Abstract:
Transfection of plant cells with dsRNA through foliar application encounters cuticle, cell wall and plasmalemma three major barriers. We developed cationic polymer and sugar based formulations and protocols that can effectively deliver dsRNA into plant cells resulted in gene silencing. This disclosure covers the novel methods to deliver dsRNA into plant suspension cells with ‘one step’ treatment and plant foliar cells with ‘one step’ topical application.

Description:
INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING 
       [0001]    This application contains an electronic equivalent paper copy of the sequence listing submitted herewith electronically via EFS web and a computer-readable form of the sequence listing submitted herewith electronically via EFS web and contains the file named “P34162WO00_SEQ.txt” (14,865 bytes, created on Jun. 24, 2015), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for the regulation of gene expression through the topical application of nucleic acids via RNA-mediated silencing. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Topical application of nucleic acids targeting gene transcripts and/or promoter region has been demonstrated to produce desired phenotypes in different plant species. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/042,856. This approach of gene regulation has many advantages over transgene-based conventional RNAi technique in regulation of gene expression in plants. Efficient incorporation of inhibitory nucleic acids into the interior of plant cells is the critical first step of the topical approach. Plants possess multiple barriers to nucleic acid entry, such as the cuticle, cell wall and plasma membrane. It is therefore a challenge to deliver large macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, through intact plant cell walls. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for the regulation of gene expression through the topical application of nucleic acids, e.g., double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) via RNA-mediated silencing. 
         [0005]    The present disclosure provides a method for delivering one or more polynucleotides into a plant cell, comprising applying onto a plant or a part thereof a mixture comprising: a) a cationic polyelectrolyte; and b) the one or more polynucleotides, wherein the one or more polynucleotides comprise at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares about 90% to about 100% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, an osmolyte is further applied. 
         [0006]    The present disclosure also provides a composition for delivering one or more polynucleotides into a plant cell, comprising: a) a cationic polyelectrolyte; and b) the one or more polynucleotides, wherein the one or more polynucleotides comprise at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares about 90% to about 100% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an osmolyte. 
         [0007]    In one aspect, the polynucleotide suppresses expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, the target gene encodes a protein that provides resistance to a chemical herbicide, and the mixture or composition further comprises the chemical herbicide. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte is a polymer or a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the osmolyte comprises a carbohydrate or a sugar alcohol. In some embodiments, the mixture or composition further comprises a surfactant. In some embodiments, the mixture or composition further comprises Endoporter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1 : Northern analysis of treated BY_2 cells after PEI mediated transfection. Extracts were analyzed for the ability to produce a sliced fragment of the RNA which is cleaved by Argonaute (AGO). A fragment was evident in the GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) treated transfection carried out in the presence of PEI and MMg. A weaker band was also visible in the lanes treated with GFP22-3/PEI/MS. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2 : Northern analysis of treated BY_2 Cells after Polybrene® (Polyb or PB) mediated transfection. Extracts were analyzed after overnight incubation in treatments with either control (non-specific dsRNA, SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) or GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) for the ability to produce a sliced fragment of RNA which is cleaved by Argonaute. The extracts from the BY_2 transfection treated with GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400 had a stronger AGO cleavage product than those from the transfection with GFP22-3/Polyb/MM400. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3 : Analysis of AGO knockdown in Polybrene® mediated transfected cells. The left panel shows a Northern blot analysis of a transfection using the control non-specific RNA (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) in BY_2 cells treated with Polybrene® in the presence of SM400 (400 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH5.7) or the GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) dsRNA. A clear reduction in message levels and concomitant increase in AGO cleavage product is visible for the GFP22-3 lanes. On the right side of the Figure the message knockdown is quantified based on image analysis. A reduction in GFP message of &gt;50% is measured in the GFP22-3 dsRNA treated lanes. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4 : Effect of DOTAP on dsRNA uptake in BY2 cells. The image shows uptake of pHrodo labeled RNA in BY2 cells. pHRodo labeled siRNA were complexed with DOTAP. The complexes were added to BY2 cells and incubated overnight. After incubation, the cells were washed and resuspended in 0.01% trypan blue to quench remaining extracellular fluorescence. Total cell associated fluorescence was then measured using a fluorometer, and the cells were photographed using epifluorescent microscopy. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5 : Results of dsRNA infiltration of  N. Benthamiana  leaves. Extracts of infiltrated leaves using control dsRNA (M411; SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) or 16cGFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:5/SEQ ID NO:6) or 16cGFP22-4 (SEQ ID NO:7/SEQ ID NO:8) were analyzed after leaf infiltration with the formulations described in Table 3. In this first experiment no specific cleavage product for GFP was observed. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6 : Results of dsRNA infiltration of  N. Benthamiana  leaves. The left side of this Figure shows infiltration procedure using trigger (dsRNA)/Polyb and MM400 medium and the area collected at 20 hr post-transfection. The middle and right panel are Northern blot analyses of infiltrated leaf discs to check for the Argonaute (AGO) cleavage product. A slight band was observed in the GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:5/SEQ ID NO:6) treated extracts which was more prominent when no DMSO was used in the transfection procedure. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7 : Results of dsRNA infiltration of  N. Benthamiana  leaves after 6 hours. The top part of this Figure shows the Northern blot results of the infiltration after 6 hours or the protoplast assay at 20 hr post-transfection. AGO cleavage products (500 bp or 200 bp) are visible in the 16cGFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:5/SEQ ID NO:6) or 16cGFP22-4 (SEQ ID NO:7/SEQ ID NO:8) but not in the control (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) treated samples. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8 : Effects of buffer, concentration, and pH on transfection. In the top panel the buffer ingredients, concentration and various sugar concentrations were tested on the ability to detect a sliced fragment. In the middle panel further elements such as DMSO, CaCl 2  and combinations with different sucrose concentrations were analyzed. In the lower panel, the effect of varying pH and EDTA were analyzed. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9 : Transfection of intact tomato leaves. Both wild type (Celebrity, in soil) or HP375 (GFP:LTP mutant, in vitro) tomato plants were transfected with Polybrene® formulation. A cuticle permeability test was conducted using Toluidine blue staining on both cotyledons or the first true leaf. Location of Application, adjacent and top leaf is also illustrated. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 10A-10C : Transfection of intact tomato leaves.  FIG. 10A  illustrates the polynucleotide trigger sequences for EPSPS siRNA (SEQ ID NO:9/SEQ ID NO:10) and EPSPS midmer (SEQ ID NO:11) used in transfection experiments in intact tomato leaves.  FIG. 10B  shows the composition of the formulation tested as well as a photo depicting the type and location of the tissue collected.  FIG. 10C  shows the results of the Quantigene® analysis relative to GFP trigger for EPSPS in both application and top leaves for plants that were grown and treated in vitro or in soil. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 11A and 11B : Northern blot analysis of Tomato plants transfected with dsRNA triggersgrown either in vitro or in soil. Both application and top leaves were analyzed after transfection. The EPSPS midmer (lane 8) was detected in both the Application leaf (AL) and Terminal leaf (TL) in the in vitro grown tomato plants where it accounted for a 49% reduction in signal strength.  FIG. 11B  is a summary table of results presented in  FIG. 11A  (Northern blot). 
           [0020]      FIGS. 12A and 12B : Transfection of GFP triggers in tomato leaves.  FIG. 12A  depicts the promoter, species origin and expression pattern for both 35S constitutive promoter and LTP1 (lipid transfer protein 1) promoters.  FIG. 12B  illustrates the polynucleotide trigger sequences used for transfection, GFPsiRNA (SEQ ID NO:20/SEQ ID NO:21) and GFP midmer (SEQ ID NO:18/SEQ ID NO:19). The lower portion of  FIG. 12B  illustrates in table format the formulations used for transfection of tomato leaves. 
           [0021]      FIG. 13 : Transfection of intact tomato leaves results in GFP knockdown. Tomato was grown in vitro in a small culture tube or in soil as illustrated in the Figure. Levels of GFP midmer, GFP siRNA or EPSPS siRNA were analyzed using Quantigene® for both the application leaf or the top leaf in both treatments. A significant reduction of 25% in GFP message levels was observed in both application and top leaves of treatments using GFP midmer for the plantlets grown in vitro. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 14A and 14B : dsRNA knockdown in adjacent leaflets in tomato. The levels of GFP (control) or EPSPS were determined in both application leaf or top leaf ( FIG. 14A ) for two separate experiments (1 and 2) in Tomato (cv. Celebrity) transfected with EPSPS midmer (SEQ ID NO:18/SEQ ID NO:19) or EPSPS siRNA (SEQ ID NO:9/SEQ ID NO:10). This analysis revealed a significant decrease in EPSPS RNA levels in both experiments ranging from 20-36% in the application leaf only. In a third experiment, Quantigene® analysis was performed comparing expression levels of EPSPS relative to GFP in application or top leaves transfected with either GFP midmer triggers or GFP siRNA trigger in both application leaf or top leaf. Levels of GFP midmer were decrease by 25% in both application and top leaf ( FIG. 14B ). 
           [0023]      FIG. 15 : Northern blot of RNA samples extracted after application of dsRNA with Polybrene®-glycerol into BY_2 suspension cells. The top panel shows the GFP RNA banding pattern with the upper band representing the full length GFP transcript and the lower band presenting the sliced product. The sliced product is present predominantly in GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400, GM200 and GM400 lanes. The lower panel shows the gel for the 18S rRNA internal control stained with ethidium bromide. M411(SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) was used as control. 
           [0024]      FIG. 16 : Northern blot of RNA samples extracted after application of dsRNA into BY-2 cells using different delivery formulations. The top panel shows the GFP RNA banding pattern with sliced products visible in the cells treated with Polybrene® (GFP22-3/Polyb). The middle panel is a longer exposure of the same blot. The lower panel shows the ethidium bromide stained gel for the 18S rRNA internal control. 
           [0025]      FIG. 17 : Northern blot of RNA samples extracted after application of dsRNA into BY-2 cells using different combinations of Endoporter with Polybrene®. The top panel shows the GFP RNA banding pattern with the sliced products present in the GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400 lanes as well as in the lanes containing different amounts of Endoporter added to the Polyb/SM400 formulation. The middle panel is a darker exposure of the same Northern blot. The lower panel shows the ethidium bromide stained gel for the 18S rRNA internal control. 
           [0026]      FIG. 18 : Northern blot of RNA samples extracted from  N. benthamiana  leaves after delivery of dsRNA. The top panel shows the GFP RNA in control tissue (M410; SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) and for the three separate applications with dsRNA. The top panel shows that a sliced fragment is present in the dsRNA treated leaves when the delivery was performed from the underside of the leaf (16cGFP22-3/bottom side). A less discrete, more fragmented banding pattern is visible in the treatment applied from the top side. A strong slicing pattern is visible in the treatment when dsRNA was infiltrated from the bottom side (right most lanes in the blot). The middle panel shows a darker exposure of the Northern blot. The lower panel shows the ethidium bromide stained gel for the 18S rRNA internal control. 
           [0027]      FIG. 19 : Northern blot analysis on extracts from transfected BY_2 cells treated with GFP22-3 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) or control dsRNA (M410, SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) in a modified protocol without washing and incubation steps. Argonaute (AGO) cleavage products are clearly visible for all tested GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) transfected dsRNAs. 
           [0028]      FIG. 20 : Northern blot analysis of  N. benthamiana  infiltrated leaves using varying amounts of sucrose and different dsRNA:Polybrene® ratios. A sliced fragment was observed in all treated samples, however, significant reduction of target message was only seen in the samples treated with the standard SM400 formulation (400 mM sucrose) and the 1:5 or 1:3 dsRNA:Polybrene® ratio. A 1:5 ratio of dsRNA:Polybrene® and 200 mM sucrose (SM200) showed significant target knockdown as well. 
           [0029]      FIG. 21 : Northern blot analysis of transfected BY_2 extracts treated with different transfection reagents. Transfections were carried out using the GFP22-3 dsRNA (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) in formulations containing Polybrene®, or formulations containing CCMV, BMV, or PLL as outlined in Table 14. A sliced fragment was observed in all formulations tested. 
           [0030]      FIG. 22 : Northern blot analysis of a transfection comparison of Polybrene® and Lipofectamine® 3000 containing formulation. Cells were transfected with different dsRNAs in formulations containing either Polybrene® or Lipofectamine® 3000 and 400 mM Sucrose. 
           [0031]      FIG. 23 : On the left side of this Figure is the quantification of the RNA levels in extracts treated with the off target control compared to the GFP22-3 dsRNAs in formulations containing either Polybrene® or Lipofectamine® 3000 (L3000H). On the right side of the Figure is the Northern blot analysis of the transfection with different exposures. 
           [0032]      FIG. 24 : Northern blot analysis of extracts from BY_2 transfection experiments comparing Polybrene® and Lipofectamine®. L3000 was diluted into SM400 at a rate of 0.75 (“Low”) or 1.5 (“High”) microliters per microgram of siRNA. 
           [0033]      FIG. 25 : Northern blot analysis of RNA levels after treatments with Polybrene®, Wortmanin or Brefeldin A and dsRNA targeting GFP (GFP22-3, SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2). Extracts were analyzed after treatments with different formulations and either a 2 hr pretreatment or an additional overnight incubation with formulation. 
           [0034]      FIG. 26 : Anion exchange HPLC analysis of RNA after leaf infiltration in  N. benthamiana  leaves. The integrity of uncomplexed or complexed dsRNA was measured using anion exchange HPLC for the dsRNA 5.3 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4). 
