Abstract:
A system, method and apparatus for eliminating image tearing effects and other visual artifacts perceived when scanning moving subject matter with a scanned beam imaging device. The system, method and apparatus uses a motion detection means in conjunction with an image processor to alter the native image to one without image tearing or other visual artifacts. The image processor monitors the motion detection means and reduces the image resolution or translates portions of the imaged subject matter in response to the detected motion.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to systems, devices, and methods for eliminating image tearing effects and other visual artifacts perceived during imaging when an SBI or Scanned Beam Imaging device moves appreciably relative to the subject matter being imaged. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]    Imaging devices can have different native resolutions and frame rates. Focal Plane Array (FPA) devices typically use Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or similar technologies to capture video images. CCD imagers typically capture 30 full frames per second (fps) using a technique called interlacing, whereby first the odd numbered horizontal lines of the frame are imaged and then the even numbered lines are imaged. Each half frame is resolved all at once at 60 fps, and when displayed on a screen each half frame is blended to some degree by the human eye with the next half frame to make the full screen image. The 60 fps refresh rate is generally beyond the human perception threshold, so the video appears continuous and uninterrupted. Any significant movement of the subject matter faster than the actual instantaneous exposure rate of the CCD imager merely causes image structure to fall into multiple pixels in the CCD imager during image capturing. Most CCD images can therefore accommodate a sizeable amount of movement of the subject matter being imaged before viewing it becomes visually uncomfortable for the user. Moving subject matter simply appears blurry and snaps back into focus once the movement ceases. Users of SBI devices expect the same or a better quality of SBI images than those of CCD imagers. 
         [0003]    SBI devices, however, use a higher resolution technology that is less forgiving in regards to movement of the subject matter. Instead of acquiring the entire frame at once, the area to be imaged is rapidly scanned point-by-point by an incident beam of light, the returned light being picked up by sensors and translated into a native data stream representing a series of scanned points and associated returned light intensity values. Unlike CCD imaging, where all or half of the pixels are imaged simultaneously, each scanned point in an SBI image is temporally displaced forward in time from the previously scanned point. If the SBI device and scene experience relative movement between the time the first data point is sampled and the last data point is sampled, the subject matter as a whole will not be imaged evenly. Because each data point is sampled very quickly in full resolution, there is relatively no blurring of the image to mask movement artifacts as one has with CCD imaging. 
         [0004]    Additionally, the scanning pattern for an SBI image is usually a bi-sinusoidal or some other scanning pattern as known in the art; see, for example see the scanning beam imaging endoscope in U.S. Patent Application US 2005/0020926 A1 to Wikloff et al. Due to the temporal differences in each scanned point, a complex relationship exists between the instantaneous direction and velocity of the SBI device&#39;s scanning beam and direction and velocity of the moving subject matter resulting in image artifacts not typically seen in CCD imaging. 
         [0005]    When the subject matter moves appreciably relative to the scanning rate of the SBI device, the scanning beam may no longer image the subject matter evenly. At low speeds, the subject matter may appear to become somewhat distorted, and these distortions can appear visually as texture artifacts where some features become thicker or thinner based on the interaction between the scanning pattern and the direction of motion of the subject matter. Some fine features can become suddenly more easily discernable while fine features in other parts of the image can disappear altogether as the scanned lines lump together. At higher rates of subject matter motion, some parts of the subject matter may be scanned multiple times, while others not scanned at all. Depending on the relative motions of the subject matter and scanning beam, this aliasing effect can present itself for example as multiple simultaneous overlapping images, serrations of various forms, or as a tearing of parts or all of the image. To the user, these effects can be visually uncomfortable and distracting. 
         [0006]    What is needed is a system, device, and method for eliminating image artifacts when an SBI device moves appreciably relative to the subject matter being imaged. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]    The present invention meets the above and other needs. One embodiment of the invention works by selectively reducing resolution when motion is detected. Another embodiment of the invention works by tracking the movement of the SBI device and reconstructing the translated data points, shifting them to compensate for the differences in movement between data samples. Another embodiment works by a combination of resolution reduction and shifted image reconstructing when motion is detected. 
         [0008]    As the user moves the SBI device, the user&#39;s need to recognize small structures in the subject matter generally decreases. For example, when the user is moving the SBI device rapidly, the user is typically looking for the general area to begin examining. It is well known that the human visual system cannot resolve high resolution in a moving scene. Therefore, the user only requires resolution sufficient to see larger structures to help guide the user to the area desired to be imaged. Once the user slows or stops panning the SBI device the user is typically desiring to look at a specific area in the subject matter and will desire an increase in resolution. 
         [0009]    Recognizing that users of SBI devices do not always need to see the subject matter at the highest possible resolution at all times, one embodiment of the system, device and method couples the resolution of the SBI device inversely to the motion of the SBI device and subject matter being imaged. When the SBI device is not moving relative to the subject matter, the maximum resolution is presented for optimal viewing by the user. When the SBI device moves appreciably relative to the subject matter, the resolution of the image is decreased, thereby reducing the occurrence of tearing effects and other visual artifacts that would otherwise be perceived by the user. Altering the displayed resolution is accomplished using a motion artifact removal image processor. 
