Abstract:
It is disclosed that there is a method of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for not only consuming uniform power, but also making pictures switched continuously.  
     A method of driving a plasma display panel according to the present invention includes steps of detecting an average picture level of a picture to be transmitted from an input means to a mapping means and to be displayed on the plasma display panel; mapping the number and an arrangement of sub-fields with respect to each pixel data on the basis of the average picture level; and determining a total discharge frequency and a discharge frequency by sub-fields on the basis of the APL.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    This invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly to a method and an apparatus of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for not only consuming uniform power, but also making pictures switched continuously.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    Generally, a PDP driving apparatus displays a picture on the PDP by controlling the number and an arrangement of sub-fields. As the number of the sub-fields decreases, a sustain period, i.e., the number of sustains, increases to display a bright picture, i.e., a picture with high brightness, on the PDP. However, there is contour noise seriously generated in a moving picture that is displayed by a method of a few sub-fields, so as to deteriorated a picture quality. On the other hand, if the number of the sub-fields increases, the contour noise appearing in the moving picture is reduced remarkably to improve the picture quality, but the brightness of the picture displayed on the PDP decreases. This is because the sustain period, i.e., the number of sustains, is reduced due to the increase of a reset period and an address period as much as the increase of the number of the sub-fields.  
           [0005]    Further, in the PDP driving apparatus, power dissipated for a discharge increases as a screen area of the PDP increases. Due to this, it might be possible that the PDP driving apparatus dissipate more than a threshold power of its own. In order to solve this problem, there has been a method that an area is divided into three or four stages through trial and error to reduce the number of the sustains appropriately, so that a power consumption is made to be within a range of a threshold or less. However, in such a area division method, the number of the sustains is not continuously changed like a staircase. That is, the number of the sustains is discontinuously changed in the area division method. There appears a noise in a form of flicker on the screen at the moment when the number of the sustains is changed discontinuously.  
           [0006]    As a result, in the conventional PDP driving apparatus, it is inevitable that the power consumption may not only swerve from the threshold power range, but there may be also a discontinuous switching of the picture caused by the discontinuity of the number of the sustains.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for not only consuming uniform power, but also making pictures switched continuously.  
           [0008]    In order to achieve these and other objects of the invention, a method of driving a plasma panel display according to an aspect of the present invention includes steps of detecting an average picture level of a picture to be transmitted from an input means to a mapping means and to be displayed on the plasma display panel; mapping the number and an arrangement of sub-fields with respect to each pixel data on the basis of the average picture level; and determining a total discharge frequency and a discharge frequency by sub-fields on the basis of the APL.  
           [0009]    In the method, the mapping step includes a step of controlling a gain of the pixel data on the basis of the average picture level.  
           [0010]    In the method, the mapping step includes a step of diffusing an error of the pixel data.  
           [0011]    A driving apparatus of a plasma display panel according to another aspect of the present invention includes an input means for inputting a pixel data of a picture to be displayed on the plasma display panel; a detecting means for detecting an average picture level from the pixel data of the input means; a mapping means for mapping the number and an arrangement of sub-fields with respect to the pixel data from the input means on the basis of the average picture level; and a determining means for determining a total discharge frequency and a discharge frequency by sub-fields on the basis of the average picture level.  
           [0012]    The driving apparatus further includes a means for controlling a gain of the pixel data to be transmitted from the input means to the mapping means on the basis of the average picture level.  
           [0013]    The driving apparatus further includes a means for diffusing an error of the pixel data from the input means to the mapping means. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically representing a plasma display panel driving apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a table showing output data with respect to input data of a gain controller shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a sub-field mapping table included in a sub-field mapping unit shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 is a graph representing a change of the number of sustain pulses in accordance with an APL;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a graph representing a change of a total power dissipation in accordance with an APL;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 is a graph representing a change of a reactive power dissipation in accordance with an APL; and  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 is a graph representing a change of a discharge power dissipation in accordance with an APL. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0022]    Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a plasma display panel driving apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0024]    Referring to FIG. 1, the PDP driving apparatus includes a frame memory  10  and a first gamma corrector  12  connected to an input bus line  11  commonly.  
