Abstract:
The present invention discloses a method used by an Authenticator of a wireless LAN. The Authenticator is capable of communicating wirelessly with a Supplicant of the wireless LAN. The Authenticator holds a plurality of candidate keys whereas the Supplicant holds one key. The key held by the Supplicant is included in the plurality of candidate keys held by the Authenticator. The method includes determining which one of the plurality of candidate keys is the key held by the Supplicant and communicating with the Supplicant wirelessly according to the determined key held by the Supplicant.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a wireless LAN encryption method, and more particularly, to a method used by an access point of a wireless LAN and related apparatus.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0004]     In recent years, wireless technology has been a boon for both business and home users. However, with wireless data transmission, there is the risk of personal data being exposed. In order to increase transmission security, it has been suggested that a special key to be utilized for ciphering/deciphering data transmitted through a wireless LAN. With the development of wireless LAN technology, the industry has also come up with several security standards, such as the IEEE 802.11i and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) standards.  
         [0005]     In the IEEE 802.11i/WPA standard, two authentication types are defined, IEEE 802.1x and pre-shared key (PSK). Under the architecture of IEEE 802.1x an authentication server, such as a Remote Authentication Dial-In Service (RADIUS server) is necessary for a wireless local area network (WLAN) environment. For PSK authentication, a plurality of wireless clients (also referred to as Supplicants in the following description) and an access point (AP, or also referred to as an Authenticator in the following description) in a wireless local area network utilizes a common pairwise master key (PMK) for data authentication and encryption. Under this architecture, an information leakage may occur if any one of the Supplicants is no longer trustworthy. Consequently, a new PMK must be reinstalled in all remaining Supplicants and the Authenticator in order to ensure further transmission safety.  
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0006]     It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a method used by a wireless LAN Authenticator for increasing internet security.  
         [0007]     According to the present invention, a method used by an Authenticator of a wireless LAN under the architecture of PSK authentication is disclosed. The Authenticator holds a plurality of candidate keys, each Supplicant holds one key, and the key held by the Supplicant is one of candidate keys held by the Authenticator. The method includes the following steps: 
        (a) determining which one of the candidate keys is the key held by each Supplicant; and     (b) communicating with each Supplicant wirelessly according to the determined key held by the Supplicant.        
 
         [0010]     A wireless local area network (WLAN) is also disclosed according to the present invention. The wireless LAN comprising: a client (also referred to as Supplicant) holding a key; and an access point (also referred to as Authenticator) holding a plurality of candidate keys, in which the key held by the Supplicant is included in the plurality of candidate keys held by the Authenticator. The Authenticator is capable of determining which one of the plurality of candidate keys is the key held by the Supplicant and establishing a wireless communication with the Supplicant according to the determined key.  
         [0011]     These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0012]      FIG. 1  is a perspective diagram showing a 4-way handshake between an Authenticator and a Supplicant according to the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 2  is a second perspective diagram showing a 4-way handshake between an Authenticator and a Supplicant according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0014]     In a wireless LAN environment, before a Supplicant establishes a wireless connection for transferring data to an Authenticator under the PSK mode, the Supplicant needs to perform a 4-way handshake with the Authenticator to confirm that the PMKs held by them are the same and is live, and to generate a key used for a unicast communication (refers to a wireless communication established between a single Supplicant and the Authenticator). A group key used by the Authenticator for establishing a broadcast communication among multiple Supplicants on the other hand can be generated by a group key handshake.  
         [0015]     By utilizing the method disclosed by the present invention, under the IEEE 802.11i/WPA PSK mode, an Authenticator of a wireless LAN is allowed to hold a plurality (more than one) of candidate keys (each key being a different PMK), and different Supplicants (or different Supplicant sets, in which each Supplicant set includes at least one Supplicant) are allowed to hold different PMKs. By doing so, each Supplicant (or Supplicant set) is unable to know PMKs held by other Supplicants (or Supplicant sets), and even if any Supplicant (or Supplicant set) becomes untrustworthy, the Authenticator and other remaining Supplicants are still able to establish a secure wireless communication.  
         [0016]     Please refer to  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  is a perspective diagram showing a 4-way handshake between an Authenticator  110  and a Supplicant  120  according to the present invention. As shown in the figure, the Supplicant  120  holds a key (the key being a PMK) and the Authenticator  110  holds a plurality of candidate keys (each candidate key being a different PMK), and the key held by the Supplicant  120  is among the plurality of keys held by the Authenticator  110  (however before the 4-way handshake is performed, the Authenticator  110  is unaware of which one of the plurality of candidate keys is the key held by the Supplicant  120 ). According to the method proposed by the present invention, the Authenticator  110  is able to determine which one of the candidate keys is the key held by the Supplicant  120  during a 4-way handshake and establish a wireless communication with the Supplicant  120  according to the key held by the Supplicant  120  (to be more precisely, a pairwise transient key (PTK) is calculated according to the PMK key held by the Supplicant  120  for establishing a wireless communication with the Supplicant  120 ).  
         [0017]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the Supplicant  120  first sends an EAPOL-Start packet (EAPOL being Extensible Authentication Protocol Over LAN) to the Authenticator  110  to initiate the 4-way handshake. The Authenticator  110  will then generate a random value ANonce after the EAPOL-Start packet is received and send ANonce to the Supplicant  120  through the first packet in the 4-way handshake, EAPOL-Key 1 . Upon receiving EAPOL-Key 1 , the Supplicant  120  also generates a random value SNonce and substitute ANonce, SNonce, its own PMK, and other related values into an equation (such as PRF-512, in which PRF is abbreviated for Pseudo Random Function) for generating a pairwise transient key (PTK). The first 128 bits of the PTK (also referred to as a key confirmation key (KCK)) is used to generate an integrity check value for verifying the packet content of the 4-way handshake. The integrity check value is referred to as the message integrity code (MIC).  
         [0018]     Next, the Supplicant  120  will generate the second packet in the 4-way handshake, EAPOL-Key 2 , in which the SNonce and the integrity check value (MIC) of the packet will be enclosed, and send it to the Authenticator  110 . If the prior art method is used, upon receiving EAPOL-Key 2 , the Authenticator  110  will also substitute ANonce, SNonce, its own PMK, and other related values into the same equation used by the Supplicant (such as PRF-512) to generate a PTK, use the KCK in the PTK to calculate the MIC of EAPOL-Key 2 , and compare the calculated value with the MIC value enclosed in EAPOL-Key 2 . If both Supplicant  120  and Authenticator  110  holds the same PMK, since the parameters substituted by both parties into the equation are the same, the MIC generated by both parties should also be the same. Through this way, the Authenticator  110  can verify if the Supplicant  120  holds the same PMK as it does. After finishing the following EAPOL-Key 3  and EAPOL-Key 4  exchange, the Authenticator  110  and the Supplicant  120  will install the generated PTK. Afterward, the unicast communication between the Authenticator  110  and the Supplicant  120  is encrypted based on the installation of PTK.  
         [0019]     Under the architecture of the present invention, the Authenticator  110  is allowed to have a plurality of different candidate keys (each candidate key being a different PMK, in which only one of the candidate keys will be the key held by the Supplicant  120 , and the Authenticator  110  does not know which one of the candidate keys is the key held by the Supplicant  120  in advance). The Authenticator  110  will utilize the integrity check value (MIC) in EAPOL-Key 2  to determine which one of the candidate keys is the one held by the Supplicant  120  and complete the rest of the 4-way handshake with the Supplicant  120  successfully. In this example, after the second packet EAPOL-Key 2  is received, the Authenticator  110  will substitute ANonce, SNonce, other related values, and each candidate key into the same equation (such as PRF-512) to generate a corresponding PTK. The candidate key, generating the same MIC value as the one enclosed in EAPOL-Key 2 , will be selected by the Authenticator as the PMK held by the Supplicant and used for the rest of the 4-way handshake.  
         [0020]     If the Authenticator t  110  holds a substantial number of candidate keys, a timeout is likely to occur in the Supplicant  120  and a new EAPOL-Start packet will be sent to the Authenticator  110  before the Authenticator  110  can determine the key held by the Supplicant  120 . Under this condition, the present invention enables the Authenticator  110  to ignore the EAPOL-Start packet and continue the determination of the Supplicant key, and not until the key held by the Supplicant  120  is determined will a new 4-way handshake be resumed. Please refer to  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  is a perspective diagram showing an interaction between the Authenticator  110  and the Supplicant  120  under this condition.  
         [0021]     If a key collision (refers to a condition when more than one candidate keys generate the same MIC value as the one enclosed in EAPOL-Key 2 ) takes place during a candidate key selection process, the Authenticator  110  will restart the 4-way handshake according to a new ANonce, a new SNonce, and a new MIC value is used for examining the keys involved in the collision until an unique candidate key corresponding to key used by the Supplicant can be determined.  
         [0022]     It is also possible that the Authenticator  110  maintains a lookup table for storing a plurality of internet addresses (usually MAC addresses) of the Supplicant and candidate keys corresponding to each internet address. If the internet address of the Supplicant  120  and a corresponding key are already stored in the lookup table before a wireless communication is established with the Supplicant  120 , the Authenticator  110  can use the key to perform the 4-way handshake with the Supplicant  120  (thereby avoiding the numerous trial and errors with each candidate key after EAPOL-Key 2  is received). If the internet address of the Supplicant  120  and the corresponding candidate key are not stored in the lookup table, the Authenticator  110  will also perform the 4-way handshake with the Supplicant  120  according to the workflow from  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , and store the internet address of the Supplicant  120  and its corresponding candidate key into the lookup table after the key is determined.  
         [0023]     According to the proposed method of the present invention, a normal wireless communication with an Authenticator can be established by simply providing a different key (a different PMK) to each different Supplicant (or different Supplicant set). Hence, if any one of the Supplicants (or Supplicant set) becomes untrustworthy, it is unnecessary to reset the keys owned by other trustworthy Supplicants since the key used by each Supplicant (or Supplicant set) is different. As a result, the transmission security and convenience to system maintenance are great increased.  
         [0024]     Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.