Abstract:
A thin film transistor substrate includes a switching element comprising a gate electrode electrically connected to a gate line extending in a first direction, an active pattern overlapping with the gate electrode, a source electrode disposed on the active pattern and electrically connected to a data line extending in a second direction crossing the first direction, and a drain electrode spaced apart from the source electrode. The thin film transistor substrate further includes an organic layer disposed on the switching element, a first electrode disposed on the organic layer, and a second electrode overlapping with the first electrode, and electrically connected to the drain electrode. A thickness of the second electrode is thicker than a thickness of the first electrode.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2015-0030485, filed on Mar. 4, 2015 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office KIPO, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to thin film transistor substrate and a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor substrate. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus includes a display substrate, an upper substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the display substrate and the upper substrate. A plurality of signal lines and a plurality of thin film transistor are formed on the display substrate. 
         [0006]    To display an image on the LCD apparatus, a liquid crystal display panel generally uses a twisted nematic (TN) mode. To ensure a wide viewing angle, the liquid crystal display panel may operate in a different mode such as a plane to line switching (PLS) mode. 
         [0007]    A liquid crystal display panel of a PLS mode forms a pixel electrode and a common electrode that is overlapped with the pixel electrode. An electric field applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode to change the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0008]    A pixel electrode of the liquid crystal display panel of the PLS mode is electrically connected to a drain electrode via a contact hole. In a liquid crystal display panel having a low resolution, an organic layer is not exposed by the contact hole. However, in a liquid crystal display panel having a high resolution, an organic layer may be exposed by the contact hole for increasing an aperture ratio. 
         [0009]    When the organic layer is exposed, a surface of the organic layer may be damaged in a process of forming a contact hole. The organic layer may become hydrophilic due to a damage on the surface of the organic layer, and thus H 2 O is absorbed to the surface of the organic layer. Resultantly, an active unfilled area (AUA) may be formed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a display substrate capable of decreasing resistance and increasing transmissivity and a method of manufacturing the display substrate. 
         [0011]    In an exemplary embodiment according to one embodiment, a thin film transistor substrate includes a switching element comprising a gate electrode electrically connected to a gate line extending in a first direction, an active pattern overlapping with the gate electrode, a source electrode disposed on the active pattern and electrically connected to a data line extending in a second direction crossing the first direction, and a drain electrode spaced apart from the source electrode. The thin film transistor substrate further includes an organic layer disposed on the switching element, a first electrode disposed on the organic layer, and a second electrode overlapping with the first electrode, and electrically connected to the drain electrode. A thickness of the second electrode is thicker than a thickness of the first electrode. 
         [0012]    In an exemplary embodiment, the thin film transistor substrate may further include a passivation layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode to insulate the first electrode and the second electrode. 
         [0013]    In an exemplary embodiment, the passivation layer may include a contact hole exposing a portion of the drain electrode and a portion of the organic layer. 
         [0014]    In an exemplary embodiment, a surface of the organic layer may have a bumpy structure. An average height of bumps of the surface of the organic layer may be less than 300 Å. 
         [0015]    In an exemplary embodiment, the second electrode may include a transparent conductive material. 
         [0016]    In an exemplary embodiment, a thickness of the second electrode may be more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. 
         [0017]    In an exemplary embodiment of a thin film transistor substrate according to one embodiment, the thin film transistor substrate includes a switching element comprising a gate electrode electrically connected to a gate line extending in a first direction, an active pattern overlapping with the gate electrode, a source electrode disposed on the active pattern and electrically connected to a data line extending in a second direction crossing the first direction, and a drain electrode spaced apart from the source electrode. The thin film transistor substrate further includes an organic layer disposed on the switching element, a first electrode disposed on the organic layer, a second electrode overlapping with the first electrode, and electrically connected to the drain electrode, a passivation layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode to insulate the first electrode and the second electrode, and comprising a contact hole exposing a portion of the drain electrode and a portion of the organic layer, and a covering pattern disposed in the contact hole to cover an exposed portion of the organic layer. 
         [0018]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may cover the exposed portion of the organic layer and an exposed portion of the drain electrode. 
         [0019]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may be disposed on the same layer as the first electrode. 
