Abstract:
The present application discloses a method for fabricating a composite structure for use as a resilient cushion, including: (a) placing a sheet of first resilient material on a surface; (b) cutting the sheet of first resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the first resilient material to produce a cut sheet of first resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete first resilient elements of defined widths and lengths, wherein at least one of the first resilient elements touches adjacent resilient elements along its side; and (c) mounting a first expanse of material on at least one of the first resilient elements of the cut sheet of first resilient material to form a first composite structure.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     General Background and State of the Art 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a composite cushioning material and the method for making the same. As described in greater detail below, this composite cushioning material is lightweight, flexible, and stretchable. Once assembled, the material can be used as cushioning component in footwear, as protective padding, or as components in athletic or industrial protective gear. The composite cushioning material can be made stretchable so as to better follow the contours of the wearer&#39;s body, hand, or foot, or to fully envelop the body parts that are intended to be protected, yet be flexible and breathable. The invention also relates to a method for making the said composite cushioning material without using molds or jigs during the assembly of its components. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In one aspect, the present invention is described as follows: 
         [0003]    In one embodiment, the present application is directed to a method for fabricating a composite structure for use as a resilient cushion, comprising: 
         [0004]    (a) placing a sheet of first resilient material on a surface; 
         [0005]    (b) cutting the sheet of first resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the first resilient material to produce a cut sheet of first resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete first resilient elements of defined widths and lengths, wherein at least one of the first resilient elements touches adjacent resilient elements along its side; and 
         [0006]    (c) mounting a first expanse of material on at least one of the first resilient elements of the cut sheet of first resilient material to form a first composite structure. 
         [0007]    The method may further comprise: holding the resilient elements in place on the surface without aid of a jig. The method may further comprise: holding the resilient elements in place through vacuum applied from the surface. The method may further comprise: holding the resilient elements in place through frictional contact between the resilient elements. The discrete resilient elements may interlock with each other. The resilient elements may be concave or convex shapes, wherein the concave shaped resilient elements interlock with the convex shaped resilient elements. The discrete resilient element may be shaped as a cylinder, cube, or trapezoid. 
         [0008]    The method described above may include applying heat, pressure or both sufficient to change shape of at least one of the resilient elements at or near the site of contact with a source of heat or pressure generation or both, without affecting shape of the shape-changed resilient element progressively away from the site of contact along the length of the shape-changed resilient element or along the axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure, to provide spacing with respect to the shape-changed resilient element and an adjacent structure. The adjacent structure may be a resilient element. The adjacent structure is a perimetral edge. 
         [0009]    The above method may also comprise applying heat, pressure or both sufficient to change shape of at least one of the resilient elements at or near the site of contact with a source of heat or pressure generation or both, to provide spacing with respect to the shape-changed resilient element and an adjacent structure. 
         [0010]    The method described above may use heat alone. In one embodiment, the source of heat generation may be microwave or heat platen. Alternatively, both heat and pressure may be applied. Heat or pressure or both heat and pressure on the resilient element may be uniformly applied. The change in shape may be shrinkage, shriveling, rounding or contraction. The site of contact of the resilient element from the source of heat or pressure generation or both may be the first expanse of material. A range of from 0.1% to 99% may be changed in shape along the length of the shape-changed resilient element or along the axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure from the point of contact with the source of heat or pressure generation. The range may include from 0.1% to 50%, 0.1% to 40%, or 0.1% to 30%. 
         [0011]    In the method described above, the resilient material may be made of ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”) foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, polyurethane (“PU”) foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion, or a combination thereof. The method may include further cutting the first composite material into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. An adhesive may be used to mount at least one resilient element to the first expanse of material. The method may further comprise: activating the adhesive with a heat platen. The first expanse of material may be made of synthetic non-woven fabric, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, elastomer, or any combination of such materials. 
         [0012]    The above method may include stretching the first expanse of material after bonding to the resilient elements so that space is formed between the resilient elements after the stretching is released. The method may further comprise stretching the first expanse of material before bonding to the resilient elements so as to provide closer proximity of the resilient elements to each other after the resilient elements are bound to the first expanse of material after the stretching is released. The method may further comprise mounting a second expanse of material on at least one resilient element opposite the first expanse of material to form a second composite material. An adhesive may be used to mount the resilient element to either the first expanse of material, the second expanse of material or both the first and second expanse of material. 
         [0013]    The method may further comprise: activating the adhesive with a heat platen. The first or second expanse of material may be made of synthetic non-woven fabric, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, elastomer, or any combination of such materials. The method may include stretching the first or second expanse of material after bonding to the resilient elements so that space is formed between the resilient elements after the stretching is released. The method may include stretching the first or second expanse of material before bonding to the resilient elements so as to provide closer proximity of the resilient elements to each other after the resilient elements are bound to the first or second expanse of material after the stretching is released. The method may further include cutting the second composite structure into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. 
         [0014]    The method may further comprise in step (b), 
         [0015]    (i) cutting a sheet of second resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the second resilient material to produce a cut sheet of second resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete second resilient elements of defined widths and lengths, and 
         [0016]    (ii) exchanging at least one first resilient element in the cut sheet of first resilient material with at least one second resilient element from the cut sheet of the second resilient material to form a first composite resilient material, wherein the first expanse of material mounted on the first composite resilient material forms a third composite structure. 
         [0017]    The method above may further include in (ii), comprising pressing a mechanical holder to a first portion of the cut sheet of first resilient material so as to cover at least one first resilient element, and removing a second portion of first resilient material not covered by the mechanical holder. 
         [0018]    The first resilient element and second resilient element may have same or different physical characteristics. The second resilient elements may be obtained comprising the steps of: 
         [0019]    (i) placing a sheet of second resilient material on a surface, wherein the second resilient material has different physical properties from the first resilient material; 
         [0020]    (ii) cutting the sheet of second resilient material to produce a cut sheet of second resilient material displaying a cutting pattern that matches at least in areas identified to be exchanged in the first cut resilient material; and 
         [0021]    (iii) removing at least one second resilient element from the cut sheet of second resilient material. 
         [0022]    The difference in physical characteristics between the first and second resilient elements may be in the hardness, density, length, width or color. 
         [0023]    The method above may include applying heat, pressure or both sufficient to change shape of at least one of the resilient elements at or near the site of contact with the source of heat, pressure or both, without affecting shape of the shape-changed resilient elements progressively away from the site of contact along the length of the shape-changed resilient elements or axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure, to provide spacing with regard to adjacent structure. The structure may be a resilient element. The shape of the resilient element sought to be changed may be composed of material that has faster shape changing rate when exposed to heat, pressure or both, than resilient element not sought to be changed. The material that may have faster shape changing rate is less dense material. The method may include applying heat or pressure or both uniformly to the resilient element. The change in shape may be shrinkage, shriveling, rounding or contraction. The site of contact of the resilient element to the source of heat or pressure may be through the first expanse of material. A range of from 0.1% to 50% may be changed in shape along the length of the shape-changed resilient elements or axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure from the point of contact with the source of heat or pressure. The range may include from 0.1% to 40%, or 0.1% to 30%. The resilient material may be made of ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”) foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, polyurethane (“PU”) foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion, or a combination thereof. The method above may include further cutting the third composite structure into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. The method above may further include mounting a second expanse of material on the resilient element opposite the first expanse of material to form a fourth composite structure. An adhesive may be used to mount the resilient element to either the first expanse of material, the second expanse of material or both the first and second expanse of material. The method above may further include: activating the adhesive with a heat platen. 
         [0024]    The first or second expanse of material is made of synthetic non-woven fabric, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, elastomer, or any combination of such materials. 
         [0025]    The method above may include stretching the first or second expanse of material after bonding to the resilient elements so that space is formed between the resilient elements after the stretching is released. The method may include stretching the first or second expanse of material before bonding to the resilient elements so as to provide closer proximity of the resilient elements to each other after the resilient elements are bound to the first or second expanse of material after the stretching is released. The method may include further cutting the fourth composite structure into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. 
         [0026]    In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for fabricating a multiple density resilient element composite structure for use as a resilient cushion, comprising: 
         [0027]    (a) placing a sheet of third resilient material on a surface; 
         [0028]    (b) cutting the sheet of third resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the third resilient material to produce a cut sheet of third resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete third resilient elements of defined widths and lengths; 
         [0029]    (c) placing a sheet of fourth resilient material on a surface; 
         [0030]    (d) cutting the sheet of fourth resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the fourth resilient material to produce a cut sheet of fourth resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete fourth resilient elements of defined widths and lengths, wherein the fourth resilient material is composed of material that has slower shape changing rate when exposed to heat, pressure or both than the third resilient material, or changes shape or dimension to a lesser extent when exposed to heat, pressure or both than the third resilient material; 
         [0031]    (e) removing at least one third resilient element from the cut sheet of third resilient material and replacing it by inserting a fourth resilient element into the cut sheet of third resilient material to form a second composite resilient material; 
         [0032]    (f) placing a sheet of the second composite resilient material on a surface; 
         [0033]    (g) cutting the sheet of second composite resilient material by pressing a cutter on to the second composite resilient material to produce a cut sheet of second composite resilient material displaying a cutting pattern of discrete fifth resilient elements of defined widths and lengths, wherein at least one of the fifth resilient elements comprises a combination of the third resilient material and fourth resilient element; and 
         [0034]    (h) mounting a first expanse of material on at least one of the fifth resilient elements of the cut sheet of second composite resilient material to form a fifth composite structure comprising multiple density resilient element composite. 
         [0035]    The material that has slower shape changing rate when exposed to heat, pressure or both may be the denser material. The material that changes shape or dimension to a lesser extent when exposed to heat, pressure or both than the third resilient material may be denser material. The fifth resilient element may include, third resilient material completely or partially enveloping the fourth resilient element. In step (e) of the method described above, the third element is not completely removed from the third resilient element. The fifth resilient element comprises the third resilient element and fourth resilient element positioned end to end. The fifth resilient element may touch adjacent fifth resilient elements. 
         [0036]    The above method may include applying heat, pressure or both sufficient to change shape of at least one of the fifth resilient elements at or near the site of contact, without affecting shape of the shape-changed fifth resilient element progressively away from the site of contact with the heat or pressure source along the length of the shape-changed resilient element or axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure, to provide spacing with regard to adjacent structure. The adjacent structure may be a resilient element. The method may include applying heat or pressure or both uniformly to the fifth resilient element. The change in shape may be shrinkage, shriveling, rounding or contraction. The site of contact of the resilient element to the source of heat or pressure may be through the first expanse of material. A range of from 0.1% to 50% may be changed in shape along the length of the shape-changed resilient element or axis perpendicular to the source of heat or pressure from the point of contact with the source of heat or pressure. The range may be from 0.1% to 40% or 0.1% to 30%. The resilient material may be made of ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”) foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, polyurethane (“PU”) foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion, or a combination thereof. 
         [0037]    The method above may include further cutting the fifth composite structure into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. The method above may include further mounting a second expanse of material on at least one resilient element opposite the first expanse of material to form a sixth composite structure. An adhesive may be used to mount the resilient element to either the first expanse of material, the second expanse of material or both the first and second expanse of material. The method may further include: activating the adhesive with a heat platen. The first or second expanse of material may be made of synthetic non-woven fabric, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, elastomer, or any combination of such materials. 
         [0038]    The method described above may further include stretching the first or second expanse of material after bonding to the resilient elements so that space is formed between the resilient elements after the stretching is released. The method described above may further include stretching the first or second expanse of material before bonding to the resilient elements so as to provide closer proximity of the resilient elements to each other after the resilient elements are bound to the first or second expanse of material after the stretching is released. The method described above may further include further cutting the sixth composite structure into a desired shape. The shape may be an insole that fits in a shoe. 
         [0039]    The method described above may further include in step (g), exchanging at least one fifth resilient element in the cut sheet of second composite resilient material with at least one multiple density resilient element or single density resilient element from a cut sheet of resilient material or composite resilient material, wherein the first expanse of material mounted on the cut sheet of second composite resilient material forms a seventh composite structure. The method described above may further include mounting a second expanse of material on at least one resilient element opposite the first expanse of material to form an eighth composite structure. The method described above may further include exchanging the fifth resilient element into another cut resilient material to form multiple density resilient elements. 
         [0040]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a composite material for use as a resilient cushion, comprising 
         [0041]    (i) a first expanse of material; and 
         [0042]    (ii) at least one resilient element having defined length and width and physical characteristics connected to the first expanse of material at one end of the length of the resilient elements to form the composite material. 
         [0043]    The composite material may include a plurality of resilient elements. At least some of the plurality of resilient elements may be different from each other in physical characteristics. The difference in the physical characteristics may be in color, length, width, hardness or density, or shrinkage when exposed to heat, pressure, or both. At least one resilient element is changed in shape at or near the point of contact with the first expanse of material. The change in shape may be shriveling, rounding, shrinking, cutting or contracting at an edge of the resilient element at or near the point of contact with the first expanse of material. The change in shape on the shape-changed resilient elements may be on material having faster shape changing rate when exposed to heat or pressure or both. The material with faster shrinking rate may be less dense material. A range of from 0.1% to 99% along the length of the resilient element from the point of contact with the first expanse of material may be changed in shape. The range may include from 0.1% to 50%, 0.1% to 40% or 0.1% to 30%. 
         [0044]    It is recognized that generally the present invention is drawn to using resilient material having either a rate of deformation that is quicker or slower as well as the extent of deformation that is more or less. 
         [0045]    The composite material may include a second expanse of material bound to the resilient element on the opposite side of the first expanse of material. The resilient elements may be made of ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”) foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, polyurethane (“PU”) foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion, or a combination thereof. The composite material may be a sockliner. 
         [0046]    The resilient material in the composite may include a dense core fully and partially enveloped by less dense material. The less dense material on the resilient material may be changed in shape at or near the point of contact with the first expanse of material. The less dense material on the resilient material may be changed in shape at or near the point of contact with the second expanse of material. 
         [0047]    It is recognized that resilient material that shrinks comparatively more is not necessarily less dense. And such material may also be used in making the “double density” resilient element. 
         [0048]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a multiple density composite material for use as a resilient cushion, comprising 
         [0049]    (i) a first expanse of material; and 
         [0050]    (ii) at least one resilient element having defined first end and second end and a middle along the length of the resilient element, as well as defined width along the length of the resilient element, connected to the first expanse of material at the first end of the resilient element to form the composite material, wherein the first end of the resilient element connected to the first expanse of material has maximum diameter that is less than the maximum diameter of the middle of the resilient element. 
         [0051]    The maximum diameter of the first end may be less than the maximum diameter of the middle of the resilient element by about 1 to 50%, 5 to 50%, 10 to 40%, 15 to 35%, 20 to 30% or 5 to 30%. 
         [0052]    The composite may comprise a second expanse of material bound to the opposite side of the first expanse of material, to which is bound second end of at least one resilient element, wherein the maximum diameter of the second end of the bound resilient element is less than the maximum diameter of the middle of the resilient element. The maximum diameter of the second end may be less than the maximum diameter of the middle of the resilient element by about 1 to 50%, 5 to 50%, 10 to 40%, 15 to 35%, 20 to 30% or 5 to 30%. The maximum diameter of the first end may be more than the maximum diameter of the middle of the resilient element. 
         [0053]    These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention, the referenced drawings attached hereto and the claims appended hereto. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0054]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below, and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein; 
           [0055]      FIG. 1A  shows a perspective view of the first resilient material. 
           [0056]      FIG. 1B  shows a perspective view of the second resilient material. 
           [0057]      FIG. 2A  shows a perspective view of the first resilient material being brought together with a first joining element and an optional second joining element. 
           [0058]      FIG. 2B  shows a perspective view of the second resilient material being brought together with a first joining element and an optional second joining element. 
           [0059]      FIG. 3A  shows a perspective view of the first resilient material coated with a first joining element and an optional second joining element. 
           [0060]      FIG. 3B  shows a perspective view of the second resilient material coated with a first joining element and an optional second joining element. 
           [0061]      FIG. 4A  shows a perspective view of the first coated material cut along first material cutting lines to form first resilient elements. 
           [0062]      FIG. 4B  shows a perspective view of the second coated material cut along second material cutting lines to form second resilient elements. 
           [0063]      FIG. 4C  shows a perspective view of the first coated material cut along third material cutting lines and a perimetral edge cut line to form third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge. 
           [0064]      FIG. 4D  shows a perspective view of the first coated material wherein the first perimetral edge is removed leaving the third resilient elements. 
           [0065]      FIG. 4E  shows a perspective view of the first coated material cut along fourth material cutting lines and a second perimetral edge cut line to form interrelated fourth resilient elements, surrounded by a second perimetral edge. 
           [0066]      FIG. 4F  shows a perspective view of the first coated material cut along fourth material cutting lines to form interrelated fourth resilient elements. 
           [0067]      FIG. 5A  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge, which are brought into contact with a mechanical holder. 
           [0068]      FIG. 5B  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge, where in the third resilient elements are in contact with a mechanical holder, but the first perimetral edge is not held by the mechanical holder. 
           [0069]      FIG. 5C  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, in contact with a mechanical holder, wherein the first perimetral edge is being removed. 
           [0070]      FIG. 5D  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, in contact with a mechanical holder, wherein the first perimetral edge has been removed. 
           [0071]      FIG. 5E  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, wherein the mechanical holder is being removed. 
           [0072]      FIG. 6A  shows a perspective view of a first substrate layer being positioned over a first cut material, such as first cut material. 
           [0073]      FIG. 6B  shows a perspective view of an optional alternative substrate layer, being positioned over a first cut material. 
           [0074]      FIG. 6C  shows a perspective view of a variant of first substrate layer being positioned over a first cut material. 
           [0075]      FIG. 6D  shows a perspective view of another variant of first substrate layer being positioned over a first cut material. 
           [0076]      FIG. 7  shows a perspective view of the first substrate layer pressed or bonded or adhered to the first cut material 
           [0077]      FIG. 8A  shows a perspective view of first cut material placed next to a work surface with first substrate layer positioned on the opposite side, with a pressure platen being brought into contact with the first cut material on the side with the first substrate layer. 
           [0078]      FIG. 8B  shows a side perspective view of  FIG. 8A . 
           [0079]      FIG. 9  shows the pressure platen engaged with the first cut material. 
           [0080]      FIG. 10A  shows a perspective view of a first single laminate composite. 
           [0081]      FIG. 10B  shows a perspective view of a second single laminate composite. 
           [0082]      FIG. 10C  shows a perspective view of a third single laminate composite. 
           [0083]      FIG. 11A  shows a perspective view of the first single laminate composite. 
           [0084]      FIG. 11B  shows a perspective view of the first single laminate composite being optionally stretched along one or two horizontal axes co-planar with the first substrate layer. 
           [0085]      FIG. 12  shows a perspective view of the first single laminate composite of  FIG. 11B  wherein the mechanical force is released allowing the first single laminate composite to return to a “relaxed” or rest state. 
           [0086]      FIG. 13A  shows a perspective view of a second substrate layer being positioned near a first single laminate composite opposite to the side already laminated to the first substrate layer to form a first dual laminate composite. 
           [0087]      FIG. 13B  shows a perspective view of a second substrate layer being positioned near a second single laminate composite opposite to the side already laminated to the first substrate layer to form a second dual laminate composite. 
           [0088]      FIG. 13C  shows a perspective view of a second substrate layer being positioned near a third single laminate composite opposite to the side already laminated to the first substrate layer to form a third dual laminate composite. 
           [0089]      FIG. 14  shows a perspective view of the first dual laminate composite. 
           [0090]      FIG. 15A  shows a perspective view of third cut material, comprised of third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge. 
           [0091]      FIG. 15B  shows a perspective view of a mechanical holder being brought into contact with third cut materials, comprised of third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge. 
           [0092]      FIG. 15C  shows a perspective view of the third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge, where in the third resilient elements are in contact with a mechanical holder, but the first perimetral edge is not held by the mechanical holder. 
           [0093]      FIG. 15D  shows a perspective view wherein the first perimetral edge is being removed, leaving in place the mechanical holder in contact with the third resilient elements. 
           [0094]      FIG. 15E  shows a perspective view wherein the first perimetral edge has been removed, leaving in place the mechanical holder in contact with the third resilient elements. 
           [0095]      FIG. 15F  shows a perspective view of the second single laminate composite, formed from a first substrate layer and fourth cut material. 
           [0096]      FIG. 15G  shows a perspective view of the second dual laminate composite, formed from the second single laminate composite and second substrate layer. 
           [0097]      FIG. 16A  shows a perspective view of an alternative substrate layer being brought into contact with a first single laminate composite, to form an alternative first dual laminate composite 
           [0098]      FIG. 16B  shows a perspective view of an alternative substrate layer in contact with a first single laminate composite, to form an alternative first dual laminate composite 
           [0099]      FIG. 17A  shows a perspective view of an alternative substrate layer being brought into contact with a third single laminate composite, to form an alternative third dual laminate composite 
           [0100]      FIG. 17B  shows a perspective view of an alternative substrate layer in contact with a third single laminate composite, to form an alternative third dual laminate composite 
           [0101]      FIG. 18A  shows a perspective view of a single laminate composite placed against a work surface, wherein a second substrate layer is placed against the other side of the single laminate composite from the work surface. A pressure platen is placing into contact with the work piece on the second substrate layer-side. 
           [0102]      FIG. 18B  shows a side perspective view of  FIG. 18A . 
           [0103]      FIG. 19  shows a side perspective view of  FIG. 18A  wherein pressure and heat are applied to the work piece. 
           [0104]      FIG. 20A  shows a perspective view of the formation of a dual laminate composite material, wherein a second substrate layer is brought into contact with first cut material in contact with, on the other side, first substrate layer. 
           [0105]      FIG. 20B  shows a perspective view of the formation of a dual laminate composite material, wherein a second substrate layer is in contact with first cut material in contact with, on the other side, first substrate layer. 
           [0106]      FIG. 21A  shows a perspective view of third resilient elements, surrounded by a first perimetral edge, positioned adjacent to a first substrate layer. 
           [0107]      FIG. 21B  shows a perspective view wherein the first perimetral edge is removed, leaving the third resilient elements adjacent to the first substrate layer. 
           [0108]      FIG. 21C  shows a perspective view of a second substrate layer being brought into contact with third resilient elements in contact with, on the other side, a first substrate layer. 
           [0109]      FIG. 21D  shows a perspective view of a second substrate layer in contact with third resilient elements in contact with, on the other side, a first substrate layer. 
           [0110]      FIG. 22A  shows a perspective view of a work piece, made of cut material between a first and second substrate layer, placed between a pressure platen and a supplemental pressure platen. 
           [0111]      FIG. 22B  shows a side perspective view of  FIG. 22A . 
           [0112]      FIG. 23A  shows a perspective view of a work piece, made of cut material between a first and second substrate layer, placed between a pressure platen and a supplemental pressure platen, wherein heat is applied. 
           [0113]      FIG. 23B  shows a side perspective view of  FIG. 23A   
           [0114]      FIG. 24A  shows a perspective view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0115]      FIG. 24B  shows a perspective cut-away view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0116]      FIG. 24C  shows a side perspective view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0117]      FIG. 24D  shows a side view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0118]      FIG. 25A  shows a perspective view of a dual laminate composite material being stretched in one or two horizontal axes co-planar with the substrate layer. 
           [0119]      FIG. 25B  shows a perspective cut-away view of a dual laminate composite material being stretched in one or two horizontal axes co-planar with the substrate layer. 
           [0120]      FIG. 25C  shows a side perspective view of a dual laminate composite material being stretched in one or two horizontal axes co-planar with the substrate layer. 
           [0121]      FIG. 25D  shows a side view of a dual laminate composite material being stretched in one or two horizontal axes co-planar with the substrate layer. 
           [0122]      FIG. 26A  shows a side view of a dual laminate composite material wherein the mechanical force is released allowing the dual laminate composite to return to a “relaxed” or rest state. 
           [0123]      FIG. 26B  shows a perspective view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0124]      FIG. 26C  shows a perspective cutaway view of a dual laminate composite material. 
           [0125]      FIG. 30  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material, comprised of second coated material cut to define fifth resilient elements, optionally surrounded by second perimetral edge. 
           [0126]      FIG. 31  shows a perspective view of third cut material, comprised of first coated material cut to define third resilient elements, optionally surrounded by first perimetral edge. 
           [0127]      FIG. 32A  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material, where at least one instance of fifth resilient element is removed. 
           [0128]      FIG. 32B  shows a perspective view of third cut material, where at least one instance of third resilient element is removed. 
           [0129]      FIG. 32C  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material, where at least one instance of fifth resilient element is removed and replaced with third resilient element. 
           [0130]      FIG. 32D  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material, where at least one instance of fifth resilient element is removed and replaced with third resilient element, and first substrate layer is used to form sixth single laminate composite. 
           [0131]      FIG. 32E  shows a perspective view of sixth single laminate composite with a second substrate layer positioned above it. 
           [0132]      FIG. 33  shows a perspective view of second substrate layer being laminated and bonded to the exposed fifth and third resilient elements in sixth single laminate composite, to form fourth dual laminate composite. 
           [0133]      FIG. 34A  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material positioned next to first substrate layer, with at least one instance of fifth resilient element removed. 
           [0134]      FIG. 34B  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material positioned next to first substrate layer, where at least one instance of fifth resilient element is removed and replaced with third resilient element. 
           [0135]      FIG. 34C  shows a perspective view of sixth single laminate composite with a second substrate layer positioned above it. 
           [0136]      FIG. 34D  shows a perspective view of second substrate layer being laminated and bonded to the exposed fifth and third resilient elements in sixth single laminate composite, to form fourth dual laminate composite. 
           [0137]      FIG. 34E  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material positioned next to first substrate layer, with at least one instance of fifth resilient element removed and replaced with third resilient element. 
           [0138]      FIG. 34F  shows a perspective view of seventh cut material positioned next to first substrate layer, with at least one instance of fifth resilient element removed and replaced with third resilient element, and second perimetral edge removed from the workpiece forming seventh single laminate composite. 
           [0139]      FIG. 34G  shows a perspective view of seventh single laminate composite with a second substrate layer positioned above it. 
           [0140]      FIG. 35  shows a perspective view of second substrate layer being laminated and bonded to the exposed fifth and third resilient elements in seventh single laminate composite, to form fifth dual laminate composite. 
           [0141]      FIG. 40A  shows a perspective view of first single laminate composite with a plurality of first resilient elements. 
           [0142]      FIG. 40B  shows a perspective view of eighth single laminate composite with a plurality of sixth resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0143]      FIG. 40C  shows a perspective cutaway view of first dual laminate composite with a plurality of first resilient elements. 
           [0144]      FIG. 40D  shows a side perspective view of first dual laminate composite with a plurality of first resilient elements. 
           [0145]      FIG. 40E  shows a side view of first dual laminate composite with a plurality of first resilient elements. 
           [0146]      FIG. 41A  shows a perspective view of first dual laminate composite with a plurality of first resilient elements. 
           [0147]      FIG. 41B  shows a perspective view of seventh dual laminate composite with a plurality of sixth resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0148]      FIG. 41C  shows a perspective cutaway view of seventh dual laminate composite with a plurality of sixth resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0149]      FIG. 41D  shows a side perspective view of seventh dual laminate composite with a plurality of sixth resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0150]      FIG. 41E  shows a side view of seventh dual laminate composite with a plurality of sixth resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0151]      FIG. 41F  shows a side view of eighth dual laminate composite with a plurality of seventh resilient elements, where such elements are spaced apart from one another. 
           [0152]      FIG. 42A  shows a perspective view of fourth single laminate composite with a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements surrounded by second perimetral edge. 
           [0153]      FIG. 42B  shows a perspective view of ninth single laminate composite with a plurality of interrelated eighth resilient elements surrounded by third perimetral edge. 
           [0154]      FIG. 43A  shows a perspective view of fifth single laminate composite with a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements. 
           [0155]      FIG. 43B  shows a perspective view of tenth single laminate composite with a plurality of interrelated eighth resilient elements. 
           [0156]      FIG. 44A  shows a perspective view of interlocked concave and convex resilient elements. 
           [0157]      FIG. 44B  shows a perspective view of interlocked concave and convex resilient elements. 
           [0158]      FIG. 44C  shows a perspective view of interlocked concave and convex resilient elements. 
           [0159]      FIG. 44D  shows a perspective view of interlocked dual concave and dual convex resilient elements. 
           [0160]      FIG. 44E  shows a perspective view of interlocked concave-convex resilient elements. 
           [0161]      FIG. 45A  shows a side view of non-contracted resilient element. 
           [0162]      FIG. 45B  shows a side view of first alternative resilient element. 
           [0163]      FIG. 45C  shows a side view of second alternative resilient element. 
           [0164]      FIG. 45D  shows a side view of third alternative resilient element. 
           [0165]      FIG. 46A  shows a side view of non-contracted resilient element. 
           [0166]      FIG. 46B  shows a side view of first alternative resilient element. 
           [0167]      FIG. 46C  shows a side view of fourth alternative resilient element. 
           [0168]      FIG. 46D  shows a side view of fifth alternative resilient element. 
           [0169]      FIG. 47A  shows a top view of third single laminate composite. 
           [0170]      FIG. 47B  shows a top view of an alternative embodiment consisting of a variation of third cut material. 
           [0171]      FIG. 47C  shows a top view of another alternative embodiment of third cut material. 
           [0172]      FIG. 47D  shows a top view of third cut material after the application of heat, pressure, or both. 
           [0173]      FIG. 47E  shows a top view of third cut material where a material that is denser and/or less susceptible to shrinkage is used. 
           [0174]      FIG. 48A  shows a picture of an article of footwear. 
           [0175]      FIG. 48B  shows a picture of an article of footwear. 
           [0176]      FIG. 49A  shows a side view of a dome-shaped mold next to first dual laminate composite. 
           [0177]      FIG. 49B  shows a side view of a dome-shaped mold next to seventh dual laminate composite. 
           [0178]      FIG. 49C  shows a side view of a dome-shaped mold next to eighth dual laminate composite. 
           [0179]      FIG. 49D  shows a perspective view of a dome-shaped mold next to first single laminate composite. 
           [0180]      FIG. 49E  shows a perspective view of a dome-shaped mold next to first single laminate composite. 
           [0181]      FIG. 49F  shows a perspective view of a dome-shaped mold next to first dual laminate composite. 
           [0182]      FIG. 49G  shows a perspective view of a dome-shaped mold next to third single laminate composite. 
           [0183]      FIG. 49H  shows a perspective view of a dome-shaped mold next to third dual laminate composite. 
           [0184]      FIG. 50A  shows a perspective view of dual laminate composite. 
           [0185]      FIG. 50B  shows a perspective view of patterns cut into dual laminate composite. 
           [0186]      FIG. 51A  shows a perspective view of single laminate composite. 
           [0187]      FIG. 51B  shows a perspective view of patterns cut into single laminate composite. 
           [0188]      FIG. 53A  shows a perspective view of first dual laminate sockliner and first dual laminate padding cut and removed from dual laminate composite. 
           [0189]      FIG. 53B  shows an exploded perspective view of first dual laminate sockliner and dual laminate padding cut and removed from dual laminate composite. 
           [0190]      FIG. 54A  shows a perspective view of dual laminate sockliner with spaced elements and first dual laminate pad component with spaced elements cut and removed from sixth dual laminate composite. 
           [0191]      FIG. 54B  shows an exploded perspective view of dual laminate sockliner with spaced elements and first dual laminate pad component with spaced elements cut and removed from sixth dual laminate composite. 
           [0192]      FIG. 55A  shows a perspective view of single laminate sockliner with spaced elements and single laminate pad component with spaced elements cut and removed from eleventh single laminate composite. 
           [0193]      FIG. 55B  shows an exploded perspective view of single laminate sockliner with spaced elements and single laminate pad component with spaced elements cut and removed from eleventh single laminate composite. 
           [0194]      FIG. 60  shows a perspective view of second coated material. 
           [0195]      FIG. 61  shows a perspective view of first coated material. 
           [0196]      FIG. 62  shows a perspective view of second coated material cut along to define second perimetral edge and interrelated and interlocked resilient elements. 
           [0197]      FIG. 63  shows a perspective view of first coated material cut along to define second perimetral edge and interrelated and interlocked resilient elements. 
           [0198]      FIG. 64  shows a perspective view of second coated material cut along to define second perimetral edge and interrelated and interlocked resilient elements, with the interrelated and interlocked resilient elements separated and extracted from second perimetral edge, forming seventh partial pad assembly. 
           [0199]      FIG. 65  shows a perspective view of first coated material cut along to define second perimetral edge and interrelated and interlocked resilient elements, with the interrelated and interlocked resilient elements separated and extracted from second perimetral edge, forming eighth partial pad assembly. 
           [0200]      FIG. 66  shows a perspective view of seventh partial pad assembly. 
           [0201]      FIG. 67  shows a perspective view of eighth partial pad assembly. 
           [0202]      FIG. 68  shows a perspective view of seventh partial pad assembly, with ninth resilient elements extracted and removed. 
           [0203]      FIG. 69  shows a perspective view of eighth partial pad assembly, with tenth resilient elements extracted and removed. 
           [0204]      FIG. 70  shows a perspective view of seventh partial pad assembly, with ninth resilient elements extracted and removed, and tenth resilient elements being positioned for insertion into the negative spaces left behind. 
           [0205]      FIG. 71  shows a perspective view of ninth partial pad assembly, after insertion of tenth resilient elements into the spaces left behind by the extraction and removal of ninth resilient elements. 
           [0206]      FIG. 72  shows a perspective view of first and second substrate layers being positioned for lamination or bonding to opposite faces of ninth partial pad assembly to form tenth dual laminate composite. 
           [0207]      FIG. 73  shows a perspective view of tenth dual laminate composite. 
           [0208]      FIG. 74  shows a perspective view of second substrate layer being positioned for lamination or bonding to a face of ninth partial pad assembly to form twelfth single laminate composite. 
           [0209]      FIG. 75  shows a perspective view of twelfth single laminate composite. 
           [0210]      FIG. 76  shows a perspective view of patterns cut into twelfth single laminate composite. 
           [0211]      FIG. 77  shows a perspective view of single laminate sockliner after extraction and removal from twelfth single laminate composite. 
           [0212]      FIG. 78  shows a perspective cutaway view of single laminate sockliner. 
           [0213]      FIG. 79  shows an exploded perspective view of single laminate sockliner. 
           [0214]      FIG. 80  shows a perspective view of coated material. 
           [0215]      FIG. 81  shows a perspective view of coated material with cut resilient elements. 
           [0216]      FIG. 82  shows a perspective view of coated material with cut resilient elements. 
           [0217]      FIG. 83  shows a perspective view of coated material with cut resilient elements. 
           [0218]      FIG. 84  shows a perspective view of dual density cut material. 
           [0219]      FIG. 85  shows a perspective view of dual density cut material. 
           [0220]      FIG. 86  shows a side perspective view of dual density cut material and substrate layer. 
           [0221]      FIG. 87  shows a side perspective view of dual density cut material and substrate layer. 
           [0222]      FIG. 88  shows a side perspective view of dual density cut material and substrate layer. 
           [0223]      FIG. 89  shows a side perspective view of dual density cut material with shrunk resilient elements sandwiched between two substrate layers. 
           [0224]      FIG. 90  shows a side perspective cutaway view of eleventh dual laminate composite. 
           [0225]      FIG. 91  shows a perspective cutaway view of eleventh dual laminate composite. 
           [0226]      FIG. 92  shows a perspective view of dual density resilient element. 
           [0227]      FIG. 93  shows a perspective view of jacket and core of dual density resilient element. 
           [0228]      FIG. 94  shows a perspective view of dual density resilient elements. 
           [0229]      FIG. 95  shows a perspective cutaway view of dual density resilient elements. 
           [0230]      FIG. 96  shows a perspective view of dual density resilient elements after treatment. 
           [0231]      FIG. 97  shows a perspective view of dual density resilient elements after treatment. 
           [0232]      FIG. 98  shows a perspective view of cylindrically shaped dual density resilient elements. 
           [0233]      FIG. 99  shows a perspective view of cylindrically shaped dual density resilient elements. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0234]    Description of the Composite Cushioning Material 
         [0235]    1. Single Laminate Composite 
         [0236]    The invention relates to a composite cushioning material comprised of two or more resilient elements attached or bonded to a single substrate layer, such as in single laminate composite  100  depicted in  FIG. 51A . 
         [0237]    The invention also includes many different alternative and optional variations of single laminate composite  100 , such as first single laminate composite  101  depicted in  FIG. 10A ; second single laminate composite  102  depicted in  FIG. 10B ; third single laminate composite  103  depicted in  FIG. 10C ; fourth single laminate composite  104  depicted in  FIG. 42A ; fifth single laminate composite  105  depicted in  FIG. 43A ; sixth single laminate composite  106  depicted in  FIG. 32D ; seventh single laminate composite  107  depicted in  FIG. 34F ; eighth single laminate composite  108  depicted in  FIG. 40B ; ninth single laminate composite  109  depicted in  FIG. 42B ; tenth single laminate composite  110  depicted in  FIG. 43B ; eleventh single laminate composite  140  depicted in  FIG. 55A ; and twelfth single laminate composite  160  depicted in  FIG. 75 . 
         [0238]    In one embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements in single laminate composite  100  are located adjacent to each other, with no spacing between them. 
         [0239]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may be spaced apart in relation to the each other, as in eighth single laminate composite  108  depicted in  FIG. 40B , in ninth single laminate composite  109  depicted in  FIG. 42B , in tenth single laminate composite  110  depicted in  FIG. 43B , and in eleventh single laminate composite  140  depicted in  FIG. 55A . 
         [0240]    In another embodiment of the invention, the individual resilient elements in single laminate composite  100  have the same dimension, shape, and thickness in relation to each other, and are made of the same type of material. 
         [0241]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may have different dimensions or shape in relation to each other, as in twelfth single laminate composite  160  depicted in  FIG. 75 . In yet another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may have different thicknesses in relation to each other, as in sixth single laminate composite  106  depicted in  FIG. 32D , and seventh single laminate composite  107  depicted in  FIG. 34F . 
         [0242]    Single laminate composite  100  and variation thereof may be used as cushioning component in footwear, as protective padding, or as components in athletic or industrial protective gear. 
         [0243]    Optionally, single laminate composite  100  may also be cut into a suitable shape for use as a shoe insole, or footwear sockliner, as in first single laminate sockliner  140 A depicted in  FIG. 55A , and in second single laminate sockliner  160 A depicted in  FIG. 77 . 
         [0244]    Single laminate composite  100  may also be optionally cut into other suitable shape for use as a cushioning component or protective padding component in athletic or industrial protective gear, as in single laminate padding  140 B depicted in  FIG. 55B . 
         [0245]    2. Dual Laminate Composite 
         [0246]    The invention also relates to a composite cushioning material comprised of two or more resilient elements attached or bonded to two substrate layers, such as dual laminate composite  120  depicted in  FIG. 50A . 
         [0247]    The invention also includes many different alternative and optional variations of dual laminate composite  120 , such as first dual laminate composite  121  depicted in  FIG. 14 ; second dual laminate composite  122  depicted in  FIG. 15G ; third dual laminate composite  123  depicted in  FIG. 13C ; fourth dual laminate composite  124  depicted in  FIG. 33 ; fifth dual laminate composite  125  depicted in  FIG. 35 ; sixth dual laminate composite  126  depicted in  FIG. 54A ; seventh dual laminate composite  127  depicted in  FIG. 41B ; eighth dual laminate composite  130  depicted in  FIG. 41F ; and tenth dual laminate composite  150  depicted in  FIG. 73 . 
         [0248]    In one embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements in dual laminate composite  120  are located adjacent to each other, with no spacing between them. 
         [0249]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may be spaced apart in relation to the each other, as in seventh dual laminate composite  127  depicted in  FIG. 41B , and eighth dual laminate composite  130  depicted in  FIG. 41F . 
         [0250]    In another embodiment of the invention, the individual resilient elements in single laminate composite  100  have the same dimension, shape, and thickness in relation to each other, and are made of the same type of material. 
         [0251]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may have different dimensions or shape in relation to each other, as in tenth dual laminate composite  150  depicted in  FIG. 73 . In yet another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least two of the resilient elements may have different thicknesses in relation to each other, as in fourth dual laminate composite  124  depicted in  FIG. 33 ; in fifth dual laminate composite  125  depicted in  FIG. 35 ; and in tenth dual laminate composite  150  depicted in  FIG. 73 . 
         [0252]    Dual laminate composite  120  and variation thereof may be used as cushioning component in footwear, as protective padding, or as components in athletic or industrial protective gear. 
         [0253]    Optionally, dual laminate composite  120  may also be cut into a suitable shape for use as a shoe insole, or footwear sockliner, as in first dual laminate sockliner  120 A depicted in  FIG. 53A , and in second dual laminate sockliner  126 A depicted in  FIG. 54A . 
         [0254]    Dual laminate composite  120  may also be optionally cut into other suitable shape for use as a cushioning component or protective padding component in athletic or industrial protective gear, as in first dual laminate padding  120 B depicted in  FIG. 53A , and in second dual laminate padding  126 B depicted in  FIG. 54A . 
         [0255]    The various aspects of the invention, as well as its benefits, will be better appreciated once the process of making the same, described in greater detail below, is fully understood. 
         [0256]    Composite Cushioning Material Assembly and Construction Process 
         [0257]    1. Selection and Preparation of Resilient Materials 
         [0258]      FIG. 1A  depicts first resilient material  1 , which includes first surface  1 A and second surface  1 B. In one aspect of the invention, the composition of first resilient material  1  may include, without limitation, a resilient material such as foam, including, without limitations, ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”) foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, polyurethane (“PU”) foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion (including a combination of any such materials). 
         [0259]      FIG. 1B  depicts second resilient material  2 , which includes first surface  2 A and second surface  2 B. In another aspect of the invention, the composition of second resilient material  2  may include, without limitation, a resilient material such as foam, including, without limitations, EVA foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, PU foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, or other material with suitable shock absorbing characteristics, or resistant to puncture or abrasion (including a combination of any such materials). 
         [0260]    Functionally, the resilient materials may act as a cushion against impact, provide structural rigidity, or provide thermal insulation to heat or cold, depending on the type and material of which the resilient material is made. 
         [0261]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, thickness  1 C of first resilient material  1  is greater than thickness  2 C of second resilient material  2 . Also optionally, first resilient material  1  is comprised of an EVA foam sheet or block, and second resilient material  2  is optionally comprised of an EVA foam sheet or block of greater density or hardness in relation to first resilient material  1 . However, it is understood that second resilient material  2  may optionally and alternatively be comprised of an EVA foam sheet or block of lower or equal density or hardness in relation to first resilient material  1 . 
         [0262]    It is also understood that the resilient materials (such as first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2 ) may optionally be made of more than one type of material. By way of example only, and without limitations, the resilient material may be comprised of a sheet or flat block of EVA foam or other polymer foam, laminated on one side (or optionally on both sides) with a sheet of synthetic fabric such as polyester or nylon, or a thin sheet of silicone 
         [0263]    It is also understood that first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  may optionally be comprised of materials with the same or different dimensions, including thickness. By way of example only, optionally and alternatively, thickness  1 C of first resilient material  1  may be the same or less than thickness  2 C of second resilient material  2 . 
         [0264]    It is also understood that, optionally and alternatively, first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  may be comprised of the same or different types of materials. By way of example only, and without limitations, first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  may optionally be comprised of materials that are different in composition, have different functional characteristics or performance parameters (by way of example only, and without limitations, different density, hardness, or compressibility), or have different colors. Alternatively, the resilient materials may also be optionally comprised of the same type of material. 
         [0265]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  as square in shape. However, it is understood that first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  may optionally be of any suitable shape and dimension, including thickness. 
         [0266]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  also depict first resilient material  1  and second resilient material  2  as solid. However, it is understood that the resilient materials need not be solid, and that each of them may optionally be perforated or include apertures (by way of example only, perforated to enhance the flexibility, permeability, or breathability of the entire assembly). 
         [0267]    2. Placement or Application of Joining Elements 
         [0268]    As depicted in  FIG. 2A , first joining element  3  may be placed on or applied over first side  1 A of first resilient material  1 . Optionally, second joining element  4  may be placed on or applied over second side  1 B of first resilient material  1 . 
         [0269]    As depicted in  FIG. 2B , first joining element  3  may be placed on or applied over first side  2 A of second resilient material  2 . Optionally, second joining element  4  may be placed on or applied over second side  2 B of second resilient material  2 . 
         [0270]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, first joining element  3  and second joining element  4  are optionally comprised of EVA based hot-melt adhesive (“HMA”) film. 
         [0271]    However, it is understood that first joining element  3  may be, optionally, any compound, adhesive, substance, attachment, or device (such as Velcro or interlocking mechanical means) that permits first resilient material  1  to bond or adhere to first laminate  30 . 
         [0272]    It is also understood that second joining element  4  may be, optionally, any compound, adhesive, substance, attachment, or device (such as Velcro or interlocking mechanical means) that permits second resilient material  2  to bond or adhere to second laminate  31 . 
         [0273]    It is understood that the joining elements may optionally include any glue, bonding agent, adhesive film, or tape suitable for making the resilient materials bond or adhere to the laminate sheeting structures. In one embodiment of the invention, first joining element  3  and second joining element  4  may optionally be comprised of hot-melt adhesive film that is activated through pressure, heat, or both. 
         [0274]    Depending on the type of material and the composition of the resilient materials and the substrates, the joining elements may optionally include EVA, olefin or polyolefin-based adhesive, glue, or HMA film, or polyurethane or urethane based adhesive, glue, or HMA film. The joining elements may also include, optionally and alternatively, polyamine based adhesive, glue, or HMA film. 
         [0275]      FIG. 3A  depicts first resilient material  1  “coated” on first surface  1 A with first joining element  3 .  FIG. 3A  also depicts first resilient material  1  optionally “coated” on second surface  1 B with second joining element  4 . The result is first coated material  6 . 
         [0276]      FIG. 3B  depicts second resilient material  2  “coated” on first surface  2 A with first joining element  3 .  FIG. 3B  also depicts second resilient material  2  optionally “coated” on second surface  2 B with second joining element  4 . The result is second coated material  7 . 
         [0277]    3. Cutting of Coated Materials 
         [0278]    As depicted in  FIG. 4A , first coated material  6  is cut along first material cutting lines  16 A, defining and creating a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A. The result is first cut material  8 . 
         [0279]    As depicted in  FIG. 4B , second coated material  7  is cut along second material cutting lines  16 B, defining and creating a plurality of second resilient elements  15 B. The result is second cut material  9 . 
         [0280]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  depict first material cutting lines  16 A and second material cutting lines  16 B as regular and square in shape, defining and forming first resilient elements  15 A and second resilient elements  15 B that are cubic in shape. However, it is understood that the material cutting lines may optionally be of any suitable shape and dimension, including irregular or asymmetrical shapes, to form resilient elements that may optionally be of any suitable shape and dimension. 
         [0281]    In one embodiment of the invention, first resilient elements  15 A in first cut material  8 , and second resilient elements  15 B in second cut material  9 , may optionally be held in position in relation to the other resilient elements in the array through inertia or friction with other resilient elements. Alternatively and optionally, first resilient elements  15 A and second resilient elements  15 B may be immobilized or held in proper alignment through vacuum devices or means located in or on the work surface, which “sucks” the individual resilient elements against the work surface. By way of example only, and without limitations, the surface of the work surface might optionally resemble the perforated surface of tabletop “air hockey” tables, wherein air is sucked out through the holes on the work surface by means of a vacuum pump or similar device, creating a vacuum when resilient elements (such as first resilient elements  15 A or second resilient elements  15 B) are placed on its surface. It is understood that fourth resilient elements  15 D in sixth cut material  13 , depicted in  FIG. 4F  below, may be immobilized or held in proper alignment through the same type of vacuum devices or means. 
         [0282]      FIG. 4C  depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention, wherein first coated material  6  is cut along first perimetral edge cut line  18 A, and along third material cutting lines  16 C, to define and create a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. The result is third cut material  10 , comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. 
         [0283]    In one optional aspect of the invention, first perimetral edge  17 A may aid in holding third resilient elements  15 C in third cut material  10  in place or in relation to each other, through friction with the perimetral edge material and other resilient elements. 
         [0284]      FIG. 4D  depicts an alternative, optional embodiment of the invention, wherein first perimetral edge  17 A is optionally separated and removed from third cut material  10 , to form fourth cut material  11 , comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C. The outer perimeter of the array of third resilient elements  15 C is defined by the shape of first perimetral edge cut line  18 A. 
         [0285]      FIG. 4E  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention, wherein first coated material  6  is cut along second perimetral edge cut line  18 B, and along fourth material cutting lines  16 D, to define and create a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D, surrounded by second perimetral edge  17 B. In this alternative embodiment, fourth resilient elements  15 D may optionally have irregular or asymmetrical shapes. The result is fifth cut material  12 . 
         [0286]    In one optional aspect of the invention, second perimetral edge  17 B may aid in holding fourth resilient elements  15 D in fifth cut material  12  in place or in relation to each other, through friction with the perimetral edge material and other resilient elements. 
         [0287]    It is understood that the shapes of fourth resilient elements  15 D are defined by the shapes of fourth material cutting lines  16 D. In this embodiment of the invention, the shapes and dimensions of fourth material cutting lines  16 D are optionally selected so that upon cutting first coated material  6  along fourth material cutting lines  16 D, at least one instance of resulting fourth resilient element  15 D engages or “interlocks” with at least one other instance of fourth resilient element  15 D. 
         [0288]    In one aspect of the invention, the optional “interlocking” shapes of the resilient elements in fifth cut material  12  (depicted in  FIG. 4E ) and sixth cut material  13  (depicted in  FIG. 4F ) may aid in holding the resilient elements in those cut materials in place or in relation to each other, through friction with the other resilient elements. In another aspect, the discrete resilient elements resist movement relative to one another by interlocking or by having cohesion due to the material from which they are made. Cohesion through stickiness is also contemplated in the present invention. Such “sticky” material may include a resilient material or elastomer, such as, by way of example only and without limitations, EVA foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, PU foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, other open or closed cell polymer foam, or other resilient material (including a combination of any such materials) with coefficient of friction sufficient to hold the resilient elements in place in relation to the other elements in the various cut materials. 
         [0289]    In one alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least one instance of fourth resilient element  15 D has one or more cut sides that is substantially or partially convex in shape, and at least one instance of fourth resilient element  15 D has one or more cut sides that is substantially or partially concave in shape, and the convex-shaped side of the first instance of fourth resilient element  15 D fits or engages the concave-shaped side of the second instance of fourth resilient element  15 D, and is held there by friction. 
         [0290]    By way of example only, and without limitations, other alternative and optional embodiments of fourth resilient element  15 D are depicted in  FIGS. 44A through 44E . As illustrated in the same as non-limiting examples, interrelated concave resilient element  151  may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 J ( FIG. 44A ); concave resilient element  15 K may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 L ( FIG. 44B ); and concave resilient element  15 M may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 N ( FIG. 44C ). 
         [0291]    It is understood that individual resilient element may optionally be shaped so that it engages or “interlocks” with more than one resilient element. As illustrated in  FIGS. 44D and 44E  as non-limiting examples, dual concave resilient element  15 Q may engage or “interlock” with more than instance of dual convex resilient element  15 P ( FIG. 44D ); and concave-convex resilient element  15 R may engage or “interlock” with multiple instances of other concave-convex resilient elements  15 R ( FIG. 44E ). 
         [0292]    In  FIG. 4E , for purposes of illustration only, fourth resilient elements  15 D of fifth cut material  12  are optionally shown with shapes defined by right angles. However, it is understood that fourth resilient elements  15 D may have different shapes, including, without limitations, shapes defined by curves, provided that the selected shape permits at least one instance of fourth resilient elements  15 D to engage or “interlock” with at least one other instance of fourth resilient element  15 D, like in a “jigsaw” puzzle. Non-limiting examples of this alternative and optional embodiment are illustrated in  FIG. 44C  as concave resilient element  15 M and convex resilient element  15 N, and in  FIG. 44E  as concave-convex resilient elements  15 R. 
         [0293]    It is understood that, alternatively and optionally, individual instances of fourth resilient element  15 D may have a regular, symmetrical, or uniform shape, but that when the plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D are laid out within fifth cut material  12  and are viewed as a whole, they may form a complex, non-symmetrical, or non-repeating pattern. It is also understood that, alternatively and optionally, individual instances of fourth resilient element  15 D may have an irregular, asymmetrical, or non-uniform shape, but that when the plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D are laid out within fifth cut material  12  and are viewed as a whole, they may form a symmetrical or repeating pattern. 
         [0294]    It is understood that the “interlocking” fourth resilient elements  15 D may optionally remain engaged to one another by means of friction, and a plurality of “interlocking” fourth resilient elements  15 D may aid in holding the entire assembly together, in one piece, while fifth cut material  12  or the assembled array of fourth resilient elements  15 D undergo further assembly or processing. 
         [0295]      FIG. 4F  depicts yet another alternative, optional embodiment of the invention, wherein first coated material  6  is cut along fourth material cutting lines  16 D, to define and create a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D. In this alternative embodiment, fourth resilient elements  15 D may optionally have irregular or asymmetrical shapes. The result is sixth cut material  13 . 
         [0296]    Sixth cut material  13  may optionally and alternatively be fabricated by cutting the first coated material  6  along fourth material cutting lines  16 D, or by removing and discarding second perimetral edge  17 B from fifth cut material  12  and retaining the plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D. 
         [0297]    It is understood that the shapes of fourth resilient elements  15 D in sixth cut material  13  are defined by the shapes of fourth material cutting lines  16 D. In this alternative embodiment of the invention, the shapes and dimensions of fourth material cutting lines  16 D are optionally selected so that upon cutting first coated material  6  along fourth material cutting lines  16 D, at least one instance of resulting fourth resilient element  15 D engages or “interlocks” with at least one other instance of fourth resilient element  15 D. 
         [0298]    It is understood that in this alternative embodiment of the invention, at least two interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D engage or “interlock” with each other, and remain substantially engaged to one another by means of friction, and a plurality of “interlocking” fourth resilient elements  15 D may aid in holding the entire assembly together, in one piece, while sixth cut material  13  or the assembled array of fourth resilient elements  15 D undergo further assembly or processing. 
         [0299]    In one alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, at least one instance of fourth resilient element  15 D has one or more cut sides that is substantially or partially convex in shape, and at least one instance of fourth resilient element  15 D has one or more cut sides that is substantially or partially concave in shape, and the convex-shaped side of the first instance of fourth resilient element  15 D fits or engages the concave-shaped side of the second instance of fourth resilient element  15 D, and is held there by friction. 
         [0300]    By way of example only, and without limitations, other alternative and optional embodiments of fourth resilient element  15 D included in sixth cut material  13  are depicted in  FIGS. 44A through 44E . As illustrated in the same as non-limiting examples, concave resilient element  15 I may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 J (FIG.  44 A); concave resilient element  15 K may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 L ( FIG. 44B ); and concave resilient element  15 M may engage or “interlock” with convex resilient element  15 N ( FIG. 44C ). 
         [0301]    It is understood that individual resilient element of sixth cut material  13  may optionally be shaped so that it engages or “interlocks” with more than one resilient element. As illustrated in  FIGS. 44D and 44E  as non-limiting examples, dual concave resilient element  15 Q may engage or “interlock” with more than one instance of dual convex resilient element  15 P ( FIG. 44D ); and concave-convex resilient element  15 R may engage or “interlock” with multiple instances of other concave-convex resilient elements  15 R ( FIG. 44E ). 
         [0302]    In  FIG. 4F , for purposes of illustration only, fourth resilient elements  15 D of sixth cut material  13  are optionally shown with shapes defined by right angles. However, it is understood that fourth resilient elements  15 D may have different shapes, including, without limitations, shapes defined by curves, provided that the selected shape permits at least one instance of fourth resilient elements  15 D to engage or “interlock” with at least one other instance of fourth resilient element  15 D, like in a “jigsaw” puzzle. Non-limiting examples of this alternative and optional embodiment are illustrated in  FIG. 44C  as concave resilient element  15 M and convex resilient element  15 N, and in  FIG. 44E  as concave-convex resilient elements  15 R. 
         [0303]    It is understood that, alternatively and optionally, individual instances of fourth resilient element  15 D in sixth cut material  13  may have a regular, symmetrical, or uniform shape, but that when the plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D are laid out within sixth cut material  13  and are viewed as a whole, they may form a complex, non-symmetrical, or non-repeating pattern. It is also understood that, alternatively and optionally, individual instances of fourth resilient element  15 D may have an irregular, asymmetrical, or non-uniform shape, but that when the plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D are laid out within sixth cut material  13  and are viewed as a whole, they may form a symmetrical or repeating pattern. 
         [0304]    4. Optional Removal of Perimetral Edge Material 
         [0305]      FIGS. 5A through 5E  depict the removal of the perimetral edge material from a cut material, with the aid of a mechanical device or means, which is optional. 
         [0306]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  depicts third cut material  10 , comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. A mechanical holder  20  with a perimeter shape  21  substantially similar to the perimeter shape of the array of third resilient elements  15 C is positioned adjacent to the array of third resilient elements  15 C, makes contact with the resilient elements, and holds them in place. As depicted in  FIG. 5B , mechanical holder  20  does not hold first perimetral edge  17 A in place. 
         [0307]      FIG. 5C  depicts the mechanical extraction of first perimetral edge  17 A, aided by mechanical holder  20  that holds the array of third resilient elements  15 C in place. 
         [0308]      FIG. 5D  depicts the removal of first perimetral edge  17 A, leaving behind a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C held in place by mechanical holder  20 .  FIG. 5E  depicts the release and removal of mechanical holder  20 , forming fourth cut material  11 . 
         [0309]    It is understood that in one alternative embodiment of the invention, mechanical holder  20  may be optionally shaped so that it makes contact with only some, and not all, of third resilient elements  15 C, enabling some of third resilient elements  15 C not held in place by mechanical holder  20  to be removed (by themselves or along with first perimetral edge  17 A) prior to the bonding of the plurality of remaining third resilient elements  15 C to first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31 , as described below. 
         [0310]    It is also understood that, alternatively and optionally, first perimetral edge  17 A may also be extracted and removed manually from third cut material  10 . 
         [0311]    The same mechanically-aided extraction process using mechanical holder  20  may optionally be employed to extract and remove second perimetral edge  17 B from fifth cut material  12 , leaving behind a plurality of fourth resilient elements  15 D and forming sixth cut material  13 . Alternatively, and optionally, second perimetral edge  17 B may also be extracted and removed manually from fifth cut material  12 . 
         [0312]    5. Lamination of First Substrate Layer 
         [0313]      FIGS. 6A through 10C  depict lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto cut materials (such as first cut material  8 , second cut material  9 , third cut material  10 , fourth cut material  11 , fifth cut material  12 , and sixth cut material  13 ), to form a variety of single laminate composite materials. 
         [0314]    As depicted in  FIG. 6A , first substrate layer  30  may be positioned over a cut material, such as first cut material  8 . 
         [0315]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, first substrate layer  30  is optionally comprised of a sheet or layer of synthetic, non-woven fabric such as polyester or nylon. However, it is understood that, optionally, first substrate layer  30  may be comprised of a sheet or layer of any suitable material, including, without limitation, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, or a combination of such materials. Furthermore, first substrate layer  30  may also be optionally made of foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, other rubber-like materials, elastomer, and so forth, including any combination of such materials. First substrate layer  30  may also be comprised of any such materials encased in, or sandwiched by, sheets of natural or synthetic fabric. 
         [0316]    It is also understood that suitable composition for first substrate layer  30  may optionally be selected from a wide variety and range of materials, provided that the resulting substrate layer may be made to bond to the resilient elements. The selection of material, or combination of materials, for first substrate layer  30  may impart the finished product with different functional characteristics or performance parameters (such as, by way of example only and without limitations, distinct overall stretchability, breathability, permeability to gases or liquids, absorbency of vapors and liquids, resistance to tear and puncture, protection from corrosion, and the like). 
         [0317]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIG. 6B  depicts the optional and alternative placement and lamination of alternative substrate layer  32 , comprised of open and lightweight mesh material, over first cut material  8 , to form one type of single laminate composite material. 
         [0318]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict first substrate layer  30  as roughly rectangular in shape; however, it is understood that such shape is optional, and that first substrate layer  30  may be comprised of materials cut or shaped in any shape, size, dimension, or thickness, including irregular shapes. 
         [0319]    In another aspect of the invention, first substrate layer  30  may optionally be shaped so as to cover only some of the plurality of resilient elements, optionally leaving at least one resilient element exposed. A non-limiting example of one optional variation of first substrate layer  30  shaped so as to cover only some of the plurality of resilient elements is first substrate layer component variant  33 , depicted in  FIG. 6C . Also optionally, first substrate layer  30  may be comprised of two or more separate, non-contiguous pieces, such as first substrate layer component variants  34 A and  34 B depicted in  FIG. 6D . 
         [0320]    Once first substrate layer  30  is placed over first cut material  8  as depicted in  FIG. 7 , the entire assembly may be pressed until first substrate layer  30  bonds or is made to adhere to the surface of first cut material  8  by means of first joining element  3 . If first joining element  3  is, optionally, a heat activated hot-melt adhesive (“HMA”) film, glue, or bonding agent, the entire assembly may be heat pressed in order to activate the joining element. 
         [0321]    Any means or device for heat-pressing first substrate layer  30  against first cut material  8  may be employed for this purpose, such as a heated press or platen. 
         [0322]      FIGS. 8A through 9  depict one non-limiting example of such heat-pressing operation. 
         [0323]    As depicted in  FIG. 8A  a cut material (in this case, first cut material  8 ) is optionally placed flat adjacent to work surface  43 , and first substrate layer  30  is positioned flat on the opposite side of first cut material  8 . Pressure platen  40 , which includes pressing element  41  and optional heating element  42 , is positioned adjacent to substrate side  30 A of first substrate layer  30 , so that the work piece comprised of first substrate layer  30  and first cut material  8  is positioned between pressure platen  40  and work surface  43 , and first substrate layer  30  faces heating element  42 , and the array of first resilient elements  15 A face work surface  43 . 
         [0324]    Optionally, the surface of pressure platen  40  may incorporate or be coated with one or more non-reactive materials (such as silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene/PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy/PFA, fluorinated ethylene propylene/FEP, Teflon, or other similar non-reactive material) that do not adhere to the exposed joining element, if any, on the surface of the resilient elements that are not fully covered by first substrate layer  30  (It is understood that this may be the case if, by way of example only, first substrate layer  30  is optionally shaped so as to cover only some of the plurality of resilient elements). 
         [0325]      FIG. 8B  depicts the lateral view of the arrangement, wherein first cut material  8  is located between pressure platen  40  and work surface  43 . 
         [0326]      FIG. 9  depicts pressure platen  40  in an engaged state, pressing towards work surface  43 , with the work piece comprised of first substrate layer  30  and first cut material  8  “sandwiched” between pressure platen  40  and work surface  43 , and heat pressed in the process. 
         [0327]      FIGS. 10A through 10C  depict, by way of example only and without limitations, a variety of single laminate composite materials that may be fabricated through this process. 
         [0328]      FIG. 10A  depicts first single laminate composite  101 , comprised of first cut material  8  bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0329]      FIG. 10B  depicts second single laminate composite  102 , comprised of fourth cut material  11  bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0330]      FIG. 10C  depicts third single laminate composite  103 , comprised of third cut material  10  bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0331]    6. Optional Stretch-Processing of Single Laminate Composite Materials 
         [0332]    In another optional aspect of the invention, illustrated by way of example in  FIGS. 11A through 12 , following the lamination of the cut materials to first substrate layer  30 , the resulting single laminate composite materials may be mechanically stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the first substrate layer  30 . The purpose behind this optional procedure is to cause the plurality of resilient elements bonded to first substrate layer  30  to move apart from each other, and thereby break any residual or excess glue or adhesive, such as first joining element  3 , that may have seeped out from the surface of the resilient materials and seeped into the various material cutting lines defining the resilient elements, partially bonding the resilient elements to each other. 
         [0333]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIG. 11A  depicts first single laminate composite  101  following the first lamination, comprised of first cut material  8  bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30 . As depicted in  FIG. 11A , first cut material  8  is fabricated by cutting first coated material  6  along first material cutting lines  16 A, and thereby defining and creating a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A. 
         [0334]    As depicted in  FIG. 11B , first single laminate composite  101  is optionally stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the first substrate layer  30  by application of mechanical force, as illustrated by the arrows in  FIG. 11B  that depict the direction of the mechanical stretch. As first substrate layer  30  is stretched, individual first resilient elements  15 A—which are bonded to first substrate layer  30 —move apart from each other, creating stretch gap  19  between first resilient elements  15 A. 
         [0335]    The extent of stretch gap  19  depends on the composition, dimensions, and shape of first substrate layer  30 , as well as the extent of the mechanical force applied to the assembly. Stretch gap  19  optionally breaks any bonds between two or more first resilient elements  15 A caused by residues of first joining element  3  that may have seeped out during the lamination process. 
         [0336]    As depicted in  FIG. 12 , when mechanical force ceases to be applied and first single laminate composite  101  is released, first single laminate composite  101  returns to a “relaxed” or rest state. 
         [0337]    7. Optional Lamination of Second Substrate Layer 
         [0338]      FIGS. 13A through 19  depict optional lamination of second substrate layer  31  onto cut materials (such as first cut material  8 , second cut material  9 , third cut material  10 , fourth cut material  11 , fifth cut material  12 , and sixth cut material  13 ) in addition to the lamination of first substrate layer  30 , to form a variety of dual laminate composite materials. 
         [0339]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, a composite cushioning material comprised of two or more resilient elements attached or bonded to two substrate layers, such as dual laminate composite  120  depicted in  FIG. 50A , may be fabricated by laminating or bonding second substrate layer  31  to single laminate composite  100  depicted in  FIG. 51A . Second substrate layer  31  is optionally positioned adjacent to the exposed side of single laminate composite  100 , which is opposite to the side already laminated to first substrate layer  30 ; and second substrate layer  31  is laminated or bonded to the exposed side of the single laminate composite  100 , to form dual laminate composite  120 . Second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the resilient elements of single laminate composite  100  by using the various optional and alternative methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0340]    This process may be employed to make dual laminate composite  120 , as well as many variations of the same. By way of example only, in one aspect of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 13A , second substrate layer  31  may be optionally positioned adjacent to the side of first single laminate composite  101  opposite to the side already laminated to first substrate layer  30 ; and second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the side adjacent to it, to form first dual laminate composite  121 . (It is understood that first single laminate composite  101  is comprised of first substrate layer  30  bonded to first cut material  8 ). 
         [0341]    In another aspect of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 13B , second substrate layer  31  may be optionally positioned adjacent to the side of second single laminate composite  102  opposite to the side already laminated to first substrate layer  30 ; and second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the side adjacent to it, to form second dual laminate composite  122 . (It is understood that second single laminate composite  102  is comprised of first substrate layer  30  bonded to fourth cut material  11 ). 
         [0342]    In yet another aspect of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 13C , second substrate layer  31  may optionally positioned adjacent to the side of third single laminate composite  103  opposite to the side already laminated to first substrate layer  30 ; and second substrate layer  31  may laminated or bonded to the side adjacent to it, to form third dual laminate composite  123 . (It is understood that third single laminate composite  103  is comprised of first substrate layer  30  bonded to third cut material  10 ). 
         [0343]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, second substrate layer  31  is optionally comprised of a sheet or layer of synthetic, non-woven fabric such as polyester or nylon. However, it is understood that second substrate layer  31  may be comprised of a sheet or layer of any suitable material, including, without limitation, natural or synthetic fabric, mesh, flexible or pliable plastic, neoprene, natural leather, synthetic leather, or a sheet of synthetic fiber, or any combination of such materials. Optionally, second substrate layer  31  may also be made, of foam, plastic, latex, silicone, rubber, elastomer, other rubber-like materials, and so forth, including any combination of such materials. First substrate layer  30  may also be comprised of any such materials encased in, or sandwiched between, sheets of natural or synthetic fabric. 
         [0344]    It is understood that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be comprised of materials with the same or different thickness in relation to each other. 
         [0345]    It is also understood that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be comprised of materials with the same or different dimensions. In another aspect of the invention, either first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31 , or both of them, may optionally cover only some of the plurality of resilient elements, optionally leaving at least one resilient element exposed. 
         [0346]    It is further understood that, optionally and alternatively, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may be comprised of the same or different types of materials. Therefore, in one aspect of the invention, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be comprised of materials that are different in composition, have different functional characteristics or performance parameters (by way of example only, and without limitations, different stretchability, breathability, density, permeability to gases or liquids, absorbency of vapors and liquids, resistance to tear, and the like), or have different colors. Alternatively, the two substrate layers may also be optionally comprised of the same type of material. 
         [0347]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIGS. 16A and 16B  depict the optional and alternative placement and lamination of alternative substrate layer  32 , comprised of open and lightweight mesh material, over first single laminate composite  101 , to form alternative first dual laminate composite  121 A. As another non-limiting example,  FIGS. 17A and 17B  depict optional and alternative placement and lamination of alternative substrate layer  32 , comprised of open and lightweight mesh material, over third single laminate composite  103 , to form alternative third dual laminate composite  123 A. 
         [0348]    It is understood that any suitable combination of materials may be selected for first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 , to endow the finished dual laminate composite material with suitable or desired performance characteristics. In one non-limiting example, a breathable synthetic fabric relatively permeable to air and water vapor may be optionally selected for first substrate layer  30 ; and a foam or natural fabric with relatively high capacity for absorbing and retaining water or water vapor may optionally be selected for second substrate layer  31 . Optionally, holes or apertures of varying sizes may be made in first substrate layer  30  to increase its permeability to gases and vapor. In one non-limiting example, this combination of substrate layers may optionally be employed to make footwear sockliners, such as first dual laminate sockliner  120 A depicted in  FIG. 53A , and second dual laminate sockliner  126 A depicted in  FIG. 54A . 
         [0349]    It is understood that second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or made to bond to the resilient elements by using the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0350]      FIGS. 18A through 19  depict one non-limiting example of an optional heat-pressing method for laminating or bonding second substrate layer  31  to resilient elements, to make a composite cushioning material (such as dual laminate composite  120  depicted in  FIG. 50A , and other variations of the same, such as first dual laminate composite  121  depicted in  FIGS. 13A and 14 ) comprised of two or more resilient elements attached or bonded to two substrate layers, wherein the resilient elements are “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  and bonded or made to adhere to the same. 
         [0351]    As depicted in  FIG. 18A , a single laminate composite (in this case, first single laminate composite  101 ) is placed flat against work surface  43 . Second substrate layer  31  is placed against the other side of first single laminate composite  101 . Pressure platen  40  is positioned adjacent to second substrate layer  31 , so that outer surface  31 A of second substrate layer  31  is facing the face of pressure platen  40  incorporating heating element  42 . 
         [0352]      FIG. 18B  depicts a lateral view of the above-referenced operation, and clarifies that the work piece comprised of second substrate layer  31  and first single laminate composite  101  is “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 . As also depicted in  FIG. 18B , the work piece is positioned between work surface  43  and pressure platen  40 . 
         [0353]      FIG. 19  depicts the heat-press operation, wherein pressure platen  40  moves towards work surface  43  and pressing element  41  makes contact with second substrate layer  31 , and the entire work piece is pressed against work surface  43  and compressed. As depicted in  FIG. 19 , heating element  42  causes second substrate layer  31  to be heat pressed against a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A in first single laminate composite  101 . 
         [0354]    Following the heat-press operation, second substrate layer  31  is bonded or adhered to first single laminate composite  101 , forming first dual laminate composite  121  depicted in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0355]      FIGS. 15A through 15G  depict an optional and alternative method for assembling other variations of dual laminate composite  120  generally depicted in  FIG. 50A , such as second dual laminate composite  122  depicted in  FIGS. 13B and 15G . 
         [0356]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIG. 15G  depicts second dual laminate composite  122  assembled by optionally removing of the perimetral edge material from a cut material with the aid of a mechanical device or means, while the mechanical device keeps the plurality of resilient elements aligned and positioned over first substrate layer  30  prior to the lamination of the substrate layer to the resilient elements, followed by the lamination of second substrate layer  31  to the resulting, partially assembled work piece. 
         [0357]      FIG. 15A  depicts third cut material  10 , comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. 
         [0358]      FIG. 15B  depicts mechanical holder  20  with a perimeter shape substantially similar to the perimeter shape of the array of third resilient elements  15 C positioned above an array of third resilient elements  15 C. 
         [0359]      FIG. 15C  depicts mechanical holder  20  positioned above an array of third resilient elements  15 C, making contact with the resilient elements, and holding them in place. As depicted in  FIG. 15C , mechanical holder  20  does not hold first perimetral edge  17 A in place. 
         [0360]      FIG. 15D  depicts the mechanical extraction of first perimetral edge  17 A along first perimetral edge cut line  18 A, aided by mechanical holder  20  that holds array of third resilient elements  15 C in place next to first substrate layer  30  during the extraction. 
         [0361]      FIG. 15E  depicts the removal of first perimetral edge  17 A, leaving behind a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C held in place by mechanical holder  20 , forming fourth cut material  11  which is positioned above first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0362]    Although not depicted in  FIGS. 15D and 15E , in an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, mechanical holder  20  may be shaped so that it makes contact with only some, and not all, of third resilient elements  15 C, enabling some of third resilient elements  15 C not held in place by mechanical holder  20  to be removed (along with first perimetral edge  17 A) prior to the lamination of first substrate layer  30  to the remaining third resilient elements  15 C. 
         [0363]    Alternatively, and optionally, mechanical holder  20  may be released and removed, as depicted in  FIG. 15F , forming fourth cut material  11  that sits above first substrate layer  30 . It is understood that, alternatively and optionally, first perimetral edge  17 A may also be extracted and removed manually from third cut material  10 . 
         [0364]    The resulting work piece, comprised of a cut material that sits above first substrate layer  30 , may be pressed or heat pressed, and made to bond with the resilient elements of fourth cut material  11  by using the various optional and alternative method disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. The result of this operation is second single laminate composite  102 , as depicted in  FIG. 15F . 
         [0365]    This second single laminate composite  102  may be processed further by bonding second substrate layer  31  to it, forming second dual laminate composite  122  depicted in  FIG. 15G : As depicted in  FIG. 15G , following the lamination of first substrate layer  30  to fourth cut material  11 , forming second single laminate composite  102 , second substrate layer  31  may optionally be positioned adjacent to the exposed side of second single laminate composite  102 , which is opposite to the side already laminated to first substrate layer  30 ; and second substrate layer  31  is laminated or bonded to the exposed side of the second single laminate composite  102 , to form second dual laminate composite  122 . 
         [0366]    In another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, the steps depicted in  FIGS. 15B through 15F  may optionally be carried out on the surface of pressure platen  40 . In this optional embodiment of the invention, the resulting assembly may be pressed or heat pressed following the removal of first perimetral edge  17 A, wherein mechanical holder  20  functions as work surface  43 , and pressure platen  40  makes contact against first substrate layer  30 , on the side of first substrate layer  30  that is opposite to the side of the substrate layer that makes contact with the resilient elements. The entire assembly may optionally be pressed or heat pressed, forming second single laminate composite  102 . 
         [0367]    This second single laminate composite  102  may be processed further by bonding second substrate layer  31  to it, forming second dual laminate composite  122  depicted in  FIG. 15G . 
         [0368]    It is understood that second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the resilient elements of second single laminate composite  102  by using the various optional and alternative method disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0369]    8. Optional Single Step Lamination Method for First and Second Substrate Layers 
         [0370]    In another aspect of the invention, it is understood that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be laminated or bonded to the resilient elements of a cut material in a single step. 
         [0371]      FIGS. 20A through 23B  depict one non-limiting example of an optional single step process for laminating two substrate layers to the resilient elements of a cut material, to form a dual laminate composite material. 
         [0372]    As depicted in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , in this optional process a cut material (in this case, first cut material  8 ) is placed flat between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 , so that first cut material  8  is “sandwiched” between the two substrate layers as depicted in  FIG. 20B . It is understood that in this aspect of the invention, first joining element  3  (such as, by way of example only, a layer of hot-melt adhesive film) is positioned between the surfaces of first resilient elements  15 A and first substrate layer  30 , and that second joining element  4  (such as, by way of example only, another layer of hot-melt adhesive film) is positioned on the opposite side, between the surfaces of first resilient elements  15 A and second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0373]    In another alternative and optional embodiment of this aspect of the invention, another cut material such as third cut material  10 , which is comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A, is positioned adjacent to first substrate layer  30 , as depicted in  FIG. 21A . 
         [0374]    As depicted in  FIG. 21B , first perimetral edge  17 A is mechanically extracted, leaving behind a plurality or array of third resilient elements  15 C which forms fourth cut material  11 . As shown in  FIG. 21B , fourth cut material  11  is positioned adjacent to first substrate layer  30 . It is understood that the mechanical extraction and removal of the perimetral edge material may be carried out by using any of the various methods disclosed in this application. 
         [0375]    As depicted in  FIGS. 21B and 21C , it is understood that in this aspect of the invention, first joining element  3  (such as, by way of example only, a layer of hot-melt adhesive film) is positioned between the surfaces of first substrate layer  30  and third resilient elements  15 C remaining after the removal of first perimetral edge  17 A. 
         [0376]    As depicted in  FIGS. 21C and 21D , second substrate layer  31  is positioned adjacent to fourth cut material  11 , so that fourth cut material  11  (which is comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C) is “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 . It is understood that in this aspect of the invention, second joining element  4  (such as, by way of example only, a layer of hot-melt adhesive film) is positioned between the surfaces of third resilient elements  15 C and second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0377]    In another optional aspect of the invention, the assembled work pieces depicted in  FIGS. 20B and 21D  (namely, a cut material that sits between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) are processed so that the resilient elements in the cut materials bond or adhere to first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 . The bonding process may be carried out by using any of the various optional and alternative method disclosed in this application, including the various pressing and heat pressing processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0378]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, either one of the assembled work pieces depicted in  FIGS. 20B and 21D  may be pressed or heat pressed in a single step, so that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  are bonded or made to adhere to the cut materials in a single operation. 
         [0379]      FIGS. 22A and 22B  depict one alternative method, wherein a work piece depicted in  FIGS. 20B and 21D  (that is, either first cut material  8  or fourth cut material  11  “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) is placed between two heat pressing devices or means, comprised of pressure platen  40  and supplemental pressure platen  45 , with their respective pressing elements and heating elements (namely, heating element  42  and supplemental heating element  46 ) positioned facing each other. 
         [0380]      FIG. 22B  depicts a lateral view of the arrangement, wherein the work piece (that is, either first cut material  8  or fourth cut material  11  “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) is situated between pressure platen  40  and supplemental pressure platen  45 . As depicted in  FIG. 22B , pressure platen  40  includes pressing element  41  and optional heating element  42  contacting substrate side  31 A of second substrate layer  31 . The same figure also depicts supplemental pressure platen  46 , which includes an optional supplemental heating element  46  contacting first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0381]      FIGS. 23A and 22B  depicts pressure platen  40  and supplemental pressure platen  45  in an engaged state, pressing towards each other, with the work piece (comprised of a cut material “sandwiched” between first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) compressed between pressure platen  40  and supplemental pressure platen  45 , and heat pressed by means of heating element  42  and supplemental heating element  46 , respectively. 
         [0382]    Optionally, the surfaces of pressure platen  40  and supplemental pressure platen  45  may incorporate or be coated with one or more non-reactive materials (such as silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene/PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy/PFA, fluorinated ethylene propylene/FEP, Teflon, or other similar non-reactive material) that do not adhere to the exposed joining element, if any, on the surface of the resilient elements that are not fully covered by first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31  (It is understood that this may be the case if, by way of example only, first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31  is optionally shaped so as to cover only some of the plurality of resilient elements). 
         [0383]    As depicted in  FIG. 24A , a variety of dual laminate composite materials may be fabricated by means of the pressing or heat pressing operation described above—in this example, first dual laminate composite  121  and second dual laminate composite  122 . 
         [0384]    9. Optional Stretch-Processing of Dual Laminate Composite Materials 
         [0385]      FIGS. 24A through 26C  depict another optional aspect of the invention, wherein following the lamination of a cut material to two substrate layers (that is, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ), the resulting dual laminate composite material is mechanically stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the substrate layers. The purpose behind this optional procedure is to cause the plurality of resilient elements bonded to the substrate layers to move apart from each other, and thereby break any residual or excess glue or adhesive, such as traces of first joining element  3  or second joining element  4 , that may have seeped out from the surface of the resilient materials and seeped into the various material cutting lines defining the resilient elements, partially bonding the resilient elements to each other. 
         [0386]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIG. 24A  depicts a double laminate composite (which may be, in this example, first dual laminate composite  121  or second dual laminate composite  122 ) fabricated by means of the pressing or heat pressing operation described above.  FIG. 24B  depicts a partial cutaway view of the double laminate composite.  FIGS. 24C and 24D  depict lateral and side views of the same double laminate composite. 
         [0387]      FIGS. 24B ,  24 C, and  24 D also depict the individual resilient elements (which may be, in this example, first resilient element  15 A or third resilient element  15 C) that are parts of the double laminate composite (which may be, in this example, first dual laminate composite  121  or second dual laminate composite  122 ), and are separated and defined from each other by material cutting lines (which may be, in this example, first material cutting lines  16 A or second material cutting lines  16 B). 
         [0388]    It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements are positioned substantially adjacent to each other, and there is no gap, or there is minimal gap, between the resilient elements (which may be, in this example, first resilient element  15 A or third resilient element  15 C), or along the material cutting lines (which may be, in this example, first material cutting lines  16 A or second material cutting lines  16 B), as depicted in  FIGS. 24B ,  24 C, and  24 D. 
         [0389]    Following the lamination of first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  to the cut material, and optionally after the work piece has cooled down so that the joining elements (such as a glue, hot-melt adhesive film, or other adhesive) have been allowed to set, the entire assembly (comprised of first dual laminate composite  121  or second dual laminate composite  122 ) may be optionally stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the substrate layers by application of mechanical force, as illustrated by the arrows in  FIGS. 25A ,  25 B, and  25 C that depict the direction of the mechanical stretch. 
         [0390]      FIG. 25D  depicts a side view of the entire assembly (comprised of first dual laminate composite  121  or second dual laminate composite  122 ) as it is stretched, with the arrows showing the direction of the mechanical stretch. 
         [0391]    As depicted in the partial cutaway view in  FIG. 25B , as the substrate layers are stretched, individual resilient elements (which may be, in this example, first resilient element  15 A or third resilient element  15 C) that are bonded to first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  move apart from each other, creating stretch gap  19  between the resilient elements. 
         [0392]    The extent of stretch gap  19  depends on the composition, dimensions, and shape of first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 , as well as the extent of the mechanical force applied to the assembly. Stretch gap  19  optionally breaks any bonds between two or more resilient elements (which may be, in this example, first resilient element  15 A or third resilient element  15 C) caused by residues of first joining element  3  or second joining element  4  that may have seeped out in the course of the lamination process, or during the pressing or heat pressing operation. 
         [0393]      FIGS. 25C and 25D  depict lateral and side views of the double laminate composite being mechanically stretched, which creates stretch gap  19  between the resilient elements (which may be, in this example, first resilient element  15 A or third resilient element  15 C). 
         [0394]    As depicted in  FIGS. 26A ,  26 B, and  26 C, in this optional embodiment of the invention, when mechanical force ceases to be applied, and the dual laminate composite is released, the dual laminate composite returns to a “relaxed” or rest state, and stretch gap  19  disappears. 
         [0395]    Following this operation, the resulting dual laminate composite (which may be, in this example, first dual laminate composite  121  or second dual laminate composite  122 ) may be used as cushioning component in footwear, as protective padding, or as components in athletic or industrial protective gear. Optionally, the resulting dual laminate composite may also be cut into a suitable shape for use as a shoe insole, or footwear sockliner, as in first dual laminate sockliner  120 A depicted in  FIG. 53A , and in second dual laminate sockliner  126 A depicted in  FIG. 54A . The dual laminate composite may also be optionally cut into other suitable shape for use as a cushioning component or protective padding component in athletic or industrial protective gear, as in first dual laminate padding  120 B depicted in  FIG. 53A , and in second dual laminate padding  126 B depicted in  FIG. 54A . 
         [0396]    In another optional embodiment of the invention, a single or dual laminate composite (such as, for example, first single laminate composite  101 , or first dual laminate composite  121 ) may be mechanically stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the substrate layers, and along a third vertical axis perpendicular to the substrate layers. This optional procedure causes the plurality of resilient elements bonded to the substrate layers to move apart from each other, and thereby break any residual or excess glue or adhesive that may have leaked out of the surface of the resilient materials and seeped into the various material cutting lines defining the resilient elements, potentially causing the resilient elements to stick to each other and/or reducing the overall flexibility or stretchability of the entire assembly. As depicted in  FIGS. 49A-49C , and  FIGS. 49D-49H , all types of single or dual laminate composites may be mechanically stretched along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the substrate layers, and along a third vertical axis perpendicular to the substrate layers, by means of a suitably shaped three-dimensional mold. 
         [0397]    As shown in  FIG. 49A , a laminate composite (in this case, the first dual laminate composite  121 ) may be positioned against an optionally convex-shaped three dimensional mold (in this case, a dome-shaped mold  301 ), and the laminate composite may be stretched along the direction of the arrows shown in  FIG. 49A . Alternatively, and optionally, the dome-shaped mold  301  may be pushed against the laminate composite, while the edges of the laminate composite are held in place or otherwise constrained. It is understood that this step causes the laminate composite to stretch and partially or substantially conform to the shape of the three-dimensional mold. As the second substrate layer  31  in the laminate composite stretches to a greater extent than the first substrate layer  30 , and the convex shape of the dome-shaped mold  301  causes the resilient elements in the laminate composite to move apart from each other, along one or two horizontal axis co-planar with the substrate layers, and along the third vertical axis perpendicular to the substrate layers, stretch gap  19  is created between the resilient elements. 
         [0398]      FIG. 49F  shows a perspective view of the first dual laminate composite  121  positioned next to the dome-shaped mold  301  for the stretch-operation. 
         [0399]    It is understood that a variety of dual laminate composites may be subject to this stretch-operation, including seventh dual laminate composite  127  as shown in  FIG. 49B , eighth dual laminate composite  130  as shown in  FIG. 49C , and third dual laminate composite  123  as shown in  FIG. 49H . 
         [0400]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 49D-49E , and in  FIG. 49G , the stretch-operation using a three-dimensional mold may also be applied to various single laminate composites.  FIG. 49D  depicts first single laminate composite  101  (which includes a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A but does not incorporate a perimetral edge) positioned against dome-shaped mold  301  for the stretch-operation. As shown in  FIGS. 49D and 49E , the stretch-operation may be applied to either side of the laminate composite. 
         [0401]      FIG. 49G  depicts third single laminate composite  103  (which includes a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A) positioned against dome-shaped mold  301  for the stretch-operation. It is understood that the three-dimensional mold, when pressed against the laminate composite that incorporates a perimetral edge or other similar edge-framing element, enables the resilient elements in the laminate composite to move apart or away from each other along the third vertical axis perpendicular to the substrate layers. 
         [0402]    10. Optional Assembly and Fabrication of Resilient Elements of Different Thickness, Size, or Composition 
         [0403]      FIGS. 30 through 35  depict optional assembly of composite cushioning materials that incorporate one or more resilient elements of different thicknesses or sizes, different composition, or made of different types of materials in relation to the other resilient elements. 
         [0404]      FIG. 30  depicts seventh cut material  14 , comprised of second coated material  7  cut along fifth material cutting lines  16 E and optionally along third perimetral edge cut line  18 C, to define and create a plurality of fifth resilient elements  15 E, optionally surrounded by second perimetral edge  17 B. The result is seventh cut material  14  depicted in  FIG. 30 . 
         [0405]      FIG. 31  depicts third cut material  10 , comprised of first coated material  6  cut along third material cutting lines  16 C and optionally along first perimetral edge cut line  18 A, to define and create a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C, optionally surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. The result is third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 31 . 
         [0406]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, thickness  6 A of first coated material  6  depicted in  FIG. 31  is optionally greater than thickness  7 A of second coated material  7  depicted in  FIG. 30 , and the thickness of third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 31  is greater than the thickness of seventh cut material  14  depicted in  FIG. 30 . 
         [0407]    Also in a more preferred embodiment of the invention, second coated material  7  and seventh cut material  14  depicted in  FIG. 30 , and first coated material  6  and third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 31 , are all comprised of EVA foam. Second coated material  7  and seventh cut material  14  depicted in  FIG. 30  are optionally comprised of EVA foam of greater density or stiffness relative to first coated material  6  and third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 31 . 
         [0408]    However, it is understood that in another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, second coated material  7  and seventh cut material  14  depicted in  FIG. 30  may be comprised of EVA foam or other material of equal or lower density or stiffness relative to first coated material  6  and third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 31 . 
         [0409]    In yet another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, thickness  6 A of first coated material  6  may optionally be equal or less than thickness  7 A of second coated material  7 , and the thickness of third cut material  10  may optionally be equal or less than the thickness of seventh cut material  14 . 
         [0410]    It is also understood that, optionally and alternatively, first coated material  6  and third cut material  10 , on the one hand, and second coated material  7  and seventh cut material  14 , on the other hand, may each be comprised of the same or different types of materials. By way of example only, and without limitations, first coated material  6  and third cut material  10 , on the one hand, and second coated material  7  and seventh cut material  14 , on the other hand, may optionally be comprised of materials that are different in composition, have different functional characteristics or performance parameters (by way of example only, and without limitations, different density, hardness, or compressibility), or have different colors. Alternatively, the coated materials and the cut materials may also be optionally comprised of the same type of material. 
         [0411]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one instance of fifth resilient element  15 E is optionally removed from seventh cut material  14 , leaving behind one or more negative space  60  corresponding to the space where resilient elements have been removed from the cut material, as depicted in  FIG. 32A . 
         [0412]    In another optional embodiment of the invention, at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C is optionally removed from third cut material  10 , and inserted into negative spaces  60  created by the removal of fifth resilient element  15 E from seventh cut material  14 , as depicted in  FIG. 32B . 
         [0413]      FIG. 32C  depicts the work piece resulting from the optional replacement of a plurality of fifth resilient element  15 E in seventh cut material  14 , with third resilient elements  15 C optionally taken from third cut material  10 . As shown in  FIG. 32C , in this optional embodiment, the third resilient elements  15 C that are inserted into negative space  60  of seventh cut material  14  are thicker or have greater height or are taller than fifth resilient elements  15 E that they replace. 
         [0414]    It is understood that any other suitable types or instances of resilient elements may be inserted into negative space  60  of seventh cut material  14 , provided that the replacement resilient elements are shaped and dimensioned so that they will fit into negative space  60 . 
         [0415]    As depicted in  FIG. 32D , the work piece (comprised of seventh cut material incorporating at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C inserted into one or more negative spaces  60 ) may be suitably positioned in relation to first substrate layer  30 , and laminated or bonded to first substrate layer  30 , forming sixth single laminate composite  106 . 
         [0416]    It is understood that first substrate layer  30  may optionally be laminated or made to bond to fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in sixth single laminate composite  106  by means of any of the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0417]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, the work piece, comprised of seventh cut material incorporating at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C inserted into one or more negative spaces  60 , is optionally placed against first substrate layer  30  and the entire assembly is compressed until first substrate layer  30  makes contact with every exposed fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C. It is understood that in one optional aspect of the invention, first substrate layer  30  is placed against the assembly and pressed until third resilient elements  15 C are compressed to the point where first substrate layer  30  makes contact with and is compressed against fifth resilient elements  15 E, and fifth resilient elements  15 E bond to first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0418]    Optionally, as depicted in  FIG. 33 , second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the exposed fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in sixth single laminate composite  106 , forming fourth dual laminate composite  124 . 
         [0419]    It is understood that second substrate layer  31  may optionally be laminated or made to bond to fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in sixth single laminate composite  106  by means of any of the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0420]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, second substrate layer  31  is optionally placed against the exposed side of sixth single laminate composite  106 , as depicted in  FIG. 32E , and the entire assembly is compressed until second substrate layer  31  makes contact with every exposed fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in sixth single laminate composite  106 . It is understood that in one optional aspect of the invention, second substrate layer  31  is placed against the exposed side of sixth single laminate composite  106 , and pressed until third resilient elements  15 C are compressed to the point where second substrate layer  31  makes contact with and is compressed against fifth resilient elements  15 E, and fifth resilient elements  15 E as well as third resilient elements  15 C bond to second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0421]      FIGS. 34A through 34D  depict another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention. In this optional embodiment, seventh cut material  14  is pre-positioned next to first substrate layer  30 , as depicted in  FIG. 34A . At least one instance of fifth resilient element  15 E is optionally removed from seventh cut material  14 , leaving behind one or more negative space  60  corresponding to the space where resilient elements have been removed from the cut material. 
         [0422]    Optionally, at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C is removed from third cut material  10 , and inserted into negative spaces  60  created by the removal of fifth resilient element  15 E from seventh cut material  14 , as depicted in  FIG. 34B . 
         [0423]    As depicted in  FIGS. 34B and 34C , the work piece—comprised of seventh cut material incorporating at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C inserted into one or more negative spaces  60 —is already positioned next to first substrate layer  30 , and the substrate layer may be laminated or bonded the exposed resilient elements, forming sixth single laminate composite  106 . 
         [0424]    Optionally, as depicted in  FIGS. 34C and 34D , second substrate layer  31  may be positioned adjacent to the opposite side of the work piece, and laminated or bonded to the exposed fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in sixth single laminate composite  106 , forming fourth dual laminate composite  124 . It is understood that second joining element  4  is positioned on the surfaces of fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C facing second substrate layer  31 ; in a more preferred, optional embodiment of the invention, the surfaces of fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C facing second substrate layer  31  are coated with second joining element  4  in the form of a hot-melt adhesive film. 
         [0425]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the work piece—comprised of seventh cut material incorporating at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C inserted into one or more negative spaces  60 —in a single pressing or heat pressing operation. 
         [0426]    It is understood that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be laminated or made to bond to fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in the work piece by means of any of the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0427]      FIGS. 34E through 35  depict another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention. In this optional embodiment, seventh cut material  14  is pre-positioned next to first substrate layer  30 . At least one instance of fifth resilient element  15 E is optionally removed from seventh cut material  14 , and replaced with third resilient element  15 C, as depicted in  FIG. 34E . 
         [0428]    Also in this optional embodiment, second perimetral edge  17 B is extracted and removed from the work piece, leaving behind a work piece comprised of a plurality of fifth resilient elements  15 E and at least one instance of third resilient element  15 C arranged in an array. First substrate layer  30  is laminated or bonded to the resilient elements in the work piece, forming seventh single laminate composite  107 . 
         [0429]    Optionally, as depicted in  FIGS. 34G and 35 , second substrate layer  31  may be positioned adjacent to the opposite side of the work piece, and laminated or bonded to the exposed fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in seventh single laminate composite  107 , forming fifth dual laminate composite  125 . 
         [0430]    With respect to this optional embodiment of the invention, it is understood that second joining element  4  is positioned on the surfaces of fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C facing second substrate layer  31 ; in a more preferred, optional embodiment of the invention, the surfaces of fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C facing second substrate layer  31  are coated with second joining element  4  in the form of a hot-melt adhesive film. 
         [0431]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may be laminated or bonded to the work piece in a single pressing or heat pressing operation. 
         [0432]    It is understood that first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  may optionally be laminated or made to bond to fifth resilient elements  15 E and third resilient elements  15 C in the work piece by means of any of the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0433]      FIGS. 30 through 35  depict third resilient elements  15 C and fifth resilient elements  15 E as square or cubic in shape. However, it is understood that third resilient elements  15 C and fifth resilient elements  15 E may optionally be of any suitable shape and dimension, including thickness. It is also understood that one or more resilient elements may optionally include apertures and surround other resilient elements. 
         [0434]      FIGS. 72 and 73  depict a non-limiting example of a dual laminate composite material (namely, tenth dual laminate composite  150 ) that incorporates irregularly shaped resilient elements (namely, irregularly shaped and asymmetrical tenth resilient elements  92 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C).  FIG. 72  also depicts an optional embodiment of the invention, wherein some of the resilient elements in tenth dual laminate composite  150  (such as eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C) have apertures and surround other resilient elements (such as tenth resilient elements  92 ). 
         [0435]      FIGS. 74 and 75  depict a non-limiting example of a single laminate composite material (namely, twelfth single laminate composite  160 ) that incorporates irregularly shaped resilient elements (namely, irregularly shaped and asymmetrical tenth resilient elements  92 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C).  FIG. 74  also depicts an optional embodiment of the invention, wherein some of the resilient elements in twelfth single laminate composite  160  (such as eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C) have apertures and surround other resilient elements (such as tenth resilient elements  92 ). 
         [0436]    11. Optional Assembly of Arrays of Resilient Elements that are Spaced Apart in Relation to Each Other 
         [0437]      FIGS. 40A through 43B  depict optional assembly of composite cushioning materials that incorporate a plurality of resilient elements that are spaced apart in relation to each other. 
         [0438]    Initially, and for comparison purposes,  FIG. 40A  and  FIGS. 41A ,  40 C, and  40 D depict optional embodiments of single laminate composite and double laminate composite materials, in which the resilient elements are not spaced apart in relation to each other, and are positioned so that the resilient elements substantially contact each other along the material cutting lines. 
         [0439]      FIG. 40A  depicts a single laminate composite, in this case first single laminate composite  101 , comprised of a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A, bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30  by means of first joining element  3 . It is understood that a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A may be formed by cutting first coated material  6  along first material cutting lines  16 A, as depicted in  FIGS. 4A . It is also understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 40A , first resilient elements  15 A are not spaced apart in relation to each other, and are positioned so that the resilient elements substantially contact each other along first material cutting lines  16 A. 
         [0440]      FIG. 41A  depicts a double laminate composite, in this case first dual laminate composite  121 , comprised of a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A, bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30  by means of first joining element  3 , and to second substrate layer  31  by means of another joining element (such as, by way of example only, second joining element  4  positioned between first resilient elements  15 A and second substrate layer  31 ). It is understood that a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A may be formed by cutting first coated material  6  along first material cutting lines  16 A, as depicted in  FIGS. 4A . It is also understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 41A  and in the partial cutaway view in  FIG. 40C , first resilient elements  15 A are not spaced apart in relation to each other, and are positioned so that the resilient elements substantially contact each other along first material cutting lines  16 A. 
         [0441]      FIG. 40B  depicts an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, namely, eighth single laminate composite  108 , comprised of a plurality of sixth resilient elements  15 F, bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30  by means of first joining element  3 . It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 40B , sixth resilient elements  15 F are spaced apart in relation to each other, and separated from one another by spacing  61 . 
         [0442]      FIG. 41B  depicts another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, namely, seventh dual laminate composite  127 , comprised of a plurality of sixth resilient elements  15 F, bonded or made to adhere to first substrate layer  30  by means of first joining element  3 , and to second substrate layer  31  by means of another joining element (such as, by way of example only, second joining element  4  positioned between sixth resilient elements  15 F and second substrate layer  31 ). It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, as depicted in the partial cutaway view in  FIG. 41C  and in the side view in  FIG. 41D , sixth resilient elements  15 F are spaced apart in relation to each other, and separated from one another by spacing  61 . 
         [0443]    It is understood that, for certain applications, it may be desirable to optionally position the resilient elements spaced apart from each other, separated by spacing  61 , in order to increase the flexibility and stretchability of the entire assembly, to make it more compressible along the horizontal plane, to bend or impart a different shape to the entire assembly, to make it more breathable, to increase the circulation of gases and vapors between the resilient elements, or for other related or similar purposes. 
         [0444]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, spacing  61  is created by shrinking the size of the resilient elements after they have been cut from a coated material along suitable material cutting lines, by applying heat, pressure, or heat and pressure to the resilient elements. Optionally, the process of shrinking the size of the resilient elements so as to create spacing  61  may be carried out during or after the process of laminating or bonding the resilient elements to first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0445]    In this optional embodiment of the invention, as an initial step, a suitable resilient material (such as, by way of example only, first resilient material  1  or second resilient material  2 ) that shrinks when exposed to heat, compressed, or both is selected, and the selected resilient material is used to fabricate a coated material (such as, by way of example only, first coated material  6  or second coated material  7  depicted in  FIGS. 3A and 3B ). It is understood a broad range and a wide variety of materials may be considered and selected for this purpose, as long as the selected material has the tendency to shrink when heated, compressed, or heated and compressed. It is also understood that, optionally, a combination of materials (such as sheets of two different types of materials glued to each other) may also be considered and selected for this purpose. By way of example only, and without limitations, a resilient material or a combination of resilient materials may be selected based on the extent to which the materials shrink when exposed to heat, the amount of thermal energy and the temperatures required to trigger shrinkage, their sensitivity to heat and their melting points, the heat exposure time required to trigger shrinkage, the manner in which the material shrinks in three dimensions, and the duration and persistence of the shrinkage, among other things. 
         [0446]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, a suitable resilient material comprised of EVA foam may be used to fabricate a suitable coated material, such as, by way of example only, first coated material  6  or second coated material  7 . 
         [0447]    A plurality of resilient elements, such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A, is formed by cutting first coated material  6  along first material cutting lines  16 A, as depicted in  FIG. 4A . 
         [0448]    As depicted in  FIG. 40A , a substrate layer (such as, by way of example only, first substrate layer  30 ) is placed next to the plurality of first resilient elements  15 A, and bonded or made to adhere to the resilient elements, by means of first joining element  3 . 
         [0449]    In an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 41A , two substrate layers (such as, by way of example only, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) are placed next to the plurality of first resilient elements  15 A, in opposing sides, so that the resilient elements are “sandwiched” between the two substrate layers. The two substrate layers are bonded or made to adhere to the resilient elements, by means of joining elements (such as first joining element  3  and second joining element  4 ). 
         [0450]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more substrate layers (such as, by way of example only, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) are laminated or made to bond with the resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A depicted in  FIGS. 40A and 41A ) by means of any of the various optional and alternative pressing and heat-pressing methods disclosed in this application, including the various processes disclosed above for lamination of first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31  onto various resilient elements or cut materials. 
         [0451]    In this optional embodiment of the invention, heat, pressure, or both may be applied to the entire assembly and delivered to the resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A) in the course of the lamination operation, by means of heating element  42  optionally included in pressure platen  40 , in a manner similar to that depicted in  FIG. 19  or  23 B. 
         [0452]    Also in this optional embodiment of the invention, the application of heat, pressure, or both causes the resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A) to shrink, forming sixth resilient elements  15 F depicted in  FIGS. 40B and 41B . As the resilient elements shrink, spacing  61  is created between them. It is understood that eighth single laminate composite  108  and seventh dual laminate composite  127  may be created with the spaced-apart sixth resilient elements  15 F, as depicted in  FIG. 40B  and  FIG. 41B , respectively. 
         [0453]    It is also understood that heat, pressure, or both may optionally be applied selectively, to only some of the resilient elements, in order to cause shrinkage in some of the resilient elements but not in others, so that only a subset of the resilient elements are separated from each other by spacing  61 . 
         [0454]    It is further understood that heat, pressure, or both may be applied to the resilient elements after the pressing or heat pressing lamination process has been completed, in order to cause shrinkage in some or all of the resilient elements, and to create spacing  61 . 
         [0455]    In this optional embodiment of the invention, it is understood that the degree of shrinkage of the resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A), and the size, shape, and dimensions of the resulting sixth resilient elements  15 F, and the size and shape of spacing  61 , may optionally vary and be affected by the selection of the resilient materials and the composition of the same, the starting shapes and sizes of the resilient elements, the amount of heat and pressure applied during the lamination process, the duration of the heat and pressure application, and the like, among other things. 
         [0456]    By way of example only, and for purposes of comparison,  FIG. 40E  depicts a side view of first dual laminate composite  121 , comprised of a plurality of first resilient elements  15 A positioned adjacent to each other, along first material cutting lines  16 A, “sandwiched” between and bonded to first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0457]    As depicted in  FIG. 41E , seventh dual laminate composite  127  may be formed by applying heat, pressure, or both to the assembly comprising first dual laminate composite  121 . Heat, pressure, or both may optionally be applied to the assembly during or after the lamination of first substrate layer  30  or second substrate layer  31  to first resilient elements  15 A. The application of heat, pressure, or both to the resilient elements causes first resilient elements  15 A to shrink, and form sixth resilient elements  15 F, separated from one another by spacing  61 . 
         [0458]    As depicted in  FIG. 41F , it is understood that by selecting a suitable composition for first resilient elements  15 A, and applying a suitable amount of heat and pressure to the same over a suitable period of time, first resilient elements  15 A may shrink in a non-uniform manner, and form seventh resilient elements  15 G, separated from one another by spacing  61 , as shown in the side view in  FIG. 41F . 
         [0459]    By way of example only, and without limitations,  FIGS. 45A through 45D  depict, as non-limiting examples, varying degrees or extent of shrinkage that may be caused on or induced in a non-contracted resilient element  80  (which may be, by way of example only, first resilient element  15 A, second resilient element  15 B, third resilient element  15 C, fourth resilient element  15 D, and the like) through application of heat, pressure, or both. 
         [0460]      FIG. 45A  depicts a side view of non-contracted resilient element  80  prior to the application of heat, pressure, or both. By optionally applying heat and pressure, and optionally increasing the temperature or the exposure time, non-contracted resilient element  80  may optionally be caused to shrink non-uniformly, forming first alternative resilient element  81 A, second alternative resilient element  82 A, and third alternative resilient element  83 A, depicted in  FIGS. 45B through 45D , respectively. In this optional embodiment of the invention, directed application of heat to the top and bottom surfaces of non-contracted resilient element  80  optionally causes non-uniform shrinkage of the resilient material, resulting in shrunk top side  81 C, shrunk top side  82 C, and shrunk top side  83 C, and increasing curvature  81 B, curvature  82 B, and curvature  83 B. 
         [0461]    It is understood that the degree and manner of non-uniform shrinkage of the resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A), and the size, shape, and dimensions of the resulting “shrunk” resilient elements, and the size and shape of spacing  61 , may optionally vary and be affected by the selection of the resilient materials and the composition of the same, the starting shapes and sizes of the resilient elements, the amount of heat and pressure applied to the assembly, the duration of the heat and pressure application, and the like, among other things. 
         [0462]    As a non-limiting example, and without limitations,  FIGS. 46A through 46D  depict, as non-limiting examples, varying types of shrinkage that may be caused on or induced in non-contracted resilient element  80  (which may be, by way of example only, first resilient element  15 A, second resilient element  15 B, third resilient element  15 C, fourth resilient element  15 D, and the like) through application of heat, pressure, or both. 
         [0463]      FIG. 46A  depicts a side view of non-contracted resilient element  80 . By optionally applying heat and pressure, and optionally increasing the temperature, timing the increase in temperature, and the exposure time to heat and pressure, non-contracted resilient element  80  may optionally be caused to shrink non-uniformly in the direction of the arrows shown in  FIGS. 46B through 46D , forming first alternative resilient element  81 A, fourth alternative resilient element  84 A, and fifth alternative resilient element  85 A depicted in  FIGS. 46B through 46D , respectively. By way of example only, in this optional embodiment of the invention, shrinkage may occur to a varying degree along shrinkage axis  84 B and shrinkage axis  85 B, depicted in  FIGS. 46C and 46D , respectively. 
         [0464]      FIG. 40A  and  FIGS. 41A ,  41 C, and  40 D depict resilient elements (such as, by way of example only, first resilient element  15 A) that regular and cubic in shape prior to the application of heat or pressure to the same. However, it is understood that the resilient elements may optionally have irregular or asymmetrical shapes before heat or pressure is applied to them. 
         [0465]    As a non-limiting example,  FIG. 42A  depicts fourth single laminate composite  104 , comprised of fifth cut material  12  depicted in  FIG. 4E , placed adjacent to first substrate layer  30  and laminated to the same. As depicted in  FIG. 42A , fourth single laminate composite  104  includes a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D cut along and defined by fourth material cutting lines  16 D, and surrounded by second perimetral edge  17 B, which is cut along and defined by second perimetral edge cut line  18 B. 
         [0466]    As another non-limiting example,  FIG. 43A  depicts fifth single laminate composite  105 , comprised of sixth cut material  13  depicted in  FIG. 4F , placed adjacent to first substrate layer  30  and laminated to the same. As depicted in  FIG. 43A , fifth single laminate composite  105  includes a plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D cut along and defined by fourth material cutting lines  16 D. 
         [0467]    As depicted in  FIGS. 42A and 43A , the plurality of interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D incorporated into fourth single laminate composite  104  and fifth single laminate composite  105 , respectively, have irregular or asymmetrical shapes. However, in both fourth single laminate composite  104  and fifth single laminate composite  105 , fourth resilient elements  15 D are positioned in close proximity, and adjacent, to each other, without gaps or spaces between them. 
         [0468]    However, it is understood that in an alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, heat, pressure, or both may be applied to the assembled components in fourth single laminate composite  104 , thereby shrinking some or all of fourth resilient elements  15 D, and optionally shrinking second perimetral edge  17 B, and creating gaps or spaces between them, as depicted in  FIG. 42B . 
         [0469]      FIG. 42B  depicts ninth single laminate composite  109 , formed by optionally applying heat, pressure, or both to the assembled components of fourth single laminate composite  104 , either during or after the lamination of first substrate layer  30 . By means of heat, pressure, or both, the interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D may be shrunken, forming eighth resilient elements  15 H, separated from each other by spacing  62 . By means of heat, pressure, or both, second perimetral edge  17 B may be shrunken, forming third perimetral edge  17 C, separated from the plurality of eighth resilient elements  15 H by spacing  63 . 
         [0470]    It is also understood that in another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, heat, pressure, or both may be applied to the assembled components in fifth single laminate composite  105 , thereby shrinking some or all of fourth resilient elements  15 D, and creating gaps or spaces between them, as depicted in  FIG. 43B . 
         [0471]      FIG. 43B  depicts tenth single laminate composite  110 , formed by optionally applying heat, pressure, or both to the assembled components of fifth single laminate composite  105 , either during or after the lamination of first substrate layer  30 . By means of heat, pressure, or both, the interrelated fourth resilient elements  15 D may be shrunken, forming eighth resilient elements  15 H, separated from each other by spacing  62 . 
         [0472]    12. Optional Use of Perimetral Edge Elements of Various Shapes 
         [0473]    In the third single laminate composite  103  depicted in  FIG. 10C , fourth single laminate composite  104  depicted in  FIG. 42A , sixth single laminate composite  106  depicted in  FIG. 32D , and ninth single laminate composite  109  depicted in  FIG. 42B , the perimetral edge elements are depicted as surrounding the outer-most perimeter of a plurality resilient elements in a cut material consisting of all resilient elements. 
         [0474]    For example,  FIG. 47A  depicts the top view of third single laminate composite  103 , which includes the third cut material  10  comprised of a plurality of third resilient elements  15 C (cut along third material cutting lines  16 C), surrounded by first perimetral edge  17 A. 
         [0475]    However, it is understood that the perimetral edge elements may have any suitable shape and size. Optionally, perimetral edge elements may surround only a subset of resilient elements in a cut material, or even a single resilient element in the cut material. 
         [0476]    By way of example,  FIG. 47B  depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention including a variation of third cut material  10 , wherein the perimetral edge element  17 S surrounds three separate subsets or “clusters” of resilient elements  15 T, and each subset or “cluster” is comprised of a plurality of resilient elements  15 S (cut along and shaped by material cutting line  16 S). As depicted in  FIG. 47B , perimetral edge element  17 S incorporates closed loop extensions  17 T that surround a discrete plurality of resilient elements. 
         [0477]      FIG. 47C  depicts another alternative and optional variation of third cut material  10 , wherein a perimetral edge element  17 U (shaped like a matrix or “web”) includes a plurality of apertures that engage each resilient element  15 U (cut along and shaped by material cutting line  16 U) in the cut material. 
         [0478]    The variation of third cut material  10  depicted in  FIG. 47C  may be heated and pressed, or heat-pressed, either by itself or after being positioned adjacent to a substrate layer (such as first substrate layer  30 , second substrate layer  31 , or alternative substrate layer  32 ). The application of heat, pressure, or both causes the resilient element  15 U, the perimetral edge element  17 U, or both of them to shrink, forming contracted resilient elements  15 V and contracted perimetral edge element  17 V as depicted in  FIG. 47D . The shrinkage of the resilient elements and/or perimetral edge element causes spacing  19 V to be created along or between the abutting edges of the resilient elements and the perimetral edge element, as shown in  FIG. 47D . 
         [0479]    The size of the spacing  19 V may be controlled, for example, by varying the amount and timing of the heat and/or pressure applied to the assembly, by varying the thickness of the material, and by selecting materials of suitable density and sensitivity to heat-shrinkage, among other things, for the resilient elements and the perimetral edge element. It is understood that by varying these and other variables known to those having ordinary skill in the art, it is possible to control the degree of material deformation or shrinkage of the components in the assembly, such as the degree of shrinkage  17 X in the perimetral edge element  17 U (resulting in contracted perimetral edge element  17 V), and the degree of shrinkage in the resilient element  15 U (resulting in contracted resilient elements  15 V). 
         [0480]    For example, as shown by example in  FIG. 47E , by selecting a type of material that is denser and/or less susceptible to shrinkage when exposed to heat for the perimetral edge element  17 U (that is, in relation to resilient element  15 U), it is possible to reduce the amount of shrinkage  17 Z in the resulting contracted perimetral edge element  17 Y, in comparison to the amount of shrinkage in the contracted resilient elements  15 Y. As illustrated in  FIG. 47E , this results in smaller gap, or spacing  19 Y, between the resilient elements and the perimetral edge. 
         [0481]      FIGS. 48A and 48B  depict an article of footwear  300  that incorporates a dual laminate composite  323 A in its sidewall. The dual laminate composite includes an inner substrate layer (not shown) that functions as the inner lining for the shoe; an outer substrate layer  332  (comprising an open mesh material, shown “peeled off” from the assembly so as to expose the internal structure of the dual laminate composite), and a plurality of triangular resilient elements  315 , engaged to a “cage-like” perforated perimetral edge elements  317 . There is a spacing  319  between the resilient elements and the apertures in the perforated perimetral edge elements, which makes the dual laminate composite (and thus the article of footwear that incorporates it) relatively more flexible, breathable, and lightweight. 
         [0482]    Optional Cutting of Composite Cushioning Materials, and Manufacture of Articles and Components from the Same 
         [0483]    In another optional aspect of the invention, the various single and dual composite laminate materials, such as, by way of example only, single laminate composite  100  and variations thereof disclosed in this application, and dual laminate composite  120  and variations thereof disclosed in this application, may be used as cushioning component in footwear, as protective padding, or as components in athletic or industrial protective gear. 
         [0484]    The various single and dual composite laminate materials may also be optionally cut into other suitable shapes, for use as, by way of example only, and without limitations, shoe insoles or footwear sockliners, or as cushioning components or protective padding components in athletic or industrial protective gear. 
         [0485]    By way of introduction,  FIGS. 50A and 50B , and  FIGS. 53A and 53B , generally depict the optional cutting and processing of dual laminate composites, and the manufacture of useful article and components therefor from such dual laminate composite materials. 
         [0486]      FIGS. 54A and 54B  generally depict the optional cutting and processing of dual laminate composites with gaps or spacing between the resilient elements, and the manufacture of useful article and components therefor from such dual laminate composite materials. 
         [0487]      FIGS. 51A and 51B  generally depict the optional cutting and processing of single laminate composites, and the manufacture of useful article and components therefor from such single laminate composite materials. 
         [0488]      FIGS. 55A and 55B  generally depict optional cutting and processing of single laminate composites that incorporate spaced-apart resilient elements, and the manufacture of article and components therefor from such single laminate composite materials. 
         [0489]      FIGS. 60 through 79  generally depict optional assembly and manufacture of single and dual laminate composites materials incorporating asymmetrical resilient elements of different thicknesses, and the cutting and processing of single laminate composites for the manufacture of a footwear sockliner incorporating resilient elements that may be made of different materials and may have different thicknesses. 
         [0490]      FIG. 50A  depicts dual laminate composite  120 . It is understood that in the alternative and optional embodiment of the invention as depicted in  FIG. 50A , dual laminate composite  120  may incorporate different types of resilient materials, such as first resilient elements  15 A cut and defined along first material cutting lines  16 A, or fourth resilient elements  15 D cut and defined along fourth material cutting lines  16 D; alternatively, dual laminate composite  120  may also incorporate non-contracted resilient element  80  depicted in  FIGS. 45A and 46A , or any optional variations of the same (such as first alternative resilient element  81 A, second alternative resilient element  82 A, and third alternative resilient element  83 A depicted in  FIGS. 45B through 45D , respectively; and fourth alternative resilient element  84 A, and fifth alternative resilient element  85 A depicted in  FIGS. 46C through 46D , respectively). It is also understood that in this alternative embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements are “sandwiched” by, and laminated or bonded to, two substrate layers, namely, first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0491]    As depicted in  FIG. 50B , by way of example only, and without limitations, dual laminate composite  120  is optionally cut through the composite material, along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , in the process defining and separating sockliner top surface  72 A from laminate composite surface  70 . Also optionally, dual laminate composite  120  is cut through the composite material, along pad component outline cutting line  73 , in the process defining and separating pad component top surface  74 A from laminate composite surface  70 . It is understood that in this embodiment of the invention, dual laminate composite  120  is cut completely through along the outline cutting lines, from second substrate layer  31  to first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0492]    As depicted in  FIG. 53A , the portion of dual laminate composite  120  cut along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , and defined by the same, may optionally be removed from dual laminate composite  120 , leaving behind negative space  77  and forming first dual laminate sockliner  120 A. Also optionally, the portion of dual laminate composite  120  cut along pad component outline cutting line  73 , and defined by the same, may optionally be removed from dual laminate composite  120 , leaving behind negative space  78  and forming first dual laminate padding  120 B. It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, first dual laminate sockliner  120 A is laminated on sockliner top surface  72 A with second substrate layer  31 , and on sockliner bottom surface  72 B with first substrate layer  30 , and that first dual laminate padding  120 B is laminated on pad component top surface  74 A with second substrate layer  31 , and on pad component bottom surface  74 B with first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0493]      FIG. 53B  depicts an exploded view of first dual laminate sockliner  120 A and first dual laminate padding  120 B, formed by cutting dual laminate composite  120  through, along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , and pad component outline cutting line  73 . It is understood that in this embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements (namely, first resilient elements  15 A, fourth resilient elements  15 D, and non-contracted resilient element  80  and variations thereof) are positioned adjacent to each other, substantially without gaps or spacing between them. 
         [0494]      FIGS. 54A and 54B  depict another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, wherein heat, pressure, or both is applied to the assembled components of dual laminate composite  120 , and the resilient elements therein (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A, fourth resilient elements  15 D, or non-contracted resilient elements  80 ) are heated, compressed, or both, either during or after the process of laminating second substrate layer  31  to the resilient elements, by means of heating element  42  optionally included in pressure platen  40 , in a manner similar to that depicted in  FIG. 19  or  23 B. 
         [0495]    In this optional embodiment of the invention, the application of heat, pressure, or both optionally causes the resilient elements in double laminate composite  120  to shrink, forming sixth dual laminate composite  126 , comprised of sixth resilient elements  15 F, seventh resilient elements  15 G, or first alternative resilient element  81 A, separated from each other by spacing  61  or  62 . It is understood that by selecting a suitable composition and starting shapes and sizes for the resilient materials, the amount of heat and pressure applied to the assembly, the duration of the heat and pressure application, and the like, among other things, the resilient elements may be made to shrink at different rates or in a non-uniform manner, forming, by way of example only, second alternative resilient element  82 A or third alternative resilient element  83 A, depicted in  FIGS. 45B through 45D , or fourth alternative resilient element  84 A or fifth alternative resilient element  85 A, depicted in  FIGS. 46C and 46D , and creating spacing  61  or  62  between the resilient elements. 
         [0496]    As depicted in  FIG. 54A , sixth dual laminate composite  126  is cut through and along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , and pad component outline cutting line  73 , forming second dual laminate sockliner  126 A, and second dual laminate padding  126 B. It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, second dual laminate sockliner  126 A is laminated on sockliner top surface  72 A with second substrate layer  31 , and that second dual laminate padding  126 B is laminated on pad component top surface  74 A with second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0497]      FIG. 54B  depicts an exploded view of second dual laminate sockliner  126 A, and second dual laminate padding  126 B, formed by sixth dual laminate composite  126  through, along sockliner outline cutting line  71  and along pad component outline cutting line  73 . It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements (namely, sixth resilient elements  15 F, seventh resilient elements  15 G, or first alternative resilient element  81 A, or other variations of the same) are separate from each other by spacing  61  or  62 , as depicted in  FIG. 54B . 
         [0498]      FIG. 51A  depicts single laminate composite  100 . It is understood that in the alternative and optional embodiment of the invention as depicted in  FIG. 51A , single laminate composite  100  may incorporate different types of resilient materials, such as first resilient elements  15 A cut and defined along first material cutting lines  16 A, or fourth resilient elements  15 D cut and defined along fourth material cutting lines  16 D; alternatively, single laminate composite  100  may also incorporate non-contracted resilient element  80  depicted in  FIGS. 45A and 46A , or any optional variations of the same (such as first alternative resilient element  81 A, second alternative resilient element  82 A, and third alternative resilient element  83 A depicted in  FIGS. 45B through 45D , respectively; and fourth alternative resilient element  84 A, and fifth alternative resilient element  85 A depicted in  FIGS. 46C through 46D , respectively). It is also understood that in this alternative embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements are laminated or bonded to a single substrate layer, namely, first substrate layer  30 . 
         [0499]    As depicted in  FIG. 51B , by way of example only, and without limitations, single laminate composite  100  may optionally be cut through the composite material, along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , in the process defining and separating sockliner top surface  72 A from laminate composite surface  70 . Also optionally, single laminate composite  100  may be cut through the composite material, along pad component outline cutting line  73 , in the process defining and separating pad component top surface  74 A from laminate composite surface  70 . It is understood that in this embodiment of the invention, single laminate composite  100  is cut completely through along the outline cutting lines, from second substrate layer  31  to the opposite end of the resilient material. 
         [0500]    It is understood that the portion of single laminate composite  100  cut through along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , and defined by the same, may optionally be removed from single laminate composite  100 , to form a footwear sockliner laminated only on one side with second substrate layer  31 . Also optionally, the portion of single laminate composite  100  cut through along pad component outline cutting line  73 , and defined by the same, may optionally be removed from single laminate composite  100 , to form a pad component which shape is defined by pad component outline cutting line  73 , and which is laminated only on one side with second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0501]      FIGS. 55A and 55B  depict another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, wherein heat, pressure, or both is applied to the assembled components of single laminate composite  100 , and the resilient elements therein (such as, by way of example only, first resilient elements  15 A, fourth resilient elements  15 D, or non-contracted resilient elements  80 ) are heated, compressed, or both, either during or after the process of laminating second substrate layer  31  to the resilient elements, by means of heating element  42  optionally included in pressure platen  40 , in a manner similar to that depicted in  FIG. 19  or  23 B. 
         [0502]    In this optional embodiment of the invention, the application of heat, pressure, or both optionally causes the resilient elements in single laminate composite  100  to shrink, forming eleventh single laminate composite  140 , comprised of sixth resilient elements  15 F, seventh resilient elements  15 G, or first alternative resilient element  81 A, separated from each other by spacing  61  or  62 . It is understood that by selecting a suitable composition and starting shapes and sizes for the resilient materials, the amount of heat and pressure applied to the assembly, the duration of the heat and pressure application, and the like, among other things, the resilient elements may be made to shrink at different rates or in a non-uniform manner, forming, by way of example only, second alternative resilient element  82 A or third alternative resilient element  83 A, depicted in  FIGS. 45B through 45D , or fourth alternative resilient element  84 A or fifth alternative resilient element  85 A, depicted in  FIGS. 46C and 46D , and creating spacing  61  or  62  between the resilient elements. 
         [0503]    As depicted in  FIG. 55A , eleventh single laminate composite  140  is cut through and along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , and pad component outline cutting line  73 , forming first single laminate sockliner  140 A, and first single laminate padding  140 B. It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, first single laminate sockliner  140 A is laminated on sockliner top surface  72 A with second substrate layer  31 , and that first single laminate padding  140 B is laminated on pad component top surface  74 A with second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0504]      FIG. 55B  depicts an exploded view of first single laminate sockliner  140 A, and first single laminate padding  140 B, formed by cutting eleventh single laminate composite  140  through, along sockliner outline cutting line  71  and along pad component outline cutting line  73 . It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, the resilient elements (namely, sixth resilient elements  15 F, seventh resilient elements  15 G, or first alternative resilient element  81 A, or other variations of the same) are separate from each other by spacing  61  or  62 , as depicted in  FIG. 55B . 
         [0505]      FIGS. 60 through 79  depict another optional embodiment of the invention, namely, second single laminate sockliner  160 A, cut from twelfth single laminate composite  160 , comprised of a plurality of interrelated and “interlocking” resilient elements of varying thicknesses (namely, tenth resilient element  92 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C) laminated or bonded on sockliner top surface  72 A with a substrate layer, such as second substrate layer  31 .  FIG. 60  depicts second coated material  7 , optionally cut to a suitably rectangular shape.  FIG. 61  depicts first coated material  6 , optionally cut to a suitably rectangular shape. 
         [0506]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, first coated material  6  is thicker than second coated material  7 , and first coated material  6  is made of a softer or less dense material (such as EVA foam) than second coated material  7 . However, it is also understood that this is optional, and that first coated material  6  may have the same thickness as second coated material  7 , or first coated material  6  may be thinner than second coated material  7 . By way of example only, in another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, first coated material  6  may have the same thickness as second coated material  7 , and first coated material  6  may be made of a harder, denser, or more resilient material than second coated material  7 . 
         [0507]    As depicted in  FIG. 62 , second coated material  7  is cut along second perimetral edge cut line  18 B, which defines and creates second perimetral edge  17 B. Second coated material  7  is also cut along a plurality of fourth material cutting lines  16 D, to define and create a plurality of interrelated and interlocking resilient elements, namely, ninth resilient elements  91 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C, surrounded by second perimetral edge  17 B. 
         [0508]    As depicted in  FIG. 63 , first coated material  6  is cut along second perimetral edge cut line  18 B, which defines and creates second perimetral edge  17 B. Second coated material  7  is also cut along a plurality of fourth material cutting lines  16 D, to define and create a plurality of interrelated and interlocking resilient elements, such as, by way of example only, tenth resilient elements  92  and fourteenth resilient elements  94 , surrounded by second perimetral edge  17 B. 
         [0509]    In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, optional stretch cutting lines  90  may be cut into the resilient elements, such as in one or more instances of tenth resilient elements  92 , as depicted in  FIGS. 63 and 67 , in order to increase the flexibility of the resilient elements, or to enable the resilient element to stretch or bend without creasing. 
         [0510]    It is also understood that optional registration or alignment marks, such as first registration mark  88  and second registration mark  89  depicted in  FIGS. 62 and 63 , may be incorporated into the material cutting lines or the perimetral edge cut lines, in order to aid in aligning the work pieces during assembly, cutting, and processing. 
         [0511]    As depicted in  FIG. 64 , the resilient elements in second coated material  7  are separated and extracted from second perimetral edge  17 B, forming seventh partial pad assembly  95 . It is understood that the resilient elements are held together during this process by their “interlocking” shape and dimension. 
         [0512]    As depicted in  FIG. 65 , the resilient elements in first coated material  6  are separated and extracted from second perimetral edge  17 B, forming eighth partial pad assembly  96 . It is understood that the resilient elements are held together during this process by their “interlocking” shape and dimension. 
         [0513]      FIG. 66  depicts seventh partial pad assembly  95 , comprised of a plurality of interrelated and interlocking resilient elements, namely, ninth resilient elements  91 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C, defined by a plurality of fourth material cutting lines  16 D. 
         [0514]      FIG. 67  depicts eighth partial pad assembly  96 , comprised of a plurality of interrelated and interlocking resilient elements, namely, tenth resilient elements  92  defined by a plurality of fourth material cutting lines  16 D, and the remaining fourteenth resilient elements  94 . 
         [0515]    As depicted in  FIG. 68 , ninth resilient elements  91  are extracted and removed from seventh partial pad assembly  95 , leaving behind negative spaces  97  corresponding to the space where resilient elements have been removed from seventh partial pad assembly  95 . 
         [0516]    As depicted in  FIG. 69 , tenth resilient elements  92  are extracted and removed from eighth partial pad assembly  96 , leaving behind negative spaces  98  corresponding to the space where resilient elements have been removed from eighth partial pad assembly  96 . 
         [0517]    As depicted in  FIG. 70 , tenth resilient elements  92  (which have been extracted and removed from eighth partial pad assembly  96 ) are inserted into negative spaces  97  created by the removal of ninth resilient elements  91  from seventh partial pad assembly  95 . 
         [0518]    It is understood that in this optional embodiment of the invention, tenth resilient elements  92  in first coated material  6  are cut so that they have substantially the same shape and dimension as the corresponding ninth resilient elements  91  in second coated material  7 , so that tenth resilient elements  92  will fit into the space created by ninth resilient elements  91  in second coated material  7 . 
         [0519]      FIG. 71  depicts ninth partial pad assembly  149 , comprised of one or more instances of tenth resilient elements  92 , and eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C, wherein the resilient elements are interrelated and “interlock” with each other. 
         [0520]    Alternatively, and optionally, as depicted in  FIGS. 72 and 73 , two substrate layers (such as first substrate layer  30  and second substrate layer  31 ) may be laminated or bonded to two opposite faces of ninth partial pad assembly  149 , forming tenth dual laminate composite  150 .  FIG. 73  depicts a fully assembled instance of tenth dual laminate composite  150 . 
         [0521]    Alternatively, and optionally, as depicted in  FIGS. 74 and 75 , a single substrate layer (such as second substrate layer  31 ) may be laminated or bonded to one side of ninth partial pad assembly  149 , forming twelfth single laminate composite  160 .  FIG. 75  depicts a fully assembled instance of twelfth single laminate composite  160 . 
         [0522]    In another optional aspect of the invention, tenth dual laminate composite  150  and twelfth single laminate composite  160  may be cut into appropriate shapes, to fabricate useful articles (such as, by way of example only, shoe insoles and footwear sockliners), or components for the same (such as, by way of example only, cushioning components or protective padding components in athletic or industrial protective equipment or gear). 
         [0523]    By way of example only, and without limitations, as depicted in  FIG. 76 , twelfth single laminate composite  160  may optionally be cut through and along sockliner outline cutting line  71 , to define second single laminate sockliner  160 A. 
         [0524]      FIG. 77  depicts second single laminate sockliner  160 A, after it has been extracted and removed from twelfth single laminate composite  160 . As depicted in  FIG. 77 , in the partial cutaway view in  FIG. 78 , and in the exploded view in  FIG. 79 , second single laminate sockliner  160 A is comprised of a plurality of interrelated resilient elements of varying thicknesses (namely, tenth resilient element  92 , eleventh resilient element  93 A, twelfth resilient element  93 B, and thirteenth resilient element  93 C), laminated or bonded on sockliner top surface  72 A with a substrate layer, such as second substrate layer  31 . 
         [0525]    In the optional embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 78 and 79 , the resilient elements are shaped to “interlock” with each other, and they are positioned adjacent to each other, so that there is no gap or space between the resilient elements, or along fourth material cutting lines  16 D. However, it is understood that, in another optional and alternative embodiment of the invention, heat, pressure, or both may be applied to the assembled components of twelfth single laminate composite  160 , either during or after the lamination of the substrate layer (such as second substrate layer  31 ) to twelfth single laminate composite  160 , to cause the resilient elements to shrink, and to create gaps, or spacing  62 , to appear between the resilient elements. 
         [0526]    Optional Composite Cushioning Materials with Dual-Density Resilient Materials, and Assembly and Construction Process for the Same 
         [0527]    Several of the single and dual laminate composites depicted above (such as, by way of example only, the single laminate composite  100  as depicted in  FIG. 51A , first single laminate composite  101  as depicted in  FIG. 10A , second single laminate composite  102  as depicted in  FIG. 10B , third single laminate composite  103  as depicted in  FIG. 10C , fourth single laminate composite  104  as depicted in  FIG. 42A , fifth single laminate composite  105  as depicted in  FIG. 43A , sixth single laminate composite  106  as depicted in  FIG. 32D , seventh single laminate composite  107  as depicted in  FIG. 34F , eighth single laminate composite  108  as depicted in  FIG. 40B , ninth single laminate composite  109  as depicted in  FIG. 42B , tenth single laminate composite  110  as depicted in  FIG. 43B , eleventh single laminate composite  140  as depicted in  FIG. 55A , and twelfth single laminate composite  160  as depicted in  FIG. 75 , and dual laminate composite  120  as depicted in  FIG. 50A , first dual laminate composite  121  as depicted in  FIG. 14 , second dual laminate composite  122  as depicted in  FIG. 15G , third dual laminate composite  123  as depicted in  FIG. 13C , fourth dual laminate composite  124  as depicted in  FIG. 33 , fifth dual laminate composite  125  as depicted in  FIG. 35 , sixth dual laminate composite  126  as depicted in  FIG. 54A , seventh dual laminate composite  127  as depicted in  FIG. 41B , eighth dual laminate composite  130  as depicted in  FIG. 41F , and tenth dual laminate composite  150  as depicted in  FIG. 73 ) suggest resilient elements made of a single type of material. 
         [0528]    However, it is understood that any number of resilient elements in these single and double laminate composites may optionally comprise one or more types of materials. By way of example only, and without limitation, a resilient element may include a “core” comprised of a denser elastomer, polymer foam, or other material less susceptible to shrinkage when exposed to heat, and an outer “ring” comprised of a less dense elastomer, polymer foam, or other material more susceptible to shrinkage when exposed to heat in relation to the “core” material. Alternatively, the resilient element may include one or more vertical layers comprised of different materials, with a first layer comprised of a denser elastomer, polymer foam, or other material less susceptible to shrinkage when exposed to heat, and a second layer comprised of a lighter elastomer, polymer foam, or other material more susceptible to heat-shrinkage. 
         [0529]    The use of different materials in the resilient elements (that is, in the “dual-density” resilient elements) confers advantages to the resulting single or dual laminate composites. By way of example only, by combining materials with different densities and heat-shrinkage rates, it is possible to apply a relatively greater amount of heat and pressure to the assembly at the time of fabrication, resulting in greater amount of spacing (or gaps) between the resilient elements without the risk of deforming the same, and thereby produce single or dual laminate composites that are relatively more breathable, flexible, stretchable, and/or lighter. Examples of such composite materials are shown in  FIG. 88  (depicting fourteenth single laminate composite  212 ), and  FIGS. 89-91  (depicting eleventh dual laminate composite  213 ). 
         [0530]      FIGS. 80-89  depict methods for fabricating single and dual laminate composites with “dual-density” resilient elements. As shown in  FIG. 80 , two sets of coated materials (coated material  206  and coated material  207 ) of suitable quality are selected. Each coated material is comprised of a suitable resilient material or elastomer (such as, by way of example only and without limitations, EVA foam, olefin or polyolefin foam, PU foam, urethane based foam, thermoplastic foam, rubber, elastomer, other open or closed cell polymer foam, or other resilient material), and is covered on one or two opposing surfaces with an adhesive element. It is understood that first resilient material  1  or second resilient material  2  may be selected to make the said coated materials. It is also understood that first joining element  3  or second joining element  4  may be applied to one or two opposing surfaces of the coated material  206  and/or coated material  207 . 
         [0531]    In this embodiment of the invention, coated material  206  and coated material  207  are comprised of materials that display different degrees of shrinkage or deformation when exposed to heat, or heat and pressure. In one optional embodiment, coated material  206  is comprised of a material (or combination of materials) that is denser and/or has lower degree of shrinkage when exposed to heat, or heat and pressure relative to coated material  207 . 
         [0532]    As shown in  FIG. 81 , coated material  206  is cut along material cutting lines  216 C, which define and create one or more resilient elements  215 C. Coated material  207  is cut along material cutting lines  216 E, which define and create one or more resilient elements  215 E. The location(s) and the dimension(s) of the material cutting are such that the shape(s), relative location(s), and dimension(s) of each resilient element  215 C substantially correspond to the shape(s), relative location(s), and dimension(s) of each resilient element  215 E. 
         [0533]    As shown in  FIG. 82 , resilient elements  215 E are displaced, removed, or extracted from the coated material  207 , leaving behind apertures  260  that correspond to the shape(s), relative location(s), and dimension(s) of the resilient element  215 E that formerly occupied that space. Resilient elements  215 E may be removed by mechanically extracting them from the block or sheet of coated material  207 , as depicted in  FIG. 82 . 
         [0534]    Thereafter, resilient elements  215 C from coated material  206  are positioned in relation to apertures  260  in coated material  207 , and positioned in the said apertures, as depicted in  FIG. 83 . 
         [0535]    Alternatively, and optionally, coated material  206  may be positioned over and aligned (or “superimposed”) to coated material  207 , so that resilient elements  215 C in coated material  206  are substantially aligned to resilient elements  215 E in coated material  207 , and resilient elements  215 C may be pushed towards and into coated material  207  (by way of a mechanical pusher, pressure blower, or other similar means), so that resilient elements  215 C are pushed out of coated material  206  and into coated material  207 , and displace and replace resilient elements  215 E in coated material  207  in a substantially single step. 
         [0536]      FIG. 84  depicts the resulting dual-density cut material  209 , comprised of one or more resilient elements  215 C “embedded” into a frame or matrix element  208 A comprised of coated material  207  without the resilient elements  215 E. It is understood that the displaced resilient elements  215 E (shown in  FIG. 82 ) and the matrix element remaining from coated material  206  (shown in  FIG. 84 ) may be discarded as waste material or recycled for other uses. 
         [0537]    As depicted in  FIG. 85 , dual-density cut material  209  is cut along material cutting lines  216 F, to define and create one or more dual-density resilient elements  220 , shown individually in  FIGS. 92-93 . It is understood that in this embodiment, each dual-density resilient element  220  comprises a core material (consisting of resilient element  215 C) and an outer material  208 B. In this embodiment of the invention, a plurality of dual-density resilient element  220  form dual-density matrix  210 A. 
         [0538]    As depicted in  FIG. 86 , a substrate layer (such as first substrate layer  30 , second substrate layer  31 , or alternative substrate layer) may be bonded to one side of the dual-density matrix  210 A, to form thirteenth single laminate composite  211 . 
         [0539]    In one optional embodiment of the invention, the substrate layer (such as first substrate layer  30 , second substrate layer  31 , or alternative substrate layer) is positioned adjacent to dual-density matrix  210 A as shown in  FIG. 86 , and heat, or heat and pressure, is applied to the assembly, bonding the substrate layer to the dual-density matrix. Alternatively, the substrate layer may be bonded to the dual-density matrix by any suitable means, and heat, or heat and pressure, may be applied to the assembly as a separate step. 
         [0540]    As depicted in  FIG. 88 , in this embodiment of the invention, the application of heat, or heat and pressure, causes dual-density resilient elements  220  to shrink or contract, and convert into contracted dual-density resilient elements  221 . The contraction or shrinkage of the resilient elements cause spacing  219  to appear between the resilient elements. As shown in  FIG. 88 , a plurality of contracted dual-density resilient elements  221  forms contracted dual-density matrix  210 B. 
         [0541]    The resulting material, namely, fourteenth single laminate composite  212 , may be used as is, or cut into a suitable shape and incorporated into other articles, such as footwear, apparel, athletic equipment and accessories, protective pads, cushions, and the like. It is understood that the presence of gaps, or spacing  219 , between the contracted dual-density resilient elements  221  confers beneficial attributes to the resulting fourteenth single laminate composite  212  and to the articles that incorporate the same, including, without limitations, greater flexibility, enhanced breathability, and lower weight. 
         [0542]    In another alternative and optional embodiment of the invention, a second substrate layer (such as first substrate layer  30 , second substrate layer  31 , or alternative substrate layer) may be positioned adjacent to dual-density matrix  210 A as shown in  FIGS. 86 and 87 , and heat, or heat and pressure, may be applied to the assembly, bonding the two substrate layers (simultaneously or sequentially) to the dual-density matrix. Alternatively, the substrate layers may be bonded to the dual-density matrix by any suitable means, and heat, or heat and pressure, may be applied to the assembly as a separate step. 
         [0543]    As depicted in  FIG. 89 , in this embodiment of the invention, the entire assembly is “sandwiched” between two substrate layers, forming eleventh dual laminate composite  213 . 
         [0544]    As shown in greater detail in  FIGS. 90 and 91 , which depict partial cutout views of eleventh dual laminate composite  213 , the application of heat, or heat and pressure, causes dual-density resilient elements  220  to shrink or contract, and convert into contracted dual-density resilient elements  221 . A plurality of contracted dual-density resilient elements  220  forms contracted dual-density matrix  210 B. The contraction or shrinkage of the resilient elements cause spacing  219  to appear between the resilient elements. 
         [0545]    The resulting material, namely, eleventh dual laminate composite  213 , may be used in a similar manner as fourteenth single laminate composite  212 . 
         [0546]    It is understood that individual dual-density resilient elements  220  do not shrink or contract uniformly, because dual-density resilient elements are comprised of at least two types of materials with different characteristics. By varying the type of materials, and the shape, size, and position of each component that comprises the dual-density resilient element, the shrinkage or contraction of the assembly, and the shape of the resulting dual-density resilient element may be controlled. 
         [0547]      FIGS. 92 and 94  depict one optional embodiment of the invention, wherein each dual-density resilient element  220  includes at least two components: A “core” comprised of resilient element  215 C, and an outer “jacket,” namely, outer material  208 B. 
         [0548]    The “core” (that is, resilient element  215 C) is made of a denser material, or a material that is more resistant to heat and/or less prone to shrinkage or deformation when exposed to heat, relative to the outer “jacket.” 
         [0549]    The outer “jacket” (that is, outer material  208 B) is made of a lighter or less dense material, or a material that is more prone to shrinkage or deformation when exposed to heat, relative to the “core.” 
         [0550]      FIG. 93  depicts an exploded view of the dual-density resilient elements  220  prior to exposure to heat, or heat and pressure.  FIG. 95  depicts a partial cutout view of the same dual-density resilient elements, showing the “core” and the outer “jacket.” 
         [0551]    It is understood that dual-density resilient elements may take on a variety of shapes. For example,  FIGS. 98 and 99  show, by way of example only, cylindrical dual-density resilient elements  222  that are cylindrical in shape. In this example, each cylindrical dual-density resilient element  222  includes a cylindrical “core”  215 D and an annular outer “jacket,” or annular outer material  208 D. 
         [0552]    Upon exposure to heat, or heat and pressure, the dual-density resilient elements  220  changes shape, forming contracted dual-density resilient elements  221 . As depicted in  FIGS. 96 and 97 , in this embodiment of the invention, the application of heat, or heat and pressure, causes the outer “jacket” (consisting of outer material  208 B) to shrink or contract to a greater degree than the “core” (consisting of resilient element  215 C). 
         [0553]    Similarly,  FIGS. 98 and 99  show an alternative, cylindrically-shaped dual-density resilient element  222 . Differential shrinkage of the outer “jacket” (consisting of annular outer material  208 D) is shown in  FIG. 99 , with the cylindrical “core”  215 D displaying lesser degree of shrinkage or contraction in relation to the outer “jacket.” 
         [0554]    In this embodiment of the invention, spacing  219  appears between the contracted dual-density resilient elements  221  (and the cylindrical dual-density resilient elements  222 ), as the outer “jacket” shrinks or contracts. However, the degree of contraction may be constrained and controlled by the “core” (consisting of a denser or more heat-resistant resilient elements  215 C and  215 D). 
         [0555]    The use of two or more materials in the make of the resilient elements has several advantages. Among other things, and by way of example only, the use of a denser or more heat-resistant “core” permits the entire workpiece to be heated at a higher temperature and/or for a longer time without deforming the workpiece to the extent that structural and dimensional integrity are lost. It also permits the shrinkage or contraction of the workpiece to be controlled (for example, by selecting suitable shapes and thicknesses or dimensions for the outer “jacket” and the core, and by heating the work piece only to the threshold level required to deform the outer “jacket,” without affecting the shape or dimension of the “core”). The use of a “dual-density” resilient element also permits the fabrication of composite materials with greater spacing between the resilient elements. 
         [0556]    It is understood that the various components of the process disclosed herein may be made of any suitable material and may be any size and shape consistent with their functions. The specific embodiments of the process disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. Ordinal indicators, such as first, second or third, for identified elements in the specification and descriptions herein are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate a required or limited number of such elements, and do not indicate a particular position or order of such elements unless otherwise specifically indicated. The subject matter of this disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various features, elements, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. No single feature, function, element or property of the disclosed embodiments is essential. 
         [0557]    The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The following examples are offered by way of illustration of the present invention, and not by way of limitation. 
         [0558]    Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention specifically described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims.