Abstract:
This disclosure relates to a vessel having means at the bow of the vessel to direct a water flow ahead of the vessel downwardly towards the sea bed in front of and to either side of the path of the vessel to displace material from the sea bed including any weapon system or obstacles on or buried in the sea bed away from the path of the vessel.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of United Kingdom Patent Application No. 0026815.1, filed Nov. 2, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to clearance of mines from the seabed and in particular from regions of the seabed close to the shoreline which have been mined to deter or prevent amphibious landings on the beach by amphibious landing craft. 
     2. Background of Prior Art 
     The problems of mine clearance of shallow water/beach areas for amphibious landings are well known. If it were possible for invaders to always have the choice of an ideal landing area, they would probably choose a comparatively gently sloping beach free from obstacles and composed of sand or shingle. The defenders will employ whatever defensive measures are open to them part of which will be the “surf zone” (SZ) which is suitable for “very shallow water mining” (VSWM). The deployment of a mix of comparatively small contact, pressure, and influence mines sown in the SZ and VSWM areas means that many will become buried by the action or tide and wave action. In fact some mines are deliberately shaped to aid the burying process. Any invader will therefore need to clear a safe passage through such areas in order for effective landings to take place. Current techniques which attempt to achieve the foregoing appear to be both expensive and time consuming to apply, embracing as they do the step by step procedures now applied, e.g.: 
     (a) first locate the mines then 
     (b) neutralise or destroy them 
     The current means of implementing involve the use the highly expensive and complicated Mine Hunting Vessels (MHVs), robots, swimming teams and underwater vehicles, both manned and unmanned, and even in certain situations, trained dolphins. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is now proposed that the means outlined in paragraphs (a) and (b) above should be dispensed with and in accordance with this invention, clearing the mines should be effected by directed large volumes of low velocity water at the seabed in a controlled manner, thereby clearing/excavating sand, shingle, cobbles and mines by rolling/water blasting them away, thus creating the safe passage needed. 
     Thus the invention provides a vessel having means at the bow of the vessel to direct a water flow ahead of the vessel downwardly towards the sea bed in front of and to either side of the path of the vessel to displace material from the sea bed including any weapon system or obstacles on or buried in the sea bed away from the path of the vessel. 
     The means for directing the water flow from the vessel will be referred to hereinafter as a water plough. 
     There are two main factors involved in achieving the foregoing: 
     (a) The effective clearance distance of the water 
     The distance at which the water, when discharged from the water plough, will effect the necessary scouring/clearing of the seabed, and therefore the objects embedded in it, e.g. stones, rocks, mines etc. 
     (b) The damage radius of the mine 
     The effective damage radius of any mine which may explode as they are being swept away. This will vary according to: 
     (i) the type and amount of explosive contained, and 
     (ii) the depth of water in which it sits, e.g. in very shallow water the explosion will take the path of least resistance, and the direction will therefore mostly be towards the surface. 
     Clearance Distance of the Water 
     Devices already exist for which it is claimed that a six ft. diameter shrouded propeller, which requires 250-500 HP only can move seabed material at the following rates: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Movement 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Type of Soil 
                 m 3 /hr 
                 Rates Tons/hr 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Loose Soils 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mobile Coarse Sand 
                  500-2000 
                 1300-5200  
               
               
                   
                 Dense Fine Sand 
                 250-750 
                 650-1950 
               
               
                   
                 Silt 
                 100-500 
                 260-1300 
               
               
                   
                 Gravel 
                 100-500 
                 260-1300 
               
               
                   
