Abstract:
An electrocardiogram monitor comprises a plurality of sensors placed on the patient&#39;s skin to generate a sensor signal indicative of the patient&#39;s heartbeat. An amplifier is connected to the plurality of sensors, in close proximity thereto, to amplify the sensor signal and generate an amplified signal. A processor remote from the sensors, having a receiver is connected to the amplifier to receive the amplified signal and to process the amplified signal to obtain the patient&#39;s electrocardiogram.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for monitoring a patient&#39;s electrocardiogram. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring is important for understanding a patient&#39;s heart condition. Since a patient&#39;s skin exhibits voltage differences due to the muscle contractions of the heart, ECG signal acquisition involves strategically placing several electrode sensors on a patient and then evaluating the electrical signals from the sensors. A typical sensor includes a metal contact with conductive gel and attaches to the patient&#39;s skin with an adhesive bandage. The sensor generates sensor signals indicative of the skin voltages that represent the heart contractions. These sensor signals are fed to a recorder which may store them or print them out on a roll of paper. 
     ECG signal acquisition hardware designers are faced with problems of uncertain skin/electrode resistance and undesired noise induced by neighboring electromagnetic fields. One problem arises because skin signal voltage is on the order of 1 mV and must be amplified approximately 1000 × before processing. This small signal is susceptible to stray interference effects. The conventional approach to handling these problems is to invoke a rigorous skin preparation - including shaving skin, abrasion, and cleaning with isopropyl alcohol - and to limit the signal bandwidth to a span of 0.05 to 40 Hz to avoid 60 and 120 Hz interference. 
     Ambulatory out-patient monitors have these problems and more. Patients do not always follow a physician&#39;s instructions on scrubbing the skin and properly applying the sensors. Often, this causes noise that results in poor signal quality and lost data. Also, monitoring a patient&#39;s ECG while outside the hospital or physician&#39;s office may involve recording the ECG over long periods of time, which requires large data memory. Often, this large amount of data requires that the patient personally visit the hospital or office for the ECG data to be analyzed. Moreover, few devices allow the patient to identify when a cardiac episode occurred, permitting the doctor to analyze that specific ECG segment without reviewing the entire data record. 
     A monitor that can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the heartbeat signal and that can efficiently record cardiac episodes would be helpful in diagnosing and correcting a patient&#39;s cardiac problem. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An electrocardiogram monitor comprises a plurality of sensors placed on the patient&#39;s skin to generate a sensor signal indicative of the patient&#39;s heartbeat. An amplifier is connected to the plurality of sensors, in close proximity thereto, to amplify the sensor signal and generate an amplified signal. A processor remote from the sensors having a receiver is connected to the amplifier to receive the amplified signal and to process the amplified signal to obtain the patient&#39;s electrocardiogram. 
     An advantage of the invention is that it is easy for an out-patient to use at home or away from the hospital by reducing the skin and sensor preparation required by prior systems. 
     Another advantage of the invention is that it identifies and stores episodes of irregular electrocardiogram signals that can be replayed to a doctor for evaluation, 
     An advantage of one aspect of the invention is that it permits a conveniently small sized monitor that provides a patient freedom of movement by transmitting an amplified signal from a patient via RF waves to a base unit that records the ECG signal. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 depicts a first embodiment of an electrocardiogram monitor employing the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the sensor assembly of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3A is a graph of a typical electrocardiogram; 
     FIG. 3B shows a schematic of a signal presorter of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3C shows a schematic of an alternative signal presorter of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 depicts a second embodiment of an electrocardiogram monitor employing the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 5A-B depict a third embodiment of an electrocardiogram monitor employing the present invention, 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preferred embodiments are described with reference to specific configurations, Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments while remaining within the scope of the present invention, 
     A first embodiment of an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor is described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3A-B. There are two main parts, the sensor assembly 100 and the processor 200, which communicate over a sensor cable 118. The processor provides power to the sensor assembly and the sensor assembly provides an ECG signal to the processor. 
