Abstract:
A high strength spring steel of this invention is characterized in containing, in percent of mass, of C: 0.36-0.48%; Si: 1.80-2.80%; Mn: 0.20-1.40%; P: 0.015% or less; S: 0.010% or less; Cu: 0.10-0.50%; Ni: 0.10-2.00%; Cr: 0.05-1.20%; s-Al: 0.005-0.040%; N: 0.002-0.012%; O: 0.002% or less, while the remainder is constituted of Fe and inevitable impurities and the quantity of inclusions of 10 μm or larger in diameter per field of vision of 100 mm 2  is 10 or less. A manufacturing method of high strength spring of this invention is characterized in that the high strength spring steel which is tempered to HRC52 or higher is formed into a spring shape by hot forming or cold forming and warm shot peening is carried out so as to produce a high strength spring of 1176 MPa or higher in maximum shearing stress.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is word-for-word translation of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/JP2004/012277 filed on Aug. 26, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates to a high strength spring steel, high strength springs and manufacturing method thereof.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     In recent years, reduction in amount of emission of carbon dioxide gas has been considered as a problem to be solved from a viewpoint of suppressing global warming. Thus, reduction in weight of a vehicle resulting in enhancement of fuel efficiency has been regarded important in a field of automobiles, so that reduction in weight of a variety of springs such as a suspension coil spring has been sought after. In order to achieve reduction in weight of the spring while maintaining required spring characteristics, it is required to have a high strength spring having design stress, τ max  of 1176 MPa or higher and hardness of HRC52 or higher at Rockwell hardness C scale.  
         [0006]     By the way, the reduction in weight of the spring can be achieved by increasing design stress of the spring. The design stress is determined by permanent setting resistance and durability, and these characteristics can be improved by the following means. Improvement in the permanent setting resistance can be realized, from a material viewpoint by use of a steel grade (SUP7) having a increased amount of Si as ferrite strengthening element, or a steel grade (SUP12V) having V additionally as grain refining element, or from a processing viewpoint by conducting setting. On the other hand, improvement in the durability can be realized by increasing carbon and alloying elements so as to increase hardness after tempering from the material viewpoint, or by shot peening so as to give compression residual stress from the processing viewpoint.  
         [0007]     However, conventionally, even if the above-described means is used, the increase in the strength can only be achieved up to HRC52 in spring hardness and 1900 MPa in tensile strength from the durability viewpoint. That is, if the strength of the spring is intensified, the fracture toughness decreases so that the notch sensitivity increases thereby resulting in dispersion in durability and decrease in reliability. Further, it is also a problem that inclusions acting as notches decrease the durability. Further, there are also other problems such that adding any special element costs high in order to prevent decrease in fracture toughness, or that adding a large amount of alloy elements increases hardness after hot rolling so that cracking or breaking of wire occurs when wire is drawn.  
         [0008]     On the other hand, in recent years, a snow melting agent constituted mainly of chloride has been sprayed so as to prevent road surface from being frozen in winter season, and thus enhancement of corrosion fatigue strength has become an important problem to be solved. However, in conventional spring steels such as SUP7 and SAE9254, increasing the hardness leads to decrease in corrosion fatigue strength and in conventional steel, there is a limit in increasing the hardness more than a current level. In a spring used under a corrosion environment, a corrosion pit serves as a notch thereby inducing decrease in corrosion fatigue strength. Even if an anti-corrosive element is added for purposes of preventing the aforementioned phenomenon, increase in hardness is induced after rolling so that workability decreases.  
         [0009]     If the hardness of a spring is higher than that of a shot peening (SP) material, compressive residual stress which contributes largely to the enhancement of fatigue strength is not loaded sufficiently. Additionally, there are other problems such that the SP material becomes easy to break thereby leading to higher cost, and that crashed grains stick into a spring thereby reducing its durability.  
         [0010]     The present invention has been achieved in views of the above-described circumferences and an object of the present invention is to provide a high strength spring steel which has an excellent durability and can be manufactured for practical purposes even when its spring hardness is increased to higher than HRC52 in order to enhance the permanent setting resistance, and high strength spring and manufacturing method thereof.  
         [0000]     Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 3064672  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     To achieve the object above, the invention provides a high strength spring steel containing in percent of mass, C: 0.36-0.48%, Si: 1.80-2.80%, Mn: 0.20-1.40%, P: 0.015% or less, S: 0.010% or less, Cu: 0.10-0.50%, Ni: 0.10-2.00%, Cr: 0.05-1.20%, s-Al: 0.005-0.040%, N: 0.002-0.012%, O: 0.002% or less while the remainder is constituted of Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein following equations (1), (2), (3) are satisfied and the quantity of inclusions of 10 μm or larger in diameter per field of vision of 100 mm 2  is 10 or less: 
 
