Abstract:
The system is used for transmitting information wherein each possible message unit in a set, (e.g. the alpha-numeric symbol set) is defined by a specific interval (I=f s  /f R ) and messages are transmitted by conversion to the interval code and for the sending of signals of any two frequencies (f s  and f R ) that are related by the specific intervals. The signals are received by a receiver which computes the interval, matches it with the pre-defined message unit interval and outputs that message unit. A sequence of message units may be sent using a reference frequency signal and a succession of specific signals each related to the reference frequency by the specific interval for that message unit. A computer program can be utilized for automatically encoding or decoding. The system has the advantages that it is relatively free of errors caused by long term frequency shifting, allows transmission at any frequency level, and allows interacting communication between stations wherein the transmitters operate in entirely different frequency domains. In particular, the system is operable to transmit information in the form of interval-coded tones suitable for interpretation by a human listener. Examples of the use of the system include a clock and voltmeter comprising tone output circuitry.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 853,480, filed Apr. 18, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,299. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the transmission of information and is especially concerned with a code transmission system. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Numerous systems for the transmission of information have been proposed See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,366,737 issued to Brown, Jr. for &#34;MESSAGE SWITCHING CENTER FOR ASYNCHRONOUS START-STOP TELEGRAPH CHANNELS&#34;, 3,627,951 issued to Batin for &#34;ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CONTROLLED BY DATA PROCESSING DEVICE&#34;, 3,633,172 issued to Eggimann et al for &#34;MEANS FOR AND METHOD OF ADDRESS-CODED SIGNALING&#34;, 3,796,835 issued to Closs et al for &#34;SWITCHING SYSTEM FOR TDM DATA WHICH INDUCES AN ASYNCHRONOUS SUBMULTIPLEX CHANNEL&#34;, 3,988,545 issued to Kuemmerle et al. for &#34;METHOD OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION AND MULTIPLEXING DEVICE FOR EXECUTING THE METHOD&#34;, 4,154,983 issued to Pedersen for &#34;LOOP CARRIER SYSTEM FOR TELECOMMUNICATION AND DATA SERVICES&#34;, and 4,390,985 issued to Fourcade et al. for &#34;DEVICE FOR THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMITTED IN PACKETS&#34;. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a system for transmitting information wherein the information consists of series of specific message units out of a set of possible units, (e.g. a word message made out of the 26 letters of the alphabet) and includes the step of defining an interval for each of the members of the set. Then the message is converted into a signal of a reference frequency signal and a series of information signals each having a frequency related to the reference signal&#39;s frequency by the interval so defined. Next this message is transmitted. This set of signals can then be translated back to the message by a receiver that compares the received signals to determine their intervals and compares the intervals so derived to the defined interval. 
     The system may be readily adapted to be machine implemented using a digital computer and encompasses a transmitter and a receiver for carrying out the process. 
     Since an interval is used, the message can be sent and recognized despite shifts in frequency from one message to another or despite uniform shifts in frequencies. The system has the following advantages: 
     The Message-Interval Coding in the system is frequency independent and, hence, portable across the frequency spectrum. 
     The Message-Interval Coding of the system forms a smart system because a message, identified by a particular interval, can be conveyed at higher or lower frequencies. 
     The system affords great freedom in hardware design. 
     The system permits different machines to talk at higher or lower frequencies while conveying the same Interval-Coded Message. 
     The system makes high-frequency machines compatible with low-frequency machines. 
     With the Message-Interval Coding of the system, a wide-band machine listener is capable of understanding both high-frequency and low-frequency transmitters which convey the same Interval-Coded Message. 
     The system provides a smart machine transmitter because the transmitter can convey a particular Interval-Coded Message at higher or lower frequencies. 
     Furthermore, the transmitter of the system can be employed in another manner to transmit information in the form of Interval-Coded audible tones for direct interpretation by a human listener. When used in this manner, the machine receiver of the system may be omitted. Examples, including a clock and a voltmeter comprising such tone transmitter, are also disclosed. 
     The system, together with the advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in the several figures of which, like reference numerals identify like elements. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1a-1c are a set of waveforms useful in explaining the system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is another waveform illustrating one aspect of the system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is yet another waveform for illustrating another aspect of the system of the present invention 
     FIG. 4 is a table for use with the system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a flow chart useful in illustrating the overall operation of the system. 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system for producing or transmitting signals constructed in accordance with the system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a more detailed flow chart useful for illustrating the operation of the system shown in FIG. 6 
     FIG. 8 is a waveform diagram illustrating a feature of the system of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a receiver system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the system shown in FIG. 9. 
     FIG. 11 is a circuit and block diagram of one particular embodiment for part of the system shown in FIG. 9. 
     FIGS. 12a-12c are a set of waveforms useful in illustrating the operation of the system of the invention. 
     FIGS. 13a-13b are schematic block diagrams of a record unit and a playback unit of the system employing a recording media (such as a magnetic tape). 
     FIG. 14 is a detailed electrical circuit diagram of the record/playback units shown in FIGS. 13a-13b. 
     FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a clock employing a transmitter system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a measuring device employing a transmitter system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to the drawings and especially to FIGS. 1a-1c, the processes of the present invention may be appreciated from the following description with reference to FIGS. 1a-1c. 
     It should be noted that while square waves are depicted in the drawings, the principles explained apply to any shaped periodic waveform. 
     The system or process of the present invention uses the Interval I, between two frequencies of a waveform such as waveforms W R  and W S (1) of FIGS. 1a and 1b to identify specific messages or items of information (e.g. the letter &#34;A&#34;) from a table of such messages These frequencies may be designated f R  for a reference frequency and f S  for a signal frequency. Then the Interval I may be defined by the following equation: ##EQU1## 
     Using the usual definition of the periodic T of a wave as the inverse of its frequency (T=1/f) this becomes: ##EQU2## where D R  and D S  represent the duration of a half cycle of the waveform W R  or W S . 
     Each interval in a table of intervals can be assigned a different specific message. With reference to FIG. 1a and 1b , then, the two waveforms W R  and W S (1) would define an interval: ##EQU3## 
     Taking the general case, any waveform W S (N) would define an interval: ##EQU4## and by defining a message unit, Nth Message, the two waveforms W R  and W S (N) yield this Nth Message unit M.sub.(N). If the value of I S (N) equals I k  in the table, which has been assigned a specific message member M k , then M.sub.(N) equals M k . 
     FIG. 4 is one such generalized table As a concrete example, let us assume we wish to transmit a message using the English alphabet We could then make up a table such as this: 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________            INTERVALMESSAGE UNITS    2  (M/24)______________________________________A                1.000000B                1.029302C                1.059463D                1.090507E                1.122462F                1.155352G                1.189207H                1.224053I                1.259921J                1.296839K                1.334839L                1.373953M                1.414213N                1.455653O                1.498307P                1.542210Q                1.587401R                1.633915S                1.681792T                1.731073U                1.781797V                1.834008W                1.887748X                1.943063Y                2.000000Z                2.058604Space            2.118926etc.______________________________________ 
    
     Thus, a message unit for &#34;Y&#34; could be translated from two waveforms W R  and W S  wherein the frequency of W R  was 10 KHz and that of W S  20 KHz. Note that it could also be 1 KHz and 2 KHz or 1.13 MHz and 2.26 MHz. 
     (Of course, in a practical receiver of this system any interval within a range about the above precise values would be accepted as being that interval.) 
     The waveforms W R  and W S (1), etc. can be transmitted sequentially as shown in FIG. 2 and even single cycles of the waveforms used as there shown. However, in most practical systems it is preferred that the waveforms W R , W S (1), etc. persist for a number of cycles so as to make the detection of them accomplished easily and with less precise equivalence. However, this is not necessary for even as short a duration as one half cycle D R , D S (1), D S (N) can be used as illustrated in FIG. 3 Again, in this case each message unit is represented by the interval defined by the equation there set out. 
     Transmitter 
     FIG. 5 shows the steps in practicing the process of the present invention in the conventional computer flow chart manner. From a start at 12, the first step 14 is to establish the message interval (MI) Table (step 14). The next step 16 is to input specific message units M(1) . . . M(N) (for example the letters and spaces NOW IS THE TIME . . . AID . . . using Table I above ) at step 16 and select the corresponding intervals from the MI Table of stop 14. The final step 18 is to generate the waves W R , W S (1), etc. in accordance with the input of step 16 and when this is done the operation is over at step 20 
     A transmitter 21 for carrying out the process of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 6 wherein a microcomputer 22 receives the message units (e.g. through a keyboard) at input 24 and selects the proper intervals from a MI Table unit 26. (This table may take the form of a ROM chip or any other suitable source). The microcomputer 22 derives a succession of signals for a reference waveform and message waveforms and supplies them to an output 28. These can be, for example, the duration of half-cycles of the waveforms D R , D S (1). The output 28 feeds a programmable wave generator 30 which produces the output wave W R , W S (1), etc. on its output 32 This latter output 32 may be fed to a suitable transmission vehicle such as a transmission line or optic fiber or broadcast antenna 
     This transmitter has been constructed and successfully operated using a BBC Microcomputer Model B This Microcomputer contains a 6502 CPU and two 6522 Versatile Interface Adaptors, where one of which, the USER VIA, is already connected to the Model B&#39;s USER PORT for user applications A more detailed flow chart for this particular and currently preferred method of carrying out the invention is shown in FIG. 7. 
     In this particular case, the microcomputer 22 may serve as not only the microcomputer 22, but by placing the Table MI in its RAM as the table 26, the USER VIA section can be operated as the generator 30 wherein the output waves are obtained across the standard circuit points identified as PB7 and OV at the USER PORT of this commercially available computer 
     The flow chart of FIG. 7 includes a start command 34 which establishes a MI Table at step 36 and accepts input messages at step 38. In response to the first of these steps, it fetches a pre-selected reference D (half-cycle) at step 40 and in the next stage 42, inverts the logic state at the output and starts a countdown on D Before the conclusion of this countdown it fetches the next signal D (i.e., D S (1), etc.) in function block 44. If this is not the last D fetched (test block 46) the system responds as indicated in block 47 to restart the process of selecting the next D. If the answer to test 46 is &#34;yes&#34;, the system responds as indicated by logic block 50 to proceed to countdown on the last D and as indicated by block 52 to invert logic at the output and proceed to end at 54. 
     The program for carrying out this operation is as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Transmitter Program I__________________________________________________________________________ 10 REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN 15 REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT 20 REM 40 REM NORTH POINT 50 REM HONG KONG 60 REM 80 REM PRESTOB18G 85 REM 90 ?&amp;FE6B=&amp;CO : REM SET USER 6522 AT FREE-RUNNING MODE 92 ?&amp;FE62=&amp;80 : REM INITIALIZE OUTPUT (SET PB7 AT HIGH) 94 ?&amp;FE6E=&amp;00 : REM INTERRUPT DISABLED100 REM110 REM ESTABLISH MESSAGE-INTERVAL CODING TABLE120 DR=3000 : REM SET REFERENCE &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34; DURATION,     PROGRAMMABLE130 DELAY%=2140 DSH%=&amp;0DA0 : DSL%=&amp;0DC0 : REM LOCATION OF MI TABLE150 FOR M = 0 TO 31170 REM FOR EXAMPLE 32-STATE MESSAGES IN THIS     DEMONSTRATION180 REM (EACH MESSAGE HAS THE SAME INFORMATION CONTENT     AS 5 BINARY BITS)200 DS% = INT 2  (-M/24)*DR : REM COMPUTE SIGNAL &#34;HALF-     CYCLE&#34; DURATION210 REM MESSAGES MESSAGES CODED BY220 REM INTERVALS 2  (0/24), 2  (1/24), 2  (2/24), . . . ,     2  (31/24)230 DS%=DS%-DELAY% : REM DELAY CORRECTION232 REM TRUE DURATION = PROGRAMMED DURATION + DELAY235 DSH%?M=DS% DIV 256238 DSL%?M=DS% MOD 256240 NEXT M290 REM INPUT MESSAGES300 N=128 : REM TAKE N INPUT MESSAGE UNITS     (N=1,5,16,64 ETC., PROGRAMMABLE)320 DTA%=&amp;3000 : ?DTA%=N330 FOR NUM% = N TO 1 STEP -1340 M=GET : REM SPECIFIC MESSAGE UNIT OF A DEPRESSED     KEY342 IF M=32 THEN M=27 ELSE M=M-65350 DTA%? (NUM%)=M360 NEXT390 REM USING THE USER VIA400 REM GENERATE WAVES410 REM IN ACCORDANCE WITH MI TABLE420 FOR PASS = 0 TO 3 STEP 3430 P%=&amp;0D00440 [450 OPT PASS500 LDA DSL%510 STA &amp;FE64       LOAD 16-BIT COUNTER520 LDA DSH%       WITH530 STA &amp;FE65       REFERENCE DURATION540 LDX DTA%550 .LOOP LDA DTA%,X560 TAY570 LDA DSL%,Y580 STA &amp;FE66       LOAD 16-BIT LATCH590 LDA DSH%,Y       WITH600 STA &amp;FE67       SIGNAL DURATION620 .STS BIT &amp;FE6D630 BVC STS WAIT TILL A TIME-OUT640 DEX650 BEQ STP660 JMP LOOP690 .STP LDA #&amp;80700 STA &amp;FE6B710 RTS720 ]730 NEXT PASS740 CALL &amp;0D00770 END__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The flow chart of FIG. 7 and this program consist of the procedure used to realize a machine which conveys a message by producing INTERVAL-CODED &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34; WAVELETS like those shown in FIG. 3. It follows that by generating each of such &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34; twice one obtains &#34;SINGLE-CYCLE&#34; WAVES like those shown in FIG. 2. And by generating each of such &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34; several times one obtains WAVE TRAINS like those in FIG. 1. 
     The output produced by the system of FIGS. 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 8 wherein the output at line 32 is depicted from the reference D R  and the D S (1) and D S (2) with the various logic events depicted in their timed relationship to the output. 
     Receiver 
     Referring to FIG. 9, there is depicted a receiver 60 having an input 62, on which the waveforms WR, WS(1), . . . W S  (N) are received from a suitable transmission media such as a transmission line or optic fiber or antenna. This input 62 delivers the waveforms to a wave duration measurement circuit 64 which serves to measure the duration D and feeds a succession of duration information on D R , D S (1), etc. to a microcomputer 66. An MI Table 68 which is substantially similar to that of the transmitter sending the signals W R , W S (1), etc. is provided and the computer computes the intervals and derives from the table 68 the message unit M(1), . . . M(N). These message units are fed to a suitable output 70 such as a Cathode Ray Tube display or a printer or both. 
     The MI Table 26 of the transmitter 21 would be one of precise intervals but as stated above the receiver should recognize calculated intervals within a range of values about the precise values. This can be done by having the program select the closest interval or by having the MI Table 68 at the receiver contain a range. The system currently utilizes this latter approach and has the following MI Table 68 for the receiver 60 for the particular message unit given above: 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________         INTERVAL BOUNDARYMESSAGE UNIT  2  (M-0.5)/24)______________________________________         0.985663         1.014545B         1.044273C         1.074873D         1.106369E         1.138788F         1.172157G         1.206504H         1.241857I         1.278247J         1.315702K         1.354255L         1.393938M         1.434783N         1.476826O         1.520100P         1.564642Q         1.610490R         1.657681S         1.706255T         1.756252U         1.807714V         1.860684W         1.915206X         1.971326Y         2.029090Z         2.088547Space         2.149746etc.______________________________________ 
    
     That is, in the TRANSMITTER 21, the MI Table 26 is in the form of message-wave duration correspondence, and in the RECEIVER 60, the MI Table 68 is in the form of message-interval boundary correspondence. 
     The MI Table in TABLE I can be an example of 32-state coding, where each message unit has the same information content as 5 binary bits, i.e. 1 out of 32. From TABLE I it is apparent that similar MI Tables for coding 4-, 8-, 10-, and 24-state messages, etc. may be used. 
     The receiver computer 66 may also be a BBC Microcomputer Model B which is programmed in accordance with the flow diagram of FIG. 10 and the program given below. In this case the MI Table 68 is again held in the RAM. 
     The receiver 60 may not be easily made from just the aforementioned computer but requires a wave measurement circuit 64. One preferred circuit 64 is depicted in FIG. 1. 
     The elements, values and interconnection of the circuit are given in FIG. 11. The circuit of FIG. 11 is connected to the I/O port known as the 1-MH z  Extension Bus of the BBC Microcomputer. The conductors R/NW, NP, AO, A1, A2, 0, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and G of the circuit of FIG. 11 are respectively connected to R/NW, NPGFC, A0, A1, A2, 1MH z , D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and OV of The 1-MH z  Extension Bus. 
     In overall operation, the circuit 64 serves to measure the time instant at the occurrence of each waveform transition of the input wave and present this information to the Microcomputer 66. 
     At the input R of the circuit 64 the received wave W is fed to inverting buffer 71 to produce at its output a inverted wave NW which is inverted once again by inverter 73 to recover an uninverted wave W at the most significant bit D15 of a 16-bit latch 74. By using decoder 76, flip-flop 77 and switch 78 the computer 66 selectively feeds the waveform W or NW, alternately, to LE to produce a time-related latching waveform LW, which may be illustrated with FIG. 12C. By sensing the HIGH or LOW voltage level of and, hence, transition in the waveform W at Dl5 the computer 66 (a) initializes LW to HIGH, (b) detects the occurrence of waveform transition in W, (c) takes a latched counter reading at 74 captured from counter 79 by a HIGH-to-LOW TRANSITION in LW, and (d) resets LW to HIGH to unlatch 74 for another capture. Clock pulses φ are provided (e.g. from computer 66) to operate the counter 79 and through inverter 80 to operate switch 78. The captured counter readings obtained in this manner provide information on durations D R , D S (1), etc. of the received waveform W. 
     Referring to FIG. 10 the program upon start 82 initially establishes the MI Table in its RAM at step 84, e.g. by coping it from a disc drive or other more permanent memory. (In the case of a dedicated receiver this could take the form of a ROM chip). Thereafter, at block 86, it measures the duration (with unit 64) of the received waves and, at block 88, identifies the intervals and message units in accordance with the MI Table and when completed terminates the program at end 89. 
     A suitable program that has been successfully operated in the aforementioned particular computer is as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Receiver Program I__________________________________________________________________________5000    REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN5001    REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT5002    REM5004    REM P.O. BOX 545045006    REM NORTH POINT5008    REM HONG KONG5010    REM5020    REM PRESTOL15F5050    N=128 : REM NUMBER OF SIGNALS5060    n=N+1 : REM NUMBER OF WAVES5070    CONSTANT1%=128*2565080    DIM Ibound(32),DSB%(32),CTIME%(n),DURATION%(N),     STORAGE%(N),M(N)5090    HTIME=&amp;55005100    LTIME-HTIME+n+15105    STORAGE%=&amp;4000 : REM STORAGAE LOCATION5108    FOR M=0 TO 32:Ibound(M)=2  ((M-0.5)/24):NEXT :     REM INTERVAL BOUNDARIES5110    W=&amp;FC03  :REM WAVEFORM W5120    NW=&amp;FC02 :REM WAVEFORM NW5130    HBYTE=&amp;FC01 :REM 16-BIT LATCH LOCATION5140    LBYTE=&amp;FC00 :REM 16-BIT LATCH LOCATION5150    FOR PASS=0 TO 3 STEP 35160    P%=&amp;D005170    [5180      OPT PASS5190      LDY#05200      LDA HBYTE  READ HIGH BYTE OF 16-BIT LATCH5210      BMI WAVE5220    .NWAVE     LDA NW     SWITCH TO NW WAVE5230    .NWATI     LDA HBYTE5240      BPL NWATI5250      AND #1275260      STA HTIME,Y5270      LDA LBYTE5280      STA LTIME,Y5300      CPY #n5310      BEQ STOP15315      INY5320    .WAVE LDA W      SWITCH TO W WAVE5330    .WATI LDA HBYTE5340      BMI WATI5350      STA HTIME,Y5360      LDA LBYTE5370      STA LTIME,Y5390      CPY #n5400      BEQ STOP15405      INY5410      JMP NWAVE5420    .STOP1     RTS5430    ]5440    NEXT5450    CALL &amp;0D005470    REM COUNTER TIME CAPTURED (i.e. CAPTURED     TIME INSTANT )5480    FOR Y=0 TO n5490    CTIME%(Y) = (?(HTIME+Y))*256+?(LTIME+Y)5500    NEXT5520    REM DURATION5530    FOR Y=0 TO N5540    DURATION%(Y) = CTIME%(Y+1) - CTIME%(Y)5550    IF DURATION%(Y) &lt; 0 THEN DURATION%(Y) =     DURATION%(Y) + CONSTANT1%5552    NEXT5555    REM MESSAGE-INTERVAL TABLE AND MESSAGE     IDENTIFICATION5560    DSB%(0)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(0)5562    DSB%(1)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(1)5564    DSB%(2)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(2)5565    DSB%(3)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(3)5566    DSB%(4)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(4)5570    DSB%(5)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(5)5572    DSB%(6)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(6)5574    DSB%(7)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(7)5576    DSB%(8)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(8)5578    DSB%(9)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(9)5580    DSB%(10)=  INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(10)5582    DSB%(11)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(11)5584    DSB%(12)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(12)5586    DSB%(13)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(13)5588    DSB%(14)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(14)5590    DSB%(15)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(15)5592    DSB%(16)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(16)5593    DSB%(17)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(17)5594    DSB%(18)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(18)5595    DSB%(19)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(19)5596    DSB%(20)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(20)5597    DSB%(21)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(21)5598    DSB%(22)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(22)5599    DSB%(23)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(23)5600    DSB%(24)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(24)5601    