Abstract:
A display element is disclosed which comprises a pair of substrates, a display medium interposed between the substrates which medium may comprise electrophoretic particles and a dispersion medium, and partition walls with which the display medium is divided in the direction perpendicular to the substrate faces; the partition walls being formed of a self-assembling material, and a fluid dispersion such as an electrophoretic fluid containing electrophoretic particles being provided in hollows defined by the partition walls and the substrates.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    This invention relates to a display element and a process for manufacturing the same. More particularly, it relates to a display element in which partition walls with which a display medium interposed between a pair of substrates is divided for each display pixel in the direction perpendicular to the substrate faces have been formed by a self-assembling material, and a process for manufacturing the same.  
           [0003]    2. Related Background Art  
           [0004]    In recent years, with advancement of information machinery, there is an increasing demand for display elements of a low power consumption and thin type. Research and development on display elements conformable to such demand are energetically made. In particular, liquid-crystal display elements can perform display by electrically controlling the arrangement of liquid-crystal molecules to change optical characteristics of liquid crystal, and have been developed energetically and commercialized as display elements that can meet the above demand.  
           [0005]    These liquid-crystal display elements, however, have problems that characters or letters displayed on a screen can be viewed with difficulty depending on angles at which user watches the screen and on reflected light and that there is a load on sight that is ascribable to the flickering of a light source or to low brightness. These problems have not well been solved. Accordingly, studies are energetically made on display elements having less load on sight.  
           [0006]    As one of such display elements, an electrophoretic display element invented by Harold D. Lees et al. is known (U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,758). FIGS. 13A and 13B schematically illustrate the construction of the electrophoretic display element and its performance principle.  
           [0007]    As shown in FIG. 13A, the electrophoretic display element has a pair of substrates  5   a  and  5   b  disposed leaving a stated space between them, and electrodes  5   c  an  5   d  are formed on the substrates  5   a  and  5   b , respectively. Also, a large number of positively charged and colored electrophoretic particles  5   e  and a dispersion medium  5   f  colored in a color different from that of the electrophoretic particles are filled into the space between the substrates. Still also, partition walls  5   g  are so disposed as to divide the space into a large number of pixels arranged in the plane direction of the substrates and are so constructed that the electrophoretic particles can be prevented from localizing and also the space between the substrates can be defined.  
           [0008]    In such a display element, as shown in FIG. 13A, a voltage with negative polarity is applied to the electrode  5   c  on the lower side as viewed in the drawing and also a voltage with positive polarity is applied to the electrode  5   d  on the upper side as viewed in the drawing, whereupon the electrophoretic particles  5   e  standing charged positively collect in such a way that they cover the electrode  5   c  on the lower side. When the display element is viewed from the direction shown by an arrow, display is performed in the same color as that of the dispersion medium  5   f . On the contrary, as shown in FIG. 13B, a voltage with positive polarity is applied to the electrode  5   c  on the lower side as viewed in the drawing and also a voltage with negative polarity is applied to the electrode  5   d  on the upper side as viewed in the drawing, whereupon the electrophoretic particles  5   e  collect in such a way that they cover the electrode  5   d  on the upper side. When the display element is viewed from the direction shown by an arrow, display is performed in the same color as that of the electrophoretic particles  5   e . Such drive is performed for each pixel, whereby any desired image is displayed by a large number of pixels.  
           [0009]    Meanwhile, as a self-luminescent display element, an organic EL(electroluminescence) element proposed by C. W. Tang et al. is known (“Appl. Phys. Lett.” Vol. 51, p.913, 1987).  
           [0010]    [0010]FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a conventional organic EL display element. As shown in FIG. 14, the display element has a pair of substrates  6   a  and  6   b  disposed leaving a stated space between them. The substrate  6   a  is a transparent glass sheet or the like. On the substrate  6   a , a first electrode  6   c  formed of a transparent electrode of ITO (indium—tin oxide) or the like is provided. On the substrate  6   a  including the first electrode  6   c , partition walls  6   e  having electrical insulation properties are arranged and formed at given intervals. On the first electrode  6   c  at which partition walls  6   e  are not formed, at least one layer of thin film of an organic EL medium  6   f  is formed. Second electrodes  6   d  are further formed on the organic EL mediums  6   f . The face side where the partition walls  6   e  and the organic EL medium  6   f  are formed is covered with a substrate  6   b , and the edge space between the substrates  6   a  and  6   b  is sealed with an adhesive  6   g.    
           [0011]    In the organic EL display element, electric fields are applied across the first electrode  6   c  and the second electrodes  6   d , where the organic EL mediums  6   f  emit light to make display through the substrate  6   a.    
           [0012]    Conventional electrophoretic display elements have had a problem as stated below. In order to perform more highly minute display, the electrode pattern must be made more highly minute, and correspondingly thereto the partition walls also must minutely be provided. However, to form partition walls minutely on the substrate by conventional lithography, a large number of steps are required, and the partition walls can not simply be formed. There has been such a problem.  
           [0013]    Conventional organic EL display elements also have had a problem as stated below. In order to perform more highly minute display, pixels must be made smaller, and correspondingly thereto the partition walls also must minutely be provided. However, to form partition walls minutely on the substrate by conventional lithography, a large number of steps are required, and the partition walls can not simply be formed. There has been such a problem.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    The present invention was made in order to solve the problems stated above. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a display element having partition walls which can simply be formed without relying on any conventional lithographic techniques.  
           [0015]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a display element in which the partition walls with which a display medium interposed between a pair of substrates is divided in the direction perpendicular to the substrate faces are simply formed by self-assembly of a self-assembling material to enable highly minute display.  
           [0016]    The present invention is to provide a display element comprising a pair of substrates, a display medium interposed between the substrates, and partition walls with which the display medium is divided in the direction perpendicular to the substrate faces; the display medium being provided in hollows defined by the partition walls and the substrates; the partition walls being formed of a self-assembling material.  
           [0017]    The self-assembling material is herein meant to be a material that can form a structural body by spontaneous association of molecules of the material when a solution of the material was casted on a substrate at high atmospheric humidity. Its details are given later.  
           [0018]    As a feature of the present invention, the display element may have structure in which the hollows defined by the partition walls and the substrates are arranged in a honeycomb fashion, and the hollows may each have a hollow diameter of from 10 μm to 200 μm and a partition wall height within the range of from 0.1 μm to 100 μm, having an aspect ratio within the range of from 0.1 to 100, and may be arranged at intervals between hollows of from 10 μm to 210 μm.  
           [0019]    The self-assembling material may also comprise a block copolymer, a homopolymer, a polyion complex or an organic and/or inorganic hybrid material.  
           [0020]    The partition walls may also have a conductivity, or may be in a structural body formed by self-assembly of a conductive polymer.  
           [0021]    The present invention is also a process for manufacturing a display element comprising a pair of substrates, a display medium interposed between the substrates, and partition walls with which the display medium is divided in the direction perpendicular to the substrate faces, the process comprising the steps of:  
           [0022]    (1) forming the partition walls on one substrate by self-assembly of a self-assembling material;  
           [0023]    (2) filling a display medium into hollows defined by the partition walls and the substrates; and  
           [0024]    (3) covering the display medium and the tops of the partition walls with the other opposing substrate, and sealing the edge space between the substrates. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 1A and 1B are sectional views each showing an embodiment of an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIGS. 2A, 2B,  2 C,  2 D,  2 E,  2 F,  2 G,  2 H,  2 I and  2 J present a flow sheet showing an example of the process for manufacturing an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic views of partition walls having structure in which the hollows are arranged in a honeycomb fashion.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 4A and 4B are sectional views each showing another embodiment of the electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIGS. 5A, 5B,  5 C,  5 D,  5 E,  5 F,  5 G and  5 H present a flow sheet showing another example of the process for manufacturing an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic views of partition walls having structure in which the hollows are arranged in a honeycomb fashion.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIGS. 7A and 7B are sectional views each showing still another embodiment of the electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIGS. 8A, 8B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F,  8 G,  8 H,  8 I and  8 J present a flow sheet showing still another example of the process for manufacturing an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic views of partition walls having structure in which the hollows are arranged in a honeycomb fashion.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 10 is a sectional view showing an embodiment of an organic EL display element according to the present invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIGS. 11A, 11B,  11 C and  11 D present a flow sheet showing an example of the process for manufacturing an organic EL display element according to the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic views of partition walls having structure in which the hollows are arranged in a honeycomb fashion.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIGS. 13A and 13B are schematic views of a conventional electrophoretic display element.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a conventional organic EL display element. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0039]    [0039]FIGS. 1A and 1B are sectional views each showing an embodiment of the display element according to the present invention, and show an example in which the display element is an electrophoretic display element.  
         [0040]    As shown in FIG. 1A, the electrophoretic display element of the present invention has a first substrate  1   a  and, formed at desired positions on it, partition walls  1   g  formed of a self-assembling material. Hollows  1   k  are defined by the first substrate  1   a  and partition walls  1   g , and are arranged in a honeycomb fashion in a planar view. A fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  1   e  and a dispersion medium  1   f  is filled into the hollows  1   k , and these are covered with a second substrate  1   b . The edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  is sealed with an adhesive  1   j . First electrodes  1   c  and a second electrode  1   d  are formed on the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b , respectively, and insulating layers  1   h  and  1   i  are formed on the electrodes  1   c  and  1   d , respectively. This electrophoretic display element has its display face on the side where the second substrate  1   b  is present.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 1B shows an electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules. Microcapsules  11  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  1   e  and a dispersion medium  1   f  are filled into the hollows  1   k  defined by the partition walls  1   g , and these are covered with the second substrate  1   b . First electrodes  1   c  and a second electrode  1   d  are formed on the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b , respectively, and insulating layers  1   h  and  1   i  are formed on the electrodes  1   c  and  1   d , respectively. When the microcapsules are used, the insulating layer  1   i  need not especially be formed.  
