Abstract:
A supporting half-structure for an aircraft engine nacelle is provided that includes at least one longitudinal beam and a front half-frame connected to each other and formed at least partly in composite materials. The half-structure includes a connecting hinge positioned in a junction area of the longitudinal beam and of the half-frame, the hinge being formed by composite materials laid out so that fibres of the composite materials are positioned in alignment with fibres of composite materials forming said front half-frame.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/FR2011/050506 filed on Mar. 14, 2011, which claims the benefit of FR 10/53343, filed on Apr. 29, 2010. The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of nacelles for aircraft engines. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. 
         [0004]    As this is known per se, an aircraft engine, which generally is of the turbine engine type, is placed inside a nacelle which, among other functions: 
         [0005]    ensures aerodynamic fairing of the engine, 
         [0006]    allows channelling of outside air towards the engine, 
         [0007]    allows the engine to be connected to the aircraft. 
         [0008]    Conventionally, the connection of the engine to the aircraft is made by means of a supporting structure comprising two upper longitudinal beams, often called 12 o&#39;clock beams because of their position at the top of the nacelle, two lower longitudinal beams, conventionally called 6 o&#39;clock beams because of their position in the lower portion of the nacelle, and an assembly having a substantially annular shape called a front frame, in reality, formed with two half-frames each extending between said upper and lower longitudinal beams, and intended to be attached to the periphery of the downstream edge of the fan case of the engine. 
         [0009]    Such a conventional configuration is visible in  FIG. 1  appended herein, where a rear nacelle portion has been illustrated, incorporating in this case a thrust reverser, this rear portion comprising: 
         [0010]    two 12 o&#39;clock beams  1   a,    1   b,    
         [0011]    two front half-frames  3   a,    3   b,  connected to both 12 o&#39;clock beams  1   a,    1   b  respectively and supporting deflection grids  5   a,    5   b,    
         [0012]    two half-cowls  7   a,    7   b  each slidably mounted respectively on a 12 o&#39;clock beam  1   a,    1   b  so as to be able to expose the deflection grids  5   a,    5   b  with view to achieving thrust reversal. 
         [0013]    As this known per se, during thrust reversal, the air A 1  from the fan (not shown) and circulating inside the secondary flow vein  9 , flows through the grids  5   a,    5   b  and is discharged towards the front of the nacelle, as indicated by the arrow A 2 . 
         [0014]    For the sake of a gain in mass, notably, much work during these recent years has been dealing with solutions in composite materials for the 12 o&#39;clock longitudinal beams  1   a,    1   b  and the 6 o&#39;clock longitudinal beams and the front half frames  3   a,    3   b.    
         [0015]    One of the difficulties encountered with this selection of materials notably lies in the making of connecting hinges, notably between both 12 o&#39;clock beams  1   a,    1   b:  indeed, conventionally, provision has to be made on each beam  1   a,    1   b  for a hinge respectively located at right angles to each front half-frame  3   a,    3   b,  often designated as hinge R 1 , allowing the placement of a connecting rod between both of these beams, so as to spread the different forces tending to separate both of these beams from each other. 
         [0016]    These forces notably comprise circumferential forces from the beams  1   a,    1   b  of the half-frames  3   a,    3   b  as well as torsional and flexural moments due to the position of the hinges R 1  on each beam  1   a,    1   b.    
         [0017]    These hinges R 1  are particularly subject to stress because of their positions at the junction between their respective beams  1   a,    1   b  and the respective front half-frames  3   a,    3   b.    
         [0018]    These particular positions give these hinges R 1  a role different from those of the other hinges in terms of how they respond to forces and transmit them: these hinges have a particularity of mainly spreading forces from front half frames  3   a,    3   b.    
         [0019]    This is explained by the fact that the connecting rod between both hinges R 1  has the function of           closing           both front half-frames which surround the engine case; in order to optimize the transmission of forces, the hinges R 1  are traditionally aligned on the plane of inertia of the frame formed by both front half-frames  3   a,    3   b.    
       SUMMARY 
       [0020]    The present invention provides hinges R 1  having increased resistance towards the forces as set forth above, in an assembly of 12 o&#39;clock beams and of front half-frames formed with composite materials. 
         [0021]    The present disclosure is thus notably directed to integrating the hinges R 1  to the junction of each 12 o&#39;clock beam and of its associated front half-frame, the complexity being optimization of the transmission of the forces, most particularly in a front frame with an open section formed in composite materials. 
         [0022]    Similar problems are encountered in the connecting areas of the 6 o&#39;clock beams with the front half-frames, where provision has to be made for hinges allowing placement of locks for closing both front half-frames. 
         [0023]    The present disclosure is therefore also directed to integrating these hinges at the junction of each 6 o&#39;clock beam with its associated front half-frame. 