                 Cobbles/Rocks 
                 100-500 
                 260-1300 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     This at a distance of some five to ten yards and furthermore clearing/excavating down to a depth of some 3 ft. or so, below the surface of the seabed. 
     Damage Radius of the Mine 
     The best information gathered so far, and this is very much ‘rule of thumb’ regarding the volume of influence of underwater explosions, is that a 1000 lbs charge has a damage radius of some 50 yds. Whilst the amount of explosive required to double the volume of influence can be: 
     (a) as high as 10 times the amount of explosive, or 
     (b) as little as 4 times the amount 
     However if it is accepted that 20 lbs of explosive (abut the charge in some anti invasion mines), would have a damage radius of say 10 to 12 yds, then a properly constructed Water Plough should be able to clear those mines, without its function being irreparably impaired, by those that do explode. 
     Providing Scouring Water 
     There are various ways in which the ‘scouring water’ action could be produced, ranging from: 
     (a) reversing the thrust from the ships propellers 
     (b) by specially constructed ships, e.g. utilizing/directing the prop wash from say, bow thrusters, this by positioning devices to turn the prop wash through 90% so that it blows the clear path required ahead of the ship 
     (c) by attaching a large fabricated intake to the bow of the ship, which accepts water and turns it through 90° to a narrowed projecting outlet thereby forcing a ‘wave’ ahead of the vessel and creating the necessary turbulence/scouring action 
     (d) by the use of low pressure pumps with a large volumetric output 
     (e) captive propellers in a ‘caged enclosure’, with power being supplied from the ships systems 
     (f) by contra rotating paddles 
     (g) using high speed water jets to product a Coanda effect to get the volume of water required flowing in the desired direction. 
     Water Plough Construction 
     The water plough should be constructed in such a manner, that the wave effect it produces should: 
     (a) create the scouring/cleaning effect at least 10 yds, ahead of its outlet, it should additionally 
     (b) be constructed in flexible—resilient material, so designed as to direct the water flow in the desired direction but also to allow activation by a sensor which would react to the pressure impulse/shock wave created by an exploding mine and cause the Water Plough to: 
     (i) swing up 
     (ii) swing open—away 
     (iii) recoil, from the ‘pressure’ created 
     (c) traverse through 180° around the bow of the vessel 
     (d) be mounted on a boom (e.g. 90 ft in length), thereby sweeping a wide channel (of 180 ft for a 90 ft boom) as the vessel approaches the landing area. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The following is a description of some specific embodiments of the invention, reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows the bow of a vessel and a water plough mounted on the bow of the vessel to provide a stream of water directed forwardly, downwardly and outwardly to either side of the vessel bow to clear mines buried in the seabed in the path of the vessel; 
     FIG. 2 is a side view of the water plough of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a front view of the water plough of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 shows an alternative construction of water plough mounted on a support boom extending forwardly from the bow of a vessel; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the water plough; 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the water plough of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 7 is a plan view of the bow of a ship and water plough of FIGS. 4 to  6  having a modified form of boom mounting; 
     FIG. 8 is a side view of a further modified form of water plough; and 
     FIGS. 9 to  11  show an elbow conduit, on a ships bow over the outlet aperture from the conventional thruster in the bow to direct a stream of water forwardly, downwardly and outwardly of the bow. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     References made firstly to the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to  3  of the drawings. In FIG. 1 there is shown a bow indicated generally at  10  of a ship on which a water plough indicated generally at  11  is mounted for providing a stream of water flowing forwardly, downwardly and outwardly to either side of the ships bow as the ship moves forwardly through the water to act on the seabed in the path of the ship to displace the material of the seabed and any mines buried or on the surface of the seabed outwardly away from the path of the ship to clear the seabed as it rises to the beach to provide a safe path for amphibious vehicles to land on the beach. 
     The vessel  10  has mounting arms  12  secured to either side of the bow which extend forwardly of the bow. Water plough  11  is hinged at  13  to the forwardly extending beams so that the water plough can pivot through an arc of movement about an axis extending transversely of the bow of the ship. The water plough is supported at a required orientation with respect to the bow by means of a cross-beam  14  mounted on the ships bow in which cables  15  extend forwardly and are attached to the water plough to support the water plough. 
