Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a recombinant vector for transforming yeast and a process for transforming yeast thereby, more particularly to a recombinant vector comprising a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein having cycloheximide-resistant activity and a ribosomal DNA. The recombinant vector and the process for transforming thereby of the present invention is applicable to the efficient and stable integration of desired foreign DNA into yeast genome, thus providing useful tools for the production of a natural pigment, astaxanthin.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a novel vector for transforming yeast and to a process for transforming yeast thereby. Particularly, the present invention is directed to a gene encoding L41, a ribosomal protein derived from  Phaffia rhodozyma  which is useful for producing natural pigment astaxanthin; a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein having a cycloheximide-resistant activity; a ribosomal DNA derived from  Phaffia rhodozyma ; a vector for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  stably, comprising said gene encoding a mutated L41 protein and said ribosomal DNA; and a process for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  thereby. 
     BACKGROUND 
       Phaffia rhodozyma  is a reddish yeast species producing astaxanthin, a useful natural pigment. Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoids, which are represented by β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Astaxanthin as a main pigment of curstacea, trout and salmon is widely distributed in nature. However, they cannot synthesize astaxanthin and should be supplied with it from a diet. Thus, it has been considered necessary to add the pigment in the cultivation of crustacea, trout and salmon, because the added pigments to the crustacea and fishes may attract the consumers and give better flavors to them. This carotenoid pigment plays key roles in the physiological metabolism of human as well as animals, with known effects such an enhancement of immunological function, an antioxidant activity, a prevention of cancer and senescence, etc. 
     Because of increasing interests in  Phaffia rhodozyma  and pigments produced thereby, there have been a number of reports concerning a culture of  Phaffia rhodozyma . However, these reports have been focused on how the inexpensive materials can be used for its culture, and have resulted in the development of method for culturing  Phaffica rhodozyma , in which various local products may be employed, such as alfalfa juice (Okagbue et al.,  Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.,  20, 33, 1984), molasses (Haard et al.,  Biotechnol. Lett.,  10, 609, 1988), the byproducts of grape juice processing (Lango et al.,  Biotech. Forum Europe,  9, 565, 1992), peat hydrolyzate (Martin et al., 58, 223, 1993), the byproducts of corn wet-milling (Hayman et al.,  J. Ind. Microbiol.,  14, 389, 1995), and the mixture of sugar cane extract, urea and phosphoric acid (Fontana, et al.,  Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.,  57/58, 413, 1996). 
     Although little is known about the genetics of  Phaffia rhodozyma , the physiological features of  Phaffia rhodozyma  have been disclosed and the  Phaffia rhodozyma  mutant producing the pigment with high level has recently been selected (Johnson et al.,  Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.,  11, 297, 1991; An et al.,  Appl. Environ. Microbial.,  55, 116, 1989; Chumpolkulwong et al.,  J. Ferment. Bioeng.,  75, 375, 1997; Lewis et al.,  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,  56, 2944, 1990). In addition, a genetic analysis enlightened the ploidy and sexual cycle of  Phaffia rhodozyma . In a flow cytometry study, Calo-Mata and Johnson found that no strain was haploid and that most were polyploid (Calo-Mata et al.,  Yeast Gen. Mol. Biol. Meet.,  126, 1996). A pedogamic sexual process of conjugation has been also desclosed (Golubev et al.,  Yeast,  11, 101, 1995). 
     Although  Phaffia rhodozyma  is potentially useful for the production of astaxanthin and the like, the pigment level in the wild type of  Phaffia rhodozyma  is very low. Therefore, there have been attempts to develop a novel mutant strain of  Phaffia rhodozyma , which can produce the pigment more than usual one. However, these attempts have been hampered by the reduced growth rate and genetic instability of said mutant, which may occur when the pigment content in the mutant exceeds over the optimal range. 
     Another obstacle to the progress of the mutant is the method for mutagenesis. Chemical mutagenesis procedures have been performed conventionally, but it is associated with the simultaneous mutation of undesired genes leading to pleiotropic effects such as the reduction of growth rate, the prolonged induction time in the fermentation, etc. Furthermore, because the genome of the mutant strain is not stable, its subculture often decreases the yield of the pigment. 
     To solve these problems in the conventional breeding procedures and to enlarge the applicability of  Phaffia rhodozyma , molecular breeding approaches have been initiated recently, using genetic transformation. However, since most of  Phaffia rhodozyma  strains are polyploid and thus cannot be made to be an auxotrophic variant by the method conventionally applied to yeast, it is preferable to employ an approach using antibiotics-resistant genes as selectable markers. More recently, there was reported a transformation system in which  Phaffia rhodozyma  actin promoter and G418-resistant gene were used for the transformation of  Phaffia rhodozyma , However, the system showed poor transformation efficiency (Wery et al.,  Gene,  184, 89, 1997). 
     On the other hand, cycloheximide, an eukaryote-specific antibiotics, is applicable to the selection of yeast transformants. The target molecule of cycloheximide is ribosome and its target site is aminoacyl-tRNA binding site (A site) of ribosome, wherein it blocks peptidyl transferase activity of ribosome. As a result, it inhibits protein synthesis and cell growth in eukaryotes, without an effect on the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, it has been found that cycloheximide interacts with ribosomal protein L41, and that a mutation in L41 gene confers cycloheximide-resistance on the yeast transformants. Thus, cycloheximide and related mutant form of L41 gene are widely applicable to the process for transformation of yeasts. 
     Recent studies support the applicability of L41 gene to selectable marker in yeasts. Takagi et al. found that amino acid substitution through the mutagenesis of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  L41 gene conferred cycloheximide-resistance, suggesting the usefulness of L41 gene as a selectable marker (Takagi et al.,  J. Bacteriol.,  174, 254–262, 1992). Mutoh et al. proposed a biotechnological tool using  Candida maltosa  L41 gene as a selectable marker (Mutoh et al.,  J. Bacteriol.,  5383, 177, 1995). As it is well known that a substitution of 56 th  amino acid residue in the L41 protein conffer cycloheximide-resistant on  Candida utilis  (Keiji Kondo et al.,  J. Bacteriol.,  7171, 177, 1995), transformation system using the substitution has been developed. Similar approaches have been introduced in  Kluyveromyces lactis  and  Schwanniomyces occidentalis  (Dehoux et al.,  Eur. J. Biochem.,  213, 841–843, 1993; Pozo et al.,  Eur. J. Biochem.,  213, 849–857, 1993). On algae  Tetrahymena , the resistance is conferred by substitution of 40th amino acid residue, methionine to glutamine (Roberts et al.,  Exp. Cell. Res.,  312, 81, 1973). 
     To overcome the foregoing and other disadvantages, we, the inventors of the present invention, have noted that cycloheximide and related mutation in L41 gene may be used to develop an efficient transformation system, whereby a foreign gene is stably integrated into the genome of  Phaffia rhodozyma , and the transformants are undoubtedly selected. To develop such system, we have constructed transforming vectors comprising the antibiotics-resistant gene and the targeting gene, which is used for the stable integration of foreign gene. We transformed  Phaffia rhodozyma  with asid vectors, according to a modified method for electrotransforming  Cryptococcus neoformans , a member of Basidiomycetes, whereto  Phaffia rhodozyma  belongs (Kim et al.,  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,  64, 1947, 1998). 
     The present invention is performed by cloning and sequencing  Phaffia rhodozyma  L41 gene; modifying the L41 gene by the mutagenesis of the region responsible to cycloheximide-resistance; constructing the vectors for transforming by inserting ribosomal DNA into the modified L41 gene; transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  with the vector by electroporation method; and verifying the stable integration of the vector into the genome of the transformants. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a vector for transforming.  Phaffia rhodozyma  efficiently. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a recombinant vector for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma , which comprises the L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     It is an additional object of this invention to provide a L41 gene encoding the L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma , which has an antibiotics-resistant activity. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein which can be used as a cycloheximide-resistant gene. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a ribosomal DNA of  Phaffia rhodozyma , which can be used to enhance the integration efficiency of foreign DNA into  Phaffia rhodozyma  genomes. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  by electroporation. 