           [0035]      FIG. 27 : Northern blot analysis of RNA after leaf infiltration in  N. benthamiana  leaves at 0 hr after infiltration or 16 hr after infiltration. The stability of dsRNA was analyzed by Northern blot for uncomplexed dsRNA GFP48 (SEQ ID NO:25) or dsRNA GFP48 complexed with either Polybrene® or RNAiMAX. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0036]    Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms as used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods can be used in the practice of the present disclosure. Indeed, the present disclosure is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. Moreover, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by any particular scientific theory. For purposes of the present disclosure, the following terms are defined below. 
         [0037]    Any references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
         [0038]    As used herein, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof. 
         [0039]    As used herein, the term “about” refers to ±10%. 
         [0040]    As used herein, “polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides in length) and polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides. Aspects of this disclosure include compositions including oligonucleotides having a length of 18-25 nucleotides (e. g., 18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where a polynucleotide is double-stranded, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs. 
         [0041]    As used herein, the term “polyelectrolyte” refers to a molecule in which a substantial portion of the constitutional units have ionizable or ionic groups, or both. Examples of polyelectrolytes include, but are not limited to, cationic proteins and cationic polymers. 
         [0042]    As used herein, the term “osmolyte” refers to a compound that affects osmosis. Natural osmolytes include, for example, sucrose, mannitol, fructose, galactose, sodium chloride, glycerol, sorbitol, polyalchohols, proline, trehalose, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, trimethylglycine, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine, and glycine. 
         [0043]    As used herein, a “dsRNA” molecule refers to a molecule comprising two antiparallel ribonucleotide strands bound together by hydrogen bonds, each strand of which comprises ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds running in the 5 ‘-3’ direction in one and in the 3′-5′ direction in the other. Two antiparallel strands of a dsRNA can be perfectly complementary to each other or comprise one or more mismatches up to a degree where any one additional mismatch causes the disassociation of the two antiparallel strands. A dsRNA molecule can have perfect complementarity over the entire dsRNA molecule, or comprises only a portion of the entire molecule in a dsRNA configuration. Two antiparallel strands of a dsRNA can also be from a continuous chain of ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds, e.g., a hairpin-like structure (often also called a stem-loop structure). In some embodiments, a dsRNA molecule is identified by two SEQ ID NOs, where the first SEQ ID NO represents the sense strand of the dsRNA and the second SEQ ID NO represents the antisense strand of the dsRNA. In other embodiments, a dsRNA molecule is identified by one SEQ ID NO that represents the sense strand of the dsRNA. 
         [0044]    As used herein, in the context of RNA-mediated gene silencing, the sense strand of a dsRNA molecule refers to a strand comprising a sequence that is identical or nearly identical to a target sequence. The antisense strand of a dsRNA molecule refers to a strand having a sequence complementary to a target sequence. In a DNA context, the term “antisense” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is inverted relative to its normal orientation for transcription or function and so expresses an RNA transcript that is complementary to a target sequence (e.g., it can hybridize to the target gene mRNA molecule or single stranded genomic DNA through Watson-Crick base pairing) or that is complementary to a target DNA molecule such as, for example, genomic DNA present in the host cell. 
         [0045]    As used herein, “small RNA (sRNA)” refers to any RNA molecule that is about 15-30 nucleotides long, preferably 21-24 nucleotides long. A “21-24mer small RNA” or “21-24mer sRNA” refers to a small RNA of 21-24 nucleotides which may be double- or single-stranded. A double-stranded 21-24mer sRNA can comprise at one or both ends one or more structures selected from the group consisting of blunt, 3′ overhang, and 5′ overhang. A double-stranded 21-24mer sRNA processed by a Dicer-like protein from a dsRNA precursor molecule typically comprise a 2-nt overhang at both ends. 
         [0046]    Small RNA includes, without limitation, siRNA (small interfering RNA), miRNA (microRNA), ta-siRNA (trans activating siRNA), activating RNA (RNAa), nat-siRNA (natural anti-sense siRNA), hc-siRNA (heterochromatic siRNA), cis-acting siRNA, lmiRNA (long miRNA), lsiRNA (long siRNA) and easiRNA (epigenetically activated siRNA). Preferred sRNA molecules of the disclosure are siRNA molecules. A sRNA, in its mature form, can be either double-stranded or single-stranded, although the biogenesis of a sRNA often involves a sRNA duplex which is a double-stranded form of sRNA. While not limited by a particular theory, a sRNA duplex is often processed from a dsRNA precursor by proteins, such as Dicer-like proteins. 
         [0047]    As used herein, the term “siRNA” (also referred to herein interchangeably as “small interfering RNA”), is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules having about 18-25 nucleotides in length (e.g., 18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers). A double-stranded siRNA generally has perfect or near perfect complementarity. Without being limited by any theory, a role of siRNA is its involvement in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of a specific target gene. 
         [0048]    As used herein, the term “functional siRNA” refers to a siRNA which is effective in silencing an intended target gene. 
         [0049]    As used herein, the phrase “RNA silencing” refers to a group of regulatory mechanisms (e.g., RNA interference (RNAi), transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), quelling, co-suppression, and translational repression) mediated by RNA molecules which result in the inhibition or “silencing” of the expression of a corresponding target gene. 
         [0050]    As used herein, a “synthetic sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence which lacks a corresponding sequence that naturally occurs. 
         [0051]    As used herein, a “target-specific sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is essentially identical, nearly identical, identical, or complement of any, to a target nucleotide sequence. For example, a target-specific sequence can be derived from a sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) which, when hybridizes with a small RNA molecule and leads to the attenuation of target gene expression. Conversely, a “non-target-specific sequence” refers to any nucleic acid sequence that is not a target-specific sequence. In some embodiments, the target nucleotide sequence is a coding region of a mRNA, a 5′ untranslated region, a 3′ untranslated region, an intron, a promoter, an enhancer, a terminator, an rRNA, a tRNA, a small nuclear RNA (snRNA), a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), a non-coding RNA involved in RNA interference, and any combination thereof. 
         [0052]    As used herein, a “trigger” or “trigger polynucleotide” is an exogenous nucleic acid molecule which comprises a sequence essentially identical, nearly identical, identical, or complement of any, to a polynucleotide sequence of a target gene or an RNA expressed from the target gene or a fragment thereof, and functions to cause the silencing of the target gene. A trigger molecule can be a dsRNA, a single-stranded RNA, a RNA-DNA hybrid, a double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. A trigger molecule may comprise naturally-occurring nucleotides, modified nucleotides, nucleotide analogues or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a trigger molecule may be incorporated within a larger nucleic acid molecule, for example in a pri-miRNA molecule. In some aspects, a trigger molecule may be processed into a siRNA. 
         [0053]    Polynucleotide compositions used in the various aspects of this disclosure include compositions including oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or a mixture of both, including RNA or DNA or RNA/DNA hybrids or chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides or a mixture thereof. In some aspects, the polynucleotide may be a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, e. g., synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In some aspects, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In some aspects, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, e. g., Verma and Eckstein (1998)  Annu. Rev. Biochem.,  67:99-134. For example, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin). 
         [0054]    The polynucleotides can be single- or double-stranded RNA or single- or double-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrids or modified analogues thereof, and can be of oligonucleotide lengths or longer. In more specific aspects of the disclosure the polynucleotides that provide single-stranded RNA in the plant cell are selected from the group consisting of (a) a single-stranded RNA molecule, (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule, (d) a single-stranded DNA molecule, (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, and (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA molecule, (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations thereof. In some aspects these polynucleotides include chemically modified nucleotides or non-canonical nucleotides. In aspects of the method the polynucleotides include double-stranded DNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, double-stranded DNA formed by intermolecular hybridization, double-stranded RNA formed by intramolecular hybridization, or double-stranded RNA formed by intermolecular hybridization. In one aspect the polynucleotides include single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA that self-hybridizes to form a hairpin structure having an at least partially double-stranded structure including at least one segment that will hybridize under physiological conditions in the cell to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. Not intending to be bound by any mechanism, it is believed that such polynucleotides are or will produce single-stranded RNA with at least one segment that will hybridize under physiological conditions in a cell to RNA transcribed from the gene targeted for suppression. In certain other aspects the polynucleotides further includes a promoter, generally a promoter functional in a plant, e. g., a Pol II promoter, a Pol III promoter, a Pol IV promoter, or a Pol V promoter. 
         [0055]    The polynucleotides are designed to induce systemic regulation or suppression of an endogenous gene in a plant and are designed to have a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the sequence (which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence) of an endogenous gene of a plant or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from an endogenous gene of a plant. By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant that the polynucleotides (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) are designed to hybridize under physiological conditions in cells of the plant to the endogenous gene or to RNA transcribed from the endogenous gene to effect regulation or suppression of the endogenous gene. 
         [0056]    Aspects of single-stranded polynucleotides functional in this disclosure have sequence complementarity that need not be 100% but is at least sufficient to permit hybridization to RNA transcribed from the target gene to form a duplex under physiological conditions in a plant cell to permit cleavage by a gene silencing mechanism. Thus, in aspects the segment is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or messenger RNA transcribed from the target gene. By “essentially identical” is meant having 100% sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene; by “essentially complementary” is meant having 100% sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene. In some aspects of this disclosure polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100% sequence identity with or complementarity to one allele of a given target gene (e. g., coding or non-coding sequence of a gene for an herbicide-tolerance protein, an herbicide-deactivating protein, a stress-response gene, or an essential gene); in other aspects the polynucleotide molecules are designed to have 100% sequence identity with or complementarity to multiple alleles of a given target gene. 
         [0057]    In one aspect of the disclosure the polynucleotides are modified RNA polymerase III genes, e. g., genes that transcribe 7SL signal recognition particle RNA or U6 spliceosomal RNA (Pol III genes) or polynucleotides containing a functional Pol III promoter sequence. In one aspect, the polynucleotides are modified Pol III genes containing sense and anti-sense DNA corresponding to RNA of the targeted gene identified for regulation replacing the DNA sequence originally transcribed by the Pol III gene. 
         [0058]    The polynucleotides useful in this disclosure typically effect regulation or modulation (e. g., suppression) of gene expression during a period during the life of the treated plant of at least 1 week or longer and typically in systemic fashion. For instance, within days of treating a plant leaf with a polynucleotide composition of this disclosure, primary and transitive siRNAs can be detected in other leaves lateral to and above the treated leaf and in apical tissue. 
         [0059]    Methods of making polynucleotides are well known in the art. Commercial preparation of oligonucleotides often provides 2 deoxyribonucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense strand. Long polynucleotide molecules can be synthesized from commercially available kits, e. g., kits from Ambion have DNA ligated on the 5′ end that encodes a bacterial T7 polymerase promoter that makes RNA strands that can be assembled into a dsRNA. Alternatively, dsRNA molecules can be produced from expression cassettes in bacterial cells that have regulated or deficient RNase III enzyme activity. Long polynucleotide molecules can also be assembled from multiple RNA or DNA fragments. In some aspects design parameters such as Reynolds score and Tuschl rules are known in the art and are used in selecting polynucleotide sequences effective in gene silencing. In some aspects random design or empirical selection of polynucleotide sequences is used in selecting polynucleotide sequences effective in gene silencing. In some aspects the sequence of a polynucleotide is screened against the genomic DNA of the intended plant to minimize unintentional silencing of other genes. 
         [0060]    The polynucleotide compositions of this disclosure are useful in compositions, such as solutions of polynucleotide molecules, at low concentrations, alone or in combination with other components (e. g., surfactants, salts, and non-polynucleotide herbicides) either in the same solution or in separately applied solutions. While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of polynucleotide molecules that can useful in the methods of this disclosure, lower effective concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency. The concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume of spray applied to plant leaves. In one aspect, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-mer oligonucleotide molecules is about 1 nanomole of oligonucleotide molecules per plant, e. g., from about 0.05 to 1 nanomole per plant. Other aspects for herbaceous plants include useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nanomoles, or about 0.1 to about 20 nanomoles, or about 1 nanomole to about 10 nanomoles of polynucleotides per plant. Very large plants, trees, or vines may require correspondingly larger amounts of polynucleotides. When using long dsRNA molecules that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides, lower concentrations can be used. In the examples to below to illustrate aspects of the disclosure the factor 1× when applied to oligonucleotide molecules is arbitrarily used to denote a treatment of 0.8 nanomoles of polynucleotide molecule per plant; 10×, 8 nanomoles of polynucleotide molecule per plant; and 100×, 80 nanomoles of polynucleotide molecule per plant, for example, in Example 23 plants were treated with an aqueous solution comprising a 100× treatment of EPSPS dsRNA (264 micrograms or 80 nanomoles) per plant. 
         [0061]    In one aspect, a herbicide composition as disclosed herein can comprise one or more target-specific sequences essentially identical or identical to a sequence (which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence) selected from the group consisting of a plant endogenous gene sequence, a plant phytopathogen gene sequence, a plant viral gene sequence, a plant insect gene sequence, and combinations thereof. In one aspect, a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein can induce systemic regulation or suppression of an endogenous gene in a plant. 
         [0062]    In one aspect, a herbicide composition as disclosed herein has one or more target genes of interest which encode herbicide-tolerance proteins. Examples of a protein that provides tolerance to an herbicide include e.g., a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), a glyphosate decarboxylase, a glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT), a dicamba monooxygenase, a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase, an acetohydroxyacid synthase, an acetolactate synthase, a haloarylnitrilase, an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a dihydropteroate synthase, a phytoene desaturase, a protoporphyrin IX oxygenase, a hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a para-aminobenzoate synthase, a glutamine synthase, a cellulose synthase, a beta-tubulin, and a serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Examples of nucleic acids encoding proteins conferring tolerance to herbicides include 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,627,061, 5,633,435 RE39,247, 6,040,497, and 5,094,945, and PCT International Application Publications WO04074443 and WO04009761), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosate decarboxylase (PCT International Application Publication WO05003362, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,347, and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0177399), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT; U.S. Pat. No. 7,714,188) conferring tolerance to glyphosate; dicamba monooxygenase conferring tolerance to auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,724); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat or bar) conferring tolerance to phosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,024); 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring tolerance to 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (PCT International Application Publication WO9927116); acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase conferring tolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide (U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105); haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to bromoxynil (U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648); modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase for conferring tolerance to cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222); dihydropteroate synthase (sul I) for conferring tolerance to sulfonamide herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046); 32 kDa photosystem II polypeptide (psbA) for conferring tolerance to triazine herbicides (Hirschberg et al., 1983, Science, 222:1346-1349); anthranilate synthase for conferring tolerance to 5-methyltryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847); dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dap A) for conferring to tolerance to aminoethyl cysteine (PCT International Application Publication WO8911789); phytoene desaturase (crtI) for conferring tolerance to pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon (Japan Patent JP06343473); hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidase and a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydrolase (U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,209) for conferring tolerance to cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole (U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,549); modified protoporphyrinogen oxidase I (protox) for conferring tolerance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602); aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) for conferring tolerance to an herbicide containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety (PCT International Application Publication WO05107437); a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0155716), a glufosinate-tolerant glutamine synthase (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0018016). Examples of such herbicides include phenoxy auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxy auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1× inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac). All foregoing cited patents and patent application publications, including sequences of the nucleic acids encoding herbicide-tolerance proteins and sequences of the herbicide-tolerance proteins disclosed therein, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
         [0063]    In one aspect, a herbicide composition as disclosed herein comprises one or more modified nucleotides of any kind in any part of the polynucleotide molecule. Examples of modified RNA nucleotides can be found in Limbach et al. Summary: the modified nucleosides of RNA.  Nucleic Acids Res.  1994, 22(12):2183-96; and Abeydeera et al. 2008, Modified Nucleosides in RNA.  Wiley Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology.  1-14, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Further exemplary modified nucleotides can comprise a modified base including, but not limited to, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. In another aspect, a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein comprises a non-canonical nucleotide such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. 
         [0064]    In another aspect, a herbicide composition as disclosed herein comprises a modified polynucleotide backbone including, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkyl phosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates. 
         [0065]    In another aspect, a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein comprises one or more active ingredients of a herbicidal, insecticidal, or pesticidal composition. A polynucleotide composition of the instant disclosure can further comprise various molecules or agents. In one aspect, a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein is formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e.g., tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In another aspect, a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein is formulated with one or more non-polynucleotide herbicides (e.g., glyphosate, 2,4-dichloropropionic acid, bromoxynil, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates, phthalide, bialaphos, phosphinothricin, glufosinate, atrazine, dicamba, cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim), and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop)). 
         [0066]    In a further aspect, a polynucleotide composition herein is formulated with at least one transferring agent or permeability-enhancing agent which conditions the surface of a plant tissue, e.g., seed, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, for permeation by the polynucleotide into plant cells. The transfer of a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein into plant cells can be facilitated by the prior or contemporaneous application of a transferring agent to the plant tissue. The transferring agent enables a pathway for a dsRNA through cuticle wax barriers, stomata and/or cell wall or membrane barriers and into plant cells. 
       Methods and Compositions for Delivering Polynucleotides 
       [0067]    The present disclosure provides a method for delivering one or more polynucleotides into a plant cell, comprising applying onto a plant or a part thereof a mixture comprising: a) a cationic polyelectrolyte; and b) the one or more polynucleotides, and wherein the one or more polynucleotides comprise at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares about 90% to 100% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the mixture further comprises an osmolyte. In some embodiments, an osmolyte is applied to the plant or part thereof prior to, concomitant with, or subsequent to application of the cationic polyelectrolyte and one or more polynucleotides. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for delivering one or more polynucleotides into a plant cell, comprising applying onto a plant or a part thereof a mixture comprising a cationic polyelectrolyte and the one or more polynucleotides, wherein the one or more polynucleotides comprise at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares about 90% to 100% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In one embodiment, the mixture comprising a cationic polyelectrolyte and the one or more polynucleotides does not comprise an osmolyte. In one aspect, the polynucleotide suppresses expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares at least about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the target gene encodes a protein that provides resistance to a chemical herbicide, and the mixture further comprises the chemical herbicide. In some embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte and the one or more polynucleotides form a complex. In some embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte and the one or more polynucleotides do not form a complex. 
         [0068]    The present disclosure also provides a composition for delivering a polynucleotide into a plant cell, comprising: a) a cationic polyelectrolyte; and b) the polynucleotide, and wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares about 90% to 100% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an osmolyte. In one aspect, the polynucleotide suppresses expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that shares at least about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a fragment of a target gene, or the complement thereof. In some embodiments, the target gene encodes a protein that provides resistance to a chemical herbicide, and the composition further comprises the chemical herbicide. 
         [0069]    In some embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte comprises a hydrophilic modification. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic modification is PEGylation, quaternization, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte comprises a hydrophobic modification. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic modification is deoxycholic acid modification, alkylation, thiolation, or a combination thereof. 
         [0070]    In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is cationic independent of pH. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is cationic at a pH of less than about 9.0, less than about 8.0, or less than about 7.0. In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is not cationic at a pH higher than about 6.0, higher than about 7.0, or higher than about 8.0. 
         [0071]    In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is linear or branched. Examples of polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethyleneimine (PEI), Polybrene®(Polyb or PB), poly(dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate), p(DMAEMA), poly(trimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate, p(TMAEMA), poly(vinylpyridine), chitosan, diethylaminoethyl dextran (DEAE-dextran), polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide). 
         [0072]    In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a cationic peptide. Examples of cationic peptides include, but are not limited to, poly-arginine, poly-lysine, Endoporter, and other cell penetrating peptides. Non-limiting examples or cell penetrating peptides include peptides from the coat protein of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV, e.g., SEQ ID NO:27), peptides from the coat protein of Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV, e.g., SEQ ID NO:28), HIV Tat (YGRKKRRQRRR, SEQ ID NO:29), HIV Rev (TRQARRNRRRRWRERQR, SEQ ID NO:30), FHV coat (RRRRNRTRRNRRRVR, SEQ ID NO:31), HSV-1 protein VP22 (DAATATRGRSAASRPTERPRAPARSASRPRRPVD, SEQ ID NO:32), Penetratin (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK, SEQ ID NO:33), EB1 (penetratin analog) (LIRLWSHLIHIWFQNRRLKWKKK, SEQ ID NO:34), MPG (GALFLGFLGAAGSTMGAWSQPKKKRKV, SEQ ID NO:35), PR9 (FFLIPKGRRRRRRRRR, SEQ ID NO:36), SR9 (RRRRRRRRR, SEQ ID NO:37), IR9 (GLFEAIEGFIENGWEGMIDGWYGRRRRRRRRR, SEQ ID NO:38), HR9 (CHHHHHRRRRRRRRRHHHHHC, SEQ ID NO:39), Transportan (CLIKKALAALAKLNIKLLYGASNLTWG, SEQ ID NO:40), CADY (GLWRALWRLLRSLWRLLWRA, SEQ ID NO:41), C6 (RLLRLLLRLWRRLLRLLR, SEQ ID NO:42), C6M1 (RLWRLLWRLWRRLWRLLR, SEQ ID NO:43), PF20 (LLKLLKKLLKLLKKLLKLL, SEQ ID NO:44), NAP (KALKLKLALALLAKLKLA, SEQ ID NO:45), Steryl-NAP (Stearyl-KALKLKLALALLAKLKLA, SEQ ID NO:45), POD (GGG[ARKKAAKA] 4 , SEQ ID NO:46), 10H (CHHHHHRKKRRQRRRRHHHHHC, SEQ ID NO:47), HR9 (CHHHHHRRRRRRRRRHHHHHC, SEQ ID NO:48), PasR8 (FFLIPKGRRRRRRRRGC, SEQ ID NO:49), PR9 (FFLIPKGRRRRRRRRR, SEQ ID NO:50), GALA (WEAALAEALAEALAEHLAEALAEALEALAA, SEQ ID NO:51), and Polyornithine. 
         [0073]    In some embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte binds to the polynucleotide via an ionic bond. In other embodiments, the cationic polyelectrolyte and polynucleotide do not form a complex. 
         [0074]    In some embodiments, the ratio of the polyelectrolyte and the polynucleotide in the complex is from about 100:1 to about 1:2 (w/w). In some embodiments, the complex has a ratio of nitrogen of the polymer to phosphate of the polynucleotide (N/P ratio) of about 1:1 to about 100:1. In some embodiments, the complex has a N/P ratio of about 90:1, about 80:1, about 70:1, about 60:1, about 50:1, about 40:1, about 30:1, about 20:1, about 10:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, or about 2:1. In some embodiments, the complex has a N/P ratio of at least 3:1. 
         [0075]    In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is biodegradable. In other embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises poly-lysine, poly-arginine, or a combination thereof. 
         [0076]    In some embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is at a concentration from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml. In certain embodiments, the polyelectrolyte is at a concentration from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, or from about 100 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml. 
         [0077]    In some embodiments, the osmolyte comprises a carbohydrate or a sugar alcohol. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate is a monosaccharide or disaccharide. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbons per monosaccharide unit. In certain embodiments, the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, ribulose, glucose, fructose, galactose, or sucrose. In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol is selected from ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, sorbitol, or mannitol. Other examples of osmolytes include, but are not limited to, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, trimethylglycine, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine, and glycine. 
         [0078]    In some embodiments, the osmolyte comprises sucrose. In some embodiments, the sucrose is at a concentration of at least about 100 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 500 mM, at least about 550 mM, or at least about 600 mM, at least about 700 mM, at least about 800 mM, at least about 900 mM, at least about 1 M, at least about 1.1 M, at least about 1.2 M, at least about 1.3 M, at least about 1.4 M, at least about 1.5 M, at least about 1.6 M, at least about 1.7 M, at least about 1.8 M, at least about 1.9 M, at least about 2 M, at least about 2.5 M, at least about 3 M, at least about 3.5 M, at least about 4 M, at least about 4.5 M, or at least about 5 M. In some embodiments, the sucrose is at a concentration from about 100 mM to about 1 M, from about 200 mM to about 1 M, from about 300 mM to about 1 M, from about 400 mM to about 1 M, from about 500 mM to about 1 M, from about 100 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 200 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 300 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 400 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 500 mM to about 1.5 M, from 500 mM to about 2 M, from 500 mM to about 2.5 M, from 500 mM to about 3 M, from 500 mM to about 3.5 M, from 500 mM to about 4 M, from 500 mM to about 5 M. In some embodiments, the sucrose is at a concentration of about 100 mM, about 150 mM, about 200 mM, about 250 mM, about 300 mM, about 350 mM, about 400 mM, about 450 mM, about 500 mM, about 550 mM, about 600 mM, about 650 mM, about 700 mM, about 750 mM, about 800 mM, about 900 mM, about 1 M mM, about 1.2 M, about 1.5 M, about 2 M, about 2.5 M, about 3 M, about 3.5 M, about 4 M, about 4.5 M, or about 5 M. 
         [0079]    In some embodiments, the osmolyte comprises mannitol. In some embodiments, the mannitol is at a concentration of at least about 100 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 500 mM, at least about 550 mM, or at least about 600 mM, at least about 700 mM, at least about 800 mM, at least about 900 mM, at least about 1 M, at least about 1.1 M, at least about 1.2 M, at least about 1.3 M, at least about 1.4 M, at least about 1.5 M, at least about 1.6 M, at least about 1.7 M, at least about 1.8 M, at least about 1.9 M, at least about 2 M, at least about 2.5 M, at least about 3 M, at least about 3.5 M, at least about 4 M, at least about 4.5 M, or at least about 5 M. In some embodiments, the mannitol is at a concentration from about 100 mM to about 1 M, from about 200 mM to about 1 M, from about 300 mM to about 1 M, from about 400 mM to about 1 M, from about 500 mM to about 1 M, from about 100 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 200 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 300 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 400 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 500 mM to about 1.5 M, from 500 mM to about 2 M, from 500 mM to about 2.5 M, from 500 mM to about 3 M, from 500 mM to about 3.5 M, from 500 mM to about 4 M, from 500 mM to about 5 M. In some embodiments, the mannitol is at a concentration of about 100 mM, about 150 mM, about 200 mM, about 250 mM, about 300 mM, about 350 mM, about 400 mM, about 450 mM, about 500 mM, about 550 mM, about 600 mM, about 650 mM, about 700 mM, about 750 mM, about 800 mM, about 900 mM, about 1 M mM, about 1.2 M, about 1.5 M, about 2 M, about 2.5 M, about 3 M, about 3.5 M, about 4 M, about 4.5 M, or about 5 M. 
         [0080]    In some embodiments, the osmolyte comprises glycerol. In some embodiments, the glycerol is at a concentration of at least about 100 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 500 mM, at least about 550 mM, or at least about 600 mM, at least about 700 mM, at least about 800 mM, at least about 900 mM, at least about 1 M, at least about 1.1 M, at least about 1.2 M, at least about 1.3 M, at least about 1.4 M, at least about 1.5 M, at least about 1.6 M, at least about 1.7 M, at least about 1.8 M, at least about 1.9 M, at least about 2 M, at least about 2.5 M, at least about 3 M, at least about 3.5 M, at least about 4 M, at least about 4.5 M, or at least about 5 M. In some embodiments, the glycerol is at a concentration from about 100 mM to about 1 M, from about 200 mM to about 1 M, from about 300 mM to about 1 M, from about 400 mM to about 1 M, from about 500 mM to about 1 M, from about 100 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 200 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 300 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 400 mM to about 1.5 M, from about 500 mM to about 1.5 M, from 500 mM to about 2 M, from 500 mM to about 2.5 M, from 500 mM to about 3 M, from 500 mM to about 3.5 M, from 500 mM to about 4 M, from 500 mM to about 5 M. In some embodiments, the glycerol is at a concentration of about 100 mM, about 150 mM, about 200 mM, about 250 mM, about 300 mM, about 350 mM, about 400 mM, about 450 mM, about 500 mM, about 550 mM, about 600 mM, about 650 mM, about 700 mM, about 750 mM, about 800 mM, about 900 mM, about 1 M mM, about 1.2 M, about 1.5 M, about 2 M, about 2.5 M, about 3 M, about 3.5 M, about 4 M, about 4.5 M, or about 5 M. 
         [0081]    In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a DNA, an RNA, or a DNA/RNA hybrid. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is single-stranded or double-stranded. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is at least 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 nucleotides (nt) in length. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1000 nt in length. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is from about 18 to about 1000 nt, from about 20 to about 1000 nt, from about 25 to about 1000 nt, from about 30 to about 1000 nt, from about 35 to about 1000 nt, from about 40 to about 1000 nt, from about 45 to about 1000 nt, from about 50 to about 1000 nt, from about 60 to about 1000 nt, from about 70 to about 1000 nt, from about 80 to about 1000 nt, from about 90 to about 1000 nt, from about 100 to about 1000 nt, from about 20 to about 50 nt, from about 20 to about 100 nt, from about 20 to about 200 nt, from about 20 to about 300 nt, or from about 20 to about 500 nt in length. 
         [0082]    In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a double-stranded RNA. In some embodiments, the double-stranded RNA is double-stranded RNA formed by intramolecular hybridization. In other embodiments, the double-stranded RNA is double-stranded RNA formed by intermolecular hybridization. 
         [0083]    In some embodiments, the target gene comprises a coding sequence, a non-coding sequence, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the target gene comprises a non-coding sequence selected from the group consisting of a 5′UTR sequence, a 3′UTR sequence, a promoter, an intron sequence, and combinations thereof. 
         [0084]    In some embodiments, the target gene is an endogenous gene or a transgene. In some embodiments, the target gene is (a) an essential gene for maintaining the growth or life of the plant; (b) a gene encoding a protein that provide herbicide resistance to the plant; or (c) a gene that transcribes to an RNA regulatory agent. In some embodiments, the essential gene is selected from: genes involved in DNA or RNA replication, gene transcription, RNA-mediated gene regulation, protein synthesis, energy production, cell division, and any combination thereof. 
         [0085]    In certain embodiments, the gene is involved in the synthesis of a protein selected from: a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), a glyphosate decarboxylase, a glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT), a dicamba monooxygenase, a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase, an acetohydroxyacid synthase, an acetolactate synthase, a haloarylnitrilase, an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a dihydropteroate synthase, a phytoene desaturase, a protoporphyrin IX oxygenase, a hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a para-aminobenzoate synthase, a glutamine synthase, a cellulose synthase, a beta-tubulin, and a serine hydroxymethyltransferase. 
         [0086]    In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a RNA regulatory molecule. In certain embodiments, the RNA regulatory molecule is selected from: a promoter, a micro RNA (miRNA), a miRNA precursor, a small interfering RNA (siRNA), a Piwi interacting RNA (piRNA), a trans-acting siRNA, an aptamer, and a riboswitch. 
         [0087]    In some embodiments, the target gene is an endogenous gene of an invertebrate plant pest or a pathogen of the plant. In some embodiments, the invertebrate plant pest is an insect, a nematode, or a mite. In some embodiments, the invertebrate plant pest is an insect. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a viral pathogen, a fungal pathogen, or a bacterial pathogen. 
         [0088]    In some embodiments, the plant is a weed or a volunteer plant. In some embodiments, the weed or volunteer plant is selected from: pigweed, velvetleaf, waterhemp, prickly lettuce, dandelion, alfalfa, corn, soybean, canola, cotton, sugar beet, sugarcane, wheat, rice, and a vegetable. In some embodiments, the weed or volunteer plant is growing in a field of crop plants. In one embodiment, the field comprises a refuge area. 
         [0089]    In some embodiments, crop plants are selected from: corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, sugarcane, rice, wheat, a fruit crop, a vegetable crop, or any combination thereof. 
         [0090]    In some embodiments, the mixture or composition that is applied to the plant or a part thereof is dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution has a pH from about 5 to about 9. 
         [0091]    In some embodiments, the mixture or composition is a gel, a powder, an emulsion, a suspension, a cream, an aerosol, a paste, a spray, a solid dispersion, or a supersaturated solution. 
         [0092]    In some embodiments, the mixture or composition is applied to a leaf of the plant. In some embodiments, the mixture is applied to the leaf via infiltration. 
         [0093]    In some embodiments, the concentration of the polynucleotide in the mixture or composition to be applied is from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the polynucleotide in the mixture or composition to be applied is from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.1 g/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 1000 g/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, or from about 100 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml. 
         [0094]    In some embodiments, the final concentration of the polynucleotide on the leaf is from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the polynucleotide on the leaf is from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.01 g/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.01 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.5 μg/ml, from about 0.05 μg/ml to about 0.1 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 25 g/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 1 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 25 g/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 10 μg/ml, from about 1 μg/ml to about 5 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 10 g/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 50 μg/ml, from about 10 μg/ml to about 25 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml, from about 50 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 1000 μg/ml, from about 100 μg/ml to about 500 μg/ml, or from about 100 μg/ml to about 250 μg/ml. 
         [0095]    In some embodiments, the mixture is re-applied at least once, at least twice, or at least three times onto the surface of the leaf at an interval of at least 24 hours after the initial application. In some embodiments, the interval of the reapplied mixture is from about 24 hours to about 14 days. 
         [0096]    In some embodiments, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the total area on the surface of the leaf is in contact with the mixture. 
         [0097]    In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can be detected in the plant cell at least about 12 hours, at least about 24 hours, at least about 48 hours, or at least about 72 hours after the application of the mixture. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can be detected by a method selected from Southern blotting, Northern blotting, PCR, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, a fluorescence-based assay system, a chemiluminenscence-based assay system, a phosphorescence-based assay system, and any combination thereof. 
         [0098]    In some embodiments, the concentration of the polynucleotide in the plant cell is at least 10 femptomolar (fM), or at least 10 picomolar (pM) after 24 hours. In some embodiments, the concentration of the polynucleotide in the plant cell is at least 50 pM, 100 pM, 500 pM, or 1 micromolar (μM) after 24 hours, after 48 hours, or after 72 hours. 
         [0099]    In some embodiments, the mRNA level of the target gene is decreased relative to the level prior to the application of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the mRNA level of the target gene is decreased at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 72 hours after the application of the polynucleotide. 
         [0100]    In some embodiments, the target gene is an endogenous gene or a transgene of the plant, and the mRNA level of the target gene in the plant cell is decreased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% relative to the level in the plant cell prior to the application of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the mRNA level is measured by a method selected from Northern blotting, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, a fluorescence-based assay system, a chemiluminenscence-based assay system, a phosphorescence-based assay system, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mRNA level of the target gene is decreased in a plant cell that is not in direct contact with the mixture at the time of the application. 
         [0101]    In some embodiments, the target gene is an endogenous gene of an invertebrate plant pest or a plant pathogen, and the mRNA level of the target gene in an invertebrate plant pest or a plant pathogen that has internalized a part of the plant or part thereof is decreased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% relative to the level in an invertebrate plant pest or a plant pathogen that has not internalized a part of the plant or part thereof. In some embodiments, the mRNA level of the target gene is decreased at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 72 hours after the internalization by the invertebrate plant pest of plant pathogen. 
         [0102]    In some embodiments, the mRNA of the target gene is cleaved by an Argonaute family protein. In some embodiments, the mRNA of the target gene is cleaved in the cytoplasm of the plant cell. 
         [0103]    In some embodiments, after the application of the polynucleotide, the plant or part thereof shows a phenotypic change relative to a plant or part thereof not applied with the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the phenotypic change is selected from leaf withering, bleaching, size reduction, growth inhibition, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plant or part thereof shows the phenotypic change at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 72 hours after the application of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the plant or part thereof does not show a phenotypic change at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 72 hours after the application of the polynucleotide relative to a plant or part thereof not applied with the polynucleotide. 
         [0104]    In some embodiments, the target gene encodes a protein that provides resistance to a chemical herbicide, the method in the present disclosure further comprises applying the chemical herbicide to the plant or part thereof. 
         [0105]    In some embodiments, the mixture or composition that is applied to the plant or a part thereof further comprises a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant is selected from: organosilicone surfactants, pelagronic acid, ethylene oxide surfactants, polysorbate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cocamide DEA, cocamide MEA, polyalkylglucoside, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside, monolaurin, poloxamer, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, bio-surfactants, and any combination thereof. Examples of commercially available nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, silicones such as Silwet® L-77 from Momentive, alkyl polyglucosides, available under the Agnique PG brand from BASF (formerly Cognis), ethoxylated fatty acids and alcohols, available from Lamberti, BASF, Croda, Akzo Nobel, Stepan, and many other manufacturers, and ethoxylated sorbitan esters available under the Tween® tradename from Croda and as Alkest® TW from Oxiteno. In some embodiments, the surfactant is at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 10%. In some embodiments, the surfactant in the composition is at a concentration of about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.05% to about 10%, about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 10%, about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.2% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 0.05% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 2%, or about 0.5% to about 2%. In some embodiments, the surfactant is at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.2%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%. 
