Abstract:
The present invention relates to a product for cell culture. In particular, the invention relates to a cell growth surface having a coating comprising an animal protein free coating. The coating is derived from an enzymatic hydrolysate of a plant protein, preferably soy peptone. The cell culture product is preferably a microcarrier intended for culture of any anchorage-dependent cells.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 and claims priority to international patent application number PCT/SE2009/050430 filed Apr. 24, 2009, published on Nov. 5, 2009 as WO 2009/134197, which claims priority to application number 0800963-1 filed in Sweden on Apr. 28, 2008. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a product for cell culture. More closely, the invention relates to a cell growth surface comprising an animal protein free coating. The coating is derived from a plant protein, preferably soy peptone. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Cell culture techniques have become vital to the study of animal cell structure, function and differentiation and for the production of many important biological materials, such as virus vaccines, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, interferon&#39;s, nucleic acids and virus vectors for gene therapy. Another important area for cell culture is cell expansion from a small to a large cell population. 
         [0004]    For cell culture it is conventional to grow the cells on a cell adhering surface since most mammalian cells and certain other cells are anchorage-dependent to be able to grow. Conventional cell culture in tissue culture treated bottles or other vials give a limited yield of anchorage-dependent cells due to the small surface areas available. 
         [0005]    Microcarrier culture introduces new possibilities and for the first time makes possible the practical high yield culture of anchorage-dependent cells. In microcarrier culture cells grow as monolayers on the surface of small spheres which are usually suspended in culture medium by gentle stiffing. By using microcarriers in simple suspension culture systems it is possible to achieve yields of several million cells per millilitre and the systems are easily scalable. 
         [0006]    In the microcarrier approach, cell culture is realised with beads in a spinner flask or beads packed in columns (perfusion culture). The microcarriers are for example dextran, cellulose or polyethylene based products. 
         [0007]    The microcarriers are often provided with an animal protein-derived coating, such as a coating of porcine or bovine gelatin. Leakage of animal protein from conventional microcarrier media is a problem, especially in the production of cells and vaccines for therapy. Thus, it would be desirable to have an animal protein free microcarrier product replacing animal protein containing products, such as porcine collagen-coated microcarriers. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,618 describes protein free microcarriers comprising a cross-linked styrene monomer core and divinylbenzene and trimethylamine attached to the surface of the bead. The bead facilitates cell attraction and attachment. This patent also mentions ProNectin F (a genetically engineered protein)-coated polystyrene beads, which uses multiple copies of the cell attachment ligand (RGD) from fibronectin on the surface. 
         [0009]    Common nutrients for cell culture include for example different growth factors, hormones, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, lipids and minerals. Traditionally different kinds of animal derived sera were used to help provide these nutrients. Today the cell cultures are often carried out using animal component free media in which different kinds of plant hydrolysates are used to replace the sera [Enhancing performance in cell culture, Babcock et al, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, (Nov. 15, 2007) 47-48]. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention provides a cell growth surface for anchorage-dependent cells wherein the surface has an external layer or coating with combined cell attachment and cell nutrient properties and comprises animal free material. Thus, the present invention relates to a novel product for cell culture. The product comprises surfaces like for example microcarriers provided with a coating derived from plant protein. The preferred plant protein is soy protein, hydrolysed to soy peptone. It was surprising that soy peptone, which is a known cell nutrient, could be attached to a cell culture surface like for example a microcarrier bead and that it had cell attractive properties. 
         [0011]    Plant proteins do not have the drawbacks associated with animal proteins. Furthermore, compared to recombinant proteins, plant proteins are easier and cheaper to use in the process of microcarrier production. 
         [0012]    In a first aspect, the invention relates to a cell culture product, comprising a cell culture surface provided with a coating derived from an enzymatic hydrolysate of plant protein, i.e. peptones. The surface may be any surface used for adherent cell cultures like for example a microtiter plate, roller bottle or a microcarrier and the coating is provided as an external layer or segment covering the surface. In a preferred embodiment the surface is a microcarrier. 
         [0013]    The surface may be of synthetic origin, such as glass or synthetic polymers like for example polystyrene, or of natural origin, such as dextran, cellulose or agarose or other natural polymers. 
         [0014]    Preferably the plant protein is soy protein, pea protein, rice protein or wheat protein. The most preferred peptones are soy peptones that are chemically coupled to the surface. Preferably the plant protein-derived coating or peptones are provided as ligands on the surface. The ligands could be attached to the surface by different activation chemistries such as for example epoxy activation using epichlorohydrine (ECH), allylation, NHS-activation and through radical coupling. 
         [0015]    If the surface is relatively inert from the start it may have to be activated by for example plasma treatment to introduce some groups like amines and carboxylic acids onto it. These groups could then be used for further activation of the surface using some of the coupling chemistries mentioned earlier and coupling of ligands. It is also possible to first coat the surface with a layer of some polymer, like for example dextran, or epoxysilane that contains groups that enable activation and then couple the ligands onto the polymer layer. The chemistries behind surface activation and coupling are thus well known. A lot of different techniques have been described by for example [Polymer surface modification for the attachment of bioactive compounds, Goddard et al, Progress in Polymer Science, 32 (2007) 698-7251. 
         [0016]    In a second aspect, the invention relates to use of a cell culture product comprising a cell growth surface provided with a plant protein-derived coating for culturing of adherent cell cultures, wherein the plant protein derived coating comprises peptones and has cell nutrient as well as cell attractive properties. The cell culture product is intended for culture of any anchorage-dependent cells. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Examples 
       [0017]    The invention will now be more fully described in association with some examples which are not to be construed as limiting for the invention. 
         [0018]    Parameters such as cell attachment, cell growth and detachment have been tested. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Article 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 number 
                 Supplier 
                 Lot/Quality 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Soy Peptone E110 
                 A1885 
                 Organo Technie 
                 07206 
                 Average Mw 1206 daltons 
               
