ESRD due to FSGS.  
         [0154]    For Caucasians with hypertension only the odds ratio for the T allele was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.5-5.2). The odds ratio for the homozygote (TIT ) was 1.7 H  (95% CI, 0.1-28.6), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (T/G) was 1.3 H  (95% CI, 0-38). These data suggest that the T allele acts in a recessive manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with hypertension only in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to hypertension only.  
         [0155]    For Caucasians with CVA due to HTN the odds ratio for the G allele was 2.1 (95% CI, 0.6-7.6), compared to Caucasians with hypertension only. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with CVA due to HTN in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to CVA due to HTN.  
         [0156]    The binding site of T-cell factor-2 alpha (TCF-2 alpha) is predicted to be disrupted by the T2239→G SNP (Quandt K et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.,  23:4878-4884, 1995). TCF-2 alpha binds to a core sequence of five nucleotides, 5′-K T KTC-3′ (Waterman M. L., et al.  New Biology,  2(7):621-636, 1990). A TCF-2 alpha binding site, which occurs on average 3.91 times per 1000 base pairs of random genomic sequence in vertebrates, is predicted to occur at position 2236 to 2240 on the (−) strand of reference sequence J05008.1 (matrix score 1.000, with 1.000 being an identical match). The T2239→G SNP replaces the indicated  T  with a G within the core binding sequence.  
         [0157]    TCF-2 alpha is a transcriptional activator in lymphoid cells, although nothing is known of its activity in other cell types. Disruption of the TCF-2 alpha core binding site is expected to result in a decreased rate of transcription of the endothelin-1 gene.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             TABLE 9                           GROUP I ALLELE FREQUENCIES                A   C                        CONTROL            Black men (n = 46 chromosomes)   30   (65%)   16   (35%)       Black women (n = 40 chromosomes)   30   (75%)   10   (25%)       White men (n = 42 chromosomes)   38   (90%)   4   (10%)       White women (n = 48 chromosomes)   42   (88%)   6   (13%)            DISEASE       Breast Cancer            Black women (n = 16 chromosomes)   7   (44%)   9   (56%)       White women (n = 12 chromosomes)   9   (75%)   3   (25%)            Lung Cancer            Black men (n = 20 chromosomes)   13   (65%)   7   (35%)       Black women (n = 16 chromosomes)   11   (69%)   5   (31%)       White men (n = 20 chromosomes)   13   (65%)   7   (35%)       White women (n = 12 chromosomes)   8   (67%)   4   (33%)            Prostate Cancer            Black men (n = 16 chromosomes)   13   (81%)   3   (19%)       White men (n = 18 chromosomes)   11   (61%)   7   (39%)            HTN            Black men (n = 18 chromosomes)   12   (67%)   6   (33%)       Black women (n = 16 chromosomes)   13   (81%)   3   (19%)       White men (n = 22 chromosomes)   21   (95%)   1   (5%)       White women (n = 18 chromosomes)   15   (83%)   3   (17%)            ESRD due to HTN            Black men (n = 12 chromosomes)   10   (83%)   2   (17%)       Black women (n = 10 chromosomes)   6   (60%)   4   (40%)       White men (n = 14 chromosomes)   12   (86%)   2   (14%)       White women (n = 4 chromosomes)   4   (100%)   0   (0%)            NIDDM            Black men (n = 16 chromosomes)   13   (81%)   3   (19%)       Black women (n = 16 chromosomes)   11   (69%)   5   (31%)       White men (n = 22 chromosomes)   16   (73%)   6   (27%)       White women (n = 20 chromosomes)   15   (75%)   5   (25%)            ESRD due to NIDDM            Black men (n = 4 chromosomes)   3   (75%)   1   (25%)       Black women (n = 18 chromosomes)   14   (78%)   4   (22%)       White men (n = 16 chromosomes)   14   (88%)   2   (13%)       White women (n = 10 chromosomes)   10   (100%)   0   (0%)                  
 
