Abstract:
An external resonant optical modulator is provided by forming a waveguide electrode structure coupled to a coplanar strip or coplanar waveguide pattern including a ring resonator electrode and a ground electrode substantially surrounding the ring resonator electrode. These electrode patterns are disposed on an electrooptic substrate that includes an optical waveguide pattern. The waveguide electrode structure includes an RF feed line electrode coupled to the ring electrode. The RF feed line signal excites an inherent resonant mode of the ring to thereby cause an electric field to resonate between the ring electrode and ground electrode and pass into sections of the optical waveguide pattern. By appropriately positioning the ring and ground electrodes to overlay portions of the optical waveguide structure in the electrooptic substrate, a light beam launched into the waveguide pattern can be modulated to produce a pulse with zero chirp. The resonant modulator may be used in communication systems, such as a DWDM system, and may be formed as an individual device, or cascaded in series or parallel fashion with a plurality of optical modulators and other optical devices on a common electrooptic substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to optical modulators that are of interest to communication systems, and more particularly, to resonant optical modulators used in such systems.  
           [0003]    2. Discussion of the Related Art  
           [0004]    As the demand for high-speed and complex optical communication systems continues to grow, so too has the need for reliable high-speed devices needed for modulating optical signals traversing such systems. Optical modulators are of great interest in operating a fiber optic communication system in the range of 2.5 to 10 Gbps (Giga bits per second), and potentially to 40 Gbps or more. Of particular interest are modulators having low operating voltage and low optical and/or electrical losses that can reliably modulate optical signals transmitted through optical fiber or other optical media. Also of interest are modulator devices that can be integrated into optical circuits that may comprise a plurality of modulators and other related devices disposed on a common substrate.  
           [0005]    There exist certain types of anisotropic materials of uniaxial crystal whose permittivities are directly proportional to an applied electric field and vary almost linearly with an applied electric field. This electrooptic property is known as the Pockels effect. Applying an electric field across an area occupied by a light signal in these types of uniaxial materials can modulate the light signal utilizing the electrooptic properties of the material. Because wave velocity is generally inversely proportional to the square root of the permittivity of the material in which the wave is propagating, a change in permittivity affects wave velocity within the electric field. In uniaxial crystal waveguides, this effect is advantageously used to shift a phase of the carrier wave traveling through the crystal and thus modulates the carrier wave phase.  
           [0006]    In a simple form, a phase modulator can consist of a single channel optical waveguide formed within uniaxial material with electrodes disposed in such a way that an electric field applied across the channel modulates the phase of the carrier wave propagating within the channel. Another commonly used waveguide structure used for optical modulation is the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), as illustrated in FIG. 1. An MZI includes a waveguide channel  12  having two opposing Y junctions  10   a  and  10   b  joined by waveguide arms  12   a  and  12   b.  Waveguide  12  is formed within uniaxial material to exploit electrooptic effects, as described above. In the illustrated MZI, the waveguide junctions are symmetrical and operate as 50:50 power dividers.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 shows an optical modulator using an MZI having coplanar waveguide electrodes  22 - 26  formed over optical waveguide  12 . Electrodes  22  and  24  are supplied with a ground potential, while electrode  26  is supplied with an RF signal that terminates at impedance R T . In operation, when a carrier wave from a light source, for example a DFB laser, enters at optical waveguide input  14 , the carrier power is evenly split at the first Y junction  10   a  into the two light channels of the MZI arms  12   a  and  12   b.  By applying an electric field between the electrode  26  and ground electrodes  22  and  24 , oppositely oriented electric field vectors exist in the crystal, one in each MZI arm  12   a  and  12   b.  Consequently, the carrier light wave within each of the arms is complementarily phase shifted relative to one another in push-pull fashion. Light from each arm is then combined at Y junction  10   b  where constructive or destructive interference resulting from combining phase shifted carrier waves causes signal intensity modulation. When the total phase shift θ between the carrier waves in arms  12   a  and  12   b  is such that θ=π, light entering the device at  14  radiates into the substrate and results in zero channel output at  15 .  
           [0008]    Of uniaxial materials used to fabricate optical modulators, lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) or lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) are popular substrate choices. LiNbO 3  is widely used due to its combination of low loss characteristics, high electrooptic coefficients, and high optical transparency in the near infrared wavelengths used for telecommunications. Its high Curie temperature (1100° C.-1180° C.) makes it practical for fabrication of optical waveguides because strip waveguides can be fabricated by means of Ti-indiffusion at temperatures near 1000° C.  
