Abstract:
A facility for ranking service classes in terms of their relative levels of need for additional server resources is described. The facility utilizes a set of goals, each identifying a service class to which it applies and a goal criterion for the service class, and each specifying a desired service level specifying a minimum percentage of transactions of the service class identified by the goal for which the goal criterion should be satisfied. Each goal further specifies an indication of the level of importance of the goal. For each goal, the facility determines an achieved service level indicating the percentage of completed transactions of the service class identified by the goal for which the goal criterion specified by the goal was satisfied. The facility further identifies any goals whose desired service level exceeds their achieved service level. The facility then selects, for each service class identified by at least one identified goal, the goal identified by the service class whose importance indication indicates that it is the most important. The facility then ranks the selected service classes identified by the selected goals in accordance with the importance indications of the selected goals.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention is directed to the field of service provider allocation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many service organizations need to dynamically allocate their service agents in order to attain certain goals. Such allocation is typically performed manually. Increasingly, external performance measures of service delivered dominate internal cost measures, such as utilization and labor costs. Such external measures often consist of classifying certain transactions into meeting or not meeting desired objectives and determining a proportion of those transactions meeting objectives. Such a proportion is called a service level. The service level is measured over some period of time or over some number of transactions. 
     Examples of service levels are the percentage of customer problems resolved without further activity, the percentage of dispatched taxicabs that reach the rider within the committed time, the proportion of telephone calls handled by a qualified representative without requiring a transfer or referral to another agent, the proportion of telephone calls that can be connected to an agent without delay, the proportion of e-mail requests that are answered within 24 hours, the percentage of on-time departures of city buses on a particular bus route on weekdays, the proportion of transactions handled not resulting in a customer complaint, the proportion of preferred customer calls handled by fully qualified agents, the percentage of Spanish speakers handled by an agent fluent in Spanish, the percentage of telephone calls not abandoned by the customer before connection to an agent, the percentage of customer inquiry telephone calls that are not blocked at the central office switch, the percentage of customer sessions with the self-service World Wide Web pages that are not aborted while waiting for a display, the percentage of customer requests via telephone that can be completed immediately while on the phone, the percentage of loan applications processed within one-half hour from the time of the request, and the percentage of priority telephone calls answered within 8 seconds and handled properly by a qualified agent. 
     A service organization&#39;s goal for a service level in this context is a particular desired value of the service level. The goal is said to be satisfied if the attained service level is at least as high as the desired service level for the goal. It is said to be unattained if the realized service level is less than the desired service level. For example, the goal of at least 85% of telephone calls from preferred customers each day being answered within 12 seconds would be attained if, among the telephone calls from preferred customers during the current day, 87% were answered within 12 seconds; inversely, if only 84% of such calls are answered within 12 seconds, the goal would be unattained. In this framework the goal is either attained or not. There is considered to be no extra benefit to attain a service level much higher than the goal. 
     The number of server resources allocated to a type of service often affects the service level achieved for that type of service. Usually, when such is the case the operation can reallocate servers to the subject work in order to achieve service level goals. Such reallocation generally incurs opportunity cost, however, since service levels for other work suffers. One can often justify this opportunity cost based on an appropriate priority hierarchy. 
     For example, suppose agents in a call center can handle both loan servicing and sales servicing transactions. When more agents are assigned to sales activities, sales servicing transactions experience a higher service level on answer delay—that is, the amount of time required to answer each sales call declines. Meanwhile, the loan servicing calls are not answered as promptly, reducing the service level for loan servicing transactions. The service organization may rationalize this by saying that loan servicing is relatively less important because it is not very likely that an existing customer will switch loan companies, and that the company presently needs to acquire new customers that could easily take their business to a competitor if their calls are not answered promptly. The service organization wants to satisfy the goal of loan servicing, but not at the expense of failing to reach the goal in sales. When the sales goal is not in jeopardy, but the loan servicing is failing to meet its goal, the service organization desires to allocate more resources to loan servicing. The service organization wants to meet both goals, but the sales goal is more important than the loan servicing goal and so may preempt it. That is, if the operation can only meet one goal it should be the sales goal. 