               
                 Pea Peptone A482 
                 A1275 
                 Organo Technie 
                 06109 
                 No info of average Mw 
               
               
                 Epichlorohydrine- 
                   
                   
                 Lot: 10016827 
                 The N content comes from 
               
               
                 activated 
                   
                   
                 1.08% N* 
                 quarternary amines on the 
               
               
                 SEPHADEX ™ gel. 
                   
                   
                   
                 gel. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Values from elemental analysis of dried gels, N % by weight. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Experiment 1 
     Prototypes using Epichlorohydrine (ECH)-Activated Gels 
       [0019]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0020]    Peptone (4 g, see table 2) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water in a hanging stirrer bar flask. The solution was then warmed to 60° C. during stirring. ECH-activated gel was transferred to a glass cylinder and allowed to sediment for approximately one hour, 20 ml of the gel was then transferred with a pipette to the flask. Distilled water (5 ml) was then added to the flask and the pH adjusted to 10.3-10.4 with sodium hydroxide (50%-solution). After approximately 30 minutes the pH was checked again and adjusted to 10.3-10.4 the temperature was then set to 50° C. and the gel left overnight. After around 18 hours the gel was transferred to a glass filter and washed (see table 2). The gel was then dried according to the general procedure. The nitrogen content was then measured by elemental analysis. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Couplings with ECH-activated gels 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 ECH-activated gel 
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 Peptone 
                 Lot nr 
                 Washing* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 U1692057A 
                 Soy Peptone E110 
                 10016827 
                 1. Warm (50° C.) 0.9% NaCl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (1GV × 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2. TRIS and then NaOAC, (×3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3. 0.9% NaCl (×3) 
               
               
                 U1692059A 
                 Pea Peptone A482 
                 10016827 
                 1. Warm (50° C.) 0.9% NaCl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (1GV × 3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2. TRIS and then NaOAC, (×2) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3. 0.9% NaCl (×3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *TRIS-buffert: 0.1M TRIS, 0.5M NaCl, pH 8 
               