         [0020]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may be insulated from the first electrode and electrically connected to the second electrode. 
         [0021]    In an exemplary embodiment, the first electrode and the second electrode may include a transparent conductive material. 
         [0022]    In an exemplary embodiment, wherein a surface of the organic layer may have a bumpy structure. An average height of bumps of the surface of the organic layer may be less than 300 Å. 
         [0023]    In an exemplary embodiment of method of manufacturing a thin film transistor substrate according to one embodiment, the method includes forming a gate metal pattern on a base substrate, the gate metal pattern comprising a gate line extending in a first direction and a gate electrode electrically connected to the gate line, forming an active pattern overlapping with the gate electrode, forming a data metal pattern on the active pattern, the data metal pattern comprising a data line extending in a second direction crossing the first direction, a source electrode electrically connected with the gate line and a drain electrode spaced apart from the source electrode, forming an organic layer on the date metal pattern, forming a first electrode on the organic layer, forming a passivation layer on the first electrode, etching the passivation layer by using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW to form a contact hole exposing a portion of the drain electrode and a portion of the organic layer and forming a second electrode electrically connected to the drain electrode on the passivation layer. 
         [0024]    In an exemplary embodiment, a thickness of the second electrode may be thicker than a thickness of the first electrode. 
         [0025]    In an exemplary embodiment, a thickness of the second electrode may be more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. 
         [0026]    In an exemplary embodiment, forming the first electrode may further include forming a covering pattern disposed on the same layer as the first electrode. 
         [0027]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer. 
         [0028]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer and an exposed portion of the drain electrode. 
         [0029]    In an exemplary embodiment, the covering pattern may be insulated from the first electrode and electrically connected to the second electrode. 
         [0030]    In an exemplary embodiment, the first electrode, the second electrode and the covering pattern may include a transparent conductive material. 
         [0031]    According to the present exemplary embodiment, the passivation layer is formed by a relatively low power dry-etching. Thus, a damage of a surface of the organic layer may be decreased, decreasing a formation of a bumpy structure of a surface of the organic layer. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0032]    In addition, a thickness of the pixel electrode PE according to one embodiment is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å, and thus the pixel electrode PE may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. In addition, the covering pattern covers an exposed portion of the organic layer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    The above and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent by describing in detailed exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I′ of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0036]      FIGS. 3 to 12  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0037]      FIG. 13  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0038]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II′ of  FIG. 13 ; 
           [0039]      FIGS. 15 to 20  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 14 ; 
           [0040]      FIG. 21  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0041]      FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line of  FIG. 21 ; and 
           [0042]      FIGS. 23 to 28  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 22 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0043]    Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0044]      FIG. 1  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I′ of  FIG. 1 . Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a thin film transistor substrate  10  according to an exemplary embodiment includes a base substrate  100 , a gate metal pattern including a gate line GL and gate electrode GE, a data metal pattern including a data line DL, a gate insulation  110 , an active pattern AP, a first passivation layer  120 , an organic layer  130 , a common electrode CE, a second passivation layer  160 , and pixel electrode PE. The gate line GL extends in a first direction D 1 . In one embodiment, the gate line GL has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), and a mixture thereof. In other embodiments, the gate line GL has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. For example, the gate line GL may include a copper layer and a titanium layer disposed on and/or under the copper layer. The gate line GL is electrically connected to a gate electrode GE of a switching element. In addition, portions of the gate line GL may form the gate electrode GE. 
         [0045]    The gate insulation layer  110  is formed on the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  110  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the gate insulation layer  110  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0046]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  110 . According to one embodiment, the active pattern AP includes a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0047]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. According to one embodiment, the data metal pattern includes the data line DL, the source electrode SE, and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0048]    The first passivation layer  120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). For example, the first passivation layer  120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In addition, the first passivation layer  120  may include a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0049]    The organic layer  130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  120 . The organic layer  130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor substrate  10  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color, or a white color. 
         [0050]    The common electrode CE may be disposed on the organic layer  130 . The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. 
         [0051]    The second passivation layer  160  may be formed on the common electrode CE. The second passivation layer  160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  160  may include a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0052]    A common electrode hole CH may be formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  130 . An organic hole OH may be formed through the organic layer  130 . The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. A passivation hole PH may be formed through the second passivation layer  160 . The passivation hole PH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  130 . 
         [0053]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0054]    When the second passivation layer  160  is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be damaged. In addition, as a result of damage on a surface of the organic layer  130 , the surface of the organic layer  130  may have a bumpy structure. Accordingly, H 2 O may be absorbed to the damaged surface of the organic layer, forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0055]    However, the second passivation layer  160  according to the present disclosure is formed by dry-etching of a relatively low power, for example, a power of 10 kW. The dry-etching of the second passivation layer  160  using a relatively low power decreases a damage and formation of a bumpy structure on a surface of the organic layer  130 . Accordingly, H 2 O is not absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, thus the formation of an active unfilled area (AUA) may be prevented. 
         [0056]    A pixel electrode PE is formed on the second passivation layer  160 . The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. Accordingly, an electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0057]    In the present exemplary embodiment, a thickness of the pixel electrode PE may be greater than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. The pixel electrode PE covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  130 . When the second passivation layer  160  is dry-etched, an exposed surface of the organic layer  130  may be damaged forming a bumpy structure. When a thickness of the pixel electrode PE is less than 550 Å, the pixel electrode PE may not cover an exposed surface of the organic layer  130  entirely. Accordingly, H 2 O may be absorbed to the surface of the organic layer, forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0058]    According to one embodiment, a thickness of the pixel electrode PE is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. The pixel electrode PE covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0059]      FIGS. 3 to 12  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIG. 3 , a gate electrode GE is formed on a base substrate  100 . For example, a gate metal layer is formed on the base substrate  100  and patterned to form the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate metal pattern may include the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. Examples of the base substrate  100  may include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a silicon substrate, a plastic substrate and the like. 
         [0060]    Thereafter, a gate insulation layer  110  is formed to cover the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  110  may include an inorganic insulation material. For example, the gate insulation layer  110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) and may have thickness of 500 Å. In addition, the gate insulation layer  110  may have a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , an active pattern AP and a data metal pattern is formed on the gate insulation layer  110 . The data metal pattern may include a data line DL, a source electrode SE, and a drain electrode DE. Thereafter, a first passivation layer  120  may be formed on the base substrate  100  on which the data metal pattern is formed. 
         [0062]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  110 . The active pattern AP may include a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0063]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. The data metal pattern may include the data line DL, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0064]    The first passivation layer  120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the first passivation layer  120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the first passivation layer  120  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , an organic layer  130  is formed on the first passivation layer  120 . Thereafter, the organic layer  130  is patterned to form an organic hole OH. 
         [0066]    The organic layer  130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  120 . The organic layer  130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor  10  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color, or a white color. The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. 
         [0067]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , a common electrode CE is formed on the base substrate  100  on which the organic hole OH is formed. Thereafter, a common electrode hole CH is formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. A thickness of the common electrode CE may be less than 550 Å. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  130 . 
         [0068]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , a second passivation layer  160  is formed on the base substrate  100  on which the common electrode hole CH is formed. Thereafter, the second passivation layer  160  is patterned to form a passivation hole PH. The second passivation layer  160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  160  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. The second passivation layer  160  may cover an exposed portion of the drain electrode DE, an exposed portion of the first passivation layer  120 , an exposed portion of the organic layer  130 , and the common electrode CE. 
         [0069]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH is formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0070]    When the second passivation layer  160  is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be damaged forming a bumpy structure on the surface of the organic layer  130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0071]    The second passivation layer  160  according to one embodiment is formed by dry-etching using a relatively lower power, for example, 10 kW. The relatively low powered dry-etching of the second passivation layer  160  decreases a damage on a surface of the organic layer  130  and formation of a bumpy structure on the damaged surface of the organic layer  130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not absorbed to the surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0072]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , a surface of an organic layer  130  is illustrated when a second passivation layer is dry-etched using a relatively high power. When the second passivation layer is dry-etched using a high power, an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be damaged. In addition, since a surface of the organic layer  130  is damaged, the surface of the organic layer  130  may have a bumpy structure. For the comparison with a low powered dry-etching, a first height d 1 , an average height of bumps on the surface of the organic layer  130  after the high powered dry-etching is about 2184 Å. Thereafter, a pixel electrode PE is formed on an exposed portion of the organic layer  130 . However, since the surface of the organic layer  130  may have a bumpy structure, the pixel electrode PE may not cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Accordingly, H 2 O may be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0073]    Referring to  FIG. 9 , a surface of an organic layer  130  is illustrated when a second passivation layer is dry-etched using a relatively low power. When the second passivation layer is dry-etched using a relatively low power, a damage of the exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be decreased decreasing a formation of a bumpy structure on the surface of the organic layer  130 . A second height d 2 , an average height of bumps on the surface of the organic layer  130  after the low powered dry-etching is less than 300 Å, for example, about 251 Å. According to one embodiment, the second passivation layer  160  is dry-etched by using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW, preferably, 10 kW. 
         [0074]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , a transparent electrode layer  170  is formed on the base substrate  100  on which the passivation hole PH is formed. The transparent electrode layer  170  may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, transparent electrode layer  170  may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0075]    In one embodiment, a thickness of the transparent electrode layer  170  is greater than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. The transparent electrode layer  170  covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  130 . When the second passivation layer  160  is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be damaged forming a bumpy structure on the surface of the organic layer  130 . When a thickness of the transparent electrode layer  170  is less than 550 Å, the transparent electrode layer  170  may not cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Resultantly, H 2 O may be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0076]    According to one embodiment, a thickness of the transparent electrode layer  170  according to one embodiment is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. The transparent electrode layer  170  may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0077]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , a surface of an organic layer  130  is illustrated when a thickness of a pixel electrode PE is less than 550 Å. The pixel electrode PE covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  130 . When the second passivation layer is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  may be damaged forming a bumpy structure on a surface of the organic layer  130 . When a thickness of the pixel electrode PE is less than 550 Å, the pixel electrode PE may not cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Resultantly, H 2 O may be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, forming an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0078]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , a surface of an organic layer  130  is illustrated when a thickness of a pixel electrode PE is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å. When a thickness of the pixel electrode PE according to one embodiment is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å, the pixel electrode PE may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0079]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , the transparent electrode layer  170  is patterned to form a pixel electrode PE. The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. An electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0080]      FIG. 13  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II′ of  FIG. 13 . Referring to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , a thin film transistor substrate  20  according to an exemplary embodiment includes a base substrate  1100 , a gate metal pattern including a gate line GL and gate electrode GE, a data metal pattern including a data line DL, a gate insulation  1110 , an active pattern AP, a first passivation layer  1120 , an organic layer  1130 , a common electrode CE, a second passivation layer  1160  and pixel electrode PE. 
         [0081]    The gate line GL extends in a first direction D 1 . In one embodiment, the gate line GL has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the gate line GL has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. For example, the gate line GL may include a copper layer and a titanium layer disposed on and/or under the copper layer. The gate line GL is electrically connected to a gate electrode GE of a switching element. In addition, portions of the gate line GL may form the gate electrode GE. 
         [0082]    The gate insulation layer  1110  is formed on the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  1110  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  1110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the gate insulation layer  110  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0083]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  1110 . According to one embodiment, the active pattern AP includes a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0084]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. According to one embodiment, the data metal pattern includes the data line DL, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0085]    The first passivation layer  1120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  1120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). For example, the first passivation layer  1120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In addition, the first passivation layer  1120  may include a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0086]    The organic layer  1130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  1120 . The organic layer  1130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor substrate  20  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  1130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  1130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color or a white color. 
         [0087]    The common electrode CE may be disposed on the organic layer  1130 . The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. 
         [0088]    A covering pattern CP is disposed on the organic layer  1130 . The covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  1130 . The covering pattern CP may be disposed on the same layer as the common electrode CE. The covering pattern CP may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the covering pattern CP may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0089]    The second passivation layer  1160  may be formed on the common electrode CE. The second passivation layer  1160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  1160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  1160  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0090]    A common electrode hole CH may be formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  1130 . An organic hole OH may be formed through the organic layer  1130 . The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. A passivation hole PH may be formed through the second passivation layer  1160 . The passivation hole PH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  1130 . 
         [0091]    The covering pattern CP does not cover the drain electrode DE. The covering pattern CP is insulated from the common electrode CE and is electrically connected to the pixel electrode PE. The covering pattern CP is disposed in the common electrode hole CH to be overlapped with a portion of the organic hole OH and a portion of the passivation hole PH. 
         [0092]    The covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  1130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer  1130 , preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0093]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0094]    When the second passivation layer  1160  is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  1130  may be damaged. However, the covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  1130 , preventing a damage to a surface of the organic layer  1130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0095]    A pixel electrode PE is formed on the second passivation layer  1160 . The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. Accordingly, an electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0096]      FIGS. 15 to 20  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 14 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , a gate electrode GE is formed on a base substrate  1100 . For example, a gate metal layer is formed on the base substrate  1100 , and patterned to form the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate metal pattern may include the gate line GL and the gate electrode. Examples of the base substrate  1100  may include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a silicon substrate, a plastic substrate and the like. 
         [0097]    Thereafter, a gate insulation layer  1110  is formed to cover the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  1110  may include an inorganic insulation material. For example, the gate insulation layer  1110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  1110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) and may have thickness of 500 Å. In another embodiment, the gate insulation layer  1110  has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0098]    Referring to  FIG. 16 , an active pattern AP and a data metal pattern is formed on the gate insulation layer  1110 . The data metal pattern may include a data line DL, a source electrode SE and a drain electrode DE. Thereafter, a first passivation layer  1120  may be formed on the base substrate  1100  on which the data metal pattern is formed. 
         [0099]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  1110 . The active pattern AP may include a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0100]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. The data metal pattern may include the data line DL, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0101]    The first passivation layer  1120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  1120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the first passivation layer  1120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the first passivation layer  1120  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 17 , an organic layer  1130  is formed on the first passivation layer  1120 . Thereafter, the organic layer  1130  is patterned to form an organic hole OH. The organic layer  1130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  1120 . The organic layer  1130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor  20  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  1130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  1130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color or a white color. The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. 
         [0103]    Referring to  FIG. 18 , a common electrode CE and a covering pattern CP are formed on the base substrate  1100  on which the organic hole OH is formed. The common electrode CE includes a common electrode hole CH. The common electrode hole CH is formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. A thickness of the common electrode CE may be less than 550 Å. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  1130 . 
         [0104]    The covering pattern CP is disposed on the organic layer  1130  and covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  1130 . The covering pattern CP may be disposed on the same layer as the common electrode CE. The covering pattern CP may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the covering pattern CP may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0105]    The covering pattern CP does not cover the drain electrode DE. The covering pattern CP is insulated from the common electrode CE and is electrically connected to the pixel electrode PE. The covering pattern CP is disposed in the common electrode hole CH to be overlapped with a portion of the organic hole OH. The covering pattern CP covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  1130 . Resultantly, H 2 O is not absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0106]    Referring to  FIG. 19 , a second passivation layer  1160  is formed on the base substrate  1100  on which the common electrode hole CH is formed. Thereafter, the second passivation layer  1160  is patterned to form a passivation hole PH. The second passivation layer  1160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  1160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  1160  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. The second passivation layer  1160  may cover an exposed portion of the drain electrode DE, an exposed portion of the first passivation layer  1120 , an exposed portion of the organic layer  1130 , and the common electrode CE. 
         [0107]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH is formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0108]    Referring to  FIG. 20 , a transparent electrode layer  1170  is formed on the base substrate  1100  on which the passivation hole PH is formed. The transparent electrode layer  1170  may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, transparent electrode layer  1170  may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0109]    Referring to  FIG. 20 , the transparent electrode layer  1170  is patterned to form a pixel electrode PE. The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. An electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0110]      FIG. 21  is a plan view illustrating a thin film transistor substrate according to an exemplary embodiment.  FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view taken along the line of  FIG. 21 . Referring to  FIGS. 21 and 22 , a thin film transistor substrate  30  according to an exemplary embodiment includes a base substrate  2100 , a gate metal pattern including a gate line GL and gate electrode GE, a data metal pattern including a data line, a gate insulation  2110 , an active pattern AP, a first passivation layer  2120 , an organic layer  2130 , a common electrode CE, a second passivation layer  2160  and pixel electrode PE. 