         [0042]    In the display element shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the first electrodes  1   c  are pixel electrodes which can apply desired electric fields each independently to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  1   k . These pixel electrodes are provided with switching elements. Selective signals are applied to individual row electrodes from a matrix drive circuit (not shown), and control signals and outputs from a drive transistor are further applied to column electrodes. Thus, desired electric fields can be applied to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  1   k . The fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  1   k  is controlled by the electric fields applied through the first electrodes  1   c , and each pixel displays a color the electrophoretic particles have and a color the fluid dispersion has. The second electrode  1   d  is a transparent electrode having been so formed as to cover the fluid dispersion at entirely the same potential.  
         [0043]    A process for manufacturing the display element of this embodiment is described below with reference to FIGS. 2A to  2 J and FIGS. 3A an  3 B.  
         [0044]    As shown in FIGS. 2A to  2 J, the first electrodes  1   c  for controlling the fluid dispersion are patternwise formed on the first substrate  1   a  in circles each having a desired diameter and also in a honeycomb fashion in a planar view (FIG. 3A). Next, after an insulating layer  1   h  has been formed, hydrophilic areas  1   m  are patternwise formed in the same form as, and at the positions right over, the first electrodes  1   c  to provide on the insulating layer  1   h  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. (See FIG. 2A)  
         [0045]    The first substrate  1   a  is any desired insulating member which supports the electrophoretic display element, and glass or plastic may be used.  
         [0046]    In the pattern formation of the first electrodes  1   c , photolithography may be used. As materials for the first electrodes  1   c , Al (aluminum) and ITO (indium—tin oxide) may be used. The first electrodes  1   c  each have a circular shape, and may have a diameter of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm.  
         [0047]    The insulating layer  1   h  may be formed using a hydrophobic insulating resin. For example, any of epoxy resins, fluorine resins, silicone resins, polyimide resins, polystyrene resins, polyalkene resins and polyacrylate resins may be used.  
         [0048]    Next, as described above, after the insulating layer  1   h  has been formed, the hydrophilic areas  1   m  are patternwise formed in the same form as, and at the positions right over, the first electrodes  1   c  to provide on the insulating layer  1   h  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. In such a case, the portion where the pattern of the hydrophilic areas  1   m  has not been formed comes to be a hydrophobic area. The hydrophilic areas  1   m  on the insulating layer  1   h  can be provided by patternwise forming a hydrophilic polymer. As the hydrophilic polymer, any of polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylamides, polysaccharides, polyacrylic acids or mixtures of any of these may be used. The hydrophilic areas  1   m  may also be patternwise formed by a conventional printing process, or may be patternwise formed by photolithography using the same hydrophilic polymer but endowed with photo-crosslinkability or photo-dissolution properties.  
         [0049]    On the first substrate  1   a  on which the pattern of areas having different surface energy has been formed, a self-assembling material kept dissolved in a solution is made to associate spontaneously and solidify to form the partition walls  1   g . A structural body containing the hollows  1   k  in a honeycomb fashion in a planar view is obtained, which has been made up by the partition walls  1   g  thus formed. (See FIG. 2B)  
         [0050]    The self-assembling material which forms the partition walls  1   g  may include block copolymers, homopolymers, polyion complexes, and organic and/or inorganic hybrid materials. These self-assembling materials are meant to be materials capable of associating spontaneously from a state they are kept dissolved in a solution, at specific portions formed on a substrate, to come into solids to form a stated structural body.  
         [0051]    Stated specifically, the block copolymer may include block copolymers comprised of polyisoprene and polystyrene, and block copolymers comprised of polyisoprene and poly(ethylene oxide).  
         [0052]    The block copolymer may further include rod-coil block copolymers whose polymeric chain is constituted of a hard rod unit and a soft coil unit, represented by the following chemical formula (I)  
                         
 
         [0053]    (In the formula, x represents 0 or 1.)  
         [0054]    Stated specifically, as the rod unit of the rod-coil block copolymer, it may include polyquinoline, polyquinoxaline, polyphenylquinoline, polyphenylquinoxaline, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene-vinylene), polypyridine, poly(pyridine-vinylene), poly(naphthalene-vinylene), polythiophene, poly(thiophene-vinylene), polypyrrole, polyaniline, polybenzoimidazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzoxazole, aromatic polyamide, aromatic polyhydrazide, aromatic polyazomethine, aromatic polyimide, aromatic polyester, and derivatives of these.  
         [0055]    As for the coil unit of the rod-coil block copolymer, it may include polystyrene, poly(α-methylstyrene), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine), polyurethane, poly(vinylpyrolidone), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene glycol, poly(dimethylsiloxane), polystyrene sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, and derivatives of these.  
         [0056]    Preferred is a rod-coil block copolymer whose rod unit is polyphenylquinoline, polyphenylquinoxaline or poly(p-phenylene) and coil unit is polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene glycol, poly(2-vinylpyridine) or poly(4-vinylpyridine). More preferred is a block copolymer comprised of polyphenylquinoline and polystyrene (x in the chemical formula (I) is 1), or a block copolymer comprised of poly(p-phenylene) and polystyrene (x in the chemical formula (I) is 0).  
         [0057]    If necessary, a surface-active agent may also appropriately be added to the block copolymer to formed the partition walls  1   g.    
         [0058]    The homopolymer may include polystyrene, poly(lactic acid), poly(phenyllactic acid), poly(hydroxybutyric acid), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(butylene adipate), polycaprolactone, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butylene carbonate) and poly(ethylene carbonate). When the partition walls  1   g  are formed by self-assembly of the homopolymer, it is preferable to add a surface-active agent. The surface-active agent to be added may include a copolymer of polyethylene glycol with polypropylene glycol, and amphiphilic polymers having an acrylamide polymer as a backbone chain skeleton and having a dodecyl group in the hydrophobic side chain and a carboxyl group or a lactose group as a hydrophilic group.  
         [0059]    The homopolymer and the surface-active agent may be mixed in a proportion of from 99:1 to 50:50 (weight ratio). If the surface-active agent is in a proportion of less than 1, any uniform honeycomb-shaped hollows  1   k  may not be obtained. If on the other hand the surface-active agent is in a proportion of more than 50, the partition walls  1   g  may have an insufficient mechanical strength, undesirably.  
         [0060]    The polyion complex may include a polyion complex comprised of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and a dimethyldihexadecylammonium salt, and a polyion complex comprised of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and a dimethyloctadecylammonium salt.  
         [0061]    The organic/inorganic hybrid material may include a hybrid material comprised of bis(hexadecyl phosphate) and tetra(isopropyl) orthotitanate, and a hybrid material comprised of bis(tetradecyl phosphate) and tetra(isopropyl) orthotitanate.  
         [0062]    As a method of forming the partition walls  1   g , it is further described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3B is a sectional view along the line  3 B- 3 B in FIG. 3A.  
         [0063]    On the substrate on which the pattern of areas having different surface energy has been formed as described previously, a solution prepared by dissolving the self-assembling material in an organic solvent is casted in an atmosphere of high humidity, and the organic solvent is gradually evaporated, whereby the partition walls  1   g  are obtained.  
         [0064]    This mechanism is as follows: The organic solvent, when it evaporates, takes latent heat away from the casting fluid, and hence the temperature of the casting fluid surface lowers, so that minute drops of water form on the casting fluid surface by congelation. The drops of water makes the surface tension between water and the organic solvent decrease by the action of the hydrophilic part formed on the substrate, and the minute drops of water stabilize in the casting fluid. As the organic solvent further evaporates, the drops of water become arranged in the form that they have packed closest at hydrophilic areas. Then, the drops of water evaporates off finally, so that a structural body can be obtained in which, as shown in FIG. 3A, hollows  1   k  are arranged over the hydrophilic areas on the substrate in a honeycomb fashion (or hexagonally).  
         [0065]    In this way, the pattern of areas having different surface energy, i.e., the pattern constituted of the hydrophilic part and the hydrophobic part is provided on the substrate surface on which the partition walls  1   g  are to be formed. Hence, the hollows  1   k  are led to the position of the hydrophilic part and the partition walls  1   g  are formed at the position of the hydrophobic part. Thus, the partition walls  1   g  can be formed on the substrate at a high precision. This enables formation of partition walls in a good precision, having a minute thickness of 5 μm or less, which have been impossible for any conventional photolithography.  
         [0066]    The partition walls  1   g  where the hollows  1   k  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion are size-controlled by the molecular weight of the self-assembling material, the concentration of the solution and the humidity.  
         [0067]    In the case when the self-assembling material is a polymer, the self-assembling material may have a molecular weight of from 1,000 to 2,000,000, and preferably from 5,000 to 500,000. If the self-assembling material has a molecular weight of less than 1,000, the partition walls  1   g  may have an insufficient mechanical strength, undesirably. On the other hand, a self-assembling material having a molecular weight of more than 2,000,000 is not desirable because it may dissolve in the organic solvent with difficulty.  
         [0068]    The solution in which the self-assembling material has been dissolved may be in a concentration of from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, and preferably from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight. If the solution is in a concentration of less than 0.01% by weight, the partition walls  1   g  may have an insufficient mechanical strength, undesirably. If on the other hand the solution is in a concentration of more than 10% by weight, any honeycomb-shaped hollows  1   k  may not be obtained.  
         [0069]    When the partition walls  1   g  are formed, it may preferably be formed at a humidity of from 50% to 95%. If it is formed at a humidity of less than 50%, the drops of water may insufficiently form on the casting fluid surface by congelation, so that any uniformly honeycomb-shaped hollows  1   k  can not be formed. If on the other hand it is formed at a humidity of more than 95%, it is undesirably very difficult to maintain such an atmosphere.  
         [0070]    When the display element is used as the electrophoretic display element described above, the hollows  1   k  correspond to the size of hydrophilic areas  1   m . The hollows  1   k  may each have a hollow diameter R of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm, and a partition wall  1   g  height L of from 10 μm to 100 μm, and preferably from 20 μm to 60 μm, having an aspect ratio (L/L′ in FIG. 3B) of from 10 to 100, and preferably from from 10 to 60, and may be arranged at intervals R 1  between hollows of from 10 μm to 210 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 125 μm.  
