Abstract:
Systems and methods for mounting one or more solar panels are disclosed. A tubular component can be provided. The tubular component can include a first curved portion configured to rise to a first height above and extending along a length of the tubular component. The first curved portion can have a predetermined diameter, a predetermined thickness, and a predetermined bend radius selected to support a first solar panel module attached by a first end at a first attachment point positioned at the first height. The first curved portion can include an elongated leg configured to support a deflector element projecting outwardly at a predetermined angle to the mounting surface. The tubular component also can include a distal end having a second curved portion configured to rise to a second height above and extending along the length of the tubular component. The distal end can have a second attachment point at the second height. The second attachment point can be separated from the first attachment point by a predetermined distance and can be configured to support a second end of a second solar panel module at a predetermined tilt.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The current application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/948,216, filed Mar. 5, 2014, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Solar (photovoltaic) panels are often manufactured in the form of flat rigid structures. To facilitate the performance of the function of generating electricity, solar panels may be mounted in an area exposed to the sun or other source of light. Often, solar panels are mounted outdoors at an angle from the horizontal so that they will more directly face the sun during peak daylight hours as opposed to panels mounted flat on the ground. In some applications, a number of solar panels are mounted together in an array in order to combine the power generation capabilities of the individual panels. In many instances, mounting systems for solar panel arrays can retain the solar panels in place. This may be accomplished by attaching the solar panels to one another in a mounting system and/or by mounting the panels to the mounting system. 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0003]    Aspects and implementations of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for mounting solar panels. A solar panel mounting system can include a plurality of support members formed from tubular structural components. The tubular components may be provided as straight components and bent into desired shapes. The shapes of the tubular components may be designed to reduce material cost and complexity relative to other systems for mounting solar panels. For example, the simplified component structure and manufacturing processes can reduce cost while providing sufficient structural strength to support a plurality of solar panels, wind ballast trays, and ballast blocks. 
         [0004]    One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a tubular component to support to support one or more solar panel modules above a mounting surface. The tubular component can include a first curved portion configured to rise to a first height above and extending along a length of the tubular component. The first curved portion can have a predetermined diameter, a predetermined thickness, and a predetermined bend radius selected to support a first solar panel module attached by a first end at a first attachment point positioned at the first height. The first curved portion can include an elongated leg configured to support a deflector element projecting outwardly at a predetermined angle to the mounting surface. The tubular component also can include a distal end having a second curved portion configured to rise to a second height above and extending along the length of the tubular component. The distal end can have a second attachment point at the second height. The second attachment point can be separated from the first attachment point by a predetermined distance and can be configured to support a second end of a second solar panel module at a predetermined tilt. 
         [0005]    In some implementations, the tubular component can be formed from an electrically conductive material configured to provide an electrical path from the one or more solar panel modules to earth ground. In some implementations, the electrically conductive material can include aluminum or steel. 
         [0006]    In some implementations, at least a portion of the tubular component can have a cross-sectional shape that is square, circular, or hexagonal. In some implementations, the predetermined bend radius can be in the range of 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches. In some implementations, the predetermined diameter can be in the range of 0.5 inches to 1.5 inches. 
         [0007]    In some implementations, the predetermined thickness can be about 0.035 inches. In some implementations, the predetermined angle of the deflector element can be in the range of 40 degrees to 50 degrees. In some implementations, the tubular component also can include at least one mounting hole formed through the elongated leg, the mounting hole configured to receive a fastener for securing the deflector element to the elongated leg. 
         [0008]    Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a deflector element for a solar panel module mounting system. The deflector element can include a tray, a first side wall coupled to a first edge of the tray and extending away from an upper surface of the tray, and a second side wall coupled to a second edge of the tray opposing the first edge of the tray. The second side wall can extend away from the upper surface of the tray, such that the tray, the first sidewall, and the second sidewall together define a channel for receiving a ballast weight. The first sidewall and the second sidewall can be arranged at angles of less than 90 degrees with the respect to the upper surface of the tray such that the first sidewall and the second sidewall exert a clamping force on the ballast weight when the ballast weight is positioned on the upper surface of the tray within the channel. The tray also can include a first security tab positioned at a first end of the tray and a second security tab positioned at a second end of the tray. The first security tab and the second security tab can be configured to be moved into positions protruding into the channel to prevent the ballast weight from sliding laterally within the channel. 
         [0009]    In some implementations, the ballast weight can include one or more concrete blocks. In some implementations, the tray also can include at least one threaded fastener configured to secure the deflector element to an adjacent deflector element. In some implementations, the tray also can include a plurality of slots along the length of the tray. The plurality of slots can be configured to be aligned with at least one mounting hole of a solar panel module support structure to which the deflector element is secured. 