         [0024]    This is achieved with a supporting half-structure for an aircraft engine nacelle, comprising at least one longitudinal beam and a front half frame connected to each other and formed at least partly in composite materials, remarkable in that it comprises a connecting hinge positioned in the junction area of this beam and of this half-frame, this hinge being formed by composite materials positioned so as to form the volume of said hinge on the one hand, and so that their fibres are positioned in the continuity of the fibres of the composite materials forming said front half-frame on the other hand. 
         [0025]    This particular arrangement gives the possibility of ensuring continuity of the fibres of the composite materials forming the hinge with those of the composite materials forming the front half-frame, which ensures excellent transmission of the forces notably between the front half frame and the hinge. 
         [0026]    It should be noted that the hinges and the front half frames may be formed by stacking fabrics, or else by 2D or 3D weaving, among other manufacturing techniques. 
         [0027]    According to other optional features of the supporting half-structure: 
         [0028]    said beam is a 12 o&#39;clock beam; 
         [0029]    said beam is a 6 o&#39;clock beam; 
         [0030]    the downstream portion of said hinge is located at right angles to the downstream portion of said front half-frame: this configuration ensures improved transmission of the forces between the front half frame and the hinge; 
         [0031]    the fibres of the composite materials forming said hinges converge towards each other, the space defined by this convergence being filled with foam: this foam, which has some hardness for a very low weight, contributes to the strength of the whole of the structure; it should be noted that it is also possible to envision the replacement of the foam with a vacuum, or further with a honeycomb structure, and more generally with any core material; 
         [0032]    the fibres forming the upstream portion of said hinge are continuous with the fibres forming a stiffener of said front frame located in proximity to said junction area; this link of the hinge with the first stiffener of the front half-frame contributes to the strength of the connection between these members; 
         [0033]    said hinge is laid on said beam, and the fibres forming these respective components are intimately bound: this configuration ensures improved transmission of the forces between the beam and the front half-frame; 
         [0034]    said hinge is of the female type and includes a downstream yoke and an upstream yoke, each pierced with an orifice for attaching a connecting rod; 
         [0035]    said hinge is of the male type and defines a block of composite material pierced with an orifice for attaching a connecting rod. 
         [0036]    The present disclosure also relates to a nacelle for an aircraft engine, remarkable in that it comprises two half structures in accordance with the foregoing. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0037]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the light of the description which follows, and upon examining the figures appended herein, wherein: 
           [0038]      FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of a rear nacelle portion from the prior art, including a thrust reversal system, and described in the preamble of the present description, 
           [0039]      FIG. 2  illustrates a partial top view of a left 12 o&#39;clock beam  12  of the rear nacelle portion of  FIG. 1 , and of its associated left front half-frame, 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  illustrates, in a top view similar to that of  FIG. 2 , an assembly of left 12 o&#39;clock beams and its associated left front half-frame, this assembly being made according to the precepts of the present disclosure, 
           [0041]      FIG. 4  illustrates the assembly of  FIG. 3  in a perspective view, 
           [0042]      FIG. 5  illustrates, at a larger scale, the half structure of  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in a sectional view along a plane parallel to the plane XY at the height indicated by the line P visible in  FIG. 4 , 
           [0043]      FIG. 6  is a similar view to that of  FIG. 4 , showing the different modules making up the half-structure illustrated in  FIGS. 3 to 5 , 
           [0044]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of one of the modules forming a portion of the hinge of the half structure of  FIGS. 3 to 7 , 
           [0045]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of another module forming the upstream portion of the hinge of the half structure of  FIGS. 3 to 6 , 
           [0046]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view similar to that of  FIG. 4  of another embodiment of the half structure according to the present disclosure, and 
           [0047]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of still another embodiment of the half structure according to the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
       [0048]    On the whole of these figures, an XYZ reference system is illustrated, the axes of which respectively represent the longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions of the nacelle, these directions being understood as being relative to the aircraft to which this nacelle has to be attached. 
         [0049]    It should be noted that the arrow of the X axis is oriented from the downstream to the upstream portion of a nacelle. 
         [0050]    The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0051]    The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. 
         [0052]    In  FIG. 2 , the left 12 o&#39;clock beam  1   b  of the reverser portion illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and its associated front half frame  3   b,  are illustrated. 
         [0053]    This half structure is of a quite conventional type, i.e. the beam  1   b  and the front half-frame  3   b  are formed by a combination of metal and composite materials. 
         [0054]    As indicated in the preamble of the present description, the left beam  1   b  should be connected to the right beam  1   a  through a connecting rod exerting a force oriented along the arrow  11  of  FIG. 2 , and co-operating with a hinge  13  secured to the left beam  1   b,  while being jointed relatively to this hinge around an axis  15  (it being understood that this rod co operates with a similar hinge secured to the other beam  1   a ). 
         [0055]    In the foregoing, we shall focus on the left half structure formed by the beam  1   b  and its associated front half-frame  3   b,  but of course it is a matter of fact that the right beam  1   a  and its associated front half-frame  3   a  have quite similar features. 
         [0056]    Within the scope of the present disclosure, and as this is illustrated in  FIGS. 3 to 11 , the choice was made to form the beam  1   b  and its associated front half-frame  3   b  in composite materials. These composite materials may conventionally comprise fabrics with carbon fibres pre-impregnated with polymerizable resin, which are placed in suitable molds with polymerisable resin, and for which the temperature is raised in order to obtain hardening. 
         [0057]    Alternatively, the composite materials may be obtained by methods of the LCM (Liquid Composite Molding) type notably grouping RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) and LRI (Liquid Resin Infusion) methods. The dry preform may be obtained by 2D or 3D weaving, by braiding, by automatic deposition of fibres (webs for example), or further by stacking fabrics. 
         [0058]    In the first form illustrated in  FIGS. 3 to 8 , the hinge  13  is of the female type, i.e. it includes a front yoke  13   a  and an upstream yoke  13   b,  the terms of           downstream           and           upstream           should be understood relatively to the circulation of the air inside the nacelle, as indicated by the arrow A 1  of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0059]    Both yokes  13   a  and  13   b  are provided with orifices  15  intended to receive a material axis allowing attachment of a rod for connecting both 12 o&#39;clock beams  1   a  and  1   b.    
         [0060]    As this is visible in  FIG. 5 , the fibres  16   a  and  16   b  of the composite materials, respectively forming the yokes  13   a  and  13   b  of the hinge  13 , are respectively positioned in the plane and upstream from the fibres  17  of the composite materials forming the structure of the front half-frame  3   b.    
         [0061]    More specifically, the fibres  16   a  and  16   b  are closer to each other in a convergence area  19 , so as to be located in the continuity of the fibres  17 . 
         [0062]    The hollow space defined by the convergence area  19  is preferably filled with lightweight structuring foam, such as a polyurethane foam  21 , as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0063]    Preferably, the fibres  16   a  and  16   b  are moreover intimately bound with the fibres of the composite materials forming a horizontal band  23  of the beam  1   b  (see  FIG. 4 ) so that the hinge  13  is both laid on this band  23  and secured thereto. 
         [0064]    As this may be understood in the light of the foregoing, the fact that the fibres  16   a,    16   b  of the composite materials forming the yokes  13   a  and  13   b  of the hinge  13  converge towards each other and coincide with fibres forming the structure of the front half-frame  3   b  by which it is possible to obtain excellent continuity of fibres between these different parts, which gives great strength to the hinge  13  and thus allows excellent transmission of forces from the beam  1   b  and from the front half-frame  3   b  to the hinge  13 , and to its associated connecting rod (not shown). 
         [0065]    The converging shape of the fibres  16   b  of the hinge towards the fibres  17  forming the structure of the front half frame  3   b,  gives the possibility of having these fibres  16   b  play the function of a stiffener of the front frame half-structure, in the same way as the other stiffeners  25  (see  FIG. 5 ) regularly distributed over this front half-frame. 
         [0066]    In this way, increased strength of the whole of the half structure is obtained and in particular of the area of the hinge  13 . 
         [0067]    As this may be seen on the whole of  FIGS. 6 to 8 , the structure which has just been described may be formed from modules of composite materials, each module being indicated by a different screen on the whole of these figures. 
         [0068]    More specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a single and same module  16   a  may be used for forming the downstream yoke  13   a  of the hinge  13  and a portion of the structure of the front half-frame  3   b,  and another module  16   b  may be used for forming the upstream yoke  13   b  of the hinge  13 , as well as the first stiffener of the front half-frame  3   b.    
         [0069]    Other modules may then be used for forming the other stiffeners  25  of the front half-frame  3   b,  the beam  1   b  as well as its stiffeners  29  (see  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0070]    Of course, the present invention is by no means limited to the described and illustrated embodiments. 
         [0071]    Thus, another form may be seen in  FIG. 9 , wherein the hinge  13  is of the male type i.e. it is solid and provided with an orifice  15  intended to receive a material axis, itself intended to co-operate with a bracket for attaching the connecting rod to the other beam (bracket and connecting rod not shown). 
         [0072]    In the form of  FIG. 10 , where there is also a hinge  13  of the male type, it is seen that the connecting area of the fibres  16   a,    16   b  forming the hinge  13  with the fibres  17  forming the structure of the front half-frame  1   b,  may include a double core filled with two foams  21   a,    21   b,  which may have different characteristics: this allows, if necessary, an enhancement of the characteristics of the stiffener located in the junction area of the beam  1   b  with its associated front half-frame  3   b.    
         [0073]    Thus, the precepts described concerning the link between the 12 o&#39;clock beams and the front half-frames may also be transposed to the link between both of these front half-frames and 6 o&#39;clock beams.