Abstract:
A method of preparing an additive suspension circuit for a hard disk drive suspension includes electrodepositing an alloy of copper using an electrolytic bath containing copper sulfate, tin, iron, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, using pulsed current of about 10-45 amperes per square foot.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/968,686 filed Aug. 29, 2007. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the field of electrodeposited copper traces. More particularly, this invention relates to the field high strength electrodeposited copper signal traces for hard disk drive suspensions. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Typical magnetic hard disk drives for storing large amounts of data include a transducer mounted on a slider for reading and/or writing the data on the disk. In such systems, the slider is typically attached to an actuator arm by a suspension system, which includes both a load beam and a gimbal typically made of stainless steel. The flex trace suspension further includes the copper signal conductors which carry the data signals to/from the transducer, carried on a dielectric material such a polyimide which electrically isolates the signal traces from the stainless steel load beam. The copper signal conductors are defined upon the composite structure comprising the copper signal conductors, the insulating polyimide dielectric layer, and the stainless steel layer. The stainless steel layer provides both mechanical support and an electrical ground reference plane in this microstrip configuration. 
     Both additive and subtractive manufacturing processes may be used to build suspensions. Subtractive processes begin with preexisting laminates of stainless steel, dielectric, and copper. The laminates typical begin by depositing an alloy copper onto a drum. The resulting copper foil is then removed from the drum and laminated with a dielectric material and stainless steel underneath to form the composite structure which is then selectively patterned and etched to form the suspension including the signal conductors. Subtractive processes are well known in the art. 
     Early subtractive suspension manufacturing processes such as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,176 issued to Erpelding, et al. utilized rolled alloy copper foil C17510 which was laminated into a composite. Later, circuits transitioned to NK120 &amp; C7025 alloys which possessed similar mechanical properties but exhibited approximately 20% improved conductivity and did not contain the hazardous substance beryllium. Alloy foils can also be strain- and precipitation-hardened to increase their mechanical properties. 
     To meet emerging density and signal propagation speeds, in more recent years manufacturers have increasingly relied on the additive method of manufacturing suspensions. This is because electrodeposited copper can generally be made thinner than the rolled copper of suspension laminates, thus producing very thin copper traces having the lower pitch and roll stiffness which is required for very small sliders. 
     Additive processes for making suspensions are well known in the art. In an additive process, various layers including dielectric and then copper are deposited on the stainless steel substrate serially. In a typical additive manufacturing process a polyimide dielectric layer is first cast onto the stainless steel and cured at high temperature. An adhesion layer is then sputtered onto the polyimide. The purpose of the adhesion layers is to enhance the bond between the polyimide dielectric and the copper signal traces. The adhesion layer may be, for example, Cr as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,808 to Sallo and U.S. Pat. No. 6,489,035 to Wang, or Ti or Monel as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,379,271 to Schreiber et al. Copper is then typically sputtered onto the adhesion layer, followed by electrodeposition of a copper layer to form the desired signal traces, a Ni layer for adhesion, and finally an additional polyimide layer for electrical insulation. Typically, the copper that is electrodeposited to form the signal traces is essentially pure copper and can be very thin, such as less than 10 μm. Other variations on, and refinements to, the basic additive process, including various cleaning and preparation steps, will not be discussed in detail herein because they are not considered relevant to the present discussion. 
     The suspension is an electromechanical system in which both the electrical and mechanical properties must be balanced. Mechanical properties are extremely important; the properties of spring rate, static attitude angle pitch, and roll stiffness must be stringently controlled to allow the read/write head to accurately fly over the recording media. Typical spring rates are in the range of 20 N/m, typical pitch and roll stiffness are in the range of 50 μNM/degree, and typical static attitude adjust angle tolerances for pitch (longitudinal axis) and roll (transverse axis) for today&#39;s head gimbals is 0.20 degrees. The copper trace should be thin for mechanical purposes (typically less than 10 μm) yet not prone to creep, and yet still carry electrical signals efficiently. The copper trace should preferably have a rectangular cross section rather than a trapezoidal cross section for increased routing density, and should have clean edge lines rather than be dendritic, and have smooth surfaces, for good electrical performance. 
     During manufacturing, fine adjustments are made to the pitch and roll static attitude of the gimbal and slider using mechanical and/or laser induced micro-bending. The main focus of the bending is usually to the outer arm portions of the suspension that are sometimes referred to as the out-rigger and in-rigger portions; however, the copper conductors of the suspension often experience enough stress during the static attitude adjustment so that they mechanically yield. If the copper yields, it will undergo stress relaxation (creep), and the precise suspension adjustment will creep or drift over time. Drift results in the air bearing slider performing poorly such as by flying higher than desired, which results in degraded reading and writing of the data to and from the disk. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an additive suspension circuit, and the resulting circuit, having a high copper conductor toughness that is resistant to stress relaxation (creep) and mechanical damage. Copper having a higher yield strength than pure electrodeposited copper is less susceptible to yielding and creep in the static attitude adjustment process. 
     Although pure electrodeposited copper provides superior conductor density over wrought (rolled) copper alloys typically used in subtractive circuitry, the mechanical properties of pure copper are generally inferior to those of the rolled copper alloys. The inadequate strength of the pure copper conductors is manifested in two principal traits. First, cantilevered or flying leads (partially or unsupported by dielectric) formed of pure copper are prone to mechanical damage. The mere momentum impact of a solder sphere bonding a slider can result in a static attitude shift. Second, static attitude adjustment instability attributable to Cu creep worsens over time. The high cure temperature of the polyimide resin typically used in a suspension exacerbates the problem by annealing the copper, which makes it more ductile, i.e., decreases its yield strength. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,926 issued to Clouser et al., for example, discloses a method of electrodepositing a high strength foil having a tensile strength of 413 MPa (60 Kpsi). However, the mechanical properties of the resulting copper foil are believed to degrade by more than 50% when subject to temperatures of 180° C., such as used to cure typical polyimide used as a suspension dielectric material. 
     It is possible to plate copper having improved mechanical properties by methods such as pulsed current regulation or limiting the amount of co-deposited organics used as grain refiners, surfactants and brighteners. However, the resulting copper is still prone to mechanical degradation in the high temperature cure processes required for the polyimide resins, e.g., 345° C. Modified epoxies and acrylics can be cured at lower temperatures; however, some of those materials lack the mechanical stability and low out-gas requirements mandated by hard disk drive micro-electronic assembly. Electrodepositing copper alloys allows pinning of the grains thereby limiting grain growth at high temperatures and maintaining the higher mechanical properties. 
     According to the present invention, an additive suspension copper alloy conductor may be formed utilizing electrodeposition methods which yield copper having superior mechanical properties both prior to and after exposure to high temperatures, e.g., around 180° C. In addition to copper ions and H+ ions which may be obtained from sulfuric acid, the plating solution contains tin ions which may be obtained from stannous sulfate, and iron ions which may be obtained from ferrous sulfate. The bath should contain a maximum of 0.1 mg/l of chloride ions. The plating should occur at a low current density, e.g., 10-45 amperes per square foot (ASF). The plating current is preferably pulsed in the kilohertz frequency range. Low temperatures overlay layers comprising epoxy or urethane, and having a low cure temperature, can be used to further minimize annealing. 
     The resulting electrodeposited copper alloys disclosed herein exhibit only about a 20% decrease in tensile strength after being subjected to the high temperatures used in curing the polyimide resin, compared to a decrease of greater than 50% characteristic of prior art additive suspension alloys. 
     According to the invention, the copper electrodeposition bath contains the following constituents in the following preferred amounts:
         Cu content obtained from copper sulfate, the copper sulfate concentration being in a concentration within the range of about 60-340 g/l, and more preferably within the range of about 60-248 g/l;   Ferrous (Fe) content obtained from ferrous sulfate, the ferrous sulfate being in a concentration within the range of about 6-20 g/l, and more preferably within the range of about 6-8 g/l.   Tin (Sn) content obtained from stannous sulfate, the stannous sulfate being in a concentration within the range of about 0.15-0.7 g/l, and more preferably within the range of about 0.2-0.5 g/l;   Sulfuric acid in a concentration within the range of 11-17 g/l;   Hydrochloric acid in a concentration within the range of about 50 ppm; and   Chloride ions within the range of about 0-50 ppm.       

     Additionally, the electrodeposition bath should appropriate brighteners added. The electrodeposition preferably occurs at the following process parameters:
         Temperature from about 10-30° C., and more preferably from about 20-25° C.;   Current density from about 10-45 amperes per square foot (ASF), and more preferably about 10-30 ASF, and more preferably still within the range of about 18-22 ASF, peak current at about 25% duty cycle pulsed at about 0-1.0 ms ON time, and more preferably about 0.4-0.6 ms ON time.       

     Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be further described below with reference to the drawings, in which like numbers refer to like parts. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an additive manufacturing process used to form a typical additive suspension; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph which illustrates the difference between the yield strength of 99.9% pure electrodeposited copper (C 11000) after being formed into a complete suspension, and the yield strength of a typical wrought alloy copper (C7025) foil; 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of the yield strength over time for pure copper and for two copper alloys at a temperature of 350° C. (˜660° F.); 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of resulting Fe and Sn content in deposited copper as a function of Sn concentrate in the deposition bath; 
         FIG. 5  is a plot of the stress vs. strain for copper electrodeposited produced according to the present, and for copper used in prior suspensions; 
         FIG. 6A  is a plot of the stress vs. strain for copper electrodeposited according to an embodiment of the invention before baking the coverlay coating; 
         FIG. 6B  is a plot of the stress vs. strain for copper electrodeposited according to an embodiment of the invention after baking the coverlay coating; and 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of the effect of annealing temperature on the tensile properties of hard draw copper. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an additive suspension manufacturing process used to form a typical additive suspension and its flex trace, and used to form a suspension according to the present invention. The steps are well known in the industry. In  FIG. 1A , the suspension begins with a stainless steel sheet  10  which has been cleaned. In  FIG. 1B , a coat of polyimide  12  is applied and cured. In  FIG. 1C , an adhesion layer  14 , such as sputtered Cr followed by sputtered Cu, is applied, then photoresist top and bottom layers  16  and  17 , respectively, are applied, exposed, and developed to define a negative of the circuit pattern to be deposited. 
     In  FIG. 1D , copper plating is performed to create copper signal trace conductors  20  which define the circuit pattern. In  FIG. 1E , the photoresist layers  16  and  17  are stripped away. In  FIG. 1F , a polyimide covercoating  22  is applied. In  FIG. 1G , photoresist  26  is applied, patterned, exposed, and developed, and stainless steel  10  is etched away in the pattern desired. In  FIG. 1H , photoresist  26  is additionally patterned, exposed, and developed, and the polyimide is etched to expose the portions of copper conductors  20  which will serve as contact pads. In  FIG. 1I , photoresist  26  is stripped away. In  FIG. 1J , the exposed portions of copper conductors  20  are plated with Ni/Au  30  for corrosion resistance and electrical bonding. 
       FIG. 2  is a graph which illustrates the difference between the change in position static attitude (PSA) of 99.9% pure electrodeposited copper (C11000) after being formed into a complete suspension, and the yield strength of a typical wrought alloy copper (C7025) foil. In the additive method of construction, the time and temperatures required to cure the polyimide resin fully annealed the electrodeposited copper, thus significantly reducing its mechanical strength. This reduced mechanical strength is manifested as a greater change in PSA over time for the pure electrodeposited copper. 
       FIG. 3  is a graph of the yield strength over time for pure copper (C11000) and for two copper alloys (C19500; and C1550, C19400, or C15100) at a temperature of 350° C. (˜660° F.). The graph is taken from the ASTM Handbook, Desk Edition. Degradation in the mechanical properties of the copper will produce PSA creep over time on the assembled suspensions. 
     One aspect of the invention is to utilize deposition methods developed for foil manufacture to the selective deposition of copper to form the conductors. In one embodiment, the invention has been used in a web or roll-roll-format. In such a format, the suspension begins as a 20 μm thick stainless steel web which is then layered in an additive fashion. In particular, a polyimide layer 20 μm thick is cast on the stainless steel, followed by a layer of sputtered Cr for adhesion, followed by a sputtered Cu layer, followed by electrodeposited Cu alloy as the conductor layer with a photomask defining the desired circuit pattern, followed by a polyimide layer, followed by electrodeposited Ni/Au on exposed portions of the Cu alloy conductors that will form the electrical contacts. 
     The invention is applied at the copper electrodeposition step illustrated in  FIG. 1  as the transition between  FIGS. 1C and 1D . A low current density of approximately 15-45 amperes per square foot (ASF), which is equal to 1.5-4.4 amperes per square decimeter (ASD or A/dm 2 ), is used to electrodeposit the copper. 
     Additional, brighteners should preferably be added to the bath, as is well known in the industry. The term “brighteners” refers within the industry to additives added to the plating solution to enhance the resultant electrodeposited metal&#39;s appearance, uniformity, and grain structure. Modern commercially available brighteners include two separate components (A&amp;B). The first component is a non ionic surfactant that aids in wetting the surface (reducing surface tension) and promoting uniform grain nucleation. The surfactant, unlike the other component, is not co-deposited or depleted and usually requires no or minimal subsequent additions. The second component is a leveler and grain refiner. Both of these components can be monitored and adjusted using cyclic voltammetric stripping (CVS) which is well known in the art. The commercial brightener PC-671 is one of the more common Cu sulfate commercial brighteners. 
     Example 1 
     In the preferred embodiment an electrolytic bath containing the following principal constituents is used, and electrodeposition took place under the following conditions: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Common Name 
                 Chemical Formula 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Copper Sulfate 
                 CuS0 4 •5H 2 0 
                 67  
                 g/l 
               