         [0010]    Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a system for mounting one or more solar panel modules above a supporting surface. The system can include at least one tubular component. The at least one tubular component can include a first curved portion configured to rise to a first height above and extending along a length of the tubular component. The first curved portion can have a predetermined diameter, a predetermined thickness, and a predetermined bend radius selected to support a first solar panel module attached by a first end at a first attachment point positioned at the first height. The first curved portion also can include an elongated leg configured to support a deflector element projecting outwardly at a predetermined angle to the mounting surface. The tubular component can include a distal end having a second curved portion configured to rise to a second height above and extending along the length of the tubular component and having a second attachment point at the second height. The second attachment point can be separated from the first attachment point by a predetermined distance and configured to support a second end of a second solar panel module at a predetermined tilt. The deflector element can include a tray, a first side wall coupled to a first edge of the tray and extending away from an upper surface of the tray, and a second side wall coupled to a second edge of the tray opposing the first edge of the tray. The second side wall can extend away from the upper surface of the tray, such that the tray, the first sidewall, and the second sidewall together define a channel for receiving a ballast weight. The first sidewall and the second sidewall can be arranged at angles of less than 90 degrees with the respect to the upper surface of the tray such that the first sidewall and the second sidewall exert a clamping force on the ballast weight when the ballast weight is positioned on the upper surface of the tray within the channel. The tray can include a first tab positioned at a first end of the tray and a second tab positioned at a second end of the tray. The first tab and the second tab can be configured to be moved into positions protruding into the channel to prevent the ballast weight from sliding laterally within the channel. 
         [0011]    In some implementations, the system also can include a foot element positioned between a bottom surface of the at least one tubular component and the mounting surface to prevent damage to the mounting surface. In some implementations, the system can be configured to withstand winds of up to 150 miles per hour. In some implementations, the predetermined tilt of the second solar panel module can be opposed to the predetermined angle of the deflector element. In some implementations, the at least one tubular component can be formed from an electrically conductive material configured to provide an electrical path from the one or more solar panel modules to earth ground. In some implementations, the predetermined bend radius can be in the range of 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches. In some implementations, the predetermined angle of the deflector element can be in the range of 40 degrees to 50 degrees. 
         [0012]    A system for mounting a solar panel above a supporting surface can include two rear support members in contact with the supporting surface. The system can include two front support members in contact with the mounting surface. The system can include a ballast tray extending between the two front support members and mounted on a front side of the front support members. The ballast tray can include a channel configured to support a ballast weight on an upper side of the ballast tray. Each of the rear support members and front support members can be formed from a tubular structure configured to bear the weight of a portion of the solar panel such that the solar panel is suspended above the supporting surface. 
         [0013]    In some implementations, each of the tubular structures forming the front support member and the rear support members can have a thickness of about 0.035 inches. In some implementations, each of the tubular structures forming the front support member and the rear support members can have a diameter of about one inch. In some implementations, the tubular structures can be elongated members bent into a predefined shape so as to support the solar panel at a first predetermined angle and to support the ballast tray at a second predetermined angle. 
         [0014]    These and other aspects and embodiments are discussed in detail below. The foregoing information and the following detailed description include illustrative examples of various aspects and embodiments, and provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and embodiments. The drawings provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]    The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 1A-1D  are various views of an array of solar panels, according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 2A-2B  are perspective views of a front support member used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 3A-3B  are perspective views of a middle support member used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 4A-4D  are perspective views of a rear support member used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1B , according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 5A-5B  are various views of an attachment mechanism used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 6A-6B  are perspective views of a ballast tray used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 7A-7B  are side views of an array of solar panels, according to an illustrative implementation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, solar panel mounting systems with aerodynamic ballast trays. The various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as the described concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes. 
         [0024]      FIGS. 1A-1C  are various views of an array  100  of solar panels, according to an illustrative implementation. The array  100  is configured to be mounted on a substantially flat mounting surface, such as a roof. The array  100  includes four solar panels  110   a - 110   d  (generally referred to as solar panels  110 ). In various other implementations, the array  100  may include any number of solar panels  110 . The solar panels  110  are illustrated in  FIG. 1  as being mounted at an angle from the horizontal (i.e., an angle from the plane of the mounting surface), but in some embodiments, the solar panels  110  may be mounted at angles other than that illustrated in  FIG. 1 , or they may be mounted horizontally. The solar panels  110  may, in some implementations, be mounted at different angles throughout the array  100  and uniformly in others such as the one shown in  FIG. 1 . The array  100  also includes two ballast trays  120   a  and  120   b  (generally referred to as ballast trays  120 ). These ballast trays  120  are located in  FIG. 1  facing what will be described herein as the front side of array  100 . What is described as the front side may correspond to a geographical North position of the array  100 . As shown here, the front side may be positioned approximately to the North so that the tilted faces of the solar panels  110  are directed generally toward the South, e.g., tilted to more squarely face the direction of the sun for an installation north of the equator. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, each row of solar panels  110  may have a corresponding ballast tray  120 , but in some embodiments, at least one of the rows of solar panels  110  in an array  100  may not have an accompanying ballast tray  120 . For example, in one embodiment, ballast trays are positioned only on solar panels  110  in the front-most row of the array  100 . In some embodiments, additional ballast trays may be mounted facing the lateral sides (e.g., the sides perpendicular to the front side) at the edges of the array, roughly perpendicular to the ballast trays  120  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In another embodiment, ballast trays  120  are positioned only on the front and side edges of the array  100 . The ballast trays  120  are oriented at an angle opposed to the angle of the solar panels  110 . In some implementations, the ballast trays  120  are positioned so as to direct wind approaching the array  100  from the front side of the array  100  up and over the solar panels  110 . Wind that is permitted to pass underneath the solar panels  110  can create lift forces that tend to displace the array  100  from its position on the mounting surface. The ballast trays  120  can block at least a portion of such wind, thereby increasing the stability of the array  100 . In some implementations, wind impacting the ballast trays  120  from the front side of the array  100  can create downward forces on the array  100 . The downward forces created by the ballast trays  120  can further increase the stability with which the array  100  is mounted to the mounting surface. 