           [0009]    LiNbO 3  wafers are available in three different crystal cuts (x-, y-, and z-cut). FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b  respectively illustrate a cross-section of x-cut and z-cut LiNbO 3  substrates  11 . For the most pronounced electrooptic effect, the strongest component of the applied electric field is aligned with the z-axis of the crystal (because the z-axis has the highest electrooptic coefficient) to take advantage of the r 33  coefficient. On z-cut LiNbO 3 , vertical fields are used with a TM mode to take advantage of the r 33  coefficient. On x-cut, horizontal field electrodes and a TE mode utilize the r 33  coefficient.  
           [0010]    As shown in FIG. 3 a,  x-cut crystal substrates require placement of MZI arm  12   a  between electrodes  22  and  26 , and arm  12   b  between electrodes  26  and  24 . FIG. 3 b  illustrates a z-cut crystal, where RF and ground electrodes must be placed directly over waveguide arms  12   a  and  12   b.  Thus, in both the x- and z-cut cases, applied electric fields from respective TE and TM modes of the RF input are aligned with the z-axis of the LiNbO 3  crystal. While not shown in FIG. 3 b,  an insulation buffer film such as silicon dioxide or Al 2 O 3  may be used as a buffer to minimize z-cut LiNbO 3  optical losses that occur through TM mode absorption in the electrode metal. Buffer films are also beneficial to x-cut LiNbO 3  devices operating at high frequency.  
           [0011]    LiNbO 3  modulators are used external to a source of an optical signal, unlike directly modulating a light source that provides an optical signal, such as a laser diode. External modulation avoids chirping (a time-dependent fluctuation of the wavelength in a modulated optical beam) and patterning effects inherent to directly modulated lasers, which is particularly important in digital applications requiring large extinction ratios.  
           [0012]    LiNbO 3  modulators are widely used in digital applications to modulate a carrier wave using RF input in several modulation formats. Of particular interest are return-to zero (RZ) modulation formats. The RZ format has been employed in recent high-bandwidth terrestrial and submarine systems, especially those requiring long transmission distances. Dispersion managed soliton and other narrow-pulse transmission techniques can be considered specialized versions of RZ transmission.  
           [0013]    Unlike the nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) format, where binary data represented by a modulated carrier wave output maintains a high level when representing a “ 1 ” in a bit interval, in RZ coding of binary data, the output returns to a “zero” level for one or more portions of the bit interval. In the conventional NRZ pulse format, interaction between self-phase modulation (SPM) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) causes transfer of energy from the center of the pulse toward the pulse edges. Use of RZ format in a dispersion-managed system allows for balancing SPM and GVD, resulting in greater pulse-to-pulse consistency.  
           [0014]    Recent high dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) channel loading, increased bit-rate requirements of next-generation systems, and the desire to build wavelength-intelligent networks, have pushed the capabilities of the NRZ transmission to its limits. Thus, there remains a need in the art for external modulation devices capable of producing pulse forms necessary to transmit broad band optical signal data through optical fibers, and to alleviate the aforementioned problems associated with present optical communication systems.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and provides a resonant optical modulator for optical communication systems.  
           [0016]    One aspect of the present invention relates to using a resonating electric field to modulate a light signal.  
           [0017]    Another aspect of the present invention relates to modulating a light signal in an electrooptic substrate using a resonating ring circuit.  
           [0018]    Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to using a coplanar resonant ring circuit to form a light pulse.  
           [0019]    Still yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a modulator having a resonating ring electrode that is a pulse-forming generator in an optical communication system.  
           [0020]    Another aspect of the invention relates to a pulse generating modulator that operates at a single modulating signal frequency.  
           [0021]    Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a resonant optical modulator having a resonant electrode formed into a closed loop that is capable of supporting all harmonic modes.  
           [0022]    Another aspect of the present invention relates to a resonant optical modulator having a resonant electrode formed into a closed loop having one or more slit, notch and/or stub structures.  
           [0023]    Still another aspect of the present invention relates to an optical modulator having low coupling losses and low drive power requirements.  
           [0024]    Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The aspects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.  
           [0025]    It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0026]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 depicts a top view of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI).  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 2 illustrates a top view of an x-cut LiNbO 3  optical modulator using the MZI of FIG. 1.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3 a  is a cross-sectional view taken along A-A′ of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 b  is a cross-sectional view of a z-cut LiNbO 3  modulator.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 4 is a top view of a first exemplary embodiment of a resonant optical modulator according to the present invention.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIGS. 5 a - 5   c  are illustrations of feed line and ring electrode coupling arrangements that may be used in connection with the present invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIGS. 6 a - 6   f  are illustrations of resonant modes within resonant ring electrodes having slits.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 7 is a top view of a second exemplary embodiment of a resonant optical modulator according to the present invention.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 8 is a top view of a third exemplary embodiment of a resonant optical modulator according to the present invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 9 a  is a top view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a resonant optical modulator according to the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 9 b  is a top view of a fifth exemplary embodiment of a resonant optical modulator according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0037]    Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplary embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.  
