Abstract:
An uncolored roofing granule including a low solar absorption base and a low solar absorption and solar opaque coating presented on the base, the coating including a binder, a pigment, wherein the binder includes a curable component and a non-clay, thermally reactive curing agent.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure generally relates to roofing granules. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to high solar reflectivity roofing granules. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0002]    Features and advantages of this disclosure will be understood upon consideration of the detailed description, as well as the appended and claims. These and other features and advantages of the invention may be described below in connection with various embodiments of the present invention. This summary is not intended to describe each and all disclosed embodiments or every implementation of the present invention. 
         [0003]    A feature and advantage of the present disclosure is the enablement of roofing having a total solar reflectivity (“TSR”) of up to or even greater than 0.70 of the total solar spectrum, moderate to low cost, and sufficient ultraviolet (“UV”) blocking for high durability. The subject matter of this disclosure, in its various combinations, either in apparatus or method form, may include the following list of embodiments: 
         [0004]    1. An uncolored roofing granule comprising: 
         [0005]    a low solar absorption base; and 
         [0006]    a low solar absorption and solar opaque coating presented on said base, said coating comprising a binder, a pigment, wherein said binder comprises a curable component and a non-clay, thermally reactive curing agent. 
         [0007]    2. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said coating is UV blocking. 
         [0008]    3. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said curable component comprises a soluble silicate. 
         [0009]    4. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said binder comprises less than about 15% by weight clay. 
         [0010]    5. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said binder comprises less than about 5% by weight clay. 
         [0011]    6. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said binder comprises less than about 1% by weight clay. 
         [0012]    7. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said binder comprises about 0% by weight clay. 
         [0013]    8. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said coating has high reflectivity to visible and infrared (IR) light. 
         [0014]    9. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said base is transparent to much of the solar spectrum. 
         [0015]    10. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 9, wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of recycled glass, engineered glass, quartz, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0016]    11. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said base comprises high diffuse reflectivity and comprises a total solar reflectivity having a cup brightness of at least about 0.70 reflectivity. 
         [0017]    12. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 11, wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline silicate, polycrystalline silica, glass ceramic, devitrified ceramic, phase-separated glass, polycrystalline fused oxide, white cement, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0018]    13. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 11, wherein said base is white cement, said white cement comprising one or more fillers selected from the group consisting of recycled glass, engineered glass, quartz, alumina, titania, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0019]    14. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said soluble silicate comprises mixed alkali silicate. 
         [0020]    15. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said reactive curing agent comprises silica nanoparticles dispersed therein. 
         [0021]    16. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 15, wherein said reactive curing agent further comprises a flux. 
         [0022]    17. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 16, wherein said flux is selected from the group consisting of soluble borate, soluble phosphate, insoluble borate, insoluble phosphate, nanoparticles, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0023]    18. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 1, wherein said pigment is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, zinc oxide, UV blocking powders, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0024]    19. An uncolored roofing granule comprising: 
         [0025]    a low solar absorption base; and 
         [0026]    a coating presented on said base, said coating comprising a binder and a pigment, wherein said binder comprises a curable component and a non-clay, thermally reactive curing agent comprising silica nanoparticles dispersed therein. 
         [0027]    20. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said binder comprises less than about 15% by weight clay. 
         [0028]    21. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said binder comprises less than about 5% by weight clay. 
         [0029]    22. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said binder comprises less than about 1% by weight clay. 
         [0030]    23. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said coating has high reflectivity to visible and infrared (IR) light. 
         [0031]    24. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said base is transparent to much of the solar spectrum. 
         [0032]    25. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 24, wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of recycled glass, engineered glass, quartz, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0033]    26. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said base comprises high diffuse reflectivity and comprises a total solar reflectivity having a cup brightness of at least about 0.70 reflectivity. 
         [0034]    27. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 26, wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline silicate, polycrystalline silica, glass ceramic, devitrified ceramic, phase-separated glass, polycrystalline fused oxide, white cement, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0035]    28. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 26, wherein said base is white cement, said white cement comprising one or more fillers selected from the group consisting of recycled glass, engineered glass, quartz, alumina, titania, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0036]    29. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said soluble silicate comprises mixed alkali silicate. 
         [0037]    30. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said reactive curing agent further comprises a flux. 
         [0038]    31. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 30, wherein said flux is selected from the group consisting of soluble borate, soluble phosphate, insoluble borate, insoluble phosphate, nanoparticles, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0039]    32. The uncolored roofing granule of embodiment 19, wherein said pigment is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, zinc oxide, UV blocking powders, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0040]    33. A roofing article comprising a substrate and a plurality of roofing granules according to any of the previous embodiments presented on said substrate, said article further comprising an overcoat presented on said substrate and roofing granules. 
         [0041]    34. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat comprises fluorinated polyurethane silane with nanosilica particles dispersed in said fluorinated polyurethane silane. 
         [0042]    35. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat further comprises pigment selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, zinc oxide, UV blocking powders, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0043]    36. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat further comprises a binder. 
         [0044]    37. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat comprises a second polymer. 
         [0045]    38. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said second polymer comprises an acrylic. 
         [0046]    39. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat comprises a first layer comprising acrylic and a second layer presented on said first layer, said second layer comprising fluorinated polyurethane silane with nanosilica particles dispersed in said fluorinated polyurethane silane. 
         [0047]    40. The roofing article of embodiment 33, wherein said overcoat comprises a mixture of acrylic and fluorinated polyurethane silane with nanosilica particles dispersed in said fluorinated polyurethane silane. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0048]    The disclosure may be more completely understood, and those having ordinary skill in the art to which the subject invention relates will more readily understand how to make and use the subject invention, in consideration of the following detailed description of various exemplary embodiments of the disclosure in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0049]      FIG. 1  is a graph depicting reflectivity of various numbers of coatings by base rock versus L* (whiteness on the CIE LAB scale). As more coatings are added the Nova Scotia base and the Raw Rock base approach the same level on the L* scale, but the Nova Scotia base has higher reflectivity by ˜10% (0.10 TSR). 
           [0050]      FIG. 2  is a graph depicting Al Doped ZnO particle size distribution showing effects of sonication causing deagglomeration. 
           [0051]      FIG. 3  is a graph depicting Al-Doped ZnO Peak fit summary. 
           [0052]      FIG. 4  is a graph depicting Kadox 911 ZnO particle size distribution showing effects of sonication causing deagglomeration. 
           [0053]      FIG. 5  is a graph depicting Kadox 911 ZnO Peak fit summary. 
           [0054]      FIG. 6  is a graph depicting AA-TiO2 particle size distribution showing no significant change in response to sonication. 
           [0055]      FIG. 7  is a graph depicting Kronos-TiO2 particle size distribution showing no significant change in response to sonication but exhibiting a bi-modal distribution. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0056]    In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that forms a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration several specific embodiments. It is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense. 
         [0057]    All scientific and technical terms used herein have meanings commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. The definitions provided herein are to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0058]    The term “uncolored,” such as in reference to granules or roofing granules, can be essentially white granules that are not designed to have specific absorption in the visible region of the solar spectra, as would be used to create a desired color appearance other than white. 
         [0059]    The term “low solar absorption” can refer to materials that primarily reflect or transmit a large fraction of the total solar spectrum. Such a material would therefore primarily reflect or transmit most of the visible and near IR spectrum. In embodiments, a functional amount of a low solar absorption material (such as a layer of granules of base rock or coated base rock, or a thin layer of a granule coating material) would absorb less than 50%, preferably less than 30%, and optimally less than 20% of the total solar spectrum. 
         [0060]    A solar opaque material is one that has low transmission of the total spectra. When a material is both solar opaque and has low solar absorption, it has high total reflectivity of the solar spectrum. Preferably, a functional amount of a solar opaque material (such as a layer of granules of base rock or coated base rock, or a thin layer of a granule coating material) would transmit less than 60%, more preferably less than 40%, and optimally less than 30% of the total solar spectrum. 
         [0061]    Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein. 
         [0062]    The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range. 
         [0063]    As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” encompass embodiments having plural referents, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0064]    Higher performance white granules can be used for commercial bitumen roofs. Granules that enable roofs with an initial TSR value of at least 0.70 of the total solar spectrum can meet new building energy rating requirements, resulting in considerably increased value of the roofing product. The granules themselves optimally have extremely high reflectivity, as there can be losses from granule post treatments and incomplete coverage of bitumen surface. Granule cup reflectivity requirements can be as high as about 78% to about 85%. 
         [0065]    Three characteristics of ultra-white granules can include sufficiently high scattering power, sufficiently low absorption, and high UV blocking. Scattering power can be controlled by refractive index contrast and particle size. Titania can be an ideal pigment based on its high refractive index and low absorption. However, due to cost considerations, titania can be present in an amount which typically does not exceed two to three 10-30 μm pigment layers with moderate to high titania loading. This can be inadequate to fully hide a conventional baserock granule. Transparent granules can enable better coating utilization, but do not contribute additional scattering or UV absorption. Optimum utilization of titania can result from particle/aggregate size tailored to the solar spectrum and uniform distribution on the granules. 
         [0066]    Other approaches to enhanced scattering include the development or trapping of light scattering pores, lowering the refractive index of the binder matrix, or using lower cost pigments (such as, for example, alumina) that enhance overall scattering due to the ability to use larger quantities, trap small pores, or promote uniform coatings. Sufficiently low absorption opaque base rock can contribute to total scattering power, either in combination with coatings or as a monolithic granule if sufficiently reflective. Other approaches to white opaque base include bonded alumina, devitrified glass, white marble, and white cement. 
         [0067]    Light can be lost to absorption in the pigment layer, the granule, or in the bitumen after transmission through the granule. The latter can be controlled by scattering power as described above. The former can be minimized by eliminating light absorbing components such as, for example, standard clay. Colloidal silica has been shown to be an alternate heat curing agent to clay. Pigment subtleties, such as, for example, the presence of an organic surface treatment, can lead to absorption after heat treatment. Absorbing base rock can be replaced with transparent or low absorption opaque granules, unless the coating essentially fully hides the granule. 
         [0068]    UV blocking can be accomplished by absorption in the baserock for conventional granules. For high TSR granules, UV reflection can be preferred versus absorption, although both could be used. Generally, an optimum particle size for UV scattering is smaller than for the remaining solar spectra, so inclusion of and/or preferential location of small particles in an outer layer can improve the fraction scattered. The use of pigments that are both good scatterers and UV absorbers (such as, for example, titania) is beneficial. Certain pigment, such as, for example, zinc oxides are moderately good scatterers and more UV absorbing in certain wavelength ranges (340-380 nm) than titania. Including UV absorbers in the base rock enables scattering from the coating followed by absorption of remaining UV light. Synthesized granules, such as, for example, custom glass, glass-ceramic, bonded alumina, or white cement based materials, allow for the incorporation of UV absorbers. With multiple coats of applied pigmented metal silicate/clay ceramic coatings, the UV transmission of a high silica granule can be cut down to lower levels. In the first two examples below, the light transmission is cut below the 5% threshold after 2 or 3 coats (depending on the composition of the coating) and the TSR of these granules is higher than the same formulation on a more absorptive standard raw rock. 
       Example 1 
     Ultra White Roofing Granules 
       [0069]    In this example, each coat was mixed and fired to 870° F. onto quartz base rock from Black Bull Resources (Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Canada) using the formulation described in Table 1. The comparative samples fired on 3M raw rock used the same formulation with the slight difference in the first coat using 5 lbs/ton less titanium dioxide. The resulting color (as measured using a LabScan XE with a D65 light source and a 10 degree CIE standard observer) and TSR is listed in Tables 2 and 3 and plotted in  FIG. 1 . Table 2 also gives the light transmission results. TSR was measured using a Devices and Services Solar Spectrum Reflectometer (v5) using 1.5 air mass setting. The Light Transmission was measured using a full spectrum flood lamp with a 5850 light filter (for wavelengths ˜330 nm to −480 nm). Individual granules are placed in a 10 by 10 array and film was exposed with any light that is transmitted through the granules. In this example, acceptable light transmission is achieved after the 2 nd  coat. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formula used on Black Bull quartz base rock for each coating. The 
               
               
                 formula used on the 3M raw rock is the same except that the 1 st  coat 
               
               
                 used 15 lbs/ton titanium dioxide instead of 20 lbs/ton. 
               
               
                 Coating Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 RM 11-Digit No. 
                 RM Name 
                 lbs/ton 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 11-0000-7234-5 
                 PD sodium silicate 
                 63.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Water 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 11-0002-6169-0 
                 CR800 titanium dioxide 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 11-0002-9619-1 
                 Borax 5 Mol 
                 3.00 
               
               
                   
                 11-0000-7240-2 
                 B-3 Bag Clay 
                 30.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Color and TSR results for each coat on the Black Bull quartz base (results 
               
               
                 reported are an average of 4 samples). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 L* 
                 a* 
                 b* 
                 Reflectivity % 
                 Light Transmission 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Raw 
                 85.32 
                 0.73 
                 5.12 
                 72.1 
                 93% 
               
               
                 Rock 
               
               
                 1 Coat 
                 80.13 
                 1.36 
                 5.85 
                 63.1 
                 59% 
               
               
                 2 Coats 
                 79.67 
                 0.99 
                 4.35 
                 60.7 
                 4% 
               
               
                 3 Coats 
                 79.80 
                 0.66 
                 3.56 
                 59.5 
                 2% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Color and TSR results for each coat on the 3M raw rock samples (3 
               
               
                 replicates). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 L* 
                 a* 
                 b* 
                 Reflectivity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sample 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 Coat 
                 66.08 
                 −0.44 
                 −0.35 
                 30.5 
               
               
                   
                 2 Coats 
                 75.45 
                 −0.63 
                 0.40 
                 42.4 
               
               
                   
                 3 Coats 
                 78.23 
                 −0.44 
                 1.75 
                 48.7 
               
               
                   
                 4 Coats 
                 79.85 
                 −0.27 
                 2.52 
                 53.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sample 3 
               
               
                   
                 1 Coat 
                 65.50 
                 −0.51 
                 −0.70 
                 29.7 
               
               
                   
                 2 Coats 
                 75.18 
                 −0.65 
                 0.32 
                 42.2 
               
               
                   
                 3 Coats 
                 78.30 
                 −0.45 
                 1.65 
                 48.8 
               
               
                   
                 4 Coats 
                 79.79 
                 −0.30 
                 2.45 
                 52.6 
               
               
                   
                 Sample 11 
               
               
                   
                 1 Coat 
                 66.73 
                 −0.54 
                 −0.66 
                 31.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 Coats 
                 75.80 
                 −0.69 
                 0.35 
                 42.8 
               
               
                   
                 3 Coats 
                 78.61 
                 −0.45 
                 1.80 
                 49.5 
               
               
                   
                 4 Coats 
                 79.70 
                 −0.20 
                 2.64 
                 52.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FURTHER EXAMPLES 
       [0070]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coating components 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Part. Size Dist. 
                 % Primary 
                   
                 Surface 
               
               
                 Pigment 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Location 
                 Grade 
                 (μm) 
                 Oxide 
                 Phase 
                 Coating 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TiO 2   
                 Kronos 
                 Houston, TX 
                 3025 
                 0.3-100 
                 99 
                 Rutile 
                 None 
               
               
                 TiO 2   
                 Dupont 
                 Wilmington, DE 
                 R101 
                 0.32 
                 97 
                 Rutile 
                 1.7 wt % Al2O3 
               
               
                 TiO2 
                 Precolor 
                 Prague, CZ 
                 R200M 
                 0.45 
                 99.5 
                 Rutile 
                 Organic 
               
               
                 ZnO 
                 Kadox 
                 Monaca, PA 
                  911 
                 0.12 
                 99.9 
                 Wurtzite 
                 None 
               
               
                 Al2O3 
                 Alcan 
                 Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, QC 
                 AC34 
                 0.5-70  
                 99.6 
                 NaAl2O3 
                 None 
               
               
                 AlSil 
                 20 Microns 
                 Vadodara, Gujarat, India 
                 ZX 
                 −325 Mesh 
                 100 
                 AlSi Extender 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Part. Size Dist. 
                 % Primary 
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Location 
                 Grade 
                 (μm) 
                 Oxide 
                 Phase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Coll. SiO 2   
                 Nalco 
                 Naperville, IL 
                 1130 
                 0.008 
                 30 
                 nano 
               
               
                 Coll. SiO 2   
                 Nalco 
                 Naperville, IL 
                 2326 
                 0.005 
                 15 
                 nano 
               
               
                 Coll. SiO 2   
                 Nalco 
                 Naperville, IL 
                 2327 
                 0.02 
                 40 
                 nano 
               
               
                 Kaolin 
                 Laguna 
                 City of Industry, CA 
                 B-3 
                 0.1-30 
                 100 
                 clay 
               
               
                 NaSi 
                 PQ Corp 
                 Valley Forge, PA 
                 PD 
                 3.22 SiO 2 /Na 2 0 
                 39 
                 Sol 
               
               
                 KBF4 
                 Glenn Corp 
                 Lake Elmo, MN 
                 — 
                 — 
                 100 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       White Pigments: Light Scattering Analysis: 
       [0071]    Understanding the effect of particle size and particle state on scattering is critical to achieve maximum TSR. Below are examples of particle size measurements for light scattering techniques. 
         [0072]    Al Doped ZnO-Sonication causes the larger agglomerated particles between 4 and 10 um to break into particles in the 200 nm size range. The graph in  FIG. 3  summarizes the peak fit for the two modes in the Al doped ZnO after 1 minute of sonication. The sample has a peak at about 260 nm and at about 4 um. The Kadox 911 exhibits very similar behavior to that of the Al-doped ZnO sample see  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). Note that the peak fit data is for the sample after 2 minutes of sonication and the separation between the two modes is less distinct. 
         [0073]    The TiO2 samples exhibit a much larger overall particle size distribution. Sample AA-TiO2 exhibits a normal single mode distribution that is unaffected by sonication (see  FIG. 6 ). The Kronos TiO2 sample also appears to be generally unaffected by sonication but exhibits a distinct bi-modal distribution ( FIG. 7 ). The major mode is at about 1.4 um with a somewhat smaller mode at about 34.5 um. 
       Base Rock Materials 
       [0074]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Minerals 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SiO2 
                 Al2O3 
                 Fe2O3* 
                 MgO 
                 MnO 
                 CaO 
                 TiO2 
                 Na2O 
                 K2O 
                 P2O5 
                 LOI 
                 Ba 
               
               
                 Sample ID 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 wt. % 
                 ppm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96-11GL-W 
                 70.26 
                 13.93 
                 2.94 
                 0.63 
                 0.04 
                 1.33 
                 0.49 
                 3.90 
                 3.74 
                 0.02 
                 1.88 
                 &gt;800 
               
               
                 96-11GL-B 
                 50.63 
                 11.62 
                 11.36 
                 8.92 
                 0.18 
                 11.08 
                 0.93 
                 1.73 
                 0.43 
                 0.07 
                 0.55 
                 105.00 
               
               
                 96-11GL-C 
                 69.93 
                 13.78 
                 3.86 
                 0.82 
                 0.07 
                 2.84 
                 0.43 
                 3.43 
                 3.20 
                 0.05 
                 0.46 
                 &gt;800 
               
               
                 96-11GL-L 
                 62.42 
                 18.10 
                 3.44 
                 0.78 
                 0.18 
                 1.89 
                 0.96 
                 6.31 
                 6.05 
                 0.16 
                 0.73 
                 &gt;800 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sample Description 
               
               
                 96-11GL-W 
                 Wausau: 11-grade granule, crushed in the geology lab, from plant production November 1996 
               
               
                 96-11GL-B 
                 Belle Mead: 11-grade granule, crushed in the geology lab, from plant production November 1996 
               
               
                 96-11GL-C 
                 Corona: 11-grade granule, crushed in the geology lab, from plant production November 1996 
               
               
                 96-11GL-L 
                 Little Rock: 11-grade granule, crushed in the geology lab, from plant production November 1996 
               
             
          
           
               
                 *Note: 
               
               
                 Total iron (FeO and Fe2O3) reported as Fe2O3 
               
               
                 Analyses completed by ACTLABS, Inc., Wheat Ridge, Colorado, Nov. 19, 1997 by the ICP method. 
               
             
          
         
       
       
         Quartz T-Grade Quartz is left over stock from 3M&#39;s color quartz production. 
         Recycled Glass 8 grade recycle glass was broken clear bottle glass obtained from E-Cullet (Saint Paul, Minn.) and crushed/sieved at bldg. 30.
       Abrasive G14 glass is crushed light bulb glass obtained from NC Minerals of Lakeville, Minn.   
     
         Marble 9 grade commercially available marble roofing granules were obtained from Imerys (Roswell, Ga.). 
         Custom Fused Materials 1200 frit has standard 3M bubble glass chemistry. The glass is melted, fritted, and then devitrified in a belt furnace at temps ranging from 850-9500 C for 1-4 min at a time. &lt;0.5 wt % fumed silica is added to prevent the fritted parts from sticking together. 
       
     
         [0080]    Coated granules were prepared by blending coatings components, then applying to granules in a rotating laboratory furnace. 
         [0081]    Coating Notes: Colloidal silica and sodium silicate react to form a sheer thinning gel that the standard mixer blades only stir the bottom of making pigment distribution difficult. An air prop with a jiffy mixer attachment is used instead for the mixing so that the coating slip can be more controllably mixed. Clay based binders made by both methods are identical. 
         [0082]    Other sample types were made as needed to analyze optical and chemical properties of the various components of interest. These included (coated slides, granules comprised of only coating material, actual shingles) 
       Performance of Roofing Materials Based on Ultra-White Granules 
       [0083]    Performance is affected by several factors that are difficult to experimentally separate. For high TSR (total solar reflectivity), key factors include low absorbance (vis and IR), high scattering power (vis and IR), UV blocking (scattering or absorption), and good bitumen coverage (granule shape and size). Measurements and experiments to characterize and optimize these functions are described below. It is believed the materials and experiments below provide a path to a commercial granule bitumen roof with the desired TSR (0.70 of the total solar spectrum). Laboratory shingles do not necessarily meet this target due to non-optimum shingle coverage and packing, non-optimum granule surface treatment, or other factors. 
         [0084]    Coatings on slides—as a function of thickness, these help determine scattering power via identification of the required thickness to provide maximum reflection. At sufficient thickness—they also provide information on relative absorption. However the maximum reflectivity differs from the entitlement value for coated granules, because the rough surface formed by granules has more bounces for absorption, and therefore a lower maximum TSR than for thickly coated slides. 
         [0085]    Cup brightness values—These can be measured for base granules, coated granules, and granules fabricated from coating materials (granules of coating). Cup brightness provides a TSR value that is influenced by relative absorption with the appropriate magnification caused by roughness. For coated granules with absorptive base rock, primarily the top layer scatters light, so the result is very similar to shingle properties. For white granules with clear or white base rock, cup TSR is often enhanced because multiple granule layers counter act the absence of sufficient scattering power. 
         [0086]    Granule mono-layers (shingles or black tape)—these samples are closest to real functional performance, since the surface has real world roughness, and lack of scattering power causes light loss to the black backing. Granule packing, size, and shape influence this test (and real world performance) however, so the tests above are often needed to separate materials performances from granule shape factors. 
       Performance of Coatings 
     A. Examples of Low Loss Binder Systems: 
       [0087]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 RunOrder 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8-29- 
               