         [0026]    The ballast trays  120  and solar panels  110  in this example are mounted on front support members  130   a - 130   d  (generally referred to as front support members  130 ). As discussed above, the front of the array  100  may, in some implementations, correspond to a geographical north position. Thus, the front support members  130  may also be referred to as north support members  130 . For simplicity, the these elements are primarily referred to as front support members  130  in throughout this disclosure. The front support members  130  are structural supports that may be used to support at least a portion of a solar panel  110 . In this implementation, the front support members  130  rest on the mounting surface. The solar panels  110  and ballast trays  120  are secured to the front support members  130 . The front support members  130  are described further below. 
         [0027]    As shown in  FIG. 1B , ballast trays  120  and solar panels  110  of the array  100  are also supported by middle support members  160   a - 160   d  (generally referred to as middle support members  160 ). The middle support members  160  are structural supports that may be used to support at least a portion of a solar panel  110 . In this implementation, the middle support members  160  rest on the mounting surface. The solar panels  110  and ballast trays  120  are secured to the middle support members  160 . 
         [0028]    The ballast trays  120  each include a channel  122   a  and  122   b , respectively. The channel  122  is configured to receive one or more ballast blocks such as the ballast blocks  140   a - 140   j . The ballast blocks  140  provide the support members  130  with additional mass that may assist in keeping the array  100  securely in place on the mounting surface. Ballast blocks  140  may in some implementations be made from a concrete mix. Ballast blocks  140  in some implementations may be made from any concrete mix that is intended to withstand the elements for an appropriate period of time, such as cement intended for outdoor applications and having an intended life span of greater than 30 years. Ballast blocks  140  may in some embodiments be made using a Portland Type III concrete with maximum water absorption of about 10%. This concrete is a high early strength, normal weight concrete with a fully cured strength of at least 2,500 psi, and is available from Precast Specialties Inc. of Abington, Mass. In some implementations, ballast blocks  140  may be formed from materials such as, for example, metal, natural or recycled rubber, or Quazite®, a polymer concrete available from Hubbell Lenoir City, Inc. of Lenoir City, Tenn., or other materials. An additional ballast tray  150  is placed beneath the solar panels  110   c  and  110   d . The ballast tray  150  can be configured to receive one or more ballast blocks  140  to add additional weight to the array  100 . 
         [0029]    Also shown in  FIG. 1B  are rear support members  180   a - 180   d  (generally referred to as rear support members  180 ). As discussed above, the rear of the array  100  may, in some implementations, correspond to a geographical south position. Thus, the rear support members  180  may also be referred to as south support members  180 . For simplicity, the these elements are primarily referred to as rear support members  180  in throughout this disclosure. The rear support members  180  are structural supports that may be used to support at least a portion of a solar panel  110 . In this implementation, the rear support members  1380  rest on the mounting surface. The solar panels  110  are secured to the rear support members  180 . The rear support members  180  are described further below. 
         [0030]    As shown in  FIG. 1C , the channels  122  of the ballast trays  120  are configured to hold the ballast blocks  140  securely in place. For example, the side walls of the channels  122  are angled relative to the sides of the ballast blocks  140 . Therefore, the side walls of the channels  122  function as clamps that exert of a force on the ballast blocks  140  when the ballast blocks  140  are positioned within the channels  122 . This force helps to secure the ballast blocks  140  within the channels  140 , so that the ballast blocks  140  cannot easily fall out of or otherwise be removed from the channels  122 . Also shown in  FIG. 1C  are attachment mechanisms  170   a  and  170   b  (generally referred to as attachment mechanisms  170 ). The attachment mechanisms  170  secure the solar panel  110   d  to the middle support members  160   d  and  160   c , respectively. A similar attachment mechanism is used to secure every other middle support member  160 , front support member  130 , and rear support member  180  to the respective solar panels  110 . In this implementation, each solar panel  110  is fastened to four of the various support members by four respective attachment mechanisms  170 . 
