Abstract:
A mobile satellite telecommunications system is disclosed comprising at least a user terminal and a satellite which is in earth orbit and at least a gateway bidirectionally coupled to a data communications network. The user terminal comprises a controller responsive to at least one criterion having been met for activating an indicator to inform a user of a potential for reduced user terminal performance.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY FROM COPENDING PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATION 
   This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) and 120 from provisional patent application No. 60/201,112, filed on May 2, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   These teachings relate generally to satellite-based communication systems and, more particularly, relate to non-geosynchronous orbit satellite communication systems, such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite communication systems. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Mobile Satellite Service User Terminals (UTs) are designed to provide voice, data and other services in a Mobile Satellite Telecommunications System (MSTS). A MSTS typically uses non-geosynchronous orbit (non-GEO) satellites, such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, to couple signals between a ground station or gateway and a plurality of UTs. The MSTS may operate over multiple satellites at a time to provide path diversity to the UTs. The path diversity can be provided on the forward link (gateway to UT), on the return link (UT to gateway), or on both links. In general, the forward link path is power limited, and the return link path is link limited. 
   In MSTS systems the propagation to the UT is enhanced when path diversity is present. However, a given UT may not always experience path diversity due to blocking and shadowing effects, or due to non-uniformities in satellite constellation coverage. When the path diversity is not present, for whatever reason, the UT may find itself in a propagation environment that is sensitive to blockage, and a voice or a data call can become impaired or even dropped (i.e., abruptly terminated by the system, not the user). Unfortunately, in such a situation the user may have no idea as to why the call was impaired or dropped, or how to remedy the situation. 
   As such, a need exists to enable some degree of UT selectivity, control and autonomy over the operational modes and other aspects of the communications of the UT during data transfer and other types of communication operations. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The foregoing and other problems are overcome by methods and apparatus in accordance with embodiments of these teachings. 
   A method is disclosed for operating a mobile satellite telecommunications (MSTS) system, as is a system that operates in accordance with the method. In a MSTS having at least one user terminal, at least one satellite in earth orbit, and at least one gateway bidirectionally coupled to a data communications network, in response to a determination that at least one criterion being met, an indicator of the user terminal is activated for informing a user of a potential for reduced user terminal performance. The least one criterion can include the number of satellites through which a communication between the user terminal and the gateway is conducted, such as an occurrence of there being only one satellite through which the communication between the user terminal and the gateway is conducted, or a prediction of an occurrence that there will be only one satellite through which the communication between the user terminal and the gateway will be conducted. The criteria can further include an occurrence of an elevation angle between the one satellite and the user terminal falling below a minimum threshold value and/or an occurrence of a signal strength or signal quality of a link between the one satellite and the user terminal falling below a minimum threshold value. The user terminal is preferably responsive to received pilot channel signals for detecting a number of satellites through which a communication between the user terminal and the gateway is conducted. The indicator is preferably at least one of a visual indicator, a tactile indicator or an audible indicator. In one embodiment the determination that the at least one criterion has been met is made in the user terminal, while in another embodiment the determination is made in the gateway, preferably based at least in part on information transmitted to the gateway from the user terminal. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above set forth and other features of these teachings are made more apparent in the ensuing Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments when read in conjunction with the attached Drawings, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a mobile satellite telecommunications system (MSTS) that is suitable for practicing these teachings; and 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram showing various links between a plurality of user terminals (UT 1 , UT 2 ) and a gateway made through a plurality of satellites (SAT 1 , SAT 2 , SAT 3 ). 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Reference is made to  FIGS. 1 and 2  for illustrating a simplified block diagram of a digital wireless telecommunications system, embodied herein as a mobile satellite telecommunications system (MSTS)  1 , that is suitable for practicing these teachings. While described in the context of the MSTS  1 , those skilled in the art should appreciate that certain of these teachings may have application to terrestrial telecommunications systems as well. 