         [0111]    The gate line GL extends in a first direction D 1 . In one embodiment, the gate line GL has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the gate line GL has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. For example, the gate line GL may include a copper layer and a titanium layer disposed on and/or under the copper layer. The gate line GL is electrically connected to a gate electrode GE of a switching element. In addition, portions of the gate line GL may form the gate electrode GE. 
         [0112]    The gate insulation layer  2110  is formed on the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  2110  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  2110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the gate insulation layer  2110  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0113]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  2110 . According to one embodiment, the active pattern AP includes a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0114]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. According to one embodiment, the data metal pattern may include the data line DL, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0115]    The first passivation layer  2120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  2120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). For example, the first passivation layer  2120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In addition, the first passivation layer  2120  may include a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0116]    The organic layer  2130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  2120 . The organic layer  2130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor substrate  30  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  2130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  2130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color or a white color. 
         [0117]    The common electrode CE may be disposed on the organic layer  2130 . The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. 
         [0118]    A covering pattern CP is disposed on the organic layer  2130 . The covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  2130 . The covering pattern CP may be disposed on the same layer as the common electrode CE. The covering pattern CP may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the covering pattern CP may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0119]    The second passivation layer  2160  may be formed on the common electrode CE. The second passivation layer  2160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  2160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  2160  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0120]    A common electrode hole CH may be formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  2130 . An organic hole OH may be formed through the organic layer  2130 . The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. A passivation hole PH may be formed through the second passivation layer  2160 . The passivation hole PH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  2130 . 
         [0121]    The covering pattern CP covers the organic layer  2130  and the drain electrode DE. The covering pattern CP is insulated from the common electrode CE and is electrically connected to the pixel electrode PE. The covering pattern CP is disposed in the common electrode hole CH to be overlapped with the organic hole OH and the passivation hole PH entirely. 
         [0122]    The covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  2130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer  2130 , preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0123]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0124]    When the second passivation layer  2160  is dry-etched, an exposed portion of the organic layer  2130  may be damaged. However, the covering pattern CP covers an exposed surface of the organic layer  2130 , preventing a damage to a surface of the organic layer  2130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0125]    A pixel electrode PE is formed on the second passivation layer  2160 . The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. Accordingly, an electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0126]      FIGS. 23 to 28  are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor of  FIG. 22 . Referring to  FIG. 23 , a gate electrode GE is formed on a base substrate  2100 . For example, a gate metal layer is formed on the base substrate  2100 , and patterned to form the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate metal pattern may include the gate line GL and the gate electrode. Examples of the base substrate  2100  may include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a silicon substrate, a plastic substrate and the like. 
         [0127]    Thereafter, a gate insulation layer  2110  is formed to cover the gate line GL and the gate electrode GE. The gate insulation layer  2110  may include an inorganic insulation material. For example, the gate insulation layer  2110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the gate insulation layer  2110  includes silicon oxide (SiOx) and may have thickness of 500 Å. In another embodiment, the gate insulation layer  2110  has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0128]    Referring to  FIG. 24 , an active pattern AP and a data metal pattern is formed on the gate insulation layer  2110 . The data metal pattern may include a data line DL, a source electrode SE and a drain electrode DE. Thereafter, a first passivation layer  2120  may be formed on the base substrate  2100  on which the data metal pattern is formed. 
         [0129]    The active pattern AP is formed on the gate insulation layer  2110 . The active pattern AP may include a semiconductor pattern and an ohmic contact pattern. The ohmic contact pattern is formed on the semiconductor pattern. The semiconductor pattern may include a silicon semiconductor material. For example, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The ohmic contact pattern may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a source electrode SE, and may be interposed between the semiconductor pattern and a drain electrode DE. The ohmic contact pattern may include n+ amorphous silicon (n+ a-Si:H). 
         [0130]    The data metal pattern may be disposed on the active pattern AP. The data metal pattern may include the data line DL, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. In one embodiment, the data metal pattern has a single layer structure including copper (Cu), silver (Ag), chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn) and a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the data metal pattern has a multilayer structure having a plurality of layers including materials different each other. 