               
                 NaOAc-buffert: 0.1M NaCAc, 0.5M NaCl, pH 4 
               
               
                 GV = Gel Volume 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       General Procedure for Drying of Gels 
       [0021]    The gel was transferred to a beaker and allowed to sediment for at least 30 minutes. The supernatant was then removed and acetone (approximately 1 gel volume) was added. The slurry was then thoroughly mixed and left for at least 1 h. This procedure was then repeated with a new gel volume of acetone and the gel was this time left for at least 30 minutes. This procedure was then repeated 2-3 times until the gel was completely shrunken into a white powder. The gel was finally washed on a glass filter with acetone and then dried in an oven (70° C.) over night. 
       Experiment 2 
     Screening Experiments with Vero Cells in Microtiter Plates 
       [0022]    The microcarriers were washed twice in PBS and autoclaved. Before inoculation the carriers were washed with cultivation medium containing Penicillin/Streptomycin. The cultivation medium was DMEM/Ham&#39;s F12 1:1 (Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) with 4 mM L-glutamine, 0.1% soy peptone (HYPEP™ 1510, Quest, Naarden, the Netherlands) and 0.01% β-Cyclodextrin (Roquette, France). For the prototypes containing plant hydrolysates a swelling volume of 14 ml/g was assumed. Suspensions with a carrier concentration of 6 g/l were prepared in cultivation medium. Experiments were done in duplicates on 12 well plates with a working volume of 2 ml/well. 1 ml of each carrier suspension was added to the respective wells and incubated over night in an atmosphere containing 7% CO2. The following day 1 ml inoculum containing 2 E+05 cells/ml was added. The final carrier concentration was therefore 3 g/l, the starting cell concentration  1  E+05 cells/ml 
         [0023]    To assess cell morphology microphotographs were taken 6, 24, 48, and 96 hours after inoculation (see table 4). 
       Experiment 3 
     Screening Experiments with Vero Cells and hMSC Cells in Microtiter plates 
     Preparation of Micro Carriers for Vero Cells: 
       [0024]    Approximately 1 ml settled gel from each sample was transferred to a 15 ml tube and 5 ml PBS was added and well mixed. This wash step was repeated four times. Between each wash the carriers were settled. 
         [0025]    After that the micro carriers were autoclaved (20 minutes, 121° C.). 
         [0026]    Preparations of micro carriers were performed under sterile conditions after the sterilization. 
         [0027]    Before adding the cells, the micro carriers were equilibrated twice in basal medium with the same procedure as the washing step. After media removal from the last equilibrating step, 4 ml complete medium were added and the carriers were stored at +2-8° C. 
         [0000]    Start of the Experiment with Vero Cells: 
         [0028]    The supernatant from the samples were removed and an equal volume of complete medium was added to get a 50% bead solution. 
         [0029]    The experiment with Vero cells consist of two samples, two positive controls and one negative control. Four wells for each sample, totally 20 wells at two plates. 
         [0030]    Each day cells from one well were stained with hematoxylin. The cells were transferred to a tube and washed once with 1 ml PBS and 0.2 ml hematoxylin were added and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. 
         [0031]    800 μl medium and 40 μl of the bead solution was added/well. The plates were equilibrated at 37° C., 5% CO 2  for at least 1 hour. After that the cells were added. 
         [0032]    Cells were incubated with the beads for 3 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO 2  and then the beads were transferred to new wells. Cell attachment and spreading on the beads were studied in the microscope at 4, 24, 46 and 69 hours. Notes and photos were taken. Results are shown in Table 5. 
         [0033]    After 96 hours a detachment experiment was done. The beads were transferred to a tube, washed once with PBS and then 0.5 ml Trypsin/EDTA was added. The beads were transferred to a micro titer plate and inspected by microscope to see if the cells detached. Results are shown in table 7. 
         [0000]    Preparation of Micro Carriers for hMSC: 
         [0034]    In this experiment two of the prepared prototypes that showed comparable results to CYTODEX™ from the experiment with Vero cells were used (together with the same controls and also adding CYTODEX™ 2). 
         [0035]    Start of the Experiment with hMSC: 
         [0036]    The supernatant from the samples were removed and an equal volume of complete medium was added to get a 50% bead solution and then the experiment was performed in the same manner as for Vero cells. 
         [0037]    The experiment with hMSC consisted of two samples, three positive controls and one negative control, a total of 40 wells in four plates. 
         [0038]    The cells were stained with hematoxylin according to the procedure described above. The evaluation was done after 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Notes and photos were taken. Results are shown in Table 6. 
         [0039]    After 120 hours a detachment experiment was performed. The beads were transferred to a tube, washed once with PBS and then 0.5 ml Trypsin/EDTA was added. The beads were transferred to a microtiter plate and inspected by microscope to see if the cells detached. Results are shown in table 8. 
       Results 
       [0040]    The reporting shall be objective and should include negative results. Unexpected results, even if at the time of the report they are of less interest, or their significance is unknown, should be mentioned. 
         [0041]    Use tables if possible. Tables and FIGURES should be numbered in a consecutive order. In general it should be possible to read and understand tables and FIGURES without consulting the text in the report. Therefore each FIGURE and table should have a descriptive title and, for FIGURES, a text describing the contents. 
         [0042]    Where relevant, chemical formulas for substances as well as reaction formulas should be drawn in order to simplify the reading. 
         [0043]    The effect of different parameters and identified correlation should be reported. The significance of identified trends should be judged according to the accuracy of the test methods used. 
         [0000]                                          TABLE 3                   Synthesis                    Starting   N % (Elemental   N % from       Prototype   Ligand   gel   analysis)   ligand               U1692057A   Soy Peptone E110   10016827   1.33   0.25               (1.08% N)       U1692059A   Pea Peptone A482   10016827   1.24   0.16               (1.08% N)                    
Screening Experiments with Vero Cells in Microtiter Plates (Experiment 2)
 