         [0010]    Small rapid movements can continue to occur even with the steadiest of hands. This can occur during periods when high resolution is desired by the user and therefore an alternative strategy is employed. This embodiment of the invention tracks the motion of the SBI device and associates one or more vectors with each data sample. The motion artifact removal image processor then reconstructs a corrected image from the SBI image stream by using one or more of the vectors to translate each data sample to the proper position relative to the other data samples as if there had been no motion. Reconstruction of the image presents the user a corrected image with reduced motion artifacts and tearing while maintaining the native high resolution of the SBI imager as much as possible. 
         [0011]    The motion artifact removal image processor has a means for ascertaining the relative motion of the SBI device relative to the subject matter being imaged. Where the scene is relatively fixed in space, as is true for many applications, the means can include one or more accelerometers attached to the SBI device or the motion can be detected algorithmically by analyzing the image data for indications of movement, for example by looking for changes from image frame to image frame, or scan line to scan line. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0012]    The accompanying figures depict multiple embodiments of the motion artifact removal image processor and associated method. A brief description of each figure is provided below. Elements with the same reference numbers in each figure indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, as a convenience, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawings in which the reference number first appears. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1   a  is a schematic diagram of a prior art imaging system using a Focal Plane Array (FPA) imaging device. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1   b  is a schematic diagram of a prior art imaging system using an SBI device. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2   a  is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the imaging system where an SBI device has a motion detector and implements a motion artifact removal image process to remove artifacts caused by relative motion between an SBI device and a target. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2   b  is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the imaging system where an SBI device has a motion detector, implements a motion artifact removal image process to remove artifacts caused by movement during imaging, and can convert between Lissajous and Cartesian spaces. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3   a  is an illustration of an SBI scanning process. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3   b  is an illustration used to facilitate understanding the process of translating data points to new scan lines or new coordinates. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 4   a - 4   c  are exemplary illustrations of one embodiment of the motion artifact removal algorithm where resolution is reduced when motion is detected. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is an exemplary illustration of one embodiment of the motion artifact removal algorithm where scanned data points are translated to new scan lines or coordinates in response to the detected motion. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  detail the prior art imaging systems.  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  describe exemplary embodiments of the present invention.  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  illustrate the scanning and data sample translation processes of an SBI device and system.  FIGS. 4   a - c,  and  5  show examples of the artifact removal processes. 
         [0022]    Prior Art FPA Imaging System 
         [0023]    Referring now to the schematic diagram of a prior art FPA imaging system  100  depicted in  FIG. 1   a,  the FPA controller  114  controls an I/O port  116 , a full field illuminator  102 , and a CCD detector  112 . The full field illuminator  102  illuminates a target illumination area  106  of a target subject matter  101  with a broad beam of illumination  104 . The CCD detector  112  spatially resolves returned illumination  110  from the target imaging area  108  and converts it to an electrical signal for eventual display. 
         [0024]    In a typical prior art FPA imaging system  100 , a full field illuminator  102  illuminates a target illumination area  106  of a target subject matter  101 , for example a patient, with a beam of illumination  104 . The illuminated area  106  is typically as large as or slightly larger than the target imaging area  108 . The CCD detector  112  captures the returned illumination  110  of the target imaging area  108  and converts the returned illumination  110  into pixel data values that can be read by the FPA controller  114 . The FPA controller  114  provides a processed video signal via the I/O port  116 . The video signal from the FPA imaging system  100  can be any kind of analog signal including a composite signal, an S-Video signal, or a Component RGB signal, the Component RGB in either interlaced or progressive scan being common. Alternatively the video signal can be in a digital format using a USB, IEEE 1394, DVI, HDMI or other high speed serial digital signal. 
         [0025]    Prior Art SBI System 
         [0026]    U.S. Published Application 2005/0020926 discloses an SBI device which is shown in  FIG. 1   b  herein. This imager can be used in applications in which cameras have been used in the past. In particular it can be used in medical devices such as video endoscopes, laparoscopes, etc. 
         [0027]      FIG. 1   b  shows a block diagram of one example of a scanned beam imager system  118 . An SBI illuminator  120  creates a first beam of light  122 . A scanner  124  deflects the first beam of light across an SBI field-of-view (FOV)  128  to produce a second scanned beam of light  126 , shown in two positions  126   a  and  126   b.  The scanned beam of light  126  is substantially narrower than the broad beam of illumination  104  of an FPA-based system, and sequentially illuminates spots in the SBI FOV  128 , shown as positions  128   a  and  128   b,  corresponding to beam positions  126   a  and  126   b,  respectively. While the beam  126  illuminates the spots in the SBI FOV  128 , the illuminating light beam  126  is reflected, absorbed, scattered, refracted, or otherwise affected by the object or material in the FOV  128  to produce scattered light energy. A portion of the scattered light energy  130 , shown emanating from spot positions  126   a  and  126   b  as scattered energy rays  130   a  and  130   b,  respectively, travels to one or more SBI detectors  132  that receive the light. For consistency this light will be referred to as “returned” light. The detectors produce electrical signals corresponding to the amount of light energy received. Image information is provided as an array of data, where each location in the array corresponds to a position in the scan pattern. The electrical signals are connected to an SBI controller  134  that builds up a digital image and transmits it for further processing, decoding, archiving, printing, display, or other treatment or use via SBI I/O interface  136 . 
