Abstract:
Methods for packaging light-sensitive semiconductor devices in packages are described in which a transparent window aligned with light-sensitive surfaces of the devices are provided. The methods of the invention include steps for affixing a transparent body to a light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device, affixing the device to a leadframe, and placing the assembled leadframe, device, and transparent body into a mold configured for contacting the transparent body. The assembled leadframe and device are encapsulated and removed from the mold, forming a package encased in encapsulant and having a transparent window aligned with the light-sensitive surface of the device.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates to electronic semiconductor devices and manufacturing. More particularly, the invention relates to packaged semiconductor devices having light-sensitive portions, and to methods useful for the manufacture of semiconductor packages having transparent windows. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    For convenience, and in the event that common usage, now or in the future, may diverge from the nomenclature used herein, the following definitions are provided to assist in the understanding of the invention. For the purposes of the describing the present invention, various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including ultraviolet, visible, and infrared, are referred to generally as “light”. It should be understood that in keeping with the broad meaning of the term “light” used for the purposes of describing the invention, the term “transparent” used herein denotes the ability of the referenced material to transmit a selected portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g. infrared, ultraviolet, or visible, and is not restricted to the ability to transmit visible light or all light, as may be implied in casual lay usage of the term. The term “light-sensitive” is used herein to denote devices or portions of devices designed for receiving or emitting light. 
         [0003]    Some packaged microelectronic devices require that a portion of the chip surface be sensitive to light for certain functions. For example, some EEPROM devices have an erase function that works by the receipt of UV light on the chip surface. Other examples include IR communication devices, and various optical sensors. Many such devices known in the arts are assembled in molded plastic packages. Typically for microelectronic devices, the mold compound, or encapsulant, is opaque. Therefore, in the fabrication of light-sensitive devices, a portion of the mold compound must be excluded during molding, or must be removed from the light-sensitive portion of the chip. The resulting cavity is then filled with a transparent insert or compound that acts as a window to the light-sensitive surface of the chip. It is known in the art to use a structure attached to the inside surface of the mold cavity to exclude the opaque encapsulant during molding. Because the seal of the excluding structure may not be perfect in all cases, the light-sensitive portion of the chip often requires cleaning after the molding process in order to remove stray encapsulant. Since the light-sensitive surface of the chip is delicate, such cleaning can result in damage, leading to reduced manufacturing yield, decreased sensitivity to light, or reduced reliability. Practitioners of the arts give much attention to developing cleaning processes that are both robust with respect to the contaminating opaque mold compound and gentle with respect to the light-sensitive portion of the chip. 
         [0004]    Another approach known in the arts for the manufacture of light-sensitive device packages is the use of transparent mold compound to encase the entire package. Although simple in terms of using existing manufacturing processes, this approach is not suitable for many applications because the transparent mold compounds tend to have inferior thermal and mechanical properties compared to opaque mold compounds, resulting in decreased reliability. Due to these and other technical challenges, improved methods for manufacturing molded semiconductor device packages having transparent windows for use in light-sensitive applications would be useful and advantageous in the arts. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    In carrying out the principles of the present invention, in accordance with preferred embodiments thereof, methods for packaging semiconductor devices having light-sensitive surfaces are disclosed in which a transparent window is provided for the light-sensitive region of a device using techniques offering novel improvements and one or more advantages. 
         [0006]    According to one aspect of the invention, a method for packaging a light-sensitive semiconductor device includes steps for affixing a transparent body to a light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device and affixing the device to a leadframe. The assembled leadframe, device, and transparent body are placed into a mold configured to contact the transparent body. The assembled leadframe and device are encapsulated within the mold, forming a package having a transparent window aligned with the light-sensitive surface of the device. 
         [0007]    According to another aspect of the invention, a method for packaging a light-sensitive semiconductor device includes placing a rigid transparent body on a light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device. 
         [0008]    According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method for packaging a light-sensitive semiconductor device includes steps for dispensing a fluid transparent material on a light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device and shaping the fluid transparent material on the light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device using a mold. The fluid transparent material is cured on the light-sensitive surface of the semiconductor device to form a transparent body. 
         [0009]    According to still another aspect of the invention, preferred embodiments of methods for packaging a semiconductor device having a transparent window include steps for cleaning the transparent window. 