         [0131]    The first passivation layer  2120  may be formed on the data metal pattern. The first passivation layer  2120  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the first passivation layer  1120  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the first passivation layer  2120  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. 
         [0132]    Referring to  FIG. 25 , an organic layer  2130  is formed on the first passivation layer  2120 . Thereafter, the organic layer  2130  is patterned to form an organic hole OH. The organic layer  2130  is disposed on the first passivation layer  2120 . The organic layer  2130  planarizes an upper surface of the thin film transistor  30  to prevent problems that may occur due to a step such as disconnection of a signal line. The organic layer  2130  may be an insulation layer including an organic material. For example, the organic layer  2130  may a color filter layer having a red color, a green color, a blue color or a white color. The organic hole OH partially exposes the drain electrode DE. 
         [0133]    Referring to  FIG. 26 , a common electrode CE and a covering pattern CP are formed on the base substrate  2100  on which the organic hole OH is formed. The common electrode CE includes a common electrode hole CH. The common electrode hole CH is formed through the common electrode CE. The common electrode CE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the common electrode CE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). A common voltage may be applied to the common electrode CE. A thickness of the common electrode CE may be less than 550 Å. The common electrode hole CH partially exposes the drain electrode DE and the organic layer  1130 . 
         [0134]    The covering pattern CP is disposed on the organic layer  1130  and covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  1130  and an exposed portion of the drain electrode DE. The covering pattern CP may be disposed on the same layer as the common electrode CE. The covering pattern CP may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the covering pattern CP may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0135]    The covering pattern CP covers the organic layer  2130  and the drain electrode DE. The covering pattern CP is insulated from the common electrode CE and is electrically connected to the pixel electrode PE. The covering pattern CP is disposed in the common electrode hole CH to be overlapped with the organic hole OH and the passivation hole PH entirely. 
         [0136]    The covering pattern CP covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  2130 . Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer  2130 , preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0137]    Referring to  FIG. 27 , a second passivation layer  2160  is formed on the base substrate  2100  on which the common electrode hole CH is formed. Thereafter, the second passivation layer  2160  is patterned to form a passivation hole PH. The second passivation layer  2160  may include an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) and/or silicon nitride (SiNx). In one embodiment, the second passivation layer  2160  includes silicon oxide (SiOx), and may have a thickness of about 500 Å. In another embodiment, the second passivation layer  2160  includes a plurality of layers including different materials from each other. The second passivation layer  2160  may cover an exposed portion of the organic layer  2130  and the common electrode CE. 
         [0138]    The passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching. In one embodiment, the passivation hole PH is formed by dry-etching using a power having more than 7 kW and less than 13 kW. Preferably, the passivation hole PH may be formed by dry-etching using a power of 10 kW. 
         [0139]    Referring to  FIG. 28 , a transparent electrode layer  2170  is formed on the base substrate  2100  on which the passivation hole PH is formed. The transparent electrode layer  2170  may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, transparent electrode layer  2170  may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). 
         [0140]    Referring to  FIG. 22 , the transparent electrode layer  2170  is patterned to form a pixel electrode PE. The pixel electrode PE may include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). In addition, the pixel electrode PE may include titanium (Ti) and/or molybdenum titanium (MoTi). The pixel electrode PE may have a slit shape. The pixel electrode PE overlaps with the common electrode CE. An electric field applied between the pixel electrode PE and the common electrode CE changes the orientation of liquid crystal molecules to represent a gray scale. 
         [0141]    According to one embodiment, the passivation layer is formed by a relatively low power. Thus, a damage of a surface of the organic layer may be decreased preventing a formation of a bumpy structure on a surface of the organic layer. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0142]    According to one embodiment, a thickness of the pixel electrode PE is more than 750 Å and less than 1000 Å, and the pixel electrode PE covers an exposed portion of the organic layer  130  entirely. In addition, the covering pattern covers an exposed portion of the organic layer. Resultantly, H 2 O may not be absorbed to a surface of the organic layer, preventing a formation of an active unfilled area (AUA). 
         [0143]    The foregoing is illustrative of the present disclosure and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the present disclosure. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present disclosure and is not to be construed as limited to the specific exemplary embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed exemplary embodiments, as well as other exemplary embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. A scope of the present disclosure may be determined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.