Abstract:
A method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle. A heated gaseous working stream including a low boiling point component and a higher boiling point component is separated, and the low boiling point component is expanded to transform the energy of the stream into useable form and to provide an expanded relatively rich stream. This expanded rich stream is then split into two streams, one of which is expanded further to obtain further energy, resulting in a spent stream, the other of which is extracted. The lean unexpanded stream and the spent rich stream are then combined in a regenerating subsystem with the extracted stream to reproduce the working stream, which is then efficiently heated in a heater to provide the heated gaseous working stream that is separated.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to implementing a thermodynamic cycle to convert heat to useful form. 
     Thermal energy can be usefully converted into mechanical and then electrical form. Methods of converting the thermal energy of low temperature heat sources into electric power present an important area of energy generation. There is a need for increasing the efficiency of the conversion of such low temperature heat to electric power. 
     Thermal energy from a heat source can be transformed into mechanical and then electrical form using a working fluid that is expanded and regenerated in a closed system operating on a thermodynamic cycle. The working fluid can include components of different boiling temperatures, and the composition of the working fluid can be modified at different places within the system to improve the efficiency of operation. Systems that convert low temperature heat into electric power are described in Alexander I. Kalina&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,346,561; 4,489,563; 4,982,568; and 5,029,444. In addition, systems with multicomponent working fluids are described in Alexander I. Kalina&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,548,043; 4,586,340, 4,604,867; 4,732,005; 4,763,480, 4,899,545; 5,095,708; 5,440,882; 5,572,871 and 5,649,426, which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention features, in general a method and system for implementing a thermodynamic cycle. A working stream including a low boiling point component and a higher boiling point component is heated with a source of external heat (e.g., a low temperature source) to provide a heated gaseous working stream. The heated gaseous working stream is separated at a first separator to provide a heated gaseous rich stream having relatively more of the low boiling point component and a lean stream having relatively less of the low boiling point component. The heated gaseous rich stream is expanded to transform the energy of the stream into useable form and to provide an expanded, spent rich stream. The lean stream and the expanded, spent rich stream are then combined to provide the working stream. 
     Particular embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The working stream is condensed by transferring heat to a low temperature source at a first heat exchanger and thereafter pumped to a higher pressure. The expanding takes place in a first expansion stage and a second expansion stage, and a stream of partially expanded fluid is extracted between the stages and combined with the lean stream. A separator between the expander stages separates a partially expanded fluid into vapor and liquid portions, and some or all of the vapor portion is fed to the second stage, and some of the vapor portion can be combined with the liquid portion and then combined with the lean stream. A second heat exchanger recuperatively transfers heat from the reconstituted multicomponent working stream (prior to condensing) to the condensed multicomponent working stream at a higher pressure. A third heat exchanger transfers heat from the lean stream to the working stream after the second heat exchanger. The working stream is split into two substreams, one of which is heated with the external heat, the other of which is heated at a fourth heat exchanger with heat from the lean stream; the two streams are then combined to provide the heated gaseous working stream that is separated at the separator. 
     Embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following advantages. Embodiments of the invention can achieve efficiency of conversion of low temperature heat to electric power that exceeds the efficiency of standard Rankine cycles. 
     Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of particular embodiments and from the claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of a thermodynamic system for converting heat from a low temperature source to useful form. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of another embodiment of the FIG. 1 system which permits an extracted stream and a completely spent stream to have compositions which are different from the high pressure charged stream. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of a simplified embodiment in which there is no extracted stream. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram of a further simplified embodiment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a system for implementing a thermodynamic cycle to obtain useful energy (e.g., mechanical and then electrical energy) from an external heat source is shown. In the described example, the external heat source is a stream of low temperature waste-heat water that flows in the path represented by points 25-26 through heat exchanger HE-5 and heats working stream 117-17 of the closed thermodynamic cycle. Table 1 presents the conditions at the numbered points indicated on FIG. 1. A typical output from the system is presented in Table 5. 
     The working stream of the FIG. 1 system is a multicomponent working stream that includes a low boiling component and a high boiling component. Such a preferred working stream may be an ammonia-water mixture, two or more hydrocarbons, two or more freons, mixtures of hydrocarbons and freons, or the like. In general, the working stream may be mixtures of any number of compounds with favorable thermodynamic characteristics and solubility. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a mixture of water and ammonia is used. In the system shown in FIG. 1, the working stream has the same composition from point 13 to point 19. 
     Beginning the discussion of the FIG. 1 system at the exit of turbine T, the stream at point 34 is referred to as the expanded, spent rich stream. This stream is considered &#34;rich&#34; in lower boiling point component. It is at a low pressure and will be mixed with a leaner, absorbing stream having parameters as at point 12 to produce the working stream of intermediate composition having parameters as at point 13. The stream at point 12 is considered &#34;lean&#34; in lower boiling point component. 
     At any given temperature, the working stream (of intermediate composition) at point 13 can be condensed at a lower pressure than the richer stream at point 34. This permits more power to be extracted from the turbine T, and increases the efficiency of the process. 
     The working stream at point 13 is partially condensed. This stream enters heat exchanger HE-2, where it is cooled and exits the heat exchanger HE-2 having parameters as at point 29. It is still partially, not completely, condensed. The stream now enters heat exchanger HE-1 where it is cooled by stream 23-24 of cooling water, and is thereby completely condensed, obtaining parameters as at point 14. The working stream having parameters as at point 14 is then pumped to a higher pressure obtaining parameters as at point 21. The working stream at point 21 then enters heat exchanger HE-2 where it is recuperatively heated by the working stream at points 13-29 (see above) to a point having parameters as at point 15. The working stream having parameters as at point 15 enters heat exchanger HE-3 where it is heated and obtains parameters as at point 16. In a typical design, point 16 may be precisely at the boiling point but it need not be. The working stream at point 16 is split into two substreams; first working substream 117 and second working substream 118. The first working substream having parameters as at point 117 is sent into heat exchanger HE-5, leaving with parameters as at point 17. It is heated by the external heat source, stream 25-26. The other substream, second working substream 118, enters heat exchanger HE-4 in which it is heated recuperatively, obtaining parameters as at point 18. The two working substreams, 17 and 18, which have exited heat exchangers HE-4 and HE-5, are combined to form a heated, gaseous working stream having parameters as at point 19. This stream is in a state of partial, or possibly complete, vaporization. In the preferred embodiment, point 19 is only partially vaporized. The working stream at point 19 has the same intermediate composition which was produced at point 13, completely condensed at point 14, pumped to a high pressure at point 21, and preheated to point 15 and to point 16. It enters the separator S. There, it is separated into a rich saturated vapor, termed the &#34;heated gaseous rich stream&#34; and having parameters as at point 30, and a lean saturated liquid, termed the &#34;lean stream&#34; and having parameters as at point 7. The lean stream (saturated liquid) at point 7 enters heat exchanger HE-4 where it is cooled while heating working stream 118-18 (see above). The lean stream at point 9 exits heat exchanger HE-4 having parameters as at point 8. It is throttled to a suitably chosen pressure, obtaining parameters as at point 9. 
     Returning now to point 30, the heated gaseous rich stream (saturated vapor) exits separator S. This stream enters turbine T where it is expanded to lower pressures, providing useful mechanical energy to turbine T used to generate electricity. A partially expanded stream having parameters as at point 32 is extracted from the turbine T at an intermediate pressure (approximately the pressure as at point 9) and this extracted stream 32 (also referred to as a &#34;second portion&#34; of a partially expanded rich stream, the &#34;first portion&#34; being expanded further) is mixed with the lean stream at point 9 to produce a combined stream having parameters as at point 10. The lean stream having parameters as at point 9 serves as an absorbing stream for the extracted stream 32. The resulting stream (lean stream and second portion) having parameters as at point 10 enters heat exchanger HE-3 where it is cooled, while heating working stream 15-16, to a point having parameters as at point 11. The stream having parameters as at point 11 is then throttled to the pressure of point 34, obtaining parameters as at point 12. 
     Returning to turbine T, not all of the turbine inflow was extracted at point 32 in a partially expanded state. The remainder, referred to as the first portion, is expanded to a suitably chosen low pressure and exits the turbine T at point 34. The cycle is closed. 