         [0071]    The organic solvent may preferably be a volatile organic solvent capable of dissolving the self-assembling material and also one having a low compatibility with water. It may include, e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, and carbon disulfide. Any of these organic solvents may be used alone, or may be used in combination of two or more types.  
         [0072]    In this embodiment, a method is described in which the partition walls  1   g  are formed by self-assembly of the self-assembling material on the first substrate  1   a  on which the hydrophilic areas  1   m  have patternwise been formed on the insulating layer  1   h . The method is by no means limited to this. More specifically, where the display element is not required to perform any highly minute display, the partition walls  1   g  where the hollows  1   k  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion may be formed on a first substrate  1   a  on which the hydrophilic areas  1   m  have not patternwise been formed. In such a case, for example, partition walls  1   g  having hollows  1   k  each having a hollow diameter R of approximately from 20 μm to 40 μm may be formed on a first substrate  1   a  on which circular first electrodes  1   c  each having a hollow diameter of 120 μm have patternwise been formed. Such a product may be used in the display element.  
         [0073]    Next, a fluid dispersion is filled as shown in FIG. 2C. The fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  1   e  and the dispersion medium  1   f  is filled into the hollows  1   k  defined by the partition walls  1   g  formed at the desired positions on the first substrate  1   a . There are no particular limitations on methods therefor. It may be filled using a nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0074]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, microcapsules  11  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  1   e  and the dispersion medium  1   f  are filled into the hollows  1   k  defined by the partition walls  1   g . (See FIG. 2D)  
         [0075]    The microcapsules  11  which envelops the fluid dispersion may be obtained by any known methods such as interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization and coacervation, and may preferably have a capsule size which is substantially equal to the size of the hollows  1   k.    
         [0076]    As a material used to form the microcapsules  11 , it may preferably be a material capable of transmitting light sufficiently. Stated specifically, it may include urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyester, polyurethane, polyamide, polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin, and copolymers of any of these.  
         [0077]    There are also no particular limitations on the method by which the microcapsules  11  are filled into the hollows  1   k . They may be filled using a nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0078]    As the electrophoretic particles  1   e , usable are organic pigment particles or inorganic pigment particles which can move in the dispersion medium if by the aid of electric fields. Stated specifically, when they are white particles, usable are titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, tin oxide and so forth. As black particles, usable are carbon black, diamond black, aniline black, manganese ferrite black, cobalt ferrite black, titanium black and so forth. As colored particles, pigment particles having colors such as R, G, B, C, M and Y may be used. Stated specifically, usable are red pigments such as cadmium red, quinacridone red, Lake Red, Brilliant Carmine and Madder Lake; green pigments such as Diamond Green Lake, Phthalocyanine Green and Pigment Green B; blue pigments such as cobalt blue, Victoria Blue Lake, Phthalocyanine Blue and Fast Sky Blue; and yellow pigments such as Hanza Yellow, cadmium yellow, Fast Yellow, titanium yellow, yellow iron oxide, chrome yellow, Hanza Yellow and disazo yellow.  
         [0079]    The surfaces of particles may also be coated with any known charge control resin (CCR) so as to be used as the electrophoretic particles  1   e . Also, as the size of the electrophoretic particles  1   e , those having particle diameters of from 0.1 μm to 10 μm may preferably be used, and more preferably from 0.2 μm to 6 μm. The electrophoretic particles  1   e  may also preferably be in a concentration of from 1% by weight to 30% by weight.  
         [0080]    As the dispersion medium  1   f , it may include highly insulating and also colorless and transparent liquids. For example, usable are aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and dodecylbenzene; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane, kerosene, normal paraffin and isoparaffin; halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane, pentachloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, trifluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene; and natural or synthetic oils of various types. Any of these may be used in combination of two or more types.  
         [0081]    In order to color the dispersion medium  1   f , oil-soluble dyes having colors such as R, G, B, C, M and Y may be used. As these oil-soluble dyes, preferred are azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, quinoline dyes, nitro dyes, nitroso dyes, pennoline dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, metal complex dyes, naphthol dyes, benzoquinone dyes, cyanine dyes, indigo dyes and quinoimine dyes. Any of these may be used in combination of two or more types.  
         [0082]    For example, such dyes may specifically include the following oil-soluble dyes, i.e., Barifast Yellow (1101, 1105, 3108 4120), Oil Yellow (105, 107, 129, 3G, GGS), Barifast Red (1306, 1355, 2303, 3304, 3306, 3320), Oil Pink 312, Oil Scarlet 308, Oil Violet 730, Barifast Blue (1501, 1603, 1605, 1307, 2606, 2610, 3405), Oil Blue (2N, BOS, 613), Macrolex Blue RR, Sumiplast Green G, and Oil Green (502, BG). The oil-soluble dye may preferably be in a concentration of from 0.1% by weight to 3.5% by weight.  
         [0083]    If necessary, a charge control agent, a dispersant, a lubricant, a stabilizer and so forth may also be added to the dispersion medium  1   f.    
         [0084]    After the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  1   e  and the dispersion medium  1   f  has been filled into the hollows  1   k  defined by the partition walls  1   g , these are covered with the second substrate  1   b  provided with the second electrode  1   d  and insulating layer  1   i , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  is sealed with the adhesive  1   j . (See FIG. 2E)  
         [0085]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, after the microcapsules  11  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  1   e  and the dispersion medium  1   f  have been filled into the hollows  1   k  defined by the partition walls  1   g , these are covered with the second substrate  1   b  provided with the second electrode  1   d  and insulating layer  1   i , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  is sealed with the adhesive  1   j . (See FIG. 2F)  
         [0086]    As the second substrate  1   b , one made of the same material as that of the first substrate  1   a  may be used.  
         [0087]    As the second electrode  1   d , a transparent electrode formed of ITO, an organic conductive film or the like is usually used.  
         [0088]    To form the insulating layer  1   i , the colorless and transparent insulating resin described for the insulating layer  1   h  may be used. For example, any of acrylic resins, epoxy resins, fluorine resins, silicone resins, polyimide resins, polystyrene resins and polyalkene resins may be used.  
         [0089]    There are no particular limitations on the adhesive  1   j  as long as it can retain adhesive effect over a long period of time. For example, any of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins, vinyl acetate resins, phenolic resins, polyester resins, polybutadiene resins and silicone resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more types.  
         [0090]    The display is performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. For example, where white electrophoretic particles charged negatively and a dispersion medium colored in blue are used, a blue image can be displayed when the white electrophoretic particles are collected on the first electrodes  1   c , and a white image can be displayed when collected on the second electrode  1   d . (See FIGS. 2G and 2H)  
         [0091]    As another example of the display, where white electrophoretic particles charged positively, black electrophoretic particles charged negatively and a colorless and transparent dispersion medium are used, a white image can be displayed when the white electrophoretic particles are collected on the second electrode  1   d , and a black image can be displayed when the black electrophoretic particles are collected on the second electrodes  1   d . (See FIGS. 21 and 2J)  
         [0092]    The voltage to be applied may differ depending on the charge quantity of the electrophoretic particles and the distance between the electrodes. Usually, a voltage of 10 V to tens of volts is necessary.  
         [0093]    In the display element having this construction, the partition walls can simply be formed on the substrate in a minute thickness and at specific positions on the substrate by self-assembly of the self-assembling material. Hence, a display element which can perform highly minute display can simply be manufactured.  
         [0094]    Another embodiment of the display element of the present invention is described below.  
         [0095]    [0095]FIGS. 4A and 4B are sectional views each showing another embodiment of the electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0096]    As shown in FIG. 4A, the electrophoretic display element of the present invention has construction in which a pair of electrodes  2   c  and  2   d  are formed on a first substrate  2   a . Insulating layers  2   i  and  2   j  are formed between the electrodes and on the second electrode  2   d , respectively. The insulating layer  2   i  may be colored or may be colorless and transparent, but the insulating layer  2   i  is colorless and transparent. At desired positions on the first substrate  2   a  having the electrodes and insulating layers, partition walls  2   g  are formed by self-assembly of the self-assembling material. Hollows  2   k  are defined by the first substrate  2   a  and partition walls  2   g , and are arranged in a honeycomb fashion. A fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  2   e  and a dispersion medium  2   f  is filled into the hollows  2   k , and these are covered with a second substrate  2   b . The edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  is sealed with an adhesive  2   h . This electrophoretic display element has its display face on the side where the second substrate  2   b  is present.  
         [0097]    [0097]FIG. 4B shows an electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules. Microcapsules  21  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  2   e  and a dispersion medium  2   f  are filled into the hollows  2   k  defined by the partition walls  2   g , and these are covered with the second substrate  2   b . The edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  is sealed with an adhesive  2   h.    
         [0098]    In the display element shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the second electrodes  2   d  are pixel electrodes which can apply desired electric fields each independently to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  2   k . These pixel electrodes are provided with switching elements. Scanning selective signals are applied to individual row electrodes from a matrix drive circuit (not shown), and control signals and outputs from a drive transistor are further applied to column electrodes. Thus, desired electric fields can be applied to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  2   k . The fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  2   k  is controlled by the electric fields applied through the second electrodes  2   d , and each pixel displays a color (black) the electrophoretic particles have and a color (white) the insulating layer  2   i  has. The first electrode  2   c  is a common electrode which applies voltage to the fluid dispersion at entirely the same potential.  
         [0099]    A process for manufacturing the display element of this embodiment is described below with reference to FIGS. 5A to  5 H.  
         [0100]    [0100]FIGS. 5A to  5 H present a flow sheet showing another example of the process for manufacturing an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention. A case of a reflection type display element is described first.  