     The desire to allocate more server resources to some activity is typically contingent upon the alternative activities that the server resources can perform and the demand for such alternative activities. Each of these alternative activities is also potentially associated with various service levels, each of which has a goal and a level of attainment. So the reallocation of resources can depend upon service measures for all alternative work associated with each of the resources. Performing such a potentially complex allocation function manually can produce significantly sub-optimal results. Often the manual allocation is too late and leads to more problems when the reallocated agents are not returned to their preferred work soon enough. 
     The advent of skills-based server allocation, in which the skills of each individual server are considered in allocating servers, complicates the situation. This approach cannot tolerate simplifying fragmentation of resources into monolithic pools where distinguishing skills are ignored. For this reason, conventional automatic call distributors (“ACDs”) fail to meet this need. 
     In this environment, the service organization wants to provide preferential treatment to work activities in a hierarchy that ensures that the best work item is given to a server in view of attained service levels and the stated priorities of service level goals. An automated system that distilled this information would have significant utility. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a software facility (“the facility”) for dynamically assigning priorities, called “preference values,” for the allocation of server resources to competing classes of work based upon achievement of service level goals. These preference values are said to rank the service classes in terms of their relative levels of need for additional server resources. In a preferred embodiment, the facility maintains a set of goals, each of which identifies a service class to which it applies. Each goal specifies a desired service level specifying a minimum percentage of transactions of the service class identified by the goal for which a goal criterion should be satisfied. Each goal further specifies that goal criterion, as well as an indication of the level of importance of the goal. For each goal, the facility determines an achieved service level indicating the percentage of completed transactions of the service class identified by the goal for which the goal criterion specified by the goal is satisfied. The facility further identifies any goals whose desired service level exceeds their achieved service level, and, for each service class identified by at least one identified goal, selects the goal identified by the service class whose importance indication indicates that it is the most important. The facility then ranks the service classes as identified by the selected goals in accordance with the importance indications of the selected goals. 
     Additional embodiments of the invention utilize the ranking constituted by the preference values in order to allocate servers among the transactions of the service classes. The allocated servers may be human servers. such as telephone operators, or automated servers, such as automated response units or web servers. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a sample general-purpose computer system upon which the facility may execute. 
     FIG. 2 is a table diagram showing a sample set of service level goals. 
     FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing the steps preferably performed by the facility in order to assign preference levels to service classes. 
     FIG. 4 is a table diagram showing identification by the facility of satisfied service level goals among a sample set of service level goals. 
     FIG. 5 is a table diagram showing the selection of service classes having unsatisfied service level goals. 
     FIG. 6 is a table diagram showing the selection of unsatisfied service level goals among the sample set of service level goals. 
     FIG. 7 is a table diagram showing the assignment of preference levels to service level goals among a sample set of service level goals. 
     FIG. 8 is a table diagram showing the assignment of preference levels to service classes. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a software facility (“the facility”) for dynamically assigning priorities, called “preference values” for the allocation of server resources to competing classes of work based upon achievement of service level goals. The facility orders the classes of service demands that are subject to service level goals. These classes of service demands are herein called service classes. A service class is merely the part of the service level goal that defines the set of transactions that apply to the goal. The desired service level and the criteria for classifying the service into good or bad are not part of the service class. For example, assume an operation has the goal to process 80% of the e-mail inquiries from premium prospects within 6 hours. The “e-mail inquiries from premium prospects” is the service class that pertains to the goal. Whether or not an inquiry is processed within 6 hours does not affect membership in the service class, and the 80% goal value is not part of the definition of the service class. 
     It should be noted that the relationship between work items and service classes is generally not trivial. Service classes are not necessarily mutually exclusive, nor are they necessarily collectively inclusive. Service classes may be defined by attributes not related to server skills or they may be defined by the same attributes that define server skills. Additionally, there may be more than one goal pertaining to a service class. 
     The facility identifies for consideration those service level goals where the goal attainment is in jeopardy. It then identifies the service classes for each of these goals. For each of these service classes, the facility eliminates from consideration all but the highest priority goal associated with it. From the remaining goals, the facility identifies the one with the lowest priority and assigns a preference value of 1 to the goal&#39;s service class. Next, it finds the goal with the next highest priority and assigns a preference value of 2 to its service class. Then it assigns a preference value of 3 to the next highest priority goal and so on until it assigns a preference value to every service class with an unattained goal. In the case of more than one service class with the same priority, the preference value assigned is the same for each of the subject service classes. Service classes not affected by the affirmative assignment of preference values receive a preference value of zero. 
     The preference values of the service classes constitute a vector that functions as a control input to a work distributor or ACD (automatic call distributor). The preference values sway decisions on server assignments to work. The work distributor or ACD biases distribution of work to service classes in accordance with the magnitude of their preference values. Without the operation of a machine that utilizes this facility, the work distributor or ACD can still function, but without control for goal attainment. With a machine using the facility to set service class preferences, the work distributor or ACD adapts to realized service levels in order to reach the associated goals. 
     For example, in a situation in which an agent would be assigned to transactions of a first service class, the agent may be assigned to transactions of a second service class when the preference value of the second service class is sufficiently greater than the preference value of the first service class. The preference levels are preferably used to provide guidance to the work distributor, while the control of the matching of work with servers remains in the domain of the work distributor. The priorities of the service classes only affect work distribution in a marginal sense. For example, a high preference value for a service class cannot make an agent available for work which he is totally unqualified to perform. When no goals are in jeopardy, the facility gives a preference value of zero for all service classes. In this case, the work distributor matches servers with work using only the basic work distribution rules based on work attributes and agent profiles. 
     A service level in this context could be a simple average, a moving average, or exponentially smoothed. Other types of averages may also be used. Since each service class has its own service level goal(s), the facility may simultaneously process goals having several different service level types. 
     The facility systematically determines dynamic priorities of work to effect a maximization of goal attainment in a hierarchy of goals. It ensures that the highest priority goal is satisfied before consideration is given to lesser priority goals. Furthermore, it ensures that resources are not unduly allocated to the most important goals so as to achieve excess performance at the expense of secondary goals. In this context, the facility tries to achieve as many goals as possible. 
     This allows an operations manager or systems analyst to specify desired service performance largely without consideration of the organization of the servers, the organization of the work, the profiles of the servers, or the relationships between the goals. Furthermore, such performance specifications can be invariant with time. The subject facility enables a machine to dynamically change the effective assignment of agents or other servers. This is in stark contrast to the present industry practice of continual manual intervention to reallocate agents based on realized results. As noted above, often the manual dispatching is too late and leads to more problems when the reallocated agents are not returned to their preferred work soon enough. 
     The facility maximizes service goals without undue constraints from the organization of work, the organization of servers, or the conflicting nature of the goals. The facility benefits the overall level of customer service, and it reduces the burden of supervision and control of operations. 
     FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a sample general-purpose computer system  100  upon which the facility may execute. The computer system  100  contains a central processing unit (CPU)  110 , input/output devices  120 , and a computer memory (memory)  130 . Among the input/output devices is a storage device  121 , such as a hard disk drive, and a computer-readable media drive  122 , which can be used to install software products, including the facility, which are provided on a computer-readable medium, such as a CD-ROM. The input/output devices  120  further include a connection  123  to servers and transaction sources from which transactions are received. For example, the connection  123  may be used to connect the computer system to one or more computer telephony interfaces, World Wide Web servers, or World Wide Web browsers. This connection is usable by the facility to detect server availability, assign servers to applications and transactions, and monitor the processing of transactions by servers. The memory  130  preferably contains the facility  131 . 
     While the facility is preferably implemented on a computer system configured as described above, those skilled in the art will recognize that it may also be implemented on computer systems having different configurations. For example, the facility may be implemented on a computer system having different components than described above. The facility may also be implemented on special-purpose computer systems, such as those in a call center. The facility may further be implemented without software in special-purpose hardware, using, for example, application-specific integrated circuits. 