         [0031]      FIGS. 2A-2B  are perspective views of a front support member  230  used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. The front support member  230  corresponds to the front support member  130  shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C . The front support member  230  can be formed as a tubular component. In some implementations, the front support member  230  is formed from metal. For example, steel or aluminum may be used to form the front support member  230 . In other implementations, a metal alloy may be used. Metal may be a suitable material due to its ability to provide structural integrity to the frame. In addition, metal conducts electricity well, which can allow for an electrical path to earth ground through the front support member  230 . In other implementations, the front support member  230  can be formed from any material with sufficient structural rigidity to support the array of solar panels, regardless of electrical conductivity. For example, the structural supports may be formed from plastic or rubber. 
         [0032]    In some implementations, the front support member  230  is hollow and has a square cross-sectional shape to increase structural efficiency. In other implementations, the front support member  230  may be solid or partially solid, and may have different cross sectional shapes. For example, the front support member  230  may have a circular, hexagonal, or I-beam cross sectional shape. As shown, the front support member  230  can be formed from a single tubular structure. This can promote ease of manufacturing and reduce the overall cost of the array of solar panels. For example, the front support member  230  can be formed into a straight tubular component and can then be bent into a predetermined or desired shape. In some implementations, the radius of curvature of the bent portions of the front support member  230  can be approximately two inches. In some other implementations, the front support member  230  may be formed from a plurality of structural members. For example, several structural members can be fused together in the shape of the front support member  230 . 
         [0033]    The front support member  230  includes four mounting holes  232   a - 232   d  (generally referred to as mounting holes  230 ). Each of the mounting holes  230  is drilled through the entire front support member  230 . In some implementations, the mounting holes  230  can be used to fasten other components to the front support member  230 . For example, the mounting holes  232   a  and  232   b  can be used to secure a ballast tray, such as the ballast tray  120   a  shown in  FIG. 1A , to the front support member  230 . Similarly, the mounting hole  232   c  can be used together with an attachment mechanism to fasten a solar panel such as the solar panels  110  shown in  FIG. 1A  to the front support member  230 . In some implementations, one or more of the mounting holes  232 , such as the mounting hole  232   d , can be used for fasting a grounding device to the front support member  230 . 
         [0034]    A portion of the front support member  230  extends substantially along the mounting surface for stability. In some implementations, the front support member  230  can include feet  234   a  and  234   b  (generally referred to as feet  234 ) placed between the bottom of the front support member  230  and the mounting surface. In some implementations, a foot  234  may be made from any material that can be considered an “inert pad” by the roofing industry. In some implementations, feet  234  may be made from recycled, non-vulcanized crumb rubber, such as that available from Unity Creations Ltd. of Hicksville, N.Y. In other implementations feet  234  may be made from natural rubber, EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer—a rubber roofing material), or another roofing material that may protect the roof or other surface upon which array  100  may be mounted from damage by the material of front support member  230 . Feet  234  may be secured to the front support member  230  using a plastic fastener, such as a push-in, ribbed shank plastic rivet. In some implmenetations, an adhesive, such as, for example, epoxy (e.g., ChemRex 948) can be used. 
         [0035]      FIGS. 3A-3B  are perspective views of a middle support member  360  used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. The middle support member  360  corresponds to the middle support member  160  shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C . The middle support member  360  can be formed as a tubular component. In some implementations, the middle support member  360  is formed from metal. For example, steel or aluminum may be used to form the front support member  230 . In other implementations, a metal alloy may be used. Metal may be a suitable material due to its ability to provide structural integrity to the frame. In addition, metal conducts electricity well, which can allow for an electrical path to earth ground through the middle support member  360 . In other implementations, the middle support member  360  can be formed from any material with sufficient structural rigidity to support the array of solar panels, regardless of electrical conductivity. For example, the structural supports may be formed from plastic or rubber. 
         [0036]    In some implementations, the middle support member  360  is hollow and has a square cross-sectional shape to increase structural efficiency. In other implementations, the middle support member  360  may be solid or partially solid, and may have different cross sectional shapes. For example, middle support member  360  may have a circular, hexagonal, or I-beam cross sectional shape. As shown, the middle support member  360  can be formed from a single tubular structure. This can promote ease of manufacturing and reduce the overall cost of the array of solar panels. For example, the middle support member  360  can be formed into a straight tubular component and can then be bent into its proper shape. In some implementations, the radius of curvature of the bent portions of the middle support member  360  can be approximately two inches. In some other implementations, the middle support member  360  may be formed from a plurality of structural members. For example, several structural members can be fused together in the shape of the middle support member  360 . 
