Abstract:
A triarylsulfonium salt is prepared in high yield and high purity by a two-step process involving a aryl Grignard reagent reacted with a diarylsulfoxide in a solvent which is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by a second step which is metathesis with ZMF 6 , where Z is a metal or metal-like anion, and M is antimony, arsenic or phosphorus, preferably employing an ammonium salt and carried out in a non-aqueous solvent.

Description:
DESCRIPTION 
     The present application is a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending application Ser. No. 07/152,729 filed Feb. 5, 1988, now abandoned. 
    
    
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention is concerned with an improved synthesis of triarylsulfonium salts. 
     2. Background Art 
     Triarylsulfonium salts are used as photo-acid initiators for polymerization and ester cleavage. They are also used as radical photoinitiators. They have, however, suffered from the disadvantage from being extremely expensive and also needing to be exceptionally pure when they are used. 
     The most commonly used synthesis of triarylsulfonium salts is that given by Crivello and Lam, J. Polym. Sci., 17, 977 (1979). This method is usually called the &#34;iodonium salt route&#34;. The method has the disadvantage of requiring the use of toxic iodonium salts. It has the additional disadvantage in that it is a two-step process and that expensive reagents are used in the lower yielding first step of the two-step process. The products from each step are impure, being isolated as colored oils. Multiple recrystallizations are required in order to obtain white crystalline products. 
     The literature also describes another method for the synthesis of triphenylsulfonium salts. This two-step process is described by the following equations: ##STR1## wherein Ar is aromatic such as phenyl, tolyl, etc., X is a halogen such as bromide, and Z is a alkali metal such as sodium and M is antimony, arsenic or phosphorus. Step 1 of this synthesis is described in Wildi et al, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 73, 1965 (1951) and LaRochelle et al, J. Amer. Chem Soc., 93, 6077 (1971). Step 2 of this synthesis is described by Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,476. It is with improvements in these synthetic methods that the present invention is concerned. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The above-described process is greatly improved by certain changes in the procedure. In the prior art, the Grignard reaction used either ether or ether-benzene co-solvents. According to the present invention, greatly higher yields are obtained using a solvent which is a mixture of liquid aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Using the solvent mixture of the present invention also has the advantages of shorter reaction times, 3 hours versus 18 hours in the prior art. Furthermore, less Grignard reagent can be used. 
     The present invention requires only 3 equivalents of Grignard reagent (Example 1) to give 60% yield of product, whereas the prior art requires 5 equivalents of the reagent and gives less product, 39% laRochelle et al, 49% Wildi et al. For direct comparison, when 2 equivalents of Grignard reagent are used, the present invention gives a 47% yield of product (Example 6), whereas the prior art, Wildi et al, reports only 14% yield of product. To demonstrate the necessity of the addition of aliphatic hydrocarbon co-solvent, the same reaction as Example 6 was run using 5 equivalents of Grignard reagent in benzene solvent and only 45% yield of product was obtained after 18 hours (Example 8). The aromatic co-solvent is not restricted to benzene; toluene (Example 7) can satisfactorily be used. 
     In the prior art, the second step of the reaction was carried out using aqueous solvents. This causes hydrolysis of the anion, giving undesirable side reactions and lower yields of product. We have now found that the procedure is greatly improved when a non-aqueous solvent is used. Examples 9-17 demonstrate the use of non-aqueous ketone, nitrile, alcohol and ester solvents. 
     Furthermore, we have found that the throughput for the process is improved when an ammonium salt is used for the metathetical second step of the process (Example 11). Using the improved process of the present invention, the products of each of the two steps of the reactions are white crystals. The process also has the additional advantage in that, in the process of the present invention, the expensive MX 6  anion is used in the high yielding second step. 
    