         [0028]    Illuminator  120  may include multiple emitters such as, for instance, light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, thermal sources, arc sources, fluorescent sources, gas discharge sources, or other types of illuminators. In some embodiments, illuminator  120  comprises a red laser diode having a wavelength of approximately 635 to 670 nanometers (nm). In another embodiment, illuminator  120  comprises three lasers: a red diode laser, a green diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser, and a blue DPSS laser at approximately 635 nm, 532 nm, and 473 nm, respectively. Illuminator  120  may include, in the case of multiple emitters, beam combining optics to combine some or all of the emitters into a single beam. Illuminator  120  may also include beam-shaping optics such as one or more collimating lenses and/or apertures. Additionally, while the wavelengths described in the previous embodiments have been in the optically visible range, other wavelengths may be within the scope of the invention. The illuminators  120  and detectors  132  may operate at different wavelengths, as for example to utilize fluorescence. Illuminator  120 , while illustrated as a single beam, may comprise a plurality of beams converging on a single scanner  124  or onto separate scanners  124 . 
         [0029]    One example of these scanners  124  employs a MEMS scanner capable of deflection about two orthogonal scan axes, in which both scan axes are driven at a frequency near their natural mechanical resonant frequency of the MEMS device upon which it is constructed. In another example, one axis is operated near resonance while the other is operated substantially off resonance. For completeness it is also noted that scanner  124  are also known that employ two reflectors, one of which oscillates sinusoidally and the other of which simply scans linearly. SBI devices are advantageous because they are often able to provide higher resolution and a broader scan area. An SBI device is able to provide pixel by pixel interrogation with a high range of data capture. 
         [0030]    SBI System with Motion Artifact Removal Image Processor 
         [0031]    Referring now to the schematic diagram of an embodiment of an SBI system with motion artifact removal image processor  200  depicted in  FIG. 2   a,  the system is similar to the scanned beam imager system  118  of  FIG. 1   b  with the addition of an SBI controller with a motion artifact removal image processor  202  that is in communication with a motion detector  204 . Because the target subject matter  101 , or patient, may move during imaging as illustrated for a single dimension in  FIG. 2   a,  the scene content defined by the field of view or FOV  206  can also change over time. 
         [0032]    Referring now to the schematic diagram of an embodiment of an SBI system with a motion artifact removal image processor and Lissajous to Cartesian converter  208  depicted in  FIG. 2   b,  the system is similar to SBI system with a motion artifact removal image processor  200  depicted in  FIG. 2   a  with the addition of an Lissajous to Cartesian converter  212  that is in communication with the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202 . 
         [0033]    As data points in the FOV  206  are scanned by the SBI systems  200 ,  208 , an SBI formatted digital sample data stream is delivered from the SBI detector  132 . In one embodiment, the data points are scanned and sampled every 20 ns and delivered in an RGBF format where R, G, and B are 12 bit values of Red, Green, and Blue respectively, and F is a separate 12 bit value for Fluorescence. In another embodiment, the subject matter could be sampled and the data may represent infrared, ultraviolet, or grayscale brightness. In another embodiment the subject matter could be sampled at a non-uniform rate, in higher or lower resolutions. 
         [0034]    Due to the way SBI systems  200 ,  208  operate, if the scanner  124  moves appreciably relative to the target subject matter  101  being imaged, characteristic image artifacts can appear. These artifacts, when significant, can result in uncomfortable viewing for the user using the SBI systems  200 ,  208 . The motion detector  204  detects if the scanner  124  is moving appreciably relative to the target subject matter  101  being imaged the SBI controller with a motion artifact removal image processor  202  applies algorithms to the image data in order to reduce or eliminate the occurrences of artifacts. The SBI controller with a motion artifact removal image processor  202  can detect relative motion algorithmically or through the use of a motion detector  204  sensor in the SBI systems  200 ,  208 . Sensing motion computationally has the advantage that the SBI controller with a motion artifact removal image processor  202  will detect any relative motion, whether it is the target subject matter  101  or the scanner  124  that is moving. Algorithmic motion sensing also requires no physical sensors in the SBI systems  200 ,  208 . Sensing motion using a motion detector  204  sensor requires less computational processing, but requires physical placement of one or more motion detector  204  sensors in the SBI systems  200 ,  208 . 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, the motion detector  204  sensors comprise a set MEMS accelerometers such as the Analog Devices ADXL330 3-axis linear acceleration sensor. Using accelerometers allows the SBI systems  200 ,  208  to compute translation of the SBI systems  200 ,  208  in all three axis of motion, as well as rotation, allowing detailed information about the precise movement of the SBI systems  200 ,  208  during scanning. In alternate embodiments, the motion detector  204  is any suitable device capable of determining the instantaneous position and orientation of the scanner  124  relative to the target subject matter  101 , including but not limited to accelerometers and associated software, mechanical positioning systems, infrared or electro-optical positioning systems, and RF-type positioning systems. 
         [0036]    In one embodiment, the scanner  124  is in a separate device from the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202 . Because the relative motion that matters is the relative motion between the scanner  124  and the target subject matter  101 , future references may accordingly refer to the relative motion as between the scanner  124  and the target subject matter  101 . However, because different embodiments can have the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  incorporated into the same device or devices as the scanner  124 , such references should also be read to include the relative motion between the entire SBI systems  200 ,  208  and target subject matter  101  as well. 