         [0037]    The middle support member  360  may include six mounting holes  362   a - 362   f  (generally referred to as mounting holes  362 ). Each of the mounting holes  360  is drilled through the entire middle support member  360 . In some implementations, the mounting holes  360  can be used to fasten other components to the middle support member  360 . For example, the mounting holes  362   a  and  362   b  can be used to secure a ballast tray, such as the ballast tray  120   b  shown in  FIG. 1A , to the middle support member  360 . Similarly, the mounting hole  362   c  can be used together with an attachment mechanism to fasten a solar panel such as the solar panels  110  shown in FIG.  1 A to the front support member  230 . The portion of the support member  360  that includes the mounting hole  362   c  rises to a first height selected to support a front portion of a solar panel. The mounting hole  362   e  also can be used together with an attachment mechanism to fasten another solar panel such as the solar panels  110  shown in  FIG. 1A  to the middle support member  360 . The mounting hole  362   e  is positioned on a distal end of the support member  360  which includes a curved portion rising to a second height. Thus, the middle support member  360  can support two separate solar panels; one fastened to via the mounting hole  362   c  and one fastened via the mounting hole  362   e.    
         [0038]    A portion of the middle support member  360  extends substantially along the mounting surface for stability. In some implementations, the middle support member  360  can include feet  364   a  and  364   b  (generally referred to as feet  364 ) placed between the bottom of the front support member  360  and the mounting surface. In some implementations, the feet  364  may be made from any material that can be considered an “inert pad” by the roofing industry, including any of the materials identified above in connection with the feet  234  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B . 
         [0039]      FIGS. 4A-4D  are perspective views of a rear support member used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1B , according to an illustrative implementation. The rear support member  460  corresponds to the rear support member  180  shown in  FIGS. 1B and 1D . The rear support member  460  can be formed as a tubular component. In some implementations, the front support member  460  is formed from metal. For example, steel or aluminum may be used to form the rear support member  460 . In other implementations, a metal alloy may be used. Metal may be a suitable material due to its ability to provide structural integrity to the frame. In addition, metal conducts electricity well, which can allow for an electrical path to earth ground through the rear support member  460 . In other implementations, the rear support member  460  can be formed from any material with sufficient structural rigidity to support the array of solar panels, regardless of electrical conductivity. For example, the rear support member  460  may be formed from plastic or rubber. 
         [0040]    In some implementations, the rear support member  460  is hollow and has a square cross-sectional shape to increase structural efficiency. In other implementations, the rear support member  460  may be solid or partially solid, and may have different cross sectional shapes. For example, the rear support member  460  may have a circular, hexagonal, or I-beam cross sectional shape. As shown, the rear support member  460  can be formed from a single tubular structure. This can promote ease of manufacturing and reduce the overall cost of the array of solar panels. For example, the rear support member  460  can be formed into a straight tubular component and can then be bent into a predetermined or desired shape. In some implementations, the radius of curvature of the bent portions of the rear support member  460  can be approximately two inches. In some other implementations, the rear support member  460  may be formed from a plurality of structural members. For example, several structural members can be fused together in the shape of the rear support member  460 . 
         [0041]    The rear support member  460  includes four mounting holes  462   a - 462   d  (generally referred to as mounting holes  462 .) Each of the mounting holes  460  is drilled through the entire rear support member  460 . In some implementations, the mounting holes  460  can be used to fasten other components to the front support member  230 . For example, the mounting holes  462   c  and  462   d  can be used to secure a ballast tray, such as the ballast tray  150  shown in  FIG. 1B , to the rear support member  460 . Similarly, the mounting holes  462   a  and  462   b  can be used together with an attachment mechanism to fasten a solar panel such as the solar panels  110  shown in  FIG. 1A  to the rear support member  460 . In some implementations, one or more of the mounting holes  464  can be used for fasting a grounding device to the rear support member  460 . 
         [0042]    A portion of the rear support member  460  extends substantially along the mounting surface for stability. In some implementations, the rear support member  460  can include a foot  464  placed between the bottom of the rear support member  460  and the mounting surface. In some implementations, the foot  464  may be made from any material that can be considered an “inert pad” by the roofing industry. In some implementations, the foot  464  may be made from recycled, non-vulcanized crumb rubber, such as that available from Unity Creations Ltd. of Hicksville, N.Y. In other implementations the foot  464  may be made from natural rubber, EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer—a rubber roofing material), or another roofing material that may protect the roof or other surface upon which array  100  may be mounted from damage by the material of rear support member  460 . The foot  464  may be secured to the rear support member  460  using a plastic fastener, such as a push-in, ribbed shank plastic rivet. In some implementations, an adhesive, such as, for example, epoxy (e.g., as ChemRex 948) can be used. 