         [0010]    The invention has advantages including but not limited to one or more of the following: providing manufacturing methods for packaged light-sensitive devices with reduced cleaning damage at the light-sensitive surface of the chip; providing cost-effective manufacturing methods for light-sensitive devices; decreasing yield loss during packaging of light-sensitive devices. These and other features, advantages, and benefits of the present invention can be understood by one of ordinary skill in the arts upon careful consideration of the detailed description of representative embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The present invention will be more clearly understood from consideration of the following detailed description and drawings in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1A  shows a cut-away side view illustrating steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to an example of a preferred embodiment of methods of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 1B  shows a cut-away side view illustrating further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 1C  shows a cut-away side view illustrating additional steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 1A-B ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 1D  shows a cut-away side view illustrating an alternative embodiment of the invention, showing that a flip-chip may be used in place of the wirebonded chip in the steps for the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIG. 1C ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 1E  shows a cut-away side view illustrating yet further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 1A-D ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 1F  shows a cut-away side view illustrating additional steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 1A-E ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 1G  shows a cut-away side view illustrating final steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 1A-F ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2A  shows a cut-away side view illustrating steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to an example of an alternative preferred embodiment of methods of the invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2B  shows a cut-away side view illustrating further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2C  shows a cut-away side view illustrating additional steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 2A-B ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 2D  shows a cut-away side view illustrating more steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 2A-C ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2E  shows a cut-away side view illustrating yet further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 2A-D ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2F  shows a cut-away side view illustrating final steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 2A-E ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 3A  shows a cut-away side view illustrating steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to an example of another alternative preferred embodiment of methods of the invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3B  shows a cut-away side view illustrating further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 3C  shows a cut-away side view illustrating additional steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 3A-3B . 
           [0028]      FIG. 3D  shows a cut-away side view illustrating more steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 3A-C ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 3E  shows a cut-away side view illustrating yet further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 3A-D ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 3F  shows a cut-away side view illustrating final steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 3A-E ; 
           [0031]      FIG. 4A  shows a cut-away side view illustrating steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to an example of another alternative preferred embodiment of methods of the invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4B  shows a cut-away side view illustrating further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4C  shows a cut-away side view illustrating additional steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 4A-B ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4D  shows a cut-away side view illustrating more steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 4A-C ; 
           [0035]      FIG. 4E  shows a cut-away side view illustrating yet further steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 4A-D ; 
           [0036]      FIG. 4F  shows a cut-away side view illustrating final steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 4A-E ; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 4G  shows a cut-away side view illustrating final steps in the manufacture of a packaged light-sensitive device according to the example of  FIGS. 4A-F . 
       
    
    
       [0038]    References in the detailed description correspond to like references in the various drawings unless otherwise noted. Descriptive and directional terms used in the written description such as first, second, top, bottom, upper, side, etc., refer to the drawings themselves as laid out on the paper and not to physical limitations of the invention unless specifically noted. The drawings are not to scale, and some features of embodiments shown and discussed are simplified or amplified for illustrating the principles, features, and advantages of the invention. 
       DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0039]    In general, the invention provides methods for manufacturing packaged light-sensitive devices using a transparent body captured by mold compound to form a transparent window in the package. The transparent window is aligned to transmit light to or from a light-sensitive surface of the device. The manufacturing steps are sequenced and the components are arranged in such a way that contamination of the light-sensitive surface of the chip is minimized or avoided, and/or any necessary cleaning of excess mold compound is performed at the outer window surface rather than on the light-sensitive portion of the chip. 
         [0040]    Referring first to  FIGS. 1A through 1G , steps in an example of a preferred embodiment of a method according to the invention are described. As shown beginning with  FIG. 1A , a leadframe  10  and chip  12  requiring light exposure to at least one portion  14  of a surface, often the backside, are preferably joined as known in the arts. Bondwires  16  are preferably used for making operable electrical connections as shown, or alternatively, surface mount connections may be used. A transparent body  18  is preferably attached to the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12 . The transparent body  18  may be made of various alternative materials without departure from the invention such as elastomeric material, glass, crystal, plastic, epoxy, or other material selected for transparency in the desired segment of the spectrum. A transparent adhesive  20  is used to affix the transparent body  18  to the chip  12 . Preferably, the transparent adhesive  20  is an elastomeric material, gel, or other pliable, viscous, or semi-viscous material suitable for curing or hardening or otherwise forming a seal at the junction of the chip  12  and transparent body  18 . Preferably, the elasticity of either the adhesive  20  or transparent body  18 , or both, protects against damage to the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12  when the mold  22  ( FIG. 1B ) makes contact with the surface of the transparent body  18  ( FIG. 1C ) and, as is typically the case, holds it firmly against the surface of the chip  12  to prevent the ingress of encapsulant  24  ( FIG. 1E ). 