         [0038]    The present invention uses a ring resonating circuit to modulate light in MZI waveguides. FIG. 4 shows a resonant optical modulator  30  of the first embodiment of the present invention. The outline  12  shown in FIG. 4 represents a waveguide structure formed in LiNbO 3 , as previously described with respect to FIG. 1. Waveguide  12  may be formed by diffusing titanium into the crystal substrate according to an MZI pattern. The diffused titanium raises an optical refraction index of the crystal in the waveguide portion so that laser light projected into one end of the crystal will travel along the MZI patterned waveguide and be guided by the waveguide because of its higher optical index. Alternatively, other processes or methods, such as an annealed proton exchange process where Li ions from the LiNbO 3  are exchanged with protons in an acid bath, can be used to raise the optical index of the LiNbO 3  crystal. Overlaying the waveguide is a coplanar ring resonator section that includes ground plane electrode  32 , an RF feed line electrode  34 , and resonant ring electrode  36  preferably formed in an elongated loop-shape. One portion of ground electrode  32  overlies waveguide arm  12   a,  and one portion of ring electrode  36  overlies and overlaps waveguide arm  12   b.    
         [0039]    Resonant ring electrode  36  is a full-wave resonator formed by closing a transmission line into a continuous closed loop. RF feed line electrode  34  is separated from ring electrode section  36  by a coupling gap  38 . Power is coupled into and out of the resonator ring section  36  through RF feed line  34 . The coupling gap  38  between the resonator and feed line should be such that the signal can be coupled to the resonator without affecting the intrinsic resonant frequencies of the ring resonator section.  
         [0040]    Ring electrode  36  can be considered as having two lengths, L, for a total circumference of 2 L. Resonance is established when the ring geometry is formed such that the mean circumference of the ring resonator is equal to an integral multiple of a guided wavelength. This may be expressed as 
         2 πr=Nλ   g for  N =1, 2, 3, . . .   (1) 
         [0041]    where r is the mean radius of the ring, λ g  is the guided wavelength, and integer N is the mode number. From this equation, the resonant frequencies for different modes can be calculated since λ g  is frequency dependent.  
         [0042]    λ g  can be related to frequency by 
         λ g =λ/(∈ eff ) ½ =(1/(∈ eff ) ½ )( c/f )  (2) 
         [0043]    where c is the speed of light, λ is the free space RF signal wavelength and ∈ eff  is the effective dielectric constant of the ring material. Combining (1) and (2), and since 2πr=2L, the resonant frequencies can be expressed as 
           f=Nc /(2  n   m   L ) for N=1, 2, 3 . . .   (3) 
         [0044]    where n m  is the microwave index of resonant ring electrode  36 .  
         [0045]    The resonant structure of FIG. 4 operates a single frequency, and thus does not have to operate over a broad range of frequencies. As shown in FIG. 4, an RF signal is applied to device  30  through RF feed line electrode  34 . The signal is coupled through gap  38  to resonant ring electrode  36  that forms a closed loop. For example, for the fundamental mode when N=1, the resonant frequency f of the RF signal is f=c/(2 n m L). The “x” and “” symbols superimposed on resonant ring  39  respectively represent voltage maximum (current minimum) and voltage minimum (current maximum) in a snapshot of a resonating field when N=1. If the perimeter of the closed loop (2 L) is such that resonance can be established in the structure at a given RF frequency f, then the efficiency of the interaction between the RF signal and the underlying optical wave is enhanced. In view of this, and since the resonator structure does not require terminal impedance, modulated optical pulses can be produced at a single RF signal frequency and with low drive power. Moreover, the resonant modulator of the present invention allows for true push-pull operation since modulation occurs for optical carriers traveling in both MZI arms  12   a  and  12   b.    
         [0046]    In higher order modes (N&gt;1), the elongated closed loop resonant ring  36  of FIG. 4 will resonate with an electric field maximum at evenly distributed points around the ring. For example, for N=2, an electric field maximum is supported at the excitation point, at φ=180° from the excitation point, at φ=90°, and at φ=270°, where φ is an angle measured clockwise along the ring from the excitation point using the resonant ring electrode center  40  as the origin. In an even mode (N=2, 4, 6, . . . ), a continuous closed ring always supports electric field maximum at these points. In an odd mode (N=1, 3, 5, . . . ), an electric field minimum will always occur at φ=90° and φ−270°. The resonant ring electrode of the present invention may operate at any desired mode by supplying an appropriate RF signaling frequency to feed line  34 .  