         [0101]    As a common electrode the first electrodes  2   c  is formed on the first substrate  2   a , and the insulating layer  2   i  is further formed thereon. Subsequently, the second electrodes  2   d  for controlling the fluid dispersion are patternwise formed in circles each having a desired diameter and also in a honeycomb fashion. Thereafter, the insulating layer  2   j  is formed. Next, on the insulating layer  2   j , hydrophilic areas  2   m  are patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a desired diameter, to provide on the insulating layer  2   j  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. (See FIG. 5A)  
         [0102]    The first substrate  2   a  is any desired insulating member which supports the electrophoretic display element, and glass or plastic may be used.  
         [0103]    As the first electrodes  2   c , a light-reflecting metal electrode such as an Al electrode may be used.  
         [0104]    In the insulating layer  2   i  formed on the first electrodes  2   c , a mixture of a colorless and transparent insulating resin with fine particles for scattering light as exemplified by fine particles of aluminum oxide or titanium oxide may be used. The colorless and transparent insulating resin may include those described previously with regard to FIG. 2E. Alternatively, without use of the fine particles, a method may be used in which the light is scattered utilizing unevenness of metal electrode surfaces.  
         [0105]    In the second electrode  2   d , a conductive material which looks pitch-black when viewed on the viewer&#39;s side is used, as exemplified by titanium carbide, black-treated Cr, and Al or Ti with a black layer formed on the surface. In the pattern formation of the second electrodes  2   d , photolithography may be used.  
         [0106]    Subsequently, the insulating layer  2   j  is formed on the second electrodes  2   d . The insulating layer  2   j  may be formed using the above colorless and transparent insulating resin.  
         [0107]    Next, as described above, on the insulating layer  2   j , the hydrophilic areas  2   m  are patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a desired diameter, to provide on the insulating layer  2   j  the pattern of areas having different surface energy. In such a case, the portion where the pattern of the hydrophilic areas  2   m  has not been formed comes to be a hydrophobic area. The hydrophilic areas  2   m  on the insulating layer  2   j  can be provided by patternwise forming a hydrophilic polymer. The hydrophilic polymer described previously may be used alone or in the form of a mixture. In the pattern formation of the hydrophilic areas  2   m , a printing process or photolithography may be used as described previously.  
         [0108]    Display contrast in this case depends greatly on the area ratio of the second electrodes  2   d  to the hydrophilic areas  2   m . Hence, in order to make the contrast high, the exposure area of the second electrodes  2   d  must be made smaller than that of the hydrophilic areas  2   m . Usually, their area ratio may preferably be approximately from 1:2 to 1:5. The hydrophilic areas  2   m  may each have a diameter of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm.  
         [0109]    On the first substrate  2   a  on which the pattern of areas having different surface energy has been formed, partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion are formed using the self-assembling material. (See FIG. 5B)  
         [0110]    The self-assembling material which forms the partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion may include the block copolymers, homopolymers, polyion complexes, and organic and/or inorganic hybrid materials described previously. The partition walls  2   g  shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B may be obtained by the same method described previously. FIG. 6B is a sectional view along the line  6 B- 6 B in FIG. 6A.  
         [0111]    When the display element is used as the electrophoretic display element described above, the hollows  2   k  correspond to the size of hydrophilic areas  2   m . The hollows  2   k  may each have a hollow diameter R of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm, and a partition wall  2   g  height L of from 10 μm to 100 μm, and preferably from 20 μm to 60 μm, having an aspect ratio (L/L′) of from 10 to 100, and preferably from from 10 to 60, and may be arranged at intervals R 1  between hollows of from 10 μm to 210 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 125 μm.  
         [0112]    The fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  2   e  and the dispersion medium  2   f  is filled into the hollows  2   k  defined by the partition walls  2   g  formed at the desired positions on the first substrate  2   a . (See FIG. 5C)  
         [0113]    There are no particular limitations on methods for filling the fluid dispersion into the hollows  2   k . It may be filled using the above nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0114]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, microcapsules  21  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  2   e  and the dispersion medium  2   f  are filled into the hollows  2   k  defined by the partition walls  2   g . (See FIG. 5D)  
         [0115]    The microcapsules  21  which envelops the fluid dispersion may be obtained, as described previously, by any known methods such as interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization and coacervation, and may preferably have a capsule size which is substantially equal to the size of the hollows  2   k . As materials for forming the microcapsules  21 , the same polymer materials as those described previously may be used.  
         [0116]    There are also no particular limitations on the method by which the microcapsules  21  are filled into the hollows  2   k . They may be filled using the above nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0117]    With regard to the electrophoretic particles  2   e  and dispersion medium  2   f , the same particles and dispersion medium as those described previously may be used.  
         [0118]    After the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  2   e  and the dispersion medium  2   f  has been filled into the hollows  2   k  defined by the partition walls  2   g , these are covered with the second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  is sealed with the adhesive  2   h . (See FIG. 5E)  
         [0119]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, after the microcapsules  21  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  2   e  and the dispersion medium  2   f  have been filled into the hollows  2   k  defined by the partition walls  2   g , these are covered with the second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  is sealed with the adhesive  2   h . (See FIG. 5F)  
         [0120]    As the second substrate  2   b , one made of the same materials as that of the first substrate  2   a  may be used. As the adhesive  2   h , the adhesive described previously may be used.  
         [0121]    In the transmission type display element, in the above manufacturing process, a transparent electrode formed of ITO, an organic conductive film or the like is used as the first electrode  2   c , and a transparent insulating layer  2   i  is formed on the first electrodes  2   c.    
         [0122]    The display is performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. For example, black electrophoretic particles charged negatively and a colorless and transparent dispersion medium are used, the top of the insulating layer  2   i  is white and the top of the second electrodes  2   d  is black, a white image can be displayed when the electrophoretic particles are collected on the second electrodes  2   d , and a black image can be displayed when collected on the first electrode  2   c . (See FIGS. 5G and 5H)  
         [0123]    The voltage to be applied may differ depending on the charge quantity of the electrophoretic particles and the pitch between the electrodes. Usually, a voltage of 10 V to tens of volts is necessary.  
         [0124]    In the display element having this construction, the partition walls formed of the self-assembling material can simply be formed on the substrate in a minute thickness and at specific positions on the substrate. Hence, a display element which can perform highly minute display can simply be manufactured.  
         [0125]    Still another embodiment of the display element of the present invention is described below.  
         [0126]    [0126]FIGS. 7A and 7B are sectional views each showing still another embodiment of the electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0127]    As shown in FIG. 7A, in the electrophoretic display element of the present invention, first electrodes  3   c  is formed on a first substrate  3   a , and insulating layer  3   g  is further formed on the first electrodes  3   c . Conductive partition walls  3   f  formed of the self-assembling material are formed at desired positions on the first substrate  3   a  having the electrodes and insulating layer. Hollows  3   i  are defined by the first substrate  3   a  and conductive partition walls  3   f , and are arranged in a honeycomb fashion. A fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  3   d  and a dispersion medium  3   e  is filled into the hollows  3   i , and these are covered with a second substrate  3   b . The edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  is sealed with an adhesive  3   h . This electrophoretic display element has its display face on the side where the second substrate  3   b  is present.  
         [0128]    [0128]FIG. 7B shows an electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules. Microcapsules  3   j  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  3   d  and a dispersion medium  3   e  are filled into the hollows  3   i  defined by the conductive partition walls  3   f , and these are covered with the second substrate  3   b . The edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  is sealed with an adhesive  3   h.    
         [0129]    In the display element shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the first electrodes  3   c  are pixel electrodes which can apply desired electric fields each independently to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  3   i . These pixel electrodes are provided with switching elements. Selective signals are applied to individual row electrodes from a matrix drive circuit (not shown), and control signals and outputs from a drive transistor are further applied to column electrodes. Thus, desired electric fields can be applied to the fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  3   i . The fluid dispersion held in the individual hollows  3   i  is controlled by the electric fields applied through the first electrodes  3   c , and each pixel displays a color (white) the electrophoretic particles have and a color (black) the first electrodes  3   c  have. The conductive partition walls  3   f  are common electrodes which apply voltage to the fluid dispersion at entirely the same potential.  
         [0130]    [0130]FIGS. 8A to  8 J present a flow sheet showing still another example of the process for manufacturing an electrophoretic display element according to the present invention.  
         [0131]    As shown in FIG. 8A, the first electrodes  3   c  for controlling the fluid dispersion are patternwise formed in circles each having a desired diameter and also in a honeycomb fashion. Next, after the insulating layer  3   g  has been formed thereon, hydrophilic areas  3   k  are patternwise formed in the same form as, and at the positions right over, the first electrodes  3   c  to provide on the insulating layer  3   g  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. (See FIG. 8A)  
         [0132]    The first substrate  3   a  is any desired insulating member which supports the electrophoretic display element, and glass or plastic may be used.  
         [0133]    In the first electrodes  3   c , a conductive material which looks pitch-black when viewed on the viewer&#39;s side is used, as exemplified by titanium carbide, black-treated Cr, and Al or Ti with a black layer formed on the surface as described previously. In the pattern formation of the first electrodes  3   c , photolithography may be used.  
         [0134]    The first electrodes  3   c  each have a circular shape, and may have a diameter of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm.  
         [0135]    The insulating layer  3   g  may be formed using a colorless and transparent insulating resin. As described previously, any of acrylic resins, epoxy resins, fluorine resins, silicone resins, polyimide resins, polystyrene resins and polyalkene resins may be used.  
         [0136]    Next, as described above, after the insulating layer  3   g  has been formed, the hydrophilic areas  3   k  are patternwise formed in the same form as, and at the positions right over, the first electrodes  3   c  to provide on the insulating layer  3   g  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. In such a case, the portion where the pattern of the hydrophilic areas  3   k  has not been formed comes to be a hydrophobic area. The hydrophilic areas  3   k  on the insulating layer  3   h  can be provided by patternwise forming a hydrophilic polymer. The hydrophilic polymer described previously may be used alone or in the form of a mixture. In the pattern formation of the hydrophilic areas  3   k , a printing process or photolithography may be used as described previously.  