     Further objects and advantages of the present invention will appear hereinafter. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objects and advantages are readily obtained. 
     The present invention provides an L41 gene encoding a ribosomal protein derived from  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     In addition, this invention provides a gene encoding mutated L41 protein wherein the amino acid at the position 56 is replaced by glutamine. Since the amino acid residue is responsible for the cycloheximide-resistance, this mutated gene in a vector is useful for a selectable marker. 
     The present invention also provides a ribosomal DNA derived from  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant vector comprising a gene encoding a protein having a cycloheximide-resistant activity and a ribosomal DNA derived from  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     In such aspect of the present invention, also provided is a recombinant vector, pTPLR1 comprising a gene encoding the muated L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  and a portion of the  Phaffia rhodozyma  ribosomal DNA. 
     The present invention also provides a process of transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  with the vector by electroporation. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vector is cleaved into a linear form. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the linearized vector is tintroduced into  Phaffia rhodozyma  using electrophoresis. In the more preferred embodiment of the present invention the electrophoresis is conducted with conditions as follows: electric pulse is 0.8˜1.2 kV; an internal resistance is 400˜800 Ω; and a capacitance is 25˜50 μF. 
     Further features of the present invention will appear hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA containing upstream promoter region and coding region of a gene encoding L41 ribosomal protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  (SEQ ID NO: 15) and deduced amino acid sequences by the gene (SEQ ID NO: 16), wherein,
         Open boxes: TATA and CAAT sequences;   Underlined: the position of primers;   Bold letters: consensus sequence in splicing region of intron;   Open circle: amino acid residue at position 56       
         FIG. 2  represents the construction of the pTPLR1 vector, its restriction map, a nucleotide sequcence for mutagenesis of L41 gene (SEQ ID NO: 17) and its amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) and a mutated nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 19) and its amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:20, wherein,
         Numbers in parentheses: the sizes of inserts;   Blank boxes: DNA fragment containing L41 gene;   Grey boxes: rDNA fragments;   Black boxes: exons of L41 gene;   Thin lines: pBluescript SK(+) sequence;   Horizontal arrow: transcriptional direction of L41 gene;   X: XbaI site; S: SalI site; C: ClaI site;   H: HindIII site; E: EcoRI site; Xh: XhoI site;   Sm; SmaI site; Bg: BglI site; Ba: BalI site;   Kp: KpnI site;       
         FIG. 3  represents the restriction map of pTPLR1, the vector of the present invention, 
         FIG. 4  represents the relationship between the condition of electroporation and the transformation efficiency or cell viability; 
         FIG. 5  represents Southern blot analysis of pTPLR1 transformants, wherein,
         C: nontransformant control;   1 to 5: pTPLR1 transformants;       
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram showing the mode of pTPLR1 integrated into the chromosome. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is based upon the notion that cycloheximide and related mutation in a gene encoding L41 protein may be used to develop a transformation system, whereby a foreign gene is stably integrated into the genome of  Phaffia rhodozyma , and the transformants are undoubtedly selected. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail. 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides a gene encoding a L41  Phaffia  ribosomal protein. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the genomic and cDNA sequences containing a gene encoding a L41  Phaffia rhodozyma  ribosomal protein are prepared from a  Phaffia rhodozyma  strain (ATTC 24230). 
     The gene encoding L41 protein identified in the present invention shows high homology with other known L41 gene derived from yeasts, but contains 6 introns which have specific sequences in 5′ and 3′ regions of each intron. The genomic sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 contains 7 exons and 6 introns and the cDNA encoding the L41 protein has a nucleotide sequence of 1,223 bp fragment represented by SEQ ID NO: 2. The deduced amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3. The proline at position 56 is responsible for sensitivity to cycloheximide (see  FIG. 1 ). 
     In another preferred embodiment, the cloned gene encoding L41 protein is modified by site-directed mutagenesis, so that the mutated L41 protein has a cycloheximide-resistant activity. Particularly, a mutagenesis is performed to substitute the proline residue with glutamine, at the position 56 (see  FIG. 2 ). 
     The mutagenesis in the present invention includes all the possible modification of triplet codon in the amino acid position 56. For example, the codons for proline 56 may be replaced by all possible triplet codons for glutamine. 
     The present invention also provides a ribosomal DNA (hereinafter “rDNA”) derived from  Paffia  yeast. 
     In this invention, rDNA means not only a DNA sequence which is transcribed to bear all types of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA, but also a non-transcription spacer (hereinafter, “NTS”), or a DNA sequence between the transcribed rDNA. rDNA can be preferably used to enhance the integration efficiency of foreign DNA into host genomes because rDNA sequence is highly repeated as tandem units in the eukaryotic genomes. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the rDNA is represented by SEQ ID NO: 4. The rDNA sequence contains NTS. 
     The present invention provides a recombinant vector for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma , comprising a cycloheximide-resistant gene and a rDNA. 
     According to one preferred embodiment, the cycloheximide-resistant gene is a gene coding a mutated L41 protein derived  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     According to one preferred embodiment, the rDNA may be used to enhance the integration efficiency of foreign DNA into the host genome. 
     According to more preferred embodiment, the rDNA has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. 
     According to another preferred embodiment, the gene encoding L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  is modified so as to have a cycloheximide-resistant acitivity and be used as a selectable marker in the recombinant vector (see  FIG. 2 ). This recombinant vector is useful for a stable transformation of a foreign gene into a host genome. 
     More particularly, the present invention provides pTPLR1, a vector for transforming yeasts. In the most preferred embodiment the recombinant vector comprises an NTS portion of  Phaffia rhodozyma  rDNA and a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  wherein the codon for proline at amino acid position 56 is substituted with the codon for glutamine (see  FIG. 3 ). 
     The recombinant vector of the present invention may be readily modified and improved within the spirits and scope of the present invention. For example, the recombinant vector of the present invention may include diverse L41 genes modified using various mutagenesis procedures and diverse rDNA sequences derived from various organisms. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, also provided is a process for transforming yeasts with foreign DNA. The process is based upon the established method for transforming  Cryptococcus neoformans , but optimized to yeasts, using an antibiotics-resistance gene derived from yeasts instead of the bacterium-derived counterpart. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector is cleaved into a linear form before transformation. The restriction enzymes used and the reaction may be selected carefully so that the foreign DNA is efficiently introduced into a host genome and only desired sequences of the vector are inserted to the host genome. 
     In the process for transforming of the present invention, an electroporation procedure is employed. According to another embodiment, electroporation is conducted with conditions as follows: an electric pulse of 0.8–1.2 kV, an internal resistance of 400˜800 Ω, and a capacitance of 25˜50 μF. After electroporation, the yeast cells are cultivated at 23° C. for 14˜16 hours, then spread on solid medium containing cycloheximide, and further cultivated at 23° C. for 4˜5 days. Assessing the effects of various conditions for the electroporation on the cell viability and the transforming efficiency (see  FIG. 4 ) reveals that abundant transformants are produced under such condition as electric pulse of 0.8 kV, an internal resistance of 600 Ω, and a capacitance of 50 μF. 
     In another embodiment, Southern blot analysis is used to verify the stable integration of foreign DNA (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). The result confirms that the introduced genes are stably maintained in host genome, even after multiple subcultures on the medium without cycloheximide. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Practical and presently preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrative as shown in the following Examples. 
     However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, on consideration of this disclosure, may make modifications and improvements within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Example 1 
     The Isolation of Gene Encoding a L41 Protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma    
     To isolate genomic DNA sequence encoding  Phaffia rhodozyma  ribosomal protein L41, we synthesized two PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primers, the sequences thereof were deduced from the nucleotide sequence of other yeast L41 genes and represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 (CYH1) and SEQ ID NO: 6 (CYH3). PCR was performed using the synthetic oligonucleotides, CYH1 and CYH3 as PCR primers and genomic DNA isolated from  Phaffia rhodozyma  (ATCC 24230) as template. A DNA fragment of 700 bp containing a gene encoding L41 protein was produced as a result, and then was brought to a labeling reaction using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeling kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) so as to be used as a probe for Southern blot analysis. To clone full-length genomic DNA encoding L41 protein, Southern blot hybridization was performed as desclosed by Sambrook et al. (Sambrook et al.,  Molecular Cloning,  2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) in a solution containing 5×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) sarcosyl, 0.02% (w/v) SDS, 5% blocking agent, and 50% (v/v) formamide, at 42° C. A strong hybridization signal was observed from an 8-kb XbaI fragment, and the XbaI fragments of 7 to 9-kb were isolated and ligated into pBluescript SK(+) (Stratagene, USA) to make a minilibrary. A clone (pTPL2), hybridizing with the PCR product was identified in a further Southern blot analysis wherein the DNA fragment of the minilibrary were blotted onto the membrane. 
     To identify the gene encoding L41 protein without intron,  Phaffia rhodozyma  L41 cDNA was isolated by the method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) with 3′-RACE (GIBCO BRL, USA) and 5′-RACE (Clontech, USA) kits. Total RNA was prepared by the method of Elion and Warner (Elion et al.,  Cell,  39, 663–673, 1984). Then mRNA was selected from the total RNA, using mRNA isolation kit (Novagen), and a 3′ RACE reaction was performed with a synthetic oligonucleotide represented by SEQ ID NO; 7 as a 3′ RACE primer, and 5′ RACE reaction was ferformed with a synthetic oligonucleotide represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 as a 5′ RACE primer. 
     The sequencing of the 3′ and 5′ RACE products suggested that a putative open reading frame of 1,223 bp be interrupted by six introns. The cloned gene encoding L41 protein was found to show high homology with those of other yeasts. However, the number of introns and their organization in the gene encoding the L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  were quite different from those of the other yeast. In fact, they have only one intron. GTPuNGT sequence and PyAG sequence were conserved in 5′ and 31 ends, respectively, of the gene encoding L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma ; this conserved sequences were also reported in the intron of actin of  Phaffia rhodozyma . The L41 gene encodes ribosomal protein comprising 106 amino acids, and most notably, proline at position 56 is identified to the amino acid residue responsible for the sensitivity to cycloheximide. The genomic DNA sequence of the gene encoding L41 protein of  Phaffia rhodozyma  was registered in GenBank on May 19, 1997, with accession NO. AF 004672 (see  FIG. 1  and SEQ ID NO: 15). 
     Example 2 
     A Gene Encoding Mutant L41 Protein having Cycloheximide-Resistant Activity 
     To confer the cycloheximide-resistance on the genen encoding the L41 protein, we performed a site-directed mutagenesis which resulted in the amino acid substitution proline at position 56 with glutamine. Particularly, mutagenesis was carried out with the QuickChange in vitro mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) as described in the manufacturer&#39;s instructions with complementary mutagenic primers corresponding to amino acids 52 to 59 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10. The 2.2-kb SalI fragment digested from the 8.0-kb fragment in Example 1 was replaced with the mutated fragment. 
     Example 3 
     The Isolation of Ribosomal DNA 
     Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the present invention was exploited to enhance the integration efficiency of foreign DNA into  Phaffia rhodozyma  genomes. To clone the rDNA fragment, two pairs of PCR primers, represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, 12 (corresponding to 18 S rDNA part) and 13, 14 (corresponding to 28 S rDNA part), were designed from the known partial rDNA sequence of  Phaffia rhodozyma.    
     By PCR with these two pairs of primers, two DNA fragments were obtained. One of those was 1.5-kb fragment containing the 5.8 S rDNA NTS (non-transcription spacer) region with the primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 11 and 14, and the other was 6-kb fragment containing the 5 S rDNA NTS region with the primers represented by SEQ ID NO: 12 and 13. 
     Two DNA fragments were used as a probe for cloning the rDNA unit in genomic Southern blot analysis, followed by the construction of minilibrary, as described in Example 1. Multiple rounds of Southern blot hybridization identified an 8.5-kb HindIII fragment, which was cloned and identity thereof was confirmed by partial sequencing. A 730-bp XhoI and XbaI fragment of the 8.5-kb fragment, which spans NTS region between 5 S and 18 S rDNA, was subcloned in pBluescript and the resulting vector was designated as pTPR4. A sequencing of pTPR4 enlightened that the cloned rDNA fragment showed high homology with 5.8 S and 25 S rDNA region of  Candida neoformans , a member of Basidiomycetous yeasts including  Phaffia rhodozyma . The 730-bp nucleotide sequence of  Phaffia rhodozyma  rDNA gene was registered in GenBank on Jul. 28, 1997, with accession NO. AF 016256. 
     Example 4 
     The Construction of Recombinant Vector for Transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma    
     To construct recombinant vectors for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  efficiently, we constructed pTPL5 vector containing the gene encoding mutated L41 protein prepared in Example 2 and pTPR4 vector containing the rDNA fragment prepared in Example 3 (see  FIG. 2 ). Particularly, pTPLR1 which is a recombinant vector for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  was cunstructed using the 3.7-kb fragment of pTPL5 as a cycloheximide-resistant marker and the 730-bp rDNA fragment of pTPR4 as a targeting sequence whereby a forein DNA is integrated into  Phaffia rhodozyma  genome with multicopy. The 3.7-kb XbaI-SalI fragment of pTPL5 containing the gene encoding a mutated L41 protein was treated with the Klenow enzyme and inserted into the BalI site of pTPR4. The resulting plasmid, pTPLR1 (see  FIG. 3 ), was introduced into  E. coli  DHSα strain, and the transformed  E. coli  strain was deposited in Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) on Oct. 21, 1998 (accession NO: KCTC 0535BP). 
     We also constructed a plasmid, pTPLR2, which has the reverse direction agaist the coding sequences. The pTPLR1 and pTPLR2 vectors were digested with SmaI or BglI-KpnI restriction enzymes, before the vector was brought to the transformation and integrated into the rDNA region of  Phaffia rhodozyma  genome. 
     Example 5 
     The Transformation of  Phaffia rhodozyma  with pTPLR1 Vector 
     To transform  Phaffia rhodozyma  with the pTPLR1 vector efficiently, we developed the transformation method, which is based upon the method for transforming a Basidiomycetous yeast,  Cryptococcus neoformans  (Varma et al.,  Infect. Immun.,  60, 1101, 1992) but optimized for  Phaffia rhodozyma . Electroporation procedure was employed in the process of the present invention. Particularly,  Phaffia rhodozyma  cells from a log-phase cluture in 50 ml of YM medium were harvested by centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes, then washed twice with equal volume of electroporation buffer (270 mM sucrose, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM MgCl 2 , pH 8.0) containing 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and resuspended in the electroporation buffer without DTT. The linearized plasmid pTPLR1 (200 ng) was mixed with a 50 μl aliquot (approximately 2×10 7  cells) of the cell suspension, and transferred to a cuvette (0.2-cm electrode gap; Bio-Rad, USA). Sets of electroporation were performed (Gene Pulser II; Bio-Rad, USA) under the various ranges of electric pulse (0.8 to 1.2 kV), internal resistance (400 to 800 Ω) and capacitance (25 to 50 μF). The electroporated cells were resuspended in 1 ml of YM medium and transferred to a test tube for incubation. After being shaken for 12 to 16 hours at 23° C., cells were spread on YM agar medium containing 10 μg/ml of cycloheximide and incubated at 23° C. for 4 to 5 days. 
       FIG. 4  shows the relationship between the condition of electroporation and the transformation efficiency or cell viability. The transformation efficiency was mainly dependent on the capacitance, preferably of 50 μF rather than 25 μF. In summary, more transformants were produced when an electric pulse of 0.8 kV was delivered and internal resistance of 600 Ω was set with a capacitance of 50 μF, generating pulse lengths of 18 to 20 Ms. Under such a condition, approximately 30% of cells survived, and transformation efficiencies of 800 to 1000 transformants per μg of DNA could be routinely obtained with pTPLR1 linearized either by SmaI or by BglI-KpnI. 
     Using the optimized process, we transformed  Phaffia rhodozyma  with various vectors and observed the colony formation on the YM agar medium containing cycloheximide. 
     Interestingly, there was no transformant with pTPLR2 in any condition, suggesting that L41 gene is expressed only when the transcriptional direction of the integrated L41 gene is the same as that of rDNA. 
     Without the linearization of pTPLR1 before transformation, no colony was formed. This may result from the fact that rDNA does not have the autonomous replication sequence (ARS) or its similar function. 
     A vector carrying a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein having cycloheximide-resistant activity but not containing rDNA sequence, was introduced into  Phaffia rhodozyma . In this case, a few colonies were observed. We suspected that the mutated L41 gene in the vector would replace endogenous L41 gene in the genome, rather than be integrated in directed position. 
     In addition, we transformed  Phaffia rhodozyma  with a vector wherein the promoter of L41 gene was deleted, and observed transformed colonies. The Southern blot analysis of this transformant showed the same hybridization pattern as that of nontransformant control. This indicates that the a substitution has occurred in this case, rather than an integration in the directed position. 
     Example 7 
     Southern Blot Analysis of the Transformants 
     To assess the stability of the introduced foreign DNA in  Phaffia rhodozyma  genome according to the present invention, a Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA, which is prepared from pTPLR1 transformants or nontransformant control was performed (see  FIG. 5 ). Particularly the genomic DNA was digested with SmaI or EcoRI enzyme, and the 2.2-kb SalI fragment of pTPL2 was used as a probe in the hybridization. The intensity of colored band was measured by the scanning densitometer (Model GS-700 Imaging Densitometer, Bio-Rad, USA). 
     Southern blot analysis, wherein genomic DNA of transformants was digested with SmaI, showed two colored bands at 9.0-kb and 4.1-kb. A signal at 9.0-kb is observed both in a nontransformant control and in the transformants, indicating that this band originated form the endogenous gene encoding L41 protein of Phaffia rhodozyma. A much stronger signal at 4.1-kb also was detected in transformants, but not in the control. This was identical with the result of the restriction map of the transforming plasmid (see  FIG. 6 ). The size and relative intensity of signal at 4.1-kb suggested that multiple copies (approximately, 7 copies) of the transforming plasmid had been integrated. 
     In another Southern blot analysis with EcoRI digestion, two bands at 5.8-kb and 2.8-kb were found only in transformants (see  FIG. 5 ). The 5.8-kb band originated from a 3.2-kb rDNA fragment and a 2.6-kb L41 gene fragment, and the 2.8-kb band originated from a 1.7-kb rDNA fragment and a 1.1-kb L41 gene fragment. Integration may occur as diagrammed in  FIG. 6 . 
     These results were reproducible in Southern blot analysis with rDNA probe. Most importantly, copy number did not decrease after a prolonged cultivation in YM medium with or without cycloheximide, indicating that the transforming plasmid was integrated into the chromosome and maintained stably. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     As shown above, the vector for transforming  Phaffia rhodozyma  of the present invention comprises rDNA and a gene encoding a mutated L41 protein having cycloheximide-resistant activity, which is useful for a stable integration of foreign DNA into host genome and for a convenient selection of transformants, respectively. The vector of the present invention is, therefore, applicable to the transformation of yeast cells including  Phaffia rhodozyma , in combination with the process for transforming yeast cells of the present invention, wherein the yeast cells are transformed through the optimized electroporation. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptions and specific embodiments disclosed in the foregoing description may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other embodiments for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such equivalent embodiments do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.