         [0106]    In some embodiments, the surfactant is a bio-surfactant. A bio-surfactant is a surface-active substance synthesized by living cells. In some embodiments, the bio-surfactant is produced by a microorganism. In certain embodiments, the bio-surfactant is produced by a bacterium or a fungi. Examples of bio-surfactants include, but are not limited to, Lipopeptides (e.g.  Bacillus subtilis  surfactin), glycolipids (e.g., di- and mono-rhamnolipids from  P. aeruginosa ), 1′,4′-Sophorolactone 6′,6′-diacetate (e.g., from  Candida  sp.), trehalose lipids (from  Rhodococcus  spp.) and mannosylerythritol lipids ( Candida antartica ). In some embodiments, the bio-surfactant is selected from a lipopeptide, a glycolipid, a trehalose lipid, a mannosylerythritol lipid, 1′,4′-Sophorolactone 6′,6′-diacetate, and any combination thereof. 
         [0107]    In some embodiments, the mixture or composition that is applied to the plant or a part thereof further comprises Endoporter. In some embodiments, the Endoporter is at a concentration of about 1 μM to 1 mM. In certain embodiments, the Endoporter is at a concentration of about 1 to about 5 μM, about 1 to about 10 μM, about 1 to about 20 μM, about 1 to about 30 μM, about 1 to about 40 μM, about 1 to about 50 μM, about 1 to about 100 μM, about 1 to about 200 μM, about 1 to about 300 μM, about 1 to about 500 μM, about 5 to about 10 μM, about 5 to about 20 μM, about 5 to about 50 μM, about 5 to about 100 μM, about 20 to about 50 μM, about 20 to about 100 μM, about 20 to about 200 μM, about 100 to about 200 μM, about 100 to about 500 μM, about 5 μM, about 10 μM, about 15 μM, about 20 μM, about 25 μM, about 30 μM, about 35 μM, about 40 μM, about 45 μM, about 50 μM, about 60 μM, about 70 μM, about 80 μM, about 90 μM, about 100 μM, about 150 μM, about 200 μM, about 250 μM, about 300 μM, about 350 μM, about 400 μM, about 450 μM, about 500 μM, about 600 μM, about 700 μM, about 800 μM, or about 900 μM. 
         [0108]    A polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein may further comprise agents to facilitate transfer of a polynucleotide into a plant cell include agents that increase permeability of the exterior of the plant or that increase permeability of plant cells to oligonucleotides or polynucleotides. Such agents include, but are not limited to, a chemical agent, a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for conditioning includes, but are not limited to, (a) surfactants, (b) an organic solvents or an aqueous solutions or aqueous mixtures of organic solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g) enzymes, or combinations thereof. A transferring agent contemplated herein can further comprise a humectant or a chelating agent. 
         [0109]    Exemplary agents or treatments for conditioning a plant for permeation include, but are not limited to, emulsions, reverse emulsions, liposomes, and other micellar-like compositions. Further exemplary agents or treatments include counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e.g., inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other cations. Organic solvents useful in conditioning a plant to permeation by polynucleotides include DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, other solvents miscible with water or that will dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions). Naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers can be used, e.g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils, paraffinic oils, polyol-fatty acid esters, and oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine. A polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein can further comprise an organic or inorganic salt. In one aspect the salt is an ammonium salt, for example, ammonium sulfate. 
         [0110]    Exemplary surfactants which facilitate the uptake of a dsRNA into plant cells include sodium or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. Further exemplary surfactants include organosilicone surfactants including nonionic organosilicone surfactants, e.g., trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or a silicone polyether copolymer such as a copolymer of polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane and allyloxypolypropylene glycol methylether (commercially available as Silwet L-77 surfactant). When Silwet L-77 surfactant is used to treat plant seed, leaves or other surfaces, concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2% by weight (wt %) (e.g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 wt %) are efficacious in preparing a seed, leaf or other plant surface for transfer of a polynucleotide into plant cells. 
         [0111]    Exemplary physical agents facilitating the uptake of a dsRNA into plant cells include, but are not limited to, (a) abrasives such as carborundum, corundum, sand, calcite, pumice, garnet, and the like, (b) nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes, or (c) a physical force. Carbon nanotubes are disclosed by Kam et al. (2004)  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  126 (22):6850-6851, Liu et al. (2009)  Nano Lett.,  9(3):1007-1010, and Khodakovskaya et al. (2009)  ACS Nano,  3(10):3221-3227. Physical force agents can include heating, chilling, the application of positive pressure, or ultrasound treatment. 
         [0112]    A cationic polymer is a polymer having a multiplicity of ionic or ionizable functional groups having a positive charge. A non-exhaustive list of examples of cationic polymers include hexamethrine bromide, polyethyleneimine, polylysine and corresponding copolymers with neutral amino acids, aminosilanes, γ-amino-propyltriethoxysilane (GAPS), cationic dendrimers, star polymers, and polyvinylamine. 
         [0113]    A polynucleotide composition of the instant disclosure can comprise a cationic polymer at an effective concentration selected from the group consisting of about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.2, 0.22, 0.24, 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, 0.4, 0.42, 0.44, 0.44, 0.46, 0.48, 0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0 μg/μl. 
         [0114]    A polynucleotide composition of the instant disclosure can comprise a sugar at an effective concentration selected from the group consisting of about 100, 200, 250, 300, 250, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, and 900 μg/μl. 
         [0115]    In one aspect, a polynucleotide composition can comprise a disaccharide. In another aspect, a polynucleotide composition can comprise a sugar molecule selected from the group consisting of sucrose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, trehalose and salicin. 
         [0116]    In another aspect, a polynucleotide composition of the instant disclosure can further comprise a cell-penetrating peptide which is a peptide that comprises a short (about 12-30 residues) amino acid sequence or functional motif that confers the energy-independent (e.g., non-endocytotic) translocation properties associated with transport of the membrane-permeable complex across the plasma and/or nuclear membranes of a cell. Cell-penetrating peptides used in the membrane-permeable complex of the present disclosure preferably comprise at least one non-functional cysteine residue, which is either free or derivatized to form a disulfide link with a dsRNA that has been modified for such linkage. Representative amino acid motifs conferring such properties are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,185, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Cell-penetrating peptides of the present disclosure preferably include, but are not limited to, penetratin, transportan, pIsl, TAT(48-60), pVEC, MTS, and MAP. 
         [0117]    A polynucleotide composition of the instant disclosure can be applied to a plant or plant part by any method known in the art, e.g., spraying, drenching, soaking, or coating with a powder, emulsion, suspension, or solution. 
         [0118]    The instant disclosure also provides plants and parts thereof treated with a polynucleotide composition as disclosed herein. 
         [0119]    Any commercially or scientifically valuable plant is envisaged in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the disclosure include all plants which belong to the super family Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including a fodder or forage legume, ornamental plant, food crop, tree, or shrub selected from the list comprising  Acacia  spp.,  Acer  spp.,  Actinidia  spp.,  Aesculus  spp.,  Agathis australis, Albizia amara, Alsophila tricolor, Andropogon  spp.,  Arachis  spp,  Areca catechu, Astelia fragrans, Astragalus cicer, Baikiaea plurijuga, Betula  spp.,  Brassica  spp.,  Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Burkea africana, Butea frondosa, Cadaba farinosa, Calliandra  spp,  Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Capsicum  spp.,  Cassia  spp.,  Centroema pubescens, Chacoomeles  spp.,  Cinnamomum cassia, Coffea arabica, Colophospermum mopane, Coronillia varia, Cotoneaster serotina, Crataegus  spp.,  Cucumis  spp.,  Cupressus  spp.,  Cyathea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Cryptomeria japonica, Cymbopogon  spp.,  Cynthea dealbata, Cydonia oblonga, Dalbergia monetaria, Davallia divaricata, Desmodium  spp.,  Dicksonia squarosa, Dibeteropogon amplectens, Dioclea  spp.,  Dolichos  spp.,  Dorycnium rectum, Echinochloa pyramidalis, Ehraffia  spp.,  Eleusine coracana, Eragrestis  spp.,  Erythrina  spp.,  Eucalyptus  spp.,  Euclea schimperi, Eulalia vi/losa, Pagopyrum  spp.,  Feijoa sellowlana, Fragaria  spp.,  Flemingia  spp.,  Freycinetia banksli, Geranium thunbergii, GinAgo biloba, Glycine javanica, Gliricidia  spp.,  Gossypium hirsutum, Grevillea  spp.,  Guibourtia coleosperma, Hedysarum  spp.,  Hemaffhia altissima, Heteropogon contoffus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyparrhenia rufa, Hypericum erectum, Hypeffhelia dissolute, Indigo incamata, Iris  spp.,  Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, Lespediza  spp.,  Lettuca  spp.,  Leucaena leucocephala, Loudetia simplex, Lotonus bainesli, Lotus  spp.,  Macrotyloma axillare, Malus  spp.,  Manihot esculenta, Medicago saliva, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Musa sapientum, Nicotianum  spp.,  Onobrychis  spp.,  Ornithopus  spp.,  Oryza  spp.,  Peltophorum africanum, Pennisetum  spp.,  Persea gratissima, Petunia  spp.,  Phaseolus  spp.,  Phoenix canariensis, Phormium cookianum, Photinia  spp.,  Picea glauca, Pinus  spp.,  Pisum sativam, Podocarpus totara, Pogonarthria fleckii, Pogonaffhria squarrosa, Populus  spp.,  Prosopis cineraria, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pterolobium stellatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus  spp.,  Rhaphiolepsis umbellata, Rhopalostylis sapida, Rhus natalensis, Ribes grossularia, Ribes  spp.,  Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa  spp.,  Rubus  spp.,  Salix  spp.,  Schyzachyrium sanguineum, Sciadopitys vefficillata, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia  spp.,  Sporobolus fimbriatus, Stiburus alopecuroides, Stylosanthos humilis, Tadehagi  spp,  Taxodium distichum, Themeda triandra, Trifolium  spp.,  Triticum  spp.,  Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium  spp.,  Vicia  spp.,  Vitis vinifera, Watsonia pyramidata, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zea mays , amaranth, artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, collard greens, flax, kale, lentil, oilseed rape, okra, onion, potato, rice, soybean, straw, sugar beet, sugar cane, sunflower, tomato, squash tea, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oat, peanut, pea, lentil and alfalfa, cotton, rapeseed, canola, pepper, sunflower, tobacco, eggplant,  eucalyptus , a tree, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop. Alternatively algae and other non-Viridiplantae can be used for the methods of the present disclosure. 
         [0120]    According to some aspects of the disclosure, the plant used by the method of the disclosure is a crop plant including, but not limited to, cotton,  Brassica  vegetables, oilseed rape, sesame, olive tree, palm oil, banana, wheat, corn or maize, barley, alfalfa, peanuts, sunflowers, rice, oats, sugarcane, soybean, turf grasses, barley, rye,  sorghum , sugar cane, chicory, lettuce, tomato, zucchini, bell pepper, eggplant, cucumber, melon, watermelon, beans, hibiscus, okra, apple, rose, strawberry, chili, garlic, pea, lentil, canola, mums,  Arabidopsis , broccoli, cabbage, beet,  quinoa , spinach, squash, onion, leek, tobacco, potato, sugarbeet,  papaya , pineapple, mango,  Arabidopsis thaliana , and also plants used in horticulture, floriculture or forestry, such as, but not limited to, poplar, fir,  eucalyptus , pine, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop, coniferous plants, moss, algae, as well as other plants available on the internet at, for example, nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Plantae. 
         [0121]    According to a specific aspect, the plant is selected from the group consisting of corn, rice, wheat, tomato, cotton and  sorghum . In certain aspects, the plant is a corn plant. In certain aspects, the plant is a rice plant. In certain aspects, the plant is a wheat plant. In certain aspects, the plant is a cotton plant. In certain aspects, the plant is a  sorghum  plant. 
         [0122]    Introduction of the compositions of the present disclosure can be performed to any organs/cells of the plant (as opposed to seeds) using conventional delivery methods such as particle bombardment, grafting, soaking and the like. 
         [0123]    Compositions and methods of the disclosure are useful for modulating the expression of an endogenous or transgenic target gene in a plant cell. In various embodiments, a target gene includes coding (protein-coding or translatable) sequence, non-coding (non-translatable) sequence, or both coding and non-coding sequence. Compositions of the disclosure can include polynucleotides and oligonucleotides designed to target multiple genes, or multiple segments of one or more genes. The target gene can include multiple consecutive segments of a target gene, multiple non-consecutive segments of a target gene, multiple alleles of a target gene, or multiple target genes from one or more species. Examples of target genes include endogenous plant genes and transgenes expressed in plant cells. Other examples of target genes include endogenous genes of plant viral pathogens or endogenous genes of invertebrate plant pests. 
         [0124]    Target genes can include genes encoding herbicide-tolerance proteins, non-coding sequences including regulatory RNAs, and essential genes, which are genes necessary for sustaining cellular life or to support reproduction of an organism. Embodiments of essential genes include genes involved in DNA or RNA replication, gene transcription, RNA-mediated gene regulation, protein synthesis, energy production, and cell division. One example of a compendium of essential genes is described in Zhang et al. (2004)  Nucleic Acids Res.,  32:D271-D272, and is available at tubic.tju.edu.cn/deg/; version DEG 5.4 lists 777 essential genes for  Arabidopsis thaliana . Examples of essential genes include translation initiation factor (TIF) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO). Target genes can include genes encoding transcription factors and genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis or catabolism of molecules in plants such as, but not limited to, amino acids, fatty acids and other lipids, sugars and other carbohydrates, biological polymers, and secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and secondary metabolites of mixed biosynthetic origin. 
         [0125]    It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate aspects, may also be provided in combination in a single aspect. Conversely, various features of the disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single aspect, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described aspect of the disclosure. Certain features described in the context of various aspects are not to be considered essential features of those aspects, unless the aspect is inoperative without those elements. Various aspects and aspects of the present disclosure as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples. 
       Examples 
     Example 1: PEI/MMg Mediated dsRNA Transfection of Intact Plant Cells Using dsRNA/PEI/MMg Formulation 
       [0126]    BY-2_GFP suspension cells were treated with dsRNA/PEI/MMg formulation in ‘one step’ treatment to deliver dsRNA into intact plant cells. Test sample compositions used for treatment are presented in Table 1. The triggers used were Control (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) and GFP22-3(SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Experimental design for BY-2_GFP Suspension Cell Treatment 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RNA 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vol 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                   
                 RNA 
                   