   The MSTS  1  includes at least one, but typically many, wireless user terminals (UTs)  10 , at least one, but typically several, communications satellite  40 , and at least one, but typically several, communications ground stations or gateways  50 . Each gateway  50  has an associated service area  51 . In  FIG. 1  three satellites are shown for convenience, with one being designated satellite  40 A, one satellite  40 B and one satellite  40 C, hereafter collectively referred to as satellite or satellites  40  (referred to in  FIG. 2  as SAT 1 , SAT 2  and SAT 3 , respectively.) The satellites  40  may contain an on-board processor (OBP)  42 , wherein a received transmission is at least partially demodulated to baseband, processed on the satellite  40 , re-modulated and then transmitted. Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)  41  may exist between satellites  40 A,  40 B and  40 C. The ISL could be implemented using an RF link or an optical link and, if used, is modulated with information that is transferred between the satellites  40 . 
   Reference with regard to satellite-based communications systems can be had, by example, to U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,404, “Worldwide Satellite Telephone System and a Network Coordinating Gateway for Allocating Satellite and Terrestrial Resources”, by Robert A. Wiedeman and Paul A. Monte; to U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,286, “Wireless Telephone/Satellite Roaming System”, by Robert A. Wiedeman; to U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,525, “Closed Loop Power Control for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Communications System”, by Robert A. Wiedeman and Michael J. Sites; and to U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,558 “Interactive Fixed and Mobile Satellite Network”, by Robert A. Wiedeman, for teaching various embodiments of satellite communications systems, such as low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems, that can benefit from these teachings. The disclosures of these various U.S. Patents are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, in so far as they do not conflict with the teachings of this invention. 
   The exemplary UT  10  includes at least one antenna  12 , such as an omni-directional antenna or a directional antenna, for transmitting and receiving RF signals over service links  39 , and further includes an RF transmitter (TX)  14  and an RF receiver (RX)  16  having an output and an input, respectively, coupled to the antenna  12 . A controller  18 , which may include one or more microprocessors and associated memories  18   a  and support circuits, functions to control the overall operation of the UT  10 . An input speech transducer, typically a microphone  20 , may be provided to input a user&#39;s speech signals to the controller  18  through a suitable analog to digital (A/D) converter  22 . An output speech transducer, typically including a loudspeaker  26 , may be provided to output received speech signals from the controller  18 , via a suitable digital to analog (D/A) converter  24 . The UT  10  may also include some type of user interface (UI)  36  that is coupled to the controller  18 . The UI  36  can include a display  36 A and a keypad  36 B. The UT  10  may also be coupled with a computing device, such as a laptop computer or a PC  37 , and may thus function as a wireless modem for the PC  37 . 
   A transmit path may include a desired type of voice coder (vocoder)  28  that receives a digital representation of the input speech signals from the controller  18 , and includes voice coder tables (VCT)  28   a  and other required support circuitry, as is well known in the art. The output of the vocoder  28 , which is a lower bit rate representation of the input digital speech signals or samples, is provided to a RF modulator (MOD)  30  for modulating a RF carrier, and the modulated RF carrier is upconverted to the transmission frequency and applied to the input to the RF transmitter amplifier  14 . Signaling information to be transmitted from the UT  10  is output from the controller  18  to a signaling path that bypasses the vocoder  28  for application directly to the modulator  30 . Not shown or further discussed is the framing of the transmitted signal for a TDMA type system, or the spreading of the transmitted signal for a CDMA type system, since these operations are not germane to an understanding of this invention. Other operations can also be performed on the transmitted signal, such as Doppler precorrection, interleaving and other well known operations. 
   A receive path may include the corresponding type of voice decoder  34  that receives a digital representation of a received speech signal from a corresponding type of demodulator (DEMOD)  32 . The voice decoder  34  includes voice decoder tables (VDT)  34   a  and other required support circuitry, also as is well known in the art. The output of the voice decoder  34  is provided to the controller  18  for audio processing, and is thence sent to the D/A converter  24  and the loudspeaker  26  for producing an audible voice signal for the user. As with the transmitter path, other operations can be performed on the received signal, such as Doppler correction, de-interleaving, and other well known operations. In a manner analogous to the transmit path, received signaling information is input to the controller  18  from a signaling path that bypasses the voice decoder  34  from the demodulator  32 . 
   It is pointed out that the above-mentioned voice and audio capability is not required to practice these teachings, as the UT  10  may operate solely as a data communications device. In this mode of operation the vocoder(s) may simply be bypassed, and the data signals modulated/demodulated, interleaved/de-interleaved, etc. In a data-only application the UT  10  may be constructed so as not to include any analog voice capability at all. Furthermore, in a data-only application the user interface  36  may not be required, particularly if the UT  10  is wholly or partially embedded within another device, such as the PC  37 . 
   The RF signals transmitted from the UT  10  and those received by the UT  10  over the service links  39  pass through at least one satellite  40 , which may be in any suitable altitude and orbital configuration (e.g., circular, elliptical, equatorial, polar, etc.) In the preferred embodiment the satellite  40  is one of a constellation of non-geosynchronous orbit (non-GEO) satellites, preferably Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, although one or more Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites could be used as well, as could one or more geosynchronous orbit satellites in conjunction with LEO or MEO satellites. 
   The satellite  40  serves to bidirectionally couple the UT  10  to the gateway  50 . The gateway  50  includes a plurality of suitable RF antennas  52 , such as steerable parabolic antenna, for transmitting and receiving a feederlink  45  with the satellite  40 . The feederlink  45  will typically include communication signals for a number of UTs  10 . The gateway  50  further includes a transceiver, comprised of transmitters  54  and receivers  56 , and a gateway controller  58  that is bidirectionally coupled to a gateway interface (GWI)  60 . The GWI  60  provides connections to a Ground Data Network (GDN)  62  through which the gateway  50  communicates with a ground operations control center (not shown) and possibly other gateways. The GWI  60  also provides connections to one or more terrestrial telephone and data communications networks  64 , such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and/or the Public data Network (PDN), whereby the UT  10  can be connected to any wired or wireless telephone, or to another UT, through the terrestrial telecommunications network. In accordance with an aspect of these teachings the gateway  50  provides an ability to reach the Internet  70 , which provides access to various servers. The gateway  50  also includes banks of modulators, demodulators, voice coders and decoders, as well as other well known types of equipment, which are not shown to simplify the drawing. 
   Having thus described one suitable but not limiting embodiment of a mobile satellite telecommunications system that can be used to practice these teachings, a description of the preferred embodiments of these teachings will now be provided. 
   When the UT  10  begins to become impaired by loss of path diversity a warning is delivered to the user with some indicator, shown generically as indicator  38 , which may be a visual indicator, a tactile indicator using vibration or some other mechanical means, an audible indicator, or a combination of these various types of indicators. The LCD  36 A could be used to deliver a visual indicator, or a separate indicator light or LED could be used. If embodied as an audible indicator, then speech synthesis techniques can be used annunciate a message to the user. 
   The indicator  38  may be considered to signal to the user or to warn the user that a potential exists for experiencing low or reduced user terminal performance, e.g., a potential exists to drop a call based on current and/or predicted satellite availability and/or elevation angle, and/or because of signal strength or signal quality conditions. 
   There are at least two techniques to provide the delivery of the of the warning indicator  38 . A first technique uses information received on the forward link from the gateway (GW)  50 . The received information is used by the UT  10  to make its own determination of when to activate the warning indicator  38 . Alternatively, the GW  50  can calculate when the UT  10  should activate the warning indicator  38 , and transmit this information to the UT  10 . 
   The first technique, also referred to herein as UT  10  autonomous warning delivery without GW  50  intervention, is now described in further detail. 
   In an exemplary MSTS  1 , known as Globalstar™, a CDMA signal is received by the UT  10 , the delivery of which, under normal conditions, is via at least two satellites  40  (satellite path diversity). When two satellites  40  are visible the signal power delivered to the UT  10  can be divided by the GW  50  between the two satellites. The UT  10  receives GW-originated pilot signals from each satellite  40 , and in fact may be receiving pilot signals through other satellites as well. Periodically, the UT  10  informs the GW  50  of the pilot signals that it is receiving, along with their signal strengths. Since the UT  10  knows what pilot signals it is receiving, and the satellites  40  that the pilot signals are transmitted through, it is possible for the UT  10  to determine when only one satellite  40  is available. This information may be used as a simple “on-off” switch, using the indicator  38 , to notify the user when only one satellite is available and, thus, that the possibility exits to experience propagation impairments or dropped calls. 
   This current satellite availability information may be enhanced with other information stored in the UT  10 , or periodically transmitted to the UT  10 , and that provides data by which the UT  10  can calculate the elevation angle to the satellite(s)  40 . In this manner the UT  10  may calculate the elevation angle to the last remaining satellite  40 , and then only issue the warning when the elevation angle drops below some threshold value (e.g., a value in the range of about 10 degrees to about 15 degrees). The UT  10  may also predict when the elevation angle to a given satellite  40  will drop below the threshold, and thus may activate the indicator  38  earlier so as to give the user advance warning of the potential for path impairments and dropped calls. 
   In a further embodiment, the UT  10  uses the energy in a received CDMA chip and divides this energy by the noise to derive an Ec/No value, or some other suitable received signal strength metric (or a received signal quality metric, such as the bit or symbol error rate). In this enhancement, the received signal strength or quality metric, e.g., the Ec/No value, is used to determine a threshold where the UT  10  begins to experience increasing difficulty in reception of the signal, and may be used in conjunction with one or both of the elevation angle-related embodiments discussed above. 
   Operation of the above described UT  10  autonomous warning system is as follows. Assume that UT  10  operates in accordance with the improvements discussed above, and that the UT  10  begins operation in the clear with at least two satellites  40  providing service. In this case the user is most likely unaware of the position of the moving satellites  40 . After a period of time one of the satellites  40  moves behind a structure or a tree, which leaves only one satellite in view of the UT antenna  12 . In a simple example, the pilot signal from the obstructed satellite  40  is no longer received by the UT  10  and the controller  18  forms a message which can be used to activate the indicator  38 , such as by visually displaying a warning message to the user, or by using a tone or a tactile signal to warn the user. 
   In this case, the lack of satellites  40  may be normal, e.g., due to a non-full constellation or for some other reason, and therefore operation with only one satellite may at times be the norm, and not the exception. In this case it is preferred to provide a mechanism to limit or suppress the activation of the low performance indicator  38 . In the preferred embodiment, before the warning indicator  38  is activated the UT  10  uses a stored database of information, or uses GW-provided information, to calculate its elevation angle to the single satellite  40  through which it is currently receiving service. If this elevation angle is below a pre-determined threshold, only then is the warning indicator  38  activated. 
   It should be noted that under some circumstances, e.g., depending on the orbital configuration of the satellite constellation, a low elevation angle, single satellite condition may exist under normal conditions. In order to avoid the issuance of an excessive number of warnings indications to the user, the signal strength enhancement discussed above may be used to allow the UT  10  to minimize the number of activations of the warning indicator  38 . In this case, and after detecting the single satellite  40  condition, the UT  10  calculates the elevation angle of the single satellite  40 , and then when the signal strength or the signal quality, e.g., when the measured Ec/No, drops below a pre-determined threshold the warning indicator  38  is activated. 
   The second technique, also referred to herein as a gateway  50  directed warning system, is now described in further detail. It can be appreciated that the GW  50  is also cognizant of the performance of the UT  10 . For example, periodically the UT  10  informs the GW  50  as to the number of pilot signals that are available to the UT  10 . The GW  50  knows the position or location of the UT  10 , as it preferably performs a position location of the UT  10  at least during call setup. The GW  50  also has knowledge of the pilot channels being received by the UT  10 , and the received signal strengths of these pilot channels, based at least one information transmitted to the GW  50  from the UT  10 . Therefore, the GW  50  is enabled to perform the above calculations, such as satellite elevation angle calculations, and then send a message to the UT  10  which directs the UT  10  to activate (or de-activate) the low performance warning indicator  38 , as discussed above. In this embodiment the computational load and memory requirements of the UT  10  can be relaxed, as the satellite ephemeris data need not be stored in the UT  10  for the purposes of generating the low performance warning, and the elevation angle calculations can be off-loaded to the typically more powerful data processor of the gateway controller  58 . 
   While these teachings have been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of these teachings.