DSB%(25)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(25)5602    DSB%(26)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(26)5603    DSB%(27)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(27)5604    DSB%(28)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(28)5605    DSB%(29)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(29)5606    DSB%(30)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(30)5607    DSB%(31)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(31)5608    DSB%(32)= INT DURATION%(0)/Ibound(32)6000    FOR Y=1 TO N6010    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(0) THEN PRINT &#34;ERROR     IN MESSAGE (&#34;;Y;&#34;)&#34;: M(Y)=127:GOTO 80006020    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(1) THEN M(Y)=0:GO TO 80006030    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(2) THEN M(Y)=1:GO TO 80006040    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(3) THEN M(Y)=2:GO TO 80006050    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(4) THEN M(Y)=3:GO TO 80006060    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(5) THEN M(Y)=4:GO TO 80006070    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt;  DSB%(6) THEN M(Y)=5:GO TO 80006080    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(7) THEN M(Y)=6:GO TO 80006090    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(8) THEN M(Y)=7:GO TO 80006100    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(9) THEN M(Y)=8:GO TO 80006110    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(10) THEN M(Y)=9:GO TO 80006120    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(11) THEN M(Y)=10:GO TO 80006130    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(12) THEN M(Y)=11:GO TO 80006140    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(13) THEN M(Y)=12:GO TO 80006150    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(14) THEN M(Y)=13:GO TO 80006160    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(15) THEN M(Y)=14:GO TO 80006170    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(16) THEN M(Y)=15:GO TO 80006171    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(17) THEN M(Y)=16:GO TO 80006172    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(18) THEN M(Y)=17:GO TO 80006173    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(19) THEN M(Y)=18:GO TO 80006174    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(20) THEN M(Y)=19:GO TO 80006175    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(21) THEN M(Y)=20:GO TO 80006176    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(22) THEN M(Y)=21:GO TO 80006177    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(23) THEN M(Y)=22:GO TO 80006178    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(24) THEN M(Y)=23:GO TO 80006179    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(25) THEN M(Y)=24:GO TO 80006180    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(26) THEN M(Y)=25:GO TO 80006181    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(27) THEN M(Y)=26:GO TO 80006182    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(28) THEN M(Y)=27:GO TO 80006183    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(29) THEN M(Y)=28:GO TO 80006184    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(30) THEN M(Y)=29:GO TO 80006185    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(31) THEN M(Y)=30:GO TO 80006186    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB%(32) THEN M(Y)=31:GO TO 80007000    PRINT &#34;ERROR IN MESSAGE (&#34;;Y;&#34;)&#34;:M(Y)=255:GOTO 80008000    STORAGE%?Y = M(Y)8115    IF STORAGE%?Y=27 THEN PRINT CHR$(32); ELSE PRINT CHR     (65+STORAGE%?Y);8200    NEXT8300    END__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The computer is programmed with the above program to measure the wave durations by recording the time instants as each transition of the wave occurs. The procedure for measuring the wave durations id depicted in the timing diagram shown in FIG. 12a-12c. 
     The RECEIVER 60 thus automatically interprets the interval-coded waves, identifies and outputs the message conveyed, and stores the messages for possible subsequent use. 
     Message Storage/Retrieval System 
     Referring to FIGS. 13a and 13b there is depicted therein a novel Message Storage/Retrieval system 90 which may operate at equal or differing speeds during storage and subsequent retrieval, i.e. one novel feature of the invented System is that its principle of operation is independent of the operating speeds. 
     The System 90 is realized by inserting between the Transmitter 21 and the Receiver 60, a wave-transition record/playback unit such as a magnetic or optical recorder 91. No modification is required on the Transmitter and Receiver in spite of the fact that with differing record and playback speeds the waves first recorded and the waves subsequently retrieved are in different time scales. Such operation is possible because the messages are interval coded and hence, NOT frequency specific. 
     A possible wave-transition record/playback unit for use in the system 90 can be realized with a commercially available tape deck and additional hardware as shown in FIG. 14. For example, a TEAC (trade mark) A-4300 with open-reel tape Maxell (trade mark) XLI 35-90B is used with its recording level adjusted such that its monitor line output is about 0.6 volts peak-to-peak. Its playback level is adjusted to give a signal of about 2 volts peak-to-peak at circuit point Y. 
     The Interval-coded waves from the Transmitter 21 are fed to the input LINE IN of the tape deck 91 and recorded at speed 1 (e.g. at 7.5 ips). Upon playback at speed 2 (which may be different to speed 1, e.g. at 3.25 ips) the interval-coded wave first recorded is retrieved and output at LINE OUT of the tape deck operating at playback mode 92. The signal is fed to a buffer, through a capacitor 94 and resistor 96 to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 98 which has a non-inverting input biased to +6 V, i.e. 1/2 Vcc A portion of the output of operational amplifier 98 is fed through a resistor 100 to chassis ground and through resistor 102 back to its inverting input. The other portion of the output is fed to a differentiator, through a resistor 104 and capacitor 106 to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 108 which has a non-inverting input biased to +6 V and a portion of its output is fed through resistor 110 to chassis ground and through resistor 112 back to its inverting input The other portion of the output of the operational amplifier 108 is fed through circuit point Y and capacitor 114 to a Schmitt trigger 116. The Schmitt trigger 116 consists of a MC1455 TIMER with its R and V+points connected to +5 V, its GND to chassis ground, and its input points TH and TR tied together at the mid-point of a potential divider formed with equal resistors 118 and 20 across +5 V and chassis ground The interval-coded output waves from the Schmitt trigger 116 are fed to the Receiver 60. 
     The system of the present invention is quite versatile and may be employed in different manners One such manner would be to use a set of interval-coded durations differing by equal duration increments. (For example using a set of interval-coded durations such as . . . 2494, 2497, 2500, 2503, . . . etc. wherein the duration increment is 3 as practised in a following concrete example.) In this manner of MI coding it should be noted that if the least duration in the set is predetermined and the magnitude of the equal duration increment also predetermined then there is a preferred number of interval-coded durations for the set, i.e. a preferred coding for speedy transmissions of random information as indicated in TABLE III. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________                  PREFERRED                  NUMBER ##STR1##              OF STATES FOR CODING______________________________________0.2                    80.07                   160.025                  320.0098                 640.00404                1280.00172                2560.15                   10 etc.                  etc.______________________________________ 
    
     TABLE III shows specifically the preferred MI coding, respectively, for each of several cases where the ratio of (equal duration increment)/(least duration of the set) is predetermined. And the preferred number of interval-coded durations for each case is found to be 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 10, respectively. The use of TABLE III is further explained with the following example: Say, if the least duration and magnitude of duration increment for such coding are chosen to be 100 and 20, respectively, then, from TABLE III, 8-state (1-of-8 message) coding is the preferred coding and in this case the set of interval-coded durations should be 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, and 240. 