         [0041]    Now referring primarily to  FIGS. 1B-1G , the leadframe  10  and chip  12 , with the transparent body  18  in place, are positioned in a mold  22  ( FIG. 1B ).  FIGS. 1C and 1D  provide two alternative views of implementations of the invention using a bond wire configuration and a flip-chip configuration respectively. In  FIG. 1C , bond wire connections  16  are used to couple the chip  12  to the leads of the leadframe  10 . In  FIG. 1D , the chip  12  shown uses surface-mount solder ball  13  connections familiar in the arts rather than the bond wire configuration of  1 C and elsewhere. Such alternative configurations may be used with any of the embodiments shown and described herein without departure from the principles and practice of the invention. As shown in  FIGS. 1C and 1D , the mold  22 , which typically includes two pieces designed to meet, is positioned to facilitate encapsulation of at least a portion of the leadframe  10 , and the chip  12 . The mold  22  preferably also provides for the exclusion of mold compound  24 , as shown in  FIG. 1E , from at least a portion of the outer surface of the transparent body  18 . The encapsulated device  26  is subsequently removed from the mold  22  as illustrated in  FIG. 1F , revealing a window  28  formed by at least a part of the transparent body  18 , which transmits light to the appropriate portion  14  of the chip  12 . As depicted in  FIG. 1G , in the event that an imperfect seal at the mold cavity or other eventualities have permitted the window  28  to become contaminated with mold compound or other material, the window  28  may be cleaned  30  using techniques known in the arts, generally employing more robust and less expensive means than might otherwise be required for cleaning the unprotected light-sensitive portion of the chip itself. 
         [0042]    Now referring to  FIGS. 2A through 2F , an alternative embodiment of a method for manufacturing a light-sensitive device package  32  is shown and described in which a transparent body  34 , and thus the window  28  may be formed in a mold  22 . As depicted in  FIG. 2A , and as described above, a leadframe  10  and chip  12  designed for light exposure, for either receipt or transmission, to at least one light-sensitive portion  14  of a surface, are preferably joined and wirebonded  16 , or flip-chipped (not shown), as known in the arts. A quantity of an uncured or partially cured fluid transparent material  36  is dispensed onto the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip. The quantity of fluid transparent material  36  and degree of viscosity are selected based on the geometry of the particular package  32 . The fluid material  36  is curable, forming a transparent rigid or elastomeric material in its cured state. As shown in  FIG. 2B , the assembly thus prepared is loaded into a mold  22 . Now referring primarily to  FIG. 2C , the mold  22  is preferably used to complete the formation of the transparent elastomeric material  36  prior to curing to form a solid transparent body  34  ( FIG. 2C ). Preferably, the fluid transparent material  36  is sufficiently pliable to be shaped into the desired transparent body  34  form over the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12  by the mold  22 . The inflow of the opaque or non-transparent mold compound  24  used to complete the remainder of the encapsulation is preferably deferred until the fluid transparent material  36  has cured sufficiently to ensure the exclusion of encapsulant  24  from the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12 . After the fluid transparent material  36  cures into a sufficiently rigid transparent body  34 , the mold compound  24  is preferably flowed into the mold  22  according to molding techniques familiar in the arts, as illustrated in  FIG. 2D . In this alternative embodiment, the mold  22 , and the transparent body  34 , being tightly sealed, preferably exclude mold compound  24  from contaminating the outer surface of the transparent body  34 . The package  32  is subsequently removed from the mold  22  as illustrated in  FIG. 2E , revealing a window  28  formed by at least a portion of the cured transparent body  34 , which transmits light to the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12 . As depicted in  FIG. 2F , in the event that a mold defect or other eventualities have permitted the window  28  to become contaminated with mold compound or other material, the window  28  may be cleaned  30  using techniques known in the arts. 
