Abstract:
A method and apparatus for distributing key certificates across PIM-SM routing domains by MSDP messages. A rendez-vous point RP in a PIM-SM domain can have a MSDP peering relationship with other rendez-vous point RP&#39;s in other domains. The peering relationship is a transport control protocol (TCP). Each domain has a connection to the MSDP topology through which it can exchange control information with active sources and rendez-vous points RP&#39;s in other domains. The normal source-tree building mechanism in PIM-SM is used to deliver multicast data over an internet domain distribution tree.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates to distributing public key certificates to protocol-independent multicast domains. 
     A public key used in only one domain is called a semi-public key. In a protocol-independent multicast domain (PIM domain), PIM entities within the domain are configured to have a copy of the semi-public key. This is in contrast to a fully-public key, which is used globally in more than one domain. Whether a system employs semi-public keys or fully-public keys, inherent within any key management scheme is the need for public keys to be certified by an accepted Trusted Authority before they are used in a domain. For the fully-public keys, the Trusted Authority can be a well-known entity or Trusted Third Party which certifies public keys globally. Examples of these Trusted Third Parties include Entrust Technologies Inc. of Plano, Tex. and RSA Data Security Inc. of San Jose, Calif. 
     In a PIM domain, in particular a PIM sparse mode domain (PIM-SM domain), a domain key distributor DKD can serve the function of a Trusted Authority for semi-public keys within a specific domain. Domain key distributor DKD has the administrative responsibility of certifying the semi-public keys within the domain and publishing them to other domain entities. Assuming the domain key distributor DKD has a public key pair (secret key, “Skdkd”, public key “Pkdkd”), certification of a semi-public key of a PIM-entity is conducted by the domain key distributor DKD digitally-signing that entity&#39;s public key using the domain key distributor DKD&#39;s secret key “Skdkd.” Because each PIM entity is manually configured with the domain key distributor DKD&#39;s public key Pkdkd, the resulting certificate is verifiable by all PIM routers in possession of the domain key distributor DKD&#39;s public key. In other words, the domain key distributor DKD of a domain vouches for all PIM-entities in that domain. 
     However, this scheme does not work for inter-domain transactions, such as when a router in domain D 2  wants to send a control message to an entity in domain D 1 . Even if the message was digitally signed by domain key distributor DKD 2  in domain D 2 , the receiver entity in domain D 1  is not able to verify the authenticity of the control message because it does not have the public key Pkdkd of the domain key distributor DKD 2  in Domain D 2 . 
     SUMMARY 
     This invention uses a protocol, such as the Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), to deliver public key certification between rendez-vous points RP&#39;s. 
     A rendez-vous point RP in a PIM-SM domain can have a MSDP peering relationship with other rendez-vous point RP&#39;s in other domains. The peering relationship is a transport control protocol (TCP) connection. Each domain has a connection to the MSDP topology through which it can exchange control information with active sources and rendez-vous point RP&#39;s in other domains. The normal source-tree building mechanism in PIM-SM is used to deliver multicast data over an inter-domain distribution tree. 
     In general, in one aspect, the invention features a system for sharing a plurality of public key certificates among a network of domains through MSDP. Each domain has a domain key distributor DKD for producing the plurality of public key certificates within the domain, and a rendez-vous point RP with a peering relationship with another rendez-vous point RP in another domain, the rendez-vous point-RP capable of generating MSDP messages configured to carry one or more key certificates of the plurality of public key certificates to the rendez-vous point of another domain. 
     Aspects of the invention can include one or more of the following features. The domains can be PIM-SM routing domains. The MSDP messages can be delivered to another domain by a TCP connection. 
     The MSDP messages can be source-active messages with a field extension containing one or more public key certificates. The source-active messages can be in TLV format. All routers in the domain can be configured with a public key of the domain key distributor DKD of the domain. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a method of delivering public key certificates from a sending domain to a receiving domain, each domain including a domain key distributor DKD with a key pair Pkdkd, Skdkd, a rendez-vous point RP and a plurality of routers. The method includes cross-certifying the domain key distributor DKDs of the sending domain and the receiving domain, producing a public key certificate for a router that sends inter-domain messages in the sending domain, delivering the public key certificate to the rendez-vous point RP of the sending domain, generating a MSDP message configured to carry the public key certificate, forwarding the MSDP message from the rendez-vous point RP of the sending domain to the rendez-vous point RP of the receiving domain, and propagating the public key certificate in the receiving domain. 
