Abstract:
The present invention, generally speaking, satisfies the foregoing requirements using in combination within a frequency synthesis loop an SDM-based synthesizer and an SDM-based frequency digitizer. Since both blocks are SDM-based, the resulting signals can be differenced and filtered to produce a control signal for an oscillator. Low noise (and low spurs), fine frequency resolution and fast switching times may all be achieved simultaneously.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/624,574, filed Jul. 24, 2000, incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/268,731, filed Mar. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,101. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to frequency synthesis.  
           [0004]    2. State of the Art  
           [0005]    In the field of communications, it is necessary to synthesize many different frequencies, typically using a reference frequency or a small number of reference frequencies. A phase lock look (PLL) is used for this purpose.  
           [0006]    The frequency to be synthesized and the reference frequency are not always related by integer relations. Fractional-N synthesis may be used in such instances. Originally, fractional-N synthesis (FNS) was used to refer to a technique in which an accumulator is used following a conventional divider. Upon accumulator rollover, the divider divides the signal by the next highest integer on its subsequent cycle. Hence, the divider divides the signal by N or N+1, with a duty cycle set by the accumulator. The feedback signal to the phase detector is therefore frequency modulated. A narrow PLL bandwidth averages the FM feedback to provide fractional resolution (between 1/N and 1/(N+1)). The arrangement of a typical fractional-N synthesizer is shown in FIG. 1, where a block  101  represents the combination divider/accumulator previously described.  
           [0007]    More particularly, an output signal  103  of the divider/accumulator  101  is applied to a phase/frequency detector (PFD)  105 , together with a reference frequency f ref . The PFD produces an error signal  107 , which is filtered using a low-pass filter  109  to produce a control signal  111  for a VCO  113 . The VCO produces an output signal f o , which is also applied as the input signal to the divider/accumulator  101 . The elements of FIG. 1 may be grouped into a forward path  110  and a feedback path  120 . In the arrangement of FIG. 1, however, discrete spurious signal components (“spurs”) are typically created in the output signal.  
           [0008]    Fractional-N synthesis may also refer, more generally, to any non-integer frequency division. One example is the use of a sigma-delta modulator (SDM) to drive the modulus control inputs of a multi-modulus prescaler, as shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, a forward path  210  includes the same elements as in FIG. 1. In the feedback path  220 , the divider/accumulator of FIG. 1 is replaced by a multi-modulus prescaler  221  controlled by a SDM  223 . This technique also frequency modulates the feedback to the phase detector. The FM rate is much higher than in the accumulator method, so the PLL more readily averages the feedback. However, the noise component of the SDM does get through the PLL, appearing as a raised noise floor on the synthesizer output.  
           [0009]    Both of the foregoing approaches provide finer frequency resolution than conventional integer-N PLLs, or equivalently provide lower output noise for identical resolution than integer-N PLLs. These advantages make FNS attractive. Still, the discrete spurs of the accumulator technique, or the raised noise floor of the SDM technique, leave room for improvement.  
           [0010]    A further technique is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,965,533 and 5,757,239. This technique, illustrated in FIG. 3, involves a direct digital synthesizer  301  followed by a PLL  303  set to a fixed multiplication ratio, multiplying the DDS output (having relatively fine frequency resolution). A typical DDS arrangement is shown in FIG. 4. An arithmetic circuit  410  comprises an adder  401  and an N-bit accumulator  403  connected in the manner shown. In particular, an N-bit input value M and the N-bit output of the accumulator  403  are applied to the adder  401 . The adder produces an N-bit result (excluding carry bit). The accumulator  403  is updated with the adder output in accordance with F CLK . The output value of the accumulator  403  is used to address a ROM  405 . The ROM  405  produces a digital value which is converted to analog by a DAC  407  and low pass filtered using a LPF  409  to produce an output signal. The frequency of the output signal is that of F CLK  scaled by the ratio M: 2 N .  
           [0011]    Using the technique of FIG. 3, spurious signals in the DDS output signal are either filtered by the PLL (if outside the PLL&#39;s bandwidth) or multiplied by the PLL (if within its bandwidth). Thus, this technique is also susceptible to noise degradation.  
           [0012]    Although not widely known, a DDS-like arrangement can be operated as a first-order SDM, as shown in FIG. 5. An arithmetic circuit  510  is similar to the arithmetic circuit  410  of FIG. 4 except that a carry-out signal co of the adder  501  is synchronized with f CLK  to form a signal c o ′, which is the desired SD waveform. As compared to the conventional DDS arrangement of FIG. 4, the SD waveform of FIG. 5 has a duty cycle of f o : f CLK , or M:2 N .  
           [0013]    In addition, a wideband frequency digitizer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,219,394 entitled DIGITAL FREQUENCY SAMPLING AND DISCRIMINATION, issued Apr. 17, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the wideband frequency digitizer  601  provides a sigma-delta waveform representation  603  of the frequency ratio between its input signal f x  ( 605 ) and a reference F CLK  ( 607 ).  
