Abstract:
Described herein are systems and methods for indexing documents in a quasi real-time manner. The method can include the steps of indexing documents and storing document information in a database, registering with an operating system for notification of changes to the documents, and responding to received notification of changes by updating the database to reflect the addition, modification, renaming and/or deletion of documents. Unlike traditional document systems, the document index described herein can be updated without rescanning all the indexed documents.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/603,366, entitled “PDF File Rendering Engine for Semantic Analysis,” filed Aug. 19, 2004. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/603,334, entitled “Usage of Idle CPU Time for Desktop Indexing,” filed Aug. 19, 2004; 60/603,335, entitled “On the Fly Indexing of Newly Added/Changed Files on a PC,” filed Aug. 19, 2004; and 60/603,336, entitled “On the Fly Indexing of Newly Added/Changed E-mails on a PC,” filed Aug. 19, 2004. All four of the foregoing provisional applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention pertains to digital data processing and, more particularly, methods and apparatus of finding information on digital data processors. The invention has application, by way of non-limiting example, in personal computers, desktops, and workstations, among others.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Search engines for accessing information on computer networks, such as the Internet, have been known for some time. Such engines are typically accessed by individual users via portals, e.g., Yahoo! and Google, in accord with a client-server model.  
         [0004]     Traditional search engines operate by examining Internet web pages for content that matches a search query. The query typically comprises one or more search terms (e.g., words or phrases), and the results (returned by the engines) typically comprise a list of matching pages. A plethora of search engines have been developed specifically for the web and they provide users with options for quickly searching large numbers of web pages. For example, the Google search engine currently purports to search over eight billion of web pages, e.g., in html format.  
         [0005]     In spite of the best intentions of developers of Internet search engines, these systems have a limited use outside of the World Wide Web.  
         [0006]     An object of this invention is to provide improved methods and apparatus for digital data processing.  
         [0007]     A related object of the invention is to provide such methods and apparatus for finding information on digital data processors. A more particular related object is provide such methods and apparatus as facilitate finding information on personal computers, desktops, and workstations, among others.  
         [0008]     Yet still another object of the invention is to provide such methods and apparatus as can be implemented on a range of platforms such as, by way of non-limiting example, Windows™ PCs.  
         [0009]     Still yet another object of the invention is to provide such methods and apparatus as can be implemented at low cost.  
         [0010]     Yet still yet another object of the invention is to provide such methods and apparatus as execute rapidity and/or without substantially degrading normal computer operational performance.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     The foregoing are among the objects achieved by the invention, which provides in one aspect a method of updating a database. For example, the method can comprise the steps of indexing documents and storing document information in a database. Unlike traditional document systems, the document database described herein can be updated without rescanning all the indexed documents. The indexing method can monitor changes to the indexed documents and update the database in a real-time manner to perform incremental updates each time a change occurs.  
         [0012]     The method can include the steps of registering with an operating system for notification of changes to the documents. When a notification is received regarding a change to a document, the database can be updated to reflect the addition, modification, renaming and/or deletion of documents.  
         [0013]     The database can include a series of folders that contain information such as unique documents identifiers, key word, the status of documents, and other information about the indexed files. For example, the database can include a document database file and a keyword database file. Other files can include slow data files, document ID index files, fast data files, URI index files, deleted document ID index files, lexicon files, and document list files.  
         [0014]     In one aspect, the step of indexing documents is performed on a local drive. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that network files and other drives can be similarly indexed.  
         [0015]     In another aspect, the step of indexing includes assigning each document a unique document identifier. For example, step of indexing can include storing the unique document identifiers and associated document URIs in a file and/or storing a unique document identifier and a keyword for each indexed document in a file.  
         [0016]     The method can further include the step of responding to notifications by storing information about the deleted status of documents in a file. For example, when the system receives notification that a files is deleted, the document ID for that file can be stored in a deleted document ID index file. When the system receives notice that a new documents is added, the step of responding to a notification can includes reserving a new unique document identifier for a new document, adding a document to a document database by writing a new entry for the new document, and associating the new document with a keyword.  
         [0017]     To protect against the loss of data, the method can further include a pre-commit stage, in which the database can be rolled back to its pre-document-addition state if the system unexpectedly shuts down. In one aspect, the pre-commit or commit status of documents are stored in a file.  
         [0018]     Once the documents are indexed, the method can further include searching the database for documents matching a keyword. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the step of searching can occur at any time. For example, a search can be performed shortly after receiving notification of a status change to a document, and the new status will be reflected in the search.  
         [0019]     In another aspect, indexing is paused when CPU usage rises above a threshold value. For example, the method can include the step of monitoring at least one of a mouse and a keyboard and pausing the indexing when at least one of the mouse and keyboard is used.  
         [0020]     In another embodiment described herein, an indexing system is described. The system can include an indexer for indexing files on a personal computer and a document database in communication with the indexer. The document data can be adapted to store unique identifiers for each indexed document. The indexer registers with the operating system, which is adapted to detect the addition, modification, renaming, and/or deletion of files and to signal the indexer when this happens.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]     The foregoing features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the illustrated embodiment, especially when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  
         [0022]      FIG. 1  depicts an architecture of desktop indexing system 10 according to one practice of the invention. The illustrated system 10 includes a set of indexing system files and/or databases containing information about user files (or “documents”) that are indexed by the system.  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of the pre-commit/commit procedure used to assure data integrity in a system according to the invention. If the system unexpectedly crashes before a document is properly indexed, the database can be rolled back to its state before the interrupt occurred.  
         [0024]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic view of a Lexicon Item and an associated Bucket in a system according to the invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 3B  is a schematic view of the Lexicon Item and Bucket of  FIG. 3A  after the arrival of a new document that matches an existing keyword.  
         [0026]      FIG. 3C  is a schematic view of the Lexicon Item and Bucket of  FIG. 3B  after a roll back.  
         [0027]      FIG. 3D  is a schematic view of the Lexicon Item and Bucket of  FIG. 3C  after the arrival of document 104.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0028]     We have designed an indexer that uses idle CPU time to index the personal data contained on a PC. The purpose of such a technology is to perform the indexing operations in the background when the user is away from its computer. That way, the index can be incrementally updated over time while not affecting the computer&#39;s performance.  
         [0029]     As used herein, the terms “desktop,” “PC,” “personal computer,” and the like, refer to computers on which systems (and methods) according to the invention operate. In the illustrated embodiments, these are personal computers, such as portable computers and desktop computers; however, in other embodiments, they may be other types of computing devices (e.g., workstations, mainframes, personal digital assistants or PDAs, music or MP3 players, and the like).  
         [0030]     Likewise, the term “document” or “user data,” unless otherwise evident from context, refers to digital data files indexed by systems according to the invention. These include by way of non-limiting example word processing files, “pdf” files, music files, picture files, video files, executable files, data files, configuration files, and so forth. When CPU use rises above a threshold level, the indexing is paused. The indexing is also paused when the users types on the keyboard or moves the mouse. This creates a unique desktop indexer that is completely transparent to the user since it never requires computer resources while the PC is being used.  
         [0031]     For the CPU usage monitoring, different sets of technologies can be used depending of the operating system.  
         [0032]     On Windows NT-based operating systems (Windows NT4/2000/XP), the “Performance Data Helper” API can monitor CPU usage. Numerous “Performance Counters” are available from this API. The algorithms we are using include the following:  
                                   Every 5 Seconds:       Check Performance Counters       If (Idle Process) + (Desktop Indexing Process) &lt; 50% Then        Pause Indexing       On Windows 9x (95/98/Me), the “Performance Data Helper” API is not       available. Instead, the indexing system can rely on more primitive       function calls of the operating system. One such algorithm is the       following:Every 20 Seconds:       Pause Indexing for 1.75 Seconds        Check Kernel Usage        If (Kernel Usage) = 100% Then         Pause Indexing                  
 