     In order to more fully describe the details of the facility, its operation in conjunction with a specific example is discussed hereafter. This example is designed to provide a convenient basis for discussing the operation of the facility, and therefore is not necessarily representative in all senses of a typical application of the facility. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that the facility may be applied to scenarios that are both more extensive and diverse than the scenario portrayed in the example. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of a service level goals table  200  showing a sample set of service level goals defined in the example. A set of service level goals is established in order to reflect the objectives to be met by the customer service organization, and is preferably established manually, for example, by a system administrator or a service manager. As is discussed in greater detail below, the facility uses the contents of the service level goals table  200  to assign preference values to service classes. The service level goals table  200  shows a series of eight sample goals  201 - 208 . Each goal has a priority level  211  between 1 and 8. A goal&#39;s priority level reflects the desirability of satisfying that goal relative to the desirability of satisfying the other goals. For example, because goal  202  has priority level  2 , it is less desirable to satisfy goal  202  than satisfy goal  201 , while it is more desirable to satisfy goal  202  than goals  203 - 208 . Each goal preferably has a different priority level, such that, for n goals, priority levels  1  through n are assigned. 
     Each goal also has a service class  212 . The service class is an identification of the transactions to which the goal applies. For example, it can be seen from the service class of goal  207  that goal  207  applies to fulfillment processing transactions. It can further be seen from the service class of goal  208  that goal  208  applies to a subset thereof, i.e., fulfillment processing for prospects. 
     Each goal further has a goal criterion, which indicates the standard applied to determine whether a single transaction within the service class of the goal satisfies the goal. For example, it can be seen from goal  205  that, for goal  205  to be satisfied by a particular call transaction from a prospect, that call must be answered within 15 seconds. 
     Each goal further includes a desired service level  214 . The desired service level indicates the minimum percentage of transactions within the goal&#39;s service class for which the goal criterion must be satisfied in order for the goal to be considered satisfied. For example, it can be seen from the desired service level of goal  204  that, in order for goal  204  to be satisfied, at least 85% of the calls from preferred customers received during the current day must have been answered within 12 seconds. Because the goal criterion and desired service level together specify a sought level of performance with respect to transacting in the goal&#39;s service class, the goal criterion and desired service level are said to comprise a “performance standard.” 
     FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing the steps preferably performed by the facility in order to assign preference levels to service classes based upon the contents of the service level goals table  200 . These steps are preferably performed at least several times a day in order to maintain a set of up-to-date preference levels for allocating server resources, and may, in fact, be performed one or more times per minute. In step  301 , the facility identifies any service level goals that are not being satisfied. Performing step  301  preferably involves first determining, for each service level goal, the attained service level for the service level goal—that is, the percentage of transactions within the service class of the goal for which the criterion of the goal has been satisfied. The facility then determines whether the goal is satisfied based on whether the attained service level is at least as large as the desired service level for the goal. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a table  400  of unsatisfied service level goals identified by the facility from among a sample set of service level goals. Comparing FIGS. 2 and 4, it can be seen that the contents of columns  411 - 414  in table  400  correspond to the contents of columns  211 - 214  in table  200 . Table  400  also includes two additional columns: an attained service level column  415 , and an unsatisfied column  416 . The attained service level column  415  indicates, for each goal, the percentage of transactions within the service class of the goal for which the goal criterion was satisfied. For instance, it can be seen that for goal  403  the attained service level is 92%—that is, of all the calls from preferred customers during the current day, 92% of these calls were not abandoned. Attained service level is also sometimes referred to as “attained performance level.” The unsatisfied column  416  indicates whether the goal is unsatisfied based on its attained service level—that is, whether the attained service level is smaller than the desired service level. For example, it can be seen that goal  403  is unsatisfied since its attained service level, 83%, is less than its desired service level, 85%. 
     Returning to FIG. 3, after the facility has identified any unsatisfied service level goals, the facility continues in step  302  to select each service class having at least one identified goal—that is, each service class having at least one unsatisfied goal. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram of a table  500  showing the selection of service classes having unsatisfied service level goals. Comparing FIGS. 4 and 5, it can be seen that the facility has selected the calls from prospects service class  501  based on the failure to satisfy service level goals  401  and  405 ; has selected the calls from preferred customers service class  503  based on failure to satisfy goals  403  and  404 ; and has selected the fulfillment processing service class  507  based on failure to satisfy goal  407 . 