     The water plough comprises a horizontally extending rectangular cross-section duct  16  extending forwardly of the ships bow. The duct  16  is pivoted at its rearward end to a semicircular inlet conduit  17  of similar rectangular cross-section to the duct. The conduit  17  has a forwardly facing open inlet  18  to receive a water flow as the vessel moves forwardly through the water and a lower outlet  19  in direct communication with the rearward end of the duct  16 . As indicated above, the duct  16  is mounted on the inlet conduit  17  by means of pivotal mountings  20  at the top of the duct and powerful tension springs  21  extend between mountings on the duct  16  and inlet conduit  17  to hold the duct firmly in engagement with the conduit and the outlet from the conduit in register with the rearward end of the duct to deliver water received from the conduit into the duct. 
     At the forward end  22  of the duct an arcuate shaped discharge nozzle  23  is mounted by means of hinges  24  at the top of the duct. The arcuate discharge nozzle has a bottom outlet  25  to direct a downward flow of water from the duct against the seabed to churn up and discharge the material of the seabed and any mine laid on or in the seabed to either side of the path of the ship to clear the way for an amphibious vehicle to land on the beach. 
     The arcuate nozzle  23  is held positively in engagement with the duct  16  by powerful tension springs  26  attached to anchorages on the nozzle and duct. 
     FIGS. 4 to  6  show a further arrangement of sea plough to which reference will now be made in this case the sea plough which again is indicated generally at  11  is pivotally mounted at the forward end of a boom structure  30  pivotally mounted at  31  on the bow of the vessel  32 . A hoist  33  is mounted on the bow of the vessel and is connected to the boom structure at an intermediate location to raise and lower the boom structure as required. The sea plough  11  has a proximity sensor on its underside as indicated at  34  to detect when the bow is close to the seabed and to initiate control of the hoist mechanism to maintain the plough at a predetermined distance or within a predetermined range of heights above the seabed. 
     Reference is now made to FIGS. 5 and 6 which show the sea plough  11  in greater detail. 
     The sea plough is of elbow shaped form having an elongate rectangular cross-section, the elbow providing a vertical portion  14  having an open inlet  41  at its upper end, a 90° bend  41 , a horizontal portion  42  and a forwardly facing outlet  43 . 
     Three ducts  44  are mounted at spaces located across the inlet  41  as best seen in FIG.  5  and each duct contains a motor driven bladed impeller  46  having a drive motor  47  to draw water in through the inlet  41  and to discharge it downwardly through the duct and around the bend to the horizontal portion as indicated by the arrows and dense to emerge from the outlet  43  as a horizontal stream of water. The outlet  43  may be divided into separate sections by internal partitions  48  as indicated in FIG.  5 . 
     The water plough therefore provides a forwardly directed stream of water to displace seabed material indicated in FIG. 4 in advance of the vessel away from the path of the vessel to provide a clear path for amphibious landing crafts over the seabed and onto the beach. 
     FIG. 7 shows a modified mounting for the sea plough of FIGS. 3 to  6  in which the boom  30  pivotally mounted on the horizontal axis to the bow of the vessel is replaced by a telescopic boom  50  mounted on the bow of the ship to rotate about a vertical axis  51  to enable the boom to be positioned directly forwardly of the vessel or to either side of the bow of the vessel. The water plough can therefore be used to displace seabed material ahead of the vessel when the boom is in its forwardly extending position or to either side of the vessel to sweep material from the path of the vessel. 
     FIG. 8 of the drawings shows a further form of plough comprising an arcuate duct  16  of rectangular cross-section having a vertically open inlet  61  and an downwardly angled outlet  62 . An impeller system indicated generally at  63  is mounted on the inlet  61  and comprises a housing  64  having a horizontally open intake  65 , a bladed impeller  66  mounted in the housing and driven by a motor unit  67  mounted on the housing. Water drawn in through the intake  65  is discharged through outlet  68  along the bottom of the housing which is in direct communication with the inlet  61  to the duct  60 . The housing  64  is mounted on the duct by means of a hinge arrangement  69  along one edge of the housing and duct and by tension springs  70  extending between mounts at the opposite and of the duct and housing. 
     The water plough may be mounted on a boom on the prow of a ship as in the arrangement of FIG. 4 or the arrangement of FIG.  7 . 
     FIGS. 9 to  11  show an elbow duct  80  of circular cross-section having an inlet  81  and outlet  82 . The duct is mounted on the discharge side of the bow thruster of a vessel to direct water from the thrust downwardly and outwardly of the bow of the vessel to displace material from the seabed outwardly away from the vessel as previously described. The ducts may be mounted on an arrangement of swinging support arms  83  mounted on the vessel bow as indicated at FIG.  11 . 
     Other arrangements for displacing seabed material from the path of the vessel may include arrangements for making use of the wash produced by the vessels propulsion system.