         [0037]    In another embodiment, motion is approximated algorithmically by using the occurrence of natural edges in the target subject matter  101  to detect motion. Unlike an FPA device which takes a snapshot image of the subject matter, the SBI device scans the target subject matter  101  in a sequential fashion, creating slight sampling time differences between when the lines or points are scanned. The SBI systems  200 ,  208  interleave or interlace the scan paths by a factor of approximately 32:1 (compared to 2:1 for NTSC interleaved video), although alternative embodiments with different interleave ratios are contemplated. Along each of the 32 scan paths that make up a FOV  206 , the position of edges in the target subject matter  101  should be relatively contiguous and in the same place. When there is little relative movement between the scanner  124  and the target subject matter  101  the location of edges along the fast scan axis of an edge in each of the scan paths should line up from scan path to scan path. By mapping the motion of corresponding edges from scan path to scan path (among each or any of the 32 scan paths in the image), one can estimate the relative motion between the scanner  124  and the target subject matter  101 . In another embodiment, the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  determines which data points in previous or successive frames should be next to each other and estimates the amount of movement of the subject matter from the spatial shifts of data points that occur during scanning. For example SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  can analyze where edges in the target subject matter  101  occur during one frame and detect the extent of the motion by comparing the movement of those edges in subsequent data points of another frame. 
         [0038]    Although there are many complicated methods of detection motion known in the art, one way to quickly and algorithmically detect motion in an image is to examine a portion of a frame for high frequency content using a Fourier transform. A Fourier transform is one method of sensing relative motion of an SBI systems  200 ,  208  and is similar in some respects to the method used to detect the focus of an FPA imaging system  100  as is known in the art. Fourier transforms reveal the spectral content of data. Images having many sharp edges or sample-to-sample transitions yield large high frequency results, and smooth continuous data yields comparatively less high frequency results. When properly focused, an FPA imaging system  100  generally presents sharp images with objects in the target subject matter  101  having clearly delineated edges. However, when out of focus the images will tend to blur any distinct edges in the target subject matter  101 . In an FPA imaging system  100  performing a Fourier transform on a portion of an image having sharp edges yields a proportionally larger amount of high frequency data versus a Fourier transform on a portion having less distinct or blurry edges. Also, in an FPA imaging system  100 , a sudden decrease in high frequency data from the Fourier transform of a portion of an image indicates possible blurring caused by an increase in motion, whereas a returning increase in high frequency results indicates a sharpening of the image cause by a cessation of motion. 
         [0039]    In another embodiment, the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  performs a Fourier transform on data comprised of a data point in a selected scan line and neighboring data points in adjacent scan lines. Any movement of the SBI device or target subject matter  101  can cause discernable spatial shifts or jump discontinuities of the target subject matter  101  from scanned line to scanned line that results in image tearing artifacts and the appearance of artificial edges in the image because of the times differences between scans of the target subject matter  101 . The Fourier transform is generally performed using data points from neighboring data points in adjacent scan lines that are generally orthogonal to the direction of scanning, but any direction other than the direction of scanning will work to varying degrees. The greater the movement between the scanner  124  and the target subject matter  101 , generally the greater the number of artificial edges that will be created during scanning caused by the shifting of where the target subject matter  101  is scanned. A greater number of artificial edges will yield a proportionally larger amount of high frequency results when a Fourier transform is applied to the data than a non-moving smooth continuous image without tearing and artificial edges. A vector describing the movement can be approximated by performing Fourier transforms on portions of the video data and analyzing the changes in the resulting distribution of frequencies indicated by the Fourier transform. 
         [0040]    In another embodiment, the SBI system with a motion artifact removal image processor and Lissajous to Cartesian converter  208  first rasterizes the SBI imaged data in a Lissajous to Cartesian converter  212  into a Cartesian-oriented frame having dimensions of x by y, where x and y are chosen to be large enough to provide sufficient spectral information, before performing Fourier analysis on the rasterized frame. In another embodiment the Lissajous to Cartesian converter  212  is a process running on the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202 . While the use of the Fourier transform is described, it will be clear that other transforms of similar nature, typically relating space or time and frequency, may be employed as well. Such transforms include discrete cosine transforms, fast Fourier transforms, Walsh transforms, wavelet transforms, etc. 
         [0041]    An alternate embodiment of the SBI system with a motion artifact removal image processor and Lissajous to Cartesian converter  208  converts the SBI formatted digital sample data stream into a format compatible with a commercial display device (not shown) and outputs it via the I/O port  136 , although it is contemplated that this functionality could be implemented in a separate unit in another embodiment of the invention. Both high and low resolutions and refresh rates are contemplated. In one embodiment, the display device may require a progressive scan 720 HDMI (ITU-R BT.601) with a 60 fps refresh rate signal. In another embodiment, the display device may require an SVGA VESA-compatible signal using at least 800×600 pixel resolution and 72 fps refresh rate, for example the Dynamic Display&#39;s MD1518-101 commercially available medical grade display. In another embodiment, the display device is a heads up display worn by the physician that accepts an SBI formatted digital sample data stream. Other suitable displays as would be known by one having ordinary skill in the art could also be used. 
         [0042]    Lissajous Scanning Patterns and Lissajous to Cartesian Mapping 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 3   a,  an example FOV  206  of the SBI systems  200 ,  208  with both a Lissajous pattern  302  and a corresponding Cartesian space  304  is illustrated. Although not to scale,  FIG. 3   b  illustrates how the mapping of SBI data points into a Cartesian space  304  can be performed. Because each SBI data point does not cleanly map in one and only one Cartesian space  304  data point, it may be desirable to map each SBI data point into one or more Cartesian pixels. The following discussion describes how to map from Lissajous scan lines to Cartesian coordinates and then from Cartesian coordinates back to Lissajous scan lines. 
         [0044]    The scanner  124  employs an oscillating reflector with two orthogonal axis of rotation (labeled x and y) that operate in a resonant mode. The rate of oscillation is typically higher in one axis than the other. When properly excited, the scanner  124  causes a beam  122  of light reflected from its surface to trace a Lissajous pattern  302 . The coordinates of the beam are approximated by 
         [0000]        x ( t )= A  sin( w   t   t+φ   t ) 
         [0000]        y ( t )= B  cos( w   s   t+φ   s ). 
         [0000]    where A and B are amplitudes, ω f  and φ s , φ f  and φ s  the fast and slow scan frequencies and phase offsets respectively. We refer to motion of this sort as a precessing, bisinusoidal scan. 
         [0045]    Based on the phase relationship of the slow (s) and fast (f) axis motion, the basic Lissajous pattern can precess. The number of slow axis cycles required to precess the pattern to an initial spatial point, is called the interleave factor. 
         [0046]    The Lissajous pattern is spatially repeated after a set number of oscillations on the slow axis (interleave factor). Once a reference point on the complete set of Lissajous patterns is identified, one can view the constant sample time, digital data stream captured at each optical detector as a vector of constant length, the Scanned Data Vector (SDV i ). The number of samples in the vector (N) is equal to the interleave factor times the period of the slow axis oscillation divided by the sample interval (t s ). 
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         [0047]    If there are multiple optical detectors sampled coincidently, then the scanner assembly data stream can be viewed as a matrix, the Scanned Data Matrix (SDM), that has a row count equal to the number of sampled detectors (M) and a column count equal to the number of samples in each SDV (N). In a system having three color plus fluorescence channels, 
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         [0048]    The pixel data matrix (PDM) is a two-dimensional matrix with row and column indices that represent the display space. For example, there may be 600 rows (Y) and 800 columns (X) and each point in the data set may be a triple representing red (R), green (G), and blue (B) display intensities. 
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         [0049]    In order to conveniently describe matrix operations, it may be useful to define a view of the matrix, PDM, that is a vector of length XY called PDV. The transformation between the two is not a matrix operation, but rather a reordering where the rows of PDM are constructed of successive blocks of PDV. Note that it is essential that the same reordering be used when accessing the PDV and the transformation matrix, T to be described next. 
         [0050]    One exemplary method for transforming between Lissajous and Cartesian spaces involves multiplication by a matrix T or its inverse. The process for constructing this matrix is given in a later section. Matrix T is an N×XY matrix where N is the number of samples in the SD V; X is the number of horizontal pixels in the display space; and Y is the number of vertical pixels in the display space. 
         [0051]    Converting from the Lissajous space SDM to the Cartesian space PDM potentially requires mapping SBI data points into multiple Cartesian pixels. Referring to  FIG. 3   b,  the scan trajectory (solid line) is shown overlaying pixel data (crosses). The index into the data samples is j and pixels have indices (k,l), corresponding to discrete values of conventional Cartesian coordinates (x,y): not matrix indices (row, column). The origin of the pixel data coordinates is in the upper left hand corner. Data from a particular data sample will be distributed into pixels falling into a region of radius r d  centered on the sample. 
         [0052]    The solid line represents a portion of a specific trajectory of the dual resonant scanned beam through the scene. The diamonds indicate samples along that trajectory. The sample index (j) increases from the top left to bottom right in this depiction. The trajectory of the beam (with increasing sample index) can be in any direction through a subset of the scene. Note that the samples at the top left and bottom right are closer together than the samples in the center of the figure. This difference is shown to reinforce the implications of a constant data-sampling rate applied to resonant scanned beams. The particular sample index on the beam, m, will be utilized in subsequent discussions. 
         [0053]    Conversion from Lissajous to Cartesian Data space can be represented as a matrix multiplication, followed by a data reordering 
         [0000]      [SDV][T]=[PDV] 
         [0000]    where the pixel data vector PDV is then reordered to yield the pixel data matrix PDM. If the number of samples in the SDV vector is N and the size of the Cartesian space is X by Y, the transformation matrix, T, is of dimension N by (X*Y). 
         [0054]    The following process can be used to populate the T matrix. Through precise knowledge of the path of the scanned beam (that knowledge is assumed to be inherent in the scanner drive and positioning system) it is possible to identify the pixel data point closest to the sample, m, at t=mΔt s  from the start of the frame. Denote that pixel with the indices (k,l). Next, construct a circle in Cartesian space of radius, r d , over which the data from sample, m, is going to be distributed. For each pixel (k+s,l+t), where s and t are integers that describe points in Cartesian space located within the circle constructed above centered within the circle (a) compute the length (in Cartesian space), l, of the vector from the Cartesian space location of the SBI sample, m, to the center of the pixel space data pixel, (k+s,l+t) and (b) calculate a weighting value, w, that is proportional to the length, of the vector. Many functions can be used. In one embodiment it is a function decreasing monotonically with distance, such as, for example: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             w 
             = 
             
                
               
                 
                   - 
                   F 
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   s 
                   
                     r 
                     d 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where:
   w is the weighting factor,   s is the length of the vector from the SBI data point to the pixel of interest   F is a controllable constant that sets how fast the effects of the SBI data falls off as the value of 1 increases.   r d  is the radius of the circle over which the data from the SBI sample is being distributed.   
 
         [0059]    Record the value of w into the transformation matrix T at the x,y location of the subject pixel. The location in the matrix will be at row m and column j*N+x. It should be recognized that this method creates a sparse matrix, T. To improve computational efficiency, one may optionally use various methods to create a banded matrix amenable to hardware acceleration or optimized software algorithms, which is described by Hammond S, Dunki-Jacobs R, Hardy R, Topka T. “Architecture and Operation of a Systolic Sparse Matrix Engine”, Proceedings of the Third SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing, 1987, (419-423), the details of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
         [0060]    Similarly, one can convert from a particular data set, such as an image, in Cartesian space to a sample vector, m, by reordering the data into consistent form (that is, a vector of conformable size) and then solving the matrix equation: 
         [0000]      [ SDV]=[PDV]T   −1    
         [0000]    where T is constructed as shown above. The above equation yields the multi-bit (analog) scan beam vector, SDV, which would result from a multi-bit (analog) Cartesian space matrix, PDM. Note that, in general, T is not square and the creation of the pseudoinverse matrix T −1  can be computationally challenging, but can be accomplished as is known in the art. Distribution of multi-bit Cartesian space data to a multi-bit drive (continuously varying modulation) of the scan beam in Lissajous space does require construction of the inverse of the T matrix. 
         [0061]    Device modeling predicts SBI devices will have a wider dynamic range than FPA devices as device size is reduced. It is possible to utilize this advantage to provide a greater number of pixels than a similarly-sized FPA device while matching the latter&#39;s dynamic range. In general, there will not be a one-to-one mapping for each SBI data point to each Cartesian pixel. To use a term common in the art, the conversion process from SBI space to Cartesian space would therefore be “lossy”. To decrease loss, especially for image enhancement and storage of raw data purposes, the Lissajous to Cartesian converter  212  can internally use a much larger Cartesian frame with greater dynamic range than would be output to a monitor or received from an FPA or SBI device, and simply downsample and reduce the dynamic range appropriate to the monitor or storage device prior to outputting a video signal. Such a frame would reduce the loss in conversion between SBI and Cartesian spaces. It should be noted therefore, that this disclosure contemplates embodiments where the image processor is adapted to use an internal pixel frame that is both equal to, less than, or greater than that of an SBI or FPA pixel-oriented imaging device. 
         [0062]    Although the above description and accompanying  FIG. 3   b  is especially applicable to converting from Lissajous to Cartesian spaces, it is also applicable to Lissajous to Lissajous data mapping. One of ordinary skill in the art can see that weighting function described for  FIG. 3   b  would also be applicable to mapping of data from one Lissajous SBI scan line to other Lissajous SBI scan lines without having to first convert to Cartesian spaces. Such a weighting function can be used when translating data points in the reconstruction method of motion artifact removal described later in the application. 
         [0063]    Motion Artifacts with SBI Devices 
         [0064]    Referring to  FIG. 4   a,  an SBI system  200 ,  208 , scans a field of view  206 . The scanner  124  scans using a precessing bisinusoidal or Lissajous pattern for each scanned line  402  before returning close to, but slightly ahead of or behind its original starting point. As an example, after a scanning 15 lines, the cumulative effect of the offsets have caused the scanner  124  to be scanning completely different portions of the field of view  206 . For ease of explanation, only a small region of a small subset of scanned lines  402  are illustrated. Depending on the resolution of the SBI device, and the characteristics of the precessing scanning algorithm, there could be tens or even hundreds of scans before the scanned line  402  has precessed a sufficient number of times to return to its original starting point, thereby completely scanning the entire field of view  206 . The current embodiment of the invention uses 32 scan lines, however for clarity of exposition only 16 scan lines are illustrated. 
         [0065]    Unlike an FPA device that takes a snapshot of the subject matter thereby imaging every data point concurrently (or in the case of a 2:1 interlaced image, half the data points at a time), an SBI device resolves each data point consecutively, one at a time. The cumulative effect of using a precessing scanning method to resolve an entire image means that each scan line n will be resolved at n times Δt after the first scan n=1, where Δt is the time required to individually resolve each data point for the entire scanned line  402 . The effect, as shown, is that by the time the scanner  124  has scanned several lines, the subject matter  404  being scanned may have moved substantially. The effect of moving subject matter  404  on the image presented to the user is that the subject matter can have artifacts as can be inferred by noting that the subject matter  404  would not have been scanned by scan lines  402  n=13−15 had those scan lines  402  been scanned contemporaneously with the scanning of scan line  402  n=1. But by being scanned later in time, pieces of the moving subject matter  404  will be scanned multiple times due to the interaction between the precessing of the scanner  124  and the movement of the subject matter  404 . 
