Abstract:
A microscale fluid delivery system has a method of addition and removal of fluids to the internals of solids is in an enclosed system. The system includes a processing chamber comprising the steps of submerging the object within the chamber in a fluid, isolating the chamber, reducing the pressure to form vapor bubbles on the object&#39;s internal surfaces, increasing the pressure to introduce fluid to the object&#39;s internal surfaces, and repeating the decrease and increase in pressure until the object is fully processed.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is related to and claims priority from earlier filed U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 11/280,021 filed Nov. 16, 2005, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention provides a means for transferring a solution or solvent into and out of tight areas in order to deliver this fluid to the area for surface processing. The invention allows for the delivery of fresh bulk fluid to these areas so as to increase the rate of chemical interaction with the solid surfaces being treated. 
         [0003]    The transfer of material to or from a solid surface submerged within a liquid encounters most of the resistance to mass transfer within the fluid boundary layer surrounding the solid surface. It is within this region that the fluid velocity used to convectively transfer either dislodged or dissolved material away from the object into the bulk fluid (used as the cleaner or extraction fluid) is dampened and decreases rapidly as the solid surface is approached. The velocity of even very fast moving fluids generally go to zero at the surface of the object and therefore there is a region surrounding the object in which the fluid is actually flowing slower than the bulk fluid in a cleaning vessel. The boundary layer is defined as the distance from the solid surface within which the fluid velocity moves much slower than the bulk of the free stream of fluid flowing past the solid. It is within this boundary layer that the rate of mass transfer slows due to a dependence upon molecular transfer mechanisms as opposed to the more rapid eddy transfer mechanism encountered in bulk fluids. 
         [0004]    Increasing the fluid velocity reduces the boundary layer thickness and thus enhances the transfer rate, however, the boundary layer can never be totally eliminated. Similarly, megasonic processes reduce the boundary layer size with increased frequency, however megasonic bubbles always form within the bulk liquid and thus a fluid boundary layer always exists. 
         [0005]    The transfer of insoluble material from a surface is a special consideration when considering the boundary layer thickness. As opposed to the dissolution and transfer of soluble substances, insoluble material must first be detached from the surface prior to moving into the bulk fluid. Therefore an energy threshold needs to be reached in order to transfer any material at all. If the boundary layer is large as compared to the particle of insoluble material, then the particle may never see this energy threshold and no solid removal will be accomplished. Increasing the frequency of megasonics does move the bubbles formed in the liquid closer to the solid surface thus reducing the boundary layer thickness but the higher frequency forms smaller bubbles that release less energy. Typically higher energy inputs are required to compensate for the lower energy imploding bubbles that often leads to damage to the solid surface being treated. 
         [0006]    The rate of physical and chemical processing of solid surfaces is generally controlled by the rate of delivery of a reactant or surface active chemical to the solid surface. The delivery process usually involves a physical convective method such as fluid agitation to maintain the chemical concentration near the solid surface fairly uniform by replenishing the reacting or physical solid interacting depleting chemical with fresh bulk chemical. The final delivery step involves the slow diffusion process across a thin boundary layer of relatively stagnant fluid near the solid surface. Effective convective systems minimizes the rate of this slow diffusion step by reducing the boundary layer thickness near the solid surface. 
         [0007]    Agitation and other fluid convective methods often have little to no effect in tight solid areas such as encountered in porous media, vias and tight aspect ratio microelectronics. The surface process is slowed due to the often large diffusion path required to reach the surface to be treated. It often also requires counter diffusion of spent solutions or saturated chemicals used for treating the interior surfaces. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Vacuum Cavitational Streaming (VCS) is a new technology presently being used to enhance the transfer of material to or from the surface of a solid. The process is accomplished by reducing the total pressure in a controlled environmental chamber containing a part submerged in a liquid to below the vapor pressure of the liquid. The process results in the formation of vapor bubbles at the solid part&#39;s surface where typically nucleation sites for bubble formation can be found in the form of imperfections, crevices or foreign particle material. The return of the chamber to pressures at or above the liquid vapor pressure collapses these vapor bubbles releasing energy at the solid surface. The energy disrupts the fluid boundary layer near the solid surface and enhances the removal of material from the surface or continuously replenishes the liquid within the boundary layer to produce a high concentration of material being transferred to the surface. Since the turbulent disruption begins at the solid surface, the process is unaffected by the size of the fluid boundary layer, a major resistance region for conventional forced convective mass transfer or ultrasonic processes. 
         [0009]    It is worthy at this early point of discussion to note several key differences in the present invention in contrast to known prior art processes. We cite, for example, the decompression processing system in the Applicant&#39;s previously issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,418,942, wherein the key feature of that invention was the repeated, rapid cycling of vacuum and pressure to rapidly form and implode vapor bubbles on the surface of an object. We emphasize here the importance of imploding the bubbles as the primary “physical” mechanism for treatment in the &#39;942 patent. In the &#39;942 patent, the preferred embodiment was a cleaning system using a percloroethylene solvent to clean greasy parts. The system was rapidly cycled to generate percloroethylene vapor bubbles and then implode these bubbles. The implosion of the bubbles, locally formed at or around grease particles on the part surface, imparts energy to the surface and particle and causes the particle(s) to detach from the surface and be released into the liquid solvent, i.e. cleaned. The prior art systems focused on the implosion of the bubble for energy and carrying away the particle in the liquid solvent. 
         [0010]    The present invention focuses on the formation of vapor bubbles and the transfer of a chemical to the surface of the object while the chemical is in the vapor state within the bubble, i.e. a chemical mechanism. There is less importance on the rapid implosion (physical mechanism) of the bubble, and more focus on the controlled formation and collapse (as opposed to implosion) of the vapor bubble. 
         [0011]    The operating pressure of the current VCS process are orders of magnitude lower than that encountered in megasonic systems resulting in less damage to the surface of the solid part and the control of the pressurizing step can control the magnitude of the energy released by the imploding bubbles. It may be desirable however to dampen or eliminate the imploding bubbles by using soluble gases in the process along with the soluble vapor bubbles formed. 
