Abstract:
The electrical response phenomenon of electrostrictive polymers is used to harvest electrical power from the general movement of objects such as from human walking motion, for example. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymer material is incorporated into the soles of footwear and is either full- or partial-wave rectified and then if desired converted to a direct current (DC) voltage level for suitable battery charging and the like.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to materials that generate electricity upon being deformed. More particularity, the invention pertains to the use of electrostrictive polymers for energy generation. 
     Approaches to developing footwear for energy harvesting from walking motion, for example, have centered around the use of piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric materials deform minutely with each step, thereby providing only small, relatively inefficient, voltage generation. 
     A need thus exists for a highly deformable energy producing substance that can be readily incorporated into articles of clothing and that can efficiently produce motion-generated power for a variety of uses. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrostrictive (or synonymously, electroactive) polymers have been known to be used as low-mass actuators (artificial muscles). In one such artificial muscle application, a voltage is applied across the electrostrictive polymer via electrodes, causing the polymer to bend, stretch, or otherwise move or deform. The electrostrictive polymers can be dimensionally altered to a much greater extent than piezoelectric materials. The present invention uses the electrical response phenomenon of electrostrictive polymers in reverse to harvest or generate electrical power from the general movement of objects such as from human walking motion, for example. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymer material is incorporated into the soles of footwear and is either full- or partial-wave rectified and then if desired converted to a direct current (DC) voltage level suitable for battery charging and the like. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of this invention is to provide a highly deformable energy-generating substance to objects of motion so that energy may be generated efficiently via motion of the object. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide a highly deformable energy-generating substance to articles of clothing so that energy may be generated efficiently via motion of the body of a wearer of such articles. 
     A further object of this invention is to provide deformable energy-generating electrostrictive polymers to articles of clothing so that energy may be generated efficiently via motion of the body of a wearer of such articles. 
     Other objects, advantages, and new features of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanied drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a representative embodiment of the invention incorporating energy-generating polymers within the sole of foot apparel for generating electrical energy upon flexure of the sole. 
     FIG. 2 shows one orientation of energy-producing polymers as may be used in the invention with accompanying electrodes illustrated. 
     FIGS. 3A and B illustrate series and parallel wiring of conductive cladded polymers, respectively. 
     FIG. 4 shows another orientation of energy-producing polymers as may be used in the invention with accompanying electrodes illustrated. 
     FIG. 5 shows yet a third orientation of energy-production may polymers be used in the invention with accompanying electrodes and distortion-promoting plungers illustrated. 
     FIG. 6 shows yet another orientation of energy-producing polymers as may be used in the invention with accompanying shock-absorbing bladders also shown. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram embodiment of the invention in which a full-wave rectification step is used. 
     FIG. 8 is another block diagram embodiment of the invention in which a partial wave rectification step is used. 
     FIGS. 9A and 9B show an exemplary battery recharge circuit as may be used with the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a representative use of the invention is shown as incorporated in the form of footwear  10 . Shown is an individual shoe  12  incorporating the invention, however one will realize that either or both shoes of a wearer could be designed and built to utilize the energy harvesting feature of the invention. Similarly, other items or portions of apparel can be used to take advantage of the energy-producing capability of the invention. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, shoe  12  has incorporated into its sole  14  a section  16  of a non-piezoelectric, electrostrictive polymer. The polymer may be arranged in any of a variety of ways as will be discussed. Some candidate polymers for this application are, for example, polyacrylic acid, often referred to as PAA, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In addition, poly (3,3′-phthalidylidene-4,4′-biphenylylene), abbreviated PPB, is a candidate electrostrictive polymer for this application. 
     A promising polymer-electrode configuration for power generation, for example, is essentially a sandwich structure  17  as illustrated in FIG. 2, where polymer material  16  and electrodes  18  are interleaved. The combination of polymers cladded between conductive sheets may be called ion-exchange polymer-metal composites or IPMCs for short. 
     In the preferred embodiment shown, the electrodes are preferably wired (hooked-up) in a “series” configuration as shown in FIG.  3 A. In this configuration, adjacent positive electrodes are attached to nearest neighbor negative electrodes, etc. This series hook-up configuration for the interleaved electrodes permits the voltages generated across each polymer to be added, so that a relatively high ultimate output voltage is generated by the system. 
     Alternatively, a parallel hook-up may be provided as illustrated in FIG.  3 B. In yet another configuration, combinations of series and parallel hook-ups are possible. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a sinuous arrangement of the polymer electrode sandwich structure, with electrodes preferably wired in series, so that forces or pressure applied from above and/or below will cause the sandwich structure to flex/compress and then decompress as the forces come and go. This motion will allow a voltage to be generated across the electrodes in accordance with the amount of bending and/or compression of the stricture. 
     FIG. 5 depicts an arrangement of this sandwich structure of interleaved electrodes and polymer, again with electrodes wired in series, such that semi-rigid incorporated plungers  20  are allowed and are configured to move vertically in response to applied vertical forces which come and go. This movement of plungers  20  will, in turn, cause the sandwich structure to bend and flex, once again generating voltage. 
     FIG. 6 depicts yet another possible arrangement of the sandwich structure, wherein voids  22  shown between the upper and lower sandwich structures may be filled with a very soft and easily compressed substance, such that when vertical forces are applied and then removed, the upper and lower sandwich structures will be forced toward each other and allowed to relax and return to a quiescent condition. This repeated forcing and subsequent flexing will, once again, generate voltage by virtue of the bending of the sandwich structure. 
     Obviously there are a great number of possible configurations for the non-piezoelectric polymers and electrodes which will permit flexing, distortion, bending, etcetera, and thus generate a useful voltage therefrom. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, energy-generating polymer  16  is operably coupled to control circuitry  24  incorporated within shoe  12 . Circuitry  24  is further connected to an electrical cord  25  so that the generated electricity can be utilized by equipment carried or stored on the person wearing footwear  10 . 
     In FIG. 7, a block diagram embodiment of the invention is shown as may be incorporated into footwear or other articles of clothing for energy generation. In FIG. 7, energy-generating polymer  16  shown is operably coupled to control circuitry  24 . 
     Control circuitry  24  includes in this embodiment a full-wave rectifier component  26  operably coupled to an optional DC-to-DC converter  28  that provides conversion to a higher DC voltage level suitable for battery charging, for example. Such a DC-to-DC conversion process is sometimes carried out by what is known as a charge-pumping device. A similar AC-to-DC converting and utilization scheme incorporating a DC-to-DC converter is depicted and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,656 incorporated by reference herein. 
     As shown in FIG. 7, the output of converter  28  may be sent to batteries (not shown) that are carried or otherwise stored by a wearer of the present invention. 
     In FIG. 8, another block diagram embodiment of the invention is shown wherein polymer voltage source  16  is operably coupled to control circuitry  24 ′ that, in this instance, includes a partial-wave rectifier  30 , such as a diode, and an optional DC-to-DC converter  32  as described above. 
     Such an alternate AC-to-DC rectification scheme is similar, though perhaps less efficient that its full-wave counterpart. This latter scheme follows similar circuitry presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,694, incorporated by reference herein, wherein a diode is employed as a rectifier and the voltage is shown relative to a negative ground. 
     A way to possibly increase the efficiency of the invention is to employ a reservoir capacitor, and accompanying control circuitry, in conjunction with the charging/recharging of batteries. Such an approach is illustrated on pages 119-124 of the Feb. 4, 1999 edition of EDN magazine wherein Allen Petersen of Maxim Integrated Products discloses a recharging scheme for use with solar panels. It can be surmised that solar panel energy output is somewhat analogous to that of the use of energy producing polymers, in that both cases will experience transients and fluctuations in energy output. 
     Referring now to FIG. 9, taken basically intact from the referenced article, voltage  34  generated from the electrostrictive polymer will be connected to reservoir capacitor  36 . The voltage of capacitor  36  is monitored by a comparator  38  with hysteresis so that switch-mode converter  40  is turned on only when the polymer output is optimum. Capacitor  36  permits full cycle operation of converter  40  without allowing the converter&#39;s input voltage to drop beneath its operating voltage specification. A drop in voltage of capacitor  36  below a predetermined level, as set by the converter, will shut down the converter until the capacitor recharges to the optimum voltage. Thus the converter will perform battery charging only when the reservoir-capacitor is optimum for all levels of polymer usage. The circuit of FIG. 9 also includes a dual comparator plus logic  42  element to monitor the output voltage of battery  44 . Comparator  42  permits fast, trickle or no charging of the battery based upon battery voltage levels. 
     Obviously, many modifications and variations of the invention are possible in light of the above teaching. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as has been specifically described.