     As a concrete example of this system, using 256-interval coding, it can be achieved by coupling the specific transmitter 21 to the specific receiver 60 described above through a suitable transmission media, with the transmitter 21 programmed with the program hereafter listed: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Transmitter Program II__________________________________________________________________________ 10 REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN 15 REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT 20 REM 30 REM P.O. Box 54504 40 REM NORTH POINT 50 REM HONG KONG 60 REM 80 REM PRESTOB25A 85 REM 90 ?&amp;FE6B=&amp;CO : REM SET USER 6522 AT FREE-RUNNING MODE 92 ?&amp;FE62=&amp;80 : REM INITIALIZE OUTPUT (SET PB7 AT HIGH) 94 ?&amp;FE6E=&amp;00 : REM INTERRUPT DISABLED100 REM110 REM ESTABLISH MESSAGE-INTERVAL CODING TABLE120 DR%=2509 : REM SET REFERENCE &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34;     DURATION, PROGRAMMABLE125 DD%=3 : REM DURATION INCREMENT130 DELAY%=2140 DSL%=&amp;4000: &#34;DSH%=&amp;5000 : REM LOCATION OF MI TABLE145 DIM LOCATION%(255)150 FOR M = 0 TO 255 : REM THE MESSAGE IS ANY INTEGER     IN THE RANGE 0-255180 REM (EACH MESSAGE HAS THE SAME INFORMATION CONTENT     AS 8 BINARY BITS)200 DS%=DR%-M*DD% : REM COMPUTE SIGNAL &#34;HALF-CYCLE&#34;     DURATION230 DS%=DS%-DELAY% : REM DELAY CORRECTION232 REM TRUE DURATION = PROGRAMMED DURATION + DELAY235 DSH%?M=DS% DIV 256238 DSL%?M=DS% MOD 256240 NEXT M245 REM: FOR A SPECIFIC RANDOMLY ASSIGNED MI TABLE250 DATA  21,36,51,1               231,198,40,125     2,111,159,10,               68,220,232,5251 DATA  61,123,222,249               46,19,92,151,     188,215,3,4,               56,101,223,175252 DATA  77,8,25,26,               97,132,255,69,     105,143,211,6,               90,228,196,203253 DATA  83,49,126,119,               246,9,43,117,     208,29,30,224,               138,139,13,17254 DATA  157,182,201,127,               52,33,147,113,     55,28,115,187,               194,243,64,22255 DATA  59,226,238,200,               87,190,41,15,     66,72,229,240,               253,75,31,23256 DATA  122,18,45,62,               191,205,24,221,     44,245,109,93,               42,14,186,227257 DATA  155,154,153,39,               11,71,76,104,     95,100,169,207,               216,144,131,120258 DATA  150,140,130,160,               168,212,233,244,     177,166,48,73,               96,112,165,172259 DATA  133,170,219,242,               27,53,78,108,     136,145,146,213,               236,250,199,50260 DATA  184,185,148,60,               16,80,82,98,     178,209,210,241,               152,54,57,114261 DATA  110,70,32,86,               89,135,197,247,     206,116,65,67,               74,141,204,239262 DATA  252,156,174,134,               84,88,158,230,     202,149,161,217,               91,94,103,118263 DATA  128,99,106,102,               225,171,163,167,     192,193,189,181,               179,195,176,0264 DATA  137,237,107,38,               164,235,183,20,     58,173,218,251,               35,63,124,162265 DATA  214,79,37,142,               180,81,12,129,     234,248,254,34,               47,85,7,121268 LOCATION%=&amp;3800270 FOR MESSAGE% = 0 TO 255272 READ M275 LOCATION%?(MESSAGE%) = M280 NEXT290 REM INPUT MESSAGES300 N=128 : REM TAKE N INPUT MESSAGE UNITS     (N =1,11,128 ETC., PROGRAMMABLE)320 DTA%=&amp;3000 : ?DTA%=N330 FOR NUM% = N TO 1 STEP -1340 INPUT MESSAGE% :REM e.g. CONFIDENTIAL DIGITAL DATA350 DTA%?(NUM%)=LOCATION%?(MESSAGE%)360 NEXT(Lines 390 to 770 same as in Transmitter Program I above)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The receiver 60 of FIGS. 9 and 11 may be employed with Microcomputer 66, programmed with the following program. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Receiver Program II__________________________________________________________________________5000    REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN5001    REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT5002    REM5004    REM P.O. BOX 545045006    REM NORTH POINT5008    REM HONG KONG5010    REM5020    REM PRESTOL23A5050    N=128 : REM NUMBER OF SIGNALS5060    n=N+1 : REM NUMBER OF WAVES5070    CONSTANT1%=128*2565080    DIM Ibound(256),DSB(257),CTIME%(n), DURATION%(N),     STORAGE%(N),M(256),LOCATION%(256)5090    HTIME=&amp;55005100    LTIME=HTIME+n+15105    STORAGE%=&amp;4000 : REM STORAGAE LOCATION5107    REM INTERVAL BOUNDARIES AS PER TRANSMITTER MI TABLE,     i.e. &#34;DSB=DR%-(m-0.5)*DD%&#34; AND     &#34;Ibound(M)=DR%/DSB&#34;5108    FOR m=0 TO 256:Ibound(m)=2509/(2509-(m-0.5)*3):     NEXT:REM INTERVAL BOUNDIES(Lines 5110 to 5555 same as Receiver Program I, above)5560    FOR m=0 TO 256:DSB(m)=DURATION%(0)/Ibound(m):NEXT5570    REM FOR A SPECIFIC RANDOMLY ASSIGNED MI TABLE5600    DATA  223, 3, 8, 26,               27, 15, 43, 254     33, 53, 11, 116               246, 62, 109, 875610    DATA  164, 63, 97, 21,               231, 0, 79, 95,     102, 34, 35, 148               73, 57, 58, 945620    DATA  178, 69, 251, 236,               1, 242, 227, 115,     6, 86, 108, 54,               104, 98, 20, 2525630    DATA  138, 49, 159, 2,               68, 149, 173, 72,     28, 174, 232, 80,               163, 16, 99, 2375640    DATA  78, 186, 88, 187,               12, 39, 177, 117,     89, 139, 188, 93,               118, 32, 150, 2415650    DATA  165, 245, 166, 48,               196, 253, 179, 84,     197, 180, 44, 204,               22, 107, 205, 1205660    DATA  140, 36, 167, 209,               121, 29, 211, 206,     119, 40, 210, 226,               151, 106, 176, 95670    DATA  141, 71, 175, 74,               180, 55, 207, 51,     127, 255, 96, 17,               238, 7, 50, 675680    DATA  208, 247, 130, 126,               37, 144, 195, 181,     152, 224, 60, 61,               129, 189, 243, 415690    DATA  125, 153, 154, 70,               162, 201, 128, 23,     172, 114, 113, 112,               193, 64, 198, 105700    DATA  131, 202, 239, 214,               228, 142, 137, 215,     132, 122, 145, 213               143, 233, 194, 315710    DATA  222, 136, 168, 220,               244, 219, 65, 230,     160, 161, 110, 75,               24, 218, 85, 1005720    DATA  216, 217, 76, 221,               46, 182, 5, 158,     83, 66, 200, 47,               190, 101, 184, 1235730    DATA  56, 169, 170, 42,               133, 155, 240, 25,     124, 203, 234, 146               13, 103, 18, 305740    DATA  59, 212, 81, 111,               45, 90, 199, 4,     14, 134, 248, 229               156, 225, 82, 1915750    DATA  91, 171, 147, 77,               135, 105, 52, 183,     249, 19, 157, 235,               192, 92, 250, 385800    LOCATION%=&amp;60005820    FOR M=0 TO 2555840    READ MESSAGE%5860    LOCATION%?M=MESSAGE%5880    NEXT6000    FOR Y=1 TO N6010    IF DURATION%(Y) DSB(0) THEN PRINT &#34;ERROR IN     MESSAGE (&#34;;Y;&#34;)&#34;: M(Y)=127: GOTO 80006020    m=16030    IF DURATION%(Y) &gt; DSB(m) THEN M(Y)=m-1 : GOTO 80006040    m=m+16045    IF m=257 THEN PRINT &#34;ERROR IN MESSAGE (&#34;;Y&#39;&#34;)&#34; :     M(Y)=255: GOTO 80006050    GOTO 60308000    STORAGE%?Y =LOCATION%?M(Y)8100    PRINT &#34;MESSAGE (&#34;;Y;&#34;) = &#34;;STORAGE%?Y :REM DISPLAY     CONFIDENTIAL DATA8200    NEXT8300    END__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     With the system so constituted a 256-state MI Table is provided in the system. An example of such a table is as follows: 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________MESSAGEUNIT          D.sub.R  D.sub.S  I______________________________________223           2509     2509     2509/2509 3            2509     2506     2509/2506 8            2509     2503     2509/2503 26           2509     2500     2509/2500 27           2509     2497     2509/2497 15           2509     2494     2509/2494 43           2509     2491     2509/2491254           2509     2488     2509/2488 33           2509     2485     2509/2485 53           2509     2482     2509/2482.             .        .        ..             .        .        ..             .        .        .192           2509     1753     2509/1753 92           2509     1750     2509/1750250           2509     1747     2509/1747 38           2509     1744     2509/1744______________________________________ (256 randomlypaired MI coding) 
    
     Wherein each of the 256 message units may be arbitrarily assigned letters and numbers or other digital data. When many-state, such as this 256-state MI coding is used the system is especially suitable for data transmission, confidential data in particular. Using a random order in the Ml coding, such as that shown in TABLE IV would add a layer of complexity, making it difficult to break as a code. 
     At the Transmitter 21 each confidential 256-state message is transformed into an interval-coded wavelet (that means 1 byte of information at a time) according to the secret MI Table, which contains a set of 256 message units each of which has been randomly and uniquely assigned to 1 of 256 interval-coded durations. 
     At the Receiver 60 such waves are detected and decoded into the original confidential messages 1 byte at a time in accordance with the same secret 256-state MI coding. 
     It is not practical to guess at the secret MI coding if such coding is not provided since the number of permutations in this case involves 256 factorial and the secret MI coding can be changed from time to time. Hence, such interval-coded waves, even if intercepted at the path between the Transmitter 21 and the Receiver 60 do not easily reveal the messages being conveyed. 
     By inserting more reference waves into the signal wave stream the Interval-coded-wave System can tolerate greater frequency drifts/shifts. And in the extreme we may choose to transmit a reference wave next to each signal wave such as follows: W R (1), W S (1), W R (2), . . . , W R (N), W S (N), which means that the reference may be changed and up-dated for every single message unit for subsequent interval evaluation. Such format permits frequency hopping between message units, wherein the intervals may be respectively defined by the waves W R (1) and W S (1), W R (2) and W S (2), . . . , W R (N) and W S (N), etc. 
     Furthermore, the process and transmitter of the present invention may be practiced and implemented in another manner to transmit information in the form of interval-coded tones such as interval-coded musical tones (i.e., tones belonging to a musical scale) which are capable of being easily recognized by a human listener who may then identify the information encoded therein. Again, this manner of information transmission is implemented with the MI table of FIG. 4, the process of FIG. 5 and the transmitter of FIG. 6. The transmitted toners are multicycle waveforms. There are shown some suitable waveforms in FIGS. 1a-1c. As a concrete example, let us assume that we wish to transmit numerical values. We could then make up a MI table with suitable musical intervals such as this: 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________                Reference Signal                Tone      ToneMessage              Frequency FrequencyUnit     Interval    (Hz)      (Hz)______________________________________--        0.7500     512       384.         0.8333     512       4630         0.9375     512       4801        1.000       512       5122        1.125       512       5763        1.250       512       6404        1.333       512       6825        1.500       512       7686        1.667       512       8547        1.875       512       9608        2.000       512       10249        2.250       512       1152etc.______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 5 again shows the steps in practicing the process of the present invention. From a start at 12 the first step 14 is to establish the MI Table such as MI Table V (step 14). The next step 16 is to input specific message units M(1) . . . M(N) (for example, the message units &#34;-&#34;, &#34;1&#34;, &#34;5&#34;, and &#34;2&#34;, using Table V shown above) at step 16 and select the corresponding intervals from the MI Table of 14. The final step 18 is to generate and transmit tones W R , W S (1), etc. (e.g., the tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference tone), 384-Hz tone (data tone), 512-Hz tone (data tone), 768-Hz tone (data tone), and 576-Hz tone (data tone)&#34;) in accordance with the input of step 16 and when this is done the operation is over at step 20. The currently preferred protocol output sequence is that the reference tone is transmitted first followed by the series of information tones. The series of tones so generated are useful as they carry interval-coded information and include a reference with which the information may be decoded, whereby information transmission may be achieved. The transmitted ted tones may be interpreted by a human listener. (Of course, the information carried by these tones may also be automatically decoded by an above-mentioned Receiver programmed to operate with multi-cycle waves.) It should be noted that a significant advantage of implementing the present invention in this manner is that the tonal differences of such transmitted musical tones may be distinguished by a human listener more reliably than other tones bearing nonmusical intervals. A human listener who is skillful in recognizing the tones of a musical scale may recognize these output tones as tones belonging to a musical scale (interval-coded tones) (Even children would find it easy to recognize a simple musical tone series such as, say, &#34;DO-ME-SO&#34; and distinguish it from, say, &#34;DO-ME-LA. ) On hearing the transmitted tone series the listener may subjectively regard the first tone in the series as a reference &#34;DO&#34; of a certain musical scale and hence recognize the transmitted tone series as specific tones on that scale due to their interval relationship (e.g., recognizing them as the relative tone series: 
     
         ______________________________________&#34;DO&#34;    &#34;SO,&#34;     &#34;DO&#34;    &#34;SO&#34;    &#34;RE&#34;  ).______________________________________ 
    
     If the MI Table is known and the first tone in the series is also known to be a reference, the listener may therefore interpret the specific information tones in the transmitted tone series as &#34;-&#34;, &#34;1&#34;, &#34;5&#34;, and &#34;2&#34;. The system of the present invention provides a tone output method and transmitter operable as an output means in a specific device or system, and may serve as an alternative to visual displays. 
     Although the specific intervals used in TABLE V belong to a natural (diatonic) scale, corresponding intervals belonging to a slightly different scale such as the equally-tempered scale can also be used satisfactorily. 
     It should be further noted that one of the advantages of the present system is that its principle of operation is non-frequency specific A transposed frequency set at another pitch can just as well be adopted in TABLE V to generate tones at a higher or lower pitch without departing from the specific intervals contained therein. This makes numerous similar frequency sets compatible and hence permits greater freedom in the design of system hardware, and makes transmitters at different frequency ranges compatible. 
     The Transmitter 21 of FIGS. 5 and 6 is employed to carry out the above process As a specific example of a dedicated version for carrying out the above process for tones (multi-cycle waves) the transmitter has been constructed using a microcomputer 22, a MI Table 26 having its set of different message units respectively associated to different musical intervals, i.e., intervals belonging to a musical scale, such as those intervals shown in TABLE V above, and a programmable sound generator (e.g., a sound processor chip connected with loudspeaker output) as generator 30 to transmit audible tones as output waves at 32 in the form of multi-cycle waves such as those waveforms shown in FIGS. 1a-1c. Specific message units from a source such as a keyboard, a memory location or other circuits are sequentially fed to the transmitter at 24. 
     As another concrete example of the process or system of the present invention, the transmitter is employed to embody a clock 130 shown in FIG. 15 which measures time and which outputs the component digits of the value of time by transmitting interval-coded musical tones 132. These tones &#34;tell&#34; time, and may serve as an alternative to visual displays. This clock is embodied by coupling a timer 135 for measuring time with digital output to and at the front end of the above transmitter 21 This clock has been constructed and successfully operated using the internal timer of the BBC Microcomputer Model B as timer 135, and the same Microcomputer as microcomputer 22, and the standard sound chip (a SN76489 chip) which is already connected with loudspeaker output in same Microcomputer as programmable wave generator 30, and TABLE V as MI Table 26 set up in the RAM of same Microcomputer. A suitable program for the microcomputer 22 of this embodiment is listed below as Transmitter Program III: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Transmitter Program III__________________________________________________________________________ 50  REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN 60  REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT 80  REM MI TABLE 100 PITCHR=101 120 PITCH1=PITCHR 140 PITCH2=PITCHR+8 150 PITCH3=PITCHR+16 160 PITCH4=PITCHR+20 180 PITCH5=PITCHR+28 200 PITCH6=PITCHR+36 220 PITCH7=PITCHR+44 240 PITCH8=PITCHR+48 260 PITCH9=PITCHR+56 280 PITCH10=PITCHR-4 300 PITCH11=PITCHR-12 320 PITCH12=PITCHR-20 500 REM INPUT RESETTIME 510 INPUT&#34;HOUR&#34;,HOUR 520 INPUT&#34;MINUTE&#34;,MINUTE 530 RESETTIME=(60*HOUR+MINUTE)*6000 550 TIME=RESETTIME 600 DIM NOW(6) 610 CHANNEL=1 615 VOLUME=-12 620 DURATION=10 625 PAUSE%=1000 700 ALARMMODE = 0 800 KEY=INKEY(100) 810 IF KEY=32 THEN GOSUB 1040:REM PRESS &#34;SPACE BAR&#34; FOR TIME TONES 820 IF KEY=65 THEN GOSUB 3500:REM PRESS &#34;A&#34; TO SET ALARM 830 IF ALARMMODE = 1 THEN GOSUB 3800 900 GOTO 8001030 END1040 REM REFERENCE AND MESSAGE TONES1042 SOUND CHANNEL,VOLUME,PITCHR,DURATION1045 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT1050 NOW=TIME : REM READ INTERNAL TIMER1100 NOW (0)=601150 NOW (4)=((NOW DIV 6000)MOD 60)MOD 101200 NOW(3)=((NOW DIV 6000)MOD 60)DIV 101250 NOW(1)=((NOW DIV 360000)MOD 24)DIV 101300 NOW(2) ((NOW DIV 360000)MOD 24)MOD 101390 N=01400 N=N+11420 PRINT N, NOW(N)1450 IF N=1 AND NOW(N)=0 THEN GOTO 14001460 IF N=3 THEN GOTO 30001470 IF N=3 AND NOW(N)=0 THEN GOTO 14001500 ON NOW(N)+1 GOSUB 2000,2010,2020,2030,2040,2050,2060,2070,2080,2090 : REM MI TABLE1600 SOUND CHANNEL,VOLUME,PITCH,DURATION1650 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT1700 IF N&lt;4 THEN GOTO 14001800 RETURN1900 REM MI TABLE2000 PITCH=PITCH102005 RETURN2010 PITCH=PITCH12015 RETURN2020 PITCH=PITCH22025 RETURN2030 PITCH=PITCH32035 RETURN2040 PITCH=PITCH42045 RETURN2050 PITCH=PITCH52055 RETURN2060 PITCH=PITCH62065 RETURN2070 PITCH=PITCH72075 RETURN2080 PITCH=PITCH82085 RETURN2090 PITCH=PITCH92095 RETURN3000 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT3010 SOUND CHANNEL,VOLUME,PITCHR,DURATION3015 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT3020 GOTO 14703200 REM ALARMTONES3205 ALARMMODE=03210 REPEAT3215 QUIET=03220 GOSUB 10403230 FOR PAUSE=1 TO 3*PAUSE% : NEXT3250 QUIET=INKEY(100)3260 UNTIL QUIET=32 :REM PRESS &#34;SPACE BAR&#34; TO STOP ALARM3280 RETURN3500 REM SET ALARM3520 INPUT &#34;HOUR&#34;, ALARMHOUR3530 INPUT &#34;MINUTE&#34;, ALARMMINUTE3540 ALARMTIME =60 * ALARMHOUR + ALARMMINUTE3550 ALARMMODE = 13560 RETURN3800 REM TESTTIME3810 IF INT (TIME/6000) = ALARMTIME THEN GOSUB 32003820 RETURN__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     In operation the timer 135 keeps the running time. Upon a pre-programmed condition the microcomputer 22 reads the value of the running time from timer 135 and converts it into hour and minute component digits. Then the transmitter 21 takes these specific component digits as message units and responds by transmitting two interval-coded tone series respectively in a specific protocol output sequence representing the component digits of the value of the running time. This sequence of operations is carried out with the above Transmitter Program III. In this current embodiment of the clock 130, depressing a key (on microcomputer 22) causes the clock to output the current value of running time by transmitting a first tone series representing the hour component decimal digits and a second tone series representing the minute component decimal digits of the time. That is, the clock &#34;tells&#34; time by transmitting firstly the &#34;hour&#34; tones followed by the &#34;minute&#34; tones. For simplicity, it is currently preferred that the most significant component digit be supressed if it is a zero. The exact manner of time output in this embodiment is further demonstrated with the following examples: the time, say, 02:35 is transmitted as the tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 576-Hz tone (least significant hour digit)&#34; followed by the tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 640-Hz tone (most significant minute digit), 768-Hz tone (least significant minute digit)&#34;, whereas the time, say, 10:05 is transmitted as the tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 512-Hz tone (most significant hour digit), 480-Hz tone (least significant hour digit)&#34; followed by the tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 768-Hz tone (least significant minute digit)&#34;. 
     This embodiment of the clock therefore enables a human listener to &#34;hear&#34; the time. 
     The transmitter of the present invention is also employed in a monitor system to provide a novel alarm feature, wherein an alarm condition has been preset and if the same condition is matched the transmitter automatically (and repeatedly if so preferred) transmits the tone series representing the component digits of the current value of a variable being monitored, whereby the transmitted tones may accomplish two purposes, i.e. providing alarm tones while at the same time conveying the updated value of a monitored variable. 
     Such alarm feature is already successfully embodied in the clock described above, using the same Transmitter Program III above, wherein the time for alarm may be preset and upon reaching the same time the clock automatically transmits alarm tones in the form of the above tone series (of clock 130) representing the component digits of the updated time value. Such alarm tones are more informative than conventional alarm tones, as they serve as an alarm while at the same time they convey the current component digits of the running time. 
     Of course, if preferred the above-mentioned clock may be embodied in the form of a digital watch equipped with sound output. 
     As yet another concrete example to show that the method and system of the transmitter may be employed as an output means in specific devices and instruments, etc , a measuring device 140 is shown in FIG. 16. The device 140 measures a specific analog quantity at input 142 and outputs the component digits of the measured value by transmitting interval-coded musical tones 144, and it is realized by coupling an analog-to-digital converter 146 to and at the front end of transmitter 21. In the following specific example described, the device measures a D.C. voltage (which may be the electrical analog of yet another specific quantity) of magnitude between 0 V and 1.80 V. The device has been constructed and successfully operated by coupling a PD7002 (A/D converter chip) which is already provided in the BBC Microcomputer Model B to the transmitter 21 embodied with the same Microcomputer. In operation the quantity to be measured, in this case a D.C. voltage is input at an analog input channel (e.g., channel 2) of the PD7002 chip. The microcomputer 22 of the transmitter 21 has been additionally programmed to read the corresponding digital output value from the PD7002 and convert this output value into component decimal digits which are subsequently taken as the specific message units. Then the microcomputer 22 of the transmitter 21 operates in the same general manner as described in the earlier embodiments; the transmitter 21 takes the above specific component message units, and subsequently converts and transmits them as interval-coded tones at output 32. A suitable program for the microcomputer 22 to accomplish the operations described is listed as Transmitter Program IV as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Transmitter Program IV__________________________________________________________________________ 50  REM INVENTED BY HO KIT-FUN 60  REM UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT 80  REM MI TABLE 100 PITCHR=101 120 PITCH1=PITCHR 140 PITCH2=PITCHR+8 150 PITCH3=PITCHR+16 160 PITCH4=PITCHR+20 180 PITCH5=PITCHR+28 200 PITCH6=PITCHR+36 220 PITCH7=PITCHR+44 240 PITCH8=PITCHR+48 260 PITCH9=PITCHR+56 280 PITCH10=PITCHR-4 300 PITCH11=PITCHR-12 320 PITCH12=PITCHR-20 610 CHANNEL=1 615 VOLUME=-12 620 DURATION=10 625 PAUSE%=1000 690 KEY=GET 700 REM 0 &lt;= VOLTAGE &lt;= 1.8 705 VOLTAGE = 1.8*ADVAL(1)/65520 : REM MEASURE VOLTAGE 710 V0 = INT VOLTAGE 720 V1 = INT (VOLTAGE*10)MOD 10 730 V2 = INT (VOLTAGE*100)MOD 101040 REM REFERENCE AND MESSAGE TONES1042 SOUND CHANNEL,VOLUME,PITCHR,DURATION1045 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT1490 PRINT V0:1495 REM MI TABLE1500 ON V0+1 GOSUB 2000,2010,2020,2030,2040,2050,2060,2070,2080,20901510 GOSUB 16001518 PRINT &#34;.&#34;;1520 PITCH=PITCH11:GOSUB 1600:REM DECIMAL POINT1528 PRINT V1;1530 On V1+1 GOSUB 2000,2010,2020,2030,2040,2050,2060,2070,2080,20901540 GOSUB 16001548 PRINT V21550 On V2+1 GOSUB 2000,2010,2020,2030,2040,2050,2060,2070,2080,20901560 GOSUB 16001590 GOTO 6901600 SOUND CHANNEL,VOLUME,PITCH,DURATION1650 FOR PAUSE=1 TO PAUSE%:NEXT1800 RETURN1900 REM MI TABLE2000 PITCH=PITCH102005 RETURN2010 PITCH=PITCH12015 RETURN2020 PITCH=PITCH22025 RETURN2030 PITCH=PITCH32035 RETURN2040 PITCH=PITCH42045 RETURN2050 PITCH=PITCH52055 RETURN2060 PITCH=PITCH62065 RETURN2070 PITCH=PITCH72075 RETURN2080 PITCH=PITCH82085 RETURN2090 PITCH=PITCH92095 RETURN2098 END__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     In this specific example, the device 140 functions as a digital voltmeter. When a voltage of, say, 1.50 V is measured the device converts the measured value into a series of specific message units, in this case into &#34;1&#34;, &#34;.&#34;, &#34;5&#34;, &#34;0&#34; and, in the general manner described earlier and in accordance with TABLE V, transmits a corresponding interval-coded tone series, in this case the following tone series: &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 512-Hz tone (data), 463-Hz tone (data), 768-Hz (data), 480-Hz (data)&#34;. It is understood that other A/D converters, voltage dividers, etc. may be employed in the device for measuring other voltage ranges. 
     From the several embodiments described, it is clear that the tone output method and the transmitter of the present invention may be practiced and employed in various systems and devices, such as digital multimeter, thermometer, pressure meter, etc., and may serve as an alternative output means to visual displays. And in various such embodiments the output protocol can be changed if preferred, such as by using the last tone in the transmitted tone series to code the exponent of the value of the quantity being expressed. For example, still using TABLE V, a value of say &#34;350000&#34; is expressed and transmitted as the following tone series &#34;512-Hz tone (reference), 640-Hz tone (data), 768-Hz tone (data), 682-Hz tone (data)&#34; to convey &#34;3&#34; and &#34;5&#34; followed by four zeros. 
     From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that the system of the prevent invention provides a method and system for communication which has advantages over the prior art. 
     While several embodiments of the system of the invention have been shown and described, changes and modifications may be made to the system without departing from the teachings of the invention and, therefore, the invention is only to be limited as necessitated by the accompanying claims.