         [0025]    The frame memory  10  delays red R, green G and blue B data sequentially inputted from the input bus line  11  for a period corresponding to one frame, and then sequentially outputs the delayed R, G and B. Each of the R, G and B data inputted into the frame memory  10  is composed of 8 bits.  
         [0026]    The first gamma corrector  12  corrects gamma errors included in each of the R, G and B data sequentially inputted from the input bus line  11  and makes the R, G and B data have linearity instead of non-linearity. In order to correct such gamma errors, the first gamma corrector  12  includes a gamma correction look-up table where logical values with linearity corresponds to logical values with non-linearity respectively. Each of R, G and B data corrected by the first gamma corrector  12  has 8 bits in the same way as the R, G and B of the input bus line  11 . The corrected R, G and B data are sequentially applied frota the first gamma corrector  12  to an APL operator  14 .  
         [0027]    The APL operator  14  calculates an average level value of a picture which is be displayed on a panel (not shown), every frame. To this end, the APL operator  14  accumulates the R, G and B data of one frame portion sequentially inputted from the first gamma corrector  12 , and then divides the accumulated data by the number of pixels of the panel. The APL data from the AFL operator  14  consist of 8 bits in the same way as R, G and B data of the input bus line  11 . The APL data are commonly applied to a bit number substituter  16  and a first frame delayer  18 .  
         [0028]    The bit number substituter  16  converts AFL data of 8 bits into APL data of 5 bits. To this end, the bit number substituter  16  may includes an operator that divides the AFL data by a substitution variable with a designated value, e.g., ‘8’, and outputs their quotient as a substituted APL data. In another way, the bit number substituter  16  may include a bit substitution look-up table in which the logical values, i.e., gray level value, of the substituted APL data corresponding to ‘1’ for each of logical values, i.e., gray level values, of a designated number of the APL data are recorded. In the bit substitution look-up table, it is possible to control the number of logical values of the APL data corresponding to the logical values of the substituted APL data respectively.  
         [0029]    In the event that the number of the logical values of the APL data corresponding to each of the logical values of the substituted APL data is made appropriately different, picture quality and brightness of a picture displayed on the PDP are improved. In this point of view, it is more desirable to have the bit number substituter  16  include the bit substitution look-up table than the operator. Also, the substituted APL data outputted from the bit number substituter  16  may have other number of bits than 5 bits. And, it is possible to set the number of bits of the APL inputted to the bit number substituter  16  differently. Furthermore, the bit number substituter  16  applies the substituted APL data to a second frame delayer  20 .  
         [0030]    A first frame delayer  18  delays the APL data of 8 bits from the APL operator  14  for one frame period under the control of a vertical synchronization signal Vsync from a synchronizing signal line  13 . Also, the first frame delayer  18  outputs the delayed APL data. To this end, the first frame delayer  18  includes a flip-flop latching the APL data from the APL operator  14  to an output in any one of a falling edge and a rising edge of the vertical synchronization signal.  
         [0031]    A second frame delayer  20  delays the substituted APL data of 5 bits from the bit number substituter  16  for one frame period under the control of a vertical synchronization signal Vsync from a synchronizing signal line  13 . Also, the second frame delayer  20  outputs the delayed, substituted APL data. To this end, the second frame delayer  20  includes a flip-flop latching the substituted APL data from the bit number substituter  16  to an output in any one of a falling edge and a rising edge of the vertical synchronization signal.  
         [0032]    The PDP driving apparatus includes a second gamma corrector  22  connected to the frame memory  10 , and a gain controller  24  connected to the bit number substituter  16 . The second gamma corrector  22  corrects gamma errors included in each of the R, G and B data sequentially inputted from the frame memory  10  to make the R, G and B data have linearity instead of non-linearity. In order to correct such gamma error, the second gamma corrector  22  includes a gamma correction look-up table where logical values with linearity correspond to logical values with non-linearity respectively. Each of R, G and B data corrected by the second gamma corrector  22  includes an integer part of 8 bits and a fractional part of 4 bits differently from the R, G and B data of the input bus line  11 . The second corrector  22  applies 12 bit data which is gamma-corrected to a multiplier  26 .  