       Criteria for the Arbitrary Performance Units 
       [0044]    Attachment but no cell growth: 10 
         [0045]    Attachment and some spreading after 6 h but no cell growth: 10 
         [0046]    Attachment but no spreading after 6 h, cell growth (at least some of the carriers confluent) after 96 h: 30 
         [0047]    Attachment and spreading after 6 h, cell growth (at least some of the carriers confluent) after 96 h: 70 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Cell growth of Vero cells in microtiter plates 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ligand 
                   
                   
                 Cell 
                   
                 Growth 
               
               
                   
                 conc. 
                   
                 Swelling 
                 morphology 
                 Cell growth 
                 [Arb. 
               
               
                 Nr 
                 [% N] 
                 Ligand 
                 [ml/g] 
                 after 6 h 
                 after 96 h 
                 Units] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 U1692057A 
                 1.33 
                 Soy Peptone 
                 14 
                 − 
                 + 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 E100 
                 (assumed) 
               
               
                 U1692059A 
                 1.24 
                 Pea Peptone 
                 14 
                 − 
                 + 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A482 
                 (assumed) 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 1 
                 − 
                   
                 18 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 2 
                 − 
                   
                 14 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 3 
                 − 
                   
                 14 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Screening experiments with Vero and hMSC in microtiter plates (experiment 3) 
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 + signs in the tables indicate good cell growth. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Experiment with Vero cells on micro carriers 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Plate 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cells 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand- 
                 binding 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 content 
                 to beads 
                 Cells spreading on beads 
                 Note 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Well 
                 Ligand 
                 (mmol/g) 
                 3 h 
                 3 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 10007610 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 Negative 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 control 
               
               
                 2 
                 CYTODEX ™ 3 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 +++ 
                 (++++) 
                 ++++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Plate 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cells 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand- 
                 binding 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 content 
                 to beads 
                 Cells spreading on beads 
                 Note 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Well 
                 Ligand 
                 (% N) 
                 3 h 
                 3 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 CYTODEX ™ 1 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 (+++) 
                 (++++) 
                 ++++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2 
                 U1692057A 
                 Soy 
                 1.33 
                 + 
                 + 
                 +++ 
                 (++++) 
                 ++++ 
                 Comparable 
                 Comparable 
                 Comparable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peptone 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with the 
                 with the 
                 with the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 E 110 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 control 
                 control 
                 control 
               
               
                 3 
                 U1692059A 
                 Pea 
                 1.24 
                 + 
                 + 
                 +++ 
                 (++++) 
                 ++++ 
                 Comparable 
                 Comparable 
                 Comparable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peptone 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with the 
                 with the 
                 with the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A 482 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 control 
                 control 
                 control 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 but more 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 uneven 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Experiment with hMSC on micro carriers 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Plate 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cells 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand- 
                 binding 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 content 
                 to beads 
                 Cells spreading on beads 
                 Note 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Well 
                 Ligand 
                 (mmol/g) 
                 3 h 
                 3 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 10007610 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 Negative control 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2 
                 CYTODEX ™ 1 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
                 (+++) 
                 +++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Plate 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cells 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand- 
                 binding 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 content 
                 to beads 
                 Cells spreading on beads 
                 Note 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Well 
                 Ligand 
                 (% N) 
                 3 h 
                 3 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 CYTODEX ™ 2 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
                 ++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2 
                 U1692057A 
                 Soy 
                 1.33 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
                 (+++) 
                 +++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 Better than 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peptone 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CYTODEX ™ 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 E 110 
               
               
                 3 
                 U1692059A 
                 Pea 
                 1.24 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
                 (+++) 
                 +++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 Better than 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peptone 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CYTODEX ™ 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A 482 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Plate 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Cells 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ligand- 
                 binding 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 content 
                 to beads 
                 Cells spreading on beads 
                 Note 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Well 
                 Ligand 
                 (mmol/g) 
                 3 h 
                 3 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
                 24 h 
                 48 h 
                 72 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 CYTODEX ™ 3 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 ++ 
                 (+++) 
                 +++ 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Detachment experiment with Vero cells 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Ligand- 
                   
                 Detachment of Vero 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content 
                 Growth of Vero 
                 cells after 96 h 
               
               
                 Prototype 
                 Ligand 
                 (% N) 
                 cells after 96 h 
                 &gt;98% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ++++ 
                 15 min 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ++++ 
                 20 min 
               
               
                 U1692057A 
                 Soy Peptone 
                 1.33 
                 ++++ 
                 20 min 
               
               
                   
                 E 110 
               
               
                 U1692059A 
                 Pea Peptone 
                 1.24 
                 ++++ 
                 20 min 
               
               
                   
                 A 482 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Detachment experiment with hMSC cells 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Ligand- 
                   
                 Detachment of hMSC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content 
                 Growth of hMSC 
                 after 120 h 
               
               
                 Prototype 
                 Ligand 
                 (% N) 
                 after 72 h 
                 &lt;80% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 +++ 
                 &gt;35 min 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ++ 
                 &gt;35 min 
               
               
                 CYTODEX ™ 3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 +++ 
                 &gt;35 min 
               
               
                 U1692057A 
                 Soy Peptone 
                 1.33 
                 +++ 
                 &gt;35 min 
               
               
                   
                 E 110 
               
               
                 U1692059A 
                 Pea Peptone 
                 1.24 
                 +++ 
                 &gt;35 min 
               
               
                   
                 A 482 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    It is apparent that many modifications and variations of the invention as hereinabove set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The specific embodiments described are given by way of example only, and the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended claims.