Abstract:
An apparatus and method for sensor signal prediction and for improving sensor signal response time, is disclosed. An adaptive filter or an artificial neural network is utilized to provide predictive sensor signal output and is further used to reduce sensor response time delay.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     The invention was made with U.S. Government support under contract no. W-31-109-ENG-38 awarded by the Department of Energy and the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of signal conditioning. More particularly, the invention relates to an interoperating collection of adaptive filters supporting sensor signal prediction and that prediction&#39;s application. The adaptive filter based sensor signal predictor(s) may be used to increase a sensor&#39;s rate of response. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many industrial control applications require a plurality of sensors. In some applications, the sensors have a response time that is inadequate to provide effective control of the system. 
     Sensor response time may be described as the period between changing physical conditions and a change in the sensor (electrical) output. Sensor sensitivity may be described as the amount of change necessary in the physical condition that is needed to initiate a similar change in the sensor output signal. Together, the response time and the sensitivity of the sensor control the output signal. 
     If a given sensor&#39;s response time is N (i.e., N=50 milliseconds) and its sensitivity is S (i.e., S=+/−10 parts per million, for a chemical sensor) then N milliseconds after an S part per million change is experienced, the sensor will produce an approximately proportional, measurable change in the generated electrical signal. A control system external to the sensor, relying on the sensor, receives no benefit in polling or sampling the sensor any faster than it can physically respond, because no change (or an inaccurate change) in the electrical signal will be detected. If, for example, the external control system requires a feedback signal at higher sampling frequencies than the frequency response of the sensor, the conventional or classic solution is to develop a new sensor with different (improved) physical response characteristics. Development of new sensors however, is costly and potentially not possible. 
     Therefore, there is a need for a method and apparatus for improving sensor response times by predicting sensor outputs. Further, there is a need for inexpensive electronic devices that serve as interfaces between a closed (black box) control system and a given (chemical, pressure, temperature, etc.) sensor. Further still, there is a need for sensor predicting devices that utilize adaptive filter or neural network prediction algorithms to monitor sensor short-range past response and are able to predict the short-range future response of the sensor. Further still, there is a need for sensor predicting devices utilizing adaptive filter or neural network prediction algorithms that employ adaptive error correction and optionally provide interpolated output in the short time period that is required by the external control system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a system for improving the response time of a sensor. The sensor includes an input configured to sense an environmental characteristic and an output configured to provide an electrical signal representative of the input. The system also includes a sampling system configured to sample the sensor output at discrete time intervals and provide sampled sensor output signals. Further, the system includes an adaptive filter including a plurality of inputs and at least one output, the plurality of inputs configured to receive sampled sensor output signals, and at least one output of the adaptive filter configured to provide at least one estimated future sensor output based on the plurality of sampled sensor output signals provided to the plurality of inputs to the adaptive filter. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the invention also relates to a method of predicting the output of a sensor. The sensor has an input for sensing an environmental characteristic, and the sensor having a sampled output representative of the input at a discrete time interval. The method includes providing, to a plurality of inputs of an artificial neural network, a plurality of discrete sensor outputs. Each discrete sensor output is representative of a sensor input at a different discrete time interval. The method also includes generating at least one output of the artificial neural network. The at least one output being an estimate of at least one future sensor output. 
     Further, an exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of predicting sensor output. The method includes adapting weights of an artificial neural network. The method also includes receiving, by the artificial neural network, a plurality of discrete sensor outputs from p discrete time intervals, up to the time n. Further, the method includes generating an output of the artificial neural network, based on the sensor outputs from the p discrete time intervals. The output is representative of the predicted sensor output at time n+1. 
     Further still, an exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of accelerating the output of a sensor. The method includes receiving by a first neural network a plurality of sensor outputs at discrete evenly spaced time intervals less than and including time n. The method also includes receiving by a second neural network a plurality of sensor outputs at discrete evenly spaced time intervals less than and including time n+m, where 0&lt;m&lt;1. The method further includes generating, by the first neural network, a predicted sensor output that is an estimate of the sensor output at time n+1. Further, the method includes generating, by the second neural network, a predicted sensor output that is an estimate of the sensor output at time n+1+m. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram of an artificial neuron model; 
     FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of an artificial neuron model showing the feedback adaptation mechanism; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a sensor signal prediction system including two artificial neural networks; 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary interpolation process used for improving sensor response time; 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of the actual sensor response versus the predicted sensor response using an exemplary 5-point prediction; and 
     FIG. 6 is an illustration of a predicted sensor signal utilizing time off-set predictive filters. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     A method and apparatus configured to perform sensor predictions utilizing an adaptive filtering, such as an adaptive filter or an artificial neural network (ANN) is disclosed. 