         [0033]    On the other hand, the gain controller  24  applies any one of 32 gain values which are different in accordance with the logical values of the substituted APL data of 5 bits from the bit number substituter  16 , to the multiplier  26 . In order to output the gain values in accordance with the logical values of the substituted APL data, the gain controller  24  includes a look-up table storing 9 bit gain values corresponding to the logical values of the substituted APL data respectively, or a register selectively outputting 32 gain values different from one another in accordance with the substituted APL data. In the look-up table or the register included in the gain controller  24 , as shown in FIG. 2, there are 32 gain values such as ‘180’, ‘185’, ‘190’, . . . , ‘250’ and ‘255’ recorded corresponding to the logical values ‘00000’ to ‘11111’ of the substituted APL data. Even though the maximum gain value recorded in the look-up table and the register is ‘180’ and differences between these gain values are 5 each, the maximum gain value and the difference between the gain values can be changed. The gain value applied from the gain controller  24  to the multiplier  26  is composed of 9 bits. The gain value may have more or less number of bits other than 9 bits.  
         [0034]    The multiplier  26  multiplies the gamma corrected 12 bit data from the second gamma corrector  22  by the gain value from the gain controller  24  and applies the R, G and B data with their gain adjusted to a decimal point separator  28 . Each of the R, G and B data outputted from the multiplier  26  includes an integer part of 9 bits and a fractional part of 5 bits. Further, each of the R, G and B data outputted from the multiplier  26  can have their total bit number, the bit number of the integer part and the bit number of the fractional part set differently.  
         [0035]    The decimal point separator  28  divide a 14 bit data from the multiplier  26  into a 9 bit integer part data and a 5 bit fractional part data, and the integer part data is applied to the an adder  34  and the fractional part data is applied to an error diffuser  32 . To this end, the decimal point separator  28  includes wires, i.e., upper 9 bit lines connected to the adder  34  and lower 5 bit lines connected to the error diffuser  32 . In another way, the decimal point separator  28  may have a 14 bit register, upper 9 bit output terminals of which are connected to the adder  34  and the lower 5 bit output terminals are connected to the error diffuser  32 .  
         [0036]    The error diffuser  32  stores the fractional part data sequentially inputted from the decimal point separator  28  to a line memory  30 . Also, the error diffuser  32  does error diffusion to a carry signal which is generated when operating the fractional part data of a presently inputted pixel and the fractional part data of the pixels positioned around the present pixel in accordance with designated rules, and applies the error-diffused carry signal to the adder  34 .  
         [0037]    The adder  34  applies the 9 bit integer part of the R, G and B data from the decimal point separator  28  and the R, G and B data of 9 bits that are primarily error-diffused by being added to the carry signal from the error diffuser  32 , to the sub-field mapping unit  36 .  
         [0038]    The sub-field mapping unit  36  maps sub-fields for each R, G and B data so that the number and arrangement of the sub-fields to be discharged are changing in accordance with frames, i.e., according to the brightness of a picture, even though the logical value of each R, G and B data of 9 bits is the same regardless of the frames. More particularly, the sub-field mapping unit  36  is provided with a plurality of sub-field maps, e.g., 32 kinds of sub-field maps, where the number and arrange of the sub-fields to be discharged are different in regard to each gray level value of the R, G and B data, and then selects any one of a plurality of sub-field maps, e.g., 32 kinds of sub-field maps, in accordance with the logical value of the substituted APL data of a specified bit number, e.g., 5 bits, from the bit number substituter  16  to be applied to an address driver circuit (not shown) of the plasma display panel. Also, in the sub-field mapping unit  36 , the maximum number of the sub-fields which can be discharged in regard to one gray level value of the R, G and B data is set to be larger than the bit number of the data. For example, the number of sub-fields are set to be 12 which is larger by 3 than the bit number of 9 bit color data. Accordingly, the 9 bit color data, i.e., R, G or B data, outputted from the adder  34  are mapped to any one of the sub-field maps of 32 kinds, as shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with the logical value of the substituted APL data of 5 bits generated at the bit number substituter  16 , to be converted into 12 bit color data.  
         [0039]    Further, the PDP driving apparatus includes a first buffer  38  and a second buffer  40  connected to the first and second delayer  18  and  20  respectively. The first buffer  38  responds to the vertical synchronization signal Vsync from the synchronizing signal line  13  to transmit the APL data from the first frame delayer  18  to an address generator  42 . To this end, the first buffer  38  includes a latch circuit latching the 8 bit APL data from the first frame delayer  18  from any one of a rising edge and a falling edge of the vertical synchronization signal Vsync to the address generator  42 .  
         [0040]    The second buffer  40  responds to the vertical synchronization signal Vsync from the synchronizing signal line  13  to transmit the substituted APL data from the second frame delayer  20  to an address generator  42 . To this end, the second buffer  40  includes a latch circuit latching the substituted 5 bit APL data from the second frame delayer  20  from any one of a rising edge and a falling edge of the vertical synchronization signal Vsync to the address generator  42 .  
         [0041]    The address generator  42  loads the 8 bit APL data and the substituted 5 bit APL data from the first and second buffer  38  and  40  to upper 13 bits and then generates an address signal of 17 bits where their lower 4 bits sequentially increase by ‘1’, to apply to a discharge frequency designator  44 . The period when the logical value of the address signal generated at the address generator  42  are increasing is changing in accordance with the logical value of the APL data so that the total number of the sustain pulses, i.e., total discharge frequency, generated during the frame period is made to get larger or fewer.  
         [0042]    The discharge frequency designator  44  reads a discharge frequency to be generated during one sub-field period, which is recorded at a storing position corresponding to the logical value of the 17 bit address signal from the address generator  42  and applies the read discharge frequency to a first to a thirteenth register  46 A to  46 M. To this end, the discharge frequency designator  44  includes a memory storing a discharge frequency set where a discharge frequency value is a designated number, e.g., 7, or more and less than the maximum number of the sub-fields, e.g., 12, corresponding to the logical values of the upper 13 bits among 17 bits of the address signal. The discharge frequency values included in the discharge frequency set are set to increase by at least a number bigger than 1 randomly as the logical value of the lower 4 bit address signal increases among the 17 bit address signal. The number of the discharge frequency values included in the discharge frequency set is close to the minimum number as the logical value of the APL gets low. Whereas, if the logical value of the APL data is the threshold or more, the number of the discharge frequency values is the highest number of the discharge frequency value.  
         [0043]    The first to thirteenth registers  46 A to  46 M commonly receive the lower 4 bits of the address signal among the 17 bits of the address signal generated at the address generator  42 . The first to thirteenth registers  46 A to  46 M are sequentially driven in accordance with the logical value of the lower 4 bit address signal, latch the discharge frequency from the discharge frequency designator  44  and then apply the latched discharge frequency to a waveform control signal generator  48 .  
         [0044]    The waveform control signal generator  48  applies sustain pulses corresponding to the discharge frequency sequentially inputted from the first to thirteenth registers  46 A to  46 M to a scan driver circuit (not shown) and a common driver circuit (not shown) during one sub-field period. Besides, the waveform control signal generator  48  applies various pulses necessary for driving the panel, to an address driver circuit, a scan driver circuit and a common driver circuit.  
         [0045]    In this way, the PDP driving apparatus first calculates the APL value of an input picture. Subsequently, the PDP apparatus selects any one of a gain value of a designated kinds, i.e., 32 kinds, most suitable for the input picture and the number and arrangement of the sub-fields on the basis of the calculated APL value, and then makes the pixel data, i.e., R, G and B data, diffused in use of the selected gain value and the number and arrangement of the sub-fields. Together with this, the PDP driving apparatus generates sustain pulses that control the discharge frequency during each sub-field period in accordance with the number of the sub-fields and the total discharge frequency of the frame period on the basis of the APL value, together with various timing control signals. The PDP driving apparatus applied the diffused pixel data and the timing control signals including the sustain pulses with their number controlled, to the address driver circuit, the scan driver circuit and a common driver circuit.  
         [0046]    As a result, the following problems opposing to each other can be solved. There is a problem of a picture displayed on the panel when the sustain frequency is made to increase by applying a few sub-fields. There is a problem of a picture displayed on the panel when the sustain frequency is made to increase by applying many sub-fields. To be more particular, in the event that a dark picture, i.e., a picture of a low APL, with which brightness appears to be the most major problem is displayed, the panel is made to be driven by reducing the number of sub-fields to make the total sustain frequency have the maximum value, thereby making peak brightness emphasized. Accordingly, the picture quality of the dark picture displayed on the panel is improved. Differently from this, in the event that a bright picture, i.e., a picture of a high APL, with which pseudo contour noise and power consumption appear to be the more serious problem than brightness is displayed, the panel is made to be driven by increasing the number of sub-fields to make the sustain frequency reduced for display the upper bit data, i.e., the upper bit data diffused or dispersed by the increased sub-field, thereby making the occurrence of the pseudo contour noise minimized. Accordingly, the picture quality of the bright picture displayed on the panel is improved.  
         [0047]    In the sub-field mapping, the total sustain frequency may be determined by a relation of the APL value and the number of sustain pulses, as shown in FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 4, a section up to a level ‘XX’ emphasizes a peak brightness by sustaining the number of sustains as maximal as possible in their timing. And in a section from the level ‘XX’ to a level 255, a screen is brightened and the number of sustains is made to decrease, so that total power supply always sustains at less than a designated value, maximum permissible power supply.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 5 represents that the total dissipated power is kept at lower than the maximum permissible power by the fact that the number of sustains is controlled. In FIG. 5, because pixels to be turned on, i.e., to be discharged, increase until the APL reaches the level ‘XX’, the total power dissipation increases linearly. In the section where the value of the APL is between ‘XX’ and 255, the total power dissipation has an almost uniform value. Also, the power dissipated in the PDP can be divided into a reactive power dissipation consumed while a panel capacitor is charged and discharged and a discharge power dissipation consumed by a discharge which makes light radiate. Firstly, the reactive power dissipation (P reactive ) consumed by the fact that the panel capacitor charges and discharges a sustaining voltage Vs is expressed as the following Formula 1. 
           P   reative   ≅f×Cp×Vs   2   [FORMULA 1] 
         [0049]    In Formula 1, ‘f’ is the frequency of sustains, i.e., the number of times, ‘Cp’ is the capacitance of a panel capacitor, and ‘Vs’ is a sustain voltage. Because the capacitance of the panel capacitor Cp and the sustain voltage Vs are uniform, the reactive power dissipation P reactive  changes in accordance with the frequency of the sustains as in Formula 2. 
         P reative αThe number of Sustains  [FORMULA 2] 
         [0050]    When Formula 2 is rearranged, P reactive  is calculated by Formula 3. 
           P   reative =α×The number of Sustains  [FORMULA 3] 
         [0051]    On the other hand, the discharge power dissipation P discharge  approximates the product of the APL and the sustain frequency as in Formula 4. 
           P   reative   αV   APL ×The number of Sustains  [FORMULA 4] 
         [0052]    APL is average picture level in Formula 4. Also, the discharge power dissipation P discharge  is proportional to the number of pixels discharged, so it can be calculated by Formula 5. 
           P   reative   αβ×APL ×The number of Sustains  [FORMULA 5] 
         [0053]    The total power dissipation is the sum of the reactive power dissipation P reactive  and the discharge power dissipation P discharge  calculated by Formula 3 and 5, so the total power dissipation P total  is as follows. 
           P   TOTAL =[α×The number of Sustains]×[β× V   APL ×The number of Sustains]  [FORMULA 6] 
         [0054]    ‘α’ in Formula 3 and 6 is calculated by substituting the number of sustain pulses and the reactive power dissipation measured into Formula 3 after measuring the reactive power dissipation when an arbitrary number of sustain pulses are applied in a black screen. Further, ‘β’ is calculated by substituting the maximum permissible power, i.e., 700 W, in a specification, e.g., the standard of an article, as the total power dissipation into Formula 6. It is possible because the value of ‘α’ is calculated from Formula 3. However, ‘β’ can only be calculated in a section, i.e., XX≦APL≦255, where the APL has a value between ‘XX’ to ‘255’. This is because the number of sustain pulses has the maximum value permitted by timing in a section between ‘0’ to ‘XX’.  
         [0055]    Accordingly, the total power dissipation P total  in Formula 6 uniformly remains the value of the maximum permissible power in the specification in the event that the APL is between ‘XX’ and ‘255’, and because ‘α’ and ‘β’ are calculated by the above way, it is possible to calculate the total sustain frequency in accordance with the APL. The total sustain frequency calculated in this way shows a characteristic of being inversely proportional to the APL, as in a curve A of FIG. 3.  
         [0056]    To be more particular to this, if the APL is in the section between ‘0’ and ‘XX’, a peak brightness is emphasized by driving the panel with the maximal sustain frequency within the range where the timing is possible in driving panel. In other words, as the APL increases from 0 to ‘XX’, the reactive power dissipation P reactive  remains uniformly as shown in FIG. 6, whereas the discharge power dissipation P discharge  increases linearly as in FIG. 7. Differently from this, in the event that the APL is in the section between ‘XX and 255, the panel is driven with the total sustain frequency in inverse proportion to the APL. Accordingly, the reactive power dissipation P reactive , as shown in FIG. 6, slowly decreases, whereas the discharge power dissipation P discharge , as in FIG. 7, slowly increases. As a result, the total power dissipation P total  remains uniformly, not to exceed the maximum permissible power.  
         [0057]    The reason why it is necessary to have 32 kinds of sub-field mapping table is to solve two contrary problems that are a problem of a picture displayed on the panel when the sustain frequency is increased by applying a few sub-fields and a problem of a picture displayed on the panel when the sustain frequency is decreased by applying many sub-fields. More particularly, in the event that a dark picture is displayed, herein brightness is the most serious problem, the number of sub-fields are reduced to make the panel driven for the total sustain frequency to have the maximum value, so that the peak brightness is emphasized. As a result, the picture quality of the dark picture displayed on the panel is improved. Differently from this, in the event that a bright picture, i.e., a picture of a high APL, is displayed, herein the problem of a pseudo contour noise and a power dissipation are more serious than the brightness, the number of the sub-fields is increased for the sustain frequency for displaying upper bit data to be reduced to drive the panel, i.e., for the upper bit data to be diffused or dispersed by the increased sub-fields, so that the occurrence of the pseudo contour noise is minimized. As a result, the picture quality of the bright picture displayed on the panel is improved.  
         [0058]    As described above, in the event that the dark picture, i.e., the picture of the low APL, is displayed, the driving method and apparatus of the plasma display panel according to the present invention drives the panel for the total sustain frequency to have the maximum value by reducing the number of sub-fields, thereby emphasizing the peak brightness and sustaining the reactive power dissipation uniformly at the same time. Also, In the event that the bright picture, i.e., the picture of high APL, is displayed, the driving method and apparatus of the plasma display panel according to the present invention drives the panel for the sustain frequency for displaying the upper bit data to be reduced by increasing the number of sub-fields, i.e., for the upper bit data to be diffused or dispersed by the increased sub-fields, thereby minimizing the occurrence of the pseudo contour noise and restraining the discharge power dissipation to increase as much as the reactive power dissipation decrease. As a result, the driving method and apparatus of the plasma display panel according to the present invention make it possible to always dissipate uniform power and to continuously switch the pictures.  
         [0059]    Although the present invention has been explained by the embodiments shown in the drawings described above, it should be understood to the ordinary skilled person in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments, but rather that various changes or modifications thereof are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention shall be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents.