Abstract:
Repulpable, hot melt adhesives which are composed of approximately equal amounts of a tackifier (having an acid number greater than about 70) and a hydrophilic wax, with up to 9% of polymer. The hot melt compositions can contain up to 17% of polymer when the tackifier has a higher acid number of about 140.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is hot melt adhesives which contain an ethylene-vinyl acetate type polymer as its polymeric component and which are also repulpable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Non-pressure sensitive, hot melt adhesives have many applications in the paper industry, including bookbinding, bag ending, and case and carton sealing. A non-pressure sensitive, hot melt adhesive based on an ethylene/vinyl acetate type polymer typically contains 30-40% polymer, 30-40% tackifying resin, and 20-30% wax. 
     When paper containing hot melt adhesives is recycled, hot melt adhesives typical of the prior art tend to liquify during repulping and adhere to the pulp, resulting in what is known in the industry as &#34;stickies&#34;. H. Dahmane, &#34;Repulpable Hot Melt Adhesives&#34; European Adhesives and Sealants, page 28 (December 1992); T. F. Kauffman, &#34;Environmentally Conscious Hot-Melt Adhesives&#34; Tappi J. 74:142-44 (1991). Removing these clumps of adhesive and pulp increases the cost of paper recycling and residual adhesive reduces the quality of the resulting pulp. Also, adhesive deposit formation can lead to sheet breaks during the paper making process, thus leading to machine downtime. 
     Efforts to overcome this problem have included adding or replacing EVA type polymers with hydrophilic polymers. H. Dahmane, &#34;Repulpable Hot Melt Adhesives&#34;, European Adhesives and Sealants, page 28 (December 1992); T. F. Kauffmann, &#34;Environmentally Conscious Hot-Melt Adhesives&#34;, Tappi J. 74:142-144 (1991); S. L. Scholl et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,961; J. N. Coker, U. S. Pat. No. 4,131,581; F. Brady et al., U. S. Pat. No. 5,217,798; &#34;Aqueous Alkali-Soluble Hot Melt Adhesives,&#34; H. Nozawa et al., Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho JP 04 04,279 [92 04,279]; &#34;Water-dispersible, Hot-melt Polyester-based Adhesives and their Uses,&#34; F. Bozich, PCT International WO 92 00363; A. S. Sheldon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,967. However, replacing the EVA type polymer weakens and reduces the durability of the hot melt formulation. The present invention has overcome the limitations of the prior art and describes hot melt formulations containing EVA type polymers that retain both adhesion and repulpability. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The repulpable, hot melt adhesives of the invention are composed of approximately equal amounts of a tackifier (having an acid number greater than about 70) and a hydrophilic wax, with up to 9% of polymer. The hot melt compositions can contain up to 20%, preferably 17%, of polymer when the tackifier has a higher acid number of about 140. When the acid number of the tackifier is lower, less polymer can be incorporated. The wax must be ethoxylated according to the present invention. The range of the components of the hot melt components that retain both adhesion and repulpability are: about 15 to 75 weight percent for the tackifier, 15 to 75 weight percent for the wax, and 4 to 20 weight percent for the polymer, such that the total adds up to 100%. 
     Repulpable, hot melt adhesives will allow paper mills and other users of hot melt adhesives to increase the amount of material which can be recycled. The formulations of the invention permit the use of conventional ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) type polymers instead of the new hydrophilic polymers, thereby maintaining the strength and toughness of the hot melt adhesive. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Suitable tackifiers for use in the invention are any acid functionalized rosin derivative such as but not limited to rosin, polymerized rosin, disproportionated rosin, hydrogenated rosin, high acid number rosin ester, maleic acid modified rosin, fumaric acid modified rosin. The acid number of the tackifier should be greater than about 70. Other tackifiers include those based on terpenes, C 5  hydrocarbons, C 9  (aromatic) hydrocarbons, (C 5 ) 2  hydrocarbons (such as dicyclopentadiene), modified so that the acid number is greater than about 70. For example, non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds in the tackifiers can be reacted with maleic anhydride via the &#34;ene&#34; and/or Dieis-Alder reaction and then hydrolysed to provide the requisite acidity (See B. C. Trivedi et al., Maleic Anhydride, chaps. 4 and 5, Plenum Press, New York, 1982). A particularly preferred tackifier is Sylvatac® 140 polymerized rosin, which has a 140° C. softening point and acid number =140 (Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.). Also suitable is Zonester® 65 rosin ester, 65° C. softening point, acid number=78, which is manufactured by Arizona Chemical. Zonester®85 rosin ester, softening point 82° C. and acid number=7 is included in the examples to demonstrate that a low acid number rosin ester will not lead to repulpability. 
     The wax can be chosen from the group of ethoxylated waxes. Unithox® 420 hydrophilic wax (HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance)=4), melting point 91° C., and Unithox® 450 hydrophilic wax (HLB=10), melting point 91° C. (Petrolite Corporation, Tulsa, Okla.) are preferred waxes for use in the hot melt adhesives according to the invention. 