               
                   
                 (pentahydrous) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Copper Sulfate 
                 CuS0 4   
                 225  
                 g/l 
               
               
                   
                 (anhydrous) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Hydrochloric Acid 
                 HCl 
                 0.154  
                 m/l 
               
               
                   
                 PC-671 
                   
                 3  
                 ml/l 
               
               
                   
                 Stannous Sulfate  
                 SnSO 4   
                 4  
                 g/l 
               
               
                   
                 (tin ions) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ferrous Sulfate 
                 FeSO 4   
                 40  
                 g/l 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (iron ions) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Current Density: 12 ASD (peak) (ON), 25% duty cycle, 500 Hz (0.5 ms ON, 1.5 ms OFF) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Acid copper plating is well known in the art, as exemplified by Metal Finishing, 55 th  Guidebook Directory (Metals and Plastics Publications Inc., Hackensack, N.J., 1987), pp. 212-215 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for its teachings of electrolytic copper plating baths and processes. The stannous sulfate, which can be difficult to get into solution, was mixed with a magnetic stirrer in a separate solution for seven days. The undissolved white stannous sulfate solid was filtered out of solution before electroplating. 
     Suspensions made according to this example exhibited an adjusted yield strength of 265 MPa, compared to 223 MPA for a suspension made from a commercially available rolled copper suspension alloy, and 127 MPa for a prior art suspension made by the assignee of the present invention according to a prior additive suspension manufacturing method. The phrase “adjusted yield strength” refers to the fact that the tested samples did not have the Cr layer removed and therefore the yield strength numbers produced were adjusted by 4% downward in order to estimate the yield strength of the Cu layer by itself. The commercially available rolled copper suspension alloy was circuit integrated suspension (CIS) copper foil, purchased from Nitto Denko Corporation of Osaka, Japan. 
       FIG. 5  is a plot of the stress vs. strain for copper electrodeposited according to this example, and for copper used in prior suspensions. As can be seen from the figure, copper alloy produced according to the present invention (trace C) withstood more stress before a given percentage of elongation than did the previously used production product (traces B), and significantly more stress than did the Nitto-Denko product (traces A). 
       FIG. 6A  is a plot of the stress vs. strain for copper electrodeposited according to this example before baking the coverlay coating.  FIG. 6B  is the same plot, but after baking The yield strength for the resulting deposit product of this example is listed in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Yield Strength of the Product of Example 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Yield Strength 
                 Yield Strength 
               