     The sensor assembly 100 includes a reference electrode 110, a neutral electrode 112 and an active electrode 114. The electrodes are placed on a patient&#39;s skin at predetermined positions. These positions are known in the art and often vary according to the specific type of cardiac problem that a doctor is attempting to diagnose or the location of a suspected problem. Regardless of the position, however, the contact between the skin and the sensor often suffers due to lack of adequate conductivity between the skin and the sensor resulting in a low signal to noise ratio. 
     To overcome the problem of a low signal to noise ratio, an amplifier is incorporated in the sensor array to amplify the sensor signal. This is particularly helpful with out-patients since the patient may fail to adequately prepare the electrode sites. As shown in FIG. 2, the sensors 110, 112 and 114 are connected to an amplifier 120 that receives the signals, combines the signals, and amplifies the combined signal to a level that can be adequately handled by the processor 200. Therefore, even when a patient inadvertently fails to follow exacting procedures for obtaining optimum signal contact, the ECG signal is still acceptable and the processor 200 connected to the amplifier output is able to function properly. 
     FIG. 2 shows two signal paths: a channel A path and a channel B path. These paths incorporate identical circuitry and share some of the sensor outputs including the reference electrode 110 and the neutral electrode 112. The circuitry is shown using standard elements for resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers. 
     Concentrating on channel A, the sensors 110, 112 and 114 are connected to the amplifier 120 and transmit sensor signals representing the skin voltage to the amplifier 120 via wires in trunk 118. An instrumentation amplifier 121 has a balanced input network 122 which preserves excellent common mode rejection (CMR), typically exceeding 100 dB. Moreover, the neutral sensor also serves to stabilize the DC CMR of the amplifier. Examples of an instrumentation amplifier that can be used in the present invention are a Burr Brown INA118 or an Analog Devices AD620. 
     These advantages are more fully appreciated when the sensor assembly is optimally configured by placing the amplifier 120 on the neutral electrode 112 to keep the electrode wire length at a minimum and to take advantage of the Faraday-shielding effect of the patient&#39;s body to minimize interfering signals. The umbilical cable arrangement, where power to the amplifier 120 travels in the same cable trunk as the amplified signal, also reduces the effect of low-level interference which may be generated in the processor 200. 
     Two features ensure fast recovery of the circuit toward stabilized operation. First, the neutral electrode 112 establishes the midpoint of the DC common-mode operating range. Second, the high-pass filter requirement is accomplished with a feedback integrator 123, rather than a conventional RC network. The high closed-loop DC feedback gain of amplifier 120 incorporating amplifiers 121 and 123 provides slew-rate transient recovery, rather than a much slower exponential recovery expected with an RC network. 
     The amplifier 120 output is connected to a low pass filter 124 to reduce any interference and high frequency noise. For example, an upper cutoff band of equal to or greater than 150 Hz works well in this embodiment. The low pass filter 124 is connected to a buffer amplifier 125. The buffer amplifier serves to transmit the amplified signal with reverse isolation for optimal signal transmission. 
     Also shown in FIG. 2 is the channel B path, shown by amplifier 130. This path begins with the second active sensor 116 and shares the reference sensor 110 output and neutral sensor 112 output. Although the channel B path is optional, it can help in diagnosing the patient because it can provide another point of reference for an ECG. The sensors 110, 112 and 116 transmit sensor signals to amplifier 130 via wires. The amplifier 130 is similar to amplifier 120 and has a balanced input network similar to amplifier 120. 
     This sensor assembly design overcomes many of the problems identified in the background by pre-amplifying the sensor signals. This novel concept alleviates the need to carefully prepare the skin. This design permits a sensor to simply be placed over the skin in order to work properly, which is a valuable asset to ambulatory monitors. 
