Abstract:
Aqueous compositions having enhanced thickening properties containing lipophilically modified copolymer thickeners and one or more hydrophilic surfactants are disclosed. In particular, aqueous compositions containing (i) lipophilically modified copolymers containing at least 5% of selected lipophilically modified components and (ii) surfactants having an HLB value of greater than 15 are useful for the thickening of a range of personal, domestic, and industrial products.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    This invention relates to thickeners for aqueous systems. More particularly, the invention relates to hydrophobically modified thickeners and to their use in thickening aqueous systems.  
           [0002]    There is a wide variety of commercial or industrial products in the form of thickened aqueous systems. Examples of such products are domestic or personal care products, such as detergents, shampoos, liquid soaps, or cosmetic fluids, dentifrices, domestic, or industrial liquid cleaners, metal working fluids, latex paints, or other coating materials. It is an object of the invention to provide new or improved thickening systems for such products or for aqueous liquid for inclusion in such products or for other uses.  
           [0003]    A class of compound which may be used as thickeners for aqueous systems comprises a lipophilically modified copolymer containing a hydrophilic chain. Such a thickener contains one or more hydrophilic chains, for example a polyoxyethylene chain, with or without other chain portions, and one or more lipophilic chains, for example a long chain alkyl chain. One class of copolymer thickener is an aqueous emulsion thickener comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomeric components, for example a carboxylic acid monomer and/or a nonionic vinyl monomer together with one or more nonionic vinyl polyoxyethylene components containing one or more lipophilic portions. References to the emulsion copolymeric thickener hereafter also include a reference to any solution form of such thickener which may be entered on pH adjustment, as may be appropriate from the context. The present invention will be described hereafter with particular reference to copolymeric thickeners comprising two vinyl monomers and a lipophilically modified hydrophilic chain but it is understood that this is by way of example and that the concept of the present invention extends to other lipophilically modified copolymer thickeners containing a hydrophilic chain.  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,096 describes aqueous emulsion copolymers which are pH responsive thickeners for aqueous systems. These copolymers comprise three components, namely a carboxylic acid monomer, a nonionic vinyl monomer, and a nonionic vinyl surfactant ester which is a monoester containing a hydrophilic chain containing repeating ethylene oxide units and a lipophilic C 8 -C 20  alkyl or C 8 -C 16  alkylphenyl chain. The copolymer is stable as a colloidal dispersion at a pH lower than about 5.0 but becomes an effective thickener for aqueous systems on adjustment to a pH of about 5.5-10.5 or higher. It is noted in this document that, for a given polyethyleneoxide content in the lipophilically modified vinyl surfactant ester, increasing the chain length of the terminal hydrophobic alkoxy or alkylphenoxy group in the surfactant ester will increase the efficiency of the resulting polymer as a thickener.  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,663,385 and 4,429,097 describe broadly similar copolymeric thickening agents but in which the lipophilically modified nonionic vinyl surfactant ester is a diester which can contain up to two terminal C 8  to C 30  groups or is a triester which can contain up to three terminal C 8  to C 30  groups.  
           [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,552 describes a further copolymeric thickening agent comprising an α,β-monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer lacking surfactant capacity, a nonionic urethane monomer which is the urethane reaction product of a monohydric nonionic surfactant with a monoethylenically unsaturated monoisocyanate. The monohydric nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated hydrophobe containing adducted ethylene oxide to provide the hydrophilic portion of the molecule and a C 6  to C 22  alkyl group to provide the hydrophobic portion thereof. The thickener acts by increasing in viscosity on neutralisation.  