         [0043]    In another example of an alternative embodiment of the invention shown in  FIGS. 3A through 3F , an example of a preferred embodiment of the invention having a chip  12  with light-sensitive regions  14  on opposing sides. The opposing light-sensitive regions  14  may be independent, or may, as in this example, be arranged around an aperture  40  in the die paddle  42  of the leadframe  10  in order to permit light transmission to both sides of, or through, the chip  12 . As shown in  FIG. 3A , the leadframe  10  has an aperture  40 , and a chip  12  having light-sensitive regions  14  on each of its opposing sides is affixed to the leadframe  10 . Bondwires  16 , or flip-chip connections (not shown), for making operable electrical connections are preferably provided. A transparent body  18  is preferably attached to each of the light-sensitive portions  14  of the chip  12 . The transparent bodies  18  may be made of various alternative materials without departure from the invention such as elastomeric material, glass, crystal, plastic, epoxy, or other material selected for transparency in the desired segment of the spectrum. A transparent adhesive  20  is preferably used to affix each transparent body  18  to the chip  12 . Referring primarily to  FIGS. 3B and 3C , the leadframe  10  and chip  12 , with the transparent bodies  18  in place, are positioned in a mold  22  positioned to facilitate encapsulation. As above, the transparent adhesive  20  is preferably a pliable material suitable for curing or hardening or otherwise forming a seal at the junctions of the chip  12  and transparent bodies  18 . Again, the elasticity of either the adhesive  20  and/or the transparent bodies  18 , protect against damage to the light-sensitive portions  14  of the chip  12  when the mold  22  ( FIG. 3C ) makes contact with the exposed surfaces of each transparent body  18  and, as is typically the case, presses them against the light-sensitive surfaces  14  of the chip  12 . The mold  22  preferably excludes mold compound  24 , during encapsulation, as shown in  FIG. 3D , from at least a portion of the outer surfaces of each of the transparent bodies  18 . The encapsulated device  44  is subsequently removed from the mold  22  as illustrated in  FIG. 3E , revealing opposing transparent windows  28  formed by at least a part of each transparent body  18 . As depicted in  FIG. 3F , in the event that an imperfect seal at the mold cavity or other eventualities have permitted the windows  28  to become contaminated with mold compound or other material, the windows  28  may be cleaned  30 . It should be apparent to those with ordinary skill in the arts that variations in the steps of the invention are possible, such as for example, attaching the transparent bodies prior to affixing the chip to the leadframe, or forming and curing the transparent bodies in place as in exemplary alternative embodiments described elsewhere herein. An additional advantage of this embodiment is that a pass-through path for light may be provided, which may be desirable in some applications. 
         [0044]    The above examples of preferred embodiments of the invention describe variations of molded plastic-packaged devices in which the chip and leadframe assembly is more-or-less completely surrounded by encapsulant. Additional embodiments are also possible, in which the die paddle is exposed at the bottom of the package. An example of such an alternative embodiment is shown in  FIGS. 4A-4G , in which the bottom surface of the leadframe  10  is exposed at the bottom of the package  46 . In  FIG. 4A , the leadframe  10  is shown attached to a carrier tape  48  as known in the arts. A chip  12  containing a light-sensitive region  14  is affixed to the leadframe  10 . Bondwires  16  for making operable electrical connections are preferably provided. A transparent body  18  is preferably attached to the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12  using a transparent adhesive  20  as further described herein. As shown in  FIGS. 4B and 4C , the carrier tape  48 , leadframe  10 , and chip  12  with the transparent body  18  in place, are positioned in a mold  22  and encapsulated. The mold  22  preferably excludes mold compound  24  from at least a portion of the outer surface of the transparent body  18  in order to provide a window  28  on the light-sensitive portion  14  of the chip  12 . Following encapsulation,  FIGS. 4E through 4G , the package  46  is removed from the mold  22  and cleaned  30  as needed. In this alternative embodiment, during molding the chip  12  is supported by on the bottom of the mold  22 . By using the invention to place the window  28  at the top of the chip  12 , the compressive force between the window and the bottom of the cavity is reduced. 
         [0045]    The methods and apparatus of the invention provide one or more advantages including but not limited to reducing damage to semiconductor devices during manufacturing. While the invention has been described with reference to certain illustrative embodiments, those described herein are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. For example, variations or combinations of steps in the embodiments shown and described may be used in particular cases without departure from the invention. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other advantages and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to persons skilled in the arts upon reference to the drawings, description, and claims.