         [0033]     The monitoring of mouse and keyboard usage can be the same manner for all operating systems. Each time the mouse or the keyboard is used by the user, the indexing process is paused for the next 30 seconds.  
         [0034]     Source Code Excerpt—CPU Monitoring for Windows 95/98/ME:  
                                                    function TCDLCPUUsSageMonitorWin9x.Start: Boolean;            * * *            begin             * * *             FReg.RootKey := HKEY_DYN_DATA;             // before data is available, you must read the START key for             the data you desire             FReg.Access := KEY_QUERY_VALUE;             if FReg.TryOpenKey(CPerfKey + CPerfStart) then             begin              BufferSize := Sizeof(DataBuffer);              if FReg.TryReadBinaryData(CPerfUsage, DataBuffer,              BufferSize) then              * * *             end; // TryOpenKey           * * *           end;                      
 
         [0035]     Source Code Excerpt—CPU Monitoring for Windows NT:  
                                   function TCDLCPUUSsageMonitorWinNT.UpdateUsage: Boolean;       * * *       begin       * * *       if GetFormattedCounterValue(FTotalCounter, PDH_FMT_LARGE, nil,       FTotalCounterValue) = ERROR_SUCCESS then        // Check if data is valid        if FTotalCounterValue.CStatus = PDH_CSTATUS_VALID_DATA        then        begin         if FExcludeProcess then         begin          // Get the countervalue in int64 format          if GetFormattedCounterValue(FLongProcessCounter,          PDH_FMT_LARGE, nil, FProcessCounterValue) =          ERROR_SUCCESS then           ValueFound := True          else if          GetFormattedCounterValue(FLimitedProcessCounter,          PDH_FMT_LARGE, nil, FProcessCounterValue) =          ERROR_SUCCESS then           ValueFound := True          else if          GetFormattedCounterValue(FShortProcessCounter,          PDH_FMT_LARGE, nil, FProcessCounterValue) =          ERROR_SUCCESS then           ValueFound := True;        * * *       end;                  
 
         [0036]     Source Code Excerpt—User Activity Monitoring:  
                                   BOOL SetHooks( )       {        BOOL succeeded = FALSE;        g_Notifier.m_MouseHook = SetWindowsHookEx(WH_MOUSE,        (HOOKPROC)&amp;MouseHookProc, g_InstanceHandle, 0);        g_Notifier.m_KeyboardHook =        SetWindowsHookEx(WH_KEYBOARD,        (HOOKPROC)&amp;KeyboardHookProc, g_InstanceHandle, 0);        if (g_Notifier.m_MouseHook != 0 &amp;&amp; g_Notifier.m_KeyboardHook        != 0) {        succeeded = TRUE;        } else {         UnsetHooks( );        }        return succeeded;       }                  
 
         [0037]     Source Code Excerpt—File Monitoring:  
                                   //: Dynamic version of ReadDirectoryChangesW.       function ReadDirectoryChangesW(hDirectory: THandle; lpBuffer:       Pointer;        nBufferLength: DWORD; bWatchSubtree: Bool; dwNotifyFilter:        DWORD;        lpBytesReturned: LPDWORD; lpOverlapped: POverlapped;        lpCompletionRoutine: FARPROC): BOOL; stdcall;       begin        if LoadDllProc(‘kernel32.dll’, GKernel32Dll,       ‘ReadDirectoryChangesW’, GReadDirectoryChangesW) then        begin         Result := GReadDirectoryChangesW(hDirectory, lpBuffer,       nBufferLength,          bWatchSubtree, dwNotifyFilter, lpBytesReturned, lpOverlapped,         lpCompletionRoutine);        end        else        begin         SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);         Result := False;        end;       end;                  
 
         [0038]     The challenge behind the Desktop Search system is to design a powerful and flexible indexing technology that works efficiently within the desktop environment context. The desktop indexing technology is designed with concerns specific to the desktop environment in mind. For example:  
         [0039]     The system can preferably run on most desktop configurations. 
        Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP     Low physical memory     Low disk space        
 
         [0043]     When running in background, the indexer preferably does not interfere with the foreground applications.  
         [0044]     The index can be fault-tolerant 
        If the computer crashes, index corruption is prevented by a “transactional commit” approach.        
 
         [0046]     The index can be searchable at any time. 
        The user will be able to search while the Index is being updated.     The user will be able to find newly added documents as soon as they are indexed (even if the temporary index has not yet been merged into the main index).        
 
         [0049]     The query engine can find matching results in less than a second for most of the queries.  
         [0050]     Other design preferences include, for example: 
        The total download size can be under 2.5 MB 
            The download size is 1.88 MB (without the deskbar)     The download size is 2.23 MB (with the deskbar)    
            The indexer preferably does not depend on any third-party components 
            All the following components are preferably unique to the indexing system described herein. 
                Charset detection algorithms     Charset conversion algorithms     Language detection algorithms     Document conversion algorithms (Document-&gt;Text)     Document preview algorithms (Document-&gt;HTML)    
               
            The query engine can allow to search as the user types its query. 
            Supports prefix search (a query with only the letter a returns all document with a keyword starting with the letter a).    
            The query engine can support Boolean operators and fielded searches (ex.: author, from/to, etc.) 
            Supports AND/OR/NOT operators.     Supports metadata Indexing.     Supports metadata queries using the following format: @customfieldname=query.    
            The index can store additional information for each document (if needed). 
            Cached HTML version of documents (in build 381, document previews are rendered live and are not cached in the index).     Keywords occurrence/position (not added in build 381 for disk usage limitations). 
 
 File Structure 
   
               
 
         [0070]     The desktop search index contains two main databases: 
        Documents Database     Keywords Database        
 
         [0073]     The structure of each component is described in the following sections.  
         [0074]      FIG. 1  depicts an architecture of desktop indexing system 10 according to one practice of the invention. The illustrated system 10 includes a set of indexing system files and/or databases containing information about user files (or “documents”) that are indexed by the system.  
         [0000]     Documents Database  
         [0075]     Documents Database 14 (referred as DocumentDB) contains data about the indexed documents. It can store the following document information:  
         [0076]     Document ID (referred as DocID)  
         [0077]     Document URI (referred as DocURI)  
         [0078]     Document date  
         [0079]     Document content (if any associated)  
         [0080]     Documents fields (file size, title, subject, artist, album and all other custom fields)  
         [0081]     A list of deleted DocIDs  
         [0000]     File Listing  
         [0082]     The Document DB is coupled with a variety of sub-components, such as, for example:  
                                       File   File Name   Summary                   Documents   Documents.dif   Stores Documents DB version       DB Info File       and transaction information               (commit/precommit state).       Document ID   Documents.did   The ID map is the heart of the       Index File       documents DB. This file               contains information about all               documents, ordered by Doc               IDs.       Fast Data File   Documents.dfd   Contains documents URI and               commonly used fields (“fast               fields”).       Slow Data File   Documents.dsd   Contains Documents content               (if any) and other fields (“slow               fields”).       URI Index File   Documents.dur   Data used to fetch the Dod D               for a specified URI.       Deleted Document ID   Documents.ddi   Stores the Ilst of deleted Doc               IDs.                  
 
 File Details: Documents DB Info File (Documents.DIF) 
 
         [0083]     The Documents DB Info File 18 can store version and transaction information for the Documents DB. Before opening other files, documents DB 14 validates if the file version is compatible with the current version.  
         [0084]     If the DB format is not compatible, data must be converted to the current version. Document DB Info File 18 also can store the transaction information (committed/pre-committed state) for the Documents DB. The commit/pre-commit procedure is described in more detail below.  
         [0000]     File Details: Document ID Index File (Documents.DID)  
         [0085]     The ID map is the heart of the documents DB. Document ID index file 20 consists of a series of items ordered by DocIDs. The size of each item can be static.  
         [0086]     Structure of Items in a Document ID Index File  
                                                                                                           DATA                                    fast   fast   slow   slow                   Doc   Doc           fields   fields   fields   fields       KEY   Doc   URI   URI   additional   additional   map   map   map   map       Doc ID   date   offset   size   info offset   info size   offset   count   offset   count   reserved               4 bytes   8 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes                    Field   Description       Doc ID   Key of the record. To get the offset, from the beginning of the file, for           a specific DocID: DocID * SizeOf(ItemSize).       Doc Date   Modified date of the document. This field is used to check if the           document needs to be re-indexed.       Doc URI Offset   Offset of the doc URI in the data file. The document URI is stored in           the Fast Data File (see Fast Data File section for more details). The           URI is stored in UCS2.       Doc URI Size   Size (in bytes) of the Doc URI, without the null termination character.       Additional Info   Offset (if any) of the associated additional information (such the           document content) in the Slow Data File (see Slow Data File section           for more details).       Additional Info Size   Size of the additional information (in bytes).       Fast Fields Map Offset   Offset of associated fast custom fields in the fast data file (see Fast           Data File section for more details).       Fast Field Map Count   Number of fast fields associated with the document (see Fast Data           File section for more details).       Slow Fields Map Offset   Offset of associated slow fields in the slow data file (see Slow Data           File section for more details).       Slow Fields Map Count   Number of slow fields associated with the document (see Slow Data           File section for more details).       Reserved   Reserved for future use.                  
 
 File Details: Fast Data File (Documents.DFD) 
 
         [0087]     Fast data file 22 contains the documents URIs and the Fast Fields. Fast fields are the most frequently used fields.  
         [0088]     In fast data file 22, all strings values can be stored in UCS2. This accelerates items sorting. In the slow data file, all strings can be stored in UTF8.  
         [0089]     The “Fast Fields Map Offset” from “ID Index File” points to an array of field info. Fields are sorted by Field ID to allow faster searches.  
         [0090]     Fast Data File: Field Information  
                                                                     Field data (structure           Field ID   depends on the field type)                       4 bytes   8 bytes                         Field   Description       Field ID   Numeric unique identifier for the field.       Field Data   Field data information.           This depends on the type (string, integer           and date) of the field. See below for more details for each data           type.                  
 
         [0091]     Field Data: String  
                                                                 Field ID   String Offset                       4 bytes   4 bytes                        Field   Description       String Length   Length of the string (in characters).       String Offset   Offset of the string. Offset 0 is the           first byte after the last item of the field into array.           In the Fast Data File, strings values are stored in UCS2.                  
 
         [0092]     Field Data: Integer  
                                                                 Integer Value   Unused                       4 bytes   4 bytes                        Field   Description       Integer Value   Integer values are directly stored in the field data.       Unused   There are 4 unused bytes for Integer fields (for alignment           purpose).                  
 
         [0093]     Field Data: Date  
                                             Date Value               8 bytes                    Field   Description       Date Value   Date values are directly stored in the field data.                  
 
 File Details: Slow Data File (Documents.DSD) 
 
         [0094]     Slow data file 24 contains slow fields for each document and may contain additional data (such as document content). Slow fields are the least frequently used fields.  
         [0095]     In the slow data file, all strings can be stored in UTFB to save disk space.  
         [0096]     The “Slow Fields Map Offset” from “ID Index File” points to an array of field info. Fields are sorted by Field ID to allow faster searches.  
         [0097]     Slow Data File: Field Information.  
                                                                     Field data (structure depends on           Field ID   the field type                       4 bytes   8 bytes                        Field   Description       Field ID   Numeric unique identifier for the field.       Field Data   Field data information.           This depends on the type (string, integer and date)           of the field. See below for more details for each data type.                  
 
         [0098]     Field Data: String  
                                                                 Field ID   String Offset                       4 bytes   4 bytes                        Field   Description       String Length   Length of the string (in characters).       String Offset   Offset of the string.           Offset 0 is the first byte after the last item of the           field info array. In the Slow Data File,           strings are stored in UTF8.                  
 
         [0099]     Field Data: Integer  
                                                                 Integer Value   Unused                       4 bytes   4 bytes                        Field   Description       Integer Value   Integer values are directly stored in the field data.       Unused   There are 4 unused bytes for Integer           fields (for alignment purpose).                  
 
         [0100]     Field Data: Date  
                                             Date Value               8 bytes                    Field   Description       Date Value   Data values are directly stored in the field data.                  
 
 File Details: URI Index File (Documents.DUR) 
 
         [0101]     URI index file 26 contains all URIs and the associated DocIDs. The system can access URI index file 26 to fetch the DocIDs for a specified URI. This file is usually cached in memory.  
         [0102]     Structure of Items in the URI Index File  
                                                                     Doc URI OFFSET   Doc URI SIZE   Doc ID                       4 BYTES   4 BYTES   4 BYTES                        Field   Description       Doc Uri Offset   The offset of the document URI in the data file.           The document URI is stored in the Fast Data File.           The URI is stored in UCS2.       Doc Uri Size   The size (in bytes) of the Doc URI,           without the null termination char.       Doc ID   The DocID associated with this URI.                  
 
 File Details: Deleted Document ID Index File (Documents.DDI) 
 
         [0103]     Deleted document ID index file 28 contains information about the deleted state of each DocID. An array of bit within the file can alert a user of the state of each document: if the bit is set, the DocID is deleted. Otherwise, the DocID is valid (not deleted). The first item in this array is the deleted state for DocID #0; the second item is the deleted state for DocID #1, and so on. The number of bits is equal the number of documents in the index. This file is usually cached in memory.  
         [0104]     Structure of Items in the Deleted Document ID Index File  
                                                   INDEXED BY DOC ID           IS DOC ID DELETED           1 BIT                      
 
 Keywords Database 
 
         [0105]     Keyword DB 16 (referred as KeywordsDB) contains keywords and the associated DocIDs. In the KeywordsDB, a keyword is a pair of: 
        The field ID     The field value        
 
         [0108]     So if the word “Hendrix” is located as an artist name and also as an album name, it will be stored twice in the KeywordDB: 
        FieldID: ID_ARTIST; FieldValue: “Hendrix”    FieldID: ID_ALBUM; FieldValue: “Hendrix”       
 
         [0111]     The keywordsDB use chained buckets to store matching DocIDs for each keyword. Buckets sizes are variable. Every time a new bucket is created, the index allocates twice the size of the previous bucket. The first created bucket can store up to 8 DocIDs. The second can store up to 16 DociDs. The maximum bucket size is 16,384 DocIDs.  
         [0112]     Optimization: 90% of the keywords match less than four documents. In this case, the matching DocIDs are inlined directly in the lexicon, not in the doc list file. See below for more information.  
         [0113]     File Listing  
                                       File   File Name   Summary                   Keyword DB   Keywords.kif   Stores the transaction information       Info File       for the Keyword DB (committed/pre-               committed state)       Lexicon (strings)   Keywords.ksb   Stores string keyword information       Lexicon (integers)   Keywords.kib   Stores integer keyword information       Lexicon (dates)   Keywords.kdb   Stores date keyword information       Doc List File   Keywords.kdl   Contains chained buckets containing               DocIDs associated with keywords                  
 
 File Details: Keyword DB Info File (Keywords.KIF) 
 
         [0114]     Keyword DB Info File 30 contains the transaction information (committed/pre-committed state) for the Keyword DB. See the Transaction section for more details.  
         [0000]     File Details: Lexicons (Keywords.KSB/.KIB/.KDB)  
         [0115]     Lexicon file 32 can store information about each indexed keyword. There is a lexicon for each data type: string, integer and date. The lexicon uses a BTree to store its data.  
         [0116]     To optimize disk usage and search performance, the index uses two different approaches to save its matching documents, depending on the number of matches.  
         [0117]     Lexicon Information when Num Matching Docs&lt;=4  
                                                                                                                     Data            KEY   Num.                                Keyword   Matching   Inlined Doc   Inlined Doc   Inlined Doc   Inlined Doc       Field ID   Value   Documents   #1   #2   #3   #4               4 bytes   variable size   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes           (contains the           key value)                    Field   Description       Field ID   Part of the key. The field ID specifies which custom field the value           belongs to.       Keyword Value   Keyword value. String values are stored in UTF8.       Num Matching   Number of DocIDs matching this keyword. When the Number of           Matching Documents &lt;= 4, DocIDs are inline in the record so there is           no need to create buckets because the current structure contains           enough space to store up to four DocIDs.       Inlined Doc #1   First matching DocID.       Inlined Doc #2   Second matching DocID (if any).       Inlined Doc #3   Third matching Dod D (if any).       Inlined Doc #4   Fourth matching DocID (if any).                  
 
         [0118]     Lexicon Information when Num Matching Docs&gt;4  
                                                                                                                     Data            KEY   Num.           Last                    Keyword   Matching   Last   Last    Bucket   Last Seen       Field ID   Value   Documents   Bucket Offset   Bucket Size   Free Offset   Doc ID               4 bytes   variable size   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes           (contains the           key value)                    Field   Description       FieldID   Part of the key. The field ID specify for which custom field the value           refers.       Keyword Value   Keyword value. String values are stored in UTF8.       Num Matching   Number of DocIDs matching this keyword. When the Number of           Matching Documents &lt;=4, DocIDs are inline in the record so there is           no need to create buckets because the current structure contains           enough space to store up to four DocIDS.       Last Bucket Offset   Offset to the last chained bucket in the DocListFile.       Last Bucket Size   Size (in bytes) of the last bucket.       Last Bucket Free Offset   Offset of the next free spot In the last bucket. If there is not enough           space, a new bucket is created.       Last Seen Doc ID   Last associated DocID for this keyword. Internally used for           optimization purpose. Since DocIDs can only increase, this value is           used to check if a DocID has already been associated with this           keyword.                  
 
