Abstract:
The present invention relates to a solid pharmaceutical composition (such as a solid dosage form) comprising a delivery agent and wetted heparin. The inclusion of wetted heparin rather than un-wetted heparin in the solid pharmaceutical composition results in increased delivery of the heparin. Without being bound by any particular theory, applicants believe that because the polymer chain of the wetted heparin is already in an “open” form, while un-wetted heparin is not, less of the wetted heparin is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract and is more readily absorbed in the stomach.

Description:
This application is a 371 National Phase of International Application No. PCT/US2005/016012, filed May 6, 2005, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/569,475, filed May 6, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/572,679, filed May 19, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/598,978, filed Aug. 4, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a solid dosage form of wetted heparin and a delivery agent. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant for the prevention and initial treatment of venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). PE is estimated to result in more than 300,000 hospital admissions per year and is responsible for approximately 50,000 to 250,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. There are numerous indications approved and unapproved that involve use of heparin products, both fractionated and unfractioned. Usually, the goal of the therapy is to treat or prevent a thrombotic event. 
     Heparin is a potent anticoagulant whose chemical composition includes a mixture of repeating disaccharide units, composed of glucosamine and either L-iduronic or D-glucuronic acid. Heparin is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan most frequently isolated commercially from cow lung and porcine intestinal mucosa. It is sulfated, anionic, and highly acidic. 
     Heparin inhibits reactions that lead to the clotting of blood and the formation of fibrin clots also known as thrombus. It inhibits several activated coagulation factors, in particular, factor Xa and factor IIa, by binding to the plasma protease inhibitor antithrombin III. It is partially metabolized by desulphation and depolymerization. 
     Heparin includes both unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin, e.g., dalteparin sodium, enoxaparin, tinzaparin. Heparins are indicated for prophylaxis of ischemic complications in unstable angina and non-Q-wave mycordial infarction, prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients following hip or knee replacement surgery, and prophylaxis of DVT in patients following abdominal surgery in patients at risk for thromboembolic complications. Abdominal surgery patients at risk include those who are over 40 years of age, obese, undergoing surgery under general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes or who have additional risk factors such as malignancy or a history of DVT or pulmonary embolism. Heparins are also indicated for prophylaxis of DVT in medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness, and treatment of DVT with or without pulmonary embolism. 
     The anticoagulant effect of heparin requires the presence of antithrombin III to facilitate the formation of a 1:1 complex with thrombin. The rate of thrombin-antithrombin III complex formation is increased 1,000-fold by heparin which serves as a catalytic template to which both the inhibitor and thrombin bind. Binding of heparin also induces a conformational change in antithrombin, making the reactive site more accessible to thrombin. Antithrombin binds to heparin via sulfate groups on a specific pentasaccharide sequence found in about 30% of heparin molecules. The heparin-antithrombin III complex can also inhibit activated Factors IX, X, XI, and XII. Once thrombin binds to antithrombin, the heparin molecule is released from the complex. When, for example, the concentration of heparin in plasma is about 0.1 to 1.0 IU/mL, thrombin, Factor IIa, and Factor Xa are rapidly inhibited by antithrombin III. The result is an increase in blood coagulation time, as measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time, anti-Factor IIa, and anti-Factor Xa activity. 
     Presently, heparin is administered parenterally, either by continuous or intermittent intravenous infusion or by deep subcutaneous injection. Heparin alone is not well absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,383 discloses a delayed release pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration of a hydrophilic drug. The dosage form comprises low molecular weight heparin, a bile salt or bile acid, and at least one surfactant selected from hydrophilic surfactant, a lipophilic surfactant, and mixtures thereof. 
     There remains a need for heparin pharmaceutical compositions that can be administered orally and provide an increased heparin response, i.e., an oral heparin administration that can traverse the gastrointestinal tract and provide increased bioavailability. Such a composition would provide a more convenient dosage method for patients receiving heparin. Oral heparin would also increase patient compliance, particularly for patients requiring prophylactic therapy to prevent major venous thromboembolic events. The fact that injections and needles are not required is appealing to patients and can reduce infections due to the disruption of the integrity of the skin by injections. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising a delivery agent and wetted heparin. The inclusion of wetted heparin rather than un-wetted heparin in the solid pharmaceutical composition results in increased delivery of the heparin. Without being bound by any particular theory, applicants believe that because the polymer chain of the wetted heparin is already in an “open” form, while un-wetted heparin is not, less of the wetted heparin is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract and is more readily absorbed in the stomach. The solid pharmaceutical composition may be a unit dosage form, such as a tablet, capsule, orally disintegrating tabs and strips, granules, powder packets, and patches. 
     According to one preferred embodiment, the solid pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a delivery agent selected from N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-amino]caprylic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (such as its monosodium salt) (collectively hereafter referred to as “SNAC”), and (ii) wetted heparin. The wetted heparin comprises heparin and a solvent. Preferably, the solvent also partially solubilizes the SNAC. The un-solubilized SNAC has been found to act as a good gelling agent for gelling the SNAC and wetted heparin together. The solid pharmaceutical compositions facilitates the oral delivery of heparin, with increased bioavailability compared to the administration of tablets containing an equivalent amount of un-wetted heparin and SNAC. 
     Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method for administering or facilitating the delivery of heparin in a subject in need thereof by orally administering the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. 
     Yet another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing thrombosis in a subject in need thereof by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Any type of thrombosis can be treated or prevented with the pharmaceutical composition including, but not limited to, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). 
     Yet another embodiment is a method of preventing a major venous thromboembolic event in a subject in need thereof by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Such patients include those who recently (e.g., within about a week or two) underwent hip or knee replacement or abdominal surgery, especially those who are over 40 years of age, or obese, or underwent surgery under general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes, or have additional risk factors, such as malignancy or a history of DVT or PE. 
     Yet another embodiment is a method of preparing a solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention by mixing a delivery agent, heparin, and wetting agent to form a semi solid or gel composition. For example, a blend of delivery agent and heparin can be added to a wetting agent solution (individually or collectively) to form a semi-solid or gel composition. The solid pharmaceutical composition may further be formulated into a unit dosage form, such as by packing the composition into a capsule. 
     Yet another embodiment is a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising a delivery agent (e.g., SNAC), and wetted heparin, wherein:
         (1) about 120 minutes after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits a plasma aPTT, an anti-factor IIa plasma concentration, an anti-factor Xa plasma concentration, or any combination of the foregoing that are statistically significantly greater than that about 120 minutes after oral administration of an identical composition containing unwetted heparin instead of wetted heparin,   (2) after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits an Emax for aPTT, EAUC(0-inf) for aPTT, Emax for anti-factor IIa, EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor IIa, Emax for anti-factor Xa, EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor Xa, or any combination of the foregoing that are statistically significantly greater than after oral administration of an identical composition containing unwetted heparin instead of wetted heparin, or   (3) both.       

     Yet another embodiment is a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising SNAC and wetted heparin, wherein:
         (1) about 120 minutes after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits one or more of the following:
           (i) a plasma aPTT of at least about 38 seconds,   (ii) an anti-factor IIa plasma concentration of at least about 0.11 IU/ml, or   (iii) an anti-factor Xa plasma concentration of at least about 0.1 IU/ml,   
           (2) after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits one or more of the following:
           (i) an Emax for aPTT of at least about 50 IU/ml,   (ii) an EAUC(0-inf) for aPTT of at least about 80 IU*hr/ml,   (iii) an Emax for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.35 IU/ml,   (iv) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.7 IU*hr/ml,   (v) an Emax for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.35 IU/ml,   (vi) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.68 IU*hr/ml, or   
           (3) both.       

     Preferably, about 120 minutes after administration, the human exhibits (i) a plasma aPTT of at least about 39 or about 50 seconds, (ii) an anti-factor IIa plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 IU/ml, (iii) an anti-factor Xa plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 IU/ml, or any combination thereof. Preferably, after administration, the human exhibits (i) an EAUC(0-inf) for aPTT of at least about 100, 150, or 180 IU*hr/ml, (ii) Emax for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.4 IU/ml, (iii) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor IIa of at least about 1.0 IU*hr/ml, (iv) an Emax for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.4 IU/ml, (v) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor Xa of at least about 1.0 IU*hr/ml, of any combination thereof. 
     Yet another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing DVT in a human in need thereof by orally administering one or more solid pharmaceutical compositions comprising SNAC and wetted heparin, wherein
         (1) about 120 minutes after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits one or more of the following:
           (i) a plasma aPTT of at least 38 seconds,   (ii) an anti-factor IIa plasma concentration of at least about 0.11 IU/ml, or   (iii) an anti-factor Xa plasma concentration of at least about 0.1 IU/ml,   
           (2) after oral administration of the solid pharmaceutical composition to a human, the human exhibits one or more of the following:
           (i) an Emax for aPTT of at least about 50 IU/ml,   (ii) an EAUC(0-inf) for aPTT of at least about 80 IU*hr/ml,   (iii) an Emax for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.35 IU/ml,   (iv) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.7 IU*hr/ml,   (v) an Emax for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.35 IU/ml,   (vi) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.68 IU*hr/ml, or   
           (3) both.       

     Preferably, about 120 minutes after administration, the human exhibits (i) a plasma aPTT of at least about 39 or 50 seconds, (ii) an anti-factor IIa plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 IU/ml, (iii) an anti-factor Xa plasma concentration of at least about 0.2 IU/ml, or any combination thereof. Preferably, after administration, the human exhibits (i) an EAUC(0-inf) for aPTT of at least about 100, 150, or 180 IU*hr/ml, (ii) Emax for anti-factor IIa of at least about 0.4 IU/ml, (iii) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor IIa of at least about 1.0 IU*hr/ml, (iv) an Emax for anti-factor Xa of at least about 0.4 IU/ml, (v) an EAUC(0-inf) for anti-factor Xa of at least about 1.0 IU*hr/ml, of any combination thereof. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a solid heparin pharmaceutical composition comprising a delivery agent and wetted heparin, where, upon oral administration of the composition after 15 days of storage at ambient conditions, the maximum Antifactor Xa concentration achieved is at least 66% or 75% of that achieved with the composition before storage. 
     The present invention also relates to a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising a delivery agent and wetted heparin, wherein the un-wetted heparin has a particle size of less than about 180 microns, or less than about 120 microns, or less than about 80 microns. Also provided is a method of preparing a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing heparin having an average particle size of less about 180 microns, or less than about 120 microns, or less than about 80 microns, a wetting agent, and a delivery agent. 
     The present invention also relates to a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising a delivery agent and wetted heparin in a suspension, wherein the average particle size of particles the suspension is less than about 180 microns, or less than about 120 microns, or less than about 80 microns. Also provided is a method of preparing a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing wetted heparin and a delivery agent to form a suspension in a solvent, and milling the suspension to provide a suspension with an average particle size of less than about 180 microns, or less than about 120 microns, or less than about 80 microns. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a graph of Anti-Factor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of each of the pharmaceutical compositions of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-4. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of Anti-Factor IIa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of each of the pharmaceutical compositions of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-4. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of a capsule having the formulation shown in Table 15a (Example 3) or Table 1 (Example 1) to Rheses monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 6 to Cynos monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 7 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 8 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 7  is an overlay of  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 9 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 9  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) and aPTT versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 10 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 10  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) and aPTT versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 11 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIG. 11  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 12 to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are graphs of Antifactor Xa activity (IU/ml) and aPTT versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 13 after storage for 15 days at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity ( FIG. 12 ) or 25° C. and 60% relative humidity ( FIG. 13 ) to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIGS. 14 and 15  are graphs of Antifactor Xa activity versus time after administration of the capsules described in Example 13 before and after 15 days of storage at 40 ° C. and 75% relative humidity or 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for fifteen days to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey). 
         FIGS. 16 ,  17 ,  18 ,  19 , and  20  are graphs of aPTT times, Antifactor IIa, Antifactor Xa, and plasma SNAC concentrations versus time for healthy males administered the treatment arms described in Example 14. 
         FIGS. 21 and 22  is a dissolution profile of the formulation set forth in Tables 35a and 35b, and prepared as described in Example 15. 
         FIG. 23  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity versus time for beagles administered the formulations described in Tables 35a and 35b, and prepared as described in Example 15, administered as described in Example 17. 
         FIG. 24  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity versus time for Rhesus monkeys administered the formulations described in Tables 35a and 35b, and prepared as described in Example 15, administered as described in Example 18. 
         FIG. 25  is a graph of Antifactor Xa activity versus time for beagles administered the formulations described in Tables 35a and 35b, and prepared as described in Example 15, administered as described in Example 19. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a molecule” includes one or more of such molecules, “a reagent” includes one or more of such different reagents, and reference to “the method” includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art that could be modified or substituted for the methods described herein. 
     The term “wetted heparin” as used herein refers to a form of heparin where the individual heparin particles or molecules are completely or partially surrounded by a solvent or mixture of solvents (also referred to as a “wetting agent”). The heparin may or may not be dissolved in the wetting agent. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the wetting agent remains within the interstices of the heparin polymer chain in wetted heparin (without necessarily dissolving the heparin) and thereby results in faster dissolution of the heparin upon administration. Preferably, the delivery agent is in intimate contact with the wetted heparin in the solid pharmaceutical composition. 
     The term “heparin” as used herein refers to all forms of heparin, including, but not limited to, unfractionated heparin, heparinoids, dermatans, chondroitins, low molecular weight heparin (e.g., tinzaparin (including tinzaparin sodium)), very low molecular weight heparin, and ultra low molecular weight heparin. Non-limiting examples include unfractionated heparin, such as heparin sodium (e.g., heparin sodium USP, available from Scientific Protein Labs of Waunakee, Wis.). Heparin generally has a molecular weight of from about 1,000 or 5,000 to about 30,000 Daltons. The term “low molecular weight heparin” generally refers to heparin in which at least about 80% (by weight) of the heparin and has a molecular weight of between about 3000 and about 9000 daltons. Non-limiting examples of low molecular weight heparin include tinzaparin, enoxaprin, and daltiparin. Tinzaparin has been approved by the U.S. Food &amp; Drug Administration for the treatment of acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium. The sodium salt of tinazaparin is available under the trademark Innohep™ from Pharmion Corporation of Boulder, Colo. The term “very low molecular weight heparin” generally refers to heparin in which at least about 80% (by weight) of the heparin has a molecular weight of between about 1500 and about 5000 daltons. A non-limiting example of very low molecular weight heparin is bemiparin. The term “ultra low molecular weight heparin” generally refers to heparin in which at least about 80% (by weight) of the heparin has a molecular weight of between about 1000 and about 2000 daltons. A non-limiting examples of ultra low molecular weight heparin is fondiparinux. 
     The term “polymorph” refers to a crystallographically distinct form of a substance. 
     The term “hydrate” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, (i) a substance containing water combined in the molecular form and (ii) a crystalline substance containing one or more molecules of water of crystallization or a crystalline material containing free water. 
     Unless otherwise specified, the term “SNAC” as used herein refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino) caprylic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium salt. The term “SNAC free acid” refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino)caprylic acid. Unless otherwise noted, the term “SNAC” refers to all forms of SNAC, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of SNAC, such as those described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/569,476 filed May 6, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/619,418, filed Oct. 15, 2004. 
     The term “SNAD” as used herein refers to N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]-amino)decanoic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including its monosodium salt. Unless otherwise noted, the term “SNAD” refers to all forms of SNAD, including all amorphous and polymorphic forms of SNAD. 
     The term “SNAC trihydrate” as used herein refers to a crystalline form of monosodium SNAC in which three molecules of water are associated with each molecule of SNAC. 
     The term “solvate” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, a molecular or ionic complex of molecules or ions of a solvent with molecules or ions of delivery agent. 
     The term “delivery agent” refers to any of the delivery agent compounds disclosed or incorporated by reference herein, including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 
     An “effective amount of heparin” is an amount of heparin which is effective to treat or prevent a condition in a subject to whom it is administered over some period of time, e.g., provides a therapeutic effect during a desired dosing interval. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on excipient usage and the possibility of co-usage with other agents for treating a condition. 
     An “effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition” is an amount of the pharmaceutical composition described which is effective to treat or prevent a condition in a subject to whom it is administered over some period of time, e.g., provides a therapeutic effect during a desired dosing interval. 
     The term “treat”, “treating”, or “treated” refers to prophylactically preventing, curing, healing, alleviating, relieving, altering, remedying, ameliorating, improving, or affecting a condition (e.g., a disease), the symptoms of the condition, or the predisposition toward the condition. 
     An “effective amount of delivery agent” is an amount of the delivery agent which promotes the absorption of a desired amount of the heparin. 
     The term “subject” includes mammals, such as rodents, cows, pigs, dogs, cats, primates, and particularly humans. 
     The term “AUC” as used herein, means area under the plasma concentration-time curve, as calculated by the trapezoidal rule over the complete dosing interval, e.g., 24-hour interval. 
     The term “mean”, when preceding a pharmacokinetic value (e.g., mean Peak), represents the arithmetic mean value of the pharmacokinetic value unless otherwise specified. 
     As used herein, the term “about” means within 10% of a given value, preferably within 5%, and more preferably within 1% of a given value. Alternatively, the term “about” means that a value can fall within a scientifically acceptable error range for that type of value, which will depend on how qualitative a measurement can be given by the available tools. 
     “Indication” means the use for which the drug is administered either to prevent or to treat a condition, and may be used interchangeably with “treat”, “treated” or “treating”. 
     “Thrombus” refers to a clot, or the tendency to form a clot caused by any one of numerous events in vivo or in vitro. 
     “Thrombotic Event” and Thromboebolic Complications,” refer to the formation of a thrombus. 
     “Antilipidemic Drugs” means any drug or agent that can lower all forms of serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides. 
     “A control aPTT value” means the aPTT value in seconds used by those skilled in the art to compare a patient&#39;s serum aPTT value to an untreated value. 
     Delivery Agents 
     Delivery agents which may be used in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include those having the formula: 
                                
wherein
         R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently hydrogen, —OH, —NR 6 R 7 , halogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, or C 1 -C 4  alkoxy;   R 5  is a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 16  alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 12  alkyl(arylene), or substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C 1 -C 12  alkylene); and   R 6  and R 7  are independently hydrogen, oxygen, or C 1 -C 4  alkyl.       