         [0043]    Also shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D  is a swaged section  465  of the rear support member  460 . The swaged section can be formed to have a smaller cross-sectional shape than the other sections of the rear support member  460  as well as the front support member  230  shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  and the middle support member  360  shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . In some implementations, the swaged section  465  of the rear support member  460  can be configured to be inserted into a portion of the middle support member  360 . Such an arrangement is shown, for example, in  FIG. 1D , in which the rear support member  180 D is inserted into the middle support member  160   d . Thus, the swaged section  465  of the rear support member  460  can “telescope” within a section of the middle support member to change the overall length of the support frame. 
         [0044]      FIGS. 5A-5B  are various views of an attachment mechanism  570  used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1C , according to an illustrative implementation. The attachment mechanism  570  corresponds to the attachment mechanism  170  shown in  FIG. 1A . The attachment mechanism  570  can be used to mount a solar panel to a front support member, such as the front support member  230  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B , a middle support member, such as the middle support member  360  shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B , or a rear support member, such as the rear support member  460  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D . The attachment mechanism  570  includes a flat upper portion  571  coupled to a flange  572 . Mounting holes  573   a  and  573   b  (generally referred to as mounting holes  573 ) are positioned along the sides of the attachment mechanism and arranged in a coaxial fashion with respect to one another. The attachment mechanism  570  also includes a bolt  574  and a nut  575 . 
         [0045]    The function of the attachment mechanism  570  is most readily understood with reference to  FIG. 1C , which shows the attachment mechanism  170   a  securing solar panel  110   d  to middle support member  160   d . Referring now to FIGS.  1 C and  5 A- 5 B, the attachment mechanism  570  can be fastened to a middle support member  160  by aligning the mounting holes  573  of the attachment mechanism  570  with mounting holes on the middle support member  160 . A mechanical fastener, such as a bolt, nail, screw, or metal rivet can then be placed through the mounting holes to secure the attachment mechanism  570  to the middle support member  160 . Next, an edge of the solar panel  110  can be placed in contact with the flat upper portion  571  of the attachment mechanism  570 . The solar panel  110  can be positioned such that a mounting hole in the edge of the solar panel is aligned with the bolt  574 . As shown in  FIG. 5A , the bolt  574  fits through a slot in the attachment mechanism  570 . In some implementations, the slot may be about 0.75 inches in length. The slot can allow the bolt  574  to be joined to a variety of solar panel modules which may have mounting holes positioned at slightly different locations. The bolt  574  can then be placed through the mounting hole in the solar panel  110  and can be secured with the nut  575 . When secured in this fashion, the flange  572  also comes into contact with the solar panel  110  to provide additional support and to ensure that the attachment mechanism  570  remains securely aligned with the solar panel  110 . The serrated portion of the bolt  574  also can break an annodization layer included in a solar panel module or in the solar panel module frame, thereby forming a conductive path to facilitate grounding. In some implementations, the flange  572  can also facilitate calculation of the power density of the solar panel array  100 . For example, power density can be a function of solar panel width. Because the flange  572  contacts the solar panels  100  at their front and rear edges, the width of each solar panel is substantially equal to the distance separating the flanges  572  of attachment mechanisms  570  in adjacent rows of the array  100 . Knowledge of this separation distance therefore provides knowledge of the width of each solar panel  110 . As a result, the power density of the entire array can be calculated with relative ease. 
         [0046]    In some implementations, the solar panels  110  may have mounting holes drilled in pre-selected locations along the edges of the solar panels  110 . A technician can select an appropriate mounting hole for use with the attachment mechanism  570  at the installation site. In other implementations, the mounting hole may be formed through the edge of the solar panel at the installation site, as part of the installation process. It should be understood that the attachment mechanism  570  can also be used in a similar manner to attach a solar panel  110  to another point on a middle support member  160  (e.g., using the mounting hole  362   e  shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B ) or on a front support member  230  (e.g., using the mounting hole  232   c  shown in  FIGS. 2B-2C ). 
         [0047]      FIGS. 6A-6B  are perspective views of a ballast tray  620  used in the array of solar panels shown in  FIG. 1A , according to an illustrative implementation. The ballast tray  620  corresponds to the ballast trays  120  shown in  FIG. 1A . The ballast tray  620  includes a channel  650  and two security tabs  622   a  and  622   b  (generally referred to as security tabs  622 ). The ballast tray  620  also includes slots such as the slot  624  along its length. In some implementations, the ballast tray  620  may also include one or more threaded fasteners  690 . 
         [0048]    In some implementations, the ballast tray  620  is formed from metal. For example, steel or aluminum may be used to form the ballast tray  620 . In other implementations, a metal alloy may be used. Metal may be a suitable material due to its ability to provide structural integrity to the frame. Metal also can provide for an electrical path to earth ground through the ballast tray  620 . Furthermore, due to its low cost and malleability, forming the ballast tray  620  from a metal can reduce the overall production cost and complexity of the ballast tray  620 . For example, the ballast tray  620  can be formed from a flat sheet of metal. The sheet can be cut to the correct dimensions and can then be bent into the proper shape. Therefore, in some implementations, the ballast tray  620  can be formed from a single piece of material. 