         [0137]    On the first substrate  3   a  on which the pattern of areas having different surface energy has been formed, partition walls  3   g  where hollows  3   k  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion are formed using the self-assembling material. (See FIG. 8B)  
         [0138]    The self-assembling material which forms the conductive partition walls  3   f  where hollows  3   i  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion may include conductive polymers. For example, usable are heterocyclic type conductive polymers such as polythiophene and polypyrrole; polyphenylene type conductive polymers such as polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene and polyphenylene sulfide; polyacetylene type conductive polymers; polyaniline type conductive polymers; conductive polymers having a sulfonic acid group, such as poly(2-acryloxyethyldimethylsulfonium chloride) and poly(glycidyldimethylsulfonium chloride); conductive polymers having a phosphonic acid group, such as poly(glycidyltributylphosphonium chloride); and conductive polymers having a quaternary ammonium salt group, such as poly(vinyltrimethylammonium chloride) and poly(N-methylvinylpyridium chloride). The conductive polymers may optionally be doped with an electron donor or an electron acceptor.  
         [0139]    When the conductive partition walls  3   f  is formed by self-assembly of the conductive polymer, a surface-active agent may optionally appropriately be added. The surface-active agent to be added may include, as described previously, a copolymer of polyethylene glycol with polypropylene glycol, and amphiphilic polymers having an acrylamide polymer as a backbone chain skeleton and having a dodecyl group in the hydrophobic side chain and a carboxyl group or a lactose group as a hydrophilic group.  
         [0140]    The conductive polymer and the surface-active agent may be mixed in a proportion of from 99:1 to 50:50 (weight ratio). If the surface-active agent is in a proportion of less than 1, any uniform honeycomb-shaped hollows  3   i  may not be obtained. If on the other hand the surface-active agent is in a proportion of more than 50, the conductive partition walls  3   f  may have an insufficient mechanical strength, undesirably.  
         [0141]    The partition walls  3   g  shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B may be obtained by the same method described previously. FIG. 9B is a sectional view along the line  9 B- 9 B in FIG. 9A.  
         [0142]    When the display element is used as the electrophoretic display element described above, the hollows  3   i  correspond to the size of hydrophilic areas  3   k . The hollows  3   i  may each have a hollow diameter R of from 10 μm to 200 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 120 μm, and a conductive partition wall  3   f  height L of from 10 μm to 100 μm, and preferably from 20 μm to 60 μm, having an aspect ratio (L/L′) of from 10 to 100, and preferably from from 10 to 60, and may be arranged at intervals R 1  between hollows of from 10 μm to 210 μm, and preferably from 40 μm to 125 μm.  
         [0143]    The fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  and the dispersion medium  3   e  is filled into the hollows  3   i  defined by the conductive partition walls  3   f  formed at the desired positions on the first substrate  3   a . (See FIG. 8C)  
         [0144]    There are no particular limitations on methods for filling the fluid dispersion into the hollows  3   i . It may be filled using the above nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0145]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, microcapsules  3   j  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  and the dispersion medium  3   e  are filled into the hollows  3   i  defined by the conductive partition walls  3   f . (See FIG. 8D)  
         [0146]    The microcapsules  3   j  which envelops the fluid dispersion may be obtained, as described previously, by any known methods such as interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization and coacervation, and may preferably have a capsule size which is substantially equal to the size of the hollows  3   i . As materials for forming the microcapsules  3   j , the same polymer materials as those described previously may be used.  
         [0147]    There are also no particular limitations on the method by which the microcapsules  3   j  are filled into the hollows  3   i . They may be filled using the above nozzle of an ink-jet system.  
         [0148]    With regard to the electrophoretic particles  3   d  and dispersion medium  3   e , the same particles and dispersion medium as those described previously may be used.  
         [0149]    After the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  and the dispersion medium  3   e  has been filled into the hollows  3   i  defined by the conductive partition walls  3   f , these are covered with the second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  is sealed with the adhesive  3   h . (See FIG.  8 E)  
         [0150]    In the case of the electrophoretic display element making use of microcapsules, after the microcapsules  3   j  having enveloped the fluid dispersion comprised of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  and the dispersion medium  3   e  have been filled into the hollows  3   i  defined by the conductive partition walls  3   f , these are covered with the second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  is sealed with the adhesive  3   h . (See FIG. 8F)  
         [0151]    As the second substrate  3   b , one made of the same materials as that of the first substrate  3   a  may be used. As the adhesive  3   h , the adhesive described previously may be used.  
         [0152]    The display is performed by applying voltage across the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f . In this case, the conductive partition walls  3   f  are used as common electrodes.  
         [0153]    For example, white electrophoretic particles charged negatively and a colorless and transparent dispersion medium are used and the top of the first electrodes  3   c  is black, a white image can be displayed when the electrophoretic particles are collected on the first electrodes  3   c , and a black image can be displayed when collected on the conductive partition walls  3   f . (See FIGS. 8G and 8H)  
         [0154]    As another example of the display, where white electrophoretic particles charged positively, black electrophoretic particles charged negatively and a colorless and transparent dispersion medium are used, a white image can be displayed when the white electrophoretic particles are collected on the first electrodes  3   c , and a black image can be displayed when the black electrophoretic particles are collected on the first electrodes  3   c . In this case, the first electrodes need not be black. (See FIGS. 8I and 8J)  
         [0155]    The voltage to be applied may differ depending on the charge quantity of the electrophoretic particles and the distance between the electrodes. Usually, a voltage of 10 V to tens of volts is necessary.  
         [0156]    In the display element having this construction, the conductive partition walls formed of the self-assembling material can simply be formed on the substrate in a minute thickness and at specific positions on the substrate. Hence, a display element which can perform highly minute display can simply be manufactured.  
         [0157]    A further embodiment of the display element of the present invention is described below.  
         [0158]    [0158]FIG. 10 is a sectional view showing an embodiment of an organic EL display element according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 10, the organic EL display element of the present invention has a first substrate  4   a  having an insulating layer  4   c  and hydrophilic areas  4   d  and, formed at desired positions on it, partition walls  4   e  formed by self-assembly of the self-assembling material. Hollows  4   f  are defined by the first substrate  4   a  and partition walls  4   e , and are arranged in a honeycomb fashion in a planar view. In the hollows  4   f , first electrodes  4   g , organic EL mediums  4   h , second electrodes  4   i  and a cover electrode  4   j  are formed in order, and these are covered with a second substrate  4   b . The edge space between the first substrate  4   a  and the second substrate  4   b  is sealed with an adhesive  4   k.    
         [0159]    In the display element shown in FIG. 10, the first electrodes  4   g  are pixel electrodes which can apply desired electric fields each independently to the organic EL mediums  4   h  held in the individual hollows  4   f , and the second electrodes  4   i  are opposing electrodes. These pixel electrodes are provided with switching elements. Selective signals are applied to individual row electrodes from a matrix drive circuit (not shown), and control signals and outputs from a drive transistor are further applied to column electrodes. Thus, desired electric fields can be applied to the organic EL mediums  4   h  held in the individual hollows  4   f . The organic EL mediums  4   h  held in the individual hollows  4   f  are controlled by the electric fields applied through the first electrodes  4   g , and each pixel displays a color in which the organic EL mediums  4   h  emit light.  
         [0160]    A process for manufacturing the display element of this embodiment is described below with reference to FIGS. 11A to  11 D.  
         [0161]    [0161]FIGS. 11A to  11 D present a flow sheet showing an example of the process for manufacturing an organic EL display element according to the present invention.  
         [0162]    First, the insulating layer  4   c  is formed on the first substrate  4   a . Next, on the insulating layer  4   c , hydrophilic areas  4   d  are patternwise formed in a honeycomb fashion in circles each having a desired diameter and at the positions where the hollows  4   f  are to be provided, to provide on the insulating layer  4   c  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. (See FIG. 11A)  
         [0163]    The first substrate  4   a  is any desired insulating member which supports the organic EL display element, and glass or plastic may be used.  
         [0164]    The insulating layer  4   c  may be formed using a colorless and transparent insulating resin. For example, as described previously, any of acrylic resins, epoxy resins, fluorine resins, silicone resins, polyimide resins, polystyrene resins and polyalkene resins may be used.  
         [0165]    Next, as described above, on the insulating layer  4   c , the hydrophilic areas  4   d  are patternwise formed in a honeycomb fashion in circles each having a desired diameter and at the positions where the hollows  4   f  are to be provided, to provide on the insulating layer  4   c  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. In such a case, the portion where the pattern of the hydrophilic areas  4   d  has not been formed comes to be a hydrophobic area. The hydrophilic areas  4   d  on the insulating layer  4   c  can be provided by patternwise forming a hydrophilic polymer. The hydrophilic polymer described previously may be used alone or in the form of a mixture. In the pattern formation of the hydrophilic areas  4   d , a printing process or photolithography may be used as described previously.  
         [0166]    On the first substrate  4   a  on which the pattern of areas having different surface energy has been formed, partition walls  4   e  where hollows  4   f  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion are formed by self-assembly of the self-assembling material. (See FIG. 11B)  
         [0167]    The self-assembling material which forms the partition walls  4   e  where hollows  4   f  are arranged in a honeycomb fashion may include the block copolymers, homopolymers, polyion complexes, and organic and/or inorganic hybrid materials described previously. The partition walls  4   e  shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B may be obtained by the same method described previously. FIG. 12B is a sectional view along the line  12 B- 12 B in FIG. 12A.  
         [0168]    When the display element is used as the organic EL display element described above, the hollows  4   f  correspond to the size of hydrophilic areas  4   d . The hollows  4   f  may each have a hollow diameter R of from 10 μm to 150 μm, and preferably from 30 μm to 100 μm, and a partition wall  4   e  height L of from 0.1 μm to 5 μm, having an aspect ratio (L/L′) of from 0.1 to 10, and may be arranged at intervals R 1  between hollows of from 10 μm to 155 μm, and preferably from 30 μm to 105 μm.  