           [0007]    The present invention relates to thickeners for aqueous systems, the thickeners containing a high proportion, for example more than 2% and up to even 50% or 60% or more by weight of the thickened system, of one or more separate hydrophilic surfactants. It is found that in such systems lipophilically modified thickeners containing a hydrophilic chain, for example as described in the art referred to above, do not give their normal thickening behavior and, in fact, may even, in some instances at least, give a greatly decreased thickening effect with increased lipophilic chain length. This is corroborated in relation to certain copolymeric emulsion thickeners by the disclosures in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,663,385 and 4,429,097. In those patents it is initially noted that the presence of a separate additional surfactant may give an enhancement of the thickening effect but that an optimum level of additional surfactant is reached followed by a decrease as the surfactant level is further increased. The data included in these patents show that a progressive improvement in the viscosity of an aqueous liquid is obtained when increasing amounts from 0.025 to 0.15%, by weight of the copolymer thickener, of a particular additional anionic surfactant are used but that there is thereafter a progressive decrease in viscosity. The viscosity becomes even lower than when no additional surfactant had been added at surfactant levels of 0.40% and above. At a level of the added surfactant of 0.50% by weight of the copolymer thickener the viscosity obtained was greatly reduced in comparison with a liquid thickened only by the copolymer, with no added surfactant.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,967 describes the use of a combination of two surfactants of differing HLB values, as defined in that patent, together with a thickener to give an enhanced thickening effect. The surfactants are to have a weighted average HLB value of 15 or less. The patent teaches that “for weighted average HLB values greater than about 15, the enhanced thickening effect is believed to be negligible because the overall hydrophilicity of the surfactant combination nullifies any significant hydrophobic interaction between the surfactants and the associative thickener . . . .” It is also seen from the Examples in the patent that, in the case of a thickening system containing one surfactant having a HLB value of 13.5, or containing a combination of surfactants having a weighted average HLB value of 13.5, the viscosity obtained was extremely low. In contrast, the present invention, described below, essentially relates to the thickening of systems not only containing a high content of hydrophilic surfactant but also containing surfactants having a high HLB value above that taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,967. Reference is made to disclosures of methods for calculating the HLB value of a surfactant in “Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena”, Milton J. Rosen, J. Wiley &amp; Son, NY, (1978) page 244 and in “Interfacial Phenomena” J. T. Davies et al., Academic Press, Ed.2, (1963), pages 373-383.  
           [0009]    The associative thickener used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,967 may be a hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion copolymer, although the use of that thickener is not actually exemplified. The monomer components include a (meth)acrylic acid ester of an alkoxylated hydrocarbyl or complex hydrophobe alcohol in from 1 to 30%, preferably 0.5 to 25%, of the monomer content of the copolymer. According to the present invention, described below, not only is the chain length of the hydrophobe of importance but also its quantity, that is the quantity of the lipophilically modified component. If that quantity is not above 5% by weight of the copolymer, or even to an extent 10%, for example, suitably at least 15%, there is a tendency to inefficiency in the thickening effect.  
         STATEMENT OF INVENTION  
         [0010]    According to one aspect the present invention provides an aqueous composition comprising a lipophilically modified copolymer thickener containing a hydrophilic chain and also comprising a surfactant, the composition being characterised by the combination of features (a) that the surfactant is a hydrophilic surfactant or surfactants having a HLB value, or a weighted average HLB value greater than 15, preferably greater than 20, for example at least 25, which surfactant is present in greater than 2%, preferably greater than 10%, for example at least 15%, on a solids basis, by weight of the aqueous composition, and (b) that the copolymer contains at least one lipophilically modified component in a quantity of greater than 5%, preferably greater than 10%, by weight of the components of the copolymer.  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
         [0011]    The hydrophilic surfactant is preferably selected from the groups of anionic surfactants characterised by carboxylate, sulphonate, sulphate, or phosphate solubilising groups, and nonionic surfactants characterised by amide or hydroxyl groups or ethylene oxide chains. Hydrophilic cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants may also or alternatively be used provided that they are compatible with the thickening polymer and other ingredients of the aqueous system in the quantity required by the invention. Cationic surfactants characterised by amine or ammonium solubilising groups, and/or amphoteric surfactants characterised by combinations of the anionic and cationic solubilising groups may be selected.  
           [0012]    Preferred hydrophilic surfactants for use in the practice of the invention may be selected from the C 8  to C 18  fatty acids or their water soluble salts, water soluble sulphates of C 8  to C 18  alcohols, sulphonated alkylaryl compounds such as, for example, dodecylbenzene sulphonate, alkylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanols, for example with C 7  to C 18  alkyl groups and 9 to 40 or more oxyethylene units, ethylene oxide derivatives of long chain carboxylic acids, for example of lauric, myristic, palmitic, or oleic acids, ethylene oxide derivatives of long chain alcohols, for example of lauryl or cetyl alcohols, alkanolamides, and polyglucosides, for example the alkyl polyglucosides. Suitable cationic hydrophilic surfactants may be, for example, lauryl pyridinium chloride, octylbenzyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride, and ethylene oxide condensates of primary fatty acid amines.  
           [0013]    The lipophilically modified component or components of the copolymer used according to the invention may contain either one, or a plurality of, lipophilic groups. According to one embodiment, such groups are suitably in the same copolymer component as and attached to hydrophilic chains, such as for example polyoxyethylene chains. According to another embodiment, the lipophilically modified polymer may contain a vinyl group which may be used to copolymerise the polymer to other vinyl-containing entities to alter or improve the properties of the polymer. Alternatively other copolymerisation systems may be used. The polymerisable group may be attached to the lipophilic group directly, or indirectly for example via one or more, for example up to 60, preferably up to 40, —CH[R]CH 2 O— groups wherein R is C 1  or C 2  alkyl. Alternatively, the polymerisable group may be attached to the lipophilic group by reaction of the hydrophilic, for example polyoxyethylene, component with a urethane compound containing unsaturation. The molecular weight of the lipophilic modifying group or groups is preferably selected together with the number of such groups to give the required minimum lipophilic content in the copolymer, and preferably, for satisfactory performance in a wide range of systems, at least 10%, very suitably at least 18%, for example at least 30%, and possibly up to 50% or more by weight of the components of the copolymer.  
           [0014]    The lipophilic modifying groups themselves are preferably straight chain saturated alkyl groups, but may be aralkyl or alkyl carbocyclic groups such as alkylphenyl groups, having at least 6, and up to 30 carbon atoms although branched chain groups may be contemplated. It is understood that the alkyl groups may be either of synthetic or of natural origin and, in the latter case particularly, may contain a range of chain lengths. For example, naturally sourced stearic acid, even of commercially pure quality may contain only about 90% of stearic chains, up to about 7% of palmitic chains and a proportion of other chains and lower quality products may contain substantially less stearic acid. It is intended herein that reference to the chain length of such groups is to the predominant chain length which is present as more than 50%, preferably in more than 75%, of the chains. It is an important subsidiary feature of the invention that the chain length of the lipophilic groups be minimised and the chain length, or predominant chain length, is preferably below 22, more preferably not more than 18, for example, very suitably, below 16 carbon atoms. It is found that the use of shorter alkyl chains gives more efficient thickening although this may not apply to very short alkyl chains which are preferably at least 8 carbon atoms and more preferably at least 10 carbon atoms. The hydrophilic component of the copolymer may suitably be a polyoxyethylene component preferably comprising at least one chain of at least 2, preferably at least 5, and up to 60, preferably up to 40, ethylene oxide units. Such components are usually produced in a mixture of chain lengths.  
           [0015]    In the practice of the invention the lipophilically modified component is preferably attached directly of indirectly to a vinyl ester or to a mono-unsaturated urethane compound. However, the invention applies to aqueous emulsion copolymeric pH responsive thickeners in which those or other unsaturated groups are attached to the lipophilic component so as to enable it to be polymerised into the copolymer.  
           [0016]    The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer component of the copolymer, if present, may suitably be at least one mono-, di-, or poly-carboxylic acid containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, acryloxypropionic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, or crotonic acid, and/or half- or part-esters of the di- or polycarboxylic acids with lower alkanols such as, for example, alkanols containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms preferably methacrylic acid, acrylic acid itaconic acid, or acryloxypropionic acid. This monomer may suitably be present in at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, and up to at least 60%, preferably up to 55%, by weight of the copolymer.  
           [0017]    The nonionic vinyl monomer component of the copolymer, if present, may suitably be at least one compound of the general formula: 
           H 2 C═CYZ 
           [0018]    wherein:  
           [0019]    (a) Y is H and Z is —COOR″, —C 6 H 4 R, —CN, —Cl, —OC(O)R″″, —CONH 2  or —CH═CH 2 ; or  
           [0020]    (b) Y is C 1 -C 4  alkyl and Z is —COOR″, —C 6 H 4 R″′, —CN, —CONH 2 , or —CH═CH 2 ; or  
           [0021]    (c) Y and Z are —Cl;  
           [0022]    with:  
           [0023]    R″ being C 1 -C 8  alkyl, C 2 -C 8  hydroxyalkyl or lower alkoxy (C 2 -C 8 ) alkyl;  
           [0024]    R″′ being —H, —Cl, —Br, or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; and  
           [0025]    R″″ being C 1 —C 8  alkyl.  
           [0026]    The nonionic vinyl monomer is preferably a C 1 —C 4  alkyl acrylate or methacrylate such as ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, or methyl methacrylate. This monomer may suitably be present in at least 15%, preferably at least 25% and in up to 80%, preferably up to  60%, by weight of the copolymer.    
           [0027]    A pH responsive copolymer thickener system may be prepared by copolymerising the monomers using known aqueous or inverse emulsification procedures at an acidic pH and any other suitable additives known in the art such as, for example, a free-radical initiator such as a peroxygen compound. Suitable peroxygen compounds may be peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulphates, or organic peroxides and a suitable quantity of initiator may be 0.01% to 3% by weight of the components of the copolymer. The copolymerisation temperature may suitable be about 60° C. to 90° C. The copolymer emulsion may be recovered by filtration and the copolymer may, if desired, be provided in dry form by spray, drum or other drying. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,384,096, 4,663,385, 4,429,097, and 4,514,552 may be consulted for further general and specific details of suitable copolymerisation and recovery techniques, and of suitable monomers and additives. The molecular weight of the copolymer is suitably in the range of about 100,000 to 1 million.  
           [0028]    According to a preferred feature of the invention a cross-linking agent, such as a monomer having two or more ethylenic unsaturations, is included with the copolymer components. Examples of such monomers are diallyl phthalate, divinyl benzene, allyl methacrylate, diacrylobutylene, or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. A suitable quantity of a cross-linking agent is 0.05% to 1% by solids weight on the copolymer components. It is a further preferred feature of the invention that there is used, in conjunction with the cross-linking agent, a chain transfer agent. Examples of suitable chain transfer agents are carbon tetrachloride, bromoform, bromotrichloromethane, long chain alkyl mercaptans, and thioesters such as dodecyl-, octyl-, tetradecyl-, or hexadecyl-mercaptans or butyl-, isooctyl-, or dodecyl-thioglycolates. A suitable quantity of chain transfer agent is 0.1% to 10%, preferably 0.1 to 2%, by solids weight of the copolymer components. The cross-linking agent has been found to reduce thickening performance, which was unexpected. However, if the cross-linking agent is used in conjunction with a chain transfer agent, which are conflicting operations from the point of polymerisation, not only is exceptional efficiency observed but also very high compatibility with hydrophilic surfactants as manifested by increased product clarity.  
           [0029]    The lipophilically modified hydrophilic polymer may be utilised in a variety of ways to provide the thickener or thickened composition of the invention. The polymer, in aqueous dispersion or in the dry form, may be blended into an aqueous system to be thickened followed, in the case of a pH responsive thickener, by a suitable addition of acidic or basic material if required. In the case of the copolymeric pH responsive thickeners described above, the system to be thickened is preferably at, or is brought to, a pH of at least 7, particularly above 7, for example at least 8 and up to 13 or more in some systems. The neutralising agent is preferably a base such as sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. Alternatively, the copolymer may first be neutralised in aqueous dispersion and then blended. The hydrophilic surfactant essentially present in greater than 2% by weight of the system according to the invention is preferably blended into a dispersion to be thickened separately from the copolymer and the combined dispersion neutralised.  
           [0030]    Certain embodiments of the present invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following Examples but without limitation of the scope of the invention thereto. Example 1 is not according to the invention and is present for comparative purposes only. Examples 2 to 4 are according to the invention and illustrate the use of various hydrophilic surfactant levels, lipophilic group lengths and quantities and copolymer quantities designed to give approximately equal thickening within each Example in non-cross-linked copolymers. Those quantities are therefore a factor relevant to the thickening efficiency of the copolymer. Example 5 illustrates the use of cross-linked copolymers.  
