Abstract:
Presented is an apparatus for stabilizing the form boards or members that define a cavity to receive wet concrete. The apparatus includes metal stakes having two sets of through-bores. The through-bores of one set are perpendicular to the through-bores of the other set and are spaced intermediately thereof. The stakes are driven into the ground in parallel pairs on opposite sides of the form boards. Nails are driven through one set of through-bores to attach the form boards to the stakes. A retention nail is slidably supported in a bore of the other set of bores so that it lies parallel to the form boards and above the top edges of the form boards. An elongated retention plate extends transversely above the form boards and opposite ends are detachably engaged to the nails that lie parallel to the form boards so as to prevent the form boards from displacing the stakes outwardly by the force exerted by the wet concrete. After the concrete sets or hardens, the retention plate is easily removed to enable removal of the stakes for reuse and dismantling of the form boards.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to concrete forms, and particularly to apparatus for retaining the concrete forms in their appropriate and selected spacing during the interval that wet concrete is being poured between the spaced forms and until the wet concrete sets or hardens. More specifically, the invention relates to a special type of stake to be driven into the ground in association with the form boards and providing means including a transversely extending retention plate detachably secured to the stakes to retain the concrete forms against spreading as a result of the pouring of concrete between the form boards. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
   A preliminary patentability and novelty search has revealed the existence of the following U.S. patents: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               920,787 
               1,082,470 
               1,279,059 
             