                 (7.49 
                 PEI (5 
                   
                 MMg/ 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Description 
                 (μg) 
                 Rep 
                 μg/μl) 
                 μg/ml) 
                 H 2 O 
                 MS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Control/PEI/ 
                 60 
                 2 
                 16.02 
                 24.00 
                 59.98 
                 500.00 
               
               
                   
                 MMg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 GFP22-3/PEI/ 
                 60 
                 2 
                 16.02 
                 24.00 
                 59.98 
                 500.00 
               
               
                   
                 MMg_W5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Control/PEI/ 
                 60 
                 2 
                 16.02 
                 24.00 
                 59.98 
                 MS, 
               
               
                   
                 MS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 500.00 
               
               
                 4 
                 GFP22-3/PEI/ 
                 60 
                 2 
                 16.02 
                 24.00 
                 59.98 
                 MS, 
               
               
                   
                 MS_W5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 500.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0127]    For each treatment, 500 μl of BY-2_GFP suspension cells at late exponential growth phase were collected by centrifugation and washed once with MS growth medium (Murashige and Skoog medium BY-2 suspension cells). The liquid was removed from the cell pellet and the cells resuspended in 250 μl of each of the four test samples were incubated at room temperature (approximately 25° C.) for 30 minutes. Cells were then washed twice with 5 milliliters (ml) of W5 solution (154 mM NaCl, 125 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MES pH5.7) and suspended in W1 (0.5 M Mannitol, 4 mM MES pH5.7, 20 mM KCl) and incubated overnight at room temperature. After overnight incubation, RNA was extracted for analysis. 
         [0128]    The results of Northern blot analysis using 5 μg of total RNA per sample is presented in  FIG. 1 . The probe was a 279 base pair (bp) digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probe targeting the 5′ region of the target GFP message. As shown in  FIG. 1 , GFP22-3/PEI/MMg treated samples had a strong argonaute cleavage product (samples/lanes 3, 4) and GFP22-3/PEI/MS treated samples had a weak argonaute cleavage product (samples/lanes 7, 8). The results demonstrate that PEI and MMg based formulation provided one step delivery of a 22 mer dsRNA trigger into intact BY-2 suspension cells. 
       Example 2: Hexamethrine Bromide/MM400 or Hexamethrine Bromide/SM400 Mediated dsRNA Transfection of Plant Cells 
       [0129]    BY-2_GFP suspension cells were treated with dsRNA/Hexamethrine bromide/MM400 or dsRNA/hexamethrine bromide/SM400 formulations in ‘one step’ treatment to deliver dsRNA into intact plant cells. dsRNA delivery efficiency was significantly increased. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Experimental Design for Hexamethrine 
               
               
                 bromide mediated Transfection 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hexa- 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hexa- 
                 methrine 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 methrine 
                 bromide 
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                   
                 RNA 
                 Volume 
                 bromide 
                 volume 
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Description 
                 (ug) 
                 (μl) 
                 (ug) 
                 (μl) 
                 Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 M411/Polyb/ 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 274, 
               
               
                   
                 MM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MM400 
               
               
                 2 
                 GFP22-3/ 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 274, 
               
               
                   
                 Polyb/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MM400 
               
               
                   
                 MM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 GFP22-3/ 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 274, 
               
               
                   
                 Polyb/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SM400 
               
               
                   
                 SM400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0130]    For each treatment, 500 μl of BY-2_GFP suspension cells at late exponential growth phase were collected by centrifugation and washed once with MS growth medium (Murashige and Skoog medium BY-2 suspension cells). The liquid was removed from the cell pellet and the cells were resuspended in 150 μl of each of the four test samples. M411 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) is a non specific dsRNA control. GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) is a 22 mer dsRNA targeting GFP in BY-2_GFP cell line. A total of 30 μg of RNA was used for each sample and two replicates of each were tested. The test samples were prepared in either MM400 (400 mM Mannitol, 4 mM MES, pH5.7) or SM400 (400 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH5.7). After resuspension, the samples were incubated at room temperature (approximately 25° C.) for one hour. Cells were then washed twice with 5 milliliters (ml) of W5 solution (154 mM NaCl, 125 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MES pH5.7) and suspended in W1 (0.5 M Mannitol, 4 mM MES pH5.7, 20 mM KCl) and incubated overnight at room temperature. After overnight incubation, RNA was extracted for analysis. 
         [0131]    The results of Northern blot analysis using 5 μg of total RNA per sample is presented in  FIG. 2 . The probe is a 279 base pair (bp) digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probe targeting the 5′ region of the target GFP message. As shown in  FIG. 2 , GFP22-3/Polyb/MM400 treated samples had a strong argonaute cleavage product (samples/lanes 3, 4) and GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400 treated samples had a stronger argonaute (AGO) cleavage product (samples/lanes 7, 8). In a repeat experiment shown in  FIG. 3 , both message knockdown and AGO cleavage product were observed. The results demonstrate that hexamethrine bromide based formulations provided one step delivery of a 22 mer dsRNA trigger into intact BY-2 suspension cells. Using the method above, treatment of BY2 cells with DOTAP promoted dsRNA uptake as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       Example 3. Hexamethrine Bromide/SM400 Mediated dsRNA Transfection of  N. Benthamiana  (16c) Plants 
       [0132]      N. Benthamiana  (16c) plants were transfected by application of Hexamethrine bromide/SM400 to the intact leaves using the samples prepared as shown in Table 3. M411 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) is a non specific dsRNA control. 16cGFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO:5/SEQ ID NO:6) and 16cGFP22-4 (SEQ ID NO:7/SEQ ID NO:8) are 22 mer dsRNAs targeting GFP in the BY-2_GFP cell line. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Samples for Hexamethrine bromide/SM400 mediated 
               
               
                 dsRNA transfection of  N. Benthamiana   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Polyb 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reps 
                 Trig/ 
                 Infil 
                 Trig 
                 (40 
                   
               
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 (leaves) 
                 rep 
                 vol/rep 
                 (ul) 
                 ug/ul) 
                 SM400 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 M411/polyb/ 
                 6 
                 30 
                 150 
                 24.03 
                 13.5 
                 862.47 
               
               
                   
                 SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 16cGFP22-3/ 
                 6 
                 30 
                 150 
                 24.03 
                 13.5 
                 862.47 
               
               
                   
                 polyb/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 16cGFP22-4/ 
                 6 
                 30 
                 150 
                 24.03 
                 13.5 
                 862.47 
               
               
                   
                 polyb/SM400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0133]    Six leaves on each of two plants were infiltrated by treatment with the formulations. Leaf tissues were collected from the infiltrated spots 20 hours after infiltration and RNA was extracted and analyzed. The results of a Northern analysis are shown in  FIG. 5 . In a repeat experiment, the amount of message and the AGO cleavage product was observed  FIG. 6 . Additional replications present similar results after 6 hours of incubation after infiltration ( FIG. 7 ). Both knockdown of the message and AGO cleavage products were observed for both 16cGFP22-3 and 16cGFP22-4 treated samples. 
       Example 4. Effects of Buffer, Concentration, pH on dsRNA Mediated Transfection by Trigger/Polyb/SM400 
       [0134]    Using the dsRNA infiltration methods presented in Example 3 above, the components of the transfection samples were systematically varied. The results are presented in  FIG. 8 . As shown in the top panel, the RNA trigger, cationic polymer, and a high concentration sugar solution were all essential in the formulation for transfection. Formulations with SM400 and hexamethrine bromide had best trigger delivery efficiency in current protocol. Formulations could be made with MES, MOPS, or HEPES and were effective at various pH at least from pH 5.7 to 7.5. EDTA may inhibit RNA cleavage suggesting a requirement for divalent cation though the presence of CaCl 2  may decrease delivery efficiency. DMSO could increase trigger delivery efficiency. The efficiency of trigger deliver may decrease as the size of the dsRNA is increased. 
       Example 5: Delivery of S1.EPSPS Midmer Trigger to Tomato Plants 
       [0135]    Test samples were prepared as shown in Table 4. GFP (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) is a 21mer siRNA and was used as a non specific control in this experiment. The sequences for S1.EPSPS 22mer (SEQ ID NO:9/SEQ ID NO:10) and 48mer (SEQ ID NO:11) are shown in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test samples for transfection of Tomato plants 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 Reps 
                 Vol/plant 
                 Total vol 
                 Trig con. 
                 Trig/plant 
                 Tot Trig vol 
                 Tot Polyb 
                 H2O 
                 2xMMg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 GFP/Polyb 
                 18 
                 4 
                 72 
                 7.49 
                 3.5 
                 8.41 
                 4.725 
                 26.46 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 2 
                 SI EPSPS 22mer/polyb 
                 18 
                 4 
                 72 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 18 
                 4.725 
                 16.88 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 3 
                 SI.EPSPS 48mer/polyb 
                 18 
                 4 
                 72 
                 4.5 
                 3.5 
                 14 
                 4.725 
                 20.88 
                 32.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 S1.EPSPS and S1.CAC Trigger RNA sequences 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Fwd 
                 Rev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Primer 
                 Primer 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synthe- 
                 Synthe- 
                 Probe 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 sis 
                 sis 
                 Re- 
                 Fwd Primer 
                 Rev Primer 
                 Probe 
               