         [0012]    The diffusion rate of compounds in a gas or vapor phase mixture is orders of magnitude greater than the same compound mixture in a liquid state. When dealing with the transfer of material from a vapor or gas bubble into a surrounding liquid, the resistance to mass transfer in the gas bubble is always considered negligible and the rate of transfer can be attributed to the liquid phase mass transfer resistance only. Similarly, the rate of heat transfer is significantly increased during boiling heat transfer. 
         [0013]    It would be expected that the rate of mass transfer to a surface would also be enhanced if the material being transferred were first transferred into a vapor state that comes directly in contact with the surface. This is what occurs when boiling a liquid on a surface. The main objective of this invention is to enhance the transfer of material to or from a liquid to a solid surface by producing vapor bubbles at the surface and either detaching or collapsing these bubbles in a cyclical manner under a controlled pressure. In general the new process is an enhanced vacuum cavitational streaming (VCS) process, which generates a vapor bubble often with a non-condensable gas that may or may not be collapsed. 
         [0014]    A method of treating an object in an enclosed solvent vacuum cavitational processing system, including a solvent supply system in sealable communication with a processing chamber comprises the steps of: 
         [0015]    (a) sealing the solvent supply system with respect to the chamber; 
         [0016]    (b) opening the chamber to atmosphere and placing an object to be treated in the chamber; 
         [0017]    (c) evacuating the chamber to remove air and other non-condensable gases; 
         [0018]    (d) sealing the chamber with respect to atmosphere; 
         [0019]    (e) opening the chamber with respect to the solvent supply system and introducing a solvent into the evacuated chamber; 
         [0020]    (f) processing the object by pulling vacuum in the chamber to produce vapor bubbles at the surface of the object; 
         [0021]    (g) recovering the solvent introduced into the chamber; 
         [0022]    (h) recovering the solvent from the vacuum chamber exiting stream 
         [0023]    (i) sealing the chamber with respect to the solvent supply system; 
         [0024]    (j) introducing a gas into the chamber for sweeping further solvent on the object and within the chamber; 
         [0025]    (k) recovering the gases introduced into the chamber; and 
         [0026]    (l) opening the chamber and removing the treated object. 
         [0027]    The above-noted method can be effectively used to provide a controlled transfer rate of material to a surface by controlling the vapor formation at the surface. Since diffusion is a 100 fold faster in a vapor state as compared to liquid diffusion, the transfer rate is directly controlled by controlling the size and frequency of the formation of the vapor bubbles at the surface. Varying the rate and magnitude of the pressure fluctuations in the VCS process accomplishes this. 
         [0028]    Another aspect of this invention is to dampen the implosion step (if used) in the VCS process by either adding or forming a non-condensable gas to a growing vapor bubble. Non-condensable gas will slow the collapse of a vapor bubble thus dampening the energy released. This is often desirable in order to prevent damage to intricate parts. 
         [0029]    It has also been found that it is possible to enhance the growth of vapor bubbles formed in a VCS process by adding heat in the form of liquid, vapor or gas streaming passed the solid surface or targeting the surface with energy from sources such as lasers or UV light or microwaves. In the process as described, wherein 
         [0030]    Still another aspect of this invention is to control the rate of reactions of chemicals with a surface by rapidly increasing the reactant in the liquid state by vaporizing the chemical reactant to the vapor state. By controlling the vapor rate formation at the surface, the rate of reaction is also controlled. 
         [0031]    The present invention also provides a means of recovering vapor produced in the VCS process so as to prevent hazardous discharge to the environment or to recycle the solvent for additional surface treatment. 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method for agitating a tight spaced solid bounded area so as to maintain a desired bulk fluid condition. The invention provides a means for transferring a solution or solvent into and out of tight areas in order to deliver this fluid to the area for surface processing. The invention allows for the delivery of fresh bulk fluid to these areas so as to increase the rate of chemical interaction with the solid surfaces being treated. Processing may include etching, cleaning, texturizing, plating, anodizing, depositing, dissolving, extracting, particle removal, galvanizing, alodining, polishing, plating and any other process requiring the fluid contact with a solid surface for the purpose of delivering a chemical to the surface or removal of a substrate from a surface. This overcomes the size offset limitation encountered with conventional convective methods. The basic mechanism of the process is to evacuate the tight area by reducing the system pressure followed by a period of pressurizing the fluid to introduce fresh bulk fluid to the area to be treated. 
         [0033]    The condition maintained in the delivered fluid may be temperature, chemical concentration, vapor concentration or any combination of these conditions. The method requires the contact of a fluid with a solid surface either by spraying, submerging or condensing a liquid or by any other means of wetting a surface with a fluid. The solid, after wetting the surface, is subjected to an environment where the fluid will preferentially become a vapor. In doing so, the fluid will now vacate the interior volume of the solid and allow for the reintroduction of fresh fluid that can now continue to treat the surface. 
         [0034]    The object to be treated is placed in a vessel containing a processing fluid. A method of treating an object with fresh bulk fluid comprises the steps of: 
         [0000]    (a) enclosing the vessel with a lid or door;
 
(b) treating the object by allowing the liquid to heat or by reducing the pressure within the vessel to produce vapor bubbles within the solid matrix or vias of the object;
 
(c) allowing time for vapor bubbles within the solid matrix to expel fluid from the solid interior;
 
(d) applying pressure to the chamber by introducing a non-condensable gas, high pressure vapor or by ceasing the removal of vapor from the chamber;
 
(e) allowing time for bulk fluid outside the solid surface to fill the solid matrix with treatment fluid;
 
(f) repeating the above pressure reduction, pressure increase cycle for as many times as needed. The above-noted method can be effectively used to maintain a consistent fluid condition equivalent to or approaching the phase conditions found in the bulk vessel fluid.
 
         [0035]    Another aspect of this invention is to effectively remove liquid from tight areas by using the volume change due to vaporization of a liquid to drive liquid from a tight area. 
         [0036]    Another aspect of this invention is to maintain equal treatment of a solid&#39;s interior and exterior surfaces. 
         [0037]    Another aspect of this invention is to accelerate the fluid treatment step of the interior surfaces of a solid. 
         [0038]    Another aspect of this invention is to reduce the chemical concentration of the treating solution normally needed to increase diffusion to an interior solid surface. 
         [0039]    Another aspect of this invention is to maintain equal temperature of a solid&#39;s interior and exterior surfaces. 
         [0040]    Another aspect of this invention is to treat parts without using high energy consumption jets or ultrasonics for physical convection of fluid. 
         [0041]    Another aspect of this invention is to provide physical agitation to the interior of solid parts. 
         [0042]    Another aspect of this invention is to provide energy to interiors of parts using expanding vapor bubbles. 
         [0043]    Other objects, features and advantages of the invention shall become apparent as the description thereof proceeds when considered in connection with the accompanying illustrative drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0044]    In the drawings which illustrate the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention: 
           [0045]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of the closed solvent processing system as used in the present invention; 
           [0046]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of the closed solvent processing system showing a rotatable holder for spinning the object to be processed; 
           [0047]      FIG. 3  is a graphical view of an equilibrium curve for ammonia-water at a typical VCS pressure level (constant pressure 200 mmHg) and varying temperature; 
           [0048]      FIG. 4  is a graphical view of an equilibrium curve for ammonia-water at a constant temperature of 120° F. and varying pressure; 
           [0049]      FIG. 5  is another schematic illustration of third embodiment including a waste management system; 
           [0050]      FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of the closed processing system as used in the method of the present invention; 
           [0051]      FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of the closed processing system as used in the method of the present invention; and 
           [0052]      FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of the closed processing system operating above atmospheric pressure as used in the method of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0053]    Referring now to the drawings, the solvent and aqueous decompression processing system of the present invention is illustrated and generally indicated at  10  in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0054]    In  FIG. 1 , the system  10  for implementing the teachings of this invention includes a main vacuum cavitational streaming (VCS) chamber generally indicated at  12  that may or may not be heated. The main VCS chamber  12  includes a main body portion  87  and a lid  88 . In the preferred embodiment, the main body portion  87  of the VCS chamber  12  has an electric heat blanket  14 . Other options for heating the chamber  12  include steam, or other heat transfer fluids, such as oil or hot water in an external jacket, plate coils or external pipe welded or soldered to the chamber. The system  10  further includes a solvent source generally indicated at  42 , a solvent holding tank generally indicated at  38 , and a heated solvent vessel generally indicated at  58 . Other component parts of the system  10  will be described in connection with operation thereof 
         [0055]    On startup of the process, the solvent holding tank  38  is charged with a preferred processing solvent or aqueous solution by a conventional charging mechanism, such as the pumping arrangement as depicted in  FIG. 1 . The charging mechanism as shown includes connecting valves  52  and  54  and an activating pump  46 . Opening valves  54  and  52  and activating pump  46  charges the solvent holding vessel  38  to a volume needed to charge the complete system. The air displaced from the holding tank passes through check valve  66 , and a carbon filter  28  to prevent any air pollution discharge to the environment. 
         [0056]    Upon filling the solvent holding tank  38 , the heated solvent vessel  58  is evacuated by first sealing the cleaning chamber  12  by closing lid  88 , closing valve  24 , opening valves  76  and  30  and activating an air handling (vacuum) pump  26  to evacuate both the cleaning chamber  12  and heated solvent vessel  58 . In the preferred embodiment, vacuum pump  26  is an oil sealed rotary vane, or rotary piston pump, capable of vacuum levels less than 1 torr. Other air handling pumps such as mechanical dry pumps, pneumatic pumps, diaphragm pumps or constant displacement, or other conventional vacuum pumps can also be used. If solvent is present in heated solvent vessel  58 , air can be removed by using a solvent handling vacuum pump  36  by opening valves  76  and  50  and activating the pump  36 . The air-solvent vapor mixture passes through a condenser  34 , and enters solvent holding tank  38  where condensed solvent is collected. The discharged air passes through check valve  66  and activated carbon filter  28 . In the preferred embodiment, vacuum pump  36  is a liquid ring pump sealed with the system processing solvent. Other pumps such as mechanical dry pumps, pneumatic pumps, diaphragm pumps or constant displacement, or other conventional vacuum pumps can also be used. The processing solvent is circulated and chilled by heat exchanger  51  by opening valve  92 , and activating the circulation pump  16 . The heat exchanger can be chilled by outside water, re-circulated water as from a cooling tower or by other conventional cooling methods such as using a refrigerated chiller or air-cooling. 
         [0057]    Clean solvent can now be introduced to the heated solvent vessel  58  by activating circulation pump  16  and opening valve  72 . Upon filling the heated solvent vessel  58 , the solvent in the vessel  58  is heated to the desired operating temperature that is below the solvent&#39;s normal Boiling Point (NBP). In the preferred embodiment, an electric heater  40  is used. Also in the preferred embodiment, the cleaning chamber  12  is heated by activating the electric heater  14 . 
         [0058]    Upon heating the solvent and vessels, a part  20  to be treated can be placed in the decompression chamber  12  on an appropriate holder  22 . Closing lid  88  and vent valve  24  then seals the chamber  12 . Vacuum pump  26  is then activated, valve  30  is opened, and the chamber  12  is evacuated of essentially all the air. Typically, oil sealed pumps can evacuate the chamber to pressures of less than 10 torr and in the preferred embodiment, vacuum levels of 1 torr or less are desired. Upon evacuating to 1 torr, pump  26  is turned off and valve  30  is closed. 
         [0059]    To initiate processing, valves  76  is opened and since the vessels are free of air, the solvent in the heated solvent vessel  58  flashes into the processing chamber  12  and increases the pressure to near the vapor pressure of the solvent or solution in vessel  58 . Upon opening valves  74  and  18  and flashing vapor, the solvent in the heated vessel  58  cools. Electric heater  40  continuously heats the solvent. As indicated above, the solvent in the heated vessel  58  is heated to a temperature below the solvent&#39;s normal boiling point (NBP). If the temperature of the vessels  12  and  58  is below the normal boiling point, both vessels will be under negative gauge pressure, the pressure being approximately equal to the vapor pressure of the processing solvent at the operating temperature chosen. The cleaning chamber can operate at temperatures above the NBP of the solvent provided lid  88  is locked in position by locking rings, clamps, or other conventional means (not shown) to provide for adequate sealing. Unlike open top vapor cleaners, the enclosed processing system  10  can thus be operated at any desired temperature depending upon the capacity of the electric heaters  14  and  40 . Either monitoring the solvent temperature with a temperature-measuring device  84  and/or solvent pressure with a pressure-measuring device  86  can control the on/off cycling of the heaters. 
         [0060]    In the basic preferred embodiment, heated liquid solvent can be introduced into the processing chamber through valve  74  by opening valve  44 , closing valve  18  and activating pump  68 . Upon filling the chamber  12  to a level that will submerge the part  20 , pump  68  is turned off and valves  44  and  74  are closed. In this regard, a level switch  32  is installed within the chamber to automatically detect proper filling level, and turn off pump  68 , and close valves  44  and  74 . Thereafter, vacuum pump  36  is turned on, valve  50  is opened and vapor is removed from the chamber. Removal of the vapor reduces pressure within the system  10 , and since the solvent in the chamber  12  is under vacuum, solvent bubbles will begin to nucleate at the solid surfaces including the surface of the part  20 . If the vacuum pump  36  continues to evacuate vapors, the vapor bubbles at the surface will grow, detach from the solid surface and rise to the top of the vessel  12  to replenish the vapor being removed by the vacuum pump  36 , thus maintaining the chamber at or around the vapor pressure of the solvent. Such a condition will continually allow replenishment of the surface with fresh solvent at the region where vapor bubbles are detached, i.e. the bubbles create a desired solvent flow over the surface of the part  20 . These regions will thus experience a rapid increase in mass and heat transfer to and from this surface area. These regions will also experience rapid increases in the concentration of nonvolatile components in solution if such components are present. The decompression process thus enhances the treatment of the surfaces at these regions. 
         [0061]    On the other hand, if valve  50  is closed after pulling a vacuum, the chamber  12  will rapidly return to the original pressure of the chamber  12  and the bubbles at the part surfaces will collapse releasing a large quantity of energy locally at these implosion areas. The release of energy can be used to remove contaminants at the surface as an example. If valve  50  is rapidly cycled on and off, a large quantity of energy can be delivered to a local region for surface processing. 
         [0062]    Upon completion of processing object  20 , valves  74  and  44  are closed to isolate the decompression chamber  12 . Solvent is drained from the processing chamber  12  by opening valves  64  and  18  and activating pump  68 . Upon draining chamber  12 , valves  64  and  18  are closed and pump  68  is deactivated. 
         [0063]    Solvent vapors are now withdrawn from chamber  12  by activating vacuum pump  36  and opening valve  50 . The vapors withdrawn are condensed by three mechanisms. The solvent vapors first pass through condenser  34  where most of the vapors exit as liquid. The vapors are next compressed in vacuum pump  36 , which condenses additional vapor. In addition, if the pump  36  is a liquid ring pump, during passage through vacuum pump  36 , the vapor-liquid mixture is mixed with chilled solvent, which is circulated to the vacuum pump by circulation pump  16 . The solvent is chilled by heat exchanger  51  when valve  92  is opened. The condensed vapors and chilled solvent are returned to holding tank  38  and since all the fluids pumped to the vessel are condensable, the holding tank  38  remains at atmospheric pressure and no solvent vapor is discharged to the environment. 
         [0064]    The solvent ring pump  36  preferred on the basic unit  10 , if sealed with the processing solvent, is limited to a vacuum pressure which can be attained in chamber  12 , depending upon the vapor pressure of the chilled solvent sealing the pump and/or the number of stages of the vacuum pump. In the preferred embodiment, vacuum levels in chamber  12  typically can reach 100 torr or less with a single stage vacuum pump and can reach 10 torr with higher boiling solvents and/or highly chilled solvent with a dual stage vacuum pump  36 . At these vacuum pressures any solvent liquid remaining on the processed object  20 , on the holder  22 , or in the chamber  12  will generally flash into the vapor state and will also be removed from the chamber  12 . There generally will remain some residual vapors, which are desirable to recover to prevent solvent emissions prior to opening chamber  12 . If higher vacuum levels are required, dry pumps or diaphragm pumps can be used for increased solvent removal. 
         [0065]    Upon removing solvent vapor from chamber  12 , valve  50  is closed to again isolate the chamber  12 , and valve  24  is opened to introduce ambient air to the processing chamber  12 . The concentration of processing solvent vapor within chamber  12  is now low enough so that essentially all of the air-vapor mixture can be removed utilizing the air-handling pump  26 . Pump  26  is activated and the residual air-vapor mixture is removed from chamber  12  by opening valve  30 . The mixture is pumped to carbon filter  28  through check valve  60  to the environment. 
         [0066]    After evacuating chamber  12  of essentially all vapor and air, the chamber is again isolated by closing valve  30 . The chamber is then returned to atmospheric pressure by opening valve  24 . 
         [0067]    If desired, chamber  12  can be evacuated a second time by closing valve  24 , opening valve  30 , and activating vacuum pump  26  a second time. Air being removed passes through carbon filter  28  prior to discharge to the atmosphere. After pump down, closing valve  30  again isolates chamber  12  and turning off pump  26  returns the chamber to atmospheric pressure when valve  24  is opened. Lid  88  is opened and the part  20  is removed and dried of all solvent. 
         [0068]    The above process describes the basic vacuum cavitational streaming (VCS) process. There are a number of process problems that can occur in the basic VCS process described above. It is the object of this invention to provide an easier means and added flexibility to the process so as to make the process more universal for industrial use. The following examples outline the process improvements and illustrate the added advantage of each improvement. 
       Example of Working Systems 
     Increased Bubble Implosion Frequency System 
       [0069]    Nucleate bubble studies have suggested that the vapor bubble generation at the solid surface is generally on the order of 50 to 200 Hz. Because of the practical limitation of the size of the vacuum pump required to evacuate the processing chamber after the implosion of vapor bubbles with non-condensable gases, practical implosion frequencies are generally less than 1 Hz for the VCS process described above meaning that more than 98% of the bubbles generated actually detach from the objects surface. 
         [0070]    A simpler, much faster means can be used to produce vapor bubbles at the solid surface. As depicted in  FIG. 2 , object  20  can be placed on a holder  22  that can be rotated by activating motor  78 . Rotating the object  20  being treated produces a fast moving liquid region near the solid surface. This results in a local pressure drop within this fluid near the surface. Any reduction in pressure within a fluid volume within this chamber  12  will result in the instantaneous formation of vapor bubbles since the fluid prior to motion is at the systems vapor pressure. The lowest pressure would occur at the solid surface since this is the fluid attaining the highest velocity in the system. The bubbles can either be continuously generated by continuing the rotation or can be collapsed as above to release energy. Collapsing of the bubbles can be accomplished by simply stopping the objects rotation or by increasing the total pressure in the system by adding a non-condensable gas to the chamber. As indicated, imploding bubbles would occur at the solid surface since this is the region of lowest pressure and therefore the implosions would effectively target the solid surface. Growing bubbles in this manner would produce vapor at the solid surface that would more easily diffuse material to the solid surface for treating the surface. Imploding the bubbles would release energy at the surface for either removal or increased transfer of material from the solid surface. 
         [0071]    The above method of bubble generation has three major advantages. The process is much simpler than opening and closing valves to evacuate and inject gases and vapors to and from the chamber. The amount of vapor generated would be less since bubbles would not be generated on non-rotating surfaces such as the vessel walls and within the bulk fluid. Electrical switching such as oscillating a motor can be much faster than mechanical switching such as the opening and closing of a valve thus can operate at a higher frequency. 
       Controlled Mass Transfer System 
       [0072]    As a working example, an ammonia surface treatment process will be outlined. In the preferred embodiment, an aqueous ammonia solution is used as a processing fluid. Ammonia is a well-accepted surface passivation compound. In a preferred process, a 0.8% ammonia solution is heated in an air free heated solvent vessel  58  to 120 degrees Fahrenheit at which the pressure of the vessel will rise approximately to 200 torr, the vapor pressure of the solution at this temperature. After a part or article  20  is placed in the processing chamber  12  on an appropriate holder  22  and lid  88  is sealed, valve  24  is closed to isolate the chamber. Pump  26  is activated to evacuate the chamber  12  through open valve  30  and through carbon filter  28 . 
         [0073]    After evacuating chamber  12  to a vacuum level of 1 torr or less, valve  30  is closed to isolate the chamber  12 , and valves  74  and  18  are opened to introduce hot ammonia-water vapors to the chamber  12 . Condensed vapors and contaminate removed from the part  20  is returned to the heated solvent tank  58  by opening valves  64  and  18  and turning on pump  68 . Simultaneously, heat is introduced to the system  10  through electric heater  40  and electric heat jacket  14 , respectively, heating both the solvent vessel  58  and cleaning chamber  12  walls up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. Vapor condensing continues until part  20  reaches temperatures in excess of 115 degrees Fahrenheit at which point valve  18  is closed and valves  74  and  44  are opened to introduce solution to the chamber. After submerging the part  20 , valve  74  is closed and pump  68  is turned off. Vacuum pump  36  is then turned on, valve  50  is opened and vapor is removed from the chamber. Removal of the vapor reduces pressure within the system  10 , and since the solution in the chamber  12  is under vacuum, solution bubbles will begin to nucleate at the solid surfaces including the surface of the part  20 . If the vacuum pump  36  continues to evacuate vapors, the vapor bubbles at the surface will grow, detach from the solid surface and rise to the top of the vessel  12  to replenish the vapor being removed by the vacuum pump  36 , thus maintaining the chamber at or around the vapor pressure of the solution. The bubbles formed at the surface contain a high concentration of ammonia.  FIG. 3  shows an equilibrium curve for ammonia-water at a typical VCS pressure level. At 200 mmHG, the bubble point can be attained at room temperature at concentrations as low as 2 mole % ammonia.  FIG. 4  shows the equilibrium curve at the temperature of 120° F. used in this example. At 120° F. and 200 mmHg, it can be seen in the Figure that the solution is at its&#39; bubble point. Lowering the pressure to below 200 mmHg continues to produce bubbles nucleating at the object surface. As can be seen, for a 0.8 mole % ammonia liquid solution, a vapor concentration in excess of 50-mole % is produced in a boiling vapor phase. The ammonia in the vapor phase has a diffusion coefficient  100  fold greater than the ammonia in the liquid phase. In addition, increasing the concentration from 0.8 mole % in the liquid phase to greater than 50-mole % in the vapor phase increases the driving force for mass transfer by over 50 fold. The combination of the increased mass transfer coefficient and increased driving force should increase the mass transfer rate by greater than 5000 times the rate attained in the liquid phase. 
         [0074]    Other aqueous solutions used to treat object surfaces that would be enhanced by the VCS process by transferring the reacting component into the vapor phase include solutions of hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, fluoric, or any other acids, sodium, potassium or any other hydroxide, and hydrogen or any other peroxide. 
