Abstract:
A PNP bipolar transistor or an enhancement mode P-channel FET is used as a buffer to drive a video signal from an imager to video processing circuits. An endoscope with a solid state imager having a negative-going video pulse is used, with a video buffer located at or near the distal end to buffer the CCD video signal. The buffer employs a PNP bipolar transistor that is biased by a bias circuit for the base and a power supply for the collector, both located near the transistor, and a load for the emitter located at some distance from the transistor.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention pertains to driving video signals from an imager to video processing circuits, and in particular, to using a PNP transistor as a buffer to drive the signals. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     High resolution borescopes need to produce the best video picture possible while maintaining the smallest possible size for the imager head assembly. In addition, the smallest amount of power possible must be dissipated in the imager head assembly. 
     The use of emitter followers and source followers to drive cables is well known and broadly used in practice. NPN emitter followers have been used to drive video cables from CCD imagers. N-channel JFET source followers and video-speed OP AMPS have also been used for this function. The output characteristic of the CCD imager makes it natural to select these types of devices because its DC output voltage provides the correct bias point for them without the addition of any parts. 
     What is not generally understood is the benefit of using a P-channel FET source follower or especially a PNP emitter follower in this application. The problem of establishing the bias point for these devices contraindicates their use. However, they have characteristics that are useful when the unique signal dynamics of the CCD video signal are considered. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,646 (Tsuji) discloses an image pickup apparatus for an electronic endoscope. The pickup unit comprises a solid-state image sensor and a drive generator circuit disposed adjacent to the image sensor for generating drive voltages and having a device for adjusting the amplitude of the drive voltage required to properly drive the solid-state image sensor. Although Tsuji describes an NPN transistor circuit, Tsuji discloses that a PNP transistor can be used with the resistors arranged on the pull-up side. However, Tsuji just generates reference voltages in the head to reduce the number of wires and doesn&#39;t have anything to do with the signal out. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,656 (Hynecek et al.) discloses an image system comprising a solid-state imaging device, a buffer means provided in the vicinity of the imaging device, and a signal transmitting cable transmitting the signal amplified in the current by the buffer means to the signal processing means side to produce high picture quality. Hynecek discloses good prior art in FIGS. 3, 4, 14, and 15 for reducing power, which is an aspect of the present invention. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,035 (Uehara et al.) discloses an electronic endoscope with a CCD output circuit of positive polarity. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,749 (Hosoda) discloses an endoscope apparatus of general interest. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly stated, a PNP bipolar transistor or an enhancement mode P-channel FET is used as a buffer to drive a video signal from an imager to video processing circuits. An endoscope with a solid state imager having a negative-going video pulse is used, with a video buffer located at or near the distal end to buffer the CCD video signal. The buffer employs a PNP bipolar transistor that is biased by a bias circuit for the base and a power supply for the collector, both located near the transistor, and a load for the emitter located at some distance from the transistor. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, an endoscope apparatus includes a solid state imager having a negative-going video pulse and a video buffer located substantially at a distal end of the apparatus to buffer a video signal produced by the solid state imager. The video buffer includes a PNP bipolar transistor biased by a base bias circuit connected to a base of the transistor and a power supply connected to a collector of the transistor. The base bias circuit and the power supply are located in the distal end of the apparatus; and an emitter of the transistor is connected through a cable to a load for the emitter, where the load is located substantially at a proximal end of the apparatus. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a waveform of a video signal waveform from an imager. 
     FIG. 3 shows a schematic of a buffer to drive the video signal from the imager to video processing circuits according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 4 shows a schematic of a load and amplifier circuit which receives the video signal from a cable connected to the circuit of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 shows an optional cable compensation circuit which is used in a variation of the circuit of FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 6A shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6B shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6C shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6D shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG.  3 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the basic idea of the invention is the use of a PNP bipolar transistor Q 1  or enhancement mode P-channel FET (not shown) as the buffer to drive a video signal from an imager  10 , such as a CCD or CMOS imager, to a video processing circuit  18 . The signal is transmitted from imager  10  through a bias circuit  12  to a base  1  of transistor Q 1 . A power supply  20  biases Q 1  at a collector  3 . A source termination R 1  is in series between an emitter  2  of transistor Q 1  and a coaxial cable  14 . The signal passes through a load and amplifier  16  before entering video processing circuit  18 . The bias circuit  12 , power supply  20 , and load are required for any configuration, PNP or otherwise. The amplifier is optional in any configuration, but may improve system performance. 
     Referring also to FIG. 2, the video signal from imager  10  is shown. The signal is composed of two pulses, a reset gate pulse  22  which contains no useful information, and a video pulse  24  that represents the brightness of light shining on a pixel in the imager. The video signal has a large random noise component added to it by the imager output circuitry that can degrade the picture quality. In practice, the signal is sampled by video processing circuit  18  at two places, in a black reference  26  and in video pulse  24  (marked with the crosses in FIG. 2) to determine the amplitude of the video pulse, which sampling greatly reduces the random noise. 
     Reset gate pulse  22  contains additional noise, both random noise and noise caused by digital video processing circuitry  18 . To the extent that reset gate pulse  22  is included in the two samples, it causes noise effects in the picture. Thus, if we move the black reference  26  sample earlier or the video pulse  24  sample later (i.e., into the reset gate pulse), it harms the image. Likewise, spreading of the reset gate into the sample intervals harms the image. 
     Emitter followers and source followers have the property that they are able to drive signals of one polarity better than signals of the opposite polarity. The NPN bipolar and N-FET types drive positive going signals better than negative going ones. For the CCD video signal, they reproduce the reset gate pulse  22  well, but have difficulty reproducing large video pulse  24  signals. The signal handling limit occurs when the current driven into the cable (Vsignal/2*Zcable) approaches or exceeds the DC current through the transistor (Iemitter). For the PNP transistor or P-FET, the opposite is true, so if any limiting occurs, it only serves to reduce the amplitude of reset gate pulse  22 , resulting in a net benefit. 
     A DC current must be maintained through transistor Q 1  in order to control the output impedance of the buffer. This current is supplied by load circuit  16  at the end of cable  14 . Bias circuit  12  and power supply  20  must be chosen so that an uncorrupted signal is delivered without causing excess power dissipation in the imager head, and must also be free of noise that would degrade the quality of the picture. The voltage from base  1  to collector  3  (Vbc) must be large enough for linear operation, while the voltage from emitter  2  to collector  3  (Vce) must be kept low to limit power. Vbc of about 1 to 2 volts is optimum for typical CCD imagers. 
     A typical CCD requires two power supplies which may be used to provide bias and power supply voltages: Vh with a voltage of about +15 volts, and V 1  at around −7.5 to −8.5 volts. Some CCD products have a clock buffer supply Vclk at about+5 volts that may also be employed. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the invention is shown in which collector  3  is connected to a reference potential. Base  1  is connected to the reference potential via a resistor R 2 , and is connected to bias circuit  12  via a coupling capacitor C 6 . The key to this embodiment is to control the current. Current i 1  sets current i 2  which sets the DC operating voltage (DC bias point). We need enough voltage on collector  3  compared to base  1  so that transistor Q 1  doesn&#39;t go non-linear. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, load and amplifier circuit  16  is shown in detail. The purpose of this circuit is to get the HF AC signal from the circuit of FIG. 3 out to video processing circuit  18  (FIG.  1 ), which is preferably a DSP. The AC signal enters a cable termination impedance portion which consists of a resistor R 19  in parallel with a capacitor C 19 . The preferred impedance depends on the cable length and type. The purpose of the cable termination impedance is to create a 50 ohm impedance and boost the HF components of the AC signal relative to the LF components. 
     A transistor Q 3  controls the current through a transistor Q 2 . Resistors R 23  and R 24  determine the current through Q 3 . The B-E voltage through transistor Q 3  along with resistors R 23  and R 24  control the current through transistor Q 2 , which is the current to the image head in imager  10  (FIG.  1 ). That is, transistor Q 3  determines and transistor Q 2  provides the DC current to the image head. Transistor Q 2  is used as a common-base amplifier in which the base is connected to the reference potential at high frequencies via a capacitor C 20 . At low frequencies, the base moves to control the current. A capacitor C 21  is a coupling capacitor. A resistor R 21  and a capacitor C 22  filter the signal to clean up noise imposed by the power supply (Vcc). A common-mode transformer T 1  is used because this circuit and the DSP are on different circuit boards. The output voltage of the AC signal is developed across a resistor R 25 . 
     Referring to FIG. 5, resistor R 25  is optionally replaced with an additional cable compensation circuit with a resistor R 11  in series with a parallel combination of an inductor L 1  and a resistor R 13 . The circuit boosts the high frequencies (HF) relative to the low frequencies (LF). 
     Referring to FIGS. 6A-6D, alternative embodiments of the invention are shown. In FIG. 6A, the circuit has the ability to drive hard on negative outputs corresponding to the video signal. Although there is low power dissipation, noise comes in from the 5 volt power supply. In FIG. 6B, there is more power dissipated, but very little power noise. In FIG. 6C, there is less power dissipated, but there is still about ½ of the 5 volt power supply noise. In FIG. 6D, there is good power and good noise, but a separate power supply is still used to bias transistor Q 1 . The embodiment of FIG. 3 is preferred because no power supply noise is introduced. 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to a particular preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment and that various modifications and the like could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.