     Artificial neural network (ANN) systems are somewhat unique from recognized heuristic algorithms and expert systems. Scientists pioneered artificial neural networks as a method of simulating human brain activity. Today, ANNs show great promise as computing devices and may receive great attention from scientists and engineers to solve problems that are traditionally problematic for machines, in particular, problems involving unknown nonlinearities. For example, ANNs are ideal for pattern recognition tasks, prediction tasks, and automatic control tasks. Most significantly, ANNs have the ability to “learn” specific tasks, and “adapt” to specific environments. An ANN learns by comparing its output to a known output. The ANN has a set of adjustable internal weight settings that may be adjusted to minimize the error between the ANN output and the known output. ANNs are similar to, related to, and in some cases the same as some adaptive filtering techniques. Thus, it should be noted that although one exemplary embodiment shown and described is an artificial neural network model, the disclosure is not limited to ANNs, but includes other adaptive filtering techniques, or methodologies. 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a single neuron ANN  10  is depicted. Exemplary ANN  10  includes a plurality of j inputs (p 1 , . . . ,p j )  20 . Each input p i    20  is multiplied by a weight W i    30  (w i =w 1 , . . . ,w j ). The weighted inputs are added together at a summation stage  40 , along with a bias b, to produce an output n  45 , where              n   =         ∑     i   =   1     j                     (       P   i                     W   i       )       +   b             (   1   )                                
     In the exemplary embodiment of ANN  10 , output n is passed through an activation stage or function  50  to produce an output a  55 . Activation function  50  may be any of a variety of activation functions, including, but not limited to, a linear function, a logistic function, a hyperbolic tangent function, a discontinuous function, such as, but not limited to, the sign function, or other activation functions, squashing functions, sigmoidal functions, Gaussian functions, etc. 
     In a particular exemplary embodiment, ANN  10  includes an activation stage that is a linear function where a=C 1 n+C 2  such that C 1  and C 2  are constants, and is therefore known as an ADALINE (adaptive linear element) network such that              a   =         C   1                     (         ∑     i   =   1     j                     (       P   i                     W   i       )       +   b     )       +     C   2               (   2   )                                
     An ANN, such as ANN  10 , or any of a variety of other ANNs or adaptive filters, such as, but not limited to, multi-layer perceptron networks, back propagation networks, radial basis function networks, adaptive linear filters, and the like, may be used to provide approximations of nonlinear functions or approximations between nonlinear associations between input and output. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, an ANN, such as ANN  10  may be used in a system to predict sensor output and/or improve sensor response time through sensor output prediction and estimation. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary artificial neural network  200  is depicted including an adaptive learning mechanism. Artificial neural network  200  receives inputs  220  (p 1 , p 2 , . . . ,p 5 ). In an exemplary embodiment, p 1  may be the most recent sampled sensor input and p 2 , p 3 , p 4 , and p 5 , may be previously sampled inputs retrieved from a memory. Each of inputs  220  are multiplied by a set of weights  230  (W 1 , W 2 , . . . , W 5 ) respectively. Inputs  220 , multiplied by weights  230 , are summed at a summation stage  240  along with a bias b  245  to produce an output  250  n. Output  250  n is provided to activation stage  255  to provide a network output  260  a, each of inputs  220  and outputs  250  and  260  are provided as inputs to a least means squared (LMS) learning algorithm  270 . LMS learning algorithm  270  calculates the error between the current sampled signal value p 1  and the previous iteration&#39;s predicted value a to adaptively correct the weight values (W 1 , W 2 , . . . , W 5 ). A particular exemplary learning law (algorithm) that may be applied is the Widrow-Hoff LMS error minimization method. The error is calculated as 
     
       
           e =( a ( n −1)− p   1 ( n )).  (3) 
       
     
     The weight values are then updated for the next iteration following the Widrow-Hoff rule 
     
       
           W ( n +1)= W ( n )+2 αe ( n ) p   T ( n ),  b ( n +1)= b ( n )+2 αe ( n )  (4) 
       
     
     where                  p                   (   n   )       =     [           p   1           p   2           p   3           p   4           p   5           ]       ,           (   5   )                   W                   (   n   )       =     [           W   1               W   2               W   3               W   4               W   5           ]       ,           (   6   )                                
     and 0&lt;α&lt;1 is the learning rate. The error correction is completed each iteration and may be capable of achieving a small fraction of a percent error within a few iterations. This type of adaptively correcting algorithm may also be categorized as an adaptive filter that may be put into the framework of a neural network or provided as a software implemented algorithm. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, an exemplary graph  400  of a sensor output  410  is depicted. In one embodiment, a single ANN may be used to predict a sensor output one time increment into the future. For example, values p 1 , p 2  and prior values of p may be used to predict the point p 0 . Point p 0  may be exactly the same time step ahead of p 1  that p 1  is ahead of p 2 . In order to predict a value prior to p 0 , a prediction may be made for p 0  by the ANN and a separate value, between p 1  and p 0  may be established by interpolation. In FIG. 4, the interpolated point is designated as interpolated q 1 . This may be suitable for high-speed operations where computational capability is limited but where small error introduced by the interpolation is acceptable. In the exemplary illustration of FIG. 4, a single value interpolated between p 1  and p 0  is shown, however, many values could be calculated using simple linear interpolation or other interpolation mechanisms, such as quadratic interpolation, hyperbolic interpolation, and the like. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, multiple ANNs may be used to eliminate the error introduced by the interpolation mechanism. The use of multiple predicting ANNs requires that the ANNs receive sensor input off-set in time and synchronized with one another. The examples shown and described herein show only two networks used to double an effective sensor response rate, but the number of neurons and the scaling/acceleration are limited only by processing power and A/D sampling speed. 
     Referring now to FIG. 6, sample values p 1  through p 5  may be used as inputs to the first neural network to predict the value of p 0 . Off-set in time inputs q 1  through q 5  may be used to predict output q 0  in the future. The p and q values are off-set by a fixed amount controlled by the device, sampling rate, and the new p 1  and q 1  values are sampled independently with the same off-set. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram/flowchart depicts a system including two simultaneous executing networks predicting and accelerating the incoming signal by a factor of two. It should be noted that any number of networks may be applied in a similar manner as that illustrated in FIG. 3 which will increase the acceleration of the predicted sensor output. A sample input synchronizer  310  receives an incoming signal from an analog to digital (A/D) converter  305  which is coupled to an analog sensor  302 . A/D converter  305  samples analog sensor  302  signal and provides the sampled output to sample input synchronizer  310 . Sample input synchronizer  310  alternately copies to the p network  320  an input p 1  and then to the q network  330  an input q 1 . The P network may normally be executed first to calculate p 0 . Previous signals p 1 , . . . ,p 4  are shifted in inputs by a shift time-synchronized inputs mechanism  340  and  345 . For example, in shift time-synchronized inputs mechanism  340 , p 1  is assigned the latest sampled input from sample input synchronizer  310 , p 2  is assigned the previous value of p 1 , p 3  is assigned the previous value of p 2 , p 4  is assigned the previous value of p 3  and p 5  is assigned the previous value of p 4 . The neural network processing takes place by calculating the weighted product n  355  and applying the threshold squashing function to produce the predicted output a  360  and  365 . Outputs a are provided to a synchronized output controller module  370  which alternates in synchronized sequential output of the two networks. The alternating synchronized output may be supplied to a D/A controller to provide an analog output, or further may be provided to any of a number of data acquisition systems, stored in a memory, or the like. 
     As described earlier, output a  360  and input p 1 , the current sampled value from the sensor, are provided to the weight adaptation or learning algorithm  380  for the networks where adjustments are made to weights W and bias b. Similarly, output a  365  and input q 1  are provided to the weight adaptation or learning algorithm  385  to make weight W and bias b adjustments for the q network. 
     Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary graphical representation of the capability of an exemplary system, such as a system utilizing ANN  200 , used to predict the sensor output at a time one sampling ahead of the sampled sensor output, is plotted. Line  500  depicts the sampled output using an ANN, such as ANN  200  and line  510  depicts the actual sensor output sampled. It can be seen that there is a time, approximately between time  250  and  255  where line  500  is substantially different than line  510  because the ANN does not have enough sampled historical data points to make an accurate prediction. In an exemplary demonstration, when approximately five time points have been sampled, the ANN is able to make relatively accurate predictions of time steps one time step ahead of the sampled. 
     The sensor response rate accelerator as described above, in an exemplary embodiment, may be part of a suite of signal conditioning algorithms that are all embedded on a microcontroller (a sensor interface). The microcontroller (sensor interface) may include correcting/conditioning software or hardware for supplying a conditioned signal to an external controller system. The signal conditioning software or hardware may include the described prediction and acceleration algorithms along with, but not limited to, scaling (gain) algorithms, offset adjustments, integration (or smoothing) algorithms, derivative calculation (rate of change), threshold detection, and the like. 
     It should be noted that a variety of embodiments may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as to the configuration of the ANNs, the interpolation mechanism, the information processing device, and the A/D converter. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the A/D converter may be part of the sensors system and not a part of the computer whereby the computer receives a sampled signal from the A/D converter. Similarly, the ANN may be a program running in the memory of the computer, or, alternatively, the ANN or multiple ANNs may be embodied in dedicated hardware devices, such as dedicated neural processing hardware. Furthermore, the interpolation mechanism may be incorporated into the system as software running on the computer, or as software running on another dedicated device. 
     While the detailed drawings, specific examples, and particular formulations given describe exemplary embodiments, they serve the purpose of illustration only. The materials and configurations shown and described may differ depending on the chosen performance characteristics and physical characteristics of the sensor prediction systems. For example, the type of neural network or training methodologies used may differ. The systems shown and described are not limited to the precise details and conditions disclosed. Furthermore, other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the preferred embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.