         [0066]    Motion Artifact Removal by Reducing Resolution 
         [0067]    In one embodiment, the method of eliminating motion artifacts is to reduce resolution when the detected motion is deemed large enough to cause visible artifacts. SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  detects motion either algorithmically or from the motion detector  204 , the later scan lines  402  are discarded while the earlier scan lines  402  are repeated to create a complete set of downsampled scan lines  412 . A simple example will be explained first, and a more complicated example is illustrated later in  FIGS. 4   b  and  4   c.  As a simple example and without referring to any figures yet, to drop the resolution by half, only the first half of a set of scan lines  402  are utilized. The first scan line  402  for n=1 becomes the scan line for downsampled scan lines  412  n=1 and n=2. The second scan line  402  for n=2 becomes the scan line for downsampled scan lines  412  n=3 and n=4, etc. until the entire set is complete, and thereafter dropping all remaining scan lines  402 . This same process can be extended to drop the resolution to ⅓rd, ¼th, ⅕th etc. Using interpolation, convolving and any number of other techniques as would be known in the art, the rough edges in the reconstituted downsampled image can be blended to create a more appealing image. 
         [0068]    This process is illustrated in  FIGS. 4   b  and  4   c  for dropping the resolution to ¼th the original resolution. The figures show subject matter  404  that is moving during sampling, as illustrated by its curvilinear path  403 . Referring to  FIG. 4   b,  only the first four scan lines  402  out of sixteen scans lines  402  are used to create the downsampled scan lines  412  in  FIG. 4   c  which is displayed to the physician or user of the device. Data from the other scan lines  402  n=5−16 in  FIG. 4   b  are not displayed to the physician. Sampled values from scan line  402  n=1 in  FIG. 4   b  become duplicated for downsampled scan lines  412  n=1−4 in  FIG. 4   c.  Scan line  402  n=2 in  FIG. 4   b  becomes duplicated for downsampled scan lines  412  n=5−8 in  FIG. 4   c,  and so on. To more clearly show the effect of the process on a limited piece of subject matter  404 ,  FIGS. 4   b  and  4   c  used clear boxes  408  and cross-hatched boxes  406  to represent the sampled data points for the scan lines  402 , where cross-hatched boxes  406  delineate samples where the subject matter  404  was found and sampled and clear boxes  408  delineate samples where the subject matter was not found. The vertically striped boxes  410  of  FIG. 4   c  illustrate the duplicated sampled data points for the subject matter  404 , which are duplications of the cross-hatched boxes  406  onto subsequence downsampled scan lines  412 . This illustration is for convenience of illustrating only. In actual practice, all of the boxes that represent sample data points would normally have some value indicating the returned illumination from the scanned target subject matter  101 . However, it is still useful for showing the process, because as one can see in  FIG. 4   c,  artifacts that otherwise would have been caused by scanning moving subject matter  404  can eliminated. For example, the ghost image  405  at n=13−16 in  FIG. 4   b  that otherwise would have been scanned and displayed, is not displayed due to the downsampling method as shown in  FIG. 4   c.    
         [0069]    One should note that this resolution reduction process is lossy, as information in the later scan lines  402  is discarded, but it does have the benefit that it is relatively straightforward to implement and is not computationally intensive. This method is especially applicable to those embodiments of the invention where motion is detected using a simple accelerometer as the motion detector  204  or where the motion detection means  204  provides a motion magnitude as opposed to a vector which would provide both direction and magnitude and allow for more complex reconstruction algorithms as detailed later in the application. 
         [0070]    A similar process can be used to drop the resolution by a smaller percentage. For example, to drop the resolution by 33% every other scan line  402  is repeated; scan line  402  n=1 becomes downsampled scan lines  412  n=1 and n=2, scan line  402  n=2 becomes downsampled scan lines  412  n=3, scan line  402  n=3 becomes downsampled scan lines  412  n=4 and n=5, etc. Simple experimentation and trial and error can be utilized to determine what pattern of scan line dropping results in a comfortable image for the user, as each type of SBI device can have somewhat different scanning characteristics, and each display device may have different characteristics. In an alternate embodiment, one or more lines can be averaged together, instead of merely repeated, using a weighting function, interpolation, convolving or any other technique as would be known in the art to make the repeated lines. 
         [0071]    Modes of Reducing Resolution 
         [0072]    In one embodiment, as the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  detects motion, the resolution is decreased proportionally as the detected motion increases. By proportionally, this is to meant to include both a linear relationship as well as any non-linear function, for instance a quadratic or higher order equation. It is possible for the detected motion to be at a threshold where the system would change the resolution back and forth between different resolutions. This can be visually unpleasant to the user. The relationship may have hysteresis built into the algorithm so as to prevent rapid bouncing between different resolutions. For example there may be a slightly higher threshold amount of movement necessary to trigger a decrease in resolution than the amount necessary to trigger a subsequent re-increase in resolution. The exact relationship may be best determined by experimentation for the combination of scanner and display. 
         [0073]    In another embodiment, as the detected motion exceeds one or more threshold values, the resolution is decreased in a step fashion. As the detected motion decreased below certain threshold values, the resolution is re-increased. As is common practice with step-type functions, the threshold values of motion necessary to trigger a decrease in resolution will be higher than for subsequently re-increasing resolution. This use of different values is commonly known as hysteresis and is used to prevent rapid changing back and forth between two different resolutions when the motion value is near a threshold value. Reducing the resolution in steps is meant to include both situation where hysteresis is employed and where no hysteresis is necessary. 
         [0074]    Motion Artifact Removal by Scan Line Reconstruction 
         [0075]    In another embodiment, the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  develops a vector  502  having both a magnitude and direction to describe the motion of the subject matter  404  relative to the scanner  124 . In one embodiment the vector  502  can be a single value for the entire scanned frame and all scan lines  402 . In another embodiment, the vector  502  can be a value associated with each scanned line  402  for all the scanned data points in each line  402 . In yet another embodiment, the vector  502  can be a characterization of the instantaneous motion of scanner  124  relative to the target subject matter  101  that will approximate the curvilinear path  403  of the subject matter for all sampled data points in a scanned frame. In this embodiment, the motion of each individual data point can be individually calculated from the vector  502 . In any of these embodiments, the Motion Artifact Removal Image Processor  206  can perform a smoothing algorithm to the vector(s)  502  to reduce noise or other unwanted rapid transitions. 
         [0076]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  uses the vector  502  to remap each sampled data point  406  of the subject matter  404  in the SBI image data stream back to the correct position relative to the other data samples where it would have been sampled had it been sampled concurrently with a reference data point in one of the scan lines  402 . The current sample data point or scan line  402  can be used, requiring all previously scan lines to be translated by the current instantaneous vector  502 , or any data point or scan line  402  can be used as the reference data point. In one embodiment, the reference data point is the first data point of the first scan line  402 . 
         [0077]    For illustration, the scan line  402  n=6 is chosen as the reference. Even though the moving subject matter  404  traveled in a curvilinear path  403 , its net movement can be approximated by the vector  502  which, for illustration purposes, is not shown to scale. Sampled data points  406  are then translated in accordance to the vector  502  to become translated scan points  504 . Note that this method moves subject matter  404  to where it would have been had it been sampled contemporaneously with the current scan line  402 . In this instance it appears to have jumped forward in time to scan line  402  n=8 which has not yet been sampled. When scan line  402  is finally sampled, their values can be overwritten, averaged, weighted or any other combining method as would be known in the art. A similar function is performed when the translated scan points  504  would overwrite existing data. 
         [0078]    Motion translation works by recognizing that any scan line  402  can be translated to the appropriate position relative to another scan line  402  to compensate for motion. Although the process is not generally lossy, one can visualize that because of interaction between the motion of the subject matter  404  at n=1 and n=6 and the scanning process itself, some data points in the subject matter  404  will be scanned more than once, whereas some points may not be scanned at all. Those SBI data stream points that have not been scanned can be repeated from previous data streams, or created from nearby points using a weighting function, interpolation, convolving or any other technique as would be known in the art to create missing data samples. Using a Lissajous to Lissajous weighting circle as described for  FIG. 3   b  can also help to smooth out the data as it is translated to new positions. Generally, the larger the value of the vector  502 , the more desirable it would be to have the weighting function spread the distribution of the translated scan point  504  values to additional surrounding data points. This is because large movements of the subject matter  404  will generally result in more overlap of translated data points during scanning and also gaps of missing data scan lines. 
         [0079]    Reconstruction Modes 
         [0080]    In one embodiment the SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  works directly with the SBI data stream, preferably creating a new SBI data stream and mapping the data points from each of the scan lines  402  one by one into the new SBI data stream. In another embodiment the SBI system with a motion artifact removal image processor and Lissajous to Cartesian converter  208  first rasterizes the SBI imaged data into a Cartesian-oriented frame having dimensions of x by y with a pixel depth of z, where x, y, and z are chosen to be large enough to provide sufficient resolution for the display device and for other post-processing. The SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  maps each the data point from each of the scan lines  402  one by one into the Cartesian-oriented frame, and uses this frame to generate a new SBI data stream for an SBI display or output the Cartesian-oriented frame to an FPA display. 
         [0081]    SBI System with Motion Artifact Removal Image Processor 
         [0082]    The SBI controller with motion artifact removal image processor  202  in the SBI systems  200 ,  208  is implemented using one or more microcontroller processors (which may be independently applied or embedded in an ASIC or FPGA), and may also include one or more discrete electronic support chips. The actual circuit implementation necessary to perform the digital signal processing necessary for post processing, data mapping and other pixel manipulation processes could be done in a variety of ways that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
       CONCLUSION  
       [0083]    The numerous embodiments described above are applicable to a number of different applications. One particular application where the Motion Artifact Removal Processor is especially applicable is in eliminating tearing and other motion artifacts that occur when a user moves an SBI endoscope appreciably during imaging, however there are many additional applications that would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0084]    The embodiments of the invention shown in the drawings and described above are exemplary of numerous embodiments that may be made within the scope of the appended claims. It is contemplated that numerous other configurations of the disclosed system, process, and devices for removing motion artifacts may be created taking advantage of the disclosed approach. It is the applicant&#39;s intention that the scope of the patent issuing herefrom will be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.