     Aspects of the invention can include one or more of the following features. Cross-certifying can consist of signing, by the domain key distributor DKD of the sending domain, of a public key certificate for the Pkdkd of the domain key distributor DKD of the receiving domain; announcing the public key certificate containing the Pkdkd of the receiving domain in the sending domain and the sending domain in the receiving domain; signing, by the domain key distributor DKD of the receiving domain, of a public key certificate for the Pkdkd of the sending domain, and announcing the public key certificate containing the Pkdkd of the sending domain in the receiving domain. Announcing can be conducted through multicast. The router sending inter-domain messages can be the rendez-vous point RP in the sending domain, and the certificate can be distributed to routers in a multicast group. The method of propagating can consist of verifying the certificate from the sending domain using the public key (Pkdkd) of the domain key distributor DKD of the sending domain, and distributing the certificate to routers in the receiving domain. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a system having a first protocol-independent multicast sparse mode(PIM-SM) domain configured for a Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) connection with a second PIM-SM domain, wherein the first domain is disposed to deliver key certificates generated within the first domain to the second domain through the MSDP connection. 
     Aspects of the invention can include one or more of the following features. The MSDP connection can comprise a TCP connection between a rendez-vous point RP in the first domain and a rendez-vous point RP in the second domain. The TCP connection can be protected from tampering by MD 5  hash function. The rendez-vous point RP of the first domain can construct a source-active message configured to carry key certificates to the second domain through the TCP connection. 
     The key certificates can comprise semi-public key certificates wherein each certificate includes a semi-public key of a router in the first domain. The key certificates can be certified by a domain key distributor DKD of the first domain. The key certificates delivered to the second domain can be propagated in the second domain down a shared-tree rooted at a rendez-vous point RP of the second domain and to all routers in the second domain. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram for inter-domain exchanges through MSDP. 
     FIG. 2 is an overview diagram of key certificate distribution via MSDP. 
     FIG. 3A is data structure diagram of a public key certificate. 
     FIG. 3B is a data structure diagram of the tbsCertificate field of the public key certificate in FIG.  3 A. 
     FIG. 4 is a data structure diagram of a prior art MSDP message. 
     FIG. 5 is a data structure diagram of a MSDP message of this invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a flow diagram detailing the steps for distributing key certificates from a sending domain to a receiving domain. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, an arrangement of intercoupled domains  10  is shown. Messages are propagated across domain boundaries through MSDP. A source S 1   21  in a PIM-SM Domain_ 1   20  originates traffic to a multicast group including receivers R 2  to R 5  (receivers  31 ,  41 ,  51  and  61 ) in domain_ 2   30  to domain_ 5   60 . The PIM designated router DR 1   22  directly connected to the source S 1   21  sends the data encapsulated in a PIM register message  23  to rendez-vous point RP 1   26  in Domain_ 1   20 . Rendez-vous point RP 1   26  constructs a “Source-Active” SA message and sends it to its MSDP peers in other domains, e.g., rendez-vous point RP 2   36 , rendez-vous point RP 3   46 , rendez-vous point RP 4   56 , and rendez-vous point RP 5   66 . Source-active MSDP messages are encapsulated in a TCP connection using well-known port  639 . Other suitable well-known ports may similarly be used for this purpose as well. The receiving end of the MSDP peering relationship will listen to the well-known port while the transmitting end will conduct an active connect on the well-known port. After the data packets arrive at the rendez-vous point RP&#39;s in other domains, they are forwarded down shared-trees  34 ,  44 ,  54  and  64  inside the respective domains. For example, a MSDP message received in Domain_ 2   30  by rendez-vous point RP 2   36  passes down the distribution tree  34  through designated router DR 2   32  to receiver R 2   31 . The domains also includes domain key distributors (DKD)  28 ,  38 ,  48 ,  58  and  68 . The system  10  uses the MSDP protocol to distribute PK-certificates across domains. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, Domain_ 1   20  and Domain_ 2   30  are in communication across TCP connection  12 . This invention can be practiced by a plurality of domains in communication with one another; however, only two of the domains of FIG. 1 are used in FIG. 2 to simplify the task of explanation. The structures and principles illustrated below can be easily generalized to two or more domains. 
     Domain_ 1   20  has a source S 1   21  which originates traffic to a multicast group. Source S  21  is directly connected to designated router DR 1   22 , which is the highest IP addressed PIM router on a multi-access LAN. Normally, designated router DR 1   22  sets up multicast router entries and sends corresponding join/prune and register messages on behalf of source S 1   21 . Designated router DR 1   22  receives traffic originating from Source S 1   21  and encapsulates the traffic in a PIM register message  23  and sends it to a rendez-vous point RP 1   26 . 
     Each multicast group has a shared-tree through which receivers and sources communicate. Rendez-vous point RP 1   26  is such a root for the shared tree  24  through which receiver R  27  and source S  21  communicate within the domain. Receiver R  27  is directly connected to its own designated router DR  25 . Finally domain key distributor DKD 1   28  is the domain key distributor for Domain_ 1   20 . 
     Connected to Domain_ 1   20  by TCP connection  12  is Domain_ 2   30 . Rendez-vous point RP 2   36  of Domain_ 2   30  is in a MSDP peering relationship with rendez-vous point RP 1   26  of Domain_ 1   20 . Domain_ 2   30  has a receiver R 2   31  directly connected to designated router DR 2   32 . Receiver R 2   31  is a member of the multicast group rooted at rendez-vous point RP 2   36  and is connected to rendez-vous point RP 2   36  through a shared tree  34 . Domain_ 2   30  has its own domain key distributor DKD 2   38 . 
     As will be discussed later, FIG. 2 introduces several basic concepts of this invention. As shown, domain key distributor DKD 1   28  and domain key distributor DKD 2   38  cross-certifying each other in step  1 . In one implementation of the invention, DKD 1   28  and DKD 2   38  are manually configured with each other&#39;s public key. Step  2  shows that, assuming Domain_ 1   20  is the sending domain, domain key distributor DKD 1   28  will create a public key certificate for rendez-vous point RP 1   26  because rendez-vous point RP 1   26  sends inter-domain messages to the receiving Domain —2   30 . Step  3  then shows that the key certificate for rendez-vous point RP 1   26  is delivered to rendez-vous point RP 2   36  in Domain_ 2   30  via the TCP connection  12 . Upon verifying the certificate, rendez-vous point RP 2   36  sends the certificate down the shared tree  34  to designated router DR 2   32 , which then forwards the certificate to receiver R 2   31 . 
     Referring to FIG. 3A, the data structure of a public key certificate  100  is shown. For the purpose of illustration, it is assumed that the public key certificate will follow substantially the basic syntax of a X.509 v3 certificate. Other types of public key certificates can also be employed in other implementations of the current invention. 
     The certificate  100  has three basic fields, tbsCertificate  102 , signatureAlgorithm  104 , and signatureValue  106 . The tbsCertificate  102  is explained in more details in FIG.  3 B. The tbsCertificate field  102  contains the Certificate Serial Number  102   a , which is an integer assigned by the issuer to certificate  100 . Each certificate has a unique serial number. The tbsCertificate field  102  also contains the Signature  102   b  which is the algorithm identifier for the algorithm used by the issuer to sign the certificate. Signature  102   b  contains the same algorithm identifier as the signatureAlgorithm field  104 . The tbsCertificate  102  also has an Issuer field  102   c . The Issuer field  102   c  identifies the entity which has signed and issued the certificate  100 . The Validity Period field  102   d  contains the time interval during which the issuer of the certificate warrants that it will maintain information about the status of the certificate  100 . 
     Source Public Key  102   e  carries the bit string of the public key of an entity identified in Source Unique ID field  102   g . Field  102   e  also identifies the algorithm with which the key is used. 
     Issuer Unique ID  102   f  provides the unique identifier of the issuer of the certificate  100 . Source Unique ID  102   g  provides the unique identifier of the entity whose public key is contained in Source Public Key  102   e . Optional extensions field  102   h  is an optional field that is a sequence of one or more certificate extensions. Some possible extensions include methods for associating additional attributes with users or public keys, or to designate the certificate as critical or non-critical. 
     A X.509 v3 certificate can be used in a wide variety of applications and environments covering a broad spectrum of interoperability goals, and therefore is chosen here to provide the basic format. However, this invention is not limited to the modified X.509 v3 format presented above, and may use other certificate formats. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, an encapsulated MSDP message  120  in standard format is shown. As an illustration, a sample MSDP message  120  is encoded in Type Length Vector (TLV) format. MSDP message  120  is encapsulated in a TCP connection. TCP encapsulation is represented by dotted-line box  130 . The MSDP message  120  has three fields: Type  122 , Length  124  and Payload  126 . The Type field  122  is usually up to 8 bits long and describes the format of the Payload field  126 . For example, SA messages is of type 1 and has a value 1 in the field. The Length field  124  is usually up to 16 bits long and provides the length of the Type  122 , Length  124  and Payload  126  fields in octets. The Payload field  126  is of variable length, and the format of this field depends on the value of the Type field  122 . 
     Referring to FIG. 5, the standard format shown in FIG. 4 can be adopted for use with transferring public key certificates. Assuming that rendez-vous point RP 1   26  in FIG. 2 sends an inter-domain message containing its public key certificate produced by domain key distributor DKD 1   28  from Domain_ 1   20  to Domain_ 2   30 . Rendez-vous point RP 1   26  constructs a source-active message to be sent to its MSDP peer rendez-vous point RP 2   36  in Domain_ 2   30 . MSDP message  140  will be encapsulated by a TCP connection, with TCP encapsulation represented by dotted box  150 . MSDP message  140  has the three standard fields following the TLV format: Type field  142 , Length field  144 , and Payload field  146 . In FIG. 5, the content in the Type field  142  is shown to be “N”. The number N signifies a new type of MSDP message configured to carry public key certificate(s) across domains. The content in the Length field  144  is shown to be “Length,” and the content in the Payload field  146  is shown to be “Pk-certificate,” the public key certificate for rendez-vous point RP 1   26  created by domain key distributor DKD 1   28  following substantially the X.509 v3 format of FIG.  3 . This represents one illustrative way in which public key certificates can be carried across domains by a MSDP message. 
     Referring now to FIG. 6, a process to transfer public keys across domains is shown. The domain key distributor DKD 1   28  of the sending domain_ 1   20  and domain key distributor DKD 2   38  of the receiving domain_ 2   30  will cross-certify each other&#39;s public keys in step  160 . Each domain&#39;s domain key distributor has a public/secret key pair Pkdkd, Skdkd. Within a domain, the domain key distributor DKD of the domain certifies the public keys used within its domain by digitally-signing the public key using its own secret key Skdkd. Because each PIM entity within the domain is manually configured with the domain key distributor DKD&#39;s public key Pkdkd, the resulting certificate is verifiable by all is routers in the domain. In the situation of cross-certifying across domain boundaries, domain key distributor DKD 2   38  signs a certificate containing a public key Pkdkd 1  of domain key distributor DKD 1   28 , and domain key distributor DKD 1   28  signs a certificate containing a public key Pkdkd 2  of domain key distributor DKD 2   38 . Domain key distributor DKD 1   28  and domain key distributor DKD 2   38  each announces the certificate from the other domain in its own domain after signing, either through multicasting or broadcasting. 
     For each entity in the sending domain_ 1   20  which will be sending inter-domain messages, domain key distributor DKD 1   28  will produce, in step  162 , a PK-certificate for that entity. As explained in FIG. 3, the Pk-certificate can follow substantially the X.509 v3 format, or other suitable certificate formats. For most situations, at least the designated router DR 1   22  and rendez-vous point RP 1   26  will be entities sending inter-domain messages. 
     After the Pk-certificate is produced, domain key distributor DKD 1   28  delivers the certificate to rendez-vous point RP 1   26  for forwarding to its MSDP peers, such as rendez-vous point RP 2   36 , in step  164 . The rendez-vous point RP 1   26  delivers the Pk-certificate to rendez-vous point RP 2   36  in Domain_ 2   30  through MSDP via a TCP connection in step  166 . This TCP connection has been minimally protected from tampering by mechanisms such as hash funtion Message Digest  5  (MD 5 ), or other similarly suitable mechanisms. 
     The rendez-vous point RP 2   36  verifies the delivered certificate from Domain_ 1   20  using the public key Pkdkd 1  of domain key distributor DKD 1   28  cross-certified by domain key distributor DKD 2   38  in step  168 . In step  170 , rendez-vous point RP 2   36  distributes the certificate to the entities in Domain_ 2   30  which are interested in multicast groups whose sources are in foreign Domain_ 1   20 . Alternatively, rendez-vous point RP 2  distributes the certificate to all routers in Domain_ 2   30 . 
     The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, which are illustrative of the invention and not to be construed as limiting. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.