     The term “substituted” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, substitution with any one or any combination of the following substituents: halogens, hydroxide, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, and C 1 -C 4  alkoxy. 
     The terms “alkyl”, “alkoxy”, “alkylene”, “alkenylene”, “alkyl(arylene)”, and “aryl(alkylene)” include, but are not limited to, linear and branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylene, alkenylene, alkyl(arylene), and aryl(alkylene) groups, respectively. 
     Preferred delivery agents include, but are not limited to, SNAC, SNAD, 8-(N-2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid, 8-(N-2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-aminocaprylic acid, 4-[(4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]butanoic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     Other suitable delivery agents for the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,846,844, 6,699,467, 6,693,208, 6,693,208, 6,693,073, 6,663,898, 6,663,887, 6,646,162, 6,642,411, 6,627,228, 6,623,731, 6,610,329, 6,558,706, 6,525,020, 6,461,643, 6,461,545, 6,440,929, 6,428,780, 6,413,550, 6,399,798, 6,395,774, 6,391,303, 6,384,278, 6,375,983, 6,358,504, 6,346,242, 6,344,213, 6,331,318, 6,313,088, 6,245,359, 6,242,495, 6,221,367, 6,180,140, 5,541,155, 5,693,338, 5,976,569, 5,643,957, 5,955,503, 6,100,298, 5,650,386, 5,866,536, 5,965,121, 5,989,539, 6,001,347, 6,071,510, and 5,820,881. Delivery agents of the present invention are also described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20050009748, 20040110839, 20040106825, 20040068013, 20040062773, 20040022856, 20030235612, 20030232085, 20030225300, 20030198658, 20030133953, 20030078302, 20030072740, 20030045579, 20030012817, 20030008900, 20020155993, 20020127202, 20020120009, 20020119910, 20020102286, 20020065255, 20020052422, 20020040061, 20020028250, 20020013497, 20020001591, 20010039258, and 20010003001. Delivery agents of the present invention are also described in International Publication Nos. WO 2005/020925, WO 2004/104018, WO 2004/080401, WO 2004/062587, WO 2003/057650, WO 2003/057170, WO 2003/045331, WO 2003/045306, WO 2003/026582, WO 2002/100338, WO 2002/070438, WO 2002/069937, WO 02/20466, WO 02/19969, WO 02/16309, WO 02/15959, WO 02/02509, WO 01/92206, WO 01/70219, WO 01/51454, WO 01/44199, WO 01/34114, WO 01/32596, WO 01/32130, WO 00/07979, WO 00/59863, WO 00/50386, WO 00/47188, WO 00/40203, and WO 96/30036. Each of the above listed U.S. patents and U.S. and International published applications are herein incorporated by reference. These delivery agents may be prepared by methods known in the art, such as those described in the aforementioned patents and published patent applications. For example, SNAC may be prepared by methods known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,650,386 and 5,866,536, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0065255. 
     The delivery agent may be purified by recrystallization or by fractionation on one or more solid chromatographic supports, alone or linked in tandem. Suitable recrystallization solvent systems include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran. Fractionation may be performed (i) on a suitable chromatographic support such as alumina, using methanol/n-propanol mixtures as the mobile phase, (ii) by reverse phase chromatography using trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile mixtures as the mobile phase, or (iii) by ion exchange chromatography using water or an appropriate buffer as the mobile phase. When anion exchange chromatography is performed, preferably a 0-500 mM sodium chloride gradient is employed. 
     Furthermore, the delivery agents of the present invention may be in a salt form. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sodium, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, sulfate, phosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, hydrobromic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate. These salts can be prepared by methods known in the art. For example, sodium salts may be prepared by dissolving the delivery agent in ethanol and adding aqueous sodium hydroxide. 
     The amount of delivery agent in the solid pharmaceutical composition is a delivery agent effective amount and can be determined for the particular heparin composition by methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 50 to about 500 mg of SNAC. According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 215 to about 245 mg of SNAC. 
     The ratio of delivery agent to heparin (mg to USP heparin units) in the pharmaceutical composition generally ranges from about 1:20 to about 1:400. According to a preferred embodiment, the ratio ranges from about 1:65 to about 1:150. 
     The weight ratio of heparin to delivery agent in the pharmaceutical composition generally ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:10. According to a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio ranges from about 1:1 or 1:2.5 to about 1:5 or about 1:7.5, or about 1:2.5 to about 1:10, or about 1:5 to about 1:10 heparin:delivery agent. 
     Heparin 
     The pharmaceutical composition can include a therapeutic effective amount of heparin. Alternatively, the amount can be less than a therapeutic amount when (i) a dosage form containing a plurality of pharmaceutical compositions is used, or (ii) a plurality of the pharmaceutical compositions are intended to be administered concurrently and, in total, contain a therapeutic effective amount. 
     The total amount of heparin to be used can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art. However, because the compositions of the invention may deliver heparin more efficiently than other compositions or compositions containing the heparin alone, lower amounts of heparin than those used in prior dosage unit forms or delivery systems can be administered to the subject, while still achieving the same blood levels and/or therapeutic effects. 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 10 to about 500 mg of heparin. According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 100 to about 115 mg of heparin. According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 2,000 to about 50,000 USP heparin units. According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 10,000 to about 20,000 USP heparin units. According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 12,000 to about 18,000 USP heparin units. 
     A preferred type of heparin is unfractionated heparin. 
     Wetting Agent 
     The wetting agent can be a liquid which solubilizes the heparin and is present within the interstices of the polymer chain of the heparin. Because such a wetting agent solubilizes the heparin, it is also a solvent in the pharmaceutical composition. According to one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes a sufficient amount of wetting agent to partially solubilize the delivery agent. According to another embodiment, the wetting agent and the solvent or solubilizer may be different agents, or they may be the same. 
     Suitable wetting agents include, but are not limited to, alcohols, polyols, hydroxylated fatty acid esters (i.e., fatty acid esters having one or more hydroxy groups), and non-hydroxylated fatty acid esters (i.e., fatty acid esters that do not have hydroxy groups). Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, transcutol, dimethyl isosorbide, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (available as Cremophor® RH 40 from BASF Ag of Ludwigshafen, Germany), medium chain (C 8 -C 10  fatty acids) triglycerides (available as Labrafac® CC from Gattefossé Corporation of Paramus, N.J.), oleoyl macrogol-6 glycerides (Labrafil®1944 CS available from Gattefossé Corporation), linoleoyl macrogol-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M 2125 CS available from Gattefossé Corporation), propylene glycol monolaurate (Lauroglycol® 90 available from Gattefossé Corporation), caprylic/capric glycerides (Imwitor® 742 available from Sasol Germany GmbH of Witten, Germany), glyceryl cocoate (Imwitor® 928 available from Sasol Germany GmbH), glyceryl caprylate (Imwitor® 988 available from Sasol Germany GmbH), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (Miglyol® 840 from Condea Vista Co. of Cranford, N.J.), glyceryl ricinoleate (Softigen® 701 available from Sasol Germany GmbH), PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides (Softigen® 767 available from Sasol Germany GmbH), bis-diglycerylpolyacyladipate (Softigene® 645 available from Sasol Germany GmbH), PEG-25 trioleate (Tagat® TO available from Goldschmidt Chemical Corp, Hopewell, Va.), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), ethers of polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of about 200 to about 6000 (such as tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol PEG ether (glycofurol (BASF of Ludwigshafen, Germany, under the trademark Tetraglycol™)) or methoxy PEG (Union Carbide of Midland, Mich.)), amides and other nitrogen-containing compounds (such as 2-pyrrolidone, 2-piperidone, Σ-caprolactam, N-alkylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyalkyl-pyrrolidone, N-alkylpiperidone, N-alkylcaprolactam, dimethylacetamide and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone), esters (such as ethyl propionate, tributylcitrate, acetyl triethylcitrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethylcitrate, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl butyrate, triacetin, propylene glycol monoacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, Σ-caprolactone and isomers thereof, Δ-valerolactone and isomers thereof, and β-butyrolactone and isomers thereof), other solubilizers known in the art (such as dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl isosorbide, N-methylpyrrolidones, monooctanoin, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether), and mixtures thereof. Other suitable wetting agents are referred to as solubilizers in U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,383, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Preferred wetting agents include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight less than about 800 daltons (e.g., polyethylene glycol-300), propylene glycol monocaprylate (such as Capmul® PG8 (fatty acid distribution by GLC: &lt;1.0% C 6 , &gt;98.0% C 8 , &lt;2.0% C 10 , and &lt;1.0% C 12  and higher) from Abitec Corporation of Columbus, Ohio; and Capryol 90 (containing 90% monoesters) from Gattefosse Corp., Paramus, N.J.), and mixtures thereof. When capsules which dissolve upon contact with water are used, the pharmaceutical composition within the capsule preferably is substantially free of water (e.g., includes less than about 8, about 5, or about 1% by weight of water (based on 100% total weight of pharmaceutical composition)) or is free of water. 
     According to one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes polyethylene glycol-300. 
     According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes a mixture of polyethylene glycol-300 and propylene glycol monocaprylate. 
     In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 100 to about 500 mg polyethylene glycol-300, and about 20 to about 250 mg of propylene glycol monocaprylate. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes from about 210 to about 240 mg polyethylene glycol-300 and from about 90 to about 110 mg propylene glycol monocaprylate. 
     Generally, the ratio of wetting agent to heparin (mg to USP heparin units) in the pharmaceutical composition ranges from about 1:10 to about 1:100. According to a preferred embodiment, the ratio ranges from about 1:25 to about 1:60. 
     The weight ratio of heparin to delivery agent in the pharmaceutical composition generally ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:10. According to a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio ranges from about 1:1 or 1:2.5 to about 1:5 or about 1:2.5 to about 1:10. 
     The aforementioned wetting agents may be used in combination with an ancillary wetting agent, such as water, glyceryl caprylate/caprate (available as Capmul® MCM from Abitec Corporation of Columbus, Ohio), polysorbate 20, lauroyl macrogol-32 glyceride (Gelucire® 44/14 available from Gattefosse Corp., Paramus, N.J.), stearoyl macrogol-32 glyceride (Gelucire® 50/13 available from Gattefosse Corp.), caprylic/capric triglyceride (available as Akomed E and Akomed R from Karlshamns AB of Karlshamn, Sweden; as Captex® 355 from Abitec Corporation of Columbus, Ohio; as Miglyol® 810 and 812 from Condea Vista Co. of Cranford, N.J.), and mixtures thereof. 
     Additional Active Ingredients and Additives 
     Additional Active Agents 
     Suitable additional active agents include, but are not limited to, warfarin sodium. Other suitable active ingredients include, but are not limited to, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or aspirin), or enteric coated ASA, ticlodipine, clopidogrel, pentoxifyline, cilostazol, dipyridamole, ER-dipyridamole, abciximab, cilostazol, eptifibatide, or tirofiban, either individually or in combination. Other suitable active agents include, but are not limited to thrombolytic agents, such as alteplase, reteplase, streptokinase, tenecteplase and urokinase, either alone or in combination. Other suitable active agents include, but are not limited to antilipidemic drugs, including but not limited to the statins such as lovastatin, atorvostatin, and, pravastatin, either individually or in combination. Other biologically active agents and chemically active agents, including, but not limited to, pharmacological agents and therapeutic agents can be added to solid dosage forms of the present invention. 
     Suitable biologically and chemically active agents include, but are not limited to, proteins; polypeptides; peptides; hormones; polysaccharides, muco-polysaccharides and particularly mixtures of muco-polysaccharides; carbohydrates; lipids; small polar organic molecules (i.e. polar organic molecules having a molecular weight of 500 daltons or less); other organic compounds; and particularly compounds which by themselves do not pass (or which pass only a fraction of the administered dose) through the gastrointestinal mucosa and/or are susceptible to chemical cleavage by acids and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract; or any combination thereof. 
     Further examples of suitable biologically active agents include, but are not limited to, the following, including synthetic, natural or recombinant sources thereof: growth hormones, including human growth hormones (hGH), recombinant human growth hormones (rhGH), bovine growth (hGH), bovine growth hormones, and porcine growth hormones; growth hormone-releasing hormones; growth hormone releasing factor (e.g., GRF analog g); interferons, including α, β and γ; interleukin-1; interleukin-2; insulin, including porcine, bovine, human, and human recombinant, optionally having counter ions including zinc, sodium, calcium and ammonium; insulin-like growth factor, including IGF-1; heparin, including unfractionated heparin, heparinoids, dermatans, chondroitins, low molecular weight heparin, very low molecular weight heparin and ultra low molecular weight heparin; calcitonin, including salmon, eel, porcine and human; erythropoietin; atrial naturetic factor; antigens; monoclonal antibodies; somatostatin; protease inhibitors; adrenocorticotropin, gonadotropin releasing hormone; oxytocin; leutinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone; follicle stimulating hormone; glucocerebrosidase; thrombopoietin; filgrastim; prostaglandins; cyclosporin; vasopressin; cromolyn sodium (sodium or disodium chromoglycate); vancomycin; desferrioxamine (DFO); bisphosphonates, including alendronate, tiludronate, etidronate, clodronate, pamidronate, olpadronate, and incadronate; parathyroid hormone (PTH), including its fragments; anti-migraine agents such as BIBN-4096BS and other calcitonin gene-related proteins antagonists; antimicrobials, including antibiotics (include gram-positive acting, bacteriocidal, lipopeptidal and cyclic peptidal antibiotics, including daptomycin), anti-bacterials and anti-fungal agents; vitamins; analogs, fragments, mimetics or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified derivatives of these compounds; or any combination thereof. 
     Further examples include, but are not limited to, the following, including synthetic, natural or recombinant sources thereof: 
                                 Amylin and Amylin Agonists;       Adrenocorticotropin;       Antigens;       Antimicrobials, including Antibiotics, Anti-Bacterials and Anti-Fungal Agents; non-       limiting examples of Antibiotics include Gram-Positive Acting, Bacteriocidal,       Lipopeptidal and Cyclic Peptidal Antibiotics, such as Daptomycin And Analogs thereof;       Anti-Migraine Agents such as BIBM-4096BS And Other Calcitonin Gene-Related       Proteins Antagonists, Sumatriptan Succinate;       Antivirals including Acyclovir, Valacyclovir;       Atrial Naturetic Factor;       Bisphosphonates, including Alendronate, Clodronate, Etidronate, Ibandronate,       Incadronate, Minodronate, Neridronate, Olpadronate, Pamidronate, Risedronate,       Tiludronate, Zoledronate, EB1053, and YH529;       Calcitonin, including Salmon, Eel, Porcine And Human;       Cholecystokinin (CCK) And CCK Agonists Including CCK-8;       Cromolyn Sodium (Sodium Or Disodium Chromoglycate);       Cyclosporine;       Desferrioxamine (DFO);       Erythropoietin;       Exedin and Exedin Agonists, including Exendin-3, Exendin-4;       Filgrastim       Follicle Stimulating Hormone (recombinant and natural);       Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Glucagon, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2);       Glucocerebrosidase;       Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone;       Growth Hormone Releasing Factor;       Growth Hormone Releasing Hormones;       Growth Hormones, including Human Growth Hormones (hGH), Recombinant Human       Growth Hormones (rhGH), Bovine Growth Hormones, And Porcine Growth Hormones;       Heparinoids, Dermatans, Chondroitins, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, Very Low       Molecular Weight Heparin Ultra Low Molecular Weight Heparin and synthetic heparins       including Fondiparinux;       Immune Globulins and Immunoglobulins       Insulin, including Porcine, Bovine, Human, And Human Recombinant, Optionally       Having Counter Ions Including Zinc, Sodium, Calcium And Ammonium;       Insulin-Like Growth Factor, including IGF-1;       Interferons, Including α (e.g., Interferon Alfacon-1 (Available As Infergen ® From       Intermune, Inc. of Brisbane, Ca)), alpha, β, Omega and γ;       Interleukin-1; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-11; Interleukin-21;       Leutinizing Hormone and Leutinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone;       Leptin (OB Protein);       Monoclonal Antibodies including Retuxin, TNF-alpha soluble receptors;       Oxytocin;       Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), including its fragments, including PTH 1-34 and PTH 1-       38;       Peptide YY (PYY) including PYY Agonists and PYY fragment 3-36;       Prostaglandins;       Protease Inhibitors;       Somatostatin;       Thrombopoietin;       Vancomycin;       Vasopressin;       Vitamins;       Vaccines including those against anthrax,  Y. Pestis , Influenza, or Herpes;                    
including secretagogues, analogs, fragments, mimetics or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified derivatives of these compounds; or any combination thereof.
 
     The pharmaceutical composition can include a therapeutic effective amount of any of the additional active agent(s). Alternatively, the amount can be less than a therapeutic amount when (i) a dosage form containing a plurality of pharmaceutical compositions is used, or (ii) a plurality of the pharmaceutical compositions are intended to be administered concurrently and, in total, contain a therapeutic effective amount. 
     The total amount of active agent to be used can be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art. However, because the compositions of the invention may deliver active agents more efficiently than other compositions or compositions containing the active agent alone, lower amounts of the active than those used in prior dosage unit forms or delivery systems can be administered to the subject, while still achieving the same blood levels and/or therapeutic effects. 
     Additives 
     The solid pharmaceutical composition and unit dosage form of the present invention may include other active agents and pharmaceutically acceptable additives, such as excipients, carriers, diluents, stabilizers, plasticizers, binders, glidants, disintegrants, bulking agents, lubricants, plasticizers, colorants, film formers, flavoring agents, taste-masking agents, sugars, sweeteners, preservatives, dosing vehicles, surfactants, and any combination of any of the foregoing. Preferably, these additives are pharmaceutically acceptable additives, such as those described in  Remington&#39;s, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy , (Gennaro, A. R., ed., 20 th  edition, 2003, Mack Pub. Co.), which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition or solid unit dosage unit form is substantially free or completely free of carbomer. According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition or solid dosage form is substantially free or completely free of Carbopol® and/or the carbomer Carbopol® 934P. 
     Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, starch, gelatin, sugars (such as sucrose, molasses and lactose), dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, natural and synthetic gums (such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose, and waxes. 
     Suitable glidants include, but are not limited to, talc and silicon dioxide (silica) (e.g, fumed silica and colloidal silicon dioxide). 
     Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, starches, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, clays, celluloses (such as purified cellullose, methylcellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), alginates, pregelatinized corn starches, and gums (such as agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin and tragacanth gums). A preferred disintegrant is sodium starch glycolate. 
     Suitable bulking agents include, but are not limited to, starches (such as rice starch), microcrystalline cellulose, lactose (e.g., lactose monohydrate), sucrose, dextrose, mannitol, calcium sulfate, dicalcium sulfate, and tricalcium sulfate. 
     Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, stearic acid, stearates (such as calcium stearate and magnesium stearate), talc, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium fumarate, sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, hydrogenated cottonseed, and castor oils. 
     Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, hydroxylated soy lecithin, polysorbates, and block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide. 
     Hydrophilic non-ionic surfactants and lipophilic surfactants as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,383, which is hereby incorporated by reference, can be included in the pharmaceutical composition and dosage form. Suitable hydrophilic non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkylglucosides; alkylmaltosides; alkylthioglucosides; lauryl macrogolglycerides; polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers such as polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; polyoxyalkylene alkylphenols such as polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols; polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenol fatty acid esters such as polyethylene glycol fatty acids monoesters and polyethylene glycol fatty acids diesters; polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters; polyglycerol fatty acid esters; polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; hydrophilic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids, and sterols; polyoxyethylene sterols, derivatives, and analogues thereof; polyoxyethylated vitamins and derivatives thereof; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers; and mixtures thereof. 
     More specifically, hydrophilic surfactants that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, PEG-10 laurate, PEG-12 laurate, PEG-20 laurate, PEG-32 laurate, PEG-32 dilaurate, PEG-12 oleate, PEG-15 oleate, PEG-20 oleate, PEG-20 dioleate, PEG-32 oleate, PEG-200 oleate, PEG-400 oleate, PEG-15 stearate, PEG-32 distearate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-20 dilaurate, PEG-25 glyceryl trioleate, PEG-32 dioleate, PEG-20 glyceryl laurate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-20 glyceryl stearate, PEG-20 glyceryl oleate, PEG-30 glyceryl oleate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 palm kernel oil, PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 castor oil, PEG-35 castor oil, PEG-60 castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 corn oil, PEG-6 caprate/caprylate glycerides, PEG-8 caprate/caprylate glycerides, polyglyceryl-10 laurate, PEG-30 cholesterol, PEG-25 phyto sterol, PEG-30 soya sterol, PEG-20 trioleate, PEG-40 sorbitan oleate, PEG-80 sorbitan laurate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, POE-9 lauryl ether, POE-23 lauryl ether, POE-10 oleyl ether, POE-20 oleyl ether, POE-20 stearyl ether, tocopheryl PEG-100 succinate, PEG-24 cholesterol, polyglyceryl-10 oleate, Tween 40, Tween 60, sucrose monostearate, sucrose monolaurate, sucrose monopalmitate, PEG 10-100 nonyl phenol series, PEG 15-100 octyl phenol series, and poloxamers. 
     Lipophilic surfactants include, but are not limited to, fatty alcohols; glycerol fatty acid esters; acetylated glycerol fatty acid esters; lower alcohol fatty acids esters; propylene glycol fatty acid esters; sorbitan fatty acid esters; polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; sterols and sterol derivatives; polyoxyethylated sterols and sterol derivatives; polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; sugar esters; sugar ethers; lactic acid derivatives of mono- and di-glycerides; hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids and sterols; oil-soluble vitamins/vitamin derivatives; and mixtures thereof. For example, the lipophilic surfactant can be one or more glycerol fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, or a mixture thereof, or one or more hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and triglycerides. 
     Among the lipophilic transesterification products, transesterification products of a polyol such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and sorbitol can be used. As is known in the art, a large number of surfactants of different degrees of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity can be prepared by reaction of alcohols or polyalcohols with a variety of natural and/or hydrogenated oils. Most commonly, the oils used are castor oil or hydrogenated castor oil, or an edible vegetable oil such as corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, palm kernel oil, apricot kernel oil, or almond oil. Alcohols include glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, maltol, sorbitol, and pentaerythritol. Among these alcohol-oil transesterified surfactants, hydrophobic surfactants include PEG-5 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-9 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-6 corn oil (Labrafil® M 2125 CS available from Gattefossé Corporation of Paramus, N.J.), PEG-6 almond oil (Labrafil® M 1966 CS), PEG-6 apricot kernel oil (Labrafil® M 1944 CS), PEG-6 olive oil (Labrafil® M 1980 CS), PEG-6 peanut oil (Labrafil® M 1969 CS), PEG-6 hydrogenated palm kernel oil (Labrafil® M 2130 BS), PEG-6 palm kernel oil (Labrafil® M 2130 CS), PEG-6 triolein (Labrafil® M 2735 CS), PEG-8 corn oil (Labrafil® M WL 2609 BS), PEG-20 corn glycerides (Crovol M40), and PEG-20 almond glycerides (Crovol A40). 
     The pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms may also include one or more enzyme inhibitors. Such enzyme inhibitors include, but are not limited to, compounds such as actinonin or epiactinonin and derivatives thereof. Other enzyme inhibitors include, but are not limited to, aprotinin (Trasylol) and Bowman-Birk inhibitor. 
     Dosage Forms 
     The solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, which includes wetted heparin and a delivery agent, can be formulated as a solid unit dosage form. The dosage form can be, for example, a tablet, a sachet, or a capsule, such as a hard or soft gelatin capsule. The dosage form can provide immediate, sustained, or controlled release of the delivery agent, heparin, and optionally, additional active agents. 
     The solid pharmaceutical composition and solid unit dosage form of the present invention can be prepared as follows. A delivery agent in solid form is processed (such as by milling through a 35-mesh screen) to provide a powder having a relatively small and preferably uniform particle size. The delivery agent is then blended with heparin, and optionally a filler and/or wetting agent with, for example, a V-blender or similar device, to provide a powder blend. 
     Separately, a wetting agent mixture is prepared by mixing a wetting agent, heparin and a delivery agent. The mixture may also, for example, include water. The formulation of the wetting mixture is selected so as to wet the heparin when mixed with the aforementioned powder blend. According to one preferred embodiment, the wetting agent mixture is also formulated so as to partially solubilize the delivery agent when mixed with the powder blend. 
     The powder blend is added to the wetting agent mixture in small increments under continuous mixing. Mixing is continued for a sufficient time (e.g., 15 minutes) after all of the powder blend has been added to obtain a uniform composition. The resulting composition is typically a semi-solid, gel, or liquid. 
     The composition may then be formulated into a dosage form, such as a capsule, by methods known in the art. According to one preferred embodiment, the resulting composition is packed into a soft gelatin capsule or hard gelatin capsule (e.g., Size 0 Licap Capsugel Hard Gelatin capsules). Other suitable methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,605,298, 6,458,383, 6,261,601, 5,714,477, and 3,510,561; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0077303 and 2001/0024658; and International Publication No. WO 88/10117, all of which are incorporated by reference. 
     Uses 
     The present invention provides a method for administering or facilitating the delivery of heparin to an animal by administering to a subject the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The subject is preferably a human. The person is preferably a human in need thereof, or a human who would benefit from the administration of heparin. 
     Another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing thrombosis in a subject in need thereof by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the subject. Any type of thrombosis can be treated or prevented with the pharmaceutical composition including, but not limited to, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). 
     Another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing ischemic complications in unstable angina and/or non-Q-wave mycordial infarction in a subject in need thereof by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the subject. 
     Another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in a subject following hip or knee replacement surgery by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the subject. Yet, another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing DVT following abdominal surgery in patients at risk for thromboembolic complications by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the subject. Abdominal surgery patients at risk include, but are not limited to, those who are over 40 years of age, obese, undergoing surgery under general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes or who have additional risk factors such as malignancy or a history of DVT or pulmonary embolism. 
     Another embodiment is a method of treating or preventing DVT in a subject with severely restricted mobility by orally administering an anti-thrombosis effective amount of the solid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the subject. Further embodiments include, but are not limited to the treatment of cardiac valve replacements, both mechanical and cadaver; treatment of endocarditis; prophylaxis in patients undergoing neurological procedures, such as, but not limited to, resection of malignant brain tumors; prophylaxis in patients with acute spinal cord injury, medical conditions associated with thromboembolism, such as but not limited to, those with ischemic stroke or restricted mobility, cancer, myocardial infarction, cancer, congestive heart failure, or severe pulmonary disease; for secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy, or for primary prophylaxis in pregnant women with inherited causes of thrombophilia (e.g. deficiencies in thrombin III, protein C, protein S, Factor V, Leiden mutation, prothrombin polymorphism, hyperhomocysteinemia); for embolisms associated with atrial fibrillation or those with concurrent prosthetic valves and atrial fibrillation; for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter; for disseminated intravascular coagulation; to reduce the risk of complications in patents undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, arthrectomy, coronary or other vessel stent implantation, ischemic cerbrovascular accident, hemodialysis, peripheral vascular interventions, acute myocardial infarction; unstable angina and non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial infarction; cerebral thromboembolism; complications of pregnancy, including but not limited to pregnancy loss in women with a history of antiphospholipid antibodies/antiphospholipid syndrome with or without fetal loss, fetal death or fetal miscarriage. Other uses of heparin may be found in  Drug Information , American Society of Health System Pharmacists, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     According to one embodiment, from about 50,000 to about 90,000 units of heparin (in compositions or dosage forms of the present invention) are administered one to five times daily (e.g., three times daily) to treat thrombosis. According to one preferred embodiment, each composition includes from about 250 mg to about 2.3 g of SNAC. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method for the treatment or prevention of a disease or for achieving a desired physiological effect, such as those listed in the table below, in an animal by administering the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. The pharmaceutical composition includes the appropriate active agent listed below. Specific indications for active agents can be found in the Physicians&#39; Desk Reference (58 th  Ed., 2004, Medical Economics Company, Inc., Montvale, N.J.), which is herein incorporated by reference. The active agents in the table below include their analogs, fragments, mimetics, and polyethylene glycol-modified derivatives. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Non-Limiting Examples of Disease And 
               
               
                 Active Agent 
                 Physiological Effect 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Amylin and Amylin Agonists; 
                 Obesity 
               
               
                 Adrenocorticotropin; 
                 High Cholesterol (To Lower Cholesterol) 
               
               
                 Antigens; 
                 Infection 
               
               
                 Antimicrobials, including Antibiotics, 
                 Infection Including Gram-Positive 
               
               
                 Anti-Bacterials and Anti-Fungal Agents; 
                 Bacterial Infection 
               
               
                 non-limiting examples of Antibiotics 
               
               
                 include Gram-Positive Acting, 
               
               
                 Bacteriocidal, Lipopeptidal and Cyclic 
               
               
                 Peptidal Antibiotics, such as Daptomycin 
               
               
                 And Analogs thereof; 
               
               
                 Anti-Migraine Agents such as BIBM- 
                 Migraines 
               
               
                 4096BS And Other Calcitonin Gene- 
               
               
                 Related Proteins Antagonists, Sumatriptan 
               
               
                 Succinate; 
               
               
                 Antivirals including Acyclovir, 
                 Viral Infections 
               
               
                 Valacyclovir; 
               
               
                 Atrial Naturetic Factor; 
                 Vasodilation 
               
               
                 Bisphosphonates, including Alendronate, 
                 Cancer, Atherosclerosis, Osteoporosis And 
               
               
                 Clodronate, Etidronate, Ibandronate, 
                 Paget&#39;s Disease; Inhibits Osteoclasts 
               
               
                 Incadronate, Minodronate, Neridronate, 
               
               
                 Olpadronate, Pamidronate, Risedronate, 
               
               
                 Tiludronate, Zoledronate, EB1053, and 
               
               
                 YH529; 
               
               
                 Calcitonin, including Salmon, Eel, Porcine 
                 Osteoporosis; Diseases Of The Bone 
               
               
                 And Human; 
               
               
                 Cholecystokinin (CCK) And CCK 
                 Obesity 
               
               
                 Agonists Including CCK-8; 
               
               
                 Cromolyn Sodium (Sodium Or Disodium 
                 Asthma; Allergies 
               
               
                 Chromoglycate); 
               
               
                 Cyclosporine; 
                 Transplant Rejection 
               
               
                 Desferrioxamine (DFO); 
                 Iron Overload 
               
               
                 Erythropoietin; 
                 Anemia 
               
               
                 Exedin and Exedin Agonists, including 
                 Diabetes; Obesity 
               
               
                 Exendin-3, Exendin-4; 
               
               
                 Filgrastim 
                 Reduce Infection In Chemotherapy 
               
               
                   
                 Patients 
               
               
                 Follicle Stimulating Hormone 
                 Regulate Reproductive Function 
               
               
                 (recombinant and natural); 
               
               
                 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), 
                 Diabetes; Obesity 
               
               
                 Glucagon, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 
               
               
                 (GLP-2); 
               
               
                 Glucocerebrosidase; 
                 Gaucher Disease (To Metabolize 
               
               
                   
                 Lipoprotein) 
               
               
                 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone; 
                 Ovulatory Disfunction (To Stimulate 
               
               
                   
                 Ovulation) 
               
               
                 Growth Hormone Releasing Factor; 
                 Growth Disorders 
               
               
                 Growth Hormone Releasing Hormones; 
                 Growth Disorders 
               
               
                 Growth Hormones, Including Human 
                 Growth Disorders 
               
               
                 Growth Hormones (hGH), Recombinant 
               
               
                 Human Growth Hormones (rhGH), Bovine 
               
               
                 Growth Hormones, And Porcine Growth 
               
               
                 Hormones; 
               
               
                 Heparin, Including Unfractionated 
                 Thrombosis; Prevention Of Blood 
               
               
                 Heparin, Heparinoids, Dermatans, 
                 Coagulation 
               
               
                 Chondroitins, Low Molecular Weight 
               
               
                 Heparin, Very Low Molecular Weight 
               
               
                 Heparin Ultra Low Molecular Weight 
               
               
                 Heparin and synthetic heparins including 
               
               
                 Fondiparinux; 
               
               
                 Immunoglobulin 
                 Infectious disease, and blood dysplasias, 
               
               
                 Insulin, Including Porcine, Bovine, 
                 Diabetes; Insulin Resistance Syndrome 
               
               
                 Human, And Human Recombinant, 
               
               
                 Optionally Having Counter Ions Including 
               
               
                 Zinc, Sodium, Calcium And Ammonium; 
               
               
                 Insulin-Like Growth Factor, Including 
                 Diabetes 
               
               
                 IGF-1; 
               
               
                 Interferons, Including α (E.G., Interferon 
                 Viral Infection, Including Chronic Cancer 
               
               
                 Alfacon-1 (Available As Infergen ® From 
                 And Multiple Sclerosis 
               
               
                 Intermune, Inc. Of Brisbane, Ca)), alpha, β, 
               
               
                 omega and γ; 
               
               
                 Interleukin-1; Interleukin-2; Interleukin- 
                 Viral Infection; Cancer 
               
               
                 11; Interleukin-21; 
               
               
                 Leutinizing Hormone and Leutinizing 
                 Regulate Reproductive Function 
               
               
                 Hormone Releasing Hormone; 
               
               
                 Leptin (OB Protein); 
                 Obesity 
               
               
                 Monoclonal Antibodies including Retuxin, 
                 To Prevent Graft Rejection; Cancer 
               
               
                 TNF-alpha soluble receptors; 
               
               
                 Oxytocin; 
                 Labor Dysfunction (To Stimulate 
               
               
                   
                 Contractions) 
               
               
                 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Including Its 
                 Osteoporosis; Diseases Of The Bone 
               
               
                 Fragments, including PTH 1-34 and PTH 
               
               
                 1-38; 
               
               
                 Peptide YY (PYY) Including PYY 
                 Obesity; Diabetes; Eating Disorders; 
               
               
                 Agonists, Fragment 3-36; 
                 Insulin Resistance Syndrome 
               
               
                 Prostaglandins; 
                 Hypertension 
               
               
                 Protease Inhibitors; 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Somatostatin; 
                 Bleeding Ulcer; Erosive Gastritis 
               
               
                 Thrombopoietin; 
                 Thrombocytopenia 
               
               
                 Vancomycin; 
                 Infection And Prophylaxis 
               
               
                 Vasopressin; 
                 Bed-Wetting; Antidiuretic 
               
               
                 Vitamins; 
                 Vitamin Deficiencies 
               
               
                 Vaccines Including Those Against Anthrax 
                 Prevent And Minimize Disease 
               
               
                 Or  Y. Pestis , Influenza, and Herpes; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the present invention without limitation. All percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Heparin/SNAC Capsules 
     The SNAC/heparin formulation in Table 1 below was prepared as follows. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target Amount 
                 Acceptable Range 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (mg/capsule) 
                 (mg/capsule) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 229.59 
                 218.0-241.1 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin sodium, USP 
                 107.14 
                 101.14-112.5  
               
               
                   
                   
                 (15,000 USP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Heparin Units) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol 
                 226.13 
                 214.8-237.4 
               
               
                   
                 (PEG) 300 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Lauryl 
                 6.70 
                 6.4-7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sulphate 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 100.44 
                  95.4-105.5 
               
               
                   
                 monocaprylate 
               
               
                   
                 (Capmul ® PG8) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Total weight 
                 670.0 
                 635.7-703.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Propylene glycol monocaprylate is available as Capmul® PG8 from Abitec Corporation of Columbus, Ohio. 
     SNAC was milled using a Quadro Comil™ milling machine available from Quadro Engineering Inc. of Waterloo, Ontario, equipped with a 35-mesh screen equivalent. The milled SNAC and heparin sodium, USP were passed through a 35 mesh screen. Sodium lauryl sulphate was added, and the mixture was blended using a 4-quart V-blender shell for 15 minutes. Polyethylene glycol 300 and propylene glycol monocaprylate were separately mixed in a stainless Kitchen Aid™ mixer for 15 minutes. The SNAC/heparin sodium USP/sodium lauryl sulphate blend was added in small increments to the PEG 300/propylene glycol monocaprylate mixture, and mixing was continued. Mixing was continued for 15 minutes after all of the milled SNAC/heparin sodium USP/sodium lauryl sulphate blend was added. 
     Size 0 Licap Capsugel-hard gelatin capsules (available from Capsulgel of Morris Plains, N.J.) were manually filled with the resulting formulation. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     200 (±3) mg of microcrystalline cellulose were filled into size 0 Capsugel hard gelatin capsules and used as a placebo. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     Lyophilized Tinzaparin Tablets 
     Tablets having the formulation shown in Table 2 were prepared as follows. 
     SNAC was milled using a Quadro Comill equipped with a 35 mesh screen. Tinzaparin was lyophilized using a VirTis Lyophilizer (available from VirTis of Gardiner, N.Y.) as follows. The tinzaparin was dissolved in purified water to produce a solution with a concentration of about 100 mg/mL. The lyophilizer shelves were pre-cooled to −40° C. The tinzaparin solution was then transferred to 3 trays, each tray having about 1.6 kg of solution. The trays were transferred to the lyophilizer and lyophilized to obtain a dry powder. The dry powder was then assayed for tinzaparin content and used for tablet manufacture. 
     The tablets were manufactured as follows. The required amounts of lyophilized tinzaparin sodium, USP, SNAC, dibasic calcium phosphate dehydrate, USP and sodium lauryl sulphate were weighed out and charged into a 16 Quart V-blender shell. The materials were blended for 15 minutes. The resulting blend was divided into 3 sublots for granulation. Each sublot was transferred into a 5 L bowl of a Key Instruments KG5 high shear granulator (Key Instruments, Inc. of Englishtown, N.J.) and granulated with water as the granulation fluid. After all three sublots were granulated, the wet granulations were transferred to trays and dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. at &lt;5.0 Hg (vacuum) until the moisture content was less than 15%. The dried granules were milled using a mill equipped with a 35 mesh screen. The milled granulation was assayed for SNAC and tinzaparin content. Based on the tinzaparin assay of the granulation, calculations for extragranular excipients were made. 
     The extragranular excipients, dibasic calcium phosphate dehydrate, fumed silica and magnesium stearate, were sieved through a 35 mesh screen and the required amounts weighed out. The milled and dried SNAC/tinzaparin granulation was transferred to an 8 Quart V-blender shell together with the dibasic calcium phosphate dehydrate and fumed silica and blended for 15 minutes. After blend uniformity testing, magnesium stearate was added and blended for 3 minutes. The resulting blend was compressed into tablets using an EK-O single station tablet press (Korsch A G, Berlin, Germany). The target tablet weight was 1100 mg with an acceptable range of 1067-1133 mg while the target tablet thickness was 15 kP with and acceptable range of 10-20 kP. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (mg/capsule) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 693 
               
               
                   
                 Lyophilized tinzaparin 
                 160.60* 
               
               
                   
                 (15,000 USP Heparin Units) 
               
               
                   
                 Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate 
                 293.01 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium lauryl sulphate 
                 222.19 
               
               
                   
                 Fumed silica 
                 2.20 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 11.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Based on a potency of 93.4 U/mg. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     Unlyophilized Heparin Tablets 
     Tablets having the formulation shown in Table 3 were prepared by the procedure described in Comparative Example 2, except the heparin was not lyophilized. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (mg/capsule) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 460 
               
               
                   
                 Unlyophilized heparin 
                 170.26* 
               
               
                   
                 (30,000 USP Heparin Units) 
               
               
                   
                 Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate 
                 152.95 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium lauryl sulphate 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Fumed silica 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 8.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 
     Lyophilized Heparin Tablets 
     Tablets having the formulation shown in Table 4 were prepared by the procedure described in Comparative Example 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (mg/capsule) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 460 
               
               
                   
                 Lyophilized heparin 
                 170.26 
               
               
                   
                 (30,000 USP Heparin Units) 
               
               
                   
                 Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate 
                 152.95 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium lauryl sulphate 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Fumed silica 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 8.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Data from Formulations of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-4 
     Fifteen human test subjects were administered each of the formulations described in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-4 in 6 periods, each separated by a 72-hour washout period. For every period, subjects entered a clinic the evening before the administration to begin an 8-hour fast starting at 10 p.m. The formulation was administered in the morning in a fasted state. Table 5 summarizes the six periods and the formulations administered. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number of 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Unit Dosages 
                 Total Amount 
                 Total Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Tablets, 
                 of Heparin (or 
                 of SNAC 
               
               
                 Period 
                 Formulation 
                 Capsules) 
                 tinzaparin) (U) 
                 (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 2 
                 Example 1 
                 4 
                 60,000 
                 920 
               
               
                 3 
                 Comparative 
                 3 
                 45,000 
                 2079 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 4 
                 Example 1 
                 6 
                 90,000 
                 1380 
               
               
                 5 
                 Comparative 
                 2 
                 60,000 
                 920 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
               
               
                 6 
                 Comparative 
                 2 
                 60,000 
                 920 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4 
               
               
                   
                 (n = 13) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For each period, the anti-Factor Xa and anti-Factor IIa activities were measured from blood samples taken at 15 and 5 minutes before dose, and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after dose. Anti-Factor Xa and anti-Factor IIa activities and aPTT times are indicators of heparin response, and provide a basis to compare the bio-availability of the respective formulations. 
     The results for the 15 subjects were averaged for each sample period, and are shown in the tables below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor Xa Activity (IU/ml) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −15 
                 .003 
                 .007 
                 0.039 
                 .011 
                 .006 
                 0    
               
               
                   
                 (0.0046) 
                 (0.0110) 
                 (0.024) 
                 (0.014) 
                 (0.012) 
                 (0)    
               
               
                 −5 
                 .002 
                 .005 
                 .024 
                 .003 
                 .002 
                  .002 
               
               
                   
                 (0.0077) 
                 (0.0136) 
                 (0.021) 
                 (0.008) 
                 (0.006) 
                 (0.008) 
               
               
                 5 
                 0    
                 .012 
                 .042 
                 .053 
                 .026 
                  .012 
               
               
                   
                 (0)    
                 (0.0224) 
                 (0.046) 
                 (0.055) 
                 (0.029) 
                 (0.019) 
               
               
                 15 
                 .004 
                 .051 
                 .081 
                 .268 
                 .055 
                  .036 
               
               
                   
                 (0.0155) 
                 (0.0685) 
                 (0.061) 
                 (0.166) 
                 (0.051) 
                 (0.048) 
               
               
                 30 
                 .001 
                 .153 
                 .129 
                 .355 
                 .051 
                  .025 
               
               
                   
                 (0.0026) 
                 (0.0930) 
                 (0.054) 
                 (0.189) 
                 (0.053) 
                 (0.050) 
               
               
                 45 
                 0    
                 .173 
                 .145 
                 .313 
                 .039 
                  .023 
               
               
                   
                 (0)    
                 (0.1449) 
                 (0.052) 
                 (0.190) 
                 (0.042) 
                 (0.044) 
               
               
                 60 
                 0    
                 .139 
                 .116 
                 .212 
                 .009 
                  .005 
               
               
                   
                 (0)    
                 (0.1522) 
                 (0.059) 
                 (0.151) 
                 (0.019) 
                 (0.019) 
               
               
                 90 
                 0    
                 .075 
                 .083 
                 .137 
                 .002 
                 0    
               
               
                   
                 (0)    
                 (0.1041) 
                 (0.044) 
                 (0.132) 
                 (0.006) 
                 (0)    
               
               
                 120 
                 .001 
                 .041 
                 .061 
                 .018 
                 .003 
                  .002 
               
               
                   
                 (0.0026) 
                 (0.0508) 
                 (0.033) 
                 (0.022) 
                 (0.007) 
                 (0.006) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma anti-Factor Xa Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Emax, 
                   
                 EAUC 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 IU/ml 
                 TEmax, hr 
                 (0-last) 
                 EAUC (0-inf) 
                 EMRT, hr 
               
               
                 Period 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.01 
                  0.432 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (160.30) 
                 (174)    
               
               
                 2 
                 0.20 
                  0.719 
                 0.2082 
                 0.3935 
                 1.24 
               
               
                   
                 (69.42) 
                 (54.0)  
                 (80.39) 
                 (62.31) 
                 (28.1) 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.16 
                  0.723 
                 0.1941 
                 0.3241 
                 1.42 
               
               
                   
                 (33.41) 
                 (28.3)  
                 (39.77) 
                 (28.01) 
                 (13.4) 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.36 
                  0.707 
                 0.4171 
                 0.4528 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 (50.83) 
                 (20.1)  
                 (58.08) 
                 (43.43) 
                 (19.2) 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.07 
                  0.516 
                 0.06632 
                 0.1528 
                 1.14 
               
               
                   
                 (70.74) 
                 (35.5)  
                 (55.74) 
                 (45.58) 
                 (45.3) 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.05 
                  0.513 
                 0.06261 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (93.81) 
                 (48.5)  
                 (81.38) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor IIa Activity (IU/ml) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −15 
                 .089 
                 .025 
                 .039 
                 .035 
                 .024 
                 .015 
               
               
                   
                 (0.254) 
                 (0.029) 
                 (0.027) 
                 (0.024) 
                 (0.024) 
                 (0.017) 
               
               
                 −5 
                 .026 
                 .025 
                 .062 
                 .045 
                 .028 
                 .023 
               
               
                   
                 (0.030) 
                 (0.028) 
                 (0.012) 
                 (0.019) 
                 (0.019) 
                 (0.018) 
               
               
                 5 
                 .034 
                 .029 
                 .058 
                 .074 
                 .039 
                 .027 
               
               
                   
                 (0.036) 
                 (0.029) 
                 (0.013) 
                 (0.039) 
                 (0.020) 
                 (0.020) 
               
               
                 15 
                 .030 
                 .058 
                 .067 
                 .304 
                 .073 
                 .041 
               
               
                   
                 (0.033) 
                 (0.057) 
                 (0.016) 
                 (0.135) 
                 (0.031) 
                 (0.025) 
               
               
                 30 
                 .033 
                 .137 
                 .079 
                 .383 
                 .074 
                 .038 
               
               
                   
                 (0.034) 
                 (0.069) 
                 (0.025) 
                 (0.243) 
                 (0.035) 
                 (0.033) 
               
               
                 45 
                 .032 
                 .160 
                 .088 
                 .382 
                 .055 
                 .035 
               
               
                   
                 (0.033) 
                 (0.092) 
                 (0.037) 
                 (0.248) 
                 (0.032) 
                 (0.033) 
               
               
                 60 
                 .027 
                 .140 
                 .071 
                 .248 
                 .042 
                 .021 
               
               
                   
                 (0.031) 
                 (0.090) 
                 (0.036) 
                 (0.211) 
                 (0.018) 
                 (0.030) 
               
               
                 90 
                 .024 
                 .107 
                 .083 
                 .165 
                 .048 
                 .018 
               
               
                   
                 (0.026) 
                 (0.061) 
                 (0.026) 
                 (0.153) 
                 (0.024) 
                 (0.018) 
               
               
                 120 
                 .024 
                 .069 
                 .077 
                 .044 
                 .039 
                 .009 
               
               
                   
                 (0.031) 
                 (0.040) 
                 (0.016) 
                 (0.024) 
                 (0.021) 
                 (0.013) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma anti-Factor IIa Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Emax, 
                   
                 EAUC 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 IU/ml 
                 TEmax, hr 
                 (0-last) 
                 EAUC (0-inf) 
                 EMRT, hr 
               
               
                 Period 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.05 
                  0.511 
                 0.06896 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (66.44) 
                 (119)    
                 (80.44) 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.18 
                  0.706 
                 0.2148 
                 0.1702 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 (50.08) 
                 (27.1)  
                 (49.14) 
                 (16.44) 
                 (15.5) 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.11 
                  1.02 
                 0.1543 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (24.65) 
                 (48.9)  
                 (22.40) 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.42 
                  0.773 
                 0.5028 
                 0.4131 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                 (56.68) 
                 (29.1)  
                 (63.54) 
                 (34.23) 
                 (12.1) 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.09 
                  0.831 
                 0.1011 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (35.40) 
                 (79.8)  
                 (33.74) 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.06 
                  0.612 
                 0.06181 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 (42.54) 
                 (44.0)  
                 (60.62) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ratio of Anti-Factor Xa Activity to Anti-Factor IIa Activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −15 
                 0.03 
                 0.30 
                 1.00 
                 0.30 
                 0.25 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 −5 
                 0.08 
                 0.18 
                 0.39 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.00 
                 0.41 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
                 0.67 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.13 
                 0.89 
                 1.21 
                 0.88 
                 0.75 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 30 
                 0.02 
                 1.12 
                 1.64 
                 0.93 
                 0.69 
                 0.66 
               
               
                 45 
                 0.00 
                 1.08 
                 1.65 
                 0.82 
                 0.70 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 60 
                 0.00 
                 0.99 
                 1.63 
                 0.85 
                 0.21 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 90 
                 0.00 
                 0.70 
                 1.00 
                 0.83 
                 0.04 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 120 
                 0.03 
                 0.60 
                 0.79 
                 0.41 
                 0.08 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma SNAC Concentrations (ng/mL) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Period 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time (minutes) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 NA 
                  0 
                 2.36 
                  0 
                 0  
                 0  
               
               
                   
                   
                  (0) 
                 (9.15) 
                  (0) 
                 (0)  
                 (0)  
               
               
                 5 
                 NA 
                  100.44 
                 1394.87 
                  60.19 
                 812.04 
                 512.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                  (276.47) 
                 (1630.58) 
                  (67.57) 
                 (648.93) 
                 (322.79) 
               
               
                 15 
                 NA 
                 4731.95 
                 10139.4 
                 4168.13 
                 3612.24  
                 4339.32  
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3900.82) 
                 (5481.83) 
                 (2515.09) 
                 (2286.80)  
                 (2010.81)  
               
               
                 30 
                 NA 
                 4432.24 
                 8846.83 
                 5973.36 
                 2995.23  
                 3269.97  
               
               
                   
                   
                 (2404.94) 
                 (4170.31) 
                 (2913.61) 
                 (1184.70)  
                 (1352.39)  
               
               
                 45 
                 NA 
                 1747.60 
                 4853.39 
                 4114.45 
                 1399.63  
                 871.15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1062.02) 
                 (3245.89) 
                 (2359.29) 
                 (762.69) 
                 (274.51) 
               
               
                 60 
                 NA 
                  693.87 
                 2095.89 
                 1637.34 
                 682.07 
                 513.43 
               
               
                   
                   
                  (352.40) 
                 (1205.31) 
                  (902.59) 
                 (282.92) 
                 (160.84) 
               
               
                 90 
                 NA 
                  535.45 
                 1313.09 
                  833.55 
                 416.42 
                 427.28 
               
               
                   
                   
                  (290.47) 
                 (571.42) 
                  (400.36) 
                 (218.59) 
                 (210.71) 
               
               
                 120 
                 NA 
                  373.32 
                 1247.41 
                  726.43 
                 373.02 
                 344.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                  (273.87) 
                 (861.34) 
                  (529.29) 
                 (305.72) 
                 (432.82) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma SNAC Pharmacokinetic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cmax, 
                   
                 AUC (0-last), 
                 AUC (0-inf), 
                   
                 CL/F, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ng/ml 
                 Tmax, hr 
                 ng * hr/ml 
                 ng * hr/ml 
                 T 1/2 , hr 
                 L/hr 
                 Vd/F, L 
               
               
                 Period 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2 
                 5907.10 
                 0.436 
                 3189.9 
                 3194.0 
                 0.522 
                 301.62 
                 229.13 
               
               
                   
                 (57.65) 
                 (39.9) 
                 (35.630) 
                 (24.783) 
                 (54.6) 
                 (21.497) 
                 (61.386) 
               
               
                 3 
                 11,874.21 
                 0.392 
                 7611.9 
                 9141.8 
                 0.618 
                 239.91 
                 215.66 
               
               
                   
                 (41.13) 
                 (42.4) 
                 (33.044) 
                 (26.432) 
                 (54.9) 
                 (24.467) 
                 (64.28) 
               
               
                 4 
                 6,969.23 
                 0.572 
                 4632.7 
                 4783.7 
                 0.444 
                 291.26 
                 188.31 
               
               
                   
                 (39.77) 
                 (26.1) 
                 (22.895) 
                 (10.429) 
                 (39.6) 
                 (11.009) 
                 (43.187) 
               
               
                 5 
                 4456.64 
                 0.348 
                 2580.5 
                 2833.4 
                 0.454 
                 339.51 
                 226.25 
               
               
                   
                 (41.28) 
                 (42.9) 
                 (30.130) 
                 (25.429) 
                 (38.7) 
                 (20.392) 
                 (45.799) 
               
               
                 6 
                 4637.60 
                 0.331 
                 2685.5 
                 3016.5 
                 0.730 
                 317.07 
                 326.35 
               
               
                   
                 (40.53) 
                 (38.0) 
                 (26.388) 
                 (20.316) 
                 (45.2) 
                 (21.644) 
                 (44.825) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma aPTT (seconds) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Period 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
               
               
                 15 
                 26 
                 27 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
               
               
                 30 
                 26 
                 35 
                 31 
                 47 
                 29 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                  (2) 
                  (6) 
                  (4) 
                 (15) 
                  (3) 
                  (3) 
               
               
                 45 
                 27 
                 38 
                 31 
                 49 
                 28 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                  (3) 
                 (11) 
                  (4) 
                 (20) 
                  (3) 
                  (3) 
               
               
                 60 
                 25 
                 32 
                 30 
                 48 
                 27 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                  (4) 
                  (6) 
                  (3) 
                 (23) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
               
               
                 120 
                 25 
                 28 
                 28 
                 34 
                 26 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                 (13) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
               
               
                 480 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
                  (2) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma aPTT Pharmacokinetic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 EAUC (0-last) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Emax, sec 
                 TEmax, hr 
                 sec * hr 
               
               
                   
                 Period 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
                 (CV, %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 27 
                  0.305 
                 52.795 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (11) 
                 (127)    
                 (9.5374) 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 38 
                  0.604 
                 64.372 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (28) 
                 (25.6)  
                 (17.531) 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 32 
                  0.583 
                 58.736 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (13) 
                 (17.3)  
                 (9.5973) 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 54 
                  0.771 
                 82.333 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (41) 
                 (49.8)  
                 (32.203) 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 29 
                  0.408 
                 54.809 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (11) 
                 (63.0)  
                 (7.924) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 29 
                  0.469 
                 67.017 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (12) 
                 (48.6)  
                 (12.861) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in Tables 6 and 8 and  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the wetted heparin formulations generally showed higher anti-Factor Xa and IIa activities (Periods 2 and 4) than the placebo (Period 1) and non-wetted heparin/SNAC tablets (Periods 3, 5, and 6). As shown in Table 13, the wetted heparin formulations generally showed increased Plasma aPTT times than the placebo and non-wetted heparin/SNAC tablets. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Tables 15a, 15b, and 15c were prepared as described below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 15a 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/capsule 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (3% by weight) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 230.00 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin Sodium, USP (15,000 units) 
                 ≦107.14 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300, NF (PEG 300) 
                 265.00 
               
               
                   
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 107.00 
               
               
                   
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 54.00 
               
               
                   
                 Soybean Oil, USP Super Refined 
                 QS (≧5.58) 
               
               
                   
                 Total weight 
                 765.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % of capsule 
                 Acceptable range 
               
               
                 Components 
                 mg/capsule 
                 weight 
                 (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 383.00 
                 28.24 
                 371.5-394.5 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP 
                 ≦178.57 
                 ≦13.17 
                 ≦173.2-184.0  
               
               
                 (25,000 Units) 
               
               
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300, 
                 508.00 
                 37.46 
                 492.8-523.2 
               
               
                 NF (PEG 300) 
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 190.00 
                 14.01 
                 184.3-195.7 
               
               
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 95.00 
                 7.01 
                 92.2-97.9 
               
               
                 Soybean Oil, USP Super 
                 ≧0.11 
                 ≧1.43 
                 ≧0.106-0.113  
               
               
                 Refined 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 1356.00 
                 100.00 
                 1315.3-1396.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % of 
                 Acceptable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Capsule 
                 range 
               
               
                 Component 
                 mg/capsule 
                 Weight 
                 (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 250.00 
                 21.37 
                 142.5-257.5 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP 
                 ≦267.86 
                 ≦22.89 
                 ≦259.8-275.9   
               
               
                 (37,500 Units) 
               
               
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300, NF 
                 405.00 
                 34.62 
                 392.9-417.2 
               
               
                 (PEG 300) 
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 164.00 
                 14.02 
                 159.1-168.9 
               
               
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 81.99 
                 7.00 
                 79.5-84.4 
               
               
                 Soybean Oil, USP 
                 ≧1.15 
                 ≧0.10 
                 ≧1.12-1.18   
               
               
                 (Super Refined) 
                   
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 1170.00 
                 100.00 
                 1134.9-1205.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Preparation of Gel Mass 
     The gel mass for the capsules had the formulation shown in Table 16 below and was prepared as follows. A gel holding tank was pre-heated to 55° C. The hot water jacket heater of the gel melter was turned on and the temperature controller set to 90° C. The required amount of purified water, USP was weighed out and charged into the gel melter and the mixer turned on. Approximately 3 kg of the required purified water, USP was reserved in a separate container for color transfer. The required amount of the glycerin, 99.7%, USP was charged into the gel melter followed by scraping of the container to assure complete transfer. The required amount of anhydrized liquid sorbitol, USP was charged into the gel melter and the container scrapped to ensure complete transfer. The access door and all release valves on the dome of the gel melter were then closed and left to heat until the temperature was greater or equal to 80° C. The gel melter access door and release valves were opened and the required amount of gelatin, NF charged into the gel melter and turn off the mixer after addition is completed. The access door and pressure valves were closed, the mixer turned on and the hot water jacket heater controller set to 85° C. Mixing and heating was continued for 75±10 minutes after the temperature had reached at least 80° C. The gel mass was inspected (if there is no visual evidence of un-dissolved particles the gel mass is done). The vacuum pump water hose was connected to the water outlet and the cold water and vacuum pump turned on. The gel mass was deaerated and the mixer and vacuum pump turned off after the gel mass had no visual evidence of air bubbles. 
     The White Opatint G-18000 was mixed thoroughly in its original container with a stainless steel paddle and the required amount was weighed out. The FD&amp;C Green No. 3 and D&amp;C Yellow No. 10 were weight out and dissolved in approximately one fourth (¼th) of the reserve water. 
     The access door of the gel melter was opened and the Opatint and the dye mixture were slowly added with the mixer on. The release valves and the access door were then closed and the vacuum pump turned on. The colorized gel mass was deaerated for 10±5 minutes followed by release of all valves and turning off the mixer and vacuum pump. Samples were taken for viscosity and water content determination. The water content of the gel mass was adjusted to approximately 26% by adding water if it was less than 26% or further heating if it was above 26%. The gel mass was transferred to a pre-heated, pre-weighed gel holding tank and the temperature maintained at about 55° C. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Quantity 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 required (kg) 
                 % w/w 
                 Range (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Gelatin, NF (150 Bloom 
                 61.500 
                 41.00 
                 59.66-63.35 
               
               
                 Limed Bone, Type B) 
               
               
                 Glycerin, 99.7%, USP 
                 21.000 
                 14.00 
                 20.37-21.63 
               
               
                 Anhydrized Liquid Sorbitol, 
                 13.500 
                 9.00 
                 13.10-13.91 
               
               
                 USP (Sorbitol Special, 76%) 
               
               
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 50.964 
                 33.98 
                 49.44-52.49 
               
               
                 White Opatint G-18000 
                 3.000 
                 2.00 
                 2.91-3.09 
               
               
                 FD&amp;C Green No. 3 
                 0.021 
                 0.014 
                  0.02-0.022 
               
               
                 D&amp;C Yellow No. 10 
                 0.015 
                 0.010 
                 0.0146-0.0155 
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 149.996 
                   
                 145.50-154.50 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Preparation of Heparin/SNAC Soft Gelatin Capsules 
     The required amount of heparin sodium, USP was milled to a particle size not more than 180 μm using a Quadro Comil® 197 equipped with a round impeller and a Comil Screen 2A006R04227587 (80 Mesh). The required amounts of polyethylene glycol 300, NF (PEG 300) Capmul® PG8, purified water, USP, and the soybean oil, USP were weighed out and transferred to an appropriately sized stainless steel container. An overhead stirrer was placed into the mixture and the container placed on a hot plate. Mixing and heating were than initiated. Heating was continued until the mixture temperature reached 40 ±10° C. after which the mixture was blanketed with nitrogen. 
     For the 250 mg/37,500 IU formulation, SNAC was charged into the mixture while stirring. Mixing was continued until the SNAC was well distributed. Heparin sodium, USP was charged into the mixture with continuous stirring. Mixing was continued until the heparin was well distributed. The mixer was then turned off and the mixer blades and shaft scraped to clean. 
     For the 383 mg/25,000 formulation, the SNAC and milled heparin were blended in a bag for about 1 minute. The resulting blend was charged into the solvent system and mixing was continued until the heparin/SNAC blend was well distributed. The mixer was then turned off and the mixer blades and shaft scraped to clean. 
     For either formulation the resulting suspension was removed from the hot plate and milled using a Vertical Colloid Mill with hopper. The aggregate size of the suspension before and after milling was determined using a using a fineness of grind gauge. Milling was continued until the aggregate size was less than 180 μm. The temperature of the suspension was measured after completion of milling. If necessary the suspension was reheated to a temperature between 30-50° C. The suspension was then placed in to a vacuum chamber and deaerated until no bubbles were observed. In-process samples of Heparin/SNAC suspension were then collected. The heparin/SNAC suspension was covered and maintained at 30-50° C. with continuous slow mixing. 
     The heparin/SNAC soft gelatin capsule formulation was encapsulated with the gel mass prepared as described above using a Bochang Encapsulator. 1% w/w soybean lecithin solution with Miglyol 812 (carylic/capric triglyceride) was used as a lubricant for the encapsulator machine. The heparin/SNAC suspension was charged into the hopper of the encapsulator and continuously stirred. The equipment was set-up so that the target capsule fill weight was 1267 mg with an acceptable range of 1204 to 1330 mg, the trailing edge seam thickness acceptable limit was at least 0.25 mm and the ribbon thickness had a target of 0.81±0.05 mm. After encapsulation, the capsules were dried until the gel shell moisture content was less or equal to 8% and the water content of the fill material (heparin/SNAC suspension) was less or equal to 9%. After drying samples were sent for release testing. The capsules were then packaged in a 100 cc white HDPE wide mouth bottle with 38 mm Child Resistant, foil lined, suitable for induction sealing caps and low moisture cotton coil. Thirty (30) capsules were filled per bottle. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Hard gelatin capsules containing 15,000 IU heparin, 250 mg SNAC, 15% (w/w) Capmul® PG8 (propylene glycol monocaprylate) or Capmul® MCM (glyceryl caprylate/caprate) (available from Abitec Corp. of Columbus, Ohio), 37% PEG 300, and 1% sodium lauryl sulphate were prepared as described below. Hard gelatin capsules were also prepared with the aforementioned formulation without SNAC or with 2% Carbopol® 934P (available from Noveon of Cleveland, Ohio). 
     First, the liquid excipients (e.g., Capmul® PG-8 or Capmul® MCM and PEG-300) were mixed in a mortar to obtain a homogeneous liquid mixture. To this mixture, various solid components were slowly incorporated in proportions until a homogeneous mixture of paste (or suspension) consistency was obtained. These solid materials included SNAC, heparin, sodium lauryl sulphate, and optionally Carbopol® 934P. Once the homogeneity of the paste (or suspension) was ensured, the mixture was manually filled into appropriate size hard gelatin capsules. The filled capsules were sealed at the joint between the body and cap by wetting the rim of the body with 50:50 (% v/v) mixture of ethyl alcohol and purified water. The capsules were stored frozen at −20° C. until used. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Table 15a, prepared as described in Example 3, were administered to 4 male Rhesus monkeys as follows. Rhesus monkeys weighing between 3.5-5.0 kg were fasted overnight before the experiments and food was returned about 2 hours after dosing of the solid. Water was withheld from 30 minutes prior to dosing until 30 minutes after dosing, except for those quantities used for dosing. Each dosage form was delivered to the rear of the mouth using a pill gun. After release of the dosage form, 5 ml of reverse osmosis water was administered into the oral cavity to facilitate swallowing. Following delivery, the oral cavity was inspected to ensure that the solid was swallowed. 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation shown in Table 1 and prepared as described in Example 1 were administered to 7 male Rhesus monkeys as described above. 
     Antifactor Xa from blood samples was measured over 400 minutes. The results for each group was averaged, and are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation described in Example 4 (15,000 IU heparin, 250 mg of SNAC, 15% (w/w) Capmul® PG8, 37% PEG 300, and 1% sodium lauryl sulphate) with and without 2% Carbopol® 934P were prepared. Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation described in Example 4, but without the SNAC were also prepared. 
     The capsules containing SNAC and heparin with or without Carbopol were administered to 8 Cynos monkeys by the following procedure. Cynomolgus monkeys were fasted at least 24 hours prior to dosing. One capsule was inserted at the tip of a tubing, and air flushed to discharge the capsule into the stomach. Food was returned 2 hours after dosing. Water was available at all times. Approximately 1.3 ml of whole blood was collected into citrated tubes at pre-dose, and over 400 minutes post dosing. Antifactor Xa from the blood samples was measured. 
     The capsules without SNAC were administered to 4 Cynos monkeys as described above. 
     The results for each of the three groups were averaged, and are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation shown in Table 17, and prepared as described in Example 1 were prepared. The capsules were administered to a group of 8 Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the procedure described in Example 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amounts 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 250.0 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin sodium, USP 
                 15,000 
                 IU 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 300 
                 37 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 
                 1 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
                 Capmul PG8 (Propylene glycol 
                 15 
                 wt % 
               
               
                   
                 monocaprylate) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Antifactor Xa was measured from blood samples over 6 hours. The results were averaged, and are shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation shown in Table 18 were prepared as described in Example 1. The capsules were administered to a group of 8 Rhesus monkeys. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amounts 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 250.0 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin sodium, USP 
                 14,930 IU 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 300 
                 37% 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Capmul ® MCM (mono and di-glycerides of 
                 15% 
               
               
                   
                 medium chain fatty acids (mainly caprylic 
               
               
                   
                 and capric)) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Capmul® MCM is available from Abitec Corporation of Columbus, Ohio. This formulation is identical to that of Example 7 except Capmul® MCM is substituted for Capmul® PG8. 
     Antifactor Xa was measured from blood samples over 6 hours. The results were averaged, and are shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     The results of from Examples 7 and 8 ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ) are overlayed in  FIG. 7 . 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Hard gelatin capsule having the formulation shown in Table 1 and prepared as described in Example 1 was administered to 4 Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the procedure described in Example 5. Antifactor Xa was measured over a period of about 400 minutes after administration. 
     The results were averaged and are shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation shown in Table 1 and prepared as described in Example 1 were administered to a group of 4 Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the procedure described in Example 5. 
     Antifactor Xa activities and aPTT were measured over 400 minutes. The results were averaged and are shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation shown in Table 19 were prepared as described in Example 1. The capsules were administered to 4 Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the procedure described in Example 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target Amount 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 (mg/capsule) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 SNAC 
                 229.59 
               
               
                   
                 Heparin sodium, USP 
                 107.14 (15,000 IU) 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 300 
                 226.13 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol monocaprylate 
                 100.44 
               
               
                   
                 (Capmul ® PG8) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The formulation of Table 19 is identical to the formulation of Table 1 except sodium lauryl sulfate is excluded. Antifactor Xa activities and APTT were measured over 400 minutes. The results were averaged and are shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Hard gelatin capsules having the formulation of Example 1, but with varying amounts of SNAC such that the ratio of SNAC:Heparin was 0.5:1, to 1:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1. (In Example 1, the SNAC:heparin ratio was about 2.5:1). The capsules were administered to Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the procedure described in Example 5. The formulations containing 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 of SNAC:heparin were administered to 4, 4, 4, and 7 monkeys, respectively. 
     Antifactor Xa activities were measured from blood samples over a period of about 400 minutes. The averages for the four groups are shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Stability tests were conducted on the hard gelatin capsules described in Example 1. The capsules were administered to Rhesus monkeys by the procedure described in Example 5. The capsules were stored for 15 days at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity or 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. The capsules were then administered to two groups of Rhesus monkeys. Antifactor Xa activities and aPTT were measured over about 400 minutes for each administration. 
     These results were averaged and are shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . 
       FIG. 14  compares the Average Antifactor Xa activities for the semi-solid capsules described in Example 1 and administered the day it was formulated (t=0) and after 15 days (t=15 days) at 25° C./60% RH.  FIG. 15  compares the Average Antifactor Xa activity for the semi-solid capsule described in Example 1 and administered the day it was formulated (t=0) and after 15 days (t=15 days) at 25° C./75% RH. The capsules were administered to Rhesus monkeys by the procedure described in Example 5. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation of Tablets (without Heparin) 
     Tablets having the formulation described in Table 20 were prepared as described below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/Tablet 
                 tablet 
                 mg/Tablet 
               
               
                 Component 
                 (Target) 
                 weight 
                 (acceptable range) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 383.00 
                 47.88 
                 371.51-394.49 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol, USP/EP/JP 
                 40.0 
                 5.00 
                 38.80-41.2  
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 80.0 
                 10.00 
                  77.6-82.40 
               
               
                 Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, 
                 ≧268.75 
                 ≧33.59 
               
               
                 Anhydrous, USP/EP (Anhydrous 
               
               
                 Emcompress) 
               
               
                 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, 
                 16.00 
                 2.00 
                 15.52-16.48 
               
               
                 USP/NF/EP (Aerosil ® 200 VV 
               
               
                 Pharma) 
               
               
                 Povidone K90, USP/EP/JP 
                 4.25 
                 0.53 
                 4.12-4.37 
               
               
                 (Kollidon 90F) 
               
               
                 Magnesium Stearate, NF/EP/JP 
                 8.00 
                 1.00 
                 7.76-8.24 
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 800.00 
                 100.00 
                   776-824.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The SNAC and a portion of the intragranular Emcompress™ (available from JRS Pharma, Patterson, N.Y.) were weighed out, transferred to a 16 quart stainless steel V-blender shell and blended for 15 minutes. The resulting blend was then divided into four sub-lots for granulation. For the granulation of each sub-lot the SNAC blend was transferred to a 5 L bowl of a Key Instruments KG-5 high shear granulator (available from Key Instruments, Trevose, Pa.). Granulation was first performed using a mixture of the required amount of Capmul® PG8 and propylene glycol as the granulation fluid followed by the required amount of Povidone K 90  solution (available from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) in water as the granulation fluid. The granulation was completed with purified water as the final granulation fluid. The resulting granulation was transferred to a polyethylene lined container for in-process storage. The other three sub-lots were also granulated and stored in a similar fashion. The granulations were transferred to stainless steel trays and dried in a vacuum oven at about 40° C. for at least 4 hours. The dried granules were transferred into a polyethylene bag and blended for not less than one minute. The blended granules were milled using a Vector Granul Mill Jr. mill (available from Vector Corp., Marion, Iowa) equipped with a 35 mesh screen. The moisture content of the milled granules was determined using a Karl-Fisher Coulometer. The granules were considered dry if the moisture content was not more than 10% w/w. If the moisture content was more than 10% w/w, drying was continued until an acceptable moisture content was obtained. The moisture content of the granulation was used for calculations to adjust the quantity of extragranular anhydrous Emcompress™ to be added to the granulation. The dried granules were transferred to a polyethylene lined container for in-process storage. 
     The required amount of Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma (available from Degussa AG, Wolfgang, Germany) was sieved through a 35 mesh screen. The remaining portion of amount of anhydrous Emcompress™ was also weighed. The dried granules were then transferred to a 16 Quart stainless steel V-blender shell. The Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma and the anhydrous Emcompress™ were transferred to the same V-Blender shell. The shell was mounted on to the Yoke of a Patterson-Kelly V-blender drive unit (available from Patterson-Kelly Co., East Stroudsburg, Pa.) and blended for 15 minutes. After successful blend uniformity testing, the required amount of magnesium stearate was weighed out, screened through a 35 mesh screen and transferred to the V-blender shell. The material was blended for 3 minutes. The resulting blend was compressed into tablets using a Korsch EK-O (available from Mori Machinery Co., Okayama, Japan) single station tablet press equipped with 16.5 mm by 7.5 mm oval shaped tooling. During compression, the following in-process tests were performed, friability, tablet hardness, tablet weight, tablet thickness and disintegration. The target tablet weight was 800 mg with an acceptable range of 776-824 mg and the target tablet hardness was 8 Kp with an acceptable range of 5-11 KP. After release testing, the tablets were packaged in 30 count HDPE bottles with pharmaceutics coil, child resistant cap and induction seal liner. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 
     Preparation of Heparin/SNAC Tablets (25,000/383) 
     Heparin/SNAC tablets having the formulation described in Table 21 were prepared as described below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % of 
                 mg/Tablet 
               
               
                   
                 mg/Tablet 
                 Tablet 
                 (acceptable 
               
               
                 Component 
                 (Target) 
                 weight 
                 range) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 383.00 
                 47.88 
                 371.51-394.49 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP 
                 ≦178.57 
                 ≦22.32 
                 173.21-183.93 
               
               
                 (25,000 Units) 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol, USP/EP/JP 
                 40.00 
                 5.00 
                 38.80-41.2  
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 80.00 
                 10.00 
                  77.6-82.40 
               
               
                 Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, 
                 ≧90.18 
                 ≧11.27 
                 87.47-92.89 
               
               
                 Anhydrous, USP/EP (Anhydrous 
               
               
                 Emcompress ™) 
               
               
                 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, 
                 16.00 
                 2.00 
                 15.52-16.48 
               
               
                 USP/NF/EP (Aerosil ® 200 VV 
               
               
                 Pharma) 
               
               
                 Povidone K90, USP/EP/JP 
                 4.25 
                 0.53 
                 4.12-4.37 
               
               
                 (Kollidon 90F) 
               
               
                 Magnesium Stearate, NF/EP/JP 
                 8.00 
                 1.00 
                 7.76-8.24 
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 800.00 
                 100.00 
                   776-824.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The required amount of heparin sodium, USP and milled SNAC were weighed out, transferred to a 16 quart stainless steel V-blender shell and blended for 15 minutes. The resulting blend was divided into four sub-lots for granulation. For the granulation of each sub-lot the heparin/SNAC blend was transferred to a 5 L bowl of a Key Instruments KG-5 high shear granulator. Granulation was first performed using a mixture of the required amount of Capmul® PG8 and propylene glycol as the granulation fluid followed by the required amount of Povidone K90 solution in water as the granulation fluid. The granulation was completed with purified water, USP as the final granulation fluid. The resulting granulation was transferred to a polyethylene lined container for in-process storage. The other three sub-lots were also granulated and stored in a similar fashion. The granulations were then transferred to stainless steel trays and dried in a vacuum oven at about 40° C. for at least 4 hours. The dried granules were transferred into a polyethylene bag and blended for not less than one minute. The blended granules were milled using a Vector Granul Mill Jr. mill equipped with a 35 mesh screen. The moisture content of the milled granules was determined using a Karl-Fisher Coulometer. The granules were considered dry if the moisture content was not more than 10% w/w. If the moisture content was more than 10% w/w drying was continued. Samples were drawn for assay of SNAC and heparin in the dry granulation. The heparin assay (as is) was used for calculations to adjust the quantity of extragranular anhydrous Emcompress™ to be added to the granulation. The dried granules were transferred to a polyethylene lined container for in-process storage. 
     The required amount of Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma was sieved through through a 35 mesh screen. The required amount of anhydrous Emcompress™ was also weighed. The dried granules were transferred to a 16 Quart stainless steel V-blender shell. The Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma and the Anhydrous Emcompress were transferred to the same V-Blender shell. The shell was mounted on to the Yoke of a Patterson-Kelly V-Blender drive unit and blended for 15 minutes. Samples for blend uniformity testing were withdrawn. After successful blend uniformity testing the granulation the required amount of magnesium stearate was weighed out, screened through a 35 mesh screen and transferred to the V-blender shell. The material was blended for 3 minutes and compressed in to tablets using a Korsch EK-O single station tablet press equipped 16.5 mm by 7.5 mm oval shaped tooling. During compression, the following in-process tests were performed, friability, tablet hardness, tablet weight, tablet thickness and disintegration. The target tablet hardness was 780 mg with an acceptable range of 756.6-803.4 mg, the target tablet hardness was 8 Kp with an acceptable range of 5-11 KP. After release testing, the tablets were packaged in 30 count HDPE bottles with pharmaceutics coil, child resistant cap and induction seal liner. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 
     Preparation of Heparin/SNAC Tablets (37,500/250) 
     Heparin/SNAC tablets having the formulation described in Table 22 were prepared by the procedure described in Comparative Example 6. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/ 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tablet 
                 % of Tablet 
                 mg/Tablet 
               
               
                 Component 
                 (Target) 
                 weight (w/w) 
                 (acceptable range) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 250 
                 32.1 
                 242.5-257.5 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP 
                 ≦267.9 
                 ≦34.3 
                 ≦259.8-275.9    
               
               
                 (37,500 Units) 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol, 
                 39.0 
                 5.00 
                 37.8-40.2 
               
               
                 USP/EP/JP 
               
               
                 Capmul PG8 
                 78.0 
                 10.00 
                 75.7-80.3 
               
               
                 Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, 
                 ≧117.8 
                 ≧15.1 
                 ≧114.3-121.3    
               
               
                 Anhydrous, USP/EP 
               
               
                 (Anhydrous Emcompress) 
               
               
                 Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, 
                 15.6 
                 2.00 
                 15.1-16.1 
               
               
                 USP/NF/EP 
               
               
                 (Aerosil ® 200 VV 
               
               
                 Pharma) 
               
               
                 Povidone K90, USP/EP/JP 
                 3.90 
                 0.50 
                 3.8-4.0 
               
               
                 (Kollidon 90F) 
               
               
                 Magnesium Stearate, 
                 7.8 
                 1.00 
                 7.6-8.0 
               
               
                 NF/EP/JP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 780.00 
                 100.00 
                 756.6-803.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 8 
     Preparation of Liquid Heparin/SNAC 
     18 mL of the SNAC/heparin solution described in Example 1 of International Publication No. WO 01/34114, which is hereby incorporated by reference, was prepared. The solution contained 90,000 IU of heparin and 2430 mg of SNAC. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Fifteen human test subjects were administered the formulations described in the chart below, each separated by a 72-hour washout period. For every period, subjects entered a clinic the evening before the administration to begin an 8-hour fast starting at 10 p.m. The formulation was administered in the morning in a fasted state. Table 23 summarizes the periods and the formulations administered. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number of Unit 
                 Total 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dosages 
                 Amount of 
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Tablets, 
                 Heparin 
                 of SNAC 
               
               
                 Period 
                 Formulation 
                 Capsules) 
                 (IU) 
                 (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 Comparative 
                 3 
                 0 
                 1149 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
               
               
                   
                 (“SNAC control 
               
               
                   
                 dose”) 
               
               
                 B 
                 Example 3, 
                 2 
                 75,000 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 Table 15C 
               
               
                   
                 (“capsule 1:1 
               
               
                   
                 ratio”) 
               
               
                 C 
                 Comparative 
                 3 
                 75,000 
                 1149 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 (“tablet 
               
               
                   
                 1:2.5 ratio”) 
               
               
                 D 
                 Comparative 
                 2 
                 75,000 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 (“tablet 
               
               
                   
                 1:1 ratio”) 
               
               
                 E 
                 Example 3, 
                 3 
                 75,000 
                 1149 
               
               
                   
                 Table 15B 
               
               
                   
                 (capsule 1:2.5 
               
               
                   
                 ratio) 
               
               
                 F 
                 Comparative 
                 18 ml (Liquid) 
                 90,000 
                 2430 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 (“liquid 
               
               
                   
                 reference dose”) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For each period, the anti-Factor Xa and IIa activities and aPTT times were measured from blood samples taken at 10 minutes before dosing, upon dosing, and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 480 minutes after dosing. Anti-Factor Xa and IIa activities and aPTT times are indicators of heparin response, and provide a basis to compare the bio-availability of the respective formulations. 
     APTT and Anti-Factor IIa and Xa results for the 15 subjects were averaged for each sample period, and are shown below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma aPTT (seconds) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Treatment Arm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −10 
                 29.7 
                 29.4 
                 30.1 
                 30.0 
                 29.8 
                 29.2 
               
               
                   
                 (3.0) 
                 (2.1) 
                 (3.4) 
                 (2.4) 
                 (2.5) 
                 (2.5) 
               
               
                 0 
                 29.1 
                 29.1 
                 29.4 
                 29.4 
                 28.9 
                 29.1 
               
               
                   
                 (2.5) 
                 (2.1) 
                 (2.5) 
                 (2.2) 
                 (2.0) 
                 (2.7) 
               
               
                 15 
                 30.1 
                 31.6 
                 37.5 
                 32.4 
                 32.7 
                 41.1 
               
               
                   
                 (2.9) 
                 (2.4) 
                 (6.7) 
                 (2.7) 
                 (6.9) 
                 (14.8) 
               
               
                 30 
                 29.5 
                 75.1 
                 51.6 
                 37.1 
                 89.1 
                 52.1 
               
               
                   
                 (2.70) 
                 (54.8) 
                 (25.6) 
                 (8.4) 
                 (63.8) 
                 (42.8) 
               
               
                 45 
                 29.3 
                 78.4 
                 60.2 
                 38.1 
                 102.6 
                 53.7 
               
               
                   
                 (2.6) 
                 (56.4) 
                 (48.1) 
                 (12.9) 
                 (72.1) 
                 (43.2) 
               
               
                 60 
                 29.6 
                 73.0 
                 51.7 
                 35.9 
                 97.0 
                 51.7 
               
               
                   
                 (2.4) 
                 (57.8) 
                 (32.6) 
                 (11.4) 
                 (72.7) 
                 (43.0) 
               
               
                 90 
                 29.4 
                 50.8 
                 41.5 
                 32.8 
                 79.7 
                 44.2 
               
               
                   
                 (2.4) 
                 (31.7) 
                 (18.8) 
                 (7.5) 
                 (66.8) 
                 (36.7) 
               
               
                 120 
                 29.7 
                 39.5 
                 34.0 
                 30.4 
                 60.9 
                 36.3 
               
               
                   
                 (2.3) 
                 (16.1) 
                 (7.9) 
                 (2.6) 
                 (50.4) 
                 (19.0) 
               
               
                 480 
                 29.3 
                 29.2 
                 29.4 
                 29.4 
                 29.3 
                 29.3 
               
               
                   
                 (2.6) 
                 (2.0) 
                 (2.5) 
                 (2.5) 
                 (2.3) 
                 (2.2) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These results are shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 aPTT Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Emax, 
                   
                 EAUC (0-last), 
                 EAUC (0-inf), 
               
               
                   
                 IU/ml 
                 Tmax, hr 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 (Standard 
                 (Median 
                 (Standard 
                 (Standard 
               
               
                 Arm 
                 Deviation) 
                 Range)* 
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 1.51 
                 0.75 
                 2.634 
                 2.634 
               
               
                   
                 (2.30) 
                 (0.25-8.00) 
                 (3.925) 
                 (3.925) 
               
               
                 B 
                 56.14 
                 0.50 
                 84.100 
                 84.100 
               
               
                   
                 (57.39) 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (109.584) 
                 (109.584) 
               
               
                 C 
                 31.76 
                 0.75 
                 42.865 
                 42.865 
               
               
                   
                 (47.78) 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (66.157) 
                 (66.157) 
               
               
                 D 
                 9.31 
                 0.50 
                 12.088 
                 12.088 
               
               
                   
                 (11.70) 
                 (0.25-0.75) 
                 (15.239) 
                 (15.239) 
               
               
                 E 
                 80.30 
                 0.75 
                 184.236 
                 184.236 
               
               
                   
                 (77.38) 
                 (0.25-1.50) 
                 (240.894) 
                 (240.894) 
               
               
                 F 
                 25.89 
                 0.75 
                 55.308 
                 55.308 
               
               
                   
                 (42.59) 
                 (0.25-8.00) 
                 (120.021) 
                 (120.021) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 aPTT Pharmacodynamic Analysis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Refer- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Test 
                 ence 
                   
                 90% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (LS 
                 (LS 
                 Differ- 
                 Confidence 
               
               
                 Variable 
                 Comparision 
                 Means) 
                 Means) 
                 ence 
                 Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EAC(0-LAST) 
                 B-F 
                 84.100 
                 55.308 
                 28.793 
                 −31.3, 88.87 
               
               
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 C-F 
                 42.865 
                 55.308 
                 −12.44 
                 −72.5, 47.64 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 12.088 
                 55.308 
                 −43.22 
                 −103, 16.86 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 184.236 
                 55.308 
                 128.93 
                 68.85, 189.0 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 184.236 
                 84.100 
                 100.14 
                 40.06, 160.2 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 42.865 
                 2.634 
                 40.231 
                 −19.8, 100.3 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 42.865 
                 12.088 
                 30.777 
                 −29.3, 90.85 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 84.100 
                 12.088 
                 72.012 
                 11.93, 132.1 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 184.236 
                 2.634 
                 181.60 
                 121.5, 241.7 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 184.236 
                 42.865 
                 141.37 
                 81.29, 201.4 
               
               
                 Emax 
                 B-F 
                 56.143 
                 25.887 
                 30.257 
                 8.011, 52.50 
               
               
                 (IU/ml) 
                 C-F 
                 31.757 
                 25.887 
                 5.870 
                 −16.4, 28.12 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 9.310 
                 25.887 
                 −16.58 
                 −38.8, 5.669 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 80.303 
                 25.887 
                 54.417 
                 32.17, 76.66 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 80.303 
                 56.143 
                 24.160 
                 1.915, 46.41 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 31.757 
                 1.513 
                 30.243 
                 7.998, 52.49 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 31.757 
                 9.310 
                 22.447 
                 0.201, 44.69 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 56.143 
                 9.310 
                 46.833 
                 24.59, 69.08 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 80.303 
                 1.513 
                 78.790 
                 56.54, 101.0 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 80.303 
                 31.757 
                 48.547 
                 26.30, 70.79 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 24 and  FIG. 16 , the longest aPTT occurred in the following descending order: soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E), soft gelatin capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B), tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C), liquid SNAC/Heparin dose (Treatment Arm F), tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D), and the SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A). The increase in aPTT was approximately 2.4 times higher with the soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio than with the 1:2.5 ratio tablet and approximately 3 times higher than with the liquid SNAC/heparin dose. 
     Shown in Table 26, based on a 90% confidence interval around the difference for aPTT results under a Least Squares Means Analysis, the formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences for EAUC(O-last) were the soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to liquid reference dose (Treatment Arm F), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C) and capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B) to tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D). The formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences for Emax were as follows: capsule and tablet 1:2.5 ratios (Treatment Arms E and C) to SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A), capsule 1:2.5 ratio and 1:1 ratios (E and B) to liquid reference dose (Treatment Arm F), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C), capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B) to tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D), and tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C) to tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor IIa Plasma Concentrations (IU/mL) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Treatment Arm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −10 
                  BLQ* 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                 0 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                 15 
                 BLQ 
                 0.07 
                 0.12 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.05) 
                 (0.04) 
                 (0.05) 
                 (0.06) 
                 (0.08) 
               
               
                 30 
                 BLQ 
                 0.30 
                 0.20 
                 0.12 
                 0.33 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.20) 
                 (0.11) 
                 (0.08) 
                 (0.23) 
                 (0.16) 
               
               
                 45 
                 BLQ 
                 0.33 
                 0.21 
                 0.12 
                 0.40 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.22) 
                 (0.13) 
                 (0.10) 
                 (0.33) 
                 (0.17) 
               
               
                 60 
                 BLQ 
                 0.29 
                 0.20 
                 0.10 
                 0.39 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.21) 
                 (0.13) 
                 (0.11) 
                 (0.34) 
                 (0.18) 
               
               
                 90 
                 BLQ 
                 0.20 
                 0.14 
                 BLQ 
                 0.31 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.16) 
                 (0.10) 
                   
                 (0.31) 
                 (0.15) 
               
               
                 120 
                 BLQ 
                 0.14 
                 0.10 
                 BLQ 
                 0.23 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.13) 
                 (0.07) 
                   
                 (0.24) 
                 (0.11) 
               
               
                 480 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Mean values below 0.05 IU/mL are denoted as below the limit of quantification (BLQ). For statistical purposes, individual values below the limit of quantification (BLQ) were set to 0.025 IU/ml. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The above results over 120 minutes are shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma anti-Factor IIa Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EAUC (0-last), 
                 EAUC (0-inf), 
               
               
                   
                 Emax, IU/ml 
                 Tmax, hr 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 (Standard 
                 (Median 
                 (Standard 
                 (Standard 
               
               
                 Arm 
                 Deviation) 
                 Range)* 
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0.04 
                 0.50 
                 0.262 
                 0.324 
               
               
                   
                 (0.04) 
                 (0.25-8.00) 
                 (0.261) 
                 (0.236) 
               
               
                 B 
                 0.36 
                 0.75 
                 0.714 
                 0.905 
               
               
                   
                 0.22 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (0.771) 
                 (0.786) 
               
               
                 C 
                 0.22 
                 0.75 
                 0.566 
                 0.715 
               
               
                   
                 0.13 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (0.391) 
                 (0.411) 
               
               
                 D 
                 0.13 
                 0.50 
                 0.369 
                 0.418 
               
               
                   
                 0.10 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (0.369) 
                 (0.364) 
               
               
                 E 
                 0.42 
                 0.75 
                 1.116 
                 1.511 
               
               
                   
                 0.34 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (1.167) 
                 (1.214) 
               
               
                 F 
                 0.16 
                 0.50 
                 0.349 
                 0.545 
               
               
                   
                 0.18 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (0.301) 
                 (0.636) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor IIa Pharmacodynamic Analysis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Test (LS 
                 Reference (LS 
                   
                 90% Confidence 
               
               
                 Variable 
                 Comparision 
                 Means) 
                 Means) 
                 Difference 
                 Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EAC (0-LAST) 
                 B-F 
                 0.714 
                 0.357 
                 0.357 
                 −0.029, 0.744 
               
               
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 C-F 
                 0.571 
                 0.357 
                 0.214 
                 −0.180, 0.608 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 0.363 
                 0.357 
                 0.006 
                 −0.403, 0.414 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 1.112 
                 0.357 
                 0.755 
                   0.353, 1.157 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 1.112 
                 0.714 
                 0.398 
                   0.011, 0.784 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 0.571 
                 0.447 
                 0.124 
                 −0.337, 0.585 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 0.571 
                 0.363 
                 0.208 
                 −0.196, 0.613 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 0.714 
                 0.363 
                 0.352 
                 −0.045, 0.748 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 1.112 
                 0.447 
                 0.665 
                   0.195, 1.135 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 1.112 
                 0.571 
                 0.541 
                   0.149, 0.933 
               
               
                 Emax 
                 B-F 
                 0.357 
                 0.163 
                 0.194 
                   0.104, 0.284 
               
               
                 (IU/ml) 
                 C-F 
                 0.220 
                 0.163 
                 0.057 
                 −0.033, 0.146 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 0.128 
                 0.163 
                 −0.035 
                 −0.125, 0.054 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 0.416 
                 0.163 
                 0.253 
                   0.163, 0.342 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 0.416 
                 0.357 
                 0.059 
                 −0.031, 0.148 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 0.220 
                 0.043 
                 0.177 
                   0.088, 0.267 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 0.220 
                 0.128 
                 0.092 
                   0.002, 0.182 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 0.357 
                 0.128 
                 0.229 
                   0.140, 0.319 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 0.416 
                 0.043 
                 0.373 
                   0.284, 0.463 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 0.416 
                 0.220 
                 0.196 
                   0.106, 0.286 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 27 and  FIG. 17 , the highest mean concentrations of anti-factor IIa occurred in the following descending order: soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E), soft gelatin capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B), tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C), liquid SNAC/Heparin dose (Treatment Arm F), tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D), and the SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A). The increase in both anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa mean concentrations was approximately 2 times higher with the soft gelatin capsule 1.2.5 ratio than with the 1:2.5 tablet and approximately 2.5 times higher than with the liquid references dose. 
     Shown in Table 29, based on a 90% confidence interval around the difference for antifactor IIa results under a Least Squares Means Analysis, the formulation showing statistically significant differences for EAUC(O-last) were the capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to the SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A), the liquid reference dose (F and the tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C). The formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences for Emax were as follows: capsule and tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arms E and C) to SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A), capsule 1:2.5 and 1:1 ratios (Treatment Arms E and B) to liquid reference dose (Treatment arm F), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E) to tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C) capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B) to tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D) and tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C) to tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor Xa Plasma Concentrations (IU/mL) 
               
               
                 (Standard Deviation shown in parenthesis) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Treatment Arm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (minutes) 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −10 
                  BLQ* 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                 0 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                 15 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 0.11 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (0.07) 
                 (0.04) 
                 (0.04) 
                 (0.08) 
               
               
                 30 
                 BLQ 
                 0.34 
                 0.19 
                 0.10 
                 0.31 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.28) 
                 (0.14) 
                 (0.07) 
                 (0.22) 
                 (0.16) 
               
               
                 45 
                 BLQ 
                 0.32 
                 0.21 
                 0.10 
                 0.42 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.22) 
                 (0.18) 
                 (0.10) 
                 (0.33) 
                 (0.17) 
               
               
                 60 
                 BLQ 
                 0.28 
                 0.21 
                 BLQ 
                 0.42 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.20) 
                 (0.18) 
                   
                 (0.36) 
                 (0.19) 
               
               
                 90 
                 BLQ 
                 0.17 
                 0.13 
                 BLQ 
                 0.31 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.14) 
                 (0.12) 
                   
                 (0.31) 
                 (0.17) 
               
               
                 120 
                 BLQ 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 BLQ 
                 0.23 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (0.11) 
                 (0.08) 
                   
                 (0.24) 
                 (0.13) 
               
               
                 480 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
                 BLQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Mean values below 0.05 IU/mL are denoted as below the limit of quantification (BLQ). For statistical purposes, individual values below the limit of quantification (BLQ) were set to 0.025 IU/ml. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These results are shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma anti-Factor Xa Pharmacodynamic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EAUC (0-last), 
                 EAUC (0-inf), 
               
               
                   
                 Emax, IU/ml 
                 Tmax, hr 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 (Standard 
                 (Median 
                 (Standard 
                 (Standard 
               
               
                 Arm 
                 Deviation) 
                 range) 
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 0.00 
                 2.00 
                 0.048 
                 0.258 
               
               
                   
                 0.02 
                 (2.00-2.00) 
               
               
                 B 
                 0.38 
                 0.50 
                 0.383 
                 0.689 
               
               
                   
                 0.30 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (0.295) 
                 (0.626) 
               
               
                 C 
                 0.22 
                 0.75 
                 0.296 
                 0.552 
               
               
                   
                 0.18 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (0.252) 
                 (0.525) 
               
               
                 D 
                 0.11 
                 0.50 
                 1.162 
                 0.297 
               
               
                   
                 0.10 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (0.145) 
                 (0.271) 
               
               
                 E 
                 0.44 
                 0.75 
                 0.876 
                 1.563 
               
               
                   
                 0.36 
                 (0.50-1.00) 
                 (0.729) 
                 (1.198) 
               
               
                 F 
                 0.17 
                 0.75 
                 0.377 
                 0.621 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (0.394) 
                 (0.758) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-Factor Xa Pharmacodynamic Analysis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Test (LS 
                 Reference (LS 
                   
                 90% Confidence 
               
               
                 Variable 
                 Comparison 
                 Means) 
                 Means) 
                 Difference 
                 Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EAC (0-LAST) 
                 B-F 
                 0.383 
                 0.338 
                 0.045 
                 −0.148, 0.238 
               
               
                 (IU * hr/mL) 
                 C-F 
                 0.274 
                 0.338 
                 −0.064 
                 −0.261, 0.133 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 0.102 
                 0.338 
                 −0.236 
                   −0.449, −0.024 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 0.877 
                 0.338 
                 0.538 
                   0.334, 0.743 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 0.877 
                 0.338 
                 0.493 
                   0.301, 0.686 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 0.274 
                 0.197 
                 0.077 
                 −0.469, 0.623 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 0.274 
                 0.102 
                 0.172 
                 −0.029, 0.373 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 0.383 
                 0.102 
                 0.281 
                   0.083, 0.480 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 0.877 
                 0.197 
                 0.680 
                   0.131, 1.228 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 0.877 
                 0.274 
                 0.603 
                   0.406, 0.800 
               
               
                 Emax 
                 B-F 
                 0.377 
                 0.175 
                 0.202 
                   0.098, 0.306 
               
               
                 (IU/ml) 
                 C-F 
                 0.224 
                 0.175 
                 0.049 
                 −0.055, 0.153 
               
               
                   
                 D-F 
                 0.106 
                 0.175 
                 −0.069 
                 −0.173, 0.035 
               
               
                   
                 E-F 
                 0.443 
                 0.175 
                 0.268 
                   0.164, 0.372 
               
               
                   
                 E-B 
                 0.443 
                 0.377 
                 0.066 
                 −0.038, 0.170 
               
               
                   
                 C-A 
                 0.224 
                 0.005 
                 0.219 
                   0.115, 0.323 
               
               
                   
                 C-D 
                 0.224 
                 0.106 
                 0.118 
                   0.014, 0.222 
               
               
                   
                 B-D 
                 0.377 
                 0.106 
                 0.271 
                   0.167, 0.375 
               
               
                   
                 E-A 
                 0.443 
                 0.005 
                 0.438 
                   0.334, 0.542 
               
               
                   
                 E-C 
                 0.443 
                 0.224 
                 0.219 
                   0.115, 0.323 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 30 and  FIG. 18 , the highest mean concentrations of anti-factor Xa occurred in the following descending order: soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm E), soft gelatin capsule 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm B), tablet 1:2.5 ratio (Treatment Arm C), liquid SNAC/Heparin dose (Treatment Arm F), tablet 1:1 ratio (Treatment Arm D), and the SNAC control dose (Treatment Arm A). The increase in anti-factor Xa mean concentrations was approximately 2 times higher with the soft gelatin capsule 1.2.5 ratio than with the 1:2.5 tablet and approximately 2.5 times higher than with the liquid references dose. 
     Based on a 90% confidence interval around the difference for anti-factor Xa results under a Least Squares Means analysis, the formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences for EAUC(O-last), the formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences where soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to SNAC control dose (A), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to the liquid reference does (F), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to capsule 1:1 ratio (B), tablet 1:2.5 ratio (C) to tablet 1:1 ratio (D), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to the tablet 1:2.5 ratio (C), and capsule 1:1 ratio (B) to tablet 1:1 ratio (D). The formulation comparisons showing statistically significant differences for Emax were as follows: soft gelatin capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) and tablet 1:2.5 ratio (C) to SNAC control dose (A), capsule 1:2.5 and 1:1 ratios (E and B) to liquid reference dose (F), tablet 1:2.5 ratio (C) to tablet 1:1 ratio (D), capsule 1:2.5 ratio (E) to tablet 1:2.5 ratio (C), and capsule 1:1 ratio (B) to tablet 1:1 ratio (D). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plasma SNAC Pharmacokinetic Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cmax, 
                 Tmax, 
                 AUC (0-last), 
                 AUC (0-inf), 
                 CL/F, 
                   
                 t 1/2 , 
                 VZ/F 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 ng/ml 
                 hr 
                 ng * hr/ml 
                 ng * hr/ml 
                 L/hr 
                 KeL 
                 hr 
                 (L) 
               
               
                 Arm 
                 (SD) 
                 (SD) 
                 (SD) 
                 (SD) 
                 (SD) 
                 (λz) (hr) 
                 (SD) 
                 (SD) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 5573.1 
                 0.50 
                 5239.74 
                 5448.01 
                 227.3 
                 0.4903 
                 1.50 
                 497.5 
               
               
                   
                 (2293.9) 
                 (0.25-2.00) 
                 (1615.83) 
                 (1604.81) 
                 (61.2) 
                 (0.1395) 
                 (0.33) 
                 (207.0) 
               
               
                 B 
                 3041.7 
                 0.50 
                 2261.17 
                 2293.28 
                 230.0 
                 0.8311 
                 1.21 
                 417.0 
               
               
                   
                 (1105.7) 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (563.76) 
                 (561.78) 
                 (55.3) 
                 (0.7110) 
                 (0.52) 
                 (229.1) 
               
               
                 C 
                 6463.3 
                 0.25 
                 5887.55 
                 5977.66 
                 206.4 
                 0.4820 
                 1.55 
                 475.2 
               
               
                   
                 (4252.6) 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (2079.82) 
                 (2056.15) 
                 (46.9) 
                 (0.1371) 
                 (0.45) 
                 (213.6) 
               
               
                 D 
                 2481.3 
                 0.25 
                 1967.73 
                 2002.92 
                 260.1 
                 0.7755 
                 1.35 
                 519.2 
               
               
                   
                 (1104.0) 
                 (0.25-0.50) 
                 (421.50) 
                 (418.81) 
                 (55.6) 
                 (0.7636) 
                 (0.61) 
                 (311.4) 
               
               
                 E 
                 6539.7 
                 0.50 
                 5913.98 
                 5954.53 
                 204.0 
                 0.5953 
                 1.19 
                 351.1 
               
               
                   
                 (3804.8) 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (1641.69) 
                 (1633.97) 
                 (44.6) 
                 (0.0861) 
                 (0.17) 
                 (95.1) 
               
               
                 F 
                 14254.0 
                 0.25 
                 13052.1 
                 13162.6 
                 205.5 
                 0.6112 
                 1.19 
                 361.1 
               
               
                   
                 (7153.3) 
                 (0.25-1.00) 
                 (4554.21) 
                 (4541.42) 
                 (67.7) 
                 (0.1258) 
                 (0.29) 
                 (181.2) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Plasma SNAC concentrations up to 8 hours and 2 hours after administration are shown in  FIGS. 19 and 20 , respectively 
     In each marker of anti-coagulant activity, capsule formulations produced greater anti-coagulant effect than a similar dose in a tablet formation or the liquid reference dose (90,000 units/2430 mg). In capsule formulations, mean maximum anti-factor Xa concentrations were relatively similar in the 1:1 and 1:2.5 ratio dose groups, at 0.38 and 0.44 IU/mL, respectively. However EAUC values in the same dose groups were 0.38 and 0.88 IU*hr/mL, respectively, illustrating the longer duration of effect observed in the 1:2.5 ratio dose group. 
     The soft gelatin capsule produced 2 to 3 fold higher Emax values than the tablet and liquid formulations 
     No inherent anti-coagulation activity was demonstrated by the SNAC control dose. All treatments were well tolerated by the subjects. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Tables 35a and 35b were prepared by the process described in Example 3, except as indicated below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 35a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 mg/capsule 
                 % of capsule weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 250.00 
                 21.37 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP (15,000 units) 
                 267.18 
                 22.89 
               
               
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300, 
                 402.70 
                 34.42 
               
               
                 NF (PEG 300) 
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 164.00 
                 14.02 
               
               
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 81.99 
                 7.00 
               
               
                 Soybean Oil, USP Super Refined 
                 1.17 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 2.34 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 1,170.00 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 35b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % of capsule 
               
               
                 Components 
                 mg/capsule 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNAC 
                 250.0 
                 21.37 
               
               
                 Heparin Sodium, USP (25,000 Units) 
                 267.86 
                 22.89 
               
               
                 Polyethylene Glycol 300, NF (PEG 300) 
                 405.00 
                 34.62 
               
               
                 Capmul ® PG8 
                 164.00 
                 14.02 
               
               
                 Purified Water, USP 
                 81.99 
                 7.00 
               
               
                 Soybean Oil, USP Super Refined 
                 1.15 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Total weight 
                 1,170.00 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the formulation described in Table 35a, Polysorbate 80 was added along with Propylene glycol monocaprylate, purified water, and soybean oil in the stainless steal container, and heparin that was milled through a bead mill with a #140 Mesh screen yielding a heparin particle size of less than 100 microns. Also, the aggregate suspension in the formulation described in Table 35a was milled through a MZ80/A Fryma Colloid mill until the particle size is &lt;180 microns. 
     To prepare the formulation in table 35b, Polysorbate 80 was not added with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300, Propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capmul® PG8), purified water, and soybean oil. Also, the heparin was milled with a # 80 mesh screen and the suspension was not milled through the colloid mill. The particle size comparison of the formulation of table 35a and table 35b set forth below in table 36 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 36 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Particle Size data for Formulations in Tables 35a and 35b 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation in 
                 Formulation in 
               
               
                 Particle 
                 Table 35a 
                 Table 35b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Milled Heparin 
                 &lt;100 microns 
                 &lt;180 microns 
               
               
                 Suspension (Based on the 
                 Target: &lt;=180 microns 
                 Target: &lt;=180 microns 
               
               
                 Grind Gauge) 
                 80 microns 
                 200 microns (initial 
               
               
                   
                 (initial aggregate) 
                 aggregate) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 160 microns 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (final aggregate) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 16 
     The disintegration of the soft gelatin capsules prepared as in Example 15 were determined in three different media, i.e. purified water, 0.1N HCl at pH 1.2 (Simulated Gastric Fluid w/o pepsin) and 6.8 phosphate buffer (simulated intestinal fluid @ pH 6.8 (w/o pancreatin) at 37+/−0.5° C. in a Vankel Disintegration Apparatus model # 35-1000 (Cary, N.C.) equipped with a Model 65-2000 Heater Circulator The results are shown below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 37 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Disintegration Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation in 
                 Formulation in 
               
               
                 Disintegration Media 
                 Table 35a 
                 Table 35b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Simulated Gastric 
                 6 minutes and 15 seconds 
                 4 mins and 31 seconds 
               
               
                 Fluid @ pH 1.2 
               
               
                 (w/o pepsin) 
               
               
                 Simulated Intestinal 
                 Not Determined 
                 5 mins and 14 seconds 
               
               
                 Fluid @ pH 6.8 
               
               
                 (w/o pancreatin) 
               
               
                 Purified Water 
                 Not Determined 
                 4 mins and 57 seconds 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Dissolution profiles for the above two formulations were obtained in a phosphate buffer having pH of 6.8 37+/−0.5° C. (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) in the above Vankel Disintegration Apparatus at 75 RPM. The results for the Formulation shown in Table 35a is shown in  FIG. 21 . The result for the Formulation shown in Table 35b is shown in  FIG. 22 . 
     EXAMPLE 17 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Table 35a and 35b, prepared as described in Example 15 were administered to 4 Beagles weighing about 8 kg. The dogs were fasted at least 8 hours prior to dosing and food was returned about 4 hours after dosing of the solid. Each dosage form was delivered to the rear of the mouth by hand. After release of the dosage form, 5 ml of reverse osmosis water was administered into the oral cavity to facilitate swallowing. Following delivery, the oral cavity was inspected to ensure that the solid was swallowed. The study was conducted in cross-over fashion with a one week wash-out period. 
     Antifactor Xa was measured over a period of about 240 minutes after administration from plasma samples obtained from the jugular, cephalic, or saphenous veins. Sampling points are rotated. 
     The results were averaged and are shown in are shown in  FIG. 23 . 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     Soft gelatin capsule having the formulation shown in Table 35a and 35b, prepared as described in Example 15 were administered to 4 Rhesus monkeys (1 capsule/monkey) by the following procedure. 
     Rhesus monkeys weighing between 5.3 and 6.9 kg were fasted overnight before the experiments and food was returned about 6 hours after dosing of the solid. Each dosage form was delivered to the rear of the mouth using a dosing tune. After release of the dosage form, 5 ml of reverse osmosis water was administered into the oral cavity to facilitate swallowing. Following delivery, the oral cavity was inspected to ensure that the solid was swallowed. The study was conducted in crossover fashion with a one week washout period. 
     Antifactor Xa was measured over a period of about 400 minutes after administration. 
     The results were averaged and are shown in  FIG. 24 . 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Table 35a and 35b, prepared as described in Example 15, were administered to 4 beagles in a cross-over design study with a one week washout period. The dogs were fasted overnight before the experiment and food was returned about 2 hours after dosing the solid. Each dosage form was delivered to the rear of the mouth using a pill gun. After release of the dosage form, 5 ml of reverse osmosis water was administered into the oral cavity to facilitate swallowing. Following delivery, the oral cavity was inspected to ensure that the solid was swallowed. 
     Antifactor Xa activity was measured over a period of about 360 minutes. The results are set forth in the table 38 below: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 38 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Antifactor Xa Pharmacokinetic Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C max   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Statistics 
                 Formulation 
                 Dog 
                 (IU/mL) 
                 t max  (min) 
                 AUC last   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 A 
                 1.03 
                 50.0 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 B 
                 1.08 
                 50.0 
                 97.5 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 C 
                 0.340 
                 40.0 
                 20.8 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 D 
                 1.21 
                 50.0 
                 143 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 0.915 
                 47.5 
                 91.2 
               
               
                 SD 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 0.391 
                 5.00 
                 51.0 
               
               
                 % CV 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 42.7 
                 10.5 
                 56.0 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 A 
                 0.280 
                 50.0 
                 8.80 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 B 
                 0.490 
                 50.0 
                 32.8 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 C 
                 0.260 
                 60.0 
                 7.70 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 D 
                 0.370 
                 30.0 
                 28.9 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 0.350 
                 47.5 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 SD 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 0.105 
                 12.6 
                 13.1 
               
               
                 % CV 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 30.0 
                 26.5 
                 67.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The average Antifactor Xa concentrations over 240 minutes is shown in  FIG. 25 . 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     Soft gelatin capsules having the formulations shown in Table 35a and 35b, prepared as described in Example 15, were administered to 4 Rhesus Monkeys in across-over design study with a one week washout period. The monkeys were fasted overnight before the experiment and food was returned about 2 hours after dosing the solid. Each dosage form was delivered to the rear of the mouth using a pill gun. After release of the dosage form, 5 ml of reverse osmosis water was administered into the oral cavity to facilitate swallowing. Following delivery, the oral cavity was inspected to ensure that the solid was swallowed. 
     Antifactor Xa activity was measured over a period of about 360 minutes. The results are set forth in the table 38 below: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 38 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Antifactor Xa Pharmacokinetic Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C max   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Statistics 
                 Formulation 
                 Monkey 
                 (IU/mL) 
                 t max  (min) 
                 AUC last   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 A 
                 0.810 
                 50.0 
                 144 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 B 
                 0.810 
                 90.0 
                 182 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 C 
                 2.60 
                 120 
                 509 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35a 
                 D 
                 0.790 
                 50.0 
                 152 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 1.25 
                 77.5 
                 247 
               
               
                 SD 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 0.898 
                 34.0 
                 176 
               
               
                 % CV 
                 Table 35a 
                   
                 71.7 
                 43.9 
                 71.3 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 A 
                 0.570 
                 90.0 
                 54.3 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 B 
                 0.520 
                 90.0 
                 53.1 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 C 
                 3.70 
                 90.0 
                 760 
               
               
                   
                 Table 35b 
                 D 
                 0.930 
                 90.0 
                 152 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 1.43 
                 90.0 
                 255 
               
               
                 SD 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 1.52 
                 0 
                 340 
               
               
                 % CV 
                 Table 35b 
                   
                 107 
                 0 
                 133 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The above-mentioned patents, applications, test methods, and publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the fully intended scope of the appended claims.