     In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the extraction at point 32 has the same composition as the streams at points 30 and 34. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the turbine is shown as first turbine stage T-1 and second turbine stage T-2, with the partially expanded rich stream leaving the higher pressure stage T-1 of the turbine at point 31. Conditions at the numbered points shown on FIG. 2 are presented in Table 2. A typical output from the FIG. 2 system is presented in Table 6. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, the partially expanded rich stream from first turbine stage T-1 is divided into a first portion at 33 that is expanded further at lower pressure turbine stage T-2, and a second portion at 32 that is combined with the lean stream at 9. The partially expanded rich stream enters separator S-2, where it is separated into a vapor portion and a liquid portion. The composition of the second portion at 32 may be chosen in order to optimize its effectiveness when it is mixed with the stream at point 9. Separator S-2 permits stream 32 to be as lean as the saturated liquid at the pressure and temperature obtained in the separator S-2; in that case, stream 33 would be a saturated vapor at the conditions obtained in the separator S-2. By choice of the amount of mixing at stream 133, the amount of saturated liquid and the saturated vapor in stream 32 can be varied. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, this embodiment differs from the embodiment of FIG. 1, in that the heat exchanger HE-4 has been omitted, and there is no extraction of a partially expanded stream from the turbine stage. In the FIG. 3 embodiment, the hot stream exiting the separator S is admitted directly into heat exchanger HE-3. Conditions at the numbered points shown on FIG. 3 are presented in Table 3. A typical output from the system is presented in Table 7. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, this embodiment differs from the FIG. 3 embodiment in omitting heat exchanger HE-2. Conditions at the numbered points shown on FIG. 4 are presented in Table 4. A typical output from the system is presented in Table 8. While omitting heat exchanger HE-2 reduces the efficiency of the process, it may be economically advisable in circumstances where the increased power given up will not pay for the cost of the heat exchanger. 
     In general, standard equipment may be utilized in carrying out the method of this invention. Thus, equipment such as heat exchangers, tanks, pumps, turbines, valves and fittings of the type used in a typical Rankine cycles, may be employed in carrying out the method of this invention. 
     In the described embodiments of the invention, the working fluid is expanded to drive a turbine of conventional type. However, the expansion of the working fluid from a charged high pressure level to a spent low pressure level to release energy may be effected by any suitable conventional means known to those skilled in the art. The energy so released may be stored or utilized in accordance with any of a number of conventional methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     The separators of the described embodiments can be conventionally used gravity separators, such as conventional flash tanks. Any conventional apparatus used to form two or more streams having different compositions from a single stream may be used to form the lean stream and the enriched stream from the fluid working stream. 
     The condenser may be any type of known heat rejection device. For example, the condenser may take the form of a heat exchanger, such as a water cooled system, or another type of condensing device. 
     Various types of heat sources may be used to drive the cycle of this invention. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________#  P psiA   X   T ° F.            H BTU/lb                 G/G30                     Flow lb/hr                           Phase__________________________________________________________________________7  325.22   .5156       202.81            82.29                 .5978                     276,778                           SatLiquid8  305.22   .5156       169.52            44.55                 .5978                     276,778                           Liq 28°9  214.26   .5156       169.50            44.55                 .5978                     276,778                           Wet .999710 214.26   .5533       169.52            90.30                 .6513                     301,549                           Wet .919111 194.26   .5533       99.83            -29.79                 .6513                     301,549                           Liq 53°12 85.43   .5533       99.36            -29.79                 .6513                     301,549                           Wet .998713 85.43   .7000       99.83            174.41                 1   463,016                           Wet .665114 84.43   .7000       72.40            -38.12                 1   463,016                           SatLiquid15 350.22   .7000       94.83            -13.08                 1   463,016                           Liq 73°16 335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 1   463,016                           SatLiquid117   335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 .8955                     463,016                           SatLiquid17 325.22   .7000       203.40            302.92                 .8955                     414,621                           Wet .5946118   335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 .1045                     463,016                           SatLiquid18 325.22   .7000       197.81            281.00                 .1045                     48,395                           Wet .625419 325.22   .7000       202.81            300.63                 1   463,016                           Wet .597821 355.22   .7000       73.16            -36.76                 1   463,016                           Liq 96°29 84.93   .7000       95.02            150.73                 1   463,016                           Wet .698430 325.22   .9740       202.81            625.10                 .4022                     186,238                           SatVapor32 214.26   .9740       170.19            601.53                 .0535                     24,771                           Wet .019434 85.43   .9740       104.60            555.75                 .3487                     161,467                           Wet .046723 .    