     The polymer can be chosen from the following polymers well known in the art: polyethylenes, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate/acid terpolymers and similar polymers derived from ethylene. Other polymers include atactic polypropylene, polyesters, and polyamides. 
    
    
     This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Hot Melt Adhesives 
     The components (polymer, tackifier, and wax) are stirred at a temperature of 160° C. until homogeneous. For the repulpablility experiments (Example 2), 1.0% by weight of a red organic soluble dye (Sudan III, Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis.) was added to facilitate the visual inspection required in the repulping test. 
     The polymers for the adhesives tested were Elvax® 4310 ethylene/vinyl acetate/acid terpolymer (DuPont Corporation, Wilmington, Del.), which is characterized by 500 melt index, 25% vinyl acetate and an acid number=4-8, and Elvax® 210 ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (Dupont Corporation), which has a melt index of 400 and is 28% vinyl acetate. The tackifier used was either a Sylvatac® 140 polymerized rosin or a Zonester® 65 (or 85) rosin ester described in detail above. 
     In the hot melt adhesives according to the invention, Unithox® 420 and 450 hydrophilic waxes were used in a 50:50 mixture. Hot melt adhesives containing the hydrophilic waxes according to the invention were compared to hot melt adhesives containing a conventional wax such as Aristowax® 165 petroleum wax (Unocal Chemicals, Schaumburg, Ill.). The rosin ester mixed with the conventional wax is a conventional rosin used in hot melt adhesives, Zonester® 85, acid number=7. 
     The parts by weight of each component of the hot melt adhesive formulations is shown in parentheses in Table 1. 0.2 to 0.8 parts by weight of the polymer is combined with a 50/50 blend of the wax and the tackifier to be tested. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Repulpability Test 
     To test repulpability, a 5 mil thick film is prepared on each of two sheets of lined notebook paper by pouring the molten adhesive (160 ° C.) to be tested onto the paper and drawing with a film applicator. The total weight of the adhesive on the two sheets of paper is about 2.5 g. More untreated notebook paper is added to bring the total weight of the paper and adhesive to about 22 g. The paper is cut into approximately 1&#34;×3&#34; strips and added to a blender containing 600 ml water, pH 9.3 at 60° C. (The pH 9.3 buffer was prepared by adding 6.3 g sodium bicarbonate and 150 ml 0.1 N NaOH to 3 liters of distilled water.) The blender (Custom Waring® blender) is then run at the high setting for 2.5 minutes. At the end of that period the temperature is 65-68° C. The temperature is allowed to cool to 60° C. and the blending step is repeated. The blend/cool sequence is performed a total of 5 times. The pulp is filtered with a Buchner funnel and the pulp cake is inspected for particles. If there are no dyed adhesive particles present, the adhesive is deemed repulpable; if there are particles present, the adhesive is not repulpable. The results of the repulpability testing are presented in Table 1 below. 
     In the first set of data in Table 1 (the first four entries), progressively greater amounts of Elvax® 4310 are added to a 0.5/0.5/1.0 Unithox® 420/Unithox® 450/Sylvatac® 140 blend. All of those mixtures demonstrate good adhesion to paper. At least 17% Elvax® 4310 can be added while still retaining repulpability. The results are the same when Elvax® 4310 is replaced by Elvax® 210, as shown in the second set of data. The third set of data demonstrates the repulpability of adhesives based on Zonester® 65. The results can be contrasted with those obtained for the adhesives in the last set of data (last four entries) which are made of more traditional hot melt components; none of the conventional adhesives are repulpable. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________REPULPABILITY DATA               TACKI-    REPULP- ADHE-POLYMER  WAX        FIER      ABLE    SION______________________________________Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         YES     GOOD4310 (0.2)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         YES     GOOD4310 (0.4)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.6)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.8)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         YES     GOOD210 (0.2)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         YES     GOOD210 (0.4)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         NO      GOOD210 (0.6)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Sylvatac ®                         NO      GOOD210 (0.8)    420 (0.5)  140 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Zonester ®                         YES     FAIR4310 (0.2)    420 (0.5)  65 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Zonester ®                         NO      FAIR4310 (0.4)    420 (0.5)  65 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Zonester ®                         NO      POOR4310 (0.6)    420 (0.5)  65 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Unithox ®               Zonester ®                         NO      NO4310 (0.8)    420 (0.5)  65 (1)    Unithox ®    450 (0.5)Elvax ®    Aristowax ®               Zonester ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.2)    165 (1)    85 (1)Elvax ®    Aristowax ®               Zonester ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.4)    165 (1)    85 (1)Elvax ®    Aristowax ®               Zonester ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.6)    165 (1)    85 (1)Elvax ®    Aristowax ®               Zonester ®                         NO      GOOD4310 (0.8)    165 (1)    85 (1)______________________________________ 
    
     The invention is described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention.