Abstract:
Provided is a battery system including: a solar panel that generates power using solar light; a power conditioning system (PCS) for solar light that converts a direct-current power which is output from the solar panel into an alternating-current power and supplies the converted power to a power system; a secondary battery; a PCS for the secondary battery that converts direct-current power charged and discharged from the secondary battery into alternating-current power and charges and discharges the converted power to and from the power system; and a smoothing unit that calculates a target value with respect to a composite value of power which is supplied to the power system by the solar panel and the secondary battery and gives a charge and discharge command to the PCS for the secondary battery in accordance with the target value. The smoothing unit includes a sample number calculation unit, a moving average calculation unit, and data of an amount of solar radiation, a moving average of an amount of power generation of the solar panel is calculated using a predetermined number of samples in the sample number calculation unit, and the number of samples is increased and decreased corresponding to an increase or decrease in the data of an amount of solar radiation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to, for example, a battery system suitable for suppressing a fluctuation in solar power generation. 
         [0003]    2. Background Art 
         [0004]    In recent years, the introduction of solar power generation systems has been promoted due to environment-related issues or the like. However, since power outputs based on solar power generation have a large fluctuation depending on the weather, voltage fluctuation or frequency fluctuation of a power system associated therewith is brought about. As such a measure, a battery system for fluctuation suppression is installed on a solar power generation system, and a battery system is charged and discharged, to thereby smooth an output of the power system. 
         [0005]    A moving average method is known in order to smooth a fluctuation in the output of a power system, and a moving average value of a power output of solar power generation is set to a composite value of power which is supplied to the power system by the solar power generation system and the battery system. As such a related art, a technique using a moving average method is disclosed in JP-A-2010-22122. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    A coverage rate indicating a time rate in which the rate of fluctuation of a composite value of power which is supplied to a power system falls within a grid code is an evaluation index of smoothing, and an increase in the number of samples (moving average time) using in moving average can improve the coverage rate. On the other hand, the capacity of a battery that stores charging and discharging power of a battery system which is represented by a difference between generated power of solar power generation and a composite output increases because a discrepancy between the two becomes larger in association with an increase in the number of samples. Therefore, there is a problem in that both an improvement in coverage rate and a reduction in battery capacity are not likely to be achieved. 
         [0007]    An object of the present invention is to provide a battery system capable of reducing in the capacity of a battery while maintaining the coverage rate of output fluctuation due to generated power of solar power generation. 
         [0008]    There is provided a battery system including: a solar panel that generates power using solar light; a power conditioning system (PCS) for solar light that converts a direct-current power which is output from the solar panel into an alternating-current power and supplies the converted power to a power system; a secondary battery; a PCS for the secondary battery that converts direct-current power charged and discharged from the secondary battery into alternating-current power and charges and discharges the converted power to and from the power system; and a smoothing unit that calculates a target value with respect to a composite value of power which is supplied to the power system by the solar panel and the secondary battery and gives a charge and discharge command to the PCS for the secondary battery in accordance with the target value. The smoothing unit includes a sample number calculation unit, a moving average calculation unit, and data of an amount of solar radiation, a moving average of an amount of power generation of the solar panel is calculated using a predetermined number of samples in the sample number calculation unit, and the number of samples is increased and decreased corresponding to an increase or decrease in the data of an amount of solar radiation. 
         [0009]    According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a battery system capable of reducing the capacity of a battery while maintaining the coverage rate of output fluctuation due to generated power of solar power generation. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a battery system intended for fluctuation suppression in Example 1. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the details of an integrated controller in Example 1. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the time and the rate of fluctuation. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the details of a sample number calculation unit in Example 1. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating a flow diagram of the calculation of the number of samples. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the normalized amount of solar radiation and the number of samples. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the time and the number of samples. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating the details of the sample number calculation unit including a solar radiation meter in Example 1. 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a time variation between a solar power generation output and a smoothing output. 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating the details of an integrated controller in Example 2. 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating the details of an integrated controller in Example 3. 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating the details of a sample number calculation unit in Example 5. 
           [0022]      FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating a time variation in the number of samples when the variable number of samples is larger than the fixed number of samples. 
           [0023]      FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating an effect of  FIG. 13 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 15  is a diagram illustrating a time variation in the number of samples when the fixed number of samples is larger than the variable number of samples. 
           [0025]      FIG. 16  is a diagram illustrating an effect of  FIG. 15 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the number of samples and an output waveform from immediately after the sunrise. 
           [0027]      FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the number of samples and an output waveform from before the sunrise. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In all the drawings illustrating the present invention, components having the same function are denoted by the same reference numerals and signs, and thus the repetitive description thereof may not be given. 
       Example 1 
       [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates a configuration of a solar light battery system intended for fluctuation suppression which is a target of the present invention, and the configuration is constituted by a solar panel  1 , a PCS  2  for solar light, a power system  3 , a battery  4 , a PCS  5  for a battery, an integrated controller  6 , and data  7  of the amount of solar radiation. The solar panel  1  generates power using solar light, and the generated power is converted from a direct current to an alternating current through the PCS  2  for solar light and is supplied to the power system  3 . The battery  4  charges and discharges power to and from the power system  3  through the PCS  5  for a battery. In addition, the integrated controller  6  as a smoothing unit calculates a smoothing output P sys  obtained by suppressing the fluctuation of the power system  3  arising due to the generated power of the solar panel  1  fluctuating depending on the weather. A charge and discharge command is given to the PCS  5  for a battery, using a difference between a generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  and the smoothing output P sys  obtained by inputting the generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  which is output from the PCS  2  for solar light and the amount of solar radiation H as an output P b  of the battery  4 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates the details of the integrated controller  6 , and the configuration thereof is constituted by a sample number calculation unit  10  and a moving average calculation unit  20 . The sample number calculation unit  10  calculates the number of samples N using the amount of solar radiation H, and inputs the resultant to the moving average calculation unit  20 . The moving average calculation unit  20  calculates the smoothing output P sys  using the generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  and the number of samples N. The difference between the generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  and the smoothing output P sys  is set to the output P b  of the battery  4 . The moving average calculation unit  20  obtains the smoothing output P sys  using Expression (1). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     sys 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∫ 
                       
                         t 
                         - 
                         
                           t 
                           0 
                         
                       
                       t 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         
                           P 
                           p 
                         
                         
                           t 
                           0 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         t 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0031]    Herein, t is set to a current time, and to is set to an integral interval. In addition, T s  is set to a sampling period. In addition, the details of the sample number calculation unit  10  will be described later. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the rate of fluctuation of a smoothing output. The horizontal axis represents a time, the vertical axis represents the rate of fluctuation, a waveform represents the rate of fluctuation of the smoothing output, and the rate of fluctuation is represented by Expression (2). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Δ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       P 
                       sys 
                     
                   
                   
                     max 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         P 
                         p 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0033]    In addition, a broken line is a grid code. Herein, T is a time, t u  is a time exceeding the upper limit of the grid code, and t d  is a time exceeding the lower limit of the grid code. 
         [0034]    When a time rate in which the rate of fluctuation of the smoothing output falls within the grid code is defined as a coverage rate C, the coverage rate C is represented by Expression (3). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   C 
                   = 
                   
                     1 
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 t 
                                 u 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             i 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 t 
                                 d 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             i 
                           
                         
                       
                       T 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0035]      FIG. 4  illustrates the details of the sample number calculation unit  10 , and the sample number calculation unit  10  is constituted by a solar radiation amount data accumulation unit  11 , a maximum solar radiation amount calculation unit  12 , an optimum sample number calculation unit  13 , and a gain determination unit  14 . The solar radiation amount data accumulation unit  11  is a unit that accumulates the amount of solar radiation H acquired from a solar radiation meter or the Japan Meteorological Agency, and inputs the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s  to the optimum sample number calculation unit  13  and the maximum solar radiation amount calculation unit  12 . The maximum solar radiation amount calculation unit  12  calculates the maximum amount of solar radiation H max  of a certain day from the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s , and inputs the maximum amount of solar radiation H max  to the optimum sample number calculation unit  13 . Further, in the gain determination unit  14 , a gain g is determined on the basis of the capacity of a battery or the coverage rate, and is input to the optimum sample number calculation unit  13 . The optimum sample number calculation unit  13  determines the number of samples N using Expressions (4) and (5). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   α 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       H 
                       s 
                     
                     
                       H 
                       
                         ma 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         x 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   N 
                   = 
                   
                     α 
                     × 
                     g 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0036]    Herein, α is the normalized amount of solar radiation. 
         [0037]      FIG. 5  illustrates a flow diagram processes in  FIG. 4 . First, the amount of solar radiation H is accumulated in the solar radiation amount data accumulation unit  11  in step S 1 , and the maximum value H max  of the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s  is calculated in step S 2 . In step S 3 , the normalized amount of solar radiation α is calculated from the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s  and the maximum amount of solar radiation H max . Finally, in step S 4 , the number of samples N is calculated by multiplying the normalized amount of solar radiation α by the gain g. 
         [0038]      FIG. 6  illustrates a relationship between the normalized amount of solar radiation α and the number of samples N. The number of samples N is also assumed to increase or decrease corresponding to an increase or decrease in the normalized amount of solar radiation α. In addition,  FIG. 7  illustrates a relationship between the time and the number of samples N. Since the number of samples N also increases and decreases in accordance with an increase or decrease in the amount of solar radiation H, the number of samples becomes larger in the daytime when the amount of solar radiation H is high, and becomes smaller in the morning and evening when the amount of solar radiation H is low. Since a discrepancy between the solar power generation output P p  and the smoothing output P sys  is reduced by making the number of samples variable, it is possible to reduce the capacity of a battery. 
         [0039]    In addition, the gain g is increased and decreased and the number of samples N is changed corresponding to a change in one or both of the rate of fluctuation of the smoothing output P sys  and the coverage rate C, thereby allowing the rate of fluctuation or the coverage rate to be caused to fall within a target value. 
         [0040]    Further, in the amount of solar radiation H used for the calculation of the number of samples N, not only the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s  but also the measurement data H s  of the solar radiation meter can be used.  FIG. 8  illustrates the details of a sampling calculation unit  16  when the solar radiation meter is added to the sampling calculation unit  10 . 
         [0041]    As in the sampling calculation unit  16 , the maximum solar radiation amount calculation unit  12  uses the accumulation data H s  of the solar radiation amount data accumulation unit  11 , and the optimum sample number calculation unit  13  uses the measurement data H: based on the solar radiation meter  15 , thereby allowing the number of samples N to be calculated. It is possible to correct the predicted amount of power generation predicted from the accumulated amount of solar radiation H s  using data acquired by the solar radiation meter, and to improve the accuracy of prediction. In addition, even when the PCS capacity is smaller than the maximum amount of power generation of solar power generation, it is possible to predict the amount of solar radiation. 
         [0042]      FIG. 9  illustrates the generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  and the smoothing output P sys . The difference between the solar power generation output P p  and the smoothing output P sys  is set to charging and discharging power of a battery system, and the area of the difference indicates a battery capacity. The smoothing output P sys  increases in the accuracy of smoothing as the number of samples N becomes larger. However, since a large discrepancy between the smoothing output P sys  and the generated power P p  of the solar panel  1  is exhibited, the battery capacity increases. Therefore, according to the present example, the number of samples N is also increased and decreased corresponding to an increase or decrease in the amount of solar radiation, thereby allowing the battery capacity to be reduced. 
       Example 2 
       [0043]    Subsequently, Example 2 will be described. Example 2 is different from Example 1, in that an image capture device  30  that captures an airspace image above the solar panel  1  and a solar radiation amount prediction unit  40  that predicts the amount of solar radiation on the basis of the acquired airspace image are included in the integrated controller  6  of Example 1.  FIG. 10  illustrates a configuration of an integrated controller  8  of the present example. Meanwhile, in the present example, the configuration described in Example 1 will be described with reference to the same numbers as the drawing numbers used in Example 1. 
         [0044]    One of factors in the fluctuation of the power output of the solar panel  1  is shielding of solar light due to the clouds. An airspace image above the solar panel  1  is captured using the image capture device  30 , and the obtained airspace image is input to the solar radiation amount prediction unit  40 . The solar radiation amount prediction unit  40  calculates the position of the clouds after a few seconds by obtaining a positional relationship between the sun and the clouds or a moving direction x and a moving speed v of the clouds from the airspace image obtained in the image capture device  30 , and predicts the amount of solar radiation. The amount of solar radiation obtained is substituted into the normalized amount of solar radiation α, and the number of samples is calculated. 
         [0045]    Therefore, according to the present example, since the amount of solar radiation is predicted on the basis of meteorological data acquired from the airspace image, it is possible to cope with a fluctuation depending on a drastic change in weather, and to maintain the coverage rate. 
       Example 3 
       [0046]    Example 3 will be described below. Example 3 is different from Example 1 and Example 2, in that a solar radiation meter  50  and a thermometer  60  are included in the integrated controller  6  of Example 1.  FIG. 11  illustrates a configuration of an integrated controller  9  of the present example. Meanwhile, in the present example, the configurations described in Example 1 and Example 2 will be described with reference to the same numbers as the drawing numbers used in Example 1 or Example 2. 
         [0047]    It can be understood that the power generation efficiency of the solar panel  1  is dependent on temperature. In addition, generated power can be predicted from the amount of solar radiation. Consequently, the solar radiation meter and the thermometer are installed, and the amount of solar radiation is predicted in the solar radiation amount prediction unit  40  on the basis of data of the amount of solar radiation capable of being acquired in the solar radiation meter  50  and temperature data capable of being acquired in the thermometer  60  and is substituted into the normalized amount of solar radiation α, to thereby calculate the number of samples. 
         [0048]    Therefore, according to the present example, the amount of solar radiation can be predicted in further consideration of the temperature efficiency, and thus it is possible to acquire the amount of high-accuracy predicted solar radiation. 
       Example 4 
       [0049]      FIG. 12  illustrates a block diagram when the variable number of samples and the fixed number of samples are selected under certain conditions in the sample number calculation unit  10 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 13 , when the variable number of samples becomes larger than the fixed number of samples in a time zone in which the amount of power generation of the solar panel becomes maximum, the fixed number of samples is selected. As a result, as shown in  FIG. 14 , the number of samples is reduced, and thus it is possible to reduce the battery capacity. 
         [0050]    In addition, as shown in  FIG. 15 , when the fixed number of samples becomes larger than the variable number of samples in a time zone in which the amount of power generation of the solar panel becomes maximum, the fixed number of samples is selected. As a result, as shown in  FIG. 16 , even when a fluctuation becomes larger in the daytime when the amount of power generation is high, it is possible to secure the coverage rate. 
       Example 5 
       [0051]    As described in Example 1, the number of samples N is calculated from the normalized amount of solar radiation α and the gain g, and an increase in the number of samples causes a large discrepancy between the solar power generation output P p  and the smoothing output P sys . A jump in the value of the smoothing output P sys  due to the number of samples N, particularly, near the sunrise and the sunset causes a reduction in the coverage rate C, and thus special attention is needed. 
         [0052]      FIG. 17  is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the solar power generation output P p  and the smoothing output P sys  when the number of samples N increases from after the sunrise and is set to 0 near the sunset. A rapid increase in the number of samples N near the sunrise causes a reduction in the coverage rate due to a rapid increase in the smoothing output P sys , and thus it is necessary to gently increase the number of samples near the sunrise. In addition,  FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating a case where the number of samples N starts to increase from before the sunrise. Even when the number of samples N increases rapidly before the sunrise, the coverage rate C is not reduced without influencing the smoothing output P sys . Therefore, even when the number of samples increases in a stepwise manner, a problem does not occur. On the other hand, it is necessary to gently reduce the number of samples N in order to maintain the coverage rate C near the sunset. For this reason, the number of samples N near the sunset is gently reduced in both  FIGS. 17 and 18 . 
         [0053]    Therefore, according to the present example, the number of samples N near the sunrise and near the sunset is gently increased and decreased, or the number of samples N is increased from before the sunrise and is gently reduced near the sunset, and thus it is possible to reduce a discrepancy between the solar power generation output P p  and the smoothing output P sys , and to maintain the coverage rate C.