               
                   
                 DOE 1 
                 DOE 11 
                 DOE 13 
                 DOE 14 
                 DOE 15 
                 11-6E 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Clay Binder 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 System 
               
               
                 3025 lb/ton 
                 45.00 
                 90.00 
                 50.63 
                 60.00 
                 56.25 
                 135.00 
               
               
                 RCL9 lb/ton 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 28.13 
                 15.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ZnO 911 lb/ton 
                 22.50 
                 0.00 
                 5.63 
                 15.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 AlSil lb/ton 
                 22.50 
                 0.00 
                 5.63 
                 0.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 B3 clay 
                 30.00 
                 30.00 
                 30.00 
                 30.00 
                 30.00 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 PD sodium 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 50.00 
               
               
                 silicate 
               
               
                 water 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 amt/1 kg rock 
                 203.00 
                 203.00 
                 203.00 
                 203.00 
                 203.00 
                 220.00 
               
               
                 Colloidal SiO 2   
               
               
                 System 
               
               
                 3025 lb/ton 
                 45.00 
                 90.00 
                 50.63 
                 60.00 
                 56.25 
                 135.00 
               
               
                 RCL9 lb/ton 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 28.13 
                 15.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ZnO 911 lb/ton 
                 22.50 
                 0.00 
                 5.63 
                 15.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 AlSil lb/ton 
                 22.50 
                 0.00 
                 5.63 
                 0.00 
                 11.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 2326 Nalco 
                 200.00 
                 200.00 
                 200.00 
                 200.00 
                 200.00 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 PD sodium 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 63.00 
                 50.00 
               
               
                 silicate 
               
               
                 water 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 amt/1 kg rock 
                 353.00 
                 353.00 
                 353.00 
                 353.00 
                 353.00 
                 285.00 
               
               
                 TSR 
               
               
                 Clay Flat 
                 0.650 
                 0.615 
                 0.636 
                 0.644 
                 0.647 
                 0.677 
               
               
                 Black 
               
               
                 2326 Flat 
                 0.675 
                 0.625 
                 0.678 
                 0.655 
                 0.666 
                 0.639 
               
               
                 Black 
               
               
                 2326% 
                 3.74 
                 1.68 
                 6.71 
                 1.71 
                 2.89 
                 −5.52 
               
               
                 Improvement 
               
               
                 Clay Cup 
                 0.768 
                 0.750 
                 0.760 
                 0.758 
                 0.760 
                 0.785 
               
               
                 2326 Cup 
                 0.831 
                 0.770 
                 0.815 
                 0.816 
                 0.830 
                 0.799 
               
               
                 2326% 
                 8.29 
                 2.67 
                 7.28 
                 7.70 
                 9.26 
                 1.83 
               
               
                 Improvement 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       B. Examples of Transparent Baserock and Cup Brightness Properties 
       [0088]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Cup TSR and Color for transparent base rocks 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CO raw 
                 White 
                 Green 
                   
                 1200 
                 1200 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 rock 
                 G18 
                 G18 
                 T-Grade 
                 1 Pass 
                 Multipass 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TSR 
                 0.111 
                 0.574 
                 0.271 
                 0.604 
                 0.625 
                 0.680 
               
               
                 L* 
                 41.14 
                 81.4 
                 62.63 
                 78.01 
                 83.723 
                 89.267 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.6 
                 −0.46 
                 −3.92 
                 1.41 
                 −3.050 
                 −4.103 
               
               
                 b* 
                 1.97 
                 4.52 
                 18.92 
                 5.92 
                 0.397 
                 −0.213 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       C. Examples of Monolithic Granules/Opaque Baserock and Cup Brightness Properties: 
       [0089]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Cup TSR values of monolithic granules 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 1200 850C 1 Pass 
                 1200 850C Multipass 
                 Marble 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Avg TSR 
                 0.625 
                 0.680 
                 0.594 
               
               
                 L* 
                 83.74 
                 −3.09 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 a* 
                 86.59 
                 −3.53 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 b* 
                 86.59 
                 −3.53 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TSR values of monolayers of granules on tape 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Black Tape 
                 White Tape 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Avg TSR 
                 0.059 
                 0.807 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Marble on White 
                 Marble on Black 
                 Quartz on Black 
                 Quartz on White 
                 Abra G14 on Black 
                 Abra G14 on White 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.666 
                 0.425 
                 0.268 
                 0.727 
                 0.199 
                 0.730 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Abra G14 on Black 
                 Abra G14 on White 
                 1200 1Pass Black 
                 1200 1Pass on White 
                 1200 Multi Pass Black 
                 1200 Multi Pass White 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.199 
                 0.730 
                 0.244 
                 0.750 
                 0.335 
                 0.755 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0090]    1200 frit is bubble glass that has been partially nucleated at 850° C. for 1-3 minutes. Multipass is 6 passes varying in length from 1-3 minutes. Black is 3M 610 Vinyl Tape while White is TSSD TiO2 loaded patch brightness tape. 
       D. Examples of Coated Granules 
       [0091]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values of high TSR granules using different TiO 2  pigments 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 R101 
                 R101 
                 R200M 
                 Kronos 3025 
                 R200M 
               
               
                   
                 Corona 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Oct. 25, 2011 
                 10-25-11-7 
                 10-25-11-9 
                 10-25-11-10 
                 10-25-11-11 
                 10-25-11-12 
               
               
                 PD NaSi 
                 44.3 
                 44.3 
                 44.3 
                 44.3 
                 22.0 
               
               
                 2326 Coll. SiO2 
                 66.5 
                 66.5 
                 66.5 
                 66.5 
                 44.1 
               
               
                 DI H2O 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 TiO2 
                 45.0 
                 45.0 
                 45.0 
                 45.0 
                 59.5 
               
               
                 Batch Applied 
                 155.7 
                 155.7 
                 155.7 
                 155.7 
                 130.0 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 0.46 
                 0.46 
                 0.46 
                 0.46 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 % Binder 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 NaSi:React Ratio 
                 1.750 
                 1.750 
                 1.750 
                 1.750 
                 1.311 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Coatings as batched 
                 Corona 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 Abrasive G14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Oct. 25, 2011 
                 10-25-11-7 
                 10-25-11-9 
                 10-25-11-10 
                 10-25-11-11 
                 10-25-11-12 
               
               
                 PD NaSi 
                 64.0 
                 64.0 
                 64.0 
                 64.0 
                 38.1 
               
               
                 2326 Coll. SiO2 
                 96.0 
                 96.0 
                 96.0 
                 96.0 
                 76.3 
               
               
                 DI H2O 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 TiO2 
                 65.0 
                 65.0 
                 65.0 
                 65.0 
                 103.0 
               
               
                 Batch Weight 
                 225.0 
                 225.0 
                 225.0 
                 225.0 
                 225.0 
               
               
                 TiO2 g per Coat 
                 45 
                 45 
                 45 
                 45 
                 59.51014752 
               
               
                 Avg. TSR 3 Coats 
                 0.544 
                 0.611 
                 0.511 
                 0.735 
                 0.735 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 L* 
                 82.61 
                 83.28 
                 77.88 
                 88.87 
                 89.78 
               
               
                 a* 
                 −0.62 
                 −0.28 
                 −0.21 
                 −0.55 
                 −0.32 
               
               
                 b* 
                 1.08 
                 1.64 
                 0.90 
                 5.51 
                 3.42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values of high TSR granules using different TiO 2  pigments (cub 
               
               
                 brightness TSR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TiO2 
                 Kronos 3025 
                 Kronos 3025 
                 Kronos 3025 
                 Kronos 3025 
                 Kronos 3025 
               
               
                 Granule 
                 Marble 
                 T-Quartz 
                 Abrasive G14 
                 T-Quartz 
                 T-Quartz 
               
               
                 Nov. 22, 2011 
                 12-22-11-3 
                 12-5-11-1 
                 10-25-11-11 
                 8-29-11-6D 
                 8-29-11-6E 
               
               
                 PD NaSi 
                 88.5 
                 88.5 
                 88.6 
                 50 
                 50.0 
               
               
                 Kaolin B-3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 2326 Coll. SiO2 
                 132.9 
                 132.9 
                 133.0 
                 100 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 DI H2O 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 ZnO LS 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 67.5 
                 33.8 
               
               
                 TiO2 
                 90.0 
                 90.0 
                 90.0 
                 67.5 
                 101.3 
               
               
                 Batch 
                 311.4 
                 311.4 
                 311.6 
                 295.0 
                 295.1 
               
               
                 Amount of H20 
                 166.6 
                 166.6 
                 166.7 
                 125.3 
                 125.3 
               
               
                 Amount of Binder 
                 54.8 
                 54.8 
                 54.9 
                 34.7 
                 34.7 
               
               
                 NaSi:React Ratio 
                 1.750 
                 1.750 
                 1.750 
                 1.313 
                 1.313 
               
               
                 Total Applied 
                 103.82 
                 155.72 
                 155.80 
                 147.50 
                 147.55 
               
               
                 AVG 3 Coat TSR 
                 0.719 
                 0.67 
                 0.735 
                 0.775 
                 0.779 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values and alkalinity of low dust formulations blending multiple 
               
               
                 metal-silicate solutions with different colloidal silica levels on Corona 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Apr. 12, 2012 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TiO2 
                 22.5 
                 33.8 
                 45.0 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 Alsil 
                 22.5 
                 11.3 
                 0.0 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 NaSi 
                 63.0 
                 63.0 
                 63.0 
                 63.0 
                 63.0 
                 63.0 
                 28.0 
                 28.0 
               
               
                 Kasil 6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 35.3 
                 35.3 
               
               
                 Nalco 2327 
                 75.0 
                 75.0 
                 75.0 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 75.0 
               
               
                 Water 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
                 20.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Total 
                 183.0 
                 183.0 
                 183.0 
                 145.5 
                 145.5 
                 145.5 
                 145.8 
                 183.3 
               
               
                 APPLY 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.9 
                 91.7 
               
               
                 Apply 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.9 
                 91.7 
               
               
                 Batch 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 TiO2 
                 18.0 
                 27.0 
                 36.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
               
               
                 Alsil 
                 18.0 
                 9.0 
                 0.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
               
               
                 NaSi 
                 50.4 
                 50.4 
                 50.4 
                 50.4 
                 50.4 
                 50.4 
                 22.4 
                 22.4 
               
               
                 Kasil 6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 28.2 
                 28.2 
               
               
                 Nalco 2327 
                 60.0 
                 60.0 
                 60.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 60.0 
               
               
                 Water 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.0 
                 16.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Total 
                 146.4 
                 146.4 
                 146.4 
                 116.4 
                 116.4 
                 116.4 
                 116.6 
                 146.6 
               
               
                 Apply 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 91.5 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.9 
                 91.7 
               
               
                   
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
                 Corona 
               
               
                 Alkalinity 
                 3.624 
                 3.736 
                 4.722 
                 4.502 
                 4.188 
                 3.814 
                 4.58 
                 4.018 
               
               
                 Washed Alk 
                 3.342 
                 3.288 
                 3.764 
                 3.386 
                 3.746 
                 3.648 
                 4.622 
                 3.544 
               
               
                 Cup: −16 + 20 
                 0.302 
                 0.320 
                 0.342 
                 0.309 
                 0.303 
                 0.301 
                 0.292 
                 0.298 
               
               
                 Flat: −16 + 20 
                 0.259 
                 0.273 
                 0.295 
                 0.260 
                 0.261 
                 0.261 
                 0.244 
                 0.253 
               
               
                 Flat: Full 
                 0.261 
                 0.278 
                 0.296 
                 0.273 
                 0.264 
                 0.281 
                 0.253 
                 0.280 
               
               
                 Flat: Full 
                 0.881 
                 0.905 
                 0.900 
                 0.911 
                 0.894 
                 0.921 
                 0.901 
                 0.919 
               
               
                 Flat: −16 + 20 
                 0.872 
                 0.852 
                 0.862 
                 0.861 
                 0.864 
                 0.875 
                 0.836 
                 0.860 
               
               
                 L* 
                 63.88 
                 65.85 
                 67.40 
                 64.14 
                 63.63 
                 63.51 
                 62.48 
                 63.35 
               
               
                 a* 
                 0.26 
                 0.13 
                 0.06 
                 0.28 
                 0.30 
                 0.32 
                 0.27 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 b* 
                 2.07 
                 2.20 
                 2.15 
                 2.29 
                 2.35 
                 2.39 
                 2.31 
                 2.07 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values and alkalinity of low dust formulations blending multiple metal- 
               
               
                 silicate solutions with different colloidal silica levels on Silmer white (0.78 TSR) base. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Apr. 17, 
                 Mini- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2012 
                 Grain 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TiO2 3025 
                   
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 TiO RCL9 
                   
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 22.5 
               
               
                   
                 Alsil 
                   
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 22.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 22.5 
               
               
                   
                 NaSi 
                   
                 28.0 
                 28.0 
                 63.0 
                 28.0 
                 63.0 
                 28.0 
                 63.0 
                 28.0 
                 63.0 
                 28.0 
               
               
                   
                 Kasil 6 
                   
                 35.3 
                 35.3 
                 0.0 
                 35.3 
                 0.0 
                 35.3 
                 0.0 
                 35.3 
                 0.0 
                 35.3 
               
               
                   
                 Nalco 2327 
                   
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 75.0 
                 75.0 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
                 37.5 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 145.8 
                 145.8 
                 145.5 
                 183.3 
                 183.0 
                 145.8 
                 145.5 
                 100.8 
                 100.5 
                 145.8 
               
               
                   
                 APPLY 
                   
                 72.9 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 91.7 
                 91.5 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 50.4 
                 50.3 
                 72.9 
               
               
                   
                 Apply 
                   
                 72.9 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 91.7 
                 91.5 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 91.7 
                 91.5 
                 72.9 
               
               
                   
                 Batch 
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 TiO2 
                   
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 TiO2 RCL9 
                   
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                 Alsil 
                   
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 18.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                 NaSi 
                   
                 22.4 
                 22.4 
                 50.4 
                 22.4 
                 50.4 
                 22.4 
                 50.4 
                 22.4 
                 50.4 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                 Kasil 6 
                   
                 28.2 
                 28.2 
                 0.0 
                 28.2 
                 0.0 
                 28.2 
                 0.0 
                 28.2 
                 0.0 
                 17.7 
               
               
                   
                 Nalco 2327 
                   
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 60.0 
                 60.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 30.0 
                 18.8 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 116.6 
                 116.6 
                 116.4 
                 146.6 
                 146.4 
                 116.6 
                 116.4 
                 80.6 
                 80.4 
                 72.9 
               
               
                   
                 Apply 
                   
                 72.9 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 91.7 
                 91.5 
                 72.9 
                 72.8 
                 50.4 
                 50.3 
                 36.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
                 2095 
                 2095 
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
                 Sil. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MG0 
                 MG1 
                 MG0 
                 MG0 
                 MG0 
                   
                   
                 MG0 
                 MG0 
                 MG0 
               
               
                   
                 Alkalinity 
                 0.604 
                 9.36 
                 — 
                 9.706 
                 7.656 
                 9.136 
                 5.342 
                 3.802 
                 10.386 
                 12.804 
                 8.426 
               
               
                   
                 Washed Alk 
                   
                 8.404 
                 — 
                 9.136 
                 7.12 
                 7.978 
                   
                   
                 9.646 
                 12.482 
                 8.006 
               
               
                 1x Coat 
                 Flat: Full 
                   
                 0.599 
                 0.614 
                 0.623 
                 0.589 
                 0.568 
                 0.446 
                 0.464 
                 0.569 
                 0.591 
                 0.600 
               
               
                   
                 Flat: −16 + 20 
                   
                 0.563 
                 0.590 
                 0.620 
                 0.588 
                 0.573 
                 0.409 
                 0.429 
                 0.566 
                 0.571 
                 0.574 
               
               
                   
                 Cup: −16 + 20 
                 0.789 
                 0.728 
                 0.771 
                 0.726 
                 0.723 
                 0.739 
                 0.602 
                 0.627 
                 0.758 
                 0.764 
                 0.750 
               
               
                 1x Coat 
                 L* 
                 91.08 
                 88.71 
                 90.55 
                 88.88 
                 88.23 
                 88.75 
                 77.68 
                 79.21 
                 89.53 
                 89.94 
                 90.08 
               
               
                   
                 a* 
                 0.47 
                 0.14 
                 0.30 
                 0.22 
                 0.19 
                 0.24 
                 3.52 
                 3.42 
                 0.71 
                 0.68 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 b* 
                 1.09 
                 3.49 
                 2.86 
                 3.42 
                 3.60 
                 3.62 
                 9.90 
                 9.65 
                 1.83 
                 1.62 
                 2.57 
               
               
                 1x Pack 
                 Flat: Full 
                   
                 0.890 
                 0.916 
                 0.887 
                 0.840 
                 0.821 
                 0.867 
                 0.855 
                 0.822 
                 0.845 
                 0.860 
               
               
                   
                 Flat: −16 + 20 
                   
                 0.835 
                 0.862 
                 0.916 
                 0.858 
                 0.832 
                 0.773 
                 0.785 
                 0.824 
                 0.816 
                 0.828 
               
               
                   
                 Est 95% pack 
                 0.752 
                 0.694 
                 0.735 
                 0.692 
                 0.689 
                 0.705 
                 0.574 
                 0.598 
                 0.722 
                 0.728 
                 0.715 
               
               
                 3x Coat 
                 Flat: Full 
                   
                 0.616 
                   
                 0.613 
                 0.603 
                 0.612 
               
               
                   
                 Flat: −16 + 20 
                   
                 0.586 
                   
                 0.584 
                 0.569 
                 0.581 
               
               
                   
                 Cup: −16 + 20 
                   
                 0.712 
                   
                 0.727 
                 0.705 
                 0.717 
               
               
                 3x Coat 
                 L* 
                   
                 87.62 
                   
                 88.46 
                 86.70 
                 87.44 
               
               
                   
                 a* 
                   
                 −0.02 
                   
                 −0.07 
                 0.12 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 b* 
                   
                 4.34 
                   
                 4.38 
                 4.56 
                 4.67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       TSR Cup, Shingle, Flat Black 
       [0092]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values of high TSR granules in different constructions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 6D1 
                 6D2 
                 6E1 
                 6E2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Granule Cup TSR 
                 0.794 
                   
                 0.792 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Gran. + PT Cup TSR 
                 0.738 
                   
                 0.736 
               
               
                   
                 Shingle TSR 
                 0.613 
                 0.630 
                 0.630 
                 0.635 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0093]    The post treatment required to adhere the granules to the asphalt has absorptive components that lower granule TSR values. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of TSR values of high TSR granules in different constructions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 PolyFlake 
                 Firestone 
                 Al2O3 
                 8-29-11-6D P.T. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cup TSR 
                 ? 
                 0.811 
                 0.859 
                 0.738 
               
               
                 Flat Black TSR 
                 ? 
                 0.653 
                 ? 
                 ? 
               
               
                 Flat Black 
                 ? 
                 85.0 
                 ? 
                 ? 
               
               
                 Packing % 
               
               
                 Shingle TSR 
                 0.660 
                 0.705 
                 0.703 
                 0.613 
               
               
                 Shingle Packing % 
                 96.6 
                 92.5 
                 84.0 
                 87.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0094]    The polyflake and firestone materials were made by a manufacturing process that yields higher packing density than lab hand spreads are capable of achieving. Granule packing on shingle hand spreads is not easily controlled leading to lower construction TSR values than production processed shingles. 
       Data on Granule Durability: Boil Test, Tumble Test 
       [0095]      
         [0000]                                                                        TABLE 15                   6 hour boil test to judge coating solubility                8-29-   5C 6           7F 6 hr       Sample   11-5C   Hour Boil       8-29-11-7F   boil                        0.699   0.686       0.767   0.76           0.707   0.693       0.772   0.76           0.708   0.694       0.775   0.751       TSR Avg   0.705   0.691   TSR Avg   0.771   0.757           % Loss   1.94       % Loss   1.86                    
Samples show a minimal amount of TSR drop after 6 hours in rapidly boiling water.
 
         [0000]                                  TABLE 16                   Tumble test data on Corona rock and na-silicate infiltrated alumina                    On −30 mesh                       NaSiAl   0.9 g           Corona Rock   0.5 g                        
Na-silicate infiltrated shaped alumina particles retain enough shape after firing to pass the granule tumble test.
 
       Coating 
       [0096]    In embodiments, a roofing article includes a substrate and a plurality of roofing granules presented on said substrate. The article can further include a coating presented on the substrate and roofing granules. Such coating can include, for example, the following materials: 
         [0097]    Substrates. 
         [0098]    High-performance roof coating material, obtained as “SCOTCHKOTE Poly-Tech CSM 658” and Scotchkote Poly-Tech UV both available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn. 
         [0099]    Fluoro-Materials. 
         [0100]    Material 1: 15% aqueous fluoro-urethane silane dispersion available from 3M Company as Trade name SRC220. 
         [0101]    Silica Nanoparticles. 
         [0102]    Nanoparticle: A 40% aqueous colloidal spherical silica dispersion (stabilized with ammonium ion, Mean Particle Diameter=20 nm), available as NALCO 2327 from NALCO Chemical Company; 
         [0103]    The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described herein, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention can be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the instant specification.