         [0169]    In the hollows  4   f  defined by the partition walls  4   e , the first electrodes  4   g , the organic EL mediums  4   h , the second electrodes  4   i  and the cover electrode  4   j  are formed in order. (See FIG. 11C)  
         [0170]    As the first electrodes  4   g , transparent electrodes formed of ITO or the like may usually be used. As material for the second electrodes  4   i , conductive materials having a low work function, such as Mg or Mg alloys, are used. The cover electrode  4   j  is so formed as to cover the second electrodes  4   i , and Al or the like may be used as a material therefor, which enables prevention of the second electrodes  4   i  from their oxidation. Vacuum deposition may be used as a process for forming these electrodes on the substrate.  
         [0171]    As organic EL materials, known materials capable of emitting light of R, G and B may be used. In thin-film formation, vacuum deposition or an ink-jet process may be used. In the ink-jet process, the organic EL materials or precursors thereof are each dissolved or dispersed in a liquid to prepare an ejection fluid. The ejection fluid is ejected into the hollows  4   f  by the ink-jet process, followed by heating or irradiation by light to form films.  
         [0172]    Next, the face side where the partition walls  4   e  and the organic EL mediums  4   h  are formed is covered with the second substrate  4   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  4   a  and the second substrate  4   b  is sealed with the adhesive  4   k . At the same time, an inert gas is filled into the hollow internal spaces formed by the first substrate  4   a , adhesive  4   k  and second substrate  4   b  to shut off any moisture and oxygen coming from the outside. Thus, the display element is made up. (See FIG. 11D)  
         [0173]    As materials for the second substrate  4   b , the same materials as those for the first substrate  4   a  may be used.  
         [0174]    As the adhesive  4   k , there are no particular limitations thereon as long as it can retain adhesive effect over a long period of time. For example, any of epoxy resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins, vinyl acetate resins, phenolic resins, polyester resins, polybutadiene resins and silicone resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more types.  
         [0175]    Electric fields are applied cross the first electrodes  4   g  and the second electrodes  4   i  of the organic EL display element according to the present invention, whereupon the organic EL mediums  4   h  emit light to perform display through the first substrate  4   a.    
         [0176]    In the display element having this construction, the partition walls can simply be formed on the substrate in a minute thickness and at specific positions on the substrate by self-assembly of the self-assembling material. Hence, a display element which can perform highly minute display can simply be manufactured.  
         [0177]    Examples of the present invention are given below.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0178]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 1A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 2A to  2 J.  
         [0179]    First, as first electrodes  1   c  for controlling the fluid dispersion, an aluminum film (0.2 μm thick) was formed on a first substrate  1   a  made of glass (1 mm thick) and then the electrodes were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 80 μm and also in a honeycomb fashion. Here, the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance (distance between the centers of adjoining electrodes) of 82 μm. On these electrodes, an insulating layer  1   h  (1 μm thick) was formed using an acrylic resin.  
         [0180]    Using as a photosensitive agent an aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol and ammonium dichromate, hydrophilic areas  1   m  (0.2 μm thick) were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 80 μm, and at the positions right over, the first electrodes  1   c  to provide on the insulating layer  1   h  a pattern of areas having different surface energy.  
         [0181]    Partition walls  1   g  where hollows  1   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  1   a  as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, by self-assembly of a block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (II) (m=590, n=385, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  1   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (II) (concentration: 3% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  1   a  under conditions of a humidity of 90% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 80 μm and 50 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 25. The interval R 1  between hollows was 82 μm.  
                         
 
         [0182]    As a dispersion medium  1   f , ISOPER H (trade name; available from Exon Chemical Co.) was used, and 0.5% by weight of a blue dye (Oil Blue N, Aldrich) was added to color the dispersion medium  1   f  in blue. Then, 9% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) as electrophoretic particles  1   e  and 0.25% by weight of zirconium octanoate (available from Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.) as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  1   f  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0183]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  1   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  1   g  were covered with a second substrate  1   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  was sealed with an adhesive  1   j . A glass substrate (1 mm thick) was used as the second substrate  1   b , on which an ITO film (0.1 μm thick) as a second electrode  1   d  and a colorless and transparent acrylic resin film (1 μm thick) as an insulating layer  1   i  had been formed in order. Also, as the adhesive  1   j , an epoxy resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  1   c  and the second electrode  1   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0184]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±15 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 2G, highly minute display in blue and white was performable by up-and-down drive of the electrophoretic particles  1   e  in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0185]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 1A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 2A to  2 J.  
         [0186]    First electrodes  1   c , an insulating layer  1   h  and hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed on a first substrate  1   a  in the same manner as in Example 1. In this Example, the first electrodes  1   c  and the hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 40 μm, and the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance of 41 μm.  
         [0187]    Partition walls  1   g  where hollows  1   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  1   a  as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, by self-assembly of a rod-coil block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (III) (m=200, n=6,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  1   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the rod-coil block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (III) (concentration: 1.5% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  1   a  under conditions of a humidity of 80% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 40 μm and 30 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 30. The interval R 1  between hollows was 41 μm.  
                         
 
         [0188]    As a dispersion medium  1   f , ISOPER H was used. Two types of particles having different colors and charge characteristics were used as electrophoretic particles  1   e . That is, 9% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) and 8% by weight of black particles (particles obtained by coating carbon particles with styrene-divinylbenzene resin; average particle diameter: 1.0 μm) were used. These and 0.5% by weight of zirconium octanoate as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  1   f  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0189]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  1   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  1   g  were covered with a second substrate  1   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  was sealed with an adhesive  1   j . As the second substrate  1   b  having a second electrode  1   d  and an insulating layer  1   i  and as the adhesive  1   j , the same ones as those in Example 1 were used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  1   c  and the second electrode  1   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0190]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±15 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 2I, highly minute display in black and white was performable by up-and-down drive of the two types of electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0191]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 1B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 2A to  2 J.  
         [0192]    On a first substrate la formed of a PET film (300 μm thick), first electrodes  1   c , an insulating layer  1   h  and hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed in the same manner as in Example 1. In this Example, the first electrodes  1   c  and the hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 70 μm, and the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance of 71.5 μm.  
         [0193]    Partition walls  1   g  where hollows  1   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  1   a  as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, by self-assembly of a polyion complex represented by the following chemical formula (IV) (n=330, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  1   g , a chloroform solution of the polyion complex represented by the chemical formula (IV) (concentration: 3% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  1   a  under conditions of a humidity of 85% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 70 μm and 45 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 30. The interval R 1  between hollows was 71.5 μm.  
                         
 
         [0194]    As a dispersion medium  1   f , the same one colored with a blue dye as that in Example 1 was used. Then, 9% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) as electrophoretic particles  1   e  and 0.25% by weight of OLOA (trade name; available from Chevron Corp.) as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  1   f  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0195]    Microcapsules  11  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by in-situ polymerization, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  11  having particle diameter of 65 to 70 μm. Urea-formaldehyde resin was used as a film material.  
         [0196]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the microcapsules  11  were filled into the hollows  1   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  1   g  were covered with a second substrate  1   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  was sealed with an adhesive  1   j . A PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film (120 μm thick) was used as the second substrate  1   b , on which an ITO film (0.1 μm thick) as a second electrode  1   d  and a colorless and transparent acrylic resin film (1 μm thick) as an insulating layer  1   i  had been formed in order. Also, as the adhesive  1   j , an epoxy resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  1   c  and the second electrode  1   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0197]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±15 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 2H, highly minute display in blue and white was performable by up-and-down drive of the electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0198]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 1B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 2A to  2 J.  
         [0199]    First electrodes  1   c , an insulating layer  1   h  and hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed on a first substrate  1   a  in the same manner as in Example 3. In this Example, the first electrodes  1   c  and the hydrophilic areas  1   m  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 45 μm, and the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance of 46.2 μm.  
         [0200]    Partition walls  1   g  where hollows  1   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  1   a  as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, by self-assembly of an organic/inorganic hybrid material represented by the following chemical formula (V) (molar ratio: 3:1). As conditions for forming the partition walls  1   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the organic/inorganic hybrid material represented by the chemical formula (V) (concentration: 1% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  1   a  under conditions of a humidity of 80% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 45 μm and 30 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 25. The interval R 1  between hollows was 46.2 μm.  
                         
 
         [0201]    As a dispersion medium  1   f , ISOPER H was used. Two types of particles having different colors and charge characteristics were used as electrophoretic particles  1   e . That is, 9% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) and 8% by weight of black particles (particles obtained by coating carbon particles with styrene-divinylbenzene resin; average particle diameter: 1.0 μm) were used. These and 0.5% by weight of OLOA as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  1   f  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0202]    Microcapsules  11  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by interfacial polymerization, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  11  having particle diameter of 40 to 45 μm. Urethane resin was used as a film material.  
         [0203]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the microcapsules  11  were filled into the hollows  1   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  1   g  were covered with a second substrate  1   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  1   a  and the second substrate  1   b  was sealed with an adhesive  1   j . As the second substrate  1   b  having a second electrode  1   d  and an insulating layer  1   i  and as the adhesive  1   j , the same ones as those in Example 3 were used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  1   c  and the second electrode  1   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0204]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of 115 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 2J, highly minute display in black and white was performable by up-and-down drive of the two types of electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0205]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 4A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 5A to  5 H.  
         [0206]    As a first electrode  1   c , an aluminum film (0.2 μm thick) was formed on a first substrate  1   a  made of glass (1 mm thick) . Next, an insulating layer  2   i  (3 μm thick) comprised of an acrylic resin mixed with fine alumina particles was formed on the first electrode  2   c . On this insulating layer  2   i , as second electrodes  2   d , a black titanium carbide film (0.1 μm thick) was formed and then the electrodes were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 36 μm and also in a honeycomb fashion. On the second electrodes  2   d , a colorless and transparent insulating layer  2   j  (1 μm thick) was further formed using an acrylic resin.  
         [0207]    In the same manner as in Example 1, hydrophilic areas  2   m  were patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a diameter of 75 μm, to provide on the insulating layer  2   j  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. The hydrophilic areas  2   m  were formed in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance (distance between the centers of adjoining hydrophilic areas) of 77 μm.  
         [0208]    Partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  2   a  as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, by self-assembly of a rod-coil block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (VI) (m=400, n=900, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  2   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the rod-coil block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (VI) (concentration: 3% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  2   a  under conditions of a humidity of 80% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 75 μm and 45 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 22.5. The interval R 1  between hollows was 77 μm.  
                         
 
         [0209]    As a dispersion medium  2   f , ISOPER H was used. Then, 3% by weight of black particles (particles obtained by coating carbon particles with styrene-divinylbenzene resin; average particle diameter: 1.0 pm) as electrophoretic particles  2   e  and 0.09% by weight of zirconium octanoate as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  2   f  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0210]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  2   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  2   g  were covered with a second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  was sealed with an adhesive  2   h . As the second substrate  2   b , the same one as the first substrate  2   a  was used. As the adhesive  2   h , a urethane resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrode  2   c  and the second electrodes  2   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0211]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 5G, highly minute display in black and white was performable by horizontal drive of the electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0212]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 4A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 5A to  5 H.  
         [0213]    A first electrode  2   c , an insulating layer  2   i , second electrodes  2   d , an insulating layer  2   j  and hydrophilic areas  2   m  were formed in order on a first substrate  2   a  in the same manner as in Example 5. In this Example, the second electrodes  2   d  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 22 μm, and the hydrophilic areas  2   m  were patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a diameter of 45 μm, and in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance of 46 μm.  
         [0214]    Partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  2   a  as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, by self-assembly of a block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (II) (m=590, n=385, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  2   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (II) (concentration: 1% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  2   a  under conditions of a humidity of 80% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 45 μm and 35 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 35. The interval R 1  between hollows was 46 μm.  
                         
 
         [0215]    As a fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  2   e  and a dispersion medium  2   f , the same one as that in Example 5 was used. Using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  2   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  2   g  were covered with a second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  was sealed with an adhesive  2   h . As the second substrate  2   b  and the adhesive  2   h , the same ones as those in Example 5 were used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrode  2   c  and the second electrodes  2   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0216]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 5G, highly minute display in black and white was performable by horizontal drive of the electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 7  
       [0217]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 4B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 5A to  5 H.  
         [0218]    On a first substrate  2   a  formed of a PET film (300 μm thick), a first electrode  2   c , an insulating layer  2   i , second electrodes  2   d , an insulating layer  2   j  and hydrophilic areas  2   m  were formed in order in the same manner as in Example 5. In this Example, the second electrodes  2   d  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 30 μm, and the hydrophilic areas  2   m  were patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a diameter of 60 μm, and in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance of 61.6 μm.  
         [0219]    Partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  2   a  as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, by self-assembly of polystyrene (molecular weight Mn=90,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  2   g , a methylene chloride solution of the polystyrene (concentration: 2% by weight) and a benzene solution of a surface-active agent represented by the following chemical formula (VII) (concentration: 0.2% by weight) were mixed in a weight ratio of 9:1, then the mixture obtained was casted over the first substrate  2   a  under conditions of a humidity of 85% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 60 μm and 40 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 25. The interval R 1  between hollows was 61.6 μm.  
                         
 
         [0220]    As a fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  2   e  and a dispersion medium  2   f , the same one as that in Example 5 was used. Microcapsules  21  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by coacervation, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  21  having particle diameter of 55 to 60 μm. Gelatin was used as a film material.  
         [0221]    Using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the microcapsules  21  were filled into the hollows  2   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  2   g  were covered with a second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  was sealed with an adhesive  2   h . A PET film (120 μm thick) was used as the second substrate  2   b . As the adhesive  2   h , a polyester resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrode  2   c  and the second electrodes  2   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0222]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 5H, highly minute display in black and white was performable by horizontal drive of the electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 8  
       [0223]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 4B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 5A to  5 H.  
         [0224]    A first substrate  2   a  having a first electrode  2   c , an insulating layer  2   i , second electrodes  2   d , an insulating layer  2   j  and hydrophilic areas  2   m  was prepared in the same manner as in Example 7. In this Example, the second electrodes  2   d  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 20 μm, and the hydrophilic areas  2   m  were patternwise formed on the concentric circles of the second electrodes  2   d  in circles each having a diameter of 40 μm, and in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance of 41 μm.  
         [0225]    Partition walls  2   g  where hollows  2   k  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  2   a  as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, by self-assembly of a rod-coil block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (III) (m=100, n=4,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  2   g , a carbon disulfide solution of the rod-coil block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (III) (concentration: 1.5% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  2   a  under conditions of a humidity of 75% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 40 μm and 30 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 30. The interval R 1  between hollows was 41 μm.  
                         
 
         [0226]    As a fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  2   e  and a dispersion medium  2   f , the same one as that in Example 5 was used. Microcapsules  21  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by interfacial polymerization, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  21  having particle diameter of 35 to 40 μm. Polyamide was used as a film material.  
         [0227]    Using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the microcapsules  21  were filled into the hollows  2   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the partition walls  2   g  were covered with a second substrate  2   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  2   a  and the second substrate  2   b  was sealed with an adhesive  2   h . As the second substrate  2   b  and the adhesive  2   h , the same ones as those in Example 7 were used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrode  2   c  and the second electrodes  2   d  to obtain a display element.  
         [0228]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 5H, highly minute display in black and white was performable by horizontal drive of the electrophoretic particles in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 9  
       [0229]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 7A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 8A to  8 J.  
         [0230]    First, as first electrodes  3   c , a black titanium carbide film (0.1 μm thick) was formed on a first substrate  3   a  made of glass (1 mm thick) and then the electrodes were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 40 μm and also in a honeycomb fashion. Here, the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance of 41 μm. On the first electrodes  3   c , a colorless and transparent insulating layer  3   g  (1 μm thick) was formed using an acrylic resin.  
         [0231]    Next, in the same manner as in Example 1, hydrophilic areas  3   k  (0.2 μm thick) were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 40 μm, at the positions right over the first electrodes  3   c  to provide on the insulating layer  3   g  a pattern of areas having different surface energy.  
         [0232]    Conductive partition walls  3   f  where hollows  3   i  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  3   a  as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, by self-assembly of a polypyrrole represented by the following chemical formula (VIII) (molecular weight Mn=60,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the conductive partition walls  3   f , a chloroform solution of the polypyrrole (concentration: 1.5% by weight) and a benzene solution of a surface-active agent represented by the following chemical formula (VII) (concentration: 0.2% by weight) were mixed in a weight ratio of 10:1, then the mixture obtained was casted over the first substrate  3   a  under conditions of a humidity of 75% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. Next, the conductive partition walls  3   f  were exposed to a dopant gas to make treatment for improving their conductivity.  
         [0233]    The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 40 μm and 30 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 30. The interval R 1  between hollows was 41 μm.  
                         
 
         [0234]    As a dispersion medium  3   e , ISOPER H was used. Then, 5% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) as electrophoretic particles  3   d  and 0.15% by weight of OLOA as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  3   e  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0235]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  3   i . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the conductive partition walls  3   f  were covered with a second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  was sealed with an adhesive  3   h . As the second substrate  3   b , the same one as the first substrate  3   a  was used. As the adhesive  3   h , an polyester resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f  to obtain a display element.  
         [0236]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f . The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 8G, highly minute display in black and white was performable by electrophoresis of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 10  
       [0237]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 7A was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 8A to  8 J.  
         [0238]    First electrodes  3   c , an insulating layer  3   g , hydrophilic areas  3   k  and conductive partition walls  3   f  were formed on a first substrate  3   a  in the same manner as in Example 9.  
         [0239]    As a dispersion medium  3   e , ISOPER H was used. Two types of particles having different colors and charge characteristics were used as electrophoretic particles  3   d . That is, 7% by weight of white particles (titanium oxide; average particle diameter: 0.2 μm) and 6% by weight of black particles (particles obtained by coating carbon particles with styrene-divinylbenzene resin; average particle diameter: 1.0 μm) were used. These and 0.4% by weight of zirconium octanoate as a charging agent were added to the dispersion medium  3   e  to make up a fluid dispersion.  
         [0240]    Next, in the same manner as in Example 9, the fluid dispersion was filled into the hollows  3   i , thereafter the top surfaces of the conductive partition walls  3   f  were covered with a second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  was sealed with an adhesive  3   h . Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f  to obtain a display element.  
         [0241]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f . The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 8I, highly minute display in black and white was performable by electrophoresis of the two types of electrophoretic particles  3   d  in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 11  
       [0242]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 7B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 8A to  8 J.  
         [0243]    On a first substrate  3   a  formed of a PET film (300 μm thick), first electrodes  3   c , an insulating layer  3   g  and hydrophilic areas  3   k  were formed in the same manner as in Example 9. In this Example, the first electrodes  3   c  and the hydrophilic areas  3   k  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 60 μm, and the electrodes were formed in an electrode-to-electrode distance of 61 μm.  
         [0244]    Conductive partition walls  3   f  where hollows  3   i  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  3   a  as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, by self-assembly of a polythiophene represented by the following chemical formula (IX) (molecular weight Mn=50,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the conductive partition walls  3   f , a chloroform solution of the polythiophene (concentration: 1.2% by weight) and a benzene solution of a surface-active agent represented by the following chemical formula (VII) (concentration: 0.2% by weight) were mixed in a weight ratio of 8:1, then the mixture obtained was casted over the first substrate  3   a  under conditions of a humidity of 80% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. Next, the conductive partition walls  3   f  were exposed to a dopant gas to make treatment for improving their conductivity.  
         [0245]    The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 60 μm and 45 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 45. The interval R 1  between hollows was 61 μm.  
                         
 
         [0246]    As a fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  3   d  and a dispersion medium  3   e , the same one as that in Example 9 was used. Microcapsules  3   j  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by interfacial polymerization, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  3   j  having particle diameter of 55 to 60 μm. Polyester was used as a film material.  
         [0247]    Next, using a nozzle of an ink-jet system, the microcapsules  3   j  were filled into the hollows  3   k . Thereafter, the top surfaces of the conductive partition walls  3   f  were covered with a second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  was sealed with an adhesive  3   h . A PET film (120 μm thick) was used as the second substrate  3   b . As the adhesive  3   h , a polyester resin was used. Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrode  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f  to obtain a display element.  
         [0248]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f . The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 8H, highly minute display in black and white was performable by electrophoresis of the electrophoretic particles  3   d  in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 12  
       [0249]    The electrophoretic display element shown in FIG. 7B was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 8A to  8 J.  
         [0250]    First electrodes  3   c , an insulating layer  3   g , hydrophilic areas  3   k  and conductive partition walls  3   f  were formed on a first substrate  3   a  in the same manner as in Example 11.  
         [0251]    As a fluid dispersion comprised of electrophoretic particles  3   d  and a dispersion medium  3   e , the same one as that in Example 10 was used. Microcapsules  3   j  having enveloped the fluid dispersion were produced by in-situ polymerization, followed by the operation of classification to obtain microcapsules  3   j  having particle diameter of 55 to 60 μm. Melamine-formaldehyde resin was used as a film material.  
         [0252]    Next, in the same manner as in Example 11, the microcapsules  3   j  were filled into the hollows  3   i , thereafter the top surfaces of the conductive partition walls  3   f  were covered with a second substrate  3   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  3   a  and the second substrate  3   b  was sealed with an adhesive  3   h . Energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f  to obtain a display element.  
         [0253]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the first electrodes  3   c  and the conductive partition walls  3   f . The display element was driven at an applied voltage of ±20 V, whereupon, as shown in FIG. 8J, highly minute display in black and white was performable by electrophoresis of the two types of electrophoretic particles  3   d  in each pixel.  
       EXAMPLE 13  
       [0254]    The organic EL display element shown in FIG. 10 was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 11A to  11 D.  
         [0255]    A colorless and transparent insulating layer  4   c  (1 μm thick) was formed using an acrylic resin, on a first substrate  4   a  made of glass (1 mm thick).  
         [0256]    Next, in the same manner as in Example 1, hydrophilic areas  4   d  were patternwise formed by photolithography in circles each having a diameter of 65 μm and also in a honeycomb fashion, to provide on the insulating layer  4   c  a pattern of areas having different surface energy. The hydrophilic areas  4   d  were formed in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance of 66 μm.  
         [0257]    Partition walls  4   e  where hollows  4   f  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  4   a  as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, by self-assembly of a block copolymer represented by the following chemical formula (II) (m=250, n=190, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  4   e , a carbon disulfide solution of the block copolymer represented by the chemical formula (II) (concentration: 1.5% by weight) was casted over the first substrate  4   a  under conditions of a humidity of 85% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 65 μm and 2 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 2. The interval R 1  between hollows was 66 μm.  
                         
 
         [0258]    Next, in the hollows  4   f  on the first substrate  4   a , first electrodes  4   g , organic EL mediums  4   h  and second electrodes  4   i  were formed by vacuum deposition. ITO was used in the first electrodes  4   g , which were formed in a thickness of 0.25 μm.  
         [0259]    The organic EL medium  4   h  consisted of a hole transport layer and an organic luminescent layer, which were formed in the order of the hole transport layer and then the organic luminescent layer, both in a thickness of 0.5 μm. As a hole-transporting material, N,N′-biphenyl-N,N′-bis(α-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine was used. In the organic luminescent layer, three types of materials, a red luminescent material, a green luminescent material and a blue luminescent material, were used and a red luminescent layer, a green luminescent layer and a blue luminescent layer were alternately arranged in the hollows  4   f . Merocyanine, 8-quinolinol and tris(8-qunolinolato)aluminum were used as the red luminescent material, the green luminescent material and the blue luminescent material, respectively.  
         [0260]    The second electrodes  4   i  were formed in a thickness of 0.3 μm, using a silver—magnesium alloy.  
         [0261]    Next, as shown in FIG. 11C, aluminum was vacuum deposited on the second electrodes  4   i  to form a cover electrode  4   j  in a layer thickness of 1 μm.  
         [0262]    Then, the face side where the partition walls  4   e  and the organic EL mediums  4   h  were formed was covered with a second substrate  4   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  4   a  and the second substrate  4   b  was sealed with an adhesive  4   k . At the same time, nitrogen gas was filled into the hollow internal spaces formed by the first substrate  4   a , adhesive  4   k  and second substrate  4   b  to shut off any moisture and oxygen coming from the outside. Thus, the display element was made up. As the second substrate  4   b , the same glass substrate as the first substrate  4   a  was used. As the adhesive  4   k , an epoxy resin was used. Then, energizing circuits were connected to the first electrodes  4   g  and the cover electrode  4   j  to obtain a display element.  
         [0263]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The applied voltage was set at 10 V. Since the partition walls were provided on the substrate by self-assembly of the self-assembling material, highly minute display in full colors was performable without any intermixture of luminescent materials having different luminescent colors between pixels.  
       EXAMPLE 14  
       [0264]    The organic EL display element shown in FIG. 10 was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 11A to  11 D.  
         [0265]    On a first substrate  4   a  formed of a PET film (300 μm thick), an insulating layer  4   c  and hydrophilic areas  4   d  were formed in the same manner as in Example 13. In this Example, the hydrophilic areas  4   d  were formed in circles each having a diameter of 35 μm, and in a thickness of 0.2 μm and a hydrophilic-area-to-area distance of 35.5 μm.  
         [0266]    Partition walls  4   e  where hollows  4   f  were arranged in a honeycomb fashion were formed at desired positions on the first substrate  4   a  as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, by self-assembly of polystyrene (molecular weight Mn=30,000, Mw/Mn&lt;1.05). As conditions for forming the partition walls  4   e , a methylene chloride solution of the polystyrene (concentration: 1% by weight) and a benzene solution of a surface-active agent represented by the following chemical formula (VII) (concentration: 0.1% by weight) were mixed in a weight ratio of 9:1, then the mixture obtained was casted over the first substrate  4   a  under conditions of a humidity of 75% and the organic solvent was made to evaporate gradually to form the partition walls. The hollow diameter of the hollows and the wall height of the partition walls were 35 μm and 2 μm, respectively, and the aspect ratio was 4. The interval R 1  between hollows was 35.5 μm.  
                         
 
         [0267]    In the same manner as in Example 13, first electrodes  4   g , organic EL mediums  4   h  and second electrodes  4   i  were formed in the hollows  4   f  on the first substrate  4   a , and thereafter an aluminum layer was formed as a cover electrode  4   j.    
         [0268]    In the same manner as in Example 13, the face side where the partition walls  4   e  and the organic EL mediums  4   h  were formed was covered with a second substrate  4   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  4   a  and the second substrate  4   b  was sealed with an adhesive  4   k . Thus, the display element was made up. As the second substrate  4   b , a PET film was used like the first substrate  4   a . As the adhesive  4   k , an acrylic resin was used. Energizing circuits were further connected to the first electrodes  4   g  and the cover electrode  4   j  to obtain a display element.  
         [0269]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The applied voltage was set at 10 V. Since the partition walls were provided on the substrate by self-assembly of the self-assembling material, highly minute display in full colors was performable without any intermixture of luminescent materials having different luminescent colors between pixels.  
       EXAMPLE 15  
       [0270]    The organic EL display element shown in FIG. 10 was manufactured according to the manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 11A to  11 D.  
         [0271]    On a first substrate  4   a  formed of a PET film (300 μm thick), an insulating layer  4   c , hydrophilic areas  4   d , partition walls  4   e  and first electrodes  4   g  were formed in the same manner as in Example 14.  
         [0272]    The organic EL medium  4   h  has the following construction. In red and green pixels, hole injection type polymeric organic luminescent layers of red and green, respectively, are formed. In blue pixels, hole injection layers not emitting light are formed. Then, in all pixels, charge transport type blue luminescent layers are formed.  
         [0273]    A red luminescent material and a green luminescent material were patternwise coated in the hollows  4   f  by an ink-jet process to form organic luminescent layers of 0.1 μm thick. As the red luminescent material, a cyanopolyphenylenevinylene was used. As the green luminescent material, a polyphenylenevinylene was used. Solutions of these polymer precursors are ink-jet ejected and thereafter made into polymers by heat treatment to form the organic luminescent layers. In the hole injection layers not emitting light, polyvinylcarbazole was used, and was ejected by an ink-jet process to the hollows  4   f  corresponding to blue pixels, to form the hole injection layers.  
         [0274]    As blue luminescent layers, an aluminum quinolinol complex was further deposited in the hollows  4   f  by vacuum deposition to form the charge transport type blue luminescent layers in a thickness of 0.1 μm.  
         [0275]    On the organic EL mediums  4   h  provided in the hollows  4   f , silver-magnesium alloy layers of 0.3 μm thick were formed as second electrodes  4   i , and an aluminum layer of 1 μm thick was further formed thereon as a cover electrode  4   j . (See FIG. 11C).  
         [0276]    In the same manner as in Example 14, the face side where the partition walls  4   e  and the organic EL mediums  4   h  were formed was covered with a second substrate  4   b , and the edge space between the first substrate  4   a  and the second substrate  4   b  was sealed with an adhesive  4   k . Thus, the display element was made up. Energizing circuits were further connected to the first electrodes  4   g  and the cover electrode  4   j  to obtain a display element.  
         [0277]    Display was performed by applying voltage across the electrodes. The applied voltage was set at 10 V. Since the partition walls were provided on the substrate by self-assembly of the self-assembling material, highly minute display in full colors was performable without any intermixture of luminescent materials having different luminescent colors between pixels.  
         [0278]    As having been described above in detail, the use of the display element of the present invention can bring about the following advantage.  
         [0279]    In forming partition walls of display elements, the partition walls formed by self-assembly of the self-assembling material can simply be formed without relying on any conventional lithographic techniques, and hence partition walls with minute thickness can be formed in a good precision. This enables simple manufacture of display elements which can perform highly minute display.