 File Details: Doc List File (Keywords.KDL) 
 
         [0119]     Doc List File 34 can contain chained buckets containing DocIDs. When a bucket is full, a new empty bucket is created and linked to the old one (reverse chaining: the last created bucket is the first in the chain).  
         [0120]     Structure of a Bucket in the Doc List File  
                                                             Next Bucket   Next Bucket   Matching Doc ID       Matching Doc       Offset   Size   #1   . . .   ID #X               4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes       4 bytes                    Field   Description       Next Bucket Offset   Offset to the next chained           bucket (if any) in the DocListFile.       Next Bucket Size   Size (in bytes) of the next bucket.                  
 
         [0121]     Transactions  
         [0122]     Transactions are used to keep data integrity: every data written in a transaction can be rolled back at any time.  
         [0123]     When a change is made to the index (a new document is added or a document is deleted), the new data is written in a transaction. Transactions are volatile and preferably never directly modify the main index content on the disk until they are applied.  
         [0124]     At any time, an open transaction can be rolled back to undo pending modifications to the index. When a rollback occurs, the index returns to its initial state, before the creation of the transaction.  
         [0000]     Recovery Management  
         [0000]     Transaction Model  
         [0125]     Each recoverable file that implements the indexer transaction model must follow four rules: 
        1. Active transactions must be transparent. In other terms, the user must be able to search the documents that are stored In a transaction.     2. After a successful call to pre-commit, the data must stay in pre-committed mode even after a system restart.     3. When the index is in pre-commit mode, data cannot be read or written. The only available operations are Commit and Rollback.     4. Rollback can be called in any state and must rollback to the last successful commit state. 
 
 Two Phases Commit 
       
 
         [0130]     When a transaction needs to be merged within the main index, it can execute two phases. The first phase is called Pre-Commit.  
         [0131]     Pre-Commit prepares the merging of the transaction within the main index. When the pre-commit phase has been called, the file must be able to rollback to the latest successful commit. In this phase, data cannot be read or written.  
         [0132]     The second commit phase is called the final commit. Once the final commit is done, the data cannot be rolled back anymore and the data represent the “Last successful commit.” In other terms, the transaction becomes merged to the main index.  
         [0000]     Two Phases Commit:  
         [0133]      FIG. 2  illustrates a Data Flow Chart for the two phase commit.  
         [0000]     File Synchronization  
         [0134]     Since the Documents DB and the Keyword DB each use many separate files, the files states can be synchronized to insure data integrity. Every file using transactions in the databases should always be in the same state. If the state synchronization fails, every transaction is automatically rolled back.  
         [0135]     The files in the databases are always pre-committed and committed in the same order. When a rollback occurs, files are rolled back in the reverse order.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0136]     Everything is OK Because all the Files are Committed.  
                                                   File   Data State                           File 1   Committed           File 2   Committed           File 3   Committed                      
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0000]     The System Crashed Between The Pre-Commit of File 2 and File 3.  
         [0137]     Everything must be rolled back; otherwise the files won&#39;t be synchronized if File 3 has lost some data during the system shutdown.  
                                                   File   Data State                   File 1   Pre-Committed       File 2   Pre-Committed            Unexpected system shutdown            File 3   Auto-Rolled back                  
 
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0138]     The System is in a Stable State. Files can be Committed or Rolled Back.  
                                   File   Data State                   File 1   Pre-Committed       File 2   Pre-Committed       File 3   Pre-Committed                  
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0000]     From Example 3, The User Chooses to Rollback  
         [0139]     The rollback operation is executed on each file in reverse order and all the index data returns to its initial “Committed” data state.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0000]     From Example 3, The User Chooses to Commit.  
         [0140]     If the system crashes between committing the File 1 and the File 2, the data state also becomes invalid. However, in this case, File 1 has been successfully Committed and the other files are still in pre-committed state. The Pre-Committed state allows the indexer to resume committing with the File 2 and 3, because File 1 has been successfully Committed.  
                                                   File   Data State                   File 1   Committed            Unexpected system shutdown            File 2   Pre-Committed       File 3   Pre-Committed                  
 
 Recovery Implementations 
 
         [0141]     There are 3 implementations of recoverable files in the Desktop Search index. Each implementation follows the rules of the Desktop Search “Transaction Model” (for more details, see Transaction Model section above).  
         [0000]     Recovery Implementation for “Growable Files Only” 
         [0142]     This implementation is used when the actual content is never modified: the new data is always appended in a temporary transaction at the end of the file.  
         [0143]     This type of file keeps a header at the beginning of the file to remember the pre-committed/committed state.  
         [0144]     The main benefit of this implementation is the low disk usage while merging into the main index. Since all data are appended to the file without altering the current data, there is no need to copy files when committing.  
         [0000]     Header  
         [0145]     This is the header of the file to remember the data state.  
                                                   Pre-commit   Pre-commit   Committing   Committing       Main   Size   File   Size Valid   File       Index Size   Valid (Boolean)   Size   (Boolean)   Size                   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes   4 bytes                  
 
         [0146]     These values are separated in 2 categories: 
        Committed information: Main Index Size, Committing Size valid, Committing File Size.     Pre-Commit Information: Pre-commit Size Valid, Pre-commit file size.        
 