             
               1,472,018 
               1,635,093 
               1,814,521 
             
             
               1,897,530 
               1,922,584 
               2,298,837 
             
             
               2,313,880 
               2,356,309 
               2,635,320 
             
             
               2,661,516 
               2,663,925 
               2,731,700 
             
             
               2,745,165 
               2,793,416 
               2,795,836 
             
             
               2,894,307 
               3,057,269 
               3,256,655 
             
             
               3,256,659 
               3,288,426 
               3,596,420 
             
             
               3,788,020 
               4,012,159 
               4,202,145 
             
             
               4,229,920 
               4,579,312 
               4,595,168 
             
             
               4,712,764 
               4,776,555 
               4,824,068 
             
             
               5,154,837 
                 
               5,464,680 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Reviewing the patents listed above, it will be apparent that the problem of maintaining the stability of the spaced apart form boards between which wet concrete is poured for both slabs and stem foundations has been a problem that has plagued the building industry for many years. The patents indicated above, particularly U.S. Pat. No. 920,787 issued May 4, 1909 indicates that the problem has been in existence for almost a full century, and the probability exists that the problem existed even before May 4, 1909. 
   Concrete foundations for buildings, particularly the so-called stem foundation upon which a mud-sill is provided as a base for floor joists, are usually formed by pouring wet concrete between latterly spaced form boards or form members that must be space a specific distance apart to provide the space between which the concrete is poured. In some instances, an attempt is made to stabilize the lateral spacing of the form boards providing a trench within which the lower edges of the form boards are placed against the sidewalls of the trench. In this type of construction, it is common practice in the building industry, particularly in one-story and two-story homes, to stabilize the upper exposed edges of the spaced form boards by nailing a wooden cleat across the upper edges of the form boards. One difficulty with this method of construction is that the wooden cleats are frequently split by the nails that are driven into them, or are split subsequent to the placement of the nails under the pressure of concrete tending to push the form boards apart. Accordingly, it is one of the objects of the present invention to provide a form board stabilizing apparatus that prevents the upper exposed edges of the form boards and the lower edges thereof from spreading apart when concrete is poured between them whether or not the lower edges of the form boards are deposited in a trench. 
   Another problem that must be addressed in the placement of form boards, is exactitude of the spacing between the boards and the facility with which the form boards may be removed from the concrete foundation after the concrete has set sufficiently to maintain its own stability. Accordingly, it is another object of the present invention to provide a form board stabilizing apparatus that provides exactitude in the spacing of the form boards, and may easily be removed once the concrete has set sufficiently to maintain its own stability. 
   It frequently happens that in the formation or construction of forms for the pouring of concrete, the form boards are not always parallel or at the same level. Thus, in some foundations, the concrete must be thicker at some places than it is at others, thus necessitating an adjustment of the apparatus that retains the form boards at their proper spacing. Accordingly, another object of the present invention is the provision of a form board stabilizing apparatus that includes a transverse retention plate that is adjustable in length to accommodate variations in the spacing of the form boards. 
   It will be seen from the disclosures of the patents listed above, that in some instances, the retention members that are intended to prevent the form boards from spreading apart at their upper edges upon the pouring of wet concrete between the form boards may be easily displaced so as to fail in their function of retaining the upper edges at the proper spacing. This problem generally occurs because there is insufficient means between the transversely extending plate and the vertical stakes that retain the form boards spaced apart and to which the transverse plate is attached. Accordingly, a still further object of the invention is the provision of a transverse retention plate that is configured to detachably engage a retention member that is itself detachably secured in the stake that is driven into the ground along the outside surfaces of the form boards. 
   The invention possesses other objects and features of advantage, some of which, with the foregoing, will be apparent from the following description and the drawings. It is to be understood however that the invention is not limited to the embodiment illustrated and described since it may be embodied in various forms within the scope of the appended claims. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In terms of broad inclusion, the form board stabilizing apparatus of the invention comprises a specially designed stake that is driven into the ground to provide a lateral limit of spacing of the form boards and a transversely extending plate or bar that engages detachably with the stakes so as to retain the upper edges of the form boards at the proper spacing. Additionally, to maintain the vertical relationship of the stakes, means are provided to detachably fasten the stakes to the associated form boards by means that may easily be removed so as to detach the stakes from the associated form boards. More specifically, the stakes that are driven into the ground are provided along their length with spaced bores that extend at right angles to each other so that in one direction, nails may be inserted through the bores in the stake and driven into the associated form boards, and in the other bores that extend 90° to the bores that retain nails to be driven into the form boards, elongated pins or nails may be extended through such transverse bores which normally lie parallel to the form boards, and extend on opposite sides of the stake to provide a means to which a retention plate may be detachably secured. With two stakes spaced apart to retain the form boards at the proper spacing, a retention bar is extended perpendicularly to the form boards with the ends thereof cooperating with the stakes and the longitudinally extending pins or nails so as to detachably inter-engage the opposite ends of the transverse bar with the associated opposed stakes and thus provide a means for retaining the upper edges of the form boards at their proper selected spacing. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a side elevational view of one of the stakes of the apparatus of my invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken in the plane indicated by the line  2 — 2  in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a horizontal cross-sectional view taken in the plane indicated by the line  3 — 3  in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a top plan view of one embodiment of the retention bar that extends transversely across the top edges of the form boards and adapted to be detachably secured to the opposing stakes. 
       FIG. 5  is an end elevational view taken in the direction indicated by the arrows  5 — 5  in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 6  is a side elevational edge view of the retention plate taken in the direction of the arrows on the line  6 — 6  in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 6(A)  is a side elevational edge view of a second embodiment of the retention bar illustrated in  FIGS. 4 ,  5  and  6 . 
       FIG. 6B  is a fragmentary enlarged cross-sectional view of the mid-portion of the retention bar illustrated in  FIG. 6A  and illustrating the transverse lands and grooves that inter-engage when the end portions of the structure are overlapped and bolted as in  FIG. 6A . 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view illustrating the application of the form board retention apparatus assembled in position of use in association with a set of latterly spaced form boards. 
       FIG. 8  is a fragmentary perspective view illustrating the detachable attachment of the retention plate of  FIG. 4  to an associated stake by means of a nail extending through a bore. 
       FIG. 9  is a fragmentary perspective view illustrating a second embodiment of the retention plate and the manner of detachable yet secure attachment of the retention plate to an associated stake. 
       FIG. 10  is a vertical cross-sectional view through a conventional form board assembly in which the form boards are an extension of a trench formed in the ground and into which and between the form boards is poured the wet concrete. 
       FIG. 11  is a side elevational view of the structure illustrated in  FIG. 10 . 
       FIG. 12  is a vertical cross-sectional view through a conventional form board assembly in which the form boards are deposited into the bottom of a trench and then retained in position by vertical stakes and a transverse extending retention plate or bar in the manner illustrated in  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 13  is a fragmentary elevational view partly in vertical section taken in the plane indicated by the line  13 — 13  in  FIG. 12 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In terms of greater detail, the concrete form retention and stabilization apparatus of the invention comprises a plurality of elongated stakes each designated generally by the numeral  2  and each having a determinant length required by the depth of the stem foundation to be poured and the height of the form members that define the space within which wet concrete is to be poured. Thus, the stakes  2  may be two feet long, or three feet long or four feet long, or any length therebetween, depending on the depth to which they must be driven into the ground to achieve vertical stability of the stakes and the form member(s) against laterally imposed forces by the wet concrete and the height of the form members above ground. Each of the stakes is preferably formed from metal, such as soft rolled steel, and is provided at one end with a conical point portion designated generally by the numeral  3  that includes a diametric dimension at  4  that merges with the diametric dimension of the stake body and a point  6  spaced therefrom that constitutes the bottom end of the elongated stake. At its top end  7 , opposite the point  6 , the stake is provided with a tapered head  8  the small diameter of which merges with the stake body and the large diameter of which defined by the periphery  9  is larger than the diameter of the stake to facilitate driving of the stake into the ground with an appropriate tool (not shown) such as a sledge hammer. 
   Intermediate the bottom point  6  and the top end  7 , the stake is provided with a first set of a multiplicity of diametrically transverse bores  12  generally equally spaced along the length of the stake at intervals of approximately two inches. A second set of diametrically transverse bores  13  are generally equally spaced along the stake at two inch intervals between the set of transverse bores  12  but these bores  13  extend diametrically through the body of the stake perpendicularly to the bores  12  for a reason which will hereinafter be explained. 
   Forms for the formation from concrete of stem foundations having some specific height above the ground are frequently formed from elongated wooden planks  14  each having a top edge  16 , a bottom edge  17 , an inside face  18  and an outside face  19 . These wooden planks may be individual planks, as illustrated in the drawings, or they may be multiple planks stacked edge-to-edge one upon another. In either case, the planks must be supported by some means on their outside surfaces  19  to prevent the planks from spreading apart when concrete is poured in the space  21  ( FIG. 7 ) between the planks. In some instances, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the bottom edges  17  of the planks are supported on the surface  22  of the ground designated generally by the numeral  23 , while in other instances, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the form members  14  extend below the surface of the ground and to at least some extent the ground helps to prevent the bottom edge portions of the form members from spreading apart. However, in either case, it is necessary to drive the stakes  2  into the ground so that the outer periphery of each stake abuts the outside surface  19  of the form members, and to a sufficient depth that the lower end portion of the stakes provide added resistance to separation of the form members when concrete is poured between them. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 10 ,  11  and  12 , when this relationship between the outer periphery of each of the stakes and the outer surface  19  of the form members (boards or planks) is achieved, nails  24 , preferably the double-headed type as illustrated, are driven through the bores  13  and into the associated form members  14  to retain the form members detachably secured to the associated stakes. With the stakes detachably secured to the form members in this manner, the longitudinal axis of each of the transversely extending bores  12  extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of each of the bores  13  and are spaced intermediate therebetween with the longitudinal axis of each of the bores  12  extending parallel to the outside surface  19  of the associated form member. This special relationship of the bores  12  and  13  to the outside surface  19  of the form members enables the detachable insertion of a retention nail  26  through a selected one of the bores  12  the axis of which lies parallel to the outside surface  19  of the associated form member and above the top edge  16  of the form member as illustrated in  FIGS. 7 ,  10 ,  11  and  12 . This results in the retention nail  26  extending parallel to the top edge  16  of the form member and spaced from the outer surface  19  of the form member a distance of approximately one-half the diameter of the stake less one-half the diameter of the retention nail. Additionally, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the length of the retention nail  26  is selected so that when it is inserted through the bore  12 , end portions  27  and  28  of the retention nail  26  project approximately the same distance on opposite sides of the stake. A convenient diameter for the stake is ¾″ with the bores  12  and  13  being approximately ⅛″ to 3/16″ in diameter and the retention nail  26  being about 3″ in length so that opposite end portions  27  and  28  of the retention nail  26  project approximately one inch from the stake on opposite sides thereof for a purpose which will hereinafter be explained. 
   The purpose of having the bores  12  extend parallel to the outside surface  19  of the form members when the stakes are driven into the ground is to enable snug but slidable placement of the retention nail  26  in a selected bore  12  so that it too is parallel to the outside surface  19  of the form members and spaced above the top edges  16  thereof as illustrated so that an elongated retention plate or retention bar designated generally by the numeral  31  may be placed to extend transversely above and across the upper edges  16  of the form members and have its opposite ends detachably secured to the associated retention nails  26  that extend through the associated and opposed pair of stakes  2  driven into the ground so that they impinge on the outside surfaces  19  of the opposed form members  14 . With the retention plate or bar  31  thus detachably engaged to the retention nails  26  slidably disposed in bores  12  in opposed stakes  2  as illustrated in  FIGS. 7–12 , and with nails driven through the bores  13  and into the associated surface and body of the form member impinging on a stake, it will be understood that the form members are retained spaced apart a designated distance when wet concrete is poured into the space between the form members and exerts an outward force on the form members because the retention plates or bars  31  are strong enough to withstand the outward exerted force imposed by the wet concrete on the inner surfaces  18  of the form members. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 4 ,  5 ,  6  and  7 , it will be seen that the retention plate or bar designated generally by the numeral  31  comprises an elongated member having a length that corresponds cooperatively with the selected spacing of the form members, which themselves are spaced apart a distance that corresponds to the thickness of the stem foundation as specified in the building plans pertaining to a particular job. It should be understood therefore that these retention plates or bars  31  might be of different lengths for different jobs or might be of different lengths on different portions of the same job where it is necessary to provide a variance in the thickness of the stem foundation. The retention plate or bar  31  illustrated in  FIGS. 4–8  is fabricated from metal, preferably sheet steel, and includes a body  32  having a width of approximately 2″ and a length of approximately 13″. These dimensions are of course convenient for a particular job and are not to be considered imperative for all retention bars  31 , which can of course be of various lengths. At each opposite end of the elongated retention plate or bar, the sheet steel end portions are provided with a semi-circular recess or aperture  33  having a diameter of approximately ¾″ which forms the inner end of a slot  34  formed in each of the end portions to provide two bifurcated or laterally spaced anchor members  36 , both of which are bent perpendicularly to the main body of the retention plate or bar along the diameter of the aperture  33  to provide a pair of laterally spaced anchor members  36  that extend perpendicular to the plane of the main body portion  32 . 
   This construction is illustrated in  FIGS. 4 ,  5  and  6  apart from other structure, is shown applied to stakes  2  and form members in  FIGS. 7 ,  10  and  11 , and is shown in  FIG. 8  applied to a stake  2  by engagement of the anchor members  36  with the retention nail  26  but apart from other structure in the interest of clarity. It will thus be seen from  FIG. 8  that when the anchor members  36  engage the retention nail  26 , the periphery of the semi-circular recess or aperture  33  abuts or lies closely adjacent to the outer periphery of the stake  2 , thus detachably engaging the end of the retention bar and the stake through the inter-engagement of the retention nail  26  with the stake  2  by penetration by the retention nail of the bore  12  and inter-engagement with the retention plate or bar by detachable engagement of the anchor members  36  with the end portions  27  and  28  of the retention nail  26 . It will of course be understood that all that is required to effect disengagement of the assembly after the concrete between the form members hardens, is to pull the retention nail from the bore  12 , whereupon the retention plate is released from the stake  2 . Thereafter, assuming the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the double-headed nails that extend through the bores  13  may be pulled out so as to separate the form members from the stakes, whereupon the stakes and form members may be removed from the stem foundation, cleaned of concrete debri and used on another job. 
   A second embodiment of the retention plate or bar  31  is illustrated in  FIGS. 9 ,  12  and  13 , where the retention plate or bar is designated in these views generally by the numeral  37  and is provided with a semi-circular recess or aperture  38  as before and with perpendicularly extending spaced anchor members  39  that define a slot and that are integral with the retention plate  37  and preferably fabricated from sheet steel. The primary difference in this structure from that illustrated in  FIGS. 4–6  is that the anchor members  39  are formed at their integral union  41  with the retention plate with reentrant portions  42  that curve partially about the periphery of the retention nail anchor portions  27  and  28  so as to provide a resilient interlocking relationship between the anchor members  39  and the retention nail end portions  27  and  28 . The advantage of this construction is that the retention plate or bar  37  of this embodiment is less likely to be inadvertently disengaged from its detachable engagement with the retention nail end portions  27  and  28  whereas in the previously described embodiment of  FIGS. 4–8  in which the reentrant feature is omitted, the only force retaining the retention plate or bar against inadvertent disengagement is the frictional resistance that exists between the anchor members  36  and the associated retention nail  26 . 
   Referring to  FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B) , there is there illustrated a third embodiment of the retention plate or bar  31  illustrated in  FIGS. 4–6  and  FIGS. 9 ,  12  and  13 . It is reasoned that some jobs will require that the retention plate or bar be of some unusual or indefinite length to properly detachably engage the retention nail  26  slidably disposed in the bore  12  of the stakes  2 . It is therefore an advantage that the retention plate or bar designated generally by the numeral  43  illustrated in  FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B)  possess the capability of being shortened or lengthened to meet the needs of a specific job. To that end, the retention plate or bar  43  is fabricated as an assembly that includes a two-part body formed by mutually reaching or extending plate members  44  and  46  having overlapping proximate end portions  47  and  48 , respectively. As seen in FIG. ( 6 A) the overlapped proximate end portions are provided with transverse apertures  49  and  51 , respectively, which may be aligned to adjust the length of the overall assembly and the retained in adjusted position by the placement of a threaded bolt  52  through the aligned holes. A nut  53  threaded onto the threaded bolt following its placement retains the assembly in its adjusted length. The distal end portions  54  and  56 , respectively, of the overlapped end portions  47  and  48 , are formed with the identical type of recesses or apertures ( 38 ) illustrated in  FIG. 9  described above. In like manner, the same type of reentrant portion ( 42 ) and downwardly extending anchor members  39  illustrated and described in connection with  FIG. 9  are provided in the two-part retention plate or bar  43  illustrated in  FIG. 6(A) . In the interest of brevity in this description the same reference numbers that have been applied to the identical structure of  FIG. 9  are applied to the distal end portions of the retention plate or bar  43  illustrated in  FIG. 6(A) . 
   Wet concrete that is poured into the space between the form members exerts considerable force against the form members, tending to separate them and this force must be opposed by the transversely extending retention plate or bar detachably secured at opposite ends to the retention nails projecting through the stakes. To resist the transverse force imposed by the wet concrete, the opposing and contiguous surfaces of the overlapped portions of the two-part retention plate or bar may be provided with transversely extending opposed interlocking grooves or channels  57  and lands or ribs  58  formed into the opposing surfaces of the overlapped proximate end portions  47  and  48  of the retention plate or bar  43  illustrated in  FIG. 6(A)  as seen in  FIG. 6(B) . A ingle threaded bolt inserted into aligned holes formed in the overlapped portions and secured by a threaded nut will adequately retain the retention plate or bar from elongating as a result of the force exerted by wet concrete. Referring to  FIG. 6(B)  while holes  49  have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that in the embodiment of  FIG. 6(B)  longitudinal corresponding slots (not shown) could be formed in the end portions  46  and  47  through which the bolt  52  could be inserted and the nut  53  applied so as to inter-engage the grooves  57  and ribs  58  to retain the retention bar at the selected length. Under these conditions, it should be understood that the grooves and ribs would inter-engage and resist the force applied by the wet concrete with no shear force applied to the bolt. 
   Having thus described the invention, what is believed to be new and novel and sought to be protected by letters patent of the United States is as defined in the claims that follow.