Abstract:
An apparatus and process are described that allow electroplating to fill sub-micron, high aspect ratio semiconductor substrate features using a non-copper/pre-electroplating layer on at least upper portions of side walls of the features, thereby providing reliable bottom up accumulation of the electroplating fill material in the feature. This apparatus and process eliminates feature filling material voids and enhances reliability of the electroplating in the diminishing size of features associated with future technology nodes of 22, 15, 11, and 8 nm. The presence of non-copper pre-electroplating material on the side walls allows the feature whose side walls, but not bottom surface, are lined with such pre-electroplating material (such as cobalt) to fill the feature using electroplated fill material accumulating from the bottom of the feature up to reliability and predictability and substantially void-free.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/662,857, filed Jun. 21, 2012, which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Implementations of the present invention generally relate to semiconductor substrates and processing and in particular to electroplating and fabrication of layers prior to electroplating. 
         [0004]    2. Discussion of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Integrated circuits fabricated on semiconductor substrates for very large and ultra large scale integration require multiple levels of metal layers to electrically interconnect the layers of semiconductor devices. The different levels of metal layers are separated by various insulating or dielectric layers (also known as interlevel dielectric (ILD) layers), which have features filled with conducting material (usually metal) to connect across dielectric layers. 
         [0006]    As circuit elements are further miniaturized the dimensions of all components need to become smaller including electrical connections between various circuit elements and through and across dielectric layers. One way to reduce the size of interconnection features (trenches, lines, depressions, holes, ditches and vias or combinations thereof) is to use copper (Cu) as the interconnect material instead of conventionally used materials such as aluminum (Al). Because copper has a lower resistivity and significantly higher electromigration resistance as compared to aluminum, use of copper enables the use of higher current densities and facilitates increased device speed at higher frequencies. Thus, major integrated circuit manufacturers are transitioning from aluminum-based metallization technology to copper based technology. 
         [0007]    Electroplating is one process technology used to deposit Cu interconnect metal structures. A pattern in the shape of the desired structure is etched into the underlying inter-layer dielectric (ILD) material. Copper is then processed to fill the etched structures. 
         [0008]    Copper atoms can readily diffuse into adjacent ILD (inter-layer dielectric) or other dielectric layers, which can compromise their integrity as insulators. Therefore a diffusion barrier layer is typically formed between the dielectric layer (ILD) and the copper layer/fill. 
         [0009]    After patterning, a very thin barrier layer is deposited on top of the etched structure. Materials for the barrier layer include Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten Nitride (WN), Titanium Nitride (TiN), TiN x Si y , Tantalum Nitride (TaN x ), Silicon Nitride (SiN), Tungsten (W), CoWP, NiMoP, NiMoB, Ruthenium (Ru), RuO 2 , Molybdenum (Mo), and Mo x N y , where x and y are non-zero numbers. The barrier layer may be deposited using a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, or other known deposition process. 
         [0010]    After depositing the barrier layer, a seed layer is deposited which supports better adhesion of the Cu on the underlying material and acts as an electrode and a catalytic material during the plating process. Typical materials for the seed layer are compounds which include Cu, Pd, or other compounds of polymers and organic materials. Adhesion is defined by when the deposited layer will readily deposit on (bond to) the underlying layer, as at least partially in a mechanical engagement with the surface irregularities to create initially a mechanical bond then a chemical or electrochemical neutral or attractive condition with the adjacent material, in contrast to a repulsion. An example of a repulsion or a non adherent bond provides side by side materials which are individually (or separately) cohesive, their lowest energy state has a preference to and establishes bonds between atoms and molecules of itself rather than to other materials atoms and molecules. While an initial mechanical bond can be created between non adherent materials, differential stress cycling between the materials, such as might occur in repeated heating and cooling cycles due to a differential in the coefficient of thermal expansion will cause non-adhered bonds to separate, while the bond between “adhered” materials will remain continue to operate acceptably and within design specifications. 
         [0011]    Feature fill techniques use electroplating to fill very small features (e.g., ˜10 nm in width) with copper. To facilitate such filling a “seed layer” must provide enough electrical conductance across the wafer, so that a uniform thickness of copper can be deposited during electroplating. To electroplate copper, the underlying surface must carry a current to create a charge across its surface to attract ions from the electroplating solution during the electrochemical electroplating process. Deposition of the copper seed layer is typically performed by any suitable process, such as PVD. 
         [0012]    The seed layer must be conductive enough across the face of the wafer that a uniform electroplating process can be carried out. A seed layer that is too thin does not achieve bulk conductivity. Further, thin copper seed layers generally do not coat the barrier layer in a uniform manner, resulting in the inability to properly apply a subsequent electro-chemically deposited copper layer. When a discontinuity is present in the seed layer, the portion of the seed layer that is not electrically connected to the bias power supply does not receive deposition during the electroplating process. This is particularly prevalent with high aspect ratio, sub-micron features, where the bottom surface and lower side walls of these features are especially difficult to coat using PVD. Thus, in general, thicker seed layers are desirable to achieve uniform electroplating. 
         [0013]    Minimum thicknesses for copper seed layers have been as much as 30 nm, however with reduced feature sizes copper seed layer thicknesses have been reduced to a range of 100 Å to 300 Å, e.g., 100, 200 or 300 Å. 
         [0014]    However, a second requirement limits the thickness of the combined barrier and seed layer on the side walls of the feature or vias to be filled, and also is a factor in determining the maximum aspect ratio of a feature that can be successfully filled by electroplating. Presently, PVD has been used to deposit the seed layers. PVD forms a seed layer having a much thicker layer on the planar surface (“field”) of the wafer than within the small features such as vias and trenches, i.e., the deposition is non-conformal. The thicker material in the field allows current to be conducted across the wafer, while there is sufficient copper in the features to allow electroplating in the features. With lower aspect ratio features, e.g., &lt;3:1, the opening of feature stays open long enough to allow a void-free fill with electroplating. 
         [0015]    Successive reduction in feature sizes has been achieved by increasing difficulty in this process. When the seed layer is formed on the side walls as well as the bottom surface of the feature, the electroplating process deposits the metal on both surfaces within the feature. With high aspect ratio features, as can be seen in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3  which show the progression of Cu deposition growth during electroplating, the opening  25  (in new generation devices—where the nominal feature gap opening dimensions are in the range of 32 nm and less—(gap in the surface of the dielectric material layer created by the aperture (or depression) therein is can be 32 nm or less)) of the feature can become “closed off”  27  before the bottom up fill process (ample to fill prior art features having a gap opening dimension of 60 nm or greater) reaches the full height of the thickness of the dielectric layer to fully fill the feature with substantially void-free fill material, in most instances copper. 
         [0016]    The electroplated metal growth on the side walls tends to close off the feature at the aperture opening  25  before the lower portion, e.g.,  33 , of the feature has completely grown from the feature bottom surface (also known as the top surface of the substrate facing the aperture or depression in the dielectric material layer), resulting in a void  30  forming within the feature, as shown in  FIG. 3 . The presence of the void  30  changes the material and operating characteristics of the interconnect feature and may eventually cause improper operation and premature breakdown of the device. The conductive element, line, to be efficient, must carry near its practical maximum current density as established and known by persons skilled in the art in current state of the art devices. The goal is to achieve the same current flow density or higher in smaller features in future devices. Current feature sizes sub-micron, high aspect ratio semiconductor substrate features providing reliable bottom up accumulation of the electroplating fill material in sizes associated with current technology node of 45 nm but will not work in projected future technology nodes of 22, 15, 11, and 8 nm. 
         [0017]    Therefore, it is desirable to use electroplating for void-free filling of high aspect ratio ultra-small features without the problems and limitations of conventional techniques discussed above. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0018]    Implementations described herein include a device comprising a substrate having a dielectric material layer on a substrate, the layer having a void (or depression) therethrough to a surface of the substrate facing the void, wherein at least one side wall of the dielectric material layer facing the void meets the surface of said substrate facing the void and comprises at least one side wall and a bottom surface of a feature, a barrier layer coating the at least one side wall of the feature and extending to and across the bottom surface of the feature, a continuous metal seed layer coating the at least one side wall extending to and across the bottom surface of the feature, at least a remnant of a pre-electroplating layer coating at least an upper portion of the at least one side wall of the feature, but not coating the bottom surface of the feature, and a substantially void free homogeneous metal feature fill material extending from the continuous metal seed layer coating across the bottom surface of the feature and over the pre-electroplating layer coating on the at least an upper portion of the at least one side wall of the feature to substantially fill the void in the layer of dielectric material, and where present the pre-electroplating layer is disposed between the feature fill copper material and the metal seed layer coating the at least one side wall of the feature. And the copper seed layer coating the at least one side wall of the feature can be indistinguishable from the feature fill copper material. 