         [0149]     Initialization  
                                                       Field   Value   Meaning/Data State                           Pre-Commit Size   False   Committed. The file is                   the committed file size.           Pre-Commit Size   True   Pre-Committed. Can                   commit.           Committing Size   False   The valid committed size is                   Main Index Flle Size           Committing Size   True   The valid committed size is                   Committing File Size                      
 
 Rollback 
 
         [0150]     Since data can only be written at the end of the file, the only thing to do is to truncate the file to rollback.  
         [0000]     Pre-Commit  
         [0151]     To pre-commit this type of file, the file header must be updated to: 
        Pre-Commit File Size→Actual transaction size     Pre-Commit Size Valid→True        
 
         [0154]     Example: Pre-commit for a file size of 50 bytes  
         [0155]     Original header  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   False   (unspecified)   False   10                  
 
         [0156]     Write “Pre-commit File Size”: 50  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   False   50   False   10                  
 
         [0157]     Write “Pre-commit Size Valid”: True  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   True   50   False   10                  
 
         [0158]     The file is now in pre-commit mode:  
                                                       Field   Value   Meaning/Data State                           Pre-Commit Size Valid   True   Pre-Committed. Can                   rollback or commit.                      
 
 Commit 
 
         [0159]     To commit this type of file, the file header must be updated to: 
        Committing File Size→50     Committing Size Valid→True     Pre-Commit Size Valid→False     Main Index Size: 50     Committing Size Valid→False        
 
         [0165]     Example:  
         [0166]     Committing File Size→50  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   True   50   False   50                  
 
         [0167]     Committing Size Valid→True  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   True   50   True   50                  
 
         [0168]     Because the commit size is now valid and greater than the Main Index Size, the commit is successful. The next step is to update the other information for a future transaction.  
         [0169]     Pre-Commit Size Valid→False  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   10   False   50   True   50                  
 
         [0170]     Main Index Size→50  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   50   False   50   True   50                  
 
         [0171]     Committing Size Valid→False  
                                               Main   Precommit   Precommit   Committing   Committing       Index Size:   Size Valid:   File Size:   Size Valid:   File Size                   50   False   50   False   50                  
 
         [0172]     The file is now fully committed and the items added in the transaction are now entirely merged into the main index. The index is now in committed state without any pending action.  
         [0000]     Recovery Implementation for BTree (Lexicon)  
         [0173]     The beginning of the file contains information on leafs (committed and pre-committed leafs). Leafs are not contiguous in the file so there is a lookup table to find the committed leafs.  
         [0174]     When data is written into a leaf, the leaf is flagged as dirty. Dirty leafs are written back elsewhere in the file, in an empty space. During in a transaction, there are two versions of the data (modified leafs) in the file.  
         [0000]     Initialization  
         [0175]     Read leafs allocation table to find where they are located in the file.  
         [0000]     Rollback  
         [0176]     Flush all dirty leafs and reload original leaf allocation table.  
         [0000]     Pre-Commit  
         [0177]     Write a new leaf allocation table containing information about modified leafs. When the process is completed, a flag is set in the header to indicate where the pre-committed allocation table is located in the file.  
         [0000]     Commit  
         [0178]     Replace the official allocation table by the pre-commit one. The pre-committed leaf allocation table is not copied over the current one: the offset pointer located in the file header is updated to point to the new leaf.  
         [0000]     Recovery Implementation for DocListFile  
         [0179]     The DocList file is a “Growable Files Only.” All new buckets are appended at the end of the file and can easily be rolled back using the “Growable File Only” Rollback technique.  
         [0180]     In some cases, new DocIDs are added in existing buckets. The “Growable Files Only” technique cannot be applied in this case to insure data integrity. In this case, the data integrity management is done by the Lexicon. It keeps information on the last bucket and the last bucket free offset.  
         [0181]     Example:  
         [0182]      FIG. 3A  illustrates an exemplary Lexicon Item and associated Bucket.  
         [0183]     When a new document matches (DocID #37) an existing keyword, the system associates the new DocID #37 in the DocListFile:  
         [0184]      FIG. 3B  illustrates  FIG. 3A  after the arrival of DocID #37.  
         [0185]     If files are rolled back, the bucket “Matching Doc ID #6” will not be restored to its original value because it uses the “Growable Flle Only” technique. This is not an issue because if a rollback occurs, the bucket space will still be marked as free.  
         [0186]     After a rollback, the lexicon is restored to its original value and data files will be synchronized. Rolled back version:  
         [0187]      FIG. 3C  illustrates  FIG. 3B  after rollback.  
         [0188]      FIG. 3D  illustrates  FIG. 3C  after associating the keyword with a new DocID: 104.  
         [0000]     Recovery Implementation for Very Small Data Files  
         [0189]     This method only is used for very small data files only because it keeps all data in memory. When data is written to the file, it enters in transaction mode; but every modification is done in memory and the original data is still intact in the file on the disk. This method is used to handle the deleted document file.  
         [0000]     Initialization  
         [0190]     Load all data from the file in memory.  
         [0000]     Rollback  
         [0191]     The rollback function for this recovery implementation is basic: the only thing to do is to reload data from the file on the disk.  
         [0000]     Pre-Commit  
         [0192]     The pre-commit is done in 2 steps: 
        1. A temporarily file based on the original file name is created. If the original file name is “Datafile.dat”, the temporary file will be named “Datafile.dat˜”. The memory is dumped in this temporary file.     2. Once the memory is dumped in the temp file, the temp file is renamed under the form “Datafile.dat!” When there is file with a “!” appended to the name, this mean the data file is in pre-commit mode.        
 
         [0195]     If an error occurs between step 1 and step 2, there will be a temporary file on the disk. Temporary files are not guaranteed to contain valid data so temporary files are automatically deleted when initializing the data file.  
         [0000]     Commit  
         [0196]     The commit is done in 2 steps: 
        1. Delete the original file name.     2. Rename the pre-committed file (“Datafile.dat!”) into the original file name.        
 
         [0199]     If an error occurs between step 1 and 2, there will be a pre-committed file and no “official” committed file. In this case, the pre-commit file is automatically upgraded to committed state in the next file initialization.  
         [0000]     Operations  
         [0200]     When performing an operation (Add, Delete or Update) for the first time, the Index enters in transaction mode and the new data is volatile until a full commit operation is performed.  
         [0000]     Add Operation  
         [0201]     To add a document in a transaction, the indexer executes the following actions:  
         [0202]     1. Reserve a new unique DocID  
         [0203]     2. Add the document to the document DB: 
        Write the URI in the Fast Data File     Associate Fast Fields in the Fast Data File     Associate Slow Fields in the Slow Data File     Associate Additional content (if any) in the Slow Data File     Write a new entry for this document in the Document ID Index File     Write a new entry for this document in the URI Index File        
 
         [0210]     3. Associate documents to keywords in the lexicon 
        For each fields: associate every keywords        
 
         [0212]     The documents are available for querying immediately after step 2.  
         [0000]     Delete Operation  
         [0213]     When a document is deleted, the indexer adds the deleted DocID to the Deleted Document ID Index File. The deleted documents are automatically filtered when a query is executed. The deleted documents remain in the Index until a shrink operation is executed.  
         [0000]     Update Operation  
         [0214]     When a document is updated, the old document is deleted from the index (using the Deleted Document ID Index File) and a new document is added. In other terms, the Indexer performs a Delete operation and then an Add operation.  
         [0000]     Implementation in Desktop Search  
         [0215]     This section provides a quick overview about how the Desktop Search system manages indexing operations and queries on the index.  
         [0000]     Index Update  
         [0216]     The Desktop Search system can use an execution queue to run operations in a certain order based on operation priorities and rules. There are over 10 different types of possible operations (crawling, indexing, commit, rollback, compact, refresh, update configuration, etc.) but this document will only discuss some of the key operations.  
         [0000]     Crawling Operation  
         [0217]     When a crawling operation (file, email, contacts, history or any other crawler) is executed, it adds (in the execution queue) a new indexing operation for each document. At this moment, only basic information is fetched from the document. The document content is only retrieved during the indexing operation.  
         [0000]     Indexing Operation  
         [0218]     When an indexing operation is executed, the following actions are processed for each item to index: 
        Charset detection (and language detection, if necessary)     Charset conversion (if necessary)     Extraction, tokenization and indexation of each field (most of the fields use the default tokenizer but some fields, such as email, use different tokenizers). 
 
 Index Queries 
       
 
         [0222]     The query engine can be adapted to supports a limited or unlimited set of grammatical terms. In one embodiment, the system does not support exact phrase, due to some index size optimization and application size optimization. However, it the query engine can supports custom fields (@fieldname=value), Boolean operators, date queries, and several comparison operators (&lt;=, &gt;=, =, &lt;,&gt;) for certain fields.  
         [0000]     Performing a Query  
         [0223]     For each query, the Indexer executes the following actions: 
        The query is parsed     The query evaluator evaluates the query and fetches the matching DocID list.     The deleted documents are then removed from the matching DocID list.        
 
         [0227]     From the matching DocID list, the application can add the items to its views; fetch additional document information, etc.  
         [0000]     CPU Usage Monitoring  
         [0228]     With reference to the CPU usage monitoring discussed above, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the algorithms used to detected the threshold CPU usage can vary.  
         [0229]     On Windows NT-based operating systems, an alternative algorithm can be used. In one embodiment, the algorithm can be adjusted to allow more control on the threshold where indexing must be paused. The algorithm is:  
                                                   Every Second:           Check Performance Counters           If (Total CPU Usage) − ( Indexing CPU Usage) &gt; 40% Then             Pause Indexing                      
 
         [0230]     On Windows 9x, the check for kernel usage can be made more often and the pause before checking for kernel usage can be shortened. This makes indexing faster and allows the indexer to react more quickly to an increased CPU usage. One such algorithm is:  
                                                   Every Second:            Pause Indexing for 150 Milliseconds            Check Kernel Usage            If (Kernel Usage) = 100% Then             Pause Indexing                      
 
         [0231]     For the monitoring of mouse and keyboard usage, the pause of the indexing process can vary. In one embodiment, the pause can last 2 minutes, which allows the indexer to be even more transparent to the user.  
         [0232]     Described above are methods and apparatus meeting the desired objects, among others. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments described herein and illustrated in the drawings are merely examples of the invention and that other embodiments, incorporating changes therein fall within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of non-limiting example, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may use indexing structures other than those described with respect to the illustrated embodiment. In that light,