         [0047]    Generally, elongating an optical modulator will result in lower  π , where V π  is the voltage necessary to achieve a π-phase shift. Compared with a linear resonator, using a ring resonator increases the effective length of a resonator. Also, linear resonators are half-wave devices, and depending on how they are excited, can only support odd or even harmonic modes. Closed loop ring resonators, on the other hand, are full wave devices that support all harmonic modes.  
         [0048]    The resonant modulator shown in FIG. 4 is a zero chirp device. This is accomplished by locating one of the MZI waveguide arms  12   b  under the resonant electrode structure, the other arm  12   a  under the ground plane electrode  32 , and ensuring that the electrooptic overlap integrals are equal and opposite for each arm. The particular configuration shown in FIG. 4 pertains to a z-cut LiNbO 3  crystal. For an x-cut LiNbO 3  crystal, the waveguide arms would be located between the resonant electrode  36  and ground plane electrode  32  to maintain electric field lines substantially along the z-axis of the LiNbO 3  crystal.  
         [0049]    To achieve resonant modulators having low drive voltage, low-loss coupling structures should be used. Increasing the coupling periphery between the RF signal from the feed line  34  may enhance coupled power between the feed line and the resonant ring electrode  36 . For example, RF feed line  34  can be flared at its end where it feeds into resonant ring electrode  36 , as shown in FIG. 4. Coupling should be accomplished in such a way that the intrinsic fields of the resonator are minimally perturbed.  
         [0050]    Alternatively, or in combination with increased coupling periphery, enhanced coupling can be realized by using a dielectric overlay over the coupling gap, as shown by dotted line  39  in FIG. 4. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, an insulated copper tape can be placed over the gap. The insulation material between the tape and the coplanar lines forms the coupling capacitance. Accordingly, coupling capacitance so formed effectively corresponds to a much smaller gap. Of course, any number of dielectrics known to those skilled in the art may be used to achieve the similar results, such as silicon dioxide. Dielectric overlays described above can also be used in any coupling scheme disclosed herein, and equivalents thereof, when practicing the present invention.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIGS. 5 a - 5   c  illustrate several alternative coupling structures that may be used with the present invention for coupling power from an RF feed line electrode  34  into resonant ring electrode  36 . FIGS. 5 a - 5   c  only show feed line electrode  34  and resonator electrode  36  for purposes of illustrating exemplary coupling schemes. In each of FIGS. 5 a - 5   c,  feed line electrode  34  is moved between portions of a resonator ring electrode  36  to enhance the end coupling of the resonator structure. Moving a feed line electrode  34  closer a resonant ring electrode  36  may, to some limited extent, perturb inherent resonant fields within the ring structure. However, each of the illustrated embodiments introduces a tradeoff between increasing the coupled power into the ring resonator section and minimizing field perturbation that may be considered when designing for particular operating requirements.  
         [0052]    In FIG. 5 a,  a slit  42  is made in resonator ring electrode  36  and feed line electrode  34  is moved in between slit  42 . Slits formed in a ring resonator introduce forced resonant modes, discussed in more detail below. FIG. 5 b  shows a coupling scheme where feed line electrode  36  is fed into a notch  44  made in the ring electrode periphery. A V-shaped groove  46  in ring structure  36  is shown in FIG. 5 c,  wherein a tapered feed line electrode  34  is fed into the resonator ring electrode  36 . As would be apparent to those skilled in the art, each of these schemes can increase coupling area between a ring resonator feed line and ring structure.  
         [0053]    Resonant modes coupled into the resonant ring electrode  36  shown in FIG. 4 are regular modes, and are determined from equation (3). However, opens in the ring, such as slits, excite forced modes in the ring due to boundary conditions introduced by the opens. FIGS. 6 a - 6   f  illustrate several excitable modes using slits.  
         [0054]    Half-modes can be supported in the ring when a single open is formed in the resonant ring electrode  36  at the ring excitation point. However, integer odd modes are not supported in a resonant ring electrode having only a single slit. Thus, for equation (3), N=1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4, . . . , and so on. The first two modes N=1.5 and N=2 are illustrated in FIGS. 6 a  and  6   b.  In the presence of the slit, the fields in the resonant ring electrode  36  are altered so that the corresponding boundary conditions introduced by the slit are satisfied.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIGS. 6 c  and  6   d  show the effect on resonant modes of the resonant ring electrode when slits are located φ=±90° from the feed line excitation point on the ring. Modes supported in this structure are the N=2, 4, 6, . . . , i.e., the even modes. All odd modes are suppressed, and no half-modes are supported.  