           [0014]    Despite the foregoing techniques, a need exists for a frequency synthesis technique that simultaneously provides low noise (and low spurs) while also providing fine frequency resolution and fast switching times.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The present invention, generally speaking, satisfies the foregoing requirements using in combination within a frequency synthesis loop an SDM-based synthesizer and an SDM-based frequency digitizer. Since both blocks are SDM-based, the resulting signals can be differenced and filtered to produce a control signal for an oscillator. Low noise (and low spurs), fine frequency resolution and fast switching times may all be achieved simultaneously. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0016]    The present invention may be further understood from the following description in conjunction with the appended drawing. In the drawing:  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 shows the arrangement of a conventional fractional-N synthesizer;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2 shows the use of a sigma-delta modulator (SDM) to drive the modulus control inputs of a multi-modulus prescaler;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3 shows a synthesizer in which a direct digital synthesizer is followed by a PLL set to a fixed multiplication ratio, multiplying the DDS output;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4 shows a typical DDS arrangement;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5 illustrates a DDS-like arrangement operated as a first-order SDM;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 illustrates a wideband frequency digitizer that provides a sigma-delta waveform representation of the frequency ratio between its input signal and a reference;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 7 illustrates a frequency synthesizer like that of FIG. 1, explicitly drawing attention to the asymmetry inherent in its operation;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 8 illustrates a frequency synthesizer like that of FIG. 2, explicitly drawing attention to the asymmetry inherent in its operation;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 9 illustrates a frequency synthesizer like that of FIG. 3, explicitly drawing attention to the asymmetry inherent in its operation;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 10 is a block diagram is shown of an exemplary embodiment of the present frequency synthesizer;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 11 shows a synthesizer using a WFD in which any offset produced by moding is removed;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 12 shows a synthesizer like that of FIG. 11 but incorporating an offset circuit; and  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 13 is a diagram of an offset circuit suitable for use in the synthesizer of FIG. 12.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0030]    The present invention is based in part on the recognition that the noise problems of the foregoing prior art techniques derive from the fact that the synthesizer phase detector (PD) is not operated symmetrically. That is, one PD input is jittered while the other is not. This asymmetry is indicated in FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 (corresponding to FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 3, respectively).  
         [0031]    If instead both inputs to the PD are jittered by equivalent processes, their difference will ideally be zero, removing the noise otherwise contributed by asymmetric operation.  
         [0032]    Referring now to FIG. 10, a block diagram is shown of an exemplary embodiment of the present frequency synthesizer. A DDS circuit  1001  receives a clock input F CLK  and a control input M and produces a sigma-delta output signal waveform DDS. The signal DDS is applied to a difference-forming circuit  1003  that produces as a difference signal a sigma-delta waveform DIFF. The difference signal DIFF is filtered using, for example, a digital low-pass filter  1005 . The filter output signal is converted to analog using a DAC  1007  and applied to a VCO  1009 , which produces an output signal f o .  
         [0033]    The output signal f o  is applied to a WFD  1011 , which produces a sigma-delta output signal f b  based on applied reference f R . This signal is applied to an input of the difference-forming circuit  1003 .  
         [0034]    At lock, in terms of duty cycles, SD=f b ; i.e., the stream of ones and zeros from the SD-DDS will be the same as the stream of ones and zeros from the WFD. Equating the expression for duty cycle for the DDS and WFD, and assuming F CLK =f R , then  
         f   0     =     M   ·       f     C                 L                 K         2   N                               
 
         [0035]    as in a conventional DDS. Thus, the circuit of FIG. 10 is functionally interchangeable with the ROM/DAC/LPF of a conventional DDS. The circuit of FIG. 10, however, offers the advantages of smaller size and lower power (although the use of feedback does impose some dynamic performance limitations).  
         [0036]    The WFD has an interesting further property that may be taken advantage of. Consider different frequency ranges, 0 to 1f R , 1f R  to 2f R , etc. When the input frequency is within the first range, the output of the WFD will be a stream of ones and zeros, the duty cycle varying from mostly zeros at lower frequencies within the octave and mostly ones at higher frequencies within the octave. When the input frequency is within the second range, the output of the WFD will be a stream of ones and twos, the duty cycle varying from mostly ones at lower frequencies within the range and mostly twos at higher frequencies within the range, etc. The variation of the duty cycle, however, is essentially identical within different octaves. One way to express this property is that the WFD “modes,” meaning that if f o &gt;f R , then there is an offset on the digital signal of  
          =     〚       f   o       f       r                 ef                      〛                           
 
         [0037]    (the greatest integer) generated internally. If this offset is removed, (e.g, by taking only the least-significant bit from the WFD), then the digital signal is the same as it would have been if the input frequency were within the first range. A synthesizer in which the offset is removed (by circuit  1101 ) is illustrated in FIG. 11.  
         [0038]    The synthesizer of FIG. 11 offers a distinct advantage over a synthesizer using a conventional prescaler. Using a conventional prescaler, because the synthesizer behaves as a multiplier, when the output frequency is changed but the modulation range is to remain the same, the modulation control signal must be adjusted accordingly. In the synthesizer of FIG. 11, the modulation control signal can remain unchanged, independent of the actual output frequency. That is, the modulation control signal need not be scaled according to output frequency as is the case with the use of frequency prescalers.  
         [0039]    In the synthesizer of FIG. 11, the modulation control signal is the numeric control signal M. Hence, if at a first output frequency, modulation is imparted by varying M within a predetermined range, then at a second different output frequency, identical modulation may be imparted by varying M within the same predetermined range. The output frequency of the oscillator may be changed, for example, by incorporating within the feedback loop an offset circuit  1201  as shown in FIG. 12. One suitable offset circuit is shown in FIG. 13. The PLL acts to keep the output frequency of the offset circuit fixed; i.e., if the offset of the offset circuit is increased, then the frequency of the oscillator is increased by an equal amount. Similarly, if the offset of the offset circuit is decreased, then the frequency of the oscillator is decreased by an equal amount.  
         [0040]    Note that a prescaler may be used in place of the offset circuit previously described, although modulation scaling is then required.  
         [0041]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential character thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein.