Abstract:
Biological pesticide, based on chitosane and entomopathogen nematodes. The invention consists of a new pesticide formulation, bio-stimulating and with fungicide effects, combining the bio-stimulating action due to chitosane to the biological control of plagues in agricultural and forest crops, due to phytopathogen insects by entomopathogen nematodes of the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families. There is a synergic action between the bio-stimulating and the biological pesticide due to the action of symbiotic bacteria of the Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus genres, carrying the nematodes of these families. The aforementioned action is synergically enhanced by the bio-stimulating effect of chitosane over plants, on favouring the radicular development and degree of lignification and provoking the elicitation of phytoalexins producer genes, as a defensive mechanism.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention deals with plague-insect control using biological agents, entomopathogen nematodes, and an active compound: chitosane, improving and increasing crop resistance to plagues, diseases and survival in adverse environmental conditions, obtaining better growth and yield of said crops.  
         STATE OF THE ART  
         [0002]    Crop protection plays a critical and integral role in modern farm production. Increasingly demanding yields and forecasts of insufficient production to meet future demands have pave the way to the optimisation of farming practises environment-friendly all over the world. The attempt to satisfy the growing demand has increased the risk of damages by plagues and the need to control them.  
           [0003]    At present, crop production in these farming systems is almost exclusively based on the use of chemical phytosanitary products. The non-selective character of pesticides negatively affects the balance between agricultural plagues. Therefore, the need still exists of providing a better and more effective crop protection method. It is calculated that 37% of world farm production is lost due to plagues and diseases. Due to ecological reasons and for the increasing commercial importance of ecological farming, a growing demand exists for natural, non-toxic, biodegradable products, as well as for biological control.  
           [0004]    Plants do not have an immunological system as such, but in their evolution have acquired an active defence system involving the activation of defensive genes of the host plants. Said genes may produce physical and biochemical changes. For example, they may change the properties of the plant&#39;s cell wall. Examples of this type of change include the accumulation of glycoproteins with a high content of hydroxyproline 1,2 , lignification and suberisation 3 , callous deposition 4,5,6  and accumulation of phenolic compounds 7,8 . Moreover, the activation of these defensive systems may result in the biosynthesis and accumulation of phytoalexins, anti-microbial compounds, toxic for bacteria and fungi 9,10,11,12  and the release of oligosaccharides of an animal origin, inducers of the response to pathogen attacks, a new class of proteins called “proteins related to pathogenesis” or PR proteins 13,14,15,16 .  
           [0005]    Among the induced anti-microbial compounds against fungal pathogens, are the lithic enzymes, chitosanase and beta-1,3-glucanase. These enzymes digest the chitosane and the glucosamine, main components of the wall of various fungal pathogens 15,16 . Likewise, they are involved in the resistance of plants to insect attacks, since the chitosane is mainly present in the exoskeleton thereof. The fragments resulting from this enzymatic lysis may induce biosynthesis by the stress response metabolite host. Therefore, these enzymes seem to be involved in the host signalling, besides in the degradation of the pathogens  17,18,19 .  
           [0006]    The entomopathogen nematodes are a group of non-segmented invertebrates, with an Excretion Apparatus, Nervous System, Reproduction Apparatus and Muscular System.  
           [0007]    The order of greatest interest due to their effectiveness for insect control is the Rhabditida, where many of the members are insect parasites. Among them, the most important are the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families 20 .  
           [0008]    Nematodes have a simple life cycle including: the egg, four juvenile stages (separated from each other by moults) and adults. That is: egg, L1, L2, L3 (juvenile infective), L4 and adults (male and female). The juvenile stage (L3) is called juvenile infective or “dauer” larva, which has the particularity of being resistant to adverse environmental conditions thanks to a cuticle they develop. They juvenile infectives transport symbiotic bacteria in their intestine, hence serving as “bacteria carriers” between one host and the other 21 .  
           [0009]    The entomopathogen nematodes of the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families are applied for the biological control of a wide spectrum of plague insects, due to the fact that juvenile infectives “JI” penetrate in the host through different natural holes thereof. Inside the host, they release a symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus, depending on the nematode species in question) causing the death of the target insect by septicaemia 20 .  
           [0010]    The bacteria favouring their development during insect infection, produce a series of secondary antibiotics and metabolites inhibiting the growth of other bacteria and fungi. Likewise, they also produce chitosanases which aid the assimilation of the chitosane by the plants 22 . Once the plague has been eliminated, the biostimulating effects are remarkable due to chitosane mobilisation.  
           [0011]    However, the current application of biological insecticides has as a main drawback, the slow or negligible recovery of the damaged farm crops. That is, the effects produced on the tissues by the plague, once the latter has been combated, by the biological pesticide, makes the recovery of the ill farm crops, complicated or very slow and a source of entry of diseases like Fusarium, Verticilium, Phytopthora. The present invention intends to solve this problem by the selection of a compound regenerating the damaged tissues and which, in turn, is harmless or even beneficial, such that the biological pesticide may be stored and applied together with it, without losing its pesticide effect.  
         DEFINITIONS  
         [0012]    Entomopathogen Nematodes: nematodes which are parasites of one or more insect species.  
           [0013]    Juvenile Infective (JI): stage of the biological cycle (L3) of the nematode invading and infecting a determined insect. It consists of a mouth, anus with the aperture closed, oesophagus, collapsed intestine and pointed tail. Its length varies approximately from 400 to 800 microns and its width, from 20 to 40 microns, depending on the nematode species in question. It has an outer cover called sheath, protecting them from adverse environmental conditions and as a reserve to remain in the field until the capture of a host.  
           [0014]    Contamination: plants, land or farming materials infected by plagues of insects or their larvae.  
           [0015]    Polarimetric Degree: this is the way of measuring the commercial sugar production extracted by tons from beetroot.  
           [0016]    Efficacy: this is measured as the percentage (%) of dead insects or larvae compared with the reference.  
           [0017]    Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae  
           [0018]    The members of these two families are obliged parasites and insect pathogens. They are colourless and segmented nematodes having the following taxonomic classification:  
                                                       Phylum:   Nematode           Class:   Secernentea           Order:   Rhabditida           Suborder:   Rhabditina           Superfamily:   Rhabditoidea           Families:   Steinernematidae and               Heterorhabditidae                      
 
           [0019]    Within the Steinernematidae family, is the genre Steinernema (Travassos) (=Neoaplectana, Steiner), in which the following species of commercial interest are found:  Steinernema carpocapsae  (Weiser),  Steinernema feltiae  (Filipjev),  Steinernema scapterisci  (Nguyen and Smart),  Steinernema glaseri  (Steiner) and  Steinernema riobravis  (Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston). On the other hand, in the Heterorhabditidae family, the  Heterorhabditis genre  is found, whose species of commercial interest are:  Heterorhabditis bacteriophora  (Poinar) and  Heterorhabditis megidis  (Poinar, Jackson and Klein)  
           [0020]    Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are symbiotically related to bacteria of the Xenorhabdus genre (Thomas and Poinar) and Photorhabdus (Boemare et al), respectively. This nematode/bacteria complex may be cultured in vivo and in vitro on a large scale and the infective stages (L3 or JI) may be stored for long periods, maintaining their infective capacity and afterwards, they may be applied by conventional agronomic methods used with chemical insecticides 20 .  
           [0021]    Steinernema and Heterorhabditis have different forms, depending on the stages and sex presented throughout their biological cycle 23 .  
           [0022]    These nematodes have a wide range of hosts, most of them at some moment of their life cycle remain on the ground. Likewise, insects which never live on the ground in their life cycle are vulnerable.  
           [0023]    Most vulnerable insects belong to the orders: Lepidoptera (like, for example):  
           [0024]    Chilo spp.,  
           [0025]    [0025] Galleria mellonella,    
           [0026]    [0026] Spodoptera littoralis,    
           [0027]    [0027] Pieris rapae,    
           [0028]    [0028] Melolontha melolontha,    
           [0029]    [0029] Agrotis segetum,    
           [0030]    [0030] Thaumetaopoea pytiocampa,    
           [0031]    [0031] Zeuzera pyrina    
           [0032]    Coleoptera (like, for example).  
           [0033]    [0033] Vesperus xatarti,    
           [0034]    [0034] Cosmopolites sordidus,    
           [0035]    [0035] Capnodis tenebionis,    
           [0036]    [0036] Cleonus mendicus,    
           [0037]    [0037] Hylotrepas bajulus    
           [0038]    Other vulnerable orders:  
           [0039]    Diptera (like, for example):  
           [0040]    [0040] Ceratitis capitata,    
           [0041]    Bemisia spp,  
           [0042]    [0042] Trialleudores vaporarium,    
           [0043]    [0043] Liriomyza trifolii    
           [0044]    Acari (like, for example):  
           [0045]    [0045] Boophilus pinniperda,    
           [0046]    [0046] Dermacentor vaviabilis,    
           [0047]    [0047] Amblyoma cajennense    
           [0048]    Heteroptera (like, for example):  
           [0049]    [0049] Dysdercus peruvianus    
           [0050]    Homoptera (like, for example):  
           [0051]    [0051] Dysmicoccus vaccini    
           [0052]    Isoptera (like, for example):  
           [0053]    Reticulotermes spp,  
           [0054]    [0054] Kalotermes flavicollis,    
           [0055]    [0055] Glyptotermes dilatatus    
           [0056]    Gastropoda (like, for example):  
           [0057]    [0057] Deroceras reticulatum,    
           [0058]    Orthoptera (like, for example):  
           [0059]    [0059] Locusta migratoria    
           [0060]    [0060] Melanoplus sanguinipes,    
           [0061]    [0061] Scapteriscus vicinus    
           [0062]    Ixodida (like, for example):  
           [0063]    [0063] Ripicephalus sanguineus,    
           [0064]    Blatodea (like, for example):  
           [0065]    [0065] Periplaneta brunne    
           [0066]    Hymenoptera (like, for example):  
           [0067]    [0067] Tirathaba rufivena,    
           [0068]    [0068] Elasmopalpus lignosellus,    
           [0069]    [0069] Hoplocampa testudinea    
           [0070]    Other species to which the nematodes parasite are:  
                                                             Species                                          Acalyma vittatum     Chilo spp             Acrolepia assectela       Choristeneura occidentalis               Adoryphorus couloni       Cirphis compta               Agrotis ipsilon       Conopia myopasformis               Agrotis palustris       Conorhynchus mendicus               Agrotis segetum       Cosmopolites sordidus               Amyelois transitella       Costrelytra zealandica               Anabrus simplex       Curalio caryae             Anomala spp.     Cyclocephala borealis               Anoplophora malasiaca       Cydia pomonella               Apriona cinerea       Cydocephala hirta               Blastophagus pinniperda       Cylus formicarius               Boophilus annulatus       Dacus cucurbitae               Bradysia coprophila       Delia antiqua               Capnodis tenebrionis       Delia floralis               Carpocapsa pomonella       Delia platura               Carposina nipponensis       Delia radicum               Castnia dedalus       Dendroctonus frontalis               Cephalcia abietis       Dermacentor vaviabilis               Cephalcia lariciphila       Deroceras reticulatum               Ceratitis capitata       Diabrotica balteata               Ceuthorrynchus napi       Diabrotica barberi               Diabrotica virginifera       Limonius califormicus               Diaprepes abbreviatus       Liriomyza trifolii               Dysdercus peruvianus       Listronotus orejonensis               Dysmicoccus vaccini       Locusta migratoria               Earias insulana       Lycoriella auripila             Eldana spp.     Maladera motrica               Galeria melonella       Manduca sexta             German cockroach     Megaselia halterata               Glyptotermes dilatatus       Melanoplus sanguinipes               Grapholita funebrana     Migdolus spp.             Grapholita molesta       Monochanus alternatus               Graphonathus peregrinus       Musca domestica               Helicoverpa zea       Nemocestes incomptus               Heliothis armigera       Oamona hirta               Heliothis zea       Operhoptera brumata               Hylenia brasicae       Opogona sacchari               Hylobius abietia       Ostrinia nubilalis               Hylotrepes bajulus                   Hylobius       Otiorhynchus ovatus               transversovittatus               Hypantria cunea       Otiorhynchus sulcatus               Ixodes scapularis       Pachnaeus litus               Ixodid ticks       Panisetia marginata               Laspeyresia pomonella     Pantomorus spp.             Leptinotarsa decenlineata       Pectinophora gossyprella               Periplaneta brunnea       Strobilomyia appalachensis               Phlyctinus callosus       Thaumetopoea pytiocampa               Phyllotreta cruciferae       Tirathaba rufivena             Phylophaga spp.     Tomicus pinniperda               Pieris rapae       Tryporysa incertulas               Platiptilia carduidactyla       Vietacea polistiformis               Plutella xylostella       Wiseana copularis             Polyphylla spp.     Zeiraphera canadensis               Pseudaletia separata       Zeusera pyrina               Pseudexentera mali       Zophodis grossulatariata               Psylliodes chrysocephala       Phyllonictis citrella               Pyrrbalta luteola       Xylotrechus arvicola               Rhipicephalus sanguineus       Trialeudores vaporarium               Rhizotropus majalis       Melolontha melolontha               Rhyacionia buolinana       Tipula paludosa               Rhyacionia frustrana       Blatella germanica               Rusidrina depravata     Vespula spp             Scapteriscus vicinus     Lixus spp             Sitoma lineatus       Reticulitermes lucifugus               Sitona discoideus       Parapediasia teterrella               Sphenophorus parvulus       Fumibotys fumalis               Spodoptera exigua     Bemisia spp             Spodoptera litura       Longitarsus waterhorsei                        
 
           [0071]    Literature  
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           [0073]    2) Showalter, A. M., Bell, J. N., Craver, C. L., Bailery, J. A., Varner, J. E. And Lamb, C. I., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6551-6555 (1985).  
           [0074]    3) Vance, C. P., Kirt, T. K., and Sherwood, R. T., Espelie, K. E., Francheschi, V. R., and Kolattukdy, P. E.; Plant Physiol. 81, 487-492 (1986)  
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           [0092]    21) Poinar, G. O. Jr. 1989. Nematodes for Biological Control of Insects. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. 277 pp.  
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           [0094]    23) Nguyen, K. B., Smart, G. C.; 1992. Steinernema Neocartillis n. Sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidea) and a key to species of the genus Steinernema. Journal of Nemtology, 24,: 463-477  
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         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       The Entomopathogen Nematode Strains  
         [0101]    The entomopathogen nematode strains used are isolated in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands and other countries of the world. This is essential due to the fact that these strains are better adapted to the conditions of the edaphic ecosystems in which their biological cycle is developed. On the other hand, in our legislation there are rules which regulate the introduction of non-autochthonous organisms that could break the ecological balance and which establish the need to perform the corresponding studies of environmental impact involved by their introduction. This nematode species are found in other places of their remaining continents, also isolated by us 5 .  
           [0102]    Said strains were submitted to biotests to establish their pathogenicity. The biotests consisted of exposing the  Galleria mellonella  larvae to juvenile infectives of different strains.  
           [0103]    The invention is based on the fact that the nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis may normally live in chitosane solutions. In this way, the nematode carries out its action against the plague affecting farm-forest crops and besides prevents the future development of phytopathogen bacteria and fungi, increasing the resistance of the plant to them and also collaborating in the assimilation of chitosane by the plant. The action of the biostimulant consists of, on the one hand, aiding the regeneration of damaged tissues. Moreover, it increases the development of the radicular system, reinforces the degree of lignification, reduces dehydration and finally exerts and fungi static effect. The synergic action of pesticide and biostimulant consists of inducing in the plant a secondary secretion of lignine, gibberelines and phytoalexins, accelerating their development and strength, once the plague affecting it has been eradicated. All these positive effects involve an increase in crop quality and yield without damaging effects for the environment.  
           [0104]    Synergic Entomopathogenic Chitosane-nematode Action  
           [0105]    When a plant is attacked by a plague, it is essential to eliminate it, but it is also necessary to consider the lesions and side effects (deficiencies, stress, possible infections or re-infections . . . ) the plague has caused. The novelty of the combination of a biological insecticide with a growth enhancer makes the treatment directed towards plagues considerably more effective.  
           [0106]    On the one hand, the entomopathogen nematode kills and efficiently eliminates the plague. Likewise, the associated bacteria, during the host insect infection process, starts to release a series of metabolites, such as chitionolytic enzymes 22  and antibiotics 26 . The chitinolytic action of the enzymes released by the bacteria, makes the assimilation process of the chitosane by the plant, faster, given that said enzymes act by breaking the N-acetyl-glucosamine polymers to molecules (monomers and dimers of n-acetylated sugars) more easy to assimilate by the plant. On the other hand, the anti-fungic activity of chitosane is enhanced by the anti-mycotic activity of said enzymes and the activity of the antibiotic compounds released by the bacteria inhibit the proliferation of possible facultative pathogen micro-organisms. All the latter makes the recovery process of the plant, promoted by the chitosane, even faster and more effective.  
           [0107]    Within the chitosane composition, there are certain ions, like Mn (II) and Mg. It has been verified that particularly these two ions produce a chemical stimulation in the entomopathogen nematodes increasing their pathogenicity and productivity 27 .  
           [0108]    The combination of entomopathogen nematodes with chitosane has the following biological effects:  
           [0109]    Entomopathogen nematodes eliminate the plague, preventing the development of possible bacteria and phytopathogen fungi, while their symbiont bacteria collaborate in the assimilation of chitosane.  
           [0110]    Mg and Mn (II) ions in the chitosane, chemically enhance the pathogenicity and productivity of the nematode  
           [0111]    Chitosane increases the development of the radicular system, significantly reinforcing the energy and degree of plant lignification, exerting a fungistatic effect and reducing post-transplant dehydration in nursery and/or transplant species.  
           [0112]    The synergic action of entomopathogen nematodes with chitosane induces the plant to secondarily segregate lignine, gibberelines and phytoalexins for its development and reinforcement.  
           [0113]    Formulation  
           [0114]    It contains the entomopathogen nematode, preferably of the Steinernema or Heterorhabditidae genres, at a concentration of 1,000-2,000,000 per m2 of surface to be treated. The nematode is dissolved in a chitosane solution with a viscosity (measured at 25° C., in a 1% concentration, in 1% acetic acid, in a Brookfield viscometer) from 150 to 2000 cps, preferably 150-450 cps, and more preferably, 200-250 cps, with a deacetylation degree (DAC) of 50-99%, preferably 65-99% and at a concentration between 0.06-0.25%, preferably 0.08-0.18%, in a weak acid (acetic, adipic, citric, formic, lactic, malic, oxalic, pyruvic, tartaric or similar) at a concentration of 0.05-10% (v/v), adjusting the pH to a range from 4-7 with a base (sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, etc.). This formulation contains Mn(II) and Mg ions in ranges of 1-400 pm and 1-200 ppm, respectively.  
           [0115]    Application Method  
           [0116]    The application method of this biological product in the field may be performed by different methods, depending on the crop, understanding that the application methods are not exhaustive, that is, other similar non-excluding methods may exist, such that they may be used successively or simultaneously over the same or different plants.  
           [0117]    The JI may support pressures of up to 21 atmospheres. As conventional farming equipment normally works at these pressures, the nematodes may be applied by means of any of the conventional methods.  
           [0118]    For plagues having any stage of life cycle on the ground, product application may be performed, both by irrigation or radicular immersion or any system creating a humid bulb around the plant. However, for foliar plagues, the product is directly applied over the aerial parts of the plant with the different conventional farming systems of pulverisation.  
           [0119]    Chitosane forms a film which stabilises and improves the adhesion of the agent going with it, and said film also decreases the amount of UV light reaching the agent. In a foliar application of nematodes with chitosane, the latter acts as a protective agent against desiccation and the action of UV light, the main enemies of nematodes when not applied on the ground.  
           [0120]    The aforementioned application methods are not limiting. The chitosane solution plus nematodes of the invention may also be applied as: spreadable paste, spray, etc. . . . Likewise, besides the chitosane and the nematodes, it may contain fixing agents, wetting agents, hydrating agents, etc. . . . The invention formulations are not only applicable for the treatment of plants to prevent or control plagues, but may be applied to seeds, soils or farming structures, preferably wood, preventively or in treatment against the contamination thereof.  
           [0121]    Dose and Tests Performed  
           [0122]    Field and laboratory tests were made on a petri dish, flower pot and trays. Said tests were performed jointly with the company Aplicaciones Bioquímicas, S.L., officially recognised with the number EOR28/97 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for performing official tests complying with their standardised operating procedures and protocols under the E.P.P.O. directives (European Plant Protection Organisation) of the European Community.  
           [0123]    The tests were performed on plague-insect families. The most representative examples were selected due to the damages caused to crops, not excluding other insects of the same family.  
           [0124]    In all the examples, chitosane solutions have been used whose composition is 1.25%, with a 70% degree of deacetylation DAC, dissolved in 1% acetic acid, the pH being 4.9. These solutions were applied diluted.  
           [0125]    In all the examples, the nematode used was Steinernema spp., except in examples X, XI, XII and XIV which used Heterorhabditis spp. With the term spp. we group all the species present in said genre.  
           [0126]    Chitosane naturally contains Mn and Mg ions in proportions of 5 and 7 ppm, respectively, which performs as nematode pathogenicity enhancers (nevertheless, these ions as commercial salts may be added afterwards).  
           [0127]    In the cultures on a Petri dish, the method described by Kaya &amp; Stock (Example III) was followed. The concentration of used larvae was 20/dish, except in Example V, which used 100 larvae/dish. In flower pots we used a substrate of 50% vermiculite and 50% sterile earth and the concentration of the larvae was 20 larvae/flower pot in all cases.  
           [0128]    All the examples were subject to the EPPO regulations describing the statistical design and evaluations of the tests performed. The production increase was measured in Kg weight. We used the term “recovery” when we began to observe the healing of the damage caused by the plague.  
           [0129]    The fixing agents, wetting agents and hydrating agents that may be used in the invention may be encompassed in the term of coadjuvants for general use in agriculture. For example: paraffin mineral oil, propionic acid, fatty alkylamides, waxes, sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate, resins, synthetic latex, fatty acids, ionic and non-ionic surfactants, manures, fertilisers.  
           [0130]    Mn and Mg salts are of common use in agriculture and are found in different commercial forms, like, for example, complexing agents (lignosulphonic acid) and chelating agents (EDTA) and phosphite solutions of Mn or Mg (2-13%).  
           [0131]    The product dissolved in water as an application vehicle was applied by means of different systems: drip irrigation, radicular immersion, pulverisation . . . .  
           [0132]    Several tests have been made with different types of plague and crops. In all the tests, the chitosane dose applied was 50 cc of a solution of chitosane/1,000,000 nematodes.  
           [0133]    The results obtained in said tests were the following ones: 
       
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1  
       [0134]    The product was applied on stone fruit trees (cherry trees, apricot trees, plum trees . . . ) affected by  Capnodis tenebrionis  (Coleopteran) by different systems: drip irrigation, injection pouches and pans around the tree roots. The doses used were: 300,000 nematodes/tree, 500,000 nematodes/tree, 1,000,000 nematodes/tree and 2,000,000 nematodes/tree, some of them combined with a chitosane solution. The ground temperature was about 25° C. The effectiveness regarding the mortality obtained was 75%, 90%, 100% and 100%, respectively, compared with the references, not finding differences in the application method. Also, it was verified that in trees in which chitosane was not added, the recovery of the lesions caused by the plague commenced at 8 months. On the contrary, the healing of the lesions in trees treated with chitosane, commenced at 30 days. Moreover, a mean increase in production of 32% was obtained (in Kg).  
       EXAMPLE II  
       [0135]    Citric trees affected by  Phyllonictis citrella  were treated by means of pulverisation over the leaves. The doses used were 500,000 nematodes/tree and 1,000,000 nematodes/tree, combining them with a chitosane solution. The environmental temperature was about 27° C. and there was a high relative humidity. An effectiveness was obtained regarding mortality of 85% and 100%, respectively, comparing them with the references, both over larvae and adults. The new shoots of the branches continued their normal development.  
       EXAMPLE III  
       [0136]    On the one hand, squares of bee hives affected by the plague  Galleria mellonella  (Lepidoptera) were treated, and on the other, larvae on Petri dishes with filter paper (Kaya, H. K., Stock, P., Chapter VI “Manual of Techniques in Insect Nematology”, Laurence Lacey Ed., Biological Technique Series, pp. 281-324, 1997, Academic Press) in the laboratory. The product was applied by pulverisation at a dose of 5,000,000 nematodes/hive and at a dose of 100 nematodes/larva on dishes with 20 larvae each one, combining it in both cases with a chitosane solution. The temperature was maintained between 23-27° C. and a relative humidity between 80-90%. A 90% efficacy regarding mortality of  G. mellonella  was obtained in the hive squares and 100% on the Petri dishes, comparing them with reference squares and plates.  
       EXAMPLE IV  
       [0137]    Flower pots and Petri dishes with filter paper were treated (Kaya, H. K., Stock, P., Chapter VI Manual of Techniques in Insect Nematology, Laurence Lacey Ed., Biological Technique Series, pp. 281-324, 1997, Academic Press) in the laboratory with  Melolontha melolontha  (Lepidoptera). The flower pots with 20 larvae each one, contained sterile earth (50%) mixed with vermiculite (50%), with a relative humidity of 80-90% and a temperature between 20-28° C. A dose in the flower pot of 300,000 nematodes/flower pot was applied, and 100 nematodes/larva on the Petri dishes (each one with 20 larvae), combining them in all cases with a chitosane solution. A 100% efficacy regarding larva mortality was obtained in both cases, with respect with the reference flower pots, after 12 days in the flower pots and 5 days on the Petri dishes.  
       EXAMPLE V  
       [0138]    Vineyards affected by  Kalotermes flavicollis  (Isoptera) were treated using different application methods: pulverisation over the trunk, injection around the roots and micro-injection in the trunk. The doses used were 1,000,000 nematodes/stock and 2,000,000 nematodes/stock. All the applications were performed were performed together with a chitosane solution. The temperature ranged from 23-28° C. The effectiveness regarding mortality of  K. Flavicollis  was:  
         [0139]    Pulverisation at 1,000,000 nematodes/stock: 90%  
         [0140]    Pulverisation at 2,000,000 nematodes/stock: 95%  
         [0141]    Injection at 1,000,000 nematodes/stock: 80%  
         [0142]    Injection at 2,000,000 nematodes/stock: 95%  
         [0143]    Micro-injection in the trunk at 1,000,000 nematodes/stock: 90%  
         [0144]    Micro-injection in the trunk at 2,000,000 nematodes/stock: 95%.  
         [0145]    Tests were also made on Petri dishes with filter paper and a 100 of the latter Isoptera, pulverising them with nematodes in a dose proportional to the dish surface, obtaining an effectiveness of 100% after 5 days.  
         [0146]    The Isoptera order has the property of trofolaxia, hence producing a chain effect throughout the whole termite nest and its affected parts, reaching the queen to kill it and hence, break the social chain of the termite nests, definitely finishing with it.  
       EXAMPLE VI  
       [0147]    The product was applied on banana trees affected by  Cosmopolites sordidus  in different ways: micro-aspersion, injection with pouch and by application over traps with pheromones. The doses used were: 500,000 nematodes/tree, 1,000,000 nematodes/tree and 1,500,000 nematodes/tree, all of them combined with a chitosane solution. With a temperature ranging from 20-28° C. and 70-80% relative humidity. The effectiveness regarding mortality of  C. sordidus  was:  
         [0148]    Micro-aspersion at 500,000 nematodes/tree: 80%  
         [0149]    Micro-aspersion at 1,000,000 nematodes/tree: 90%  
         [0150]    Micro-aspersion at 1,500,000 nematodes/tree: 100%  
         [0151]    Injection by pouch at 500,000 nematodes/tree: 80%  
         [0152]    Injection by pouch at 1,000,000 nematodes/tree: 95%  
         [0153]    Injection by pouch at 1,500,000 nematodes/tree: 100%  
         [0154]    Over traps with pheromones at 500,000 nematodes/tree: 95%  
         [0155]    Over traps with pheromones at 1,000,000 nematodes/tree: 100%  
         [0156]    Over traps with pheromones at 1,500,000 nematodes/tree: 100%  
         [0157]    In the references, the plants gave way to the weight of the bunch of bananas due to the damage caused by the weevil at the base of the stem. However, this was not observed in the treated plants.  
       EXAMPLE VII  
       [0158]    Flower pots containing 10  Capnodis tenebrionis  larvae and 10  Galleria mellonella  larvae were treated. This test intended to check until what height the nematode could climb in search of a host. The flower pot contained earth and vermiculite. Nematodes were added at a dose of 100,000 nematodes/flower pot. A mesh was placed through which the nematodes could pass, but not the Capnodis larvae. This mesh was installed at 20-35 cm height, then adding earth with the larvae. Maintaining a high degree of humidity in the flower pot at an environmental temperature between 23-26° C., it was observed that the product had an effectiveness of 100% (dead larvae with respect to the reference) after 20 days. Concluding that said nematodes receive stimulus from the larvae (exudates, emitted CO2 and even the own body temperature) at a distance of up to 1 m long.  
       EXAMPLE VIII  
       [0159]    The product was applied in vineyards of dessert grapes attacked by  Vesperus xatarti  by injection over the drip irrigation with a dose of 1,000,000 nematodes/tree, combining it with chitosane. A humidity was maintained with normal irrigation in the root bulb and the temperature was about 27° C. The effectiveness obtained was 100% (dead insects with respect to the reference) controlling the plague and obtaining an increase in fruit production in each stock.  
       EXAMPLE IX  
       [0160]    Vineyards were treated, attacked by  Xylotrechus arvicola . The application was carried out by different methods combining all of them with chitosane. The results were:  
         [0161]    Application by pulverisation at a dose of 750,000 nematodes/stock, obtaining an effectiveness of 75% (dead insects with respect to the reference).  
         [0162]    Application by pulverisation at a dose of 750,000 nematodes/stock, with a reinforcing dose of 750,000 nematodes/stock the following month, obtaining an efficiency of 85% (dead insects with respect to the reference).  
         [0163]    Micro-injection over the trunk at a dose of 750,000 nematodes/stock, obtaining an effectiveness of 85% (dead insects with respect to the reference).  
         [0164]    Micro-injection over the trunk at a dose of 750,000 nematodes/stock, with a second reinforcing application of another 750,000 nematodes/stock, the following month, obtaining an effectiveness of 95% (dead insects with respect to the reference).  
         [0165]    In all cases, a fast recover was observed, healing of the lesions caused commencing at 30 days. The following year, it was observed that totally collapsed branches showed spring leaf buds (start of sprouting).  
       EXAMPLE X  
       [0166]    Garden produce (lettuce, tomato, pepper, carrots, . . . ) attacked by  Agrotis segetum  were treated by pulverisation over leaves and the ground. A dose of 1,000,000 nematodes/m2 was used, maintaining humidity around the plant and a variable temperature between 23-28° C. The effectiveness produced in plague control was 100% with respect to the reference, both in the aerial parts of the plant and the underground parts.  
       EXAMPLE XI  
       [0167]    Pip fruit trees (apple tree and pear tree) attacked by  Hoplocampa testudinea  were treated. The application was performed by pulverisation with a dose of 1,500,000 nematodes/tree combined with 50 cc chitosane solution per plant foot. The effectiveness in plague control produced was 90% with respect to the reference. The latter, together with healing of lesions leaded to an average increase in production of 45% (in Kg).  
       EXAMPLE XII  
       [0168]    Conifers attacked by  Thaumetopoea pytiocampa  were treated. The application was performed over the pockets (by pulverisation) and ground (by irrigation) surrounding the tree. A dose of 500,000 nematodes/tree was used on the ground and 500,000 nematodes/pocket, combining both of them with chitosane. An effectiveness of 100% was obtained over plague control with respect to the reference. Moreover, the treatment was favoured because the larvae developed in the pocket until a temperature of 30° C. and those larvae which fell to the ground from the pocket were also infected by nematodes as the ground was also treated.  
       EXAMPLE XIII  
       [0169]    Pip fruit trees (apple and pear) affected by  Cossus cossus  were treated. The application was performed by injection in the drip irrigation at a dose of 1,000,000 nematodes/tree and a variable temperature between 24-27° C. The effectiveness was 100% (dead insects with respect to the reference) after six months.  
       EXAMPLE XIV  
       [0170]    Industrial sugar beet attacked by  Cleonus mendicus, Lixus junci  and  Lixus scabricollis  were treated. The product was applied combining two systems: injection around the plant and pulverisation over the leaves, killing both the ground larvae and the adults on the leaves. The ground temperature was 25° C. and the environmental one, 30° C. The dose used was 500,000 nematodes/m2 and 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. The effectiveness with respect to the reference over plague control was 80% and 95%, respectively. A closure of the lesions caused by the plagues was observed, consequently leading to an average production increase of 10% (in Kg) and 0.75 polarimetric degrees of sugar measured with refractometer.  
       EXAMPLE XV  
       [0171]    Garden produce (tomato, peppers, . . . ) affected by  Liriomyza trifolii  were treated. The application was by pulverisation over the leaves combining it with the chitosane solution. The doses used were 250,000 nematodes/m2, 500,000 nematodes/m2, 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 100% in all doses, with respect to the reference, but it was observed that the higher the dose used, faster the effect, hence the highest dose had an effectiveness of 100% at two days, whilst the lowest dose reached this effectiveness at 6 days.  
       EXAMPLE XVI  
       [0172]    Peppers and cotton crops in a field affected by  Heliothis armigera  were treated by means of pulverisation at a dose of 500,000 nematodes/m2 and 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. The environmental temperature of the glasshouse was 30° C. and the humidity 75-80°. The effectiveness was 100% (dead insects with respect to the reference) at both doses.  
       EXAMPLE XVII  
       [0173]    Tomato and pepper plants attacked by  Trialeudores vaporariorum  were treated by pulverisation and micro-aspersion. The doses used were 500,000 nematodes/m2 and 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. The environmental temperature of the glasshouse was 30° C. and the relative humidity, 85%. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 100% with respect to the reference at both doses, both in adults and larvae.  
       EXAMPLE XVIII  
       [0174]    Pip fruit trees (apple and pear-tree) affected by  Zeuzera pyrina  were treated by injection over the wholes produced by the plague. A dose of 10,000 nematode/hole was used, wetting afterwards. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 80% with respect to the reference.  
         [0175]    Another method used for the application was the pulverisation of branches, trunk and leaves with symptoms. The pulverisation was carried out the last hour of the day, to take advantage of the freshness and the dew of dawn. In this treatment, the effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 100% with respect to the reference.  
       EXAMPLE XIX  
       [0176]    In glasshouses, the peppers affected by  Spodoptera littoralis  were treated by pulverisation over the leaves and the ground, at a dose of 1,000,000 nematodes/m2, combined with chitosane. The environmental temperature ranged between 25 and 27° C., with a high relative humidity. The effectiveness of the treatment was 100% (dead insects with respect to the reference) after 2 months. It was observed that the nematodes reached the insects located inside the fruit.  
       EXAMPLE XX  
       [0177]    Cauliflower crops attacked by  Pieris rapae  were treated. The application of the product was performed by pulverisation over the plants and the ground. The doses used were 500,000 nematodes/m2 and 1,000,000 nematodes/m2, both combined with chitosane. The environmental temperature was 28° C. After 2 months the effectiveness regarding plague control was 75% and 95%, respectively, compared with the reference.  
       EXAMPLE XXI  
       [0178]    Apple trees attacked by  Cydia pomonella  were treated. The application of the product was carried out by pulverisation over leaves and branches, with an initial dose of 500,000 nematodes/tree and a reinforcement dose of 500,000 nematodes/tree, the following month. The effectiveness produced regarding plague mortality was 90%, with respect to the reference, after 4 months from the last treatment.  
       EXAMPLE XXII  
       [0179]    Plum trees attacked by  Certitis capitata  were treated by pulverisation over leaves and branches. The initial dose used was 500,000 nematodes/tree and that of reinforcement, 500,000 nematodes/tree, applied the following month. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 95%, with respect to the reference after 4 months.  
       EXAMPLE XXIII  
       [0180]    Rice plantations affected by  Chilo suppresalis  were treated by pulverisation over the canes with a dose of 500,000 nematodes/m2 in June and another 500,000 nematodes/m2, in August, both combined with chitosane. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 85% with respect to the reference.  
       EXAMPLE XXIV  
       [0181]    A house affected by  Reticulitermes lucifugus  was treated. The application of the product was carried out by pulverisation over the different foci. The dose used was 500,000 nematodes/m2, maintaining the humidity during the 5 days following treatment. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 90% with respect to the reference after 30 days. In this case, trofalaxia also occurred, favouring treatment effectiveness.  
       EXAMPLE XXV  
       [0182]    A house infected by  Hylotrupes bajulus  was treated. The application was performed by injection in the affected wood conduits. The doses used was 1,000 nematodes/hole. The humidity was maintained during the following 4 days. The effectiveness regarding plague mortality was 100% with respect to the references, after 45 days.  
       EXAMPLE XXVI  
       [0183]    In cherry trees and plum trees, over  Capnodis tenebrionis , by injection in the drip system, it was observed that at doses of 500,000 nematodes/tree, combined with 40 ml chitosane solution, with a relative humidity of 80% and an environmental and ground temperature about 25° C, the effectiveness was about 90-92% regarding the infective plague, after 21 days; also, it was observed that in those trees in which chitosane was not added, the recovery is slower. More specifically, using the pesticide with chitosane, new shoots began to sprout from the ill tree once cured, six weeks after treatment. Using the pesticide without chitosane, the shoot did not emerge until after 4 or 5 months.  
       EXAMPLE XXVII  
       [0184]    In an orange tree, over  Phyllonictis citrella , the method used was the pulverisation of the leaves of the infected plant. After the study of several concentrations of entomopathogen nematodes, plus chitosane, we verified that the most effective dose against said plague was 1,000,000 nematodes/tree combined with 40 ml chitosane solution. With this dose, we observed that the new tree shoots were not attacked by said plague.  
         [0185]    By studying the nematode persistence tests in the field, we verified that said persistence was from 6 to 9 months.