         [0056]    When slits are introduced into a resonant ring electrode  36  only at φ=0° and φ=180°, as respectively illustrated in FIGS. 6 e  and  6   f  for modes N= 1  and N=2, a mode configuration results that is least susceptible to slit-related field perturbation. Modes supported in this configuration are substantially identical to regular modes described above for the close loop resonant ring electrode.  
         [0057]    As would be apparent to those skilled in the art, a variety of field perturbing structures may be introduced into the resonant ring electrode to allow a designer flexibility in locating resonant fields over a modulator optical waveguide path. For example, notches, such as the one shown in FIG. 5 b,  may be formed at locations along the resonant ring electrode to cause controlled mode splitting. Any combination of notches, slits, and/or stubs may be used to tune, and/or to locate fields within the resonant ring electrode in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of the present invention illustrative of a resonant optical modulator with resonant ring electrode having a single slit that includes the enhanced coupling structure of FIG. 5 a.  The modulator of FIG. 7 differs from the one of FIG. 4 in that feed line electrode coupling with the ring is enhanced by forming a slit  42  in resonator ring electrode  36  and moving feed line electrode  34  to a position between sides of slit  42 . In this design, a field maximum is maintained at the excitation point where the slit of the ring electrode resides, and ring electrode  36  may support even and half-modes, as shown in FIGS. 6 a  and  6   b.  A configuration similar to ones shown in FIGS. 6 e  and  6   f  may be attained without appreciably perturbing the inherent resonant fields of the ring by placing a second slit at  52 . A resonant modulator thus formed yields a coplanar ring resonator section with enhanced coupling and one that may be resonated at all harmonic modes.  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 8 illustrates a resonant modulator electrode structure that enables application of a DC bias to the resonant ring electrode. Ring electrode  36  can be tapped at any voltage minimum (current maximum) position, such as the one shown with biasing electrode connection  60 , without appreciably perturbing the intrinsic fields of the resonator. The resonant modulator of the present invention may be biased by coupling a RF signal to feed line  34  and a DC voltage to bias electrode  60 , and thus eliminate the need for separate cascaded DC biasing electrodes. Moreover, elimination of the need for separate biasing electrodes allows for additional surface space that can be used for further device integration, or longer MZI and ring electrode sections to optimize device drive power.  
         [0060]    While the loop-shaped ring resonator electrode and the RF electrode arrangements described above respectively correspond to coplanar strip (CPS) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) configurations, the present invention may use any combination of CPS and CPW configurations. For example, FIG. 9 a  shows a resonant optical modulator that includes a CPS waveguide  34 ,  32   a  for directing the electromagnetic wave corresponding to the RF signal to the loop-shaped electrode  36  and surrounding ground electrode  32   b.  FIG. 9 b  shows a resonant optical modulator including a CPW RF electrode arrangement  32   a,    32   b,  and  34  coupled to a CPW resonating section that includes ground  32   c,  loop-shaped electrode  36  and a ground electrode  32   d  in an inside portion of the loop-shaped electrode  36 . Of course, other combinations may be used, such as a CPS RF electrode section and a CPW resonating electrode section.  
         [0061]    In systems that employ return-to-zero (RZ) modulation format, the resonant optical modulator of the present invention may be used as a pulse generator. Such a device may be cascaded with other devices, such as a data modulator, a phase modulator (for pre-chirping the signal for transmission through a dispersive fiber), and an attenuator (for multi-channel equalization) in DWDM systems. A resonant optical modulator may be packaged as a single device, or integrated with several other optical devices on a common substrate material capable of electrooptic effect. Pulses may be produced by the resonant modulator that may be used in a variety of ways, such as in applications requiring a pulse train, a switch, or light modulation for data representation.  
         [0062]    The present invention can be applied to any electrooptic material system capable of changing its optical characteristics under the influence of an electric field. While the embodiments above primarily described modulators using z-cut uniaxial crystal, the invention can also be used with x- or y-cut uniaxial crystal material by appropriately positioning the feed line, ground and resonant ring electrodes. In addition, while the above embodiments generally describe digital applications, the present invention also may be used in analog optical modulation system applications, such as CATV signal distribution, wide-band microwave signal distribution, antenna remoting, or as a synchronization pulse generator.  
         [0063]    As should be clear from the embodiments described above, the present invention presents a zero chirp resonant modulation device useful for high-speed modulation of broadband optical data in optical circuits and/or fiber optic communication systems. The device requires low drive power and can be integrated with a plurality of additional optical devices on a common electrooptic substrate.  
         [0064]    It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.