               
                   
                 Condition 
                 (Kips) 
                 (MPA) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pre-Bake 
                 47 
                 323 
               
               
                   
                 Post-Bake 
                 38 
                 265 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen from the data, the product of this example exhibited a loss in yield strength of only about 19%, which is significantly less than the loss in yield strength due to baking in prior additive suspension coppers. SEM micrographs not reproduced herein demonstrated that there was minimal grain growth (minimal annealing) from pre-bake to post-bake. 
     Example 2 
     Electrodeposited copper was prepared using the following electrolytic bath: 
                                                       Common Name   Chemical Formula   Concentration                                Copper Sulfate   CuS0 4 •5H 2 0   283-334    g/l       Sulfuric Acid   H 2 S0 4     110-200    g/l       Polyether       0.01-1.10    g/l       Stannous Sulfate    SnSO 4     0.5-1.0    g/l       (tin ions)                   Ferrous Sulfate   FeSO 4     0.5-5.0    g/l       (iron ions)                   Chloride ions   Cl −     ≦0.1    mg/l               Temperature: 20-25° C.       Current Density: 15-45 ASF       Current Pulsing: 25-75%, 500 Hz            
This is the same bath chemical constituents as taught by Sakai et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,209 to plate a foil with high mechanical properties for etching that does not significantly degrade when subject to high temperature (180° C.). However, the bath was used at a different temperature and at a much lower current density than suggested by Sakai, and with current pulsing.
 
     Unlike methods of manufacturing rolled copper foil in which the anode can be shaped to minimize the preferential plating to high current density areas (point source), and the edges of the electrodeposited foil can be trimmed, electrodepositing traces on a suspension involves complex circuit geometries having large ground areas that tend to plate significantly slower than isolated pads. Pulsed electrodeposition current was therefore employed to attain a more uniform deposit across the complex geometry of the suspension. 
     Example 3 
     A high throw copper plating solution with the following make up, operated at a bath temperature of approximately 20-25° C., will yield satisfactory results: 
                                                                     Common Name   Chemical Formula   Concentration                                Copper Sulfate   CuS0 4 •5H 2 0   60-100    g/l       Sulfuric Acid   H 2 S0 4     170-220    g/l       Stannous Sulfate    SnSO 4     0.5-1.0    g/l       (tin ions)                   Ferrous Sulfate   FeSO 4     0.5-5.0    g/l       (iron ions)                   Chloride ions   Cl −     &lt;50    ppm            Brightener PC Gleam                       Temperature: 20-25° C.       Current Density: 15-45 ASF       Current Pulsing: 25-75%, 500 Hz            
The preferred 2-component commercially available brightener is Copper Gleam distributed by LeaRonel Inc. of Freeport, N.Y.
 
     Example 4 
     An electrolytic bath containing the principal constituents listed in the table below was used. The resulting Fe and Sn contents of the resulting deposit product are also listed in the table. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Common Name 
                 Chemical Formula 
                 Concentration (g/l) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Copper Sulfate 
                 CuS0 4 •5H 2 0 
                 67  
                 g/l 
               
               
                 (pentahydrate) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfuric Acid 
                 H 2 S0 4   
                 225  
                 g/l 
               
               
                 Hydrochloric acid 
                 HCl 
                 0.084  
                 ml 
               
               
                 PC-671 
                   
                 0.4  
                 ml/l 
               
               
                 Stannous Sulfate  
                 SnSO 4   
                 0.8  
                 g/l 
               
               
                 (tin ions) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ferrous Sulfate 
                 FeSO 4 •7H 2 0 
                 2.5  
                 g/l 
               
               
                 (iron ions) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fe content in the 
                   
                 587  
                 ppm (target 500) 
               
               
                 solution by ICP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sn content in the 
                   
                 432  
                 ppm (target 440) 
               
               
                 solution by ICP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Temperature: 20-25° C. 
               
