Abstract:
A permanent magnet electric machine includes a rotor including a plurality permanent magnets arranged around a central shaft and supported in an outer member and a stator surrounding the rotor and arranged to allow the rotor to turn within in inner diameter of it. The rotor includes one or more flux control elements disposed within the output member and moveably attached to the central shaft that move from an initial position when the rotor is rotating at a first rate and to a second position closer to the permanent magnets when the rotor is operating at a second rate, greater than the first rate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The subject matter disclosed herein relates to electric machines. More specifically, the subject disclosure relates to magnetic flux regulation of permanent magnet electric machines. 
         [0002]    Permanent magnet electric machines such as motors and generators have been in use for many years. Permanent magnet machines have been favored over other types due to their efficiency, high power density, simplicity, robustness and tolerance to large radial air gaps between the rotor and the stator of the machine. 
         [0003]    In operation, the EMF per phase of an a.c. electrical machine is expressed by the following equation: 
         [0000]        E=π √{square root over (2)} fNk   w Φ=π√{square root over (2)} npNk   w Φ  (1)
 
         [0000]    where f is the frequency, N is the number of turns per phase, k w  is the winding factor and Φ is the main magnetic flux. The frequency is a function of the speed n in rev/s and the number of pole pairs p, i.e.: 
         [0000]      f=np   (2).
 
         [0004]    For constant magnetic flux (Φ=const) and constant number of turns per phase (N=const) the EMF (E) is a function of speed. The higher the speed, the higher the EMF and vice versa. In standard PM brushless machines there is no possibility to control the magnetic flux Φ. Thus, the faster the rotor turns, the greater the EMF induced in the stator windings of the machine. 
         [0005]    So-called flux regulated generators/motors have magnetic flux diverters or additional windings or both. By diverting the PM magnetic flux or changing the current in a control winding, the main magnetic flux of PMs linked with the armature winding can be reduced or magnified to control the EMF. The same principle can be used in flux-weakening PM brushless motors used, e.g., in electric vehicles. When the speed is high, the magnetic flux must be reduced 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    According to one aspect of the invention, a permanent magnet electric machine includes a rotor including one or more permanent magnets arranged around a central shaft and supported in an outer member and a stator surrounding the rotor and arranged to allow the rotor to turn within in inner diameter of it. The rotor includes a plurality of flux control elements disposed within the output member and moveably attached to the central shaft that move from an initial position when the rotor is rotating at a first rate and to a second position closer to the permanent magnets when the rotor is operating at a second rate, greater than the first rate. 
         [0007]    In another embodiment, a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine includes a central shaft, an outer member surrounding the central shaft and a plurality permanent magnets arranged around a central shaft and supported in the outer member. The rotor also includes one or more flux control elements disposed within the output member and moveably attached to the central shaft that move from an initial position when the rotor is rotating at a first rate and to a second position closer to the permanent magnets when the rotor is operating at a second rate, greater than the first rate. 
         [0008]    These and other advantages and features will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is an axial section of an embodiment of a permanent magnet electric machine; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show axial and cross-sections of a rotor according to one embodiment; and 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show the rotor of  FIG. 2  within a stator and, respectively, with the flux control elements in an initial position and an extended position. 
           [0013]    The detailed description explains embodiments of the invention, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    Shown in  FIG. 1  is an axial section of a permanent magnet electric machine  10 . The electric machine  10  includes a rotor assembly  12  rotatably located at an electric machine axis  14 . The rotor  12  includes a plurality of permanent magnets  16 . A stator  18  is located radially outboard of the rotor  12  defining a radial air gap  20  between the stator  18  and the rotor  12 . The stator  18  includes a stator core  22  and a plurality of stator windings  24  extending through the stator core  22  which are magnetically interactive with the permanent magnets  16 . The rotor  12  and stator  18  are located inside of a housing  26  which seals the electric machine  10  from the outside environment. As discussed above, rotation of the rotor  12  causes the magnets therein to induce an EMF in the windings that can feed an electric load (operating as a generator) or the windings can be fed with electrical energy (operating as a motor). In the general sense, the faster the rotor  12  rotates, the greater the output EMF of the machine  10 . However, in some cases such may not be desired. 
         [0015]    Disclosed herein is an electric machine that included moveable flux control elements disposed within an interior of the rotor  12 . As discussed below, these elements can be used to reduce the flux in the stator windings and, as such, to limit or otherwise regulate the EMF produced even as the rotor speed increases. In particular, the elements may cause flux of permanent magnets that would otherwise penetrate in the stator to leak into the flux control elements and, as such, keep the EMF and resultant output current more constant that if the magnets were not provided. 
         [0016]    In one or more embodiments, the magnetic flux can be controlled automatically, without any power electronics controllers. This may be accomplished by providing a so called centrifugal clutch within the rotor. 
         [0017]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show, respectively, axial cross-section and an end view of an example of rotor  200  according to one embodiment. The rotor  200  includes a central shaft  201 . An outer member  202  is fixedly attached to the central shaft  202  by two or more non-ferromagnetic support structures  204 . In one embodiment, the support structures  204  are formed as disks. In  FIG. 2B  elements not visible through the support structures are shown in phantom. 
         [0018]    The outer member  202  may be formed of a ferromagnetic material such as mild steel. Any rotation of the central shaft  201  results in the same rotation of the outer member  202 . The outer member  202  is generally tubular in shape and has a plurality of permanent magnets  208  disposed and retained axially along at least a portion of its length therein. In  FIG. 2B , eight permanent magnets  208  are shown but this number is provided by way example and any number of permanent magnets two or greater may be provided. The polarity of the each of the permanent magnets  208  is shown in  FIG. 2B  and is well known in the art and, thus, the orientation and arrangement of the magnets is not discussed further herein. 
         [0019]    The rotor  200  also includes two or more flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  disposed between the central shaft  201  and the outer member  202 . In one embodiment, the flux control elements  222   a ,  22   b  are formed of a ferromagnetic material. As shown, the first and second flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  are almost half arcs but the exact shape can be varied without departing embodiments disclosed herein. 
         [0020]    As illustrated, elastic members  224  couple the flux control elements  222   a ,  22   b  to the central shaft  201 . Also illustrated, but not required, are connection elements  230 ,  232  that are fixedly attached, respectively, to the outer flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  and the central shaft  201 . As illustrated, the elastic members are coil springs This is not meant as limiting and any element that allows the inner magnets to move outwardly (e.g., in direction A) as the rotation of the speed of the central shaft  201  increases. Preferably, the elastic members  220  will also cause the flux control elements  222  return back to an original position (e.g., closer to the central shaft  201  as speed decreases. Also, the number of elastic members  224  can be any number one or greater. 
         [0021]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a general stator  350  surrounding a rotor  200  with the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  in, respectively, initial and fully extended positions. The stator  350  includes slots  352  to receive stator windings (not shown). In more detail, as the rotational speed of the central shaft  201  increases, the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  move outwardly from the initial resting location ( FIG. 3A ) towards and eventually into contact with or within a predefined distance from the permanent magnets  208  ( FIG. 3B ). Stated differently, the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  move outwardly away from the central shaft  201  as speed increases ( FIG. 3B ) towards and back towards it when speed decreases. The furthest outwardly extended position may an inner radius of the permanent magnets  208 . This inner radius is shown by dashed line  250  in  FIGS. 2 b    and  3 A- 3 B. 
         [0022]    The radial displacement of the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  may be described, in one embodiment, by a differential equation with respect to the radial direction as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     M 
                      
                     
                       
                         
                            
                           2 
                         
                          
                         A 
                       
                       
                          
                         
                           t 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       m 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       F 
                       c 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       F 
                       el 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where M is the equivalent mass, Fm is the attractive force between magnets  208  and the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b , Fe is the centrifugal force and Fel is the elastic force exerted inwardly toward the central shaft  201  by the elastic members  224 . 
         [0023]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show flux lines  300 . These flux lines  300  are shown for example and discussion only. As the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  move outwardly some of the flux may leak into them. This is illustrated in  FIG. 3B  by leakage flux  302 . The closer the flux control elements  222   a ,  222   b  get, the more flux leaks into them (e.g., the leakage flux  302  increases). This can allow for a more constant EMF in the stators, even as speed increases. 
         [0024]    While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.