     The processor 200 includes a receiver multiplexer 252 that selects to receive either the amplified signal from the channel A buffer amplifier 125 or the channel B buffer amplifier 135. The selected amplified signal is delivered to an analog to digital (A/D) converter 254, while the channel A signal, typically from the V5 lead, is delivered to the presorter 210 input. 
     A sample ECG signal is shown in FIG. 3A. These peaks indicated in the signal are the most suitable (i.e. precise) temporal reference points for the ECG waveform. The signal presorter 210 is responsible for tracking the amplified signal and determining if there is an abnormality. In this context, an abnormality includes arrhythmia, temporal changes or amplitude displacements of key features, e.g., S-T segment depression. 
     The signal presorter 210 operates by identifying a signal that differs in time or amplitude from its predecessor so that the abnormal signal can be recorded. An analog delay line 212 is used to delay the amplified signal by a time interval (t), varied by the tracker to match the R-R interval (T). This is accomplished by the pulse period tracker 213 that essentially operates as a frequency/phase phase-locked loop. A trigger generator 214 produces a trigger which accurately corresponds to the R-segment peak. This triggers a divide-by-two flip-flop 216 generating one square wave input to phase detector 218. The frequency is 1/(2T). 
     The other square wave input to square wave detector 218 is provided by VCO 222 and a divide-by-two-n counter 224. This frequency is 1/(2t). Since n is the number of elements in the analog delay line 212, t≡T when the loop acquires lock. The phase-locked loop is completed by error signal integrator 220. The implementation incorporates a Type II phase detector which does not lock on harmonics or sub-harmonics, a necessity since the anticipated range of operation is far beyond an octave (30-200 beats per minute). 
     The number n is related to the analog delay line 212, which is typically 1024 as provided, for example, by an EGG Reticon RD5108A device. 
     The analog delay line 212 and pulse period tracker 213 provide a running replica of the input analog signal delayed by exactly one R-R interval or heartbeat period. This represents a prior ECG. The real-time signal stream and delayed signal stream are continuously compared by analog comparator 226. When the comparator 226 notices a difference between the analog signal input and the analog delay line output - an abnormality - the comparator activates the gate 258. 
     Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3C, the signal presorter 210 can be performed using a digital signal processor (DSP) 291. This alternative takes the A/D converter 254 output and manipulates the data to perform processing similar to that described with respect to the analog circuit of FIG. 3B. The DSP 291 uses a portion of its memory to store prior ECG samples and then compares the stored samples against the present-time samples looking for an abnormality. An example of a DSP that can accomplish this task is the Texas Instruments TMS320. 
     The gate 258 has been receiving a digital data signal that was converted in the A/D convertor 254 and then temporarily stored in a digital delay line 256. The digital delay line is essentially a first in first out (FIFO) memory. If the signal presorter determines that an abnormality has occurred, the gate is activated and the delayed data in the digital delay line is stored in data storage 260. 
     This embodiment advantageously stores data from before the abnormality and for a period of time after the abnormality. For example, the digital delay line 256 can be configured to store 5-10 seconds of data in its FIFO memory. Then, when an abnormality occurs, that 5-10 seconds of data is stored in data storage 260 along with a period of time thereafter, for example, 5-10 seconds. 
     An advantage of this type of recording is that when the heartbeat is regular - no abnormality - the data is not stored, and that when an abnormality does occur, data from before, during and after the abnormality is recorded. This directly reduces the amount of data that needs to be stored, and it efficiently stores the most relevant data for later evaluation by a doctor. 
     Another feature of the first embodiment is the playback of the stored data. When required, the data storage 260 outputs the stored data and it is played back through playback digital to analog (D/A) converter 262. A personal reference trace read only memory 264 (EEPROM) may also be incorporated to play back a personal reference trace preamble to give a doctor an example of the patient&#39;s normal ECG signal. This preamble helps the doctor to compare the present-time ECG with the individual patient&#39;s normal ECG. 
     The data is converted back to its original form through payback D/A 262 and is sent to an audio encoder 266 to create an audio signal on speaker 268 for transtelephonic communication, and sent through a signal conditioner 270 to an external standard ECG display 900. The data can also be sent directly over the telephone line by a modem as an electrical signal. The playback feature permits a doctor to efficiently evaluate the data stored by the processor 200. Moveover, the processor 200 can communicate with any commercial ECG display so that even when the patient must go to an unfamiliar hospital, a doctor with a standard ECG monitor can read the stored data. 
     A useful device for performing the A/D conversion, data storage control, and D/A conversion is an integrated circuit such as the Oki MSM6388 or MSM6588 or the Samsung KS5915. While these circuits have traditionally been used in telephone answering equipment, they have the capability to efficiently perform the functions taught by the present invention. 
     A second embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. This embodiment is similar to that shown in FIG. 1, except the signal presorter 210 and gate 258 are replaced with a button 310. The button 310 is for a patient to signal the processor 300 when the patient feels a cardiac episode. Thus, if the patient feels faint, weak or chest pains, the patient presses the button 310 and the processor 300 stores delayed data and the digital data signal. For example, the previous 90 seconds and next 60 seconds are recorded in the data storage 260. The doctor can evaluate the ECG from the time of the incident and evaluate the patient&#39;s heart condition. 
     This second embodiment of the monitor with the button 310 can also be combined with the first embodiment signal presorter 210 by adding the button of the first embodiment and activating the gate 258 when the patient presses the button 310. 
     A third embodiment is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. This embodiment is helpful for a person who desires to have the freedom to move without the restraint of a processor. This is beneficial, for example, when a person is sleeping. A sensor array 100 is similar to that described above, and is connected to a transmitter unit 400. The transmitter unit continuously receives the amplified signal from the sensor array 100, selects a path option with multiplexer 252, and modulates the baseband amplified signal onto an audio FM sub-carrier (approximately 1.5-3 KHz) in the audio FM encoder 410, which then modulates a short-range FM RF carrier in transmitter 412. This FM-FM encoded signal is transmitted via an antenna 414 to a base unit 450. 
     The base unit 450 receives the encoded signal via antenna 416 and demodulates it to audio FM by receiver 418. The signal is then decoded by the audio FM decoder 420, which can be performed by a National Semiconductor LM2917. Decoder 420 then delivers the signal to an A/D converter 422 which, for example, supplies a 10-bit conversion. Thereafter, the digital samples are stored by digital data recorder 424 for later analysis by a physician or other health-care provider. The storage can be accomplished on a small hard-disk through a PCMCIA, or similar, interface. This high-capacity recorder has the capability to provide full-disclosure recording. 
     Alternately, after the signal is converted by the A/D 254 converter as in FIG. 1, processing is conducted as in the previously disclosed first embodiment. This reduces the amount of data required for storage and later review by a physician. 
     The advantages to this setup include that the patient can be mobile and can sleep comfortably without having an ECG storage unit restraining their movement. 
     In all the embodiments, a power-save feature can be incorporated. Since the sample rate of the A/D converter 254 is approximately 2K to 5K samples per second, there exists an idle time between the sample-taking during which the circuit does not need full power. This is because the time required to take a sample is only approximately 4 μs, while the idle time between samples is 500 μs to 200 μs. A power-save feature reduces the power to the circuit during this idle time. For example, the A/D converter 254 could be completely powered off, while the digital delay line 256, gate 258 and data storage could by placed into a data-hold low power mode where the data is safe, but the interface circuitry is powered off. Many integrated circuits include features for a powersave mode that require only a quiescent current to retain the data. This can be incorporated along with the other features disclosed above. 
     While the transmission of the sensor signals in the embodiments is described with respect to wire transmission and wireless transmission, it must be understood that either type of transmission possible in each of the embodiments. A person skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments of the present invention can employ either type of transmission while retaining their novel character. 
     Having disclosed a preferred embodiment and the best mode, modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed embodiments while remaining within the scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.