               
                 Species 
                 Gene 
                 Number 
                 Number 
                 porter 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SI 
                 SI.EPSPS 
                 AM0017 
                 AM0018 
                 FAM 
                 GAAGGGTCAGACTACTGCAT 
                 TTCTGTGGTCATCATATGT 
                 CCACCAGAAAAGTTAA 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                 AATCAC 
                 ATCAATCTC 
                 ACGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SI 
                 SI.CAC 3′ 
                 37349 
                 37350 
                 VIC 
                 GACGACCCCCCTATAGATTT 
                 GCTCTTCCTCAATTCGAAA 
                 TGTTTCGTCTTGTGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CTC 
                 CCA 
                 GAC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0136]    The germination and establishment media for tomato seeds was a modification of a ½ Strength MS salts with full strength MS vitamins and supplemented with 15 g of sucrose as shown in Table 6. The pH was adjusted at to about pH 5.7. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Germination and Establishment media 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Reagents 
                 For 1 L of media 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MS macro- and micro-nutrients 
                 2.2 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MS vitamins (1000X) 
                 2.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Agar 
                 7.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0137]    Tomato seeds were disinfected by placing the seeds in a container and adding 70% ethanol. The tomato seeds were left for 1 min and rinsed once with sterile distilled water. In a transfer hood, seeds were sterilized in 2.6% NaCl plus 0.1% Tween20 for 20 min with occasional swirling. The seeds were rinsed 3-5 times with sterile distilled water and placed in a sterile filtered paper to absorb the excess of water. The resulting surface sterilized seeds were transferred to culture vessels containing the medium. The seeded culture vessels were grown in the dark at 21-25° C. for 2 days. After two days, the culture vessels were moved to a culture room and grown at 24-25° C. with a 16 hour photoperiod. 
         [0138]    Four microliters (4 μl) of each formulation (Table 5) were applied to a leaflet on the tomato plants. Two days after the application, the leaflet was removed. The rest of the leaflet was collected for molecular analysis and it was referred to as the “application leaf”. The apical tissue was collected as well and was referred to as the “top leaf”. The RNA was extracted by using Trizol RNA reagent (Invitrogen, Ca) and cDNA prepared for Taqman® analysis (see primers and probes below,  FIG. 10 ). For small RNA Northern Blots, 7 μg of total RNA was used to detect the presence of the triggers in the tissue ( FIG. 11 ). As shown in  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , application of EPSPS 48mer to an intact application leave of a tomato plant resulted in the translocation of the EPSPS 48mer to the untreated top leaf. The presence of the EPSPS 48mer trigger was highly correlated with the knockdown of the gene. 
       Example 6: GFP Midmer Trigger can Suppress the Expression Level of the Gene in Tomato 
       [0139]    Test samples were prepared as shown in Table 7. GFP (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2) is a 21mer siRNA and was used as a non specific control in this experiment. The sequences are shown in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Experimental samples for transfection of intact tomato leaves 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Description 
                 Reps 
                 Vol/plant 
                 Total vol 
                 Trig con. 
                 Trig/plant 
                 Tot Trig vol 
                 Tot Polyb 
                 H2O 
                 2xMMg 
                 Total vol 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EPSPS/Polyb 
                 16 
                 4 
                 64 
                 3.6 
                 3.5 
                 15.56 
                 4.2 
                 15.44 
                 28.8 
                 64 
               
               
                 LTPGFP21/polyb 
                 16 
                 4 
                 64 
                 7.15 
                 3.5 
                 7.83 
                 4.2 
                 23.17 
                 28.8 
                 64 
               
               
                 48mer/polyb 
                 16 
                 4 
                 64 
                 8.17 
                 3.5 
                 6.85 
                 4.2 
                 24.15 
                 28.8 
                 64 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0140]    Seeds and plants were prepared as described in Example 5. RNA extraction and analysis were performed as described in Example 5. GFP expression value was measured by Quantigene®. As shown in  FIG. 12  and  FIG. 13 , GFP knockdown was observed in both application leaves and top leaves. As shown in  FIG. 14 , Hexamethrine bromide plus dsRNA (48-mer) promotes specific EPSPS and GFP mRNA knockdown in adjacent leaflets of in vitro tomato. 
       Example 7: Glycerol-Polybrene® Mediated Delivery of dsRNA to BY-2 Suspension Cells 
       [0141]    BY-2_GFP suspension cells constitutively expressing GFP were pelleted from a 150 μL culture and washed once in fresh growth medium (MS). The cells were then resuspended in one of the following Polybrene® formulations in the presence of 10 μg of M411 (non-specific) or GFP22-3 (22mer dsRNA targeting GFP) dsRNA: 400 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (SM400); 200 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM200); 400 mL glycerol, 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM400); 800 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM800); 1200 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM1200); 1600 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM1600); 2000 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM2000); 2400 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM2400); or 3000 mM glycerol 4 mM MES, pH5.7 (GM3000) (see Table 8). Two replicates of each formulation were tested. Cells were washed with 1 mL W5 buffer and resuspended in 500 mL W1 buffer and incubated overnight. 
         [0142]    The treated BY-2_GFP suspension cells were collected and total RNA was extracted for analysis. A Northern blot was performed using 7 μg of total RNA to detect the presence of GFP mRNA ( FIG. 15 , top panel, top band) and sliced fragments ( FIG. 15 , top panel, bottom band) in the treated BY-2_GFP cells. As shown in  FIG. 15 , all tested formulations were efficacious in delivering dsRNA into the BY-2_GFP suspension cells as evidenced by detection of the sliced fragments. The highest levels of sliced fragments were detected in sucrose-based formulations and formulations with 200 mM and 400 mM glycerol. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Experimental samples for transfection of dsRNA with Polybrene ®-glycerol into intact BY-2 cells 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Form 
                 Trigg 
                 Polyb 
                 Gly stock 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 Cells 
                 trig/rep 
                 Rep 
                 vol/rep 
                 ug 
                 ul 
                 nmole 
                 ug 
                 ul 
                 (5M) 
                 H2O/Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 M411/Polyb/GM400 
                 150 ul/rep 
                 10 ug 
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 8 
                 88 
               
               
                 2 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                   
                 100 (SM400) 
               
               
                 3 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM200 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 4 
                 92 
               
               
                 4 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 8 
                 88 
               
               
                 5 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM800 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 16 
                 80 
               
               
                 6 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM1200 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 24 
                 72 
               
               
                 7 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM1600 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 32 
                 64 
               
               
                 8 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM2000 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 40 
                 56 
               
               
                 9 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM2400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 48 
                 48 
               
               
                 10 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/GM3000 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 50 
                 20 
                 3 
                 1.34 
                 60 
                 1.50 
                 60 
                 36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8: Delivery of dsRNA in BY-2 Suspension Cell Using Transfection Reagents 
       [0143]    Transfection reagents listed in Table 9 were tested for their efficacy in delivering dsRNA into BY-2 suspension cells. 
         [0144]    BY-2_GFP suspension cells constitutively expressing GFP were pelleted from a 150 μL culture and washed once in fresh growth medium (MS). Transfection agent formulations as detailed in Table 9 were added to the cell pellet and incubation was continued at room temperature for 1 hr. Cells were subsequently washed with 1 mL W5 buffer and resuspended in 500 mL W1 buffer overnight. The following day cells were collected for RNA extraction and analysis. 
         [0145]    7 μg of total RNA was used for RNA Northern blots, to detect the presence of GFP mRNA and sliced product in the BY-2_GFP suspension cells. As shown in the middle panel of  FIG. 16  (long exposure), weak bands corresponding to sliced fragments were observed for PolyDDA100 and PolyDDA400 formulations. Similar levels of sliced fragments were observed for the PEI-25 and PEI-100 formulations ( FIG. 16 ). No bands corresponding to sliced fragments were observed in samples treated with formulations made with PEI-B, PL, POA and QHEC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Transfection agents used in formulation for delivery of dsRNA into BY-2 cells 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Agent 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Index 
                 Transfection Agents 
                 1:1 
                 2:1 
                 3:1 
                 Trigger 
                 Agt conc. 
                 Rep 
                 Cells/rep 
                 Trig/rep 
                 Trig. (ul) 
                 Agt (ul) 
                 SM400 
                 Vol/rep 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 QHEC 
                   
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                 10 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 2 
                 PolyDDA100 
                   
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                 10 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 3 
                 PolyDDA400 
                   
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                 10 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 4 
                 Chitosan 
                   
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 20 
                 87.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 5 
                 PEI-B 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 6 
                 PolyLysin 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 7 
                 POA 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 8 
                 PolyB 
                   
                   
                 9 
                 3 
                 10 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 6 
                 101.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 9 
                 PEI-25 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                 10 
                 PEI-100 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 150 
                 10 
                 2.67 
                 4 
                 103.33 
                 50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1. Hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate, quaternized (QHEC) 
               
               
                 2. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution, MW 100K-200K, 20% (200 ug/ul) (PolyDDA100) 
               
               
                 3. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution, MW 500K-600K, 20% (200 ug/ul) (PolyDDA400) 
               
               
                 4. PEI-B: branched polyethyleneimine 
               
               
                 5. POA: polyarginine 
               
               
                 6. PolyB: Polybrene 
               
               
                 7. PEI-25: linear polyethylenimine 25 kDa 
               
               
                 8. PEI-100: linear polyethylenimine 100 kDa 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 9: Endoporter Delivery of dsRNA into BY-2 Suspension Cells 
       [0146]    Formulations of Endoporter or Endoporter and Polybrene® listed in Table 10 were tested for their efficacy in delivering dsRNA into BY-2 suspension cells. 
         [0147]    BY-2_GFP suspension cells constitutively expressing GFP were pelleted from a 150 μL culture and washed once in fresh growth medium (MS). Formulations as detailed in Table 10 were added to the cell pellet and incubation was continued at room temperature for 1 hr. Cells were subsequently washed with 1 mL W5 buffer and resuspended in 500 mL W1 buffer overnight. The following day cells were collected for RNA extraction and Northern blot analysis. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Combinations of Endoporter, dsRNA and Polybrene ®/sucrose 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Trigg 
                 Polyb 
                 Endoporter 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 Cells 
                 trig/rep 
                 Rep 
                 ug 
                 ul 
                 ug 
                 ul 
                 (1 mM) 
                 Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 M411/Polyb/SM400 
                 500 ul/rep 
                 30 ug 
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 0 
                 274 
               
               
                 2 
                 M411/5xEndoporter (38 uM) 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 11 
                 281 
               
               
                 3 
                 M411/Polyb/5xEndoporter (38 uM) 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 11 
                 263 
               
               
                 4 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 0 
                 274 
               
               
                 5 
                 GFP22-3/5xEndoporter (38 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 11 
                 281 
               
               
                 6 
                 GFP22-3/3xEndoporter (22 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 7 
                 285 
               
               
                 7 
                 GFP22-3/1xEndoporter (7.5 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 
                 290 
               
               
                 8 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/5xEndoporter (38 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 11 
                 263 
               
               
                 9 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/3xEndoporter (22 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 7 
                 267 
               
               
                 10 
                 GFP22-3/Polyb/1xEndoporter (7.5 uM)/SM400 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 8 
                 180 
                 18 
                 2 
                 272 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0148]    As shown in  FIG. 17 , sliced fragments were not observed in cells treated with formulations of dsRNA/Endoporter/SM400, while dsRNA/Polyb/Endoporter/SM400 treated cells generated sliced fragments and a visible knock down of GFP RNA levels in treated samples. 
       Example 10: dsRNA Delivery into Plant Leaf Cells Through Topical Application of a Sucrose/Polyb/Silwet L-77 Based Formulation 
       [0149]    Delivery of dsRNA by topical treatment of  Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves with sucrose/Polyb/Silwet based formulations was assessed. 
         [0150]    The underside (bottom) of  Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves (2 leaves/treated plant) were pre-treated with 0.2% Silwet L-77 in H 2 O. The leaves were allowed to dry, then m411 (non-specific) or 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA was applied in a formulation of Polyb/SM400 with 0.01% Silwet L-77 as described in Table 11, Index 1 and 2, respectively. 
         [0151]    The upper side (top) of  Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves (2 leaves/treated plant) were pre-treated with 0.2% Silwet L-77 in H 2 O. The leaves were allowed to dry, then 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA was applied in a formulation of Polyb/SM400 with 0.01% Silwet L-77 as described in Table 11, Index 3. 
         [0152]      Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves (2 leaves/treated plant) were infiltrated from the underside with 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA in a formulation of Polyb/SM400 as described in Table 11, Index 4. 
         [0153]    At the completion of the experiment, plant leaf disks were collected from the treatment spots for RNA extraction and Northern Blot analysis. Sliced fragments were identified where 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA formulations were topically applied to the bottom side of leaves. See  FIG. 18 , lanes 3 and 4. Conversely, sliced fragments were not observed where 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA formulations were topically applied to the upper side of the leaves. See  FIG. 18 , lanes 5 and 6. Infiltrated 16cGFP22-3 (GFP-specific) dsRNA formulations demonstrated strong sliced fragments. See  FIG. 18 , lanes 7 and 8. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test samples for application on  N. benthamiana   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Form vol/ 
                   