               
                 Current Density: 15-45 ASF 
               
               
                 Current Pulsing: 25-75%, 500 Hz 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Additional solutions, assigned Example Nos. 4-11 below, were tested to determine the effects of bath constituent concentrations and current pulsing on the resulting Sn and Fe concentrations in the electrodeposited copper alloy. The target concentrations in the deposition were 0˜50 ppm of Fe, and 50˜1200 ppm of Sn. The results are presented in Table 2 below and in  FIG. 4 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sn and Fe in Resulting Product for Various  
               
               
                 Bath Solutions and Current Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Result: Sn 
                 Result: Fe 
               
               
                 Sample information 
                 Weight (g) 
                 (ppm) 
                 (ppm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cu standard 
                 0.1396 
                 121 
                 107 
               
               
                 Example 5: Cu PC-671 only 
                 0.0825 
                 &lt;1 
                 32 
               
               
                 Example 6: Cu—Sn 0.8 g/l 
                 0.1278 
                 4 
                 31 
               
               
                 Example 7: Cu—Sn 2 g/l 
                 0.0971 
                 2 
                 12 
               
               
                 Example 8: Cu—Sn 4 g/l 
                 0.1002 
                 1 
                 13 
               
               
                 Example 9: Cu—Sn 6 g/l 
                 0.1364 
                 5 
                 33 
               
               
                 Example 10: Cu—Sn 8 g/l 
                 0.1213 
                 13 
                 62 
               
               
                 Example 11: Cu—Sn 2 g/l 
                 0.0853 
                 187 
                 20 
               
               
                 Current Density: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DC-2ASD 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pulse: 2ASD 1 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen in the data of Table 2, pulsing as in Example 10 greatly increases the Sn content of the deposit. In Example 10, the current used was a pulsed current (having an AC component) superimposed on a DC current. The current parameters (DC component, peak current density, duty cycle, and frequency) can be adjusted to achieve a target Sn content in the deposit of about 200-700 ppm, and more preferably about 350-550 ppm, and more preferably still about 440 ppm. Still further, the Fe content of the deposit can be increased by (a) greatly increasing the Fe content of the bath, (b) decreasing the acid content of the bath, or (c) doing both. 
     Additionally, in embodiments of the present invention, the protective and insulating overlay layer is made of a low cure temperature material such as epoxy or urethane, for which the curing process only requires temperatures having a maximum value from approximately 150° C. to approximately 190° C. By reducing the maximum overlay layer processing temperature below 200° C., the effects of annealing the copper are limited or eliminated. This allows the copper to maintain a greater proportion of its pre-bake yield strength, and thus improves the copper&#39;s creep resistance.  FIG. 7  (taken from Crosby R. C., and Desy D. H.,  Dispersion - Strengthening in Copper - Alumina and Copper - Yttria Alloys , BM-RI-7266, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., June 1969, which his incorporated by reference herein) shows a standard softening curve for pure copper and illustrates the fact that copper annealing starts to impact mechanical properties when the temperature at which the copper is processed reaches about 200° C. While it will be recognized that the graph of  FIG. 7  does not apply exactly to the present invention due to the difference between pure copper and copper that is alloyed according to the invention, the graph may nevertheless illustrates annealing properties of copper and thus provides helpful information. In addition to having favorable curing temperatures, epoxy and urethane advantageously are readily available, are low in cost, and provide non-conductive circuit protection overlay layers. 
     It will be appreciated that the term “present invention” as used herein should not be construed to mean that only a single invention having a single essential element or group of elements is presented. Similarly, it will also be appreciated that the term “present invention” encompasses a number of separate innovations which can each be considered separate inventions. Although the present invention has thus been described in detail with regard to the preferred embodiments and drawings thereof, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various adaptations and modifications of the present invention may be accomplished without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the detailed description and the accompanying drawings as set forth hereinabove are not intended to limit the breadth of the present invention, which should be inferred only from the following claims and their appropriately construed legal equivalents.