           [0031]    In the following Examples the following system was used. Samples were prepared of emulsion copolymers each containing a methacrylic acid monomer, an ethyl acrylate monomer and a nonionic vinyl ester polyoxyethylene component containing a lipophilic portion of synthetic origin consisting of either C 12  (lauryl), a C 18  (stearyl), or a C 22  (behenyl) saturated alkyl chain and a polyoxyethylene oxide methacrylate chain containing from 15 to 30 ethylene oxide units. In some samples a crosslinking agent or a cross-linking agent and a chain transfer agent, were included. These copolymer samples were used in tests to thicken either water or water containing a hydrophilic surfactant (alkyl benzene sulphonate, calculated HLB value &gt;25) at various levels of copolymer designed to give an approximately equivalent thickening effect within each set of tests, and at various surfactant concentrations. The thickening effect was measured using a Brookfield Viscometer at various rotation speeds from 0.6 to 60 rpm (revolutions per minute) with the results expressed in cPs (centipoise) and as a Pseudoplasticity Index (PS), which is the ratio between the Brookfield 0.6 rpm and 60 rpm viscosity figures. The results of the tests are summarised in the following Tables.  
       
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1  
     Absence of Surfactant   
       [0032]    [0032]                                                                                                         TABLE 1                                   (a)   (b)   (c)   (d)                                    Composition:                       Alkyl chain -   C 12     C 18     C 22     C 18         no. carbon atoms:       % Lip. modified   10   10   10   25       component on       copolymer:       Medium - Water(W)   W   W   W   W       % surfactant:   0   0   0   0       % by weight copolymer   1.5   0.8   0.55   0.8       on total system:                Brookfield                       Test   Viscosity       No.   at stated rpm       1   0.6   24,000   184,000   136,000   117,000       2   3   18,800   42,800   33,400   27,800       3   6   15,500   22,300   17,500   14,800       4   12   12,000   12,050   9,200   8,200       5   30   8,540   5,700   4,100   3,680       6   60   6,300   2,900   2,280   2,010            PS Index:   5.3   63.4   59.6   58.2                    
         [0033]    The advantage of using a longer chain alkyl group in the absence of a surfactant is evident from the data set out above in that a lower quantity of polymer thickener by weight of the total system was required for equivalent performance. The PS Index was also significantly lower using the C 12  alkyl group indicating a low ratio of low-shear/high-shear viscosity. Often, a relatively high low-shear viscosity is desirable.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
     5% Hydrophilic Surfactant   
       [0034]    [0034]                                                                                                                         TABLE 2                                   (a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   (e)                                    Composition:                           Alkyl chain -   C 12     C 18     C 22     C 18     C 18         no. carbon atoms:       % Lip. modified   10   10   10   18   25       component on copolymer:       Medium - Water(W)   5   5   5   5   5       % surfactant:       % by weight copolymer   1.75   1.15   13   0.8   0.8       on total system:            Test   Brookfield Viscosity                           No.   at stated rpm        7   0.6   20,000   22,000   19,000   11,000   21,000        8   3   13,400   14,000   13,600   11,200   18,400        9   6   11,700   12,700   12,900   10,200   15,700       10   12   9,800   11,050   11,800   8,350   11,400       11   30   8,280   8,420   7,400   4,920   5,320       12   60   7,490   4,960   3,990   2,670   2,760            PS Index:   2.7   4.4   4.9   4.1   7.6                    
         [0035]    The efficiency of the thickening copolymer, in terms of the quantity required to achieve a given viscosity, is found to be reduced overall in the presence of 5% by weight of the surfactant and the C 22  alkyl group is no longer the most efficient. The PS Index is of similar magnitude in all cases.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
     10% Hydrophilic Surfactant   
       [0036]    [0036]                                                                                                                         TABLE 3                                   (a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   (e)                                    Composition:                           Alkyl chain -   C 12     C 18     C 22     C 18     C 18         no. carbon atoms:       % Lip. modified   10   10   10   18   25       component on copolymer:       Medium - Water(W)   10   10   10   10   10       % surfactant:       % by weight copolymer   1.5   1.5   1.75   1.2   1.05       on total system:            Test   Brookfield Viscosity                           No.   at stated rpm       13   0.6   13,000   16,000   11,000   24,000   16,000       14   3   11,800   14,400   9,800   17,600   12,800       15   6   10,300   12,400   9,200   15,100   1,100       16   12   8,650   10,100   7,950   12,950   9,700       17   30   7,240   8,520   6,970   10,900   8,400       18   60   6,270   7,570   6,170   9,730   7,730            PS Index:   2.1   2.1   1.8   2.5   2.1                    
         [0037]    The C 22  alkyl chain containing thickener was used in a larger quantity than the C 12  and C 18  thickeners but still gave a lower viscosity. The C 12  and C 18  thickeners gave a higher PS Index.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
     15% Hydrophilic Surfactant   
       [0038]    [0038]                                                                                                                         TABLE 4                                   (a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   (e)                                    Composition:                           Alkyl chain -   C 12     C 18     C 22     C 18     C 18         no. carbon atoms:       % Lip. modified   10   10   10   18   25       component on copolymer:       Medium - Water(W)   15   15   15   15   15       % surfactant:       % by weight copolymer   1.35   1.35   1.6   0.9   0.9       on total system:            Test   Brookfleld Viscosity                           No.   at stated rpm       19   0.6   17,000   14,000   14,000   14,000   15,000       20   3   13,400   11,600   14,400   11,000   15,000       21   6   11,500   10,200   12,600   10,200   13,800       22   12   9,700   8,650   10,850   9,150   11,950       23   30   8,080   7,380   9,040   7,800   10,150       24   60   6,910   6,310   7,900   7,040   9,010            PS Index:   2.5   2.2   1.8   2.0   1.7                    
         [0039]    At the higher surfactant concentrations illustrated in Tables 3 and 4 both the C 12  and the C 18  alkyl groups outperform the C 22  group and in Table 4 the C 12  group is shown to be the more efficient. In all of the Tables one or more series of tests are included using an increased concentration of the C 18  alkyl group in the polymer. In the absence of surfactant there appears to be a disadvantage in increasing the concentration of the alkyl group to 25%. In the presence of only 5% of surfactant a lower quantity of copolymer gives slightly reduced viscosities in most tests and no substantial advantage is seen in using the increased quantities of alkyl groups. In the presence of over 5%, for example 10% or 15%, of surfactant the advantage of using over 10%, for example 18 or 25%, of the alkyl group is clear.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
     15% Hydrophilic Surfactant/Copolymer Crosslinking   
       [0040]    [0040]                                                                                     TABLE 5                                   (a)   (b)                                        Composition:                   Alkyl chain -   C 18     C 18             no. carbon atoms:           % Lip. modified   30   30           component on copolymer:           Crosslinking agent used:   yes   yes           Chain transfer agent used:   no   yes           Medium - Water(W)   15   15           % surfactant:           % by weight copolymer   1.15   0.85           on total system:                    Brookfield                   Test   Viscosity           No.   at stated rpm           25(a)-(b)   0.6   16,000   10,000           26(a)-(b)   3   12,400   10,600           27(a)-(b)   6   10,900   10,300           28(a)-(b)   12   9,950   9,100           29(a)-(b)   30   8,700   8,080           30(a)-(b)   60   7,860   7,200                PS Index:   2.0   1.4                        
         [0041]    The crosslinking agent was diallyl phthalate and the chain transfer agent was dodecyl mercaptan. Samples of thickener solutions containing increasing amounts of the above C 18  alkyl containing components and in each case 15% of the hydrophilic surfactant were tested for clarity by measuring their Optical Density at 545 nm (nanometers) using a spectrophotometer. The instrument was zeroed on a 15% surfactant solution containing no copolymer. The results are set out in Table 6.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
     Cross-linking/Chain Transfer   
       [0042]    [0042]                                                         TABLE 6                                   % Lip. Mod.   Copolymer   Chain transfer   Optical           component   cross-linked   agent used   density                                        10%   No   No   0.129           18%   ″   ″   0.197           25%   ″   ″   0.093           30%   Yes   ″   0.144           30%   ″   Yes   0.011*