         [0158]    [0158]                                                                           TABLE 10                           GROUP II ALLELE FREQUENCIES            Disease   Race   CHROMOSOMES   N   C   N   A                    Controls   African-American   90   25   27.8%   65   72.2%           Caucasian   90   15   16.7%   75   83.3%       Colon cancer   African-American   48   8   16.7%   40   83.3%           Caucasian   44   7   15.9%   37   84.1%       Hypertension   African-American   42   6   14.3%   36   85.7%           Caucasian   44   4   9.1%   40   90.9%       ASPVD due to HTN   African-American   50   10   20.0%   40   80.0%           Caucasian   50   7   14.0%   43   86.0%       CVA due to HTN   Caucasian   48   9   18.8%   39   81.3%       Cataracts due to HTN   African-American   44   9   20.5%   35   79.5%       HTN CM   African-American   1   7   14.6%   41   85.4%           Caucasian   44   5   11.4%   39   88.6%       MI due to HTN   African-American   42   11   26.2%   31   73.8%           Caucasian   46   11   23.9%   35   76.1%       NIDDM   African-American   44   11   25.0%   33   75.0%           Caucasian   48   13   27.1%   35   72.9%       ASPVD due to NIDDM   African-American   46   15   32.6%   31   67.4%           Caucasian   46   8   17.4%   38   82.6%       CVA due to NIDDM   African-American   48   9   18.8%   39   81.3%           Caucasian   46   5   10.9%   41   89.1%       Ischemic CM   African-American   48   11   22.9%   37   77.1%           Caucasian   42   8   19.0%   34   81.0%       Ischemic CM with NIDDM   African-American   48   14   29.2%   34   70.8%           Caucasian   48   7   14.6%   41   85.4%       MI due to NIDDM   African-American   48   6   12.5%   42   87.5%           Caucasian   46   10   21.7%   36   78.3%       Afib without valvular disease   African-American   48   14   29.2%   34   70.8%           Caucasian   48   8   16.7%   40   83.3%       Alcohol abuse   African-American   48   17   35.4%   31   64.6%           Caucasian   48   12   25.0%   36   75.0%       Anxiety   African-American   48   16   33.3%   32   66.7%           Caucasian   42   10   23.8%   32   76.2%       Asthma   African-American   48   11   22.9%   37   77.1%           Caucasian   48   6   12.5%   42   87.5%       COPD   African-American   44   3   6.8%   41   93.2%           Caucasian   42   8   19.0%   34   81.0%       Cholecystectomy   African-American   48   14   29.2%   34   70.8%           Caucasian   46   7   15.2%   39   84.8%       DJD   African-American   40   9   22.5%   31   77.5%       ESRD and frequent de-clots   African-American   46   13   28.3%   33   71.7%           Caucasian   42   5   11.9%   37   88.1%       ESRD due to FSGS   African-American   44   13   29.5%   31   70.5%           Caucasian   46   10   21.7%   36   78.3%       ESRD due to IDDM   African-American   48   14   29.2%   34   70.8%           Caucasian   44   3   6.8%   41   93.2%       Seizure disorder   African-American   46   19   41.3%   27   58.7%           Caucasian   48   5   10.4%   43   89.6%                    
         [0159]    [0159]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 TABLE 11                           GROUP I GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES                A/A   A/C   C/C                        CONTROLS            Black men (n = 23)   10   (43%)   10   (43%)   3   (13%)       Black women (n = 20)   11   (55%)   8   (40%)   1   (5%)       White men (n = 21)   18   (86%)   2   (10%)   1   (5%)       White women (n = 24)   19   (79%)   4   (17%)   1   (4%)            DISEASE       Breast Cancer            Black women (n = 8)   3   (38%)   1   (13%)   4   (50%)       White women (n = 6)   4   (67%)   1   (17%)   1   (17%)            Lung Cancer            Black men (n = 10)   5   (50%)   3   (30%)   2   (20%)       Black women (n = 8)   4   (50%)   3   (38%)   1   (13%)       White men (n = 10)   5   (50%)   3   (30%)   2   (20%)       White women (n = 6)   2   (33%)   4   (67%)   0   (0%)            Prostate Cancer            Black men (n = 8)   5   (63%)   3   (38%)   0   (0%)       White men (n = 9)   3   (33%)   5   (56%)   1   (11%)            HTN            Black men (n = 9)   5   (56%)   2   (22%)   2   (22%)       Black women (n = 8)   5   (63%)   3   (38%)   0   (0%)       White men (n = 11)   10   (91%)   1   (9%)   0   (0%)       White women (n = 9)   7   (78%)   1   (11%)   1   (11%)            ESRD due to HTN            Black men (n = 6)   4   (67%)   2   (33%)   0   (0%)       Black women (n = 5)   3   (60%)   0   (0%)   2   (40%)       White men (n = 7)   5   (71%)   2   (29%)   0   (0%)       White women (n = 2)   2   (100%)   0   (0%)   0   (0%)            NIDDM            Black men (n = 8)   5   (63%)   3   (38%)   0   (0%)       Black women (n = 8)   4   (50%)   3   (38%)   1   (13%)       White men (n = 11)   7   (64%)   2   (18%)   2   (18%)       White women (n = 10)   6   (60%)   3   (30%)   1   (10%)            ESRD due to NIDDM            Black men (n = 2)   1   (50%)   1   (50%)   0   (0%)       Black women (n = 9)   5   (56%)   4   (44%)   0   (0%)       White men (n = 8)   6   (75%)   2   (25%)   0   (0%)       White women (n = 5)   5   (100%)   0   (0%)   0   (0%)                    
         [0160]    [0160]                                                                                           TABLE 12                           GROUP II GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES            Disease   Race   People   N   C/C   N   C/A   N   A/A                    Controls   African-American   45   4   8.9%   17   37.8%   24   53.3%           Caucasian   45   3   6.7%   9   20.0%   33   73.3%       Colon cancer   African-American   24   0   0.0%   8   33.3%   16   66.7%           Caucasian   22   1   4.5%   5   22.7%   16   72.7%       Hypertension   African-American   21   0   0.0%   6   28.6%   15   71.4%           Caucasian   22   0   0.0%   4   18.2%   18   81.8%       ASPVD due to HTN   African-American   25   2   8.0%   6   24.0%   17   68.0%           Caucasian   25   1   4.0%   5   20.0%   19   76.0%       CVA due to HTN   Caucasian   24   1   4.2%   7   29.2%   16   66.7%       Cataracts due to HTN   African-American   22   1   4.5%   7   31.8%   14   63.6%       ESRD due to HTN   African-American   22   4   18.2%   8   36.4%   10   45.5%           Caucasian   24   1   4.2%   10   41.7%   13   54.2%       HTN CM   African-American   24   2   8.3%   3   12.5%   19   79.2%           Caucasian   22   0   0.0%   5   22.7%   17   77.3%       MI due to HTN   African-American   21   2   9.5%   7   33.3%   12   57.1%           Caucasian   23   2   8.7%   7   30.4%   14   60.9%       NIDDM   African-American   22   2   9.1%   7   31.8%   13   59.1%           Caucasian   24   5   20.8%   3   12.5%   16   66.7%       ASPVD due to NIDDM   African-American   23   2   8.7%   11   47.8%   10   43.5%           Caucasian   23   1   4.3%   6   26.1%   16   69.6%       CVA due to NIDDM   African-American   24   0   0.0%   9   37.5%   15   62.5%           Caucasian   23   0   0.0%   5   21.7%   18   78.3%       Ischemic CM   African-American   24   2   8.3%   7   29.2%   15   62.5%           Caucasian   21   1   4.8%   6   28.6%   14   66.7%       Ischemic CM with NIDDM   African-American   24   3   12.5%   8   33.3%   13   54.2%           Caucasian   24   0   0.0%   7   29.2%   17   70.8%       MI due to NIDDM   African-American   24   0   0.0%   6   25.0%   18   75.0%           Caucasian   23   0   0.0%   10   43.5%   13   56.5%       Afib without valvular disease   African-American   24   1   4.2%   12   50.0%   11   45.8%           Caucasian   24   0   0.0%   8   33.3%   16   66.7%       Alcohol abuse   African-American   24   5   20.8%   7   29.2%   12   50.0%           Caucasian   24   2   8.3%   8   33.3%   14   58.3%       Anxiety   African-American   24   3   12.5%   10   41.7%   11   45.8%           Caucasian   21   0   0.0%   10   47.6%   11   52.4%       Asthma   African-American   24   2   8.3%   7   29.2%   15   62.5%           Caucasian   24   0   0.0%   6   25.0%   18   75.0%       COPD   African-American   22   0   0.0%   3   13.6%   19   86.4%           Caucasian   21   1   4.8%   6   28.6%   14   66.7%       Cholecystectomy   African-American   24   1   4.2%   12   50.0%   11   45.8%           Caucasian   23   0   0.0%   7   30.4%   16   69.6%       DJD   African-American   20   1   5.0%   7   35.0%   12   60.0%       ESRD and frequent de-clots   African-American   23   3   13.0%   7   30.4%   13   56.5%           Caucasian   21   1   4.8%   3   14.3%   17   81.0%       ESRD due to FSGS   African-American   22   1   4.5%   11   50.0%   10   45.5%           Caucasian   23   0   0.0%   10   43.5%   13   56.5%       ESRD due to IDDM   African-American   24   3   12.5%   8   33.3%   13   54.2%           Caucasian   22   0   0.0%   3   13.6%   19   86.4%       Seizure disorder   African-American   23   4   17.4%   11   47.8%   8   34.8%           Caucasian   24   0   0.0%   5   20.8%   19   79.2%                    
         [0161]    Allele-Specific Odds Ratios  
         [0162]    The susceptibility allele is indicated below, as well as the odds ratio (OR). Where there was a “0” in a cell which produced a 0 in the denominator, Haldane&#39;s correction (multiplying all cells by 2 and adding 1) was used. If the odds ratio (OR) was ≧1.5, the 95% confidence interval (C.I.) is also given. An odds ratio of 1.5 was chosen as the threshold of significance based on the recommendation of Austin et al. in  Epideyniol. Rev.,  16:65-76, 1994. “[E]pidemiology in general and case-control studies in particular are not well suited for detecting weak associations (odds ratios &lt;1.5).” Id. at 66. Odds ratios of greater than 1.5 are highlighted below.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 13                           GROUP I ALLELE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                    SUSCEPTIBILITY                   DISEASE   ALLELE   OR   95% C.I.                            Breast Cancer                Black women   C   3.9   1.1-13           White women   C   2.3   0.5-11                Lung Cancer                Black men   C   1.0   0.3-3.0           Black women   C   1.4   0.4-4.9           White men   C   5.1   1.3-20           White women   C   3.5   0.8-15                Prostate Cancer                Black men   A   2.3   0.6-9.3           White men   C   6.0   1.5-25                Hypertension (HTN)                Black men   A   1.1   0.3-3.4           Black women   A   1.4   0.3-6.1           White men   A   2.2   0.2-21           White women   C   1.4   0.3-6.3                ESRD due to HTN*                Black men   A   2.5   0.4-15.2           Black women   C   2.9   0.5-17.2           White men   C   3.5   0.3-42.8           White women   A   2.0 H     0.2-18.8                NIDDM                Black men   A   2.3   0.6-9.3           Black women   C   1.4           White men   C   3.6   0.9-14.4           White women   C   2.3   0.6-8.8                ESRD due to NIDDM* 1                  Black men   C   1.4               Black women   A   1.6   0.3-7.4           White men   A   2.6   0.5-15.2           White women   A   7.5 H     0.9-62.1                                              
 