         [0019]    A nominal minimal dimension across a gap in the surface of the dielectric material layer created by the aperture therein is 32 nm, 15 nm, 11 nm or less. 
         [0020]    The continuous metal seed layer coating the at least one side wall extending to and across the bottom surface of the feature is one metal selected from a group of metals which include Cu or Pd, or is copper or an alloy thereof. 
         [0021]    The pre-electroplating barrier layer is a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu bondable material having an electrical resistance greater than (or a conductivity less than) Cu, wherein the feature is filled with copper, and wherein the pre-electroplating layer is disposed between the copper fill material and the barrier layer covering at least an upper portion of the one or more side walls of the dielectric material. The group consisting of copper bondable material having an electrical resistance greater than copper pre-electroplating layer is comprised of a metal selected from a group consisting of one or a combination of elements and alloys of Co, Rh, Pd, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, W, Mo, and Ru, and in particular cobalt. 
         [0022]    The pre-electroplating barrier layer is 1 Å to 20 Å thick as measured by X-ray fluorescence measurement techniques as measured at multiple points in a statistical valid survey of the thickness. 
         [0023]    Further implementations include a device. The device comprises a dielectric material layer on a substrate, wherein the dielectric material layer has a feature extending therethrough to a surface of the substrate facing the feature, wherein at least one side wall of the dielectric material layer facing the feature meets the surface of the substrate facing the feature and comprises at least one side wall and a bottom surface of the feature, a barrier layer coating the at least one side wall of the feature and extending to and coating the bottom surface of the feature, a continuous metal seed layer coating the barrier layer over the at least one side wall extending to and over the bottom surface of the feature, at least a remnant of a pre-electroplating layer coating at least an upper portion of the continuous metal seed layer over the at least one side wall of the feature, but not over the bottom surface of the feature and a substantially void free homogeneous metal feature fill material extending from the continuous metal seed layer coating the barrier layer over the bottom surface of the feature and on the pre-electroplating layer coating the continuous metal seed layer over the at least an upper portion of the at least one side wall of the feature to substantially fill the void in the layer of dielectric material, wherein the at least a remnant of the pre-electroplating layer coating the continuous metal seed layer over the at least an upper portion of the at least one side wall of the feature is comprised of a metal selected from a group of continuous metal seed layer bondable materials having an electrical resistance greater than the continuous metal seed layer coating the barrier layer over the at least one side wall extending to and over the bottom surface of the feature, and where present the at least a remnant of a pre-electroplating layer is disposed between the substantially void free homogeneous metal feature fill material and the metal seed layer coating the barrier layer over the at least one side wall of the feature. 
         [0024]    Further implementations include a substrate structure comprising: a depression forming a feature in and below a surface of a dielectric layer on the substrate, a copper seed layer covering a barrier layer covering one or more side walls and a bottom surface of the feature, a remnant of a cobalt layer covering at least an upper portion of the copper seed layer on the one or more side walls of the feature and not covering the bottom surface of the feature, electroplating copper feature fill material to fill the feature from the bottom surface and cover the pre-electroplating layer covering the seed layer on the one or more side walls at least to the surface of the dielectric layer. The seed layer can be copper, ruthenium, palladium, or a copper, ruthenium, or palladium containing alloy. The pre-electroplating layer can have an electrical conductivity less than the seed layer and can be cobalt or a cobalt alloy. 
         [0025]    Further implementations include a process of making a reliable electrical connection through a dielectric layer on a substrate comprising: depositing a seed layer covering at least one or more side walls and a bottom surface of a feature in and below a surface of the dielectric layer on the substrate, depositing a pre-electroplating layer covering at least an upper portion of the seed layer on the one or more side walls of the feature and not on a bottom surface of a feature in and below a surface of the dielectric layer on the substrate, and electroplating copper feature fill material to fill the feature from the bottom surface and cover the pre-electroplating layer covering the seed layer on the one or more side walls at least to the surface of the dielectric layer, wherein the pre-electroplating layer can have a conductivity less than the seed layer and can be cobalt or a cobalt alloy. 
         [0026]    Utilizing a PVD process and chamber for deposition of the pre-electroplating layer can provide the further process efficiency of not having to move the substrate on which the pre-electroplating layer has been deposited by PVD to another processing chamber, as the PVD chamber can be configured to immediately perform the following process step where: depositing a pre-electroplating layer is performed in a PVD chamber and the subsequent step of etching of the dielectric layer and substrate to remove at least the pre-electroplating layer covering the seed layer on the bottom surface of the feature substantially without removing the pre-electroplating layer on the one or more side walls of the feature is also performed in that same PVD chamber. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]    So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to implementations, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical implementations of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective implementations. 
           [0028]      FIG. 1  (Prior Art) is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a prior art semiconductor device with a feature, in which a barrier layer and a seed layer have been deposited on the surfaces thereof; 
           [0029]      FIG. 2  (Prior Art) is a cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 , schematically showing the differential growth of material deposited on side walls and the bottom surface of the feature during the process of copper electroplating as observed in the prior art; 
           [0030]      FIG. 3  (Prior Art) is a cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 , in which the feature has been closed off leaving a void in the feature after conclusion of the prior art copper electroplating process; 
           [0031]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device having a barrier layer and a seed layer deposited in a feature and a cobalt layer deposited over the previously applied seed layer; 
           [0032]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the structure of  FIG. 4  showing the cobalt layer of  FIG. 4  having been removed from the top surface of the substrate and the bottom surface of the feature leaving a cobalt layer on the side wall of the feature; and 
           [0033]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the semiconductor device of  FIG. 5  after electroplating. 
       
    
    
       [0034]    To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one implementation may be beneficially utilized in other implementations without specific recitation. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    Implementations described include an apparatus and process which allow electroplating to fill sub-micron, high aspect ratio features (e.g.,  20 ) utilizing a pre-electroplating (non-copper) layer  16  over the feature side wall  13  between the seed layer  14  and the electroplated copper fill material  40 . The pre-electroplating (e.g., Cobalt) layer  16  after processing and in the final structure remains mainly over the feature side walls  13 , i.e., the vertical surfaces of the feature, with little or no pre-electroplating material on the bottom surfaces  22  of the features to be filled. The presence of this pre-electroplating layer over the side wall finds a more reliable bottom up electroplating deposition within the feature, to achieve a reliable void-free feature fill capability. 
         [0036]    In one implementation (as in the prior art  FIGS. 1-3 ), a conformal barrier layer  12  is first deposited over the dielectric layer  10  and features, where the conformal barrier layer  12  forms on all planar surfaces  11  and side wall surfaces  13  of the dielectric layer  10  and the feature  20  contained therein. A seed layer  14  (such as copper) is then deposited, such as by PVD, on the conformal barrier layer  12 , where the seed layer  14  forms on the conformal barrier layer  12  and over all planar surfaces  11  and side wall surfaces  13  of the dielectric layer  10  and the feature  20  contained therein. Next, a non-copper/pre-electroplating layer  16  ( FIG. 4 ) is deposited on the seed layer  14 , the exposed surfaces of the non-copper/pre-electroplating layer  16  are directionally etched ( FIG. 5 ) to remove the non-copper pre-electro plating layer  16  from the planar upward facing surfaces  11  of the dielectric layer  10  and to remove the non-copper pre-electroplating layer  16  from the bottom surface  22  of the feature  20 , leaving the non-copper pre-electroplating layer  16  only over the side walls  13  of the feature  20 . The arrows  17 ′ represent the direction of the electric field influencing the ions in the argon gas to collide with the top (planar) surface of the pre-electroplating layer to remove it during the directional etch process. The arrows  17 ″ similarly show the direction of the electric field at the bottom surface  22  of the feature  20  in the dielectric layer. The vertical side wall  13  is substantially unaffected by the etch process and so the pre-electroplating layer  16  deposited over the side wall  13  remains intact after the etch process is completed. Electro-plating is then performed to fill the feature  20 . 