         [0075]    From the described system above, the rate of mass transfer and interaction of a chemical with the solid surface is controlled by the rate at which the bubble generation is controlled. If bubbles are not generated, the mass transfer rate can be expected to be low with little surface reaction. If the bubble generation were high, the surface treatment would be rapid. The process allows for a rapid means of “turning the surface reaction” on or off 
         [0076]    The above process has three major advantages to straight liquid treatment of surfaces. The solutions used can be much lower in concentration such as in an acid, thus limiting the reaction of the solution with support equipment, tanks and pipes. The process rate can be controlled easier and is not depended upon the total contact time of the fluid as opposed to the amount of VCS time the part is exposed to. The amount of waste generation would be lower since lower concentrations are required. 
       Waste Management System 
       [0077]    The system described above does have one major flaw in the design. Since the vapor bubbles formed usually have a high concentration of highly reactive chemical, in the case above ammonia, the vacuum pump would be removing a large amount of potentially hazardous waste during the bubble generation process. If non-condensable gases are used to collapse the bubbles, the gas needs to exit the system at some time since an entering gas stream cannot continuously accumulate in the system. In order to expel this gas, if the vapor in the gas is hazardous, the gas stream would need to be treated prior to discharge to the environment. 
         [0078]    A simple means to strip the chemicals from the exiting waste stream would be to reverse the VCS process by compressing the exiting stream and adsorbing the vapors from the gas into a liquid stream prior to discharging the gas.  FIG. 5  depicts a means by which this can be accomplished. In the preferred embodiment, the vacuum pump is the compressor and the pump is a liquid ring pump. If the pump is sealed with a liquid that can absorb the vapors, then the pump can serve a dual function of both compressing and absorbing the hazardous vapors. In this case in  FIG. 5 , an exiting stream of nitrogen and ammonia mixture is being removed from the VCS processing chamber  12  using liquid ring vacuum pump  90  through valve  82 . The liquid ring pump is fed with cool water from source  62 . As the gas-vapor mix enters the pump, the mixture is compressed in the vacuum pump and the sealant water can now adsorb the ammonia in the gas mixture. The exit stream is then sent to a separation vessel  80  where the liquid is allowed to drop out of the gas phase. The liquid can either be cooled and recycled to the vacuum pump  90  as sealant or sent to the drain  98  as shown in  FIG. 5 . The gas can be trapped in the upper portion of the separation tank, sent for further treatment as to a carbon filter  28  as shown, or recycled to the vacuum pump to be mixed with fresh water again as shown by opening valve  94  and closing valve  82 . Since the process is enclosed, the vapors can be stripped of chemicals by this method so as not to pollute the surrounding environment. 
       Controlled Implosion Energy Systems 
       [0079]    The system above could also be used to impart energy to the surface by imploding bubbles. Pressurizing the chamber, preferably with non-condensable gases, to implode the bubbles formed during the vacuuming process, performs the VCS process. Often however, the imploding bubbles impart too much energy to the solid surface especially in intricate systems such as semiconductor wafers. Additives of non-condensable gases can dampen the rate and degree of implosion of the VCS bubbles. A typical system additive could be dissolved carbon dioxide. The CO 2  can be added such in carbonizing of water or generated such as in fermentation processes. 
         [0080]    When a solution such as the ammonia solution above is depressurized, a vapor-gas mixture of ammonia, water and CO 2  is produced and when these bubbles are pressurized, the non-condensing CO 2  would resist the total collapse of the bubble thereby minimizing the energy released. Non-condensable gases that could be added include nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, oxygen and any gas having a normal boiling point below room temperature. 
         [0081]    Other aqueous solutions that can be used that would dampen the VCS process by generating a non-condensable gas component in the vapor phase include solutions of hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, fluoric, or any other acids, sodium, potassium or any other hydroxide, and hydrogen or any other peroxide. These systems could also be used to control the magnitude of imploding bubbles since these reactions produce non-condensable gases that are added to the growing vapor bubble during pressure reduction and rapid reaction. Upon pressurization of the chamber, the non-condensable gases would resist the total collapse of the bubble thereby minimizing the energy released. Typically the non-condensable gases formed would be hydrogen in the case of acid reactions or oxygen in the case of peroxides however any no-condensable gas could be formed to help dampen the imploding vapor bubble&#39;s energy release. 
       Enhanced Bubble Generation System 
       [0082]    In some systems it may be desirable to perform the VCS process at lower temperatures than is practical from a pressure point of view. For example normal methyl pyrrolidone, (NMP) is an excellent paint stripper or photo resist remover for semiconductor manufacturing. At room temperature however, NMP would have to be reduced to a pressure of less than 1 torr in order to produce cavitation bubbles. With the addition of 10% methylene chloride, however, bubbles could be produced at 33 torr, a more practical pressure at which to operate the VCS process. The addition of a lower boiling component to a high boiler would enable the production of bubbles at lower temperatures. Mixtures that are non-ideal are often desirable since these mixtures often boil at temperatures below either components&#39; boiling point, often at azeotropic concentrations. 
         [0083]    Another way to enhance bubble formation is to add heat or energy to the system as opposed to lowering the boiling point by pressure reduction. If a considerable number of cavitational bubbles are allowed to detach from the surface of object  20  in  FIG. 2 , the surface will experience a decrease in temperature since heat is removed from the surface when solvent is flashed from the liquid to the vapor state. It is therefore desirable to provide a means to maintain the surface temperature by exposing the surface to an energy source  56  that could be a beam of light, laser microwave, ultrasound or radiation. 
         [0084]    The surface temperature of the object  20  being treated could also be maintained with a force convection heating method as shown in  FIG. 2 . In the preferred embodiment, a continuous heated stream of processing liquid from a liquid source  48  is injected into the chamber  12  in or near the region of the object  20  being treated. An equal quantity of fluid can be overflowed to a process fluid chamber  58  through open overflow valve  76  as shown in  FIG. 2 . The net result would be to maintain a heated region of fluid around the object  20  so as to generate a hot spot to enhance the formation of vapor bubbles. The preferred fluid is a heated liquid stream of processing fluid however the stream could also be a heated vapor or heated gas also used to collapse bubbles. 
         [0085]    It can therefore be seen that the present invention provides a unique closed solvent and aqueous vacuum cavitational processing system that is more effective at producing bubble formation and treatment of parts within the system. 
       Microscale Fluid Delivery System 
       [0086]    Referring now to  FIGS. 6-8 , the method of treating the interior of an object in a closed system of the present invention is illustrated and generally indicated at  110  in  FIG. 6  incorporates the advantages and benefits of the above-mentioned vacuum cavitational processing system. In  FIG. 6 , the closed processing system  110  for implementing the teachings of this invention includes a main processing chamber generally indicated at  112  that may or may not be heated. Other component parts of the system  110  will be described in connection with operation thereof. 
         [0087]    On startup, part  114  containing interior surfaces to be treated can be placed in vessel  112  utilizing a holder  116  if needed. The vessel  112  may already contain the processing fluid. The vessel  112  is then enclosed by using lid  118 . In the preferred embodiment the processing chemical or chemical solution is introduced into the processing vessel  112  by opening valve  120  and filling the vessel from the fluid source  122  by starting pump  124 . The vessel may be filled without using pump  124  by pulling a vacuum on vessel  112  using vacuum pump  112  and opening valve  120 . After filling vessel  112  to submerge part  114 , valve  120  is closed and pump  124  is turned off. After chemical addition, vacuum pump  126  is activated and valve  128  is opened and the pressure in the vessel is reduced. The pressure in vessel  112  is allowed to decrease preferably to a pressure at or near the vapor pressure of the treating fluid. As the pressure decreases, any air trapped in the part is pulled from the interior of part  112 . As the pressure approaches the vapor pressure of the fluid, vapor bubbles will begin to form on the interior and exterior of object  114  since vapor bubbles tend to form on solid nucleation sites preferably in tight areas as found in the object&#39;s  114  interior. As interior bubbles grow, they push fluid from the interior of object  114  to the bulk fluid and vapor bubbles escape at the solid surface. Escaping bubbles allow for growth of more vapor bubbles that also force fluid from the object. 
         [0088]    Upon removal of significant fluid from the interior of object  114 , valve  128  is closed and valve  130  is opened to introduce air to the vessel  112 . Other non-condensable gases or high pressure vapor may also be used. Air is introduced for a time to increase the total pressure of the vessel above the vapor pressure of the processing fluid in order to collapse the vapor bubbles and then valve  130  is closed and the fluid is allowed to penetrate into the object&#39;s interior. Once the object  114  interior is filled with new bulk fluid, the vacuum process is begun by again opening valve  128 . 
         [0089]    Upon the completion of processing object  114 , valve  128  is closed and valve  130  is opened to break the vacuum. The lid  118  can be removed and the object  114  can be removed at this point. In the preferred embodiment, valves  132  and  134  are opened and the processing fluid is pumped back to vessel  122  using pump  124 . After emptying vessel  112 , the object  114  can be removed or further processed with other fluids or dried within the vessel  112 . 
         [0090]    In the preferred embodiment, processing fluid source  122  is heated with heater  136 . In the preferred embodiment, vessel  112  is also heated with heat jacket  138 . Heating of vessel  112  or  122  can be done with electric, steam, heat transfer fluid or any other conventional ways of heating a tank. 
       Alternative Method of Enclosed System 
       [0091]      FIG. 7  is an alternative method for the described system. In  FIG. 7 , a means of pressurizing the system with a vapor is provided as an alternative to using a non-condensable gas. 
         [0092]    In  FIG. 7 , after filling vessel  112  and submerging object  114 , vacuum pump  126  is activated and valve  128  is opened and the pressure in the vessel is reduced. As the pressure approaches the vapor pressure of the fluid, vapor bubbles will begin to form on the interior and exterior of object  114  since vapor bubbles tend to form on solid nucleation sites preferably in tight areas as found in the object&#39;s  114  interior. Upon removal of significant fluid from the interior of object  114 , valve  128  is closed and valve  142  is opened to introduce vapor from source  140  to the vessel  112 . For aqueous systems the source  140  can be a steam generator or heated water tank. For solvents the source  40  is a heated solvent at a pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent in vessel  112 . After pressurizing vessel  112 , valve  142  is closed ant valve  128  is opened to again reduce the pressure in vessel  112  and produce more vapor bubbles. 
         [0093]    As an alternative to source  140 , vapor used to pressurize the system can be obtained from fluid vessel  122 . Vessel  122  is heated using heater  136  to a temperature above the temperature of the processing fluid in vessel  112 . The vapor in the vessel  122  is then at a higher pressure than the vapor pressure in vessel  112 . Vapor from vessel  122  can now be introduced to vessel  112  to pressurize vessel  112  by opening valve  144 . 
         [0094]    Vapor is introduced for a time to increase the total pressure of the vessel  112  above the vapor pressure of the processing fluid in order to collapse the vapor bubbles and then valve  144  is closed and the fluid is allowed to penetrate into the object&#39;s interior. Once the object  114  interior is filled with new bulk fluid, the vacuum process is begun by again opening valve  128 . 
         [0095]    As an alternative to using vacuum pump  126  for reducing pressure in vessel  112 , for systems using vapor to pressurize vessel  112 , vacuum can be obtained in vessel  112  by using condenser  146  as shown in  FIG. 7 . Upon pressurizing vessel  112  with vapor, valve  128  is opened and vapor from vessel  112  will condense in condenser  146  and be collected in vessel  148  or sent to a drain. Vacuum pump  126  would only be used to remove the initial air from vessel  112  after loading part  114  and removing any air entering vessel  112  due to leaks in the system. 
         [0096]    Vacuum pump  126  can be totally eliminated from the system if the processing fluid in vessel  112  is heated to a temperature at which the fluid&#39;s vapor pressure is above atmospheric pressure. In  FIG. 8 , part  114  is placed in vessel  112  such that the part  114  is placed below the fluid level  150  and is completely submerged by the processing fluid. Vessel  112  is then heated by heater  138  with valve  128  open. As the fluid heats, the vapor concentration in the space above the fluid in vessel  112  begins to increase and the air in vessel  112  is forced from the vessel  112  through valve  128  and into condenser  146 . The vapor is condensed and collected in vessel  148  and the air passes into vessel  48  and the air passes into vessel  148  displacing some air from vessel  148 . 
         [0097]    When the temperature of the fluid in vessel  112  produces a vapor pressure of the fluid of one atmosphere which is at the normal boiling point of the fluid, all the air in vessel  12  would be displaced by the processing fluid vapor. At this point valve  128  is closed and the processing fluid would be heated with heater  138  to a temperature above the fluid&#39;s normal boiling point. During this time the pressure in vessel  112  would rise as the vapor pressure increased such that vessel  112  would be at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. 
         [0098]    Once the fluid is heat above the normal boiling point valve  128  can be opened and condenser  146  will condense vapor being removed from vessel  112 . If the vapor is a safe vapor such as water vapor, condenser  146  is not needed and the vapor can be exhausted to the atmosphere. During this vapor exhaust cycle, vapor bubbles will rapidly form on the parts&#39; interior and exterior surface as described previously. Closing valve  128  would now stop the vapor formation and the pressure in vessel  112  would be maintained at the fluid&#39;s vapor pressure. Alternating opening and closing of valve  128  would now produce cycling of vapor formation followed by vapor collapsing. 
       Example of Working System 
     Delivering Processing Chemicals to Solid Micro Structured Interiors 
       [0099]    Medical hip, knee and elbo implants are porous to provide internal surface area for ligament growth and attachment. Manufactured parts need to be cleaned and sterilized before used. 
         [0100]    The above invention can be used to both clean and sterilize medical implants with one treatment. In  FIG. 6 , vessel  122  is charged with a 0.1 to 35% concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In the preferred embodiment, a 1% solution is used. The solution is heated between 30 to 90° C. In the preferred embodiment, the solution is heated to 60° C. 
         [0101]    Upon filling vessel  112  and submerging porous implant  114 , an initial vacuum is pulled to 150 mmHg to evacuate all the air from the pores. The vessel  112  is then pressurized to 300 mmHg and the pressure is held for 2 seconds when all the interior of the implant is filled with hydrogen peroxide solution. The hydrogen peroxide slightly etches the implant surface and carbon and bio burden is removed from the interior surface. Reducing the pressure a second time to 150 mmHg for 2 seconds produces water vapor bubbles on the interior of the implant. The growing vapor bubbles expel spent hydrogen peroxide solution from the porous media. Increasing the pressure a second time introduces fresh bulk hydrogen peroxide solution to the implant interior surface. After repeated fluctuations in pressure, the implant is cleaned and sterilized. 
         [0000]    Removal of Contaminants from Tight Aspect Ratio Areas 
         [0102]    Flip chips, after bonding, need the flux cleaned from between the chips prior to use. Conventional cleaning generally requires high fluid jets impinging at the area between the plates. This method works well for removing flux from the channels between bumps, however removing the flux around the bump is often unsuccessful. 
         [0103]    In the invention above, a solvent that dissolves the flux can be used. In this example n-propyl bromide is heated to 60° C. in vessel  20 . The n-propyl bromide is then brought into vessel  112  from vessel  120  to submerge the flip chips. The pressure is reduced 540 mmHg and the air is removed from between the flip chips. After holding pressure at 540 mmHg for 1 second, vessel  12  is pressurized to 700 mmHg with air. The pressure is held for 1 second while fluid fills the void space between the flip chips. 
         [0104]    The vessel  112  is then again evacuated to 540 mmHg. At 540 mmHg, vapor bubbles grow between the flip chips forcing solvent from the tight area. The solvent being removed from the tight area has dissolved flux that is now removed to the bulk solvent. After 1 second the vessel  112  is pressurized a second time bringing fresh n-propyl bromide solvent to the under bump area. 
         [0105]    Since nucleate bubbles like to form in crevice areas, vapor bubbles like to grow near bump areas thus removing flux from areas normally difficult to clean by conventional methods. Repeating this process a number of times cleans both the channels and bump areas. 
       Distribution of Energy to the Internals of Micro Structured Solids 
       [0106]    In the food industry, cellular destruction can aid in the further processing of products such as wine, tobacco, juice, fruits, tea and vegetables. Cellular destruction can release trapped sugars, enzymes, vitamins and other components of plant life. Cellular destruction also alters the interior matrix of the plant so as to open channels allowing for faster extraction, impregnating or drying of the plant. 
         [0107]    The above invention can be used to process tea leaves to produce a better fermentation process and allow for better extraction of the tea. Conventional methods first crush the tea leaf to produce large surface areas and to rupture the cells to release enzymes trapped in the cells. The tea is then fermented for one to two hours and then dried and packaged. 
         [0108]    In the invention above, tea leaves can first be submerged in water at 50° C. in vessel  112 . The pressure in the vessel is reduced to 85 mmHg and air is removed from the tea leaves. The chamber is then pressurized to 200 mmHg and water is allowed to impregnate into the cell matrix of the leaves filling all the void spaces. The pressure is then reduced to 85 mmHg a second time and water vapor bubbles begin to grow inside the cells and cell matrix. The pressure created by the growing bubbles rupture the cells releasing enzymes needed for the fermentation process. After several cycles of vacuum-pressure, the vessel  12  is allowed to drain and the tea leaf is removed and allowed to ferment. 
         [0109]    The above method would release more enzymes then the conventional method resulting in a faster, more complete fermentation process. The end product would have larger channels within the cell matrix for better extraction during the brewing process. The larger cell matrix would also allow for faster and more complete drying of the final product. 
         [0110]    It can therefore be seen that the present invention provides a unique method for cleaning an object in an open aqueous cleaning system that conserves chemistry, water, and energy while reducing pollution. 
         [0111]    While there is shown and described herein certain specific structure embodying the invention, it will be manifest to those skilled in the art that various modifications and rearrangements of the parts may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the underlying inventive concept and that the same is not limited to the particular forms herein shown and described except insofar as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.