         [0049]    The ballast tray  620  can be mounted to structural members such as the front support members  230  shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B  or the middle support members  360  shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B . For example, the ballast tray  620  can be positioned such that the slots  624  are aligned with mounting holes on the desired support structure. Bolts or other mechanical fasteners can be place through the slots  624  and mounting holes to secure the ballast tray  620  to the support structure. Because there are many slots  624  along the length of the ballast tray  620 , particular knowledge of the position of the mounting holes on the support structures is not required at the time of manufacturing. Rather, it can be assumed that the large number of slots  624  will provide adequate ability to reposition the ballast tray  620  such that it can be fastened to the desired support structures at the installation site. Thus, the slots  624  simplify the manufacturing and installation process for the ballast tray  620 . 
         [0050]    The security tabs  622  help to ensure that the ballast blocks will not easily slide out or be removed from the ballast tray ballast tray  620  when the ballast tray  620  is in use. For example, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the security tab  622   a  can be bent at an angle of approximately 90 degrees so that it protrudes in the channel  650 . The security tab  622   b  can also be bent into a similar position, however it is shown in its original position in  FIG. 6B  for illustrative purposes. In some implementations, after the ballast blocks have been installed in the channel  650  at the installation site, a technician can pull the security tabs  622  downward. The protruding security tabs  622  can then prevent the ballast blocks from sliding along the length of the channel  650  and falling out the sides of the ballast tray  620 . As discussed above, the sidewalls of the channel  650  can also serve as clamps to put pressure on the ballast blocks, thereby securing them in place within the channel  650 . 
         [0051]    The threaded fasteners  690  may be included on the ballast tray  620  to facilitate connecting adjacent ballast trays to one another for added structural integrity. In some implementations, the threaded fastener  690  may be a Rivnut manufactured by Cardinal Components, Inc., or a PEM fastener manufactured by Penn Engineering and Manufacturing Corp. As shown in  FIG. 1A , each row of the array may include several ballast trays joined together. In some implementations, some of the ballast trays may include threaded fasteners  690  so that adjacent ballast trays may be connected. In some implementations, longer ballast trays  620  do not include threaded fasteners  690 , while shorter ballast trays  620  do include threaded fasteners  690 . In some implementations, the threaded fasteners  690  may be preinstalled before the ballast trays  620  are delivered to the installation site. Therefore, technicians can work more quickly to install the ballast trays  620  in the array  100  at the installation site, as the threaded fasteners can be preinstalled. 
         [0052]      FIGS. 7A-7B  are side views of an array  100  of solar panels  110 , according to an illustrative implementation. The array  100  is similar to the array  100  shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C . For example, the array  100  includes a plurality of solar panels  110 , two of which (e.g., solar panels  110   a  and  110   b ) are shown in  FIG. 7A . Middle support members such as the middle support member  160  support the solar panels  100  above a supporting surface. A ballast tray  120  rests on the middle support member  160  and supports a ballast block  140 . An alternative support member  190  is also shown overlaid on the middle support member  160 . The alternative support member  190  is shown only for comparison and illustrative purposes and is not part of the system or required to support the solar panels  110 , the ballast tray  120 , and the ballast block  140 . The system including the middle support member  160  can be used to realize several advantages relative to systems that include support members similar to the alternative support members  190 . Several of these advantages are addressed below. 
         [0053]    The cross-sectional views of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  show that the alternative support member  190  is a solid piece of material from the level of the supporting surface to the upper edge of the alternative support member  190 . The alternative support member  190  therefore in some implementations requires a significant amount of material to manufacture, which can result in increased cost as well as increased weight. In some implementations, the alternative support member  190  is formed from metal and can weigh in the range of about 15 pounds to about 25 pounds. In contrast, the middle support member  160  can be formed from a tubular metal structure which requires significantly less material to manufacture. In some implementations, the middle support member  160  can be formed from a steel tube having a thickness of about 0.035 inches. The tube may have a diameter in the range of about 0.5 inches to about 1.5 inches and may have a square cross-sectional shape. In some implementations, the tube may have a diameter of about 1 inch. Other cross-sectional shapes may also be used for the tubular structure used to form the middle support member  160 . 
         [0054]    For ease of manufacturing, the middle support member  160  may be formed from a straight tubular structure that is bent into a predetermined shape or profile, such as a profile providing, establishing or maintaining a predetermined set of one or more characteristics, such as the tilt angle of the solar panels  110 , the horizontal and vertical distances between the solar panels  110  and the ballast trays  120 , the tilt angle of the ballast trays  120 , the bend radius of middle supports  160 , and the strength of the overall array  100 . These predetermined characteristics are described further below. 