         [0037]      FIGS. 4-6  show cross-sectional views of a portion of a semiconductor wafer during various stages of an electroplating feature filling process as described herein. 
         [0038]    First, a dielectric or insulating layer  10 , such as a silicon oxide, is conventionally formed over a semiconductor wafer. The dielectric layer  10  can be deposited over a silicon substrate  5 , in which transistor elements or other active component areas have been formed, over patterned metal layers, or over any other suitable layers that require electrical connection to areas on the same or adjacent layers. Dielectric layer  10  is then etched to form features  20 , such as vias, over selected areas for electrical connection. Features with aspect ratios up to about 10:1 are fillable. Note that other features can also be etched from the dielectric, such as contacts, lines, damascene and dual damascene structures having a via and a trench portion. Etching can be performed with conventional methods, such as photolithography techniques in which deposited photoresist is patterned and used as a mask to etch dielectric layer. 
         [0039]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , a conformal barrier layer  12  has been deposited on the dielectric layer  10 . Barrier layer  12  forms a relatively uniform layer of material on the planar surface  11  of the dielectric, the side walls of feature  20 , and the bottom surface  22  of feature  20 . The barrier layer can be Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten Nitride (WN), Titanium Nitride (TiN), TiNxSiy, Tantalum Nitride (TaNx), Silicon Nitride (SiN), Tungsten (W), CoWP, NiMoP, NiMoB, Ruthenium (Ru), RuO 2 , Molybdenum (Mo), and Mo x N y , where x and y are non-zero numbers. This list is not exhaustive, and other materials that could be used are ones that can be deposited with good adhesion and that when deposited as a layer approximately 2-10 nm thick show acceptable barrier layer performance. These films can be deposited by PVD, CVD, or ALD techniques (PVD is typically used). The deposited film is typically 4 nm thick. Barrier layer  12  prevents atoms from the subsequently deposited metal layers (e.g., Cu) from migrating (out) into the dielectric layers, since this can cause the integrity of the dielectric layer to be compromised (damages the device) or cause voids in the conductors because of out-diffusion of the copper. 
         [0040]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , a seed layer  14 , such as a copper layer, has also been deposited over the dielectric and feature area. Deposition could be performed by using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) tool using (sputter source technology). 
         [0041]    Next, in  FIG. 4 , a pre-electroplating layer  16  (e.g., cobalt, or a copper alloy or another material that slows the electroplating process to be less (ideally substantially less) than the rate of the electroplating rate of accumulation from the bottom surface  22 , e.g., the side wall has a 10% (or 15% or 20% or 25%) electroplating rate of the rate of material accumulation accumulating from the bottom surface  22 , (elements and alloys of Rh, Pd, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, W, Mo, Ru alone or in combination are possible materials that could work as described herein for the side wall electroplating accumulation rate retarding layer) is deposited using a CVD process, or a PVD process over the seed layer  14  already in place. The electroplating rate on the side wall(s) should be so low that they do not pinch off the bottom up fill accumulation (growth, deposition) and create voids in the metal (copper) material being deposited during the electroplating process. Whether there is one tubular shaped side wall (providing a tubular via feature with facing side surfaces) or separate side walls on opposite side of a line feature, the feature still have facing (essentially opposing) walls. The rate of deposition of metal (copper) material on those opposing walls will essentially cause the rate of closure of the feature gap to be double the rate of deposition on one sidewall. For example, in a feature having a 5 to 1 aspect ratio, depth to width (assuming 5 dimension units of depth and 1 dimension unit of width), initially assuming no side wall deposition, a bottom up fill could take 5 deposition time increment units to fill the feature from bottom to top. If the side wall growth were 100% of the bottom up deposition rate, the “one” unit wide feature would be choked off in 0.5 deposition time increment units while only 0.5 dimension units of metal thickness would have been deposited at the bottom of the feature. 
         [0042]    To allow time for the bottom up deposition in the feature to take place leaving an opening of 50% of the top gap opening available would require that the side wall deposition rate be 5% of the bottom up deposition rate (assuming a constant side wall deposition rate). However, in practice, once a continuous metal (copper) layer has initially been formed on a side wall face and is electrically connected to the metal copper seed layer, then the continuous metal layer on the side wall will be charged to a similar electrical charge as the metal seed layer during electroplating. Once the side wall is electrically charged, like the seed layer, metal (copper) deposition will take place on the initially deposited material on the side wall face without a reduction or obstruction in rate. With this in mind, a successful bottom up fill requires that the initial rate of deposition of electroplating material on the sidewall be close to zero. A slow accumulation of atoms (or molecules) will take place on the side wall surface until a current carrying stable electrical connection is achieved with the metal seed layer, at that point deposition will occur as fast as the bottom up feature fill deposition rate and choke off the top of the feature from bottom up deposition (growth) if it is not already near full. In one implementation, pre-electroplating layer has a thickness between 1 angstrom and 20 angstroms, with a typical thickness of 10 angstroms. Because there may be little or no conductive layer material on the side walls of the feature, the pre-electroplating layer must have good adhesion to as well as acting as a conductor with a lower conductivity or higher resistance than the underlying copper seed layer. Further, the materials for pre-electroplating layer must be capable of bonding to the fill material when the fill material is electroplated in a bottom-up accumulation in the feature (good bonding is sometimes referred to as good adhesion). 
         [0043]      FIG. 5  shows an argon etch process where positive ions of argon that are attracted towards the semiconductor wafer by the electric field within a plasma formed over the dielectric layer. As a result the ions move in a direction normal to the surface of the dielectric layer and etch the top planar and feature bottom surfaces to remove the pre-electroplating layer  16  from those surfaces leaving the pre-electroplating layer  16  only on the feature side wall  13 . The pre-electroplating layer  16  remaining on the side wall acts to control (reduce) the rate of copper deposition on the side wall during electroplating (as compared to a side wall surface which has no pre-electroplating layer  16 —normally copper on copper electroplating takes place. The materials and thickness of the pre-electroplating layer  16  can be adjusted and investigated to empirically determine the most efficient idealized case where a minimal thickness of the layer  16  is deposited while the bottom up electroplating still satisfactorily occurs in small size device features. Satisfactory performance is defined by having a current density through the feature exceeding the current density during normal operation in features having an opening size of approximately 50 nm (the current state-of-the-art). Satisfactory performance is defined as void free or substantially void free electroplating fill material as determined by persons skilled in the art. 
         [0044]    When PVD (or another process suitable for directionally (geometrically) influenced material deposition) is used to deposit the pre-electroplating layer on the seed layer the non-conformability may be tuned to reduce or avoid deposition of the pre-electroplating on or near the bottom surface (e.g., 22) of the feature  20 , then the etching step can be eliminated. The lower portion of the sidewall (or near the bottom surface) can be defined as being a distance up from the bottom surface about equal to the width dimension of the feature. 
         [0045]    In the instance when the pre-electroplating deposition is performed using a PVD process, an efficiency associated with this process is the ability to immediately transition the PVD deposition process in a chamber in which plasma is generated for the PVD process to an argon etch process for directionally removing the pre-electroplating process without having to move the substrate being processed to another processing chamber. 
         [0046]    A conventional electroplating process, in which features are filled from the bottom up as shown by intermediate fill level indicator dashed lines  42 ,  44 ,  46 ,  48 , to top out at a feature filled level  50 . The process of electroplating may cause the pre-electroplating layer to thin and disappear completely in portions of the feature side wall where it was originally present after etching. It is expected that at least some remnants of the pre-electroplating layer will be able to be detected in a structural investigation of the fill material in a feature of a dielectric layer at or near an original position of the pre-electroplating layer in the feature after the electroplating process has concluded. During electroplating the feature is typically filled with copper or other suitable material without any voids, is shown in  FIG. 6 . Planarization, such as by CMP, removes the excess copper, i.e., the portion of the feature filled level  50  of copper above the top surface of the dielectric layer  10 , and further processing continues. 
         [0047]    Although Co is the preferred pre-electroplating layer material, other materials such as Pt, Pd, and Ru may be used. They have the advantage of not being attacked by conventional plating chemistries, and therefore may be deposited as a thin layer. 
         [0048]    This approach is counter intuitive and reduces the electroplating rate on the side wall while still maintaining a high (acceptable) current flow through the bottom surface of the feature to promote the electroplating rate at the bottom surface of the feature. 
         [0049]    While the foregoing is directed to implementations according to the present invention, other and further implementations may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.