    
     The following Examples are given solely for the purposes of illustration and should not be thought as limitations on the present invention, many variations of which are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. 
     GRIGNARD REACTIONS 
     Example 1 
     A 3.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (50 ml, 0.15 mole) was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Benzene (40 ml) was added, followed by n-heptane (300 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 10.1 g, (0.050 mol), in benzene (60 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (180 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2 x 30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3×250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave triphenylsulfonium bromide (10.2 g, 60%), which was crystallized from dichloromethane/diethyl ether. M.p. 285-7 ° C. 
     Example 2 
     A 3.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (50 ml, 0.15 mole) was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Benzene (40 ml) was added, followed by n-heptane (100 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 10.1 g, (0.050 mol), in benzene (60 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (180 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2 x 30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3 x 250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave triphenylsulfonium bromide (10.0 g, 59%). 
     Examples 3-5 
     Bromobenzene (28.4 g, 0.181 mol) was added to a stirred mixture of magnesium (4.3 g, 0.177 mol) in diethyl ether during hour. The resulting mixture of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl ether was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Benzene (50 ml) was added, followed by n-heptane (375 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 12.1 g, (0.0598 mol, in benzene (75 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (200 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2 x 30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3 x 250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave triphenylsulfonium bromide (12.3 g, 60%). Tris-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium bromide and tris-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium bromide were prepared from their respective diarylsulfoxides and bromoarenes by the above procedure. 
     Example 6 
     A 3.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (33 ml, 0.10 mole) was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Benzene (40 ml) was added, followed by n-heptane (100 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 10.1 g, (0.050 mol), in benzene (60 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (180 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2 x 30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3×250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave a residue which was crystallized from dichloromethane/diethyl ether to give triphenylsulfonium bromide (8.1 g, 47%). 
     Example 7 
     A 3.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (42 ml, 0.126 mole) was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Toluene (40 ml) was added, followed by n-heptane (200 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 10.1 g, (0.050 mol), in benzene (60 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (180 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2×30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3×250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave a residue which was crystallized from dichloromethane/diethyl ether to give triphenylsulfonium bromide (7.7 g, 44%). 
     Example  8 
     A 3.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (83 ml, 0.25 mole) was distilled under vacuum with slow heating from 20° to 80° C. Benzene (140 ml) was added, the resulting mixture was stirred and a solution of diphenylsulfoxide 10.1 g, (0.050 mol), in benzene (60 ml) was added during 1 hour at 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours and cooled to room temperature. An 25% aqueous hydrobromic acid solution (180 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture (exotherm-). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with 5% aqueous hydrobromic acid (2×30 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were extracted three times with dichloromethane (3×250 ml). The dichloromethane extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the organic solvent evaporated to leave triphenylsulfonium bromide (7.7 g, 45%). 
     METATHESIS REACTIONS 
     Example 9 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (50 g, 0.146 mole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (38 g, 0.147 mole) were mixed in 300 ml of acetone and stirred for 3 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (72.0 g, 100%). Recrystallization from ethanol gave white needles m.p. 203-5° C. 
     Example 10 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (15 g, 0.0437 mole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (11.3 g, 0.0437 mole) were mixed in 250 ml of acetone and stirred for 3 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (21.8 g, 100%). Recrystallization from ethanol gave white needles. 
     Example 11 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (1.72 g, 5.01 mmole) and ammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.82 g, 5.03 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of acetonitrile and stirred for 15 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (2.02 g, 99%). Recrystallization from ethanol gave white needles m.p. 178-9° C. 
     Example 12 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (1.72 g, 5.01 mmole) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (1.38 g, 7.50 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of acetone and stirred for 15 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (2.01g, 98%). Recrystallization from ethanol gave white needles. 
     Example 13 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (2.00 g, 5.83 mmole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (1.50 g, 5.80 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of acetone and stirred for 5 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (2.87g, 99%). 
     Example 14 
     Triphenylsulfonium bromide (0.50 g, 1.46 mmole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (0.37 g, 1.43 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of ethylacetate and stirred for 5 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (0.70g, 98%). 
     Example 15 
     Tris-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonium bromide (0.85 g, 1.90 mmole) sodium hexafluoroantimonate (0.493 g, 1.91 mmole were mixed in 30 ml of acetone and stirred for 5 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (1.13 g, 99%). 
     Example 16 
     Tris-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium bromide (3.57 g, 9.26 mmole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (2.58 g, 9.97 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of acetone and stirred for 5 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (5.0g, 100%). 
     Example 17 
     Tris-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonium bromide (2.5 g, 6.49 mmole) and sodium hexafluoroantimonate (1.68 g, 6.49 mmole) were mixed in 60 ml of acetone and stirred for 5 hr. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield a white solid (3.5g, 100%).