         [0055]    In some implementations, the middle support  160  can be bent into a predetermined shape selected to support the solar panels  110  at a predetermined angle. For example, the angle at which the solar panels  110  are supported may be selected to substantially face the sun during daylight hours. In implementations in which the array  100  is mounted on a roof or other horizontal surface, a relatively small tilt angle may be desired to ensure that the solar panels  110  are oriented towards the sun in order to capture a large amount of solar energy. For example, the middle support  160  may be configured to maintain a tilt angle of 5 degrees or 10 degrees for the solar panels  110 . In some implementations, the orientation of the array  100  may also be adjusted to further cause the surfaces of the solar panels  110  to face the sun. For example, for installations in the northern hemisphere, the middle supports  160  may be configured to support the solar panels at a predetermined angle towards the south. 
         [0056]    In some implementations, the middle support members  160  can be bent into a predetermined shape selected to maintain predetermined vertical and horizontal distances between the solar panels  110  and the ballast trays  120 . For example, the vertical distance between the upper edge of a ballast tray  120  and the upper edge of a solar panel  110  can serve as a ventilation gap. In some implementations, this predetermined vertical distance between the upper edge of each ballast tray  120  and the upper edge of each solar panel  110  can be in the range of about 2 inches to about 5 inches. The predetermined horizontal distance between the lower edge of the solar panels  110  and the lower edge of the ballast trays  120  can provide space for a technician to access the components of the array  100  during installation or repair operations. To allow a technician to walk safely between the rows of solar panels  110  in the array  100 , the middle support structure  160  may be bent into a desired shape selected to provide adequate walking space between the rows of solar panels  110  in the array  100 . For example, in some implementations, the middle support structure  160  may be bent into a shape such that the ballast trays  120  are positioned away from the solar panels  110  by a distance of about 6 inches or more. 
         [0057]    In some implementations, the middle support member  160  can be bent into a predetermined profile selected to support the ballast trays  120  at a predetermined angle. The angle at which the ballast trays are supported can impact the aerodynamics of the array  100  as well the walk space between the ballast trays and the solar panels. In some implementations, the middle support members  160  may be formed into a shape selected to support the ballast trays at an angle in the range of about 40 degrees to about 50 degrees, which can provide sufficient walk distance between the ballast trays and the lower edge of the solar panels while also providing adequate wind deflection capability. In some other implementations, the middle support members  160  may be configured to support the ballast trays  120  at other suitable angles. 
         [0058]    In some implementations, the middle support structure  160  may be formed into a profile by bending the tubular structure forming the middle support structure  160  at a predetermined bend radius. The bend radius may be selected for structural strength as well as ease of manufacturing. For example, in some implementations, bending the middle support member  160  at a radius of curvature of in the range of about 1.5 inches to about 2.5 inches can result in sufficient structural strength to support the solar panels  110 , ballast trays  120 , and ballast blocks  140 . In some implementations, the bend radius can be about 2 inches. In some implementations, the middle support members may also be configured to support a predetermined load weight, which may come from the weight of the solar panels  110  and ballast trays  120  populated with up to five ballast blocks as well as other forces resulting from environmental conditions in the area where the array  100  is installed. For example, in some implementations, the middle support member  160  may be configured to support about 60 pounds per square inch of snow. In some other implementations, the middle support member  160  may be configured to support about 90 pounds per square inch of snow. The middle support member  160  also can be configured to withstand winds up to about 150 miles per hour. 
         [0059]    The middle support member  160  can maintain a predetermined profile substantially the same as the profile of the alternative support member  190 . However, the middle support member  160  can be formed from significantly less material than the alternative support member  190 . For example, the middle support member  160  is formed with structural material mainly positioned at the perimeter of the profile of the middle support member  160 , where the other components of the array  100  connect to the middle support member  160 . Because the interior region of the profile shape of the middle support member  160  are not used to connect other components of the array  100 , it is unnecessary to have structural material in the interior region. In contrast, the alternative support member  190  is formed from structural material defining the profile and filling the interior region as well. Therefore, the alternative support member  190  requires significantly more material to define the same profile as the middle support member  160 . Thus, in some implementations, the middle support member  160  can be formed using about one third of the structural material needed to form the alternative support member  190 . However, because the middle support member  160  can be formed from a hollow tubular structure having high structural strength, the strength of the middle support member  160  can provide as much structural support as the alternative support member  190 . Furthermore, using a tubular structure to form the middle support member  160  facilitates ease of manufacturing. For example, the tubular structure is an inexpensive component that is commercially available, and it can simply be bent into a predetermined shape to form the middle support member  160 . No additional tools or manufacturing equipment are necessary, which further reduces the cost of the middle support structure  160  relative to the alternative support structure  190 .