         [0163]    [0163]                                                                           TABLE 14                           GROUP II ALLELE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                            Lower   Upper                   Risk   Odds   Limit   Limit       Disease   Race   Allele   Ratio   95% CI   95% CI   Haldane                    Colon cancer   African-American   A   1.9   0.8   4.7               Caucasian   A   1.1   0.4   2.8       ASPVD due to HTN*   African-American   C   1.5   0.5   4.5           Caucasian   C   1.6   0.4   6.0       CVA due to HTN*   Caucasian   C   2.3   0.7   8.1       Cataracts due to HTN*   African-American   A   1.5   0.6   3.6       HTN CM* 1     African-American   A   2.1   0.7   6.0           Caucasian   A   2.5   0.8   7.8       MI due to HTN*   African-American   C   2.1   0.7   6.4           Caucasian   C   3.1   0.9   10.8       ASPVD due to NIDDM* 2     African-American   C   1.5   0.6   3.6           Caucasian   A   1.8   0.7   4.8       CVA due to NIDDM* 2     African-American   A   1.4   0.5   3.9           Caucasian   A   3.0   1.0   9.4       Ischemic CM with NIDDM* 3     African-American   C   2.9   1.0   8.3           Caucasian   A   1.6   0.6   4.7       MI due to NIDDM* 2     African-American   A   2.3   0.8   7.0           Caucasian   A   1.3   0.5   3.4       Afib without   African-American   C   1.1   0.5   2.3       valvular disease   Caucasian   A   1.0   0.4   2.6       Alcohol abuse   African-American   C   1.4   0.7   3.0           Caucasian   C   1.7   0.7   3.9       Anxiety   African-American   C   1.3   0.6   2.8           Caucasian   C   1.6   0.6   3.8       Asthma   African-American   A   1.3   0.6   2.9           Caucasian   A   1.4   0.5   3.9       COPD   African-American   A   5.3   1.5   18.5           Caucasian   C   1.2   0.5   3.0       Cholecystectomy   African-American   C   1.1   0.5   2.3           Caucasian   A   1.1   0.4   3.0       DJD   African-American   A   1.3   0.6   3.2       ESRD and frequent   African-American   C   1.0   0.5   2.3       de-clots   Caucasian   A   1.5   0.5   4.4       ESRD due to FSGS   African-American   C   1.1   0.5   2.4           Caucasian   C   1.4   0.6   3.4       ESRD due to IDDM   African-American   C   1.1   0.5   2.3           Caucasian   A   2.7   0.7   10.0       Seizure disorder   African-American   C   1.8   0.9   3.9           Caucasian   A   1.7   0.6   5.1                                                    
         [0164]    Genotype-Specific Odds Ratios  
         [0165]    The susceptibility allele (S) is indicated; the alternative allele at this locus is defined as the protective allele (P). Also presented is the odds ratio (OR) for each genotype (SS, SP). The odds ratio for the PP genotype is 1, since it is the reference group, and is not presented separately. For odds ratios ≧1.5, the 95% confidence interval (C.I.) is also given, in parentheses. An odds ratio of 1.5 was chosen as the threshold of significance based on the recommendation of Austin et al., in  Epideniiol. Rev.,  16:65-76, 1994. “[Epidemiology in general and case-control studies in particular are not well suited for detecting weak associations (odds ratios &lt;1.5).” Id. at 66.  
         [0166]    Haldane&#39;s zero cell correction was used when the denominator contained a zero. Odds ratios of greater than 1.5 are highlighted below.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 TABLE 15                           GROUP I GENOTYPE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                SUSCEPTI-                   BILITY       DISEASE   ALLELE   OR(SS)   OR(SP)                    Breast Cancer            Black women   C   14.7   (1.2-185)   0.5   (0-5.3)       White women   C   4.8   (0.2-93)   1.2   (0.1-14)            Lung Cancer            White men   C   7.2   (0.5-97)   5.4   (0.7-42)       White women   C   0       9.5   (1.3-71.0)            Prostate Cancer            Black men   A   3.7   (0.4-34) H     2.3   (0.2-22) H         White men   C   6.0   (0.3-124)   15.0   (1.9-116)            Hypertension            White men   A   1.7   (0.2-17) H     1.8   (0.1-26) H              ESRD due       to HTN*            Black men   A   4.1   (0.4-42) H     5.0   (0.4-60) H         Black women   C   7.9   (0.8-82) H     0       White men   C   1.9   (0.1-34) H     4.0   (0.3-55.5) H         White women   A   1.0 H         1.0 H              NIDDM            Black men   A   3. 7   (0.4-34) H     2.3   (0.2-22) H         White men   C   5.1   (0.4-66)   2.6   (0.3-22)       White women   C   3.2   (0.2-59)   2.4   (0.4-14)            ESRD due       to NIDDM* 1              Black women   A   3.7   (0.3-42) H     3.9   (0.3-46)  H         White men   A   4.3   (0.4-42) H     5.0   (0.4-60) H         White women   A   2.5   (0.2-28) H     0.4   (0-9.4) H                     
 
         [0167]    [0167]                                                                           TABLE 16                           GROUP II GENOTYPE-SPECIFIC ODDS RATIOS                    RISK   SS       SP           Disease   Race   ALLELE   O.R.   HALDANE   O.R.   HALDANE                    Colon cancer   African-American   A   0.0       0.7               Caucasian   A   0.7       1.1       ASPVD due to HTN*   African-American   C   4.4   H   0.9           Caucasian   C   2.8   H   1.2       CVA due to HTN*   Caucasian   C   3.4   H   2.0       Cataracts due to HTN*   African-American   A   0.4       0.7       HTN CM* 1     African-American   A   0.6       0.3           Caucasian   A   0.0       0.6       MI due to HTN*   African-American   C   6.2   H   1.5           Caucasian   C   6.4   H   2.3       ASPVD due to   African-American   C   1.3       2.0       NIDDM* 2     Caucasian   A   0.2       2.0       CVA due to NIDDM* 2     African-American   A   0.0       1.1           Caucasian   A   0.0       1.5       Ischemic CM with   African-American   C   9.6   H   1.8       NIDDM* 3     Caucasian   A   0.8   H   0.5       MI due to NIDDM* 2     African-American   A   0.0       0.6           Caucasian   A   0.0       4.1       Afib without valvular   African-American   C   0.5       1.5       disease   Caucasian   A   0.0       1.8       Alcohol abuse   African-American   C   2.5       0.8           Caucasian   C   1.6       2.1       Anxiety   African-American   C   1.6       1.3           Caucasian   C   0.0       3.3       Asthma   African-American   A   0.8       0.7           Caucasian   A   0.0       1.2       COPD   African-American   A   0.0       0.2           Caucasian   C   0.8       1.6       Cholecystectomy   African-American   C   0.5       1.5           Caucasian   A   0.0       1.6       DJD   African-American   A   0.5       0.8       ESRD and frequent   African-American   C   1.4       0.8       de-clots   Caucasian   A   0.6       0.6       ESRD due to FSGS   African-American   C   0.6       1.6           Caucasian   C   0.0       2.8       ESRD due to IDDM   African-American   C   1.4       0.9           Caucasian   A   0.0       0.6       Seizure disorder   African-American   C   3.0       1.9           Caucasian   A   0.0       1.0                                                    
         [0168]    PCR and sequencing were conducted as described in Example 1. The primers used were those in Example 1. The control samples were in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as follows:  
         [0169]    For the Group I diseases, a frequency of 0.65 for the A allele (“p”) and 0.35 for the C allele (“q”) among black male control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 42% A/A, 46% A/C, and 12% C/C at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p2+2pq+q2=1). The observed genotype frequencies were 43% A/A, 43% A/C, and 13% C/C, in close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0170]    A frequency of 0.75 for the A allele (“p”) and 0.25 for the C allele (“q”) among black female control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 56% A/A, 38% A/C, and 6% C/C at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p2+2pq+q2=1). The observed genotype frequencies were 55% A/A, 40% A/C, and 5% C/C, in very close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0171]    A frequency of 0.90 for the A allele (“p”) and 0.10 for the C allele (“q”) among white male control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 81% A/A, 18% A/C, and 1% C/C at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p2+2pq+q2=1). The observed genotype frequencies were 86% A/A, 10% A/C, and 5% C/C, in reasonably close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0172]    A frequency of 0.88 for the A allele (“p”) and 0.13 for the C allele (“q”) among white female control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 77% A/A, 21% A/C, and 2% C/C at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p2+2pq+q2=1). The observed genotype frequencies were 79% A/A, 17% A/C, and 4% C/C, in reasonably close agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0173]    For the Group II diseases, a frequency of 0.28 for the C allele (“p”) and 0.72 for the A allele (“q”) among African-American control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 8.0% C/C, 40.0% C/A, and 52.0% A/A at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 8.9% C/C, 37.8% C/A, and 53.3% A/A, in excellent agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0174]    A frequency of 0.17 for the C allele (“i”) and 0.83 for the A allele (“q”) among Caucasian control individuals predicts genotype frequencies of 3.0% C/C, 28.0% C/A, and 69.0% A/A at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p 2 +2pq+q 2 =1). The observed genotype frequencies were 6.7% C/C, 20.0% C/A, and 73.3% A/A, in excellent agreement with those predicted for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  
         [0175]    Using an allele-specific odds ratio of 1.5 or greater as a practical level of significance (see Austin H et al., discussed above), the following observations can be made.  
         [0176]    For breast cancer among black women, the odds ratio for the C allele as a risk factor was 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1-13). The odds ratio for the homozygote (CC) was a remarkable 14.7 (95% CI, 1.2-185). The heterozygote (CA genotype) had an odds ratio indistinguishable from 1 (odds ratio 0.5; 95% C.I. 0-5.3), suggesting that the C allele behaves as a recessive allele in this patient population.  
         [0177]    For breast cancer among white women the odds ratio for the C allele as a risk factor was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.5-11). The odds ratio for the homozygote (CC genotype) was 4.8 (95% CI, 0.2-93). The heterozygote (CA genotype) had an odds ratio indistinguishable from 1 (odds ratio 1.2; 95% C.I. 0.1-14), suggesting that the C allele behaves as a recessive allele in this patient population.  
         [0178]    For lung cancer in white men the odds ratio for the C allele as a risk factor was 5.1 (95% CI, 1.3-20). The C allele displayed a dosage effect, with the heterozygote (AC) having an odds ratio of 5.4 (95% CI, 0.7-42), and the homozygote (CC) an odds ratio of 7.2 (95% CI, 0.5-97). These data are consistent with a dominant action of the C allele, since one copy is sufficient to increase the odds ratio from 1 (for the AA homozygote) to 5.4 (for the AC heterozygote). The increase to 7.2 represents less than an additive effect of the allele, since 5.4+5.4−1=9.8&gt;7.2. These data are consistent with the C allele behaving as a dominant allele with interaction on less than an additive model.  
         [0179]    For lung cancer in white women the odds ratio for the C allele (the novel SNP) as a risk factor was 3.5 (95% CI, 0.8-15). The CC homozygote surprisingly had a lower odds ratio, 0, than the heterozygote [9.5; 95% C.I., 1.3-71.0], suggesting that the C allele behaves other than as a simple recessive or dominant allele. The C allele may be codominant with the A allele.  
         [0180]    For prostate cancer among black men the odds ratio for the reference A allele as a risk factor was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.6-9.3). The odds ratio for the homozygote (AA genotype) was 3.7 H  (95% CI, 0.4-34). The heterozygote (AC genotype) had an odds ratio of 2.3 H  (95% CI, 0.2-22). The A allele therefore behaves as a dominant allele, with an additive effect of increased allele dosage. The effect of the A allele on disease is as expected for an additive model (3.7˜2.3+2.3−1).  
         [0181]    For prostate cancer in white men the odds ratio for the C allele (the novel SNP) as a risk factor was 6.0 (95% CI, 1.5-25). The CC homozygote surprisingly had a lower odds ratio (6.0; 95% CI, 0.3-124) than the heterozygote (15.0; 95% C.I. 1.9-116), suggesting that the C allele behaves other than as a simple dominant or recessive r lele. The C allele may be codominant with the A allele.  
         [0182]    For hypertension among white men the odds ratio for the reference A allele as a risk factor was 2.2 (95% CI, 0.2-21). The odds ratio for the homozygote (AA genotype) was virtually the same (1.7 H ; 95% CI,, 0.2-17) as that for the AC heterozygote (1.8 H ; 95% CI, 0.1-26). These data indicate that the A allele behaves as a simple dominant allele, with no additional effect of a second copy of the allele.  
         [0183]    For ESRD due to hypertension among black men the odds ratio for the reference A allele as a risk factor was 2.5 (95% CI, 0.4-15.2). The odds ratio for the homozygote (AA genotype) was 4.1 H  (95% CI, 0.4-42), and that for the AC heterozygote was essentially the same [5.0 H  (95% CI, 0.4-60)). These data suggest that the A allele behaves as a dominant allele.  
         [0184]    For ESRD due to hypertension among black women the odds ratio for the C allele as a risk factor was 2.9 (95% CI, 0.5-17.2). The heterozygote (AC) had an odds ratio of 0, whereas the CC homozygote displayed an odds ratio of 7.9 H  (95% CI, 0.8-82). These data are consistent with a recessive action of the C allele.  
         [0185]    For ESRD due to hypertension among white men the odds ratio for the A allele as a risk factor was 3.5 (95% CI, 0.3-42.8). The odds ratio for the AC heterozygous genotype was 4.0 (95% CI, 0.3-55.5), and for the AA homozygous genotype was 1.9 H  (95% CI, 0.1-34). The A allele appears to be codominant with the C allele.  
         [0186]    For ESRD due to hypertension among white women the odds ratio for the A allele was 2.0 H  (95% CI, 0.2-18.8), relative to white women with hypertension but no renal disease. The odds ratios for both the AC heterozygote and the AA homozygote were only 1.0 after the Haldane&#39;s correction, shedding no light on the mechanism of action of the A allele.  
         [0187]    For NIDDM among black men, the odds ratio for the A allele at this locus was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.6-9.3). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was 2.3 H  (95% CI, 0.2-22), and for the AA homozygote was 3.7 H  (95% CI, 0.4-34). These data suggest that the A allele behaves as a dominant allele, with an additive effect of allele dosage (2.3+2.3−1˜3.7).  
         [0188]    For NIDDM among white men, the odds ratio for the C allele at this locus was 3.6 (95% CI, 0.9-14.4). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was 2.6 (95% CI, 0.3-22), and for the CC homozygote was 5.1 (95% CI, 0.4-66). These data suggest that the C allele behaves as a dominant allele, with more than an additive effect of allele dosage (2.6+2.6−1&lt;5.1).  
         [0189]    For NIDDM among white women, the odds ratio for the C allele at this locus was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.6-8.8). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was 2.4 (95% CI, 0.4-14), and for the CC homozygote was 3.2 (95% CI, 0.2-59). These data suggest that the C allele behaves as a dominant allele, with approximately an additive effect of allele dosage (2.4+2.4−1=3.8˜3.2).  
         [0190]    For ESRD due to NIDDM among black women, the odds ratio for the A allele at this locus was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.3-7.4). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was 3.9 H  (95% CI, 0.3-46), and for the AA homozygote was 3.7 H  (95% CI, 0.3-42). These data suggest that the A allele behaves as a classic dominant allele, with no effect of allele dosage.  
         [0191]    For ESRD due to NIDDM among white men, the odds ratio for the A allele at this locus was 2.6 (95% CI, 0.5-15.2). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was 5.0 H  (95% CI, 0.4-60), and for the AA homozygote was 4.3 H  (95% CI, 0.4-42). These data suggest that the A allele behaves as a classic dominant allele, with no effect of allele dosage.  
         [0192]    For ESRD due to NIDDM among white women, the odds ratio for the A allele at this locus was 7.5 (95% CI, 0.9-62.1). The odds ratio for the heterozygote was indistinguishable from 1, and for the AA homozygote was 2.5 H  (95% CI, 0.2-28). These data suggest that the A allele behaves as a recessive allele.  
         [0193]    For Caucasians with a history of alcohol abuse the odds ratio for the C allele was 1.7 (95% CI, 0.7-3.9). The odds ratio for the homozygote (C/C) was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.2-10.5), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/ A) was 2.1 (95% CI, 0.7-6.5). These data suggest that the C allele acts in a co-dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with alcohol abuse in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to alcohol abuse.  
         [0194]    For Caucasians with anxiety the odds ratio for the C allele was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-3.8). The odds ratio for the homozygote (C/C) was 0, while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 3.3 (95% CI, 1.1-10.3). These data suggest that the C allele acts in a co-dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with anxiety in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to anxiety.  
         [0195]    For Caucasians with ASPVD due to NIDDM the odds ratio for the A allele was 1.8 (95% CI, 0.7-4.8), compared to Caucasians with NIDDM only. The odds ratio for the homozygote (A/A) was 0.2 (95% CI, 0-1.9), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 2.0 (95% CI, 0.4-9.4). These data suggest that the A allele acts in a co-dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with ASPVD due to NIDDM in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to ASPVD due to NIDDM.  
         [0196]    For African-Americans with colon cancer the odds ratio for the A allele was 1.9 (95% CI, 0.8-4.7). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with colon cancer in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to colon cancer.  
         [0197]    For African-Americans with COPD the odds ratio for the A allele was 5.3 (95% CI, 1.5-18.5). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with COPD in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to COPD.  
         [0198]    For African-Americans with diabetic cardiomyopathy the odds ratio for the C allele was 2.9 (95% CI, 1-8.3), compared to African-Americans with MI due to NIDDM. The odds ratio for the homozygote (C/C) was 9.6 H  (95% CI, 0.2-574.5), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 1.8 (95% CI, 0.5-6.6).These data suggest that the C allele acts in a dominant manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to diabetic cardiomyopathy.  
         [0199]    For Caucasians with diabetic cardiomyopathy the odds ratio for the A allele was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-4.7), compared to Caucasians with MI due to NIDDM. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to diabetic cardiomyopathy.  
         [0200]    For Caucasians with ESRD due to IDDM the odds ratio for the A allele was 2.7 (95% CI, 0.7-10). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with ESRD due to IDDM in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to ESRD due to IDDM.  
         [0201]    For African-Americans with ESRD due to IDDM the odds ratio for the C allele was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-3.9), compared to African-Americans with NIDDM only. The odds ratio for the homozygote (C/C) was 2.0 (95% CI, 0.3-14), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 1.7 (95% CI, 0.5-6.1). These data suggest that the C allele acts in a dominant manner in this patient population with a less than additive effect of allele dosage [2&lt;3.4=(1.7+1.7−1.0)]. (Goldstein et al.,  Monogr. Natl. Cancer Inst.;  26:49-54, 1999). These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with ESRD due to IDDM in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to ESRD due to IDDM.  
         [0202]    For African-Americans with hypertensive cardiomyopathy the odds ratio for the A allele was 2.1 (95% CI, 0.7-6.0), compared to African-Americans with MI due to HTN. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data firer suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to hypertensive cardiomyopathy.  
         [0203]    For Caucasians with hypertensive cardiomyopathy the odds ratio for the A allele was 2.5 (95% CI, 0.8-7.8), compared to Caucasians with MI due to HTN. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to hypertensive cardiomyopathy.  
         [0204]    For Caucasians with CVA due to NIDDM the odds ratio for the A allele was 3.0 (95% CI, 1-9.4), compared to Caucasians with NIDDM only. The odds ratio for the homozygote (A/A) was 0, while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.3-7.2).These data suggest that the A allele acts in a manner in this patient population. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with CVA due to NIDDM in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to CVA due to NIDDM.  
         [0205]    For African-Americans with MI due to NIDDM the odds ratio for the A allele was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.8-7), compared to African-Americans with NIDDM only. Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with MI due to NIDDM in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to MI due to NIDDM.  
         [0206]    For African-Americans with seizure disorder the odds ratio for the C allele was 1.8 (95% CI, 0.9-3.9). The odds ratio for the homozygote (C/C) was 3.0 (95% CI, 0.6-14.9), while the odds ratio for the heterozygote (C/A) was 1.9 (95% CI, 0.6-5.8).These data suggest that the C allele acts in a dominant manner in this patient population with a greater than additive effect of allele dosage [3&gt;3.8=(1.9+1.9−1.0)]. (Goldstein et al.,  Monogr. Natl. Cancer Inst.;  26:49-54, 1999). These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with seizure disorder in African-Americans, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes African-Americans to seizure disorder.  
         [0207]    For Caucasians with seizure disorder the odds ratio for the A allele was 1.7 (95% CI, 0.6-5.1). Data were not sufficient to generate genotypic odds ratios of 1.5 or greater. These data further suggest that the EDN-1 gene is significantly associated with seizure disorder in Caucasians, i.e. abnormal activity of the EDN-1 gene predisposes Caucasians to seizure disorder.  
         [0208]    According to MatInspector (GENOMATIX; see above for URL and reference), the C2657→A SNP disrupts a binding site for CEBPB (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta; Quandt K et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.,  23: 4878-4884 (1995)). CEBPB binds to a core sequence of four nucleotides, GMAA, in an overall sequence of 14 nucleotides (ref. Akira, S. et al. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 1990 Jun:9(6):1897-1906). CEBPB — 01 binding sites, which occur on average 2.07 times per 1000 base pairs of random genomic sequence in vertebrates, are predicted to occur at positions 2647 to 2660 on the (+) strand of reference sequence J05008.1 (matrix score 0.952, with 1.0 being an identical match), as well as from position 2670 to 2657 on the (−) strand (matrix score 0.891 out of a possible 1.0). In neither case, however, does the C2657→A SNP alter a nucleotide critical for binding.  
                                   TABLE 17                                   Reference               Gene   Region   Location   Type   Variant   SEQ ID                   EDN-1   Promoter   2239   T   G   1               2657   A   C   1                  
 
       CONCLUSION  
       [0209]    In light of the detailed description of the invention and the examples presented above, it can be appreciated that the several aspects of the invention are achieved.  
         [0210]    It is to be understood that the present invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example in order to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application. Particular formulations and processes of the present invention are not limited to the descriptions of the specific embodiments presented, but rather the descriptions and examples should be viewed in terms of the claims that follow and their equivalents. While some of the examples and descriptions above include some conclusions about the way the invention may function, the inventor does not intend to be bound by those conclusions and fictions, but puts them forth only as possible explanations.  
         [0211]    It is to be further understood that the specific embodiments of the present invention as set forth are not intended as~being exhaustive or limiting of the invention, and that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing examples and detailed description. Accordingly, this invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the following claims.  
     
       
       
         1 
         
           
             5  
           
           
             1  
             12459  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
             
               repeat_region  
               (98)..(383)  
                 
             
           
            1 

gatatcctat taatacagag atacagaaag aaatacataa aaaatagttt tatcaaatac     60 

tttccagcat tcaagtgtag cctcaaaagc aagaataggc caggagtggt ggctcacgct    120 

gtaatccaca gcactgtggg aggccaaggt aagaggattg cttgaggcca ggatttcaag    180 

accagcctag gcaacatagt gagatcccta tctctacgaa aaaattttaa aacttagctg    240 

ggcatggtgc ttgagcctgt tgtcccagct actcaggagg tgaagtagga gtgtcacttg    300 

agcccaggag gttgaggctg cagtgagcta taactgcacc actgcactcc agccttggag    360 

acagagtgag accctgtccc caaaaaaatt aaaattgaga aaaaaaaaaa ggcaagaaca    420 

gccacagcaa actttctatt ggggaaaaaa aaaaatcctc ctctttacat ctctcccttc    480 

cttcccttcc ctttctgaga gtgactgtgg ccaaaaggag cattttcccc ctgcagtcct    540 

ctgaggggtg gggtggggct atgaagctat ccttcatatt cactcctttg tccagctctt    600 

ttcacctcta gttcttctcc ccgcatctct gtctagcagt gccttaagtg gaggaggggt    660 

gggggcatca agcttgtaaa actggtttgt tggggttctc cttctcccct catttcttga    720 

ttcttgggaa aatgtcttgc tgggaggctg cctggcgagt gccctagctg ccttctgtgg    780 

gcttgaatgg ggcttccctc tgcccctaca ggaggaaaag ggagctgctg ccagagggag    840 

aaatggagag atggacagag aaggcaggtg ccacccctcg cccctgacac acaaagaaaa    900 

agacacggaa attctctctc tctcttctct tctcctatct ctctctctct ccctctctct    960 

ctctctctct ctctctctca cacacacaca cacacacaca cacacacaca caggcgcgcg   1020 

ccgcgcgcgc aggcacacgt cttgcaaatt caggattcaa agagacaggg gcaccattat   1080 

atttggcacg gtggggcctt ccaggtctga aatcctgcat tcttccttac tatttacttt   1140 

ccccgagctc gagaagggcc aggtgtgggc ggatggctgg ccacgttttg tgtttccaat   1200 

tcatattcac gggatgacac agacggggcg tggtgagtgc tgttggaggc gcttgggcag   1260 

tttcattttg ccccacttct ccacctgaag gctgggcgtt gctggaacct gcaggggcag   1320 

cctcagcaag gtggggtggc gtggagtggg gtgggagaag ggactccagc tgaagtagaa   1380 

cccaggctgg acctgagaat attggggagg gcatgggcgg tggtttccgg gtaggggcct   1440 

tgaggacatg ttggtcctga ctgttgtcag tgtttggtca aagttgccaa aaggttaaaa   1500 

aaaaaaaagt agggggagtc cctgccaaga catatttccc aggccacctt tcttccgcgg   1560 

gagtgttggg ggggaggcgc tgcttggaac ctgtgaatgt gacatcagct ctcctctcct   1620 

ctcccaaggt cggctttgga gagggaggtc agggcaccct tgcctggcac aggcacgctg   1680 

gcttccggct cagtgccgcc tgctctccgg gagctgtgcg ctccctgggc cccggggcta   1740 

ggctgaggta agcgcacagc ggaggccagg cgcgccggca gaggcctggg ggatagggtg   1800 

gaggcatctc tgggtgtggg tgtgggtgtg ggtgtgggag ggagagttct tgcctctctc   1860 

tctcccatct ccaactcttg cttcagtggc tcttttagag gatgcatgtc attatggacc   1920 

tgtcgctgcc actgtccctg ttcccccagc tgtgacttcg agggaggtct ggggatctga   1980 

gtctgtccaa acccacggct ttgctgttgg gataaaaact gtccttttga ttttagaagg   2040 

aggagggaaa aaaggtttcc cagcatgtgt gttgtgccag tcttggaaat tcatccgtgc   2100 

ttgaattcca ccctccatcc ccagaaaaac tggagtaaaa caaaaagagg agatggacaa   2160 

agtgtgtatt tgatggcatc ccctgggaag agactctaaa tttatcccat aggtcttact   2220 

gggccactgt gagcgctttg gtggagaaca aacaaaaatt ctgggtgctc agttgtctaa   2280 

cctgaaaaat gggactagcg gaaaaagcca atgtgttcca tgcacctttt gctttcttta   2340 

ttaaggcatg atgtcacctg tacagtaact gccctgtgtg tacttcaggg ggggatttca   2400 

aggttagata gacaggaaat tgttttgaaa atgtaaacac attattaaat gtgaagtatt   2460 

atctgattcc ttgttcgaat ggcatttcct tctcagcacc accttccttg catattcact   2520 

taaccttgta caagaacacc tttttgccct aaatgaagac acccccccaa aaaaaagagt   2580 

cccagaaaat atgtccctgc ttgtgcggga ataaatagaa tattctgagg tgcattcctc   2640 

cttcctatgt taggcaacat tccttgaccc tcctcggccc ccaagccagg ttgcgttttt   2700 

ttctgccatt tagaagggtt ttcctttttg tcctagtaaa acatcagccc ctgtagctct   2760 

tcatctcccc ctggtgttct tctcccgcca tgtcttaaga ttggtggcac cgaccaatct   2820 

taagatttaa gttctgtgtg aaaaacacct ttgcttttca atcagtttat cagcctcctc   2880 

cgcaggggaa tgtggacaca caaaagaact tatcggggct tctcatcagt gatagggaaa   2940 

agactggcat gtgcctaaac gagctctgat gttattttta agctcccttt cttgccaatc   3000 

cctcacggat ctttctccga tagatgcaaa gaacttcagc aaaaaagacc cgcaggaagg   3060 

ggcttgaaga gaaaagtacg ttgatctgcc aaaatagtct gacccccagt agtgggcagt   3120 

gacgagggag agcattccct tgtttgactg agactagaat cggagagaca taaaaggaaa   3180 

atgaagcgag caacaattaa aaaaaattcc ccgcacacaa caatacaatc tatttaaact   3240 

gtggctcata cttttcatac caatggtatg actttttttc tggagtcccc tcttctgatt   3300 

cttgaactcc ggggctggca gcttgcaaag gggaagcgga ctccagcact gcacgggcag   3360 

gtttagcaaa ggtctctaat gggtattttc tttttcttag ccctgccccc gaattgtcag   3420 

acggcgggcg tctgcttctg aagttagcag tgatttcctt tcgggcctgg cttatctccg   3480 

gctgcacgtt gcctgttggt gactaataac acaataacat tgtctggggc tggaataaag   3540 

tcggagctgt ttacccccac tctaataggg gttcaatata aaaagccggc agagagctgt   3600 

ccaagtc aga cgc gcc tct gca tct gcg cca ggc gaa cgg gtc ctg cgc     3649 
        Arg Arg Ala Ser Ala Ser Ala Pro Gly Glu Arg Val Leu Arg 
        1               5                   10 

ctc ctg cag tcc cag ctc tcc acc gcc gcg tgc gcc tgc aga cgc tcc     3697 
Leu Leu Gln Ser Gln Leu Ser Thr Ala Ala Cys Ala Cys Arg Arg Ser 
15                  20                  25                  30 

gct cgc tgc ctt ctc tcc tgg cag gcg ctg cct ttt ctc ccc gtt aaa     3745 
Ala Arg Cys Leu Leu Ser Trp Gln Ala Leu Pro Phe Leu Pro Val Lys 
                35                  40                  45 

ggg cac ttg ggc tga agg atc gct ttg aga tct gag gaa ccc gca gcg     3793 
Gly His Leu Gly     Arg Ile Ala Leu Arg Ser Glu Glu Pro Ala Ala 
            50                      55                  60 

ctt tga ggg acc tga agc tgt ttt tct tcg ttt tcc ttt ggg ttc agt     3841 
Leu     Gly Thr     Ser Cys Phe Ser Ser Phe Ser Phe Gly Phe Ser 
                    65                  70                  75 

ttg aac ggg agg ttt ttg atc cct ttt ttt cag aat gga tta ttt gct     3889 
Leu Asn Gly Arg Phe Leu Ile Pro Phe Phe Gln Asn Gly Leu Phe Ala 
                80                  85                  90 

cat gat ttt ctc tct gct gtt tgt ggc ttg cca agg agc tcc aga aac     3937 
His Asp Phe Leu Ser Ala Val Cys Gly Leu Pro Arg Ser Ser Arg Asn 
            95                  100                 105 

ag  gtaggcacgc tcgttgactt gtaagtctcg gaattacaag ttagtgtgtt          3989 
Ser 

cttatccacc ttcatgcttt tcttgcttct atttttcccc gttcttttta tgactgcagc   4049 

ttagagagca agtgtctgag aattattgct gaaacgtact ttaagtcttc tagtgtaaaa   4109 

tgtaaaattc ctctactgaa tacaattagg tgcaattgac tataacatga cattaaaata   4169 

acttatcgtt ttattattat tattccatta tgtgtttcct tggcttttaa aaaatgagaa   4229 

gagtatggac atatacaatt tagtcaaatg tatgtttgta atatatgtgt ttatacaggt   4289 

acacaggcca tataggaact taaatcttat ttaaacacta ttttaatagt gtgttaacgt   4349 

gtaaaatatt taagcattcc agcttgaagc caaggaattg tatccagtcg ttcaagcaat   4409 

gtatgttcag taaaatcacc tgcagagcaa aagtctgttg actaactacc gcctcccccg   4469 

cccccccacc accccccgca ggcggtttct gggtgaagca gatgttttct ttaaaatttg   4529 

tcatcattga ctttaggttt cttttggcag gtttttggca cccaaaacag tgtgagctct   4589 

cttttcagct ttattcacct gtgctgggag gggagctagg ataattcttg gctgccgaag   4649 

gatttaggca gtgcgtgtgc atctgcccgg gtcccccccg tttttagggt cagtgcactt   4709 

tttttgtctt ttcgtgaccc tgactaaaga gaaaggatgt caagggaatg aaaatcctgg   4769 

aatgtgtctg atcatttgaa atgtacaaaa ttgggcagat aagctgcatg gctaaattgt   4829 

taggaggaag aggcaaggca gtagtggaga agggggaggc agtggatccc acacaagcct   4889 

gatgcccagg gattcggaat tcaaaatccc cccagcctac cttcagtccc ctgacctgct   4949 

tctcagcccc accttaggtc actggtttct atggagttac cctactgaat tgaatattga   5009 

atagttaatt tctctctcca atcattttcc ccacctaatt ttgaaagata tacatcatct   5069 

ggggtaccct gtgccctaca cagcatgtga agtggatggg taccccctaa agagagggtc   5129 

atcctgaatg gggaagtggc cccaaagcta ggaataactg tgatttcttg tctttagtca   5189 

tgtgccaatg ttaagtaagc ttcagtggat agtgctgtcc taccaagttc cttgtagaag   5249 

ccagccggat tttcaacagg cagcattcca cagcatttcc ctgagcctgc ttcaagaggg   5309 

gtgggggaag tcccttttca ggtgtttatc tcctctgcat ttgtgtaatc tccctgaagg   5369 

tggataagcc aagggcatga gggggaggca aaaggtgaac tcatgttaag gagggaaaaa   5429 

aataaagagc ccttttttct gtgtttcttg ctgatggcag gctgtgtgct tcatctgctt   5489 

ttatctgctc tgctagctct gactctactg tgatccagca tgtctctcgg cgtttgagga   5549 

gacatccccc actgacctgc tctttctctc cccag c agt ctt agg cgc tga gct    5603 
                                         Ser Leu Arg Arg     Ala 
                                             110 

cag cgc ggt ggg tga gaa cgg cgg gga gaa acc cac tcc cag tcc acc     5651 
Gln Arg Gly Gly     Glu Arg Arg Gly Glu Thr His Ser Gln Ser Thr 
    115                     120                 125 

ctg gcg gct ccg ccg gtc caa gcg ctg ctc ctg ctc gtc cct gat gga     5699 
Leu Ala Ala Pro Pro Val Gln Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Pro Asp Gly 
    130                 135                 140 

taa aga gtg tgt cta ctt ctg cca cct gga cat cat ttg ggt caa cac     5747 
    Arg Val Cys Leu Leu Leu Pro Pro Gly His His Leu Gly Gln His 
    145                 150                 155 

tcc cga gtaagtctct agagggcatt gtaaccctat tcattcatta gcgctggctc      5803 
Ser Arg 
160 

cactggagcc cagttttaga gtttcttttc tagggactct gaaggtagtc cttctaacac   5863 

catccaagtg cctcagtggg gacagtttcc ctctattcct gaaaataacg acagcttcgt   5923 

tcttagcaac caaggggagg gtcttctgag gccccgtagc tcaggctact catgatggga   5983 

caagcaggag gccactgcac gtttcaaatg aggaactttc agtgagaggg cctcaggggg   6043 

acactctcac agtggcatct gatggggttt cgggaataat tgccgaggtc agatgtgggt   6103 

tagtgcaacc tgtgcttctc atgggagggt ggagactgag aggcagaagt gatgatatag   6163 

agggttagaa tcacttaatt ttagttacag aaaaacctag gctcaaagtg ttgaagccat   6223 

ttgtgcagga gtgagtttgt agcagagcta gaactggagc ccggatttcc tttgctgcta   6283 

tattttccct ttagaaatgc ccatttcaga actgaaatag aaatactgtc cataggcttc   6343 

tctttcacct acagagaaga aaagcagatt tcctccttct gccctggaca ctagttcatc   6403 

atctgtcgga agcagtcata aacaagcaca catttactat gcatacaatg taccgttatg   6463 

acaaaggagg accaaaatcc aaacaatatc aaaccacacc aaaaaccaca aggagcctaa   6523 

taattactaa ggtgatactt ccaaagggag gactttattt cttagatgag aatgaaaatg   6583 

gacacattgg aaattattgg agagccctct ggctatgagt ccttccacaa ccatatggta   6643 

ccaccgactg gcaggagaaa tgtgtgaaca tgtgcctcct ctccccaacc actggggccg   6703 

gtggggtgac ggtggcactt ttagcagtat cctccgtggt ttgagttgaa aataagtttt   6763 

aaaaatcctg tgagtcatgg ttttgcattg aaacctcttc ccactgtgta cccacaaata   6823 

gttaactaaa tagaccatta gaaaaggaag aaaatataaa gcagatgcca agcagagatg   6883 

tcctaatttt tgacaaaaaa gcaatgttgc ttgtgtcaag aagaaactga actttgtgaa   6943 

gagttgaaat ggaattccac tgaattagaa aaacttgttt tctcctgcct ggatacatac   7003 

agtcagggcc attgatgcac aggtgttcct ggctgttgtt acactttacc ctctgaaatg   7063 

atgctcccaa gtgctatgtg atgagctcct tgtgtgccca gtggaatagg tgtgtccatg   7123 

tgtcatttta aagactatta attacactaa tatagtttct ttctctcttt ggataatag    7182 

gca cgt tgt tcc gta tgg act tgg aag ccc tag gtc caa gag agc ctt     7230 
Ala Arg Cys Ser Val Trp Thr Trp Lys Pro     Val Gln Glu Ser Leu 
            165                 170                     175 

gga gaa ttt act tcc cac aaa ggc aac aga ccg tga gaa tag atg cca     7278 
Gly Glu Phe Thr Ser His Lys Gly Asn Arg Pro     Glu     Met Pro 
            180                 185                         190 

atg tgc tag cca aaa aga caa gaa gtg ctg gaa ttt ttg cca agc agg     7326 
Met Cys     Pro Lys Arg Gln Glu Val Leu Glu Phe Leu Pro Ser Arg 
                    195                 200                 205 

aaa aga act cag gtgagcagaa acacctttgc ttttcaatca gtttaacagc         7378 
Lys Arg Thr Gln 

ctcctgaact ccttcctatc atggtactgc cttcctgttt tagagagact aacagagaca   7438 

ttgaaagtca gggtaaagct gaatataaca ttgctgaaat gtttttcctt gtgtatttta   7498 

acag ggc tga aga cat tat gga gaa aga ctg gaa taa tca taa gaa agg    7547 
     Gly     Arg His Tyr Gly Glu Arg Leu Glu     Ser     Glu Arg 
     210                     215                         220 

aaa aga ctg ttc caa gct tgg gaa aaa gtg tat tta tca gca gtt agt     7595 
Lys Arg Leu Phe Gln Ala Trp Glu Lys Val Tyr Leu Ser Ala Val Ser 
            225                 230                 235 

gag agg aag aaa aat cag aag aag ttc aga gga aca cct aag aca aac     7643 
Glu Arg Lys Lys Asn Gln Lys Lys Phe Arg Gly Thr Pro Lys Thr Asn 
        240                 245                 250 

cag gtaagaggga aggaagaaaa attaggtaag aggttcacaa gaacaactag          7696 
Gln 

ccccagtcag tgatgccagc agcctgttcc tccagccctt cttacccggg caggtgaaag   7756 

acttagaaaa cagtagcaga ggagatctat gcatcctata gattaaaagg agcaaaagaa   7816 

tccctcttaa atatttccat gaagctctgg aatgcaaacc gatgtcctct gtacctttag   7876 

cacataccat ttcatctaca ggtagatttc ccaaccaaaa tatatccaga gatgcctttg   7936 

tcattgggtt atatacagcc tttgcctctc tgagtcaatg tatttaccac tttccctgag   7996 

aaatcgaaaa tcattttggg gagcggacat ttagaaaaag aatcaaagtg tcatggataa   8056 

tcaaattctt caataagttg cagttattca gatggccaaa ggaaaaataa agtcattaga   8116 

tagggttggt agaatttaga acatgctgtt tttcaggttt atggtctttt tttttttttt   8176 

tttttttttt taaataggga aatgtgtttg gtgcagagcc aatgtcattc caaaaagctc   8236 

tctcttttcc tggtcagtca tgtgctggga cagagaaggg atctggatta ggcaacatca   8296 

tagagttgct ctgagctgct ctttggtgat aacccttcca aatcctaaac tttttggaat   8356 

tcacaagctc aaaggaggaa acctactctc tgatctacca catgttctgc atttttctat   8416 

catggtctat ggaaacttct cttagaaatc cagtggcaag aagttctatg attaaagtgt   8476 

tctgagctca ggccaggcag tcatgaacta cttctgagtt gtttactact gatttgtggg   8536 

gcagcctcag ctatcggttt cttcacacct gcttatgaga gtatccatat ttatggtcgc   8596 

aggcagtaat gctccccacg agatcagttt ctgaactaac ctggaatttt ttatgggttt   8656 

ttattatgcc aactattaaa tcaacattac agttcttccc tctgtatttc tcctgtaaaa   8716 

cattaggcct gcaaaaaaaa aaaatctttt taaaaataat tgccataaag tatttgctct   8776 

gggcctactg tatgcttctt ttytttttct ctcttttcaa ctaagtcacc gtcaatttat   8836 

taagatggcc ataactattc aaaacctatg ctgagttcct caaggcaggg tcgcatagtg   8896 

atgaaggttg ggatggggct acggaagaaa ccagaacaac tctagtttat ttaaaacctg   8956 

tatttactgc ccacttcccc ttagacttga ccatatgacc ccttgctccc cattctaagc   9016 

ataggggcag gctttatttt tacaatggta atagatgata tcacttgagg ttttatcaaa   9076 

gagttgcggc gggtggtgaa agttcacaac cagattcagg ttttgtttgt gccagattct   9136 

aattttacat gtttcttttg ccaaagggtg atttttttaa aataacattt gttttctctt   9196 

atcttgcttt attag gtc gga gac cat gag aaa cag cgt caa atc atc ttt    9247 
                 Val Gly Asp His Glu Lys Gln Arg Gln Ile Ile Phe 
                 255                 260                 265 

tca tga tcc caa gct gaa agg caa gcc ctc cag aga gcg tta tgt gac     9295 
Ser     Ser Gln Ala Glu Arg Gln Ala Leu Gln Arg Ala Leu Cys Asp 
                270                 275                 280 

cca caa ccg agc aca ttg gtg aca gac ctt cgg ggc ctg tct gaa gcc     9343 
Pro Gln Pro Ser Thr Leu Val Thr Asp Leu Arg Gly Leu Ser Glu Ala 
            285                 290                 295 

ata gcc tcc acg gag agc ctg tgg ccg act ctg cac tct cca ccc tgg     9391 
Ile Ala Ser Thr Glu Ser Leu Trp Pro Thr Leu His Ser Pro Pro Trp 
        300                 305                 310 

ctg gga tca gag cag gag cat cct ctg ctg gtt cct gac tgg caa agg     9439 
Leu Gly Ser Glu Gln Glu His Pro Leu Leu Val Pro Asp Trp Gln Arg 
    315                 320                 325 

acc agc gtc ctc gtt caa aac att cca aga aag gtt aag gag ttc ccc     9487 
Thr Ser Val Leu Val Gln Asn Ile Pro Arg Lys Val Lys Glu Phe Pro 
330                 335                 340                 345 

caa cca tct tca ctg gct tcc atc agt ggt aac tgc ttt ggt ctc ttc     9535 
Gln Pro Ser Ser Leu Ala Ser Ile Ser Gly Asn Cys Phe Gly Leu Phe 
                350                 355                 360 

ttt cat ctg ggg atg aca atg gac ctc tca gca gaa aca cac agt cac     9583 
Phe His Leu Gly Met Thr Met Asp Leu Ser Ala Glu Thr His Ser His 
            365                 370                 375 

att cga att cgg gtg gca tcc tcc gga gag aga gag agg aag gag att     9631 
Ile Arg Ile Arg Val Ala Ser Ser Gly Glu Arg Glu Arg Lys Glu Ile 
        380                 385                 390 

cca cac agg ggt gga gtt tct gac gaa ggt cct aag gga gtg ttt gtg     9679 
Pro His Arg Gly Gly Val Ser Asp Glu Gly Pro Lys Gly Val Phe Val 
    395                 400                 405 

tct gac tca ggc gcc tgg cac att tca ggg aga aac tcc aaa gtc cac     9727 
Ser Asp Ser Gly Ala Trp His Ile Ser Gly Arg Asn Ser Lys Val His 
410                 415                 420                 425 

aca aag att ttc taa gga atg cac aaa ttg aaa aca cac tca aaa gac     9775 
Thr Lys Ile Phe     Gly Met His Lys Leu Lys Thr His Ser Lys Asp 
                    430                 435                 440 

aaa cat gca agt aaa gaa aaa aaa aag aaa gac ttt tgt tta aat ttg     9823 
Lys His Ala Ser Lys Glu Lys Lys Lys Lys Asp Phe Cys Leu Asn Leu 
                445                 450                 455 

taa aat gca aaa ctg aat gaa act gtt act acc ata aat cag gat atg     9871 
    Asn Ala Lys Leu Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Thr Ile Asn Gln Asp Met 
                460                 465                 470 

ttt cat gaa tat gag tct acc tca cct ata ttg cac tct ggc aga agt     9919 
Phe His Glu Tyr Glu Ser Thr Ser Pro Ile Leu His Ser Gly Arg Ser 
            475                 480                 485 

att tcc cac att taa tta ttg cct ccc caa act ctt ccc acc cct gct     9967 
Ile Ser His Ile     Leu Leu Pro Pro Gln Thr Leu Pro Thr Pro Ala 
        490                     495                 500 

gcc cct tcc tcc atc ccc cat act aaa tcc tag cct cgt aga agt ctg    10015 
Ala Pro Ser Ser Ile Pro His Thr Lys Ser     Pro Arg Arg Ser Leu 
        505                 510                     515 

gtc taa tgt gtc agc agt aga tat aat att ttc atg gta atc tac tag    10063 
Val     Cys Val Ser Ser Arg Tyr Asn Ile Phe Met Val Ile Tyr 
            520                 525                 530 

ctc tga tcc ata aga aaa aaa aga tca tta aat cag gag att ccc tgt    10111 
Leu     Ser Ile Arg Lys Lys Arg Ser Leu Asn Gln Glu Ile Pro Cys 
                535                 540                 545 

cct tga ttt ttg gag aca caa tgg tat agg gtt gtt tat gaa ata tat    10159 
Pro     Phe Leu Glu Thr Gln Trp Tyr Arg Val Val Tyr Glu Ile Tyr 
                550                 555                 560 

tga aaa gta agt gtt tgt tac gct tta aag cag taa aat tat ttt cct    10207 
    Lys Val Ser Val Cys Tyr Ala Leu Lys Gln     Asn Tyr Phe Pro 
                565                 570                     575 

tta tat aac cgg cta atg aaa gag gtt gga ttg aat ttt gat gta ctt    10255 
Leu Tyr Asn Arg Leu Met Lys Glu Val Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Val Leu 
                580                 585                 590 

att ttt tta tag ata ttt ata ttc aaa caa ttt att cct tat att tac    10303 
Ile Phe Leu     Ile Phe Ile Phe Lys Gln Phe Ile Pro Tyr Ile Tyr 
                595                 600                 605 

cat gtt aaa tat ctg ttg ggc agg cca tat tgg tct atg tat ttt taa    10351 
His Val Lys Tyr Leu Leu Gly Arg Pro Tyr Trp Ser Met Tyr Phe 
            610                 615                 620 

aat atg tat ttc taa atg aaa ttg aga aca tgc ttt gtt ttg cct gtc    10399 
Asn Met Tyr Phe     Met Lys Leu Arg Thr Cys Phe Val Leu Pro Val 
            625                     630                 635 

aag gta atg act tta gaa aat aaa tat ttt ttt cct tac tgt ac         10443 
Lys Val Met Thr Leu Glu Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Pro Tyr Cys 
            640                 645                 650 

tgatttggaa tcattactga aatttgtaag gagtgggcca acgtgattaa gtaccataaa  10503 

ggcaaataaa tggttaaaga cggtttcata gaaaagtgac aattagaagg atattacggt  10563 

ctaagctaat tatataaaga attttatctg tatcttaaat gttgatttta tactgcattg  10623 

aggtaaaaac acaaaacaaa aaagcagctt taacacctct gtcttctctt gggtagcagc  10683 

ctcctgcttc tccttcacct gaaaaattct ccagggactt catccattaa cttggctcag  10743 

gctattggca ggattcacag tttaagctga tggtgtggtg agagatgctt tatccatatt  10803 

aatggactga aggaagtaat ggcaagacaa ccccccaaaa catacctaat tatacaaagt  10863 

tatataccaa agttgctttt agaaaatggc ctgctcagag caagtagagg tttccaatgg  10923 

ctttttattt tctcacatta aggatgttgt ttcttaagga acattgagta ccattgcttc  10983 

ttcgtgatag cctaggactg ccgtgtgccc atggaggtag agacaccagg tactgattct  11043 

aggtcctctg ccacaaagca ccacttcctc tccactttgc cttggctggc cttgtcagct  11103 

cactggagag cacagtattg caattgcagt attgcaaatg gtcactacta actgaattct  11163 

ctaagagctt gattagccct cgagaatctt ccttgccctt ctctaatagt gtctgaagga  11223 

attcctggca tttaacaaat attagcatgt agtgatcact gtcgtcctaa cagtgacaca  11283 

tcagaaggat ttcaaataac agtcttcagg catgcgtaat caatgtcctg tgcagagtct  11343 

ccgtcctcat tgatcctcat ttttctcttt aaggcacagt ccaatgtctt tggggaattg  11403 

tttataaagc ttactttatc cataaactgt ttctcagtgc gtgactctga agaaaatttt  11463 

gaagttttgc ccatgttgac aaggtgcttg gtctgaactt ggccagtatt taatcttgag  11523 

caaacgattc aatttccttc tatcgtgagt tttctcatct atgaaacaag ggagttgagg  11583 

ggagtttctt tcatacctct gagaaagagt ttgagattac ataaagaagt tgaagtggca  11643 

tgaaaaaaaa taaagatctg agcttagaag acatggatct aatacattta agaggaagtc  11703 

agaatcagag aagccactga acaaaacagt ccaaacggag catagtaagt cagattgatg  11763 

agttttggtt gggtttttca tcagtcaaac ccttgagccc ccctttccca tgcttcctgc  11823 

ttcagtatcc agtaggaaaa atgaaaggga tgatgtagac actctagggc atgaggattt  11883 

gcagtaaata agttgggaga ctcacagaaa attaatattt ttcaaacatg aagacgaaac  11943 

attcaattat attacagtcc acatcagctt gaagggtaaa ctgatgggat gatctgtcac  12003 

atttcttgct ctgtttccag taaaagcatg gtttctggaa acccacttag gacagctttc  12063 

tctctttaca ctgatagccc aggcaagctt tgatctcaga actccagaaa ccagagaact  12123 

ctaggtggaa tgtggtaact tttgccaggg cagagggaac acctactaat aggtacttca  12183 

tttgcaccac cagagattgg catctttttt gatggatcca ctggctttga tactgcctgt  12243 

actcccccaa aacacagctt gggtattgga ctaatctaga gctccctcag gagaactctt  12303 

gctgacatta agaaagagca acattttgtc tttccaggtg aaaatccaag gccaaaaagg  12363 

gagtgactca cctaagatca cagaaggagc tgtagcatct ctggagcctg aacacttaag  12423 

ttaagcacga ctatttcacg cagagggcat gaattc                            12459 

 
           
             2  
             20  
             DNA  
             Artificial sequence  
             
               Primer  
             
           
            2 

ctccatcccc agaaaaactg                                                 20 

 
           
             3  
             20  
             DNA  
             Artificial sequence  
             
               Primer  
             
           
            3 

aaggaaggtg gtgctgagaa                                                 20 

 
           
             4  
             20  
             DNA  
             Artificial sequence  
             
               Primer  
             
           
            4 

gggggatttc aaggttagat                                                 20 

 
           
             5  
             22  
             DNA  
             Artificial sequence  
             
               Primer  
             
           
            5 

gagaagcccc gataagttct tt                                              22