                 Polyb 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reps 
                 Trig/ 
                 plant (1 
                   
                 (40 ug/ul) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 (plant) 
                 plant 
                 leaf/plant) 
                 Trig (ul) 
                 (5:1) 
                 SM800 
                 1% silwet 
                 H2O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 M411/polyb/SM400_Silwet_0.20_0.01%_Bottom 
                 2 
                 25 
                 50 
                 6.7 
                 6.3 
                 45.0 
                 1.0 
                 41.1 
               
               
                 2 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM400_Silwet_0.2%_0.01%_Bottom 
                 2 
                 25 
                 50 
                 6.7 
                 6.3 
                 45.0 
                 1.0 
                 41.1 
               
               
                 3 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM400_Silwet_0.2%_0.01%_Top 
                 2 
                 25 
                 50 
                 6.7 
                 6.3 
                 45.0 
                 1.0 
                 41.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM400_infil 
                 2 
                 25 
                 50 
                 6.7 
                 6.3 
                 45.0 
                   
                 42.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 11: Modification and Optimization of BY-2 Assay with Polybrene® Based dsRNA Formulation 
       [0154]    In this example, BY-2 cells were treated using standard assay conditions with dsRNA/Polyb/SM400 formulation for one hour followed by two washes and incubation in buffer for 24 hr. To simplify and optimize the BY-2 transfection assay, we tested the dsRNA/Polyb/SM400 formulation and the MS growth medium based formulations with “one-step” 5 hr cell treatment without washing and incubation steps as outlines in Table 12. Cells were pelleted from a 150 μl culture and washed once with MS medium, formulations were added to the cell pellet and incubation was continued for an additional 5 hr. At the completion of the incubation period cells were collected for RNA extraction and analysis. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test samples for application in BY-2 suspension cell culture 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Trig/ 
                 Form 
                 Trig 7.49 
                 Polyb (10 
                   
                   
                   
                 Suc 
               
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 Reps 
                 rep 
                 vol/rep 
                 (ug/ul)(ul) 
                 ug/ul) (3:1) 
                 SM400 
                 SM200 
                 MS 
                 (2.6M) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 M410/polyb/SM400_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                 91.3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/SM400_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                 91.3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/SM200_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                 91.3 
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 M410/polyb/MS + S300_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                   
                 79.79 
                 11.54 
               
               
                 5 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/MS_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                   
                 91.33 
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/MS + S100_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                   
                 87.48 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 7 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/MS + S200_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                   
                 83.64 
                 7.69 
               
               
                 8 
                 GFP22-3/polyb/MS + S300_5 hr 
                 2 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.7 
                 6.0 
                   
                   
                 79.79 
                 11.54 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 GFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO: 1/SEQ ID NO: 2): 22 mer dsRNA targeting GFP 
               
               
                 M410 (SEQ ID NO: 3/SEQ ID NO: 4): 24 mer dsRNA targeting EPSPS, used as nonspecific control 
               
               
                 MS: cell growth medium 
               
               
                 SM400: 400 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH 5.7 
               
               
                 SM200: 200 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH 5.7 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0155]    The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 19 . A sliced fragment was detectable in samples treated with standard trigger/Polyb/SM buffer for 5 hr without washing steps. Additionally, a sliced fragment was observed in samples treated with MS based formulations. 
       Example 12: Optimization of Polybrene® Based Trigger Formulation for Plant Assay 
       [0156]    The standard Polybrene® based formulation contains 400 mM sucrose which may cause plant leaf tissue damage when large volume of the formulation is applied to plant leaves. To optimize the formulation for reduced plant tissue damage, formulations were tested with reduced sucrose concentration and with different dsRNA:Polybrene® ratios. The modified formulations were tested in  Nicotiana benthamiana  16c plant with leaf infiltration. One leaf of each juvenile plant was infiltrated with 50 μl of formulation as outlined in Table 13 below on 2-3 spots. Approximately 5 hr after the infiltration the infiltrated spots were collected and processed for RNA extraction and analysis. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test samples for application on  N. benthamiana  16c leaves 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Reps 
                 Trig/ 
                 Form vol/plant 
                 Trig 
                 Polyb 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 (spots) 
                 plant 
                 (1 leaf/plant) 
                 (ul) 
                 (10 ug/ul) 
                 SM400 
                 SM200 
                 SM100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 M411/polyb/SM100 (1:5) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 37.5 
                   
                   
                 102.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM400 (1:5) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 37.5 
                 102.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM400 (1:3) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 22.5 
                 117.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM200 (1:5) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 37.5 
                   
                 102.5 
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM200 (1:3) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 22.5 
                   
                 117.5 
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM100 (1:5) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 37.5 
                   
                   
                 102.5 
               
               
                 7 
                 16cGFP22-3/polyb/SM100 (1:3) 
                 3 
                 25 
                 50 
                 10.0 
                 22.5 
                   
                   
                 117.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 16cGFP22-3 (SEQ ID NO: 5/SEQ ID NO: 6): 22 mer dsRNA targeting GFP 
               
               
                 M410(SEQ ID NO: 3/SEQ ID NO: 4): 24 mer dsRNA targeting EPSPS, used as nonspecific control 
               
               
                 SM400: 400 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH 5.7 
               
               
                 SM200: 200 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH 5.7 
               
               
                 SM100: 100 mM sucrose, 4 mM MES, pH 5.7 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0157]    The results are shown in  FIG. 20 . Sliced fragments observed in all the samples treated with different formulations. However, significant target knockdown was only observed in samples treated with SM400 with both 1:5 and 1:3 dsRNA:Polybrene® ratio and in samples treated with SM200 with 1:5 dsRNA:Polybrene® ratio. SM400 formulation treated leaves experienced some tissue damage (data not shown) while no significant tissue damage was observed on leaves treated with SM200 and SM100 formulations. 
       Example 13: Identification of New Efficacious Transfection Agents for the BY-2 Suspension Cell Assay 
       [0158]    A list of polymers and polypeptides were tested using the BY-2 assay conditions. A few positive agents were tested together in one assay and the assay conditions and the results are described in this example. In addition to Polybrene® (PB) the other agents tested consisted of a partial peptide of the coat protein of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV, sequence: KLTRAQRRAAARKNKRNTR, SEQ ID NO:27), a partial peptide of the coat protein of Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV, sequence: KMTRAQRRAAARRNRWTAR, SEQ ID NO:28) and a commercially available polylysine (PLL1 1-5K) preparation. Formulations were tested as outlined in Table 14. Cells were pelleted from a 150 μl medium (MS). Formulation was added to the cell pellet and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 1 hr. Cells were washed twice with 1 ml W5 buffer and resuspended in 500 μl W1 buffer overnight. Cells were collected for RNA extraction and analysis. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test samples for application in BY-2 suspension cells. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Form 
                   
                 Agents 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Trig/ 
                 vol/ 
                 Trig 
                 (10 
                   
               
               
                 Index 
                 Description 
                 Reps 
                 rep 
                 rep 
                 (ul) 
                 mg/ml) 
                 SM400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 M411/PB 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 9.0 
                 137.0 
               
               
                   
                 (3x)/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 GFP22-3/PB 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 9.0 
                 137.0 
               
               
                   
                 (3x)/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 GFP22-3/CCMV 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 15.0 
                 131.0 
               
               
                   
                 (5x)/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 GFP22-3/BMV 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 15.0 
                 131.0 
               
               
                   
                 (5x)/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 GFP22-3/PLL1 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 15.0 
                 131.0 
               
               
                   
                 (5x)/SM400 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 GFP22-3/BMV 
                 3 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.0 
                 9.0 
                 137.0 
               
               
                   
                 (3x)/SM400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0159]    The results are shown in  FIG. 21 . SliceD fragment and a slight decrease in target levels indicating a small knockdown were observed in samples treated with formulations containing Polybrene®, CCMV, BMV, or PLL (1-5 k). The transfection activity of BMV and CCMV appeared to be close to that for Polybrene®. No significant cytotoxicity observed from samples treated with CCMV, BMV, and PPL (1-5 k) as evidenced by GFP fluorescence (data not shown) and RNA quality. 
       Example 14: BY2 Cells Transfection Using Lipofectamine® 3000 
       [0160]    The efficacy of Lipofectamine® 3000 (L3K) transfection reagent was evaluated in the BY2 system. GFP22.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1/SEQ ID NO:2) or Control (SEQ ID NO: 22/SEQ ID NO:23; off target control) was formulated with L3k in 400 mM sucrose and 4 mM MES pH 5.7 (SM400). The siRNA was diluted to the target concentration in SM400. P3000 was added to the diluted siRNA at a rate of 2 microliters per microgram of siRNA and mixed by vortexing. L3000 was diluted into SM400 at a rate of 0.75 (“Low”) or 1.5 (“High”) microliters per microgram of siRNA and mixed by vortexing. Equal volumes of the siRNA/P3000 solution and L3000 solution were combined, mixed, and incubated at RT for 5 min. 100 μl of the siRNA/L3K complexes were added to washed BY2 cells and incubated for 1-2 hrs. The cells were then washed with W5 buffer and incubated overnight in WI buffer. GFP expression was evaluated using Northern blot 18 hours after treatment. 
         [0161]    A clear sliced fragment was observed using L3K in initial experiments ( FIG. 22 ). Both GFP knockdown and a sliced fragment were observed in follow-up experiments ( FIG. 23 ). In some experiments, L3k was more efficient than Polybrene® alone, but in other experiments the GFP knock-down efficiency is not enhanced relative to Polybrene® using L3K ( FIG. 24 ). 
       Example 15: Effect of Wortmanin &amp; Brefeldin A on Polybrene®/Sucrose Transfection 
       [0162]    The endomembrane trafficking inhibitors wortmanin and brefeldin A were used to investigate the role of endocytosis in sliced fragment formation and gene repression after Polybrene®/sucrose delivery of siRNA. BY2 cells were pretreated for 2 h with DMSO, wortmanin, or brefeldin A. GFP22.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1/SEQ ID NO:2) or Control (SEQ ID NO:22/SEQ ID NO:23) was complexed with Polybrene® at a 3:1 (m/m) ratio in SM400, and BY2 cells were transfected using the standard Polybrene®/sucrose procedure. In the second experiment, DMSO, wortmanin, or brefeldin A was added to the WI buffer during the overnight incubation. Gene repression and sliced fragment formation were measured at 18 h after treatment. 
         [0163]    The results show that both gene repression and sliced fragment formation were insensitive to wortmanin and brefeldin A ( FIG. 25 ). 
       Example 16: Effect of Polybrene® on dsRNA Stability in  N. benthamiana  Leaves 
       [0164]    The effect of Polybrene® on the stability of dsRNA triggers after leaf infiltration was studied in  N. benthamiana . Control (EPSPS5.3; SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) was diluted into water and complexed with Polybrene® at a 3:1 (m/m) ratio. Approximately 50 μl of dsRNA was infiltrated into a single  benthamiana  leaf. Infiltrated leaves were harvested at 0-48 h after infiltration, washed extensively, and leaf punches were collected from the infiltrated area. Total RNA was extracted using Trizol, and trigger integrity was measured using anion exchange-HPLC or Northern blotting. Similar to previous experiments, uncomplexed dsRNA was rapidly degraded. The half-life of Polybrene® complexed 24 bp dsRNA trigger was approximately 20 hr ( FIG. 26 ). Using longer RNAs (48 bp, GFP48, SEQ ID NO:25) the nature of the nuclease could be discerned. Similar to the BY2 system, dsRNA trigger degradation in  N. benthamiana  appears to proceed primarily via an exo-nuclease. The half-life of the 48mer complexed with Polybrene® was similar, at 16 hr, to estimates generated using the 22mer. RNAiMax formulated according to the product insert appeared to provide more protection than Polybrene®, but as with Polybrene®, degradation was only slowed, not prevented ( FIG. 27 ).