     Returning to FIG. 3, after selecting each service class having at least one unsatisfied goal, the facility continues in step  303 , for each selected service class, selecting the identified (unsatisfied) goal having the highest priority. 
     FIG. 6 is a diagram of a table  600  showing the selection of unsatisfied service level goals among the sample set of service level goals. Comparing FIGS. 4 and 6, it can be seen that the contents of columns  611 - 616  in table  600  match the contents of columns  411 - 416  in table  400 . Table  600  further includes a selected column  617  that indicates for each goal whether the goal is selected in accordance with step  303 . It can be seen that goal  601  is selected, since it has the selected calls from prospects service class and has a higher priority level (that is, a lower priority number) than goal  605 , which also has the calls from prospects service class. Similarly, goal  603  is selected since it has the selected calls from preferred customers service class and has a higher priority level than goal  604 . Finally, goal  607  is selected because it is the only goal having the fulfillment processing service class. 
     Returning to FIG. 3, after selecting goals as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 6, the facility continues in step  304  to assign preference levels to the selected service classes in the order of the priorities of their selected service goals. After performing step  304 , these steps conclude, as the facility has completed its function of assigning preference levels. 
     The performance of step  304  is discussed in conjunction with both FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 is a diagram of a table  700  showing the intermediate step of assigning preference levels to service level goals among a sample set of service level goals. It can be seen by comparing FIGS. 6 and 7 that the contents of columns  711 - 717  in table  700  match the contents of columns  611 - 617  in table  600 . Table  700  further includes a preference level column  718 , that indicates for each goal the preference level assigned to the goal. It can be seen that the facility began at the bottom of the table, at the lowest priority level ( 8 ) and moved upward in the table toward the highest priority level ( 1 ), assigning increasing integral preference levels beginning at  1  to each selected goal. Because goal  707  is the selected goal with the lowest priority level, it has received a preference level of  1 . Because goal  703  is the selected goal with the next higher priority level, it has been assigned a preference level of  2 . Finally, because the goal  701  is the selected goal with the next higher priority level, it has been assigned a preference level of  3 . 
     FIG. 8 is a diagram of a table  800  showing the assignment of preference levels to service classes. It can be seen by comparing FIG. 8 to FIGS. 5 and 7 that each selected service class shown in FIG. 5 has been assigned the preference level of one of its goals shown in FIG.  7 . For example, it can be seen that the calls from preferred customer service class  802 , shown as selected in FIG. 5, has been assigned preference level 2, which was assigned to goal  703 , which has the calls from preferred customer service class. The service class preference levels shown in FIG. 8 may be used by the facility and other entities to bias the supply of server resources toward those service classes having high preference levels. That is, there would be a heavier bias for assigning server resources to handling transactions within the calls from prospects service class than to handling transactions within the calls from preferred customers or fulfillment processing service classes. On the other hand, the bias toward assigning additional server resources to handling transactions within the fulfillment processing service class would only be stronger than any bias toward assigning server resources to transactions within service classes whose goals are being satisfied. 
     As an example, consider preference levels generated by the facility to bias the assignment of human servers who each express a level of affinity for each service class reflecting how much they enjoy processing transactions of each service class. In the case in which a particular server expresses an affinity level for the calls from preferred customers service class that is greater than his or her affinity level for the calls from prospects service class, this server is generally assigned to process transactions of the calls from preferred customers service class. However, in cases such as the case of the above example where the preference level of the calls from prospects service class exceeds the preference level of the calls from preferred customers service class, the service class preference levels could bias server allocation in such a way that the server is assigned to process transactions in the calls from prospects service class, despite his or her affinity to the contrary. Additional factors, such as server qualifications, may also be used in the resource allocation process. 
     While this invention has been shown and described with references to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes or modifications in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the preference levels generated by the facility may be used to assign resources of all types. Further, service levels that are not contiguous integers may be assigned by the facility, as may be non-numeric service levels.