Water       64.40            32.40                 9.8669                     4,568,51924 .    Water       83.54            51.54                 9.8669                     4,568,51925 .    Water       208.40            176.40                 5.4766                     2,535,75026 .    Water       169.52            137.52                 5.4766                     2,535,750__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________#  P psiA   X   T ° F.            H BTU/lb                 G/G30                     Flow lb/hr                           Phase__________________________________________________________________________7  325.22   .5156       202.81            82.29                 .5978                     276,778                           SatLiquid8  305.22   .5156       169.52            44.55                 .5978                     276,778                           Liq 28°9  214.19   .5156       169.48            44.55                 .5978                     276,778                           Wet .999710 214.19   .5523       169.52            89.23                 .6570                     304,216                           Wet .92111 194.19   .5523       99.74            -29.96                 .6570                     304,216                           Liq 53°12 85.43   .5523       99.53            -29.96                 .6570                     304,216                           Wet .999213 85.43   .7000       99.74            173.96                 1   463,016                           Wet .665814 84.43   .7000       72.40            -38.12                 1   463,016                           SatLiquid15 350.22   .7000       94.74            -13.18                 1   463,016                           Liq 73°16 335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 1   463,016                           SatLiquid117   335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 .8955                     463,016                           SatLiquid17 325.22   .7000       203.40            302.92                 .8955                     414,621                           Wet .5946118   335.22   .7000       164.52            65.13                 .1045                     463,016                           SatLiquid18 325.22   .7000       197.81            281.00                 .1045                     48,395                           Wet .625419 325.22   .7000       202.81            300.63                 1   463,016                           Wet .597821 355.22   .7000       73.16            -36.76                 1   463,016                           Liq 96°29 84.93   .7000       94.96            150.38                 1   463,016                           Wet .698930 325.22   .9740       202.81            625.10                 .4022                     186,238                           SatVapor31 214.69   .9740       170.63            602.12                 .4022                     186,238                           Wet. 018932 214.26   .9224       170.63            539.93                 .0593                     27,437                           Wet .128533 214.69   .9828       170.63            612.87                 .3430                     158,800                           SatVapor34 85.43   .9829       102.18            564.60                 .3430                     158,800                           Wet .029435 214.69   .5119       170.63            45.44                 .0076                     3,527 SatLiquid23 .    Water       64.40            32.40                 9.8666                     4,568,37124 .    Water       83.50            51.50                 9.8666                     4,568,37125 .    Water       208.40            176.40                 5.4766                     2,535,75026 .    Water       169.52            137.52                 5.4766                     2,535,750__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________#  P psiA   X   T ° F.            H BTU/lb                 G/G30                     Flow lb/hr                           Phase__________________________________________________________________________10 291.89   .4826       203.40            80.72                 .6506                     294,484                           SatLiquid11 271.89   .4826       109.02            -23.56                 .6506                     294,484                           Liq 89°12 75.35   .4826       109.07            -23.56                 .6506                     294,484                           Wet .999413 75.35   .6527       109.02            180.50                 1   452,648                           Wet .666914 74.35   .6527       72.40            -47.40                 1   452,648                           SatLiquid15 316.89   .6527       103.99            -12.43                 1   452,648                           Liq 64°16 301.89   .6527       164.52            55.41                 1   452,648                           SatLiquid17 291.89   .6527       203.40            273.22                 1   452,648                           Wet .650621 321.89   .6527       73.04            -46.18                 1   452,648                           Liq 97°29 74.85   .6527       100.84            146.74                 1   452,648                           Wet .710430 291.89   .9693       203.40            631.64                 .3494                     158,164                           SatVapor34 75.35   .9693       108.59            560.44                 .3494                     158,164                           Wet .047423 .    Water       64.40            32.40                 8.1318                     3,680,85224 .    Water       88.27            56.27                 8.1318                     3,680,85225 .    Water       208.40            176.40                 5.6020                     2,535,75026 .    Water       169.52            137.52                 5.6020                     2,535,750__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________#  P psiA   X   T ° F.            H BTU/lb                 G/G30                     Flow lb/hr                           Phase__________________________________________________________________________10 214.30   .4059       203.40            80.05                 .7420                     395,533                           SatLiquid11 194.30   .4059       77.86            -55.30                 .7420                     395,533                           Liq 118°12 52.48   .4059       78.17            -55.30                 .7420                     395,533                           Liq 32°29 52.48   .5480       104.46            106.44                 1   533,080                           Wet .782514 51.98   .5480       72.40            -60.06                 1   533,080                           SatLiquid21 244.30   .5480       72.83            -59.16                 1   533,080                           Liq 98°16 224.30   .5480       164.52            41.26                 1   533,080                           SatLiquid17 214.30   .5480       203.40            226.20                 1   533,080                           Wet .74230 214.30   .9767       203.40            646.49                 .2580                     137,546                           SatVapor34 52.48   .9767       114.19            571.55                 .2580                     137,546                           Wet .047323 .    Water       64.40            32.40                 5.7346                     3,057,01824 .    Water       93.43            61.43                 5.7346                     3,057,01825 .    Water       208.40            176.40                 4.7568                     2,535,75026 .    Water       169.25            137.52                 4.7568                     2,535,750__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Performance Summary KCS34 Case 1______________________________________Heat in         28893.87 kW   237.78 BTU/lbHeat rejected   25638.63 kW   210.99 BTU/lbΣ Turbine enthalpy drops            3420.86 kW   28.15 BTU/lbTurbine Work     3184.82 kW   26.21 BTU/lbFeed pump ΔH 1.36, power            175.97 kW    1.45 BTU/lbFeed + Coolant pump power            364.36 kW    3.00 BTU/lbNet Work         2820.46 kW   23.21 BTU/lbGross Output     3184.82 kWeCycle Output     3008.85 kWeNet Output       2820.46 kWeNet thermal efficiency             9.76%Second law limit             17.56%Second law efficiency             55.58%Specific Brine Consumption            899.05 lb/kW hrSpecific Power Output             1.11 Watt hr/lb______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Performance Summary KCS34 Case 2______________________________________Turbine mass flow            58.34 kg/s 463016   lb/hrPt 30 Volume flow           4044.45 1/s 514182   ft 3/hrHeat in        28893.87 kW  212.93   BTU/lbHeat rejected  25578.48 kW  188.50   BTU/lbΣ Turbine enthalpy drops           3500.33 kW  25.80    BTU/lbTurbine Work    3258.81 kW  24.02    BTU/lbFeed pump ΔH 1.36, power           196.51 kW   1.45     BTU/lbFeed + Coolant pump power           408.52 kW   3.01     BTU/lbNet Work        2850.29 kW  21.00    BTU/lbGross Output    3258.81 kWeCycle Output    3062.30 kWeNet Output      2850.29 kWeNet thermal efficiency            9.86%Second law limit            17.74%Second law efficiency            55.60%Specific Brine Consumption           889.65 lb/kW hrSpecific Power Output            1.12 Watt hr/lb______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________Performance Summary KCS34 Case 3______________________________________Turbine mass flow            57.03 kg/s 452648   lb/hrPt 30 Volume flow           4474.71 l/s 568882   ft 3/hrHeat in        28893.87 kW  217.81   BTU/lbHeat rejected  25754.18 kW  194.14   BTU/lbΣ Turbine enthalpy drops           3300.55 kW  24.88    BTU/lbTurbine Work    3072.82 kW  23.16    BTU/lbFeed pump ΔH 1.21, power           170.92 kW   1.29     BTU/lbFeed + Coolant pump power           341.75 kW   2.58     BTU/lbNet Work        2731.07 kW  20.59    BTU/lbGross Output    3072.82 kWeCycle Output    2901.89 kWeNet Output      2731.07 kWeNet thermal efficiency            9.45%Second law limit            17.39%Second law efficiency            54.34%Specific Brine Consumption           928.48 lb/kW hrSpecific Power Output            1.08 Watt hr/lbHeat to Steam Boiler          15851.00 kW  577.22   BTU/lbHeat Rejected  10736.96 kW  390.99   BTU/lb______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 8______________________________________Performance Summary KCS34 Case 4______________________________________Turbine mass flow            67.17 kg/s 533080   lb/hrPt 30 Volume flow           7407.64 1/s 941754   ft 3/hrHeat in        28893.87 kW  184.94   BTU/lbHeat rejected  26012.25 kW  166.50   BTU/lbΣ Turbine enthalpy drops           3020.89 kW  19.34    BTU/lbTurbine Work    2812.45 kW  18.00    BTU/lbFeed pump ΔH .89, power           147.99 kW   0.95     BTU/lbFeed + Coolant pump power           289.86 kW   1.86     BTU/lbNet Work        2522.59 kW  16.15    BTU/lbGross Output    2812.45 kWeCycle Output    2664.46 kWeNet Output      2522.59 kWeNet thermal efficiency            8.73%Second law limit            17.02%Second law efficiency            51.29%Specific Brine Consumption           1005.22 lb/kW hrSpecific Power Output            0.99 Watt hr/lb______________________________________