1.2%≦C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%)≦2.0%  equation (1) 
 
1.4%≦Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)≦2.4%  equation (2) 
 
0.4%≦Cu(%)+Ni(%)  equation (3). 
 
         [0012]     The high strength spring steel has following three features when classified largely. First, hardness thereof after quenching and tempering is adjusted to HRC52 or higher while suppressing the hardness after rolling, by addition and adjustment of components such as Si, Mn, Cr or the like.  
         [0013]     Secondly, the quantity of inclusions (particularly inclusion of oxides) having a diameter of 10 μm or larger, which can become an origin of fracture, is reduced by deoxidizing sufficiently (more specifically deoxidizing by Al) thereby providing high fatigue strength.  
         [0014]     Thirdly, the corrosion fatigue strength is enhanced by adding and adjusting anticorrosive elements such as Cu and Ni, and by optimizing the quantity of corrosion accelerating elements.  
         [0015]     In the above-described manner, a high strength spring steel having an excellent durability is realized even if the hardness is as high as HRC52 or higher. Then, a high strength spring having a maximum shearing stress of 1176 MPa or more is achieved by performing warm peening on such a high strength spring steel as described later.  
         [0016]     Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained more in detail by describing the reasons for each numerical limitation.  
         [0000]     *C (carbon): 0.36-0.48%  
         [0017]     C is effective for obtaining a predetermined strength by annealing. For that purpose, C of 0.36% or more needs to be added. Preferably, C is added at 0.38% or more. On the other hand, since excessive addition lowers toughness after annealing and deteriorates fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue strength and the hardness after rolling is intensified too much so as to reduce cold workability, the upper limit is set to 0.48%. Preferably, it is 0.46%.  
         [0000]     *Si (silicon): 1.80-2.80%  
         [0018]     Si is effective for improving corrosion fatigue strength and permanent setting resistance. For that purpose, it needs to be added at 1.8% or larger. On the other hand, because excessive addition lowers the toughness, deteriorates the fatigue characteristic and accelerates generation of decarburization thereby worsening workability, its upper limit is set to 2.80%. Preferably, it is set to 2.60%.  
         [0000]     *Mn (manganese): 0.20-1.40%  
         [0019]     Mn is effective as deoxidizing agent at the time of melting and contributes to improvement of hardenability. Further, it has an effect of rendering harmful effect of S invalid. In order to obtain these effects, Mn needs to be added at 0.20% or larger. On the other hand, since excessive addition not only accelerates oxidization of grain boundary at the time of quenching thereby inducing embrittlement but also intensifies hardness of wire material after rolling deteriorating workability of the wire, its upper limit is set to 1.40%. Preferably, it is set to 1.10%.  
         [0000]     *P (phosphor): 0.015% or less  
         [0020]     The upper limit of phosphor is set to 0.015% because phosphor is segregated in austenite grain boundary at the time of heating for austenitizing so that the grain boundary is embrittled.  
         [0000]     *S (sulfur): 0.010% or less  
         [0021]     The upper limit of sulfur is set to 0.010% because sulfur embrittles austenite grain boundary like phosphor and forms MnS to induce deterioration of fatigue strength of the spring.  
         [0000]     *Cu (copper): 0.10-0.50%  
         [0022]     Cu is effective for intensifying resistance to corrosion, thereby enhancing corrosion fatigue strength. Further, it is effective for preventing decarburization of ferrite. In order to obtain these effects, it needs to be added at 0.10% or larger. On the other hand, because excessive addition damages hot workability, the upper limit thereof is set to 0.50%. Preferably, it is set to 0.40%.  
         [0000]     *Ni (nickel): 0.10-2.00%  
         [0023]     Ni is effective for intensifying resistance to corrosion thereby enhancing corrosion fatigue strength. Further, it is effective for preventing decarburization of ferrite. In order to obtain these effects, it needs to be added at 0.10% or more. On the other hand, because excessive addition induces increase in cost, the upper limit thereof is set to 2.00%. Preferably, it is set to 1.80%. Further, according to the present invention, Cu and Ni need to be added together so that the total amount thereof is 0.4% or more for the corrosion fatigue strength not to deteriorate as described later.  
         [0000]     *Cr (chromium): 0.05-1.20%  
         [0024]     Cr is an element which contributes to improvement of hardenability. For that purpose, it needs to be added at 0.05% or larger. On the other hand, excessive addition intensifies hardness of wire material after rolling and deteriorates workability of the wire material. Further, carbide of Cr turns into a local electrode on the surface of steel to increase a corrosion pit so that the corrosion fatigue strength decreases. Therefore, the upper limit thereof is set to 1.20%. Preferably, it is set to 1.1%.  
         [0000]     *s-Al:0.005-0.040%  
         [0025]     Al(aluminum) is a deoxidizing element and the s-Al needs to be added at 0.005% or more to obtain its effect. On the other hand, because excessive addition results in generation of sand mark and increases the quantity of oxide type inclusions in steel thereby damaging cleanliness of the steel so that it becomes an origin of fatigue fracture, the upper limit thereof is set to 0.040%. Preferably, it is set to 0.030%. Here, the s-Al means Al soluble in acid.  
         [0000]     *N (nitrogen): 0.002-0.012%  
         [0026]     N has an effect of forming carbonitride and nitride which contributes to refinement of crystal grain in steel. In order to obtain this effect, it needs to be contained at 0.002% or more. On the other hand, since excessive addition generates bulky pieces of Nb carbonitride so that preventing effect of grain coarsening can not be obtained and generates TiN type inclusions thereby inducing decrease of fatigue strength, the upper limit thereof is set to 0.012%.  
         [0000]     *O (oxygen): 0.002% or less  
         [0027]     Because O generates oxide type inclusions and likely becomes an origin of fatigue fracture, the upper limit thereof is set to 0.002%. In the meantime, sufficient Al deoxidizing is needed to suppress the content of O to this level. 
 
*1.2%≦C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%)≦2.0%  equation (1) 
 
         [0028]     To secure a hardness of HRC52 or higher in Rockwell hardness, C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%) needs to be 1.2% or larger. Preferably, it is set to 1.3% or more. On the other hand, if C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%) exceeds 2.0%, the steel hardens too much after rolling so that breaking or surface flaw occurs at the time of drawing. Preferably, it is set to 1.9% or less. 
 
*1.4%≦Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)≦2.4%  equation (2) 
 
[in case where B is added as described later: 1.4%≦Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)+170B(%)≦2.4%  equation (2)′]
 
         [0029]     To provide hardenability capable of securing hardness of HRC52 or higher at a core portion of wire material, Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%) also needs to be 1.4% or more. Preferably, it is set to 1.5% or more. On the other hand, if Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%) exceeds 2.4%, the hardenability is intensified excessively so that crack occurs at the time of quenching. Preferably, it is set to 2.1% or less. 
 
*0.4%≦Cu(%)+Ni(%)  equation (3) 
 
         [0030]     In the high strength spring having hardness of HRC52 or higher, Cu(%)+Ni(%) needs to be 0.4% or larger in order to secure fatigue characteristic under corrosive environment.  
         [0000]     *The quantity of inclusions (oxide type inclusions) having a diameter of 10 μm or more is 10 or less per field of vision of 100 mm 2 .  
         [0031]     If 10 or more inclusions (oxide type inclusions) having a diameter of 10 μm or more exist per field of vision of 100 mm 2 , the fatigue strength decreases because the inclusion in steel turns to an origin of fatigue fracture. Particularly, high strength materials having hardness of HRC52 or higher are affected strongly by the inclusions.  
         [0032]     Next, the high strength spring steel of the present invention can contain one or more of Ti: 0.020-0.070%, Nb: 0.020-0.050% and B: 0.0005-0.0030% as well as the above-described steel components. When B is contained, the equation (2) is replaced with a following equation (2)′. 
 
1.4%≦Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)+170B(%)≦2.4%  equation (2)′
 
         [0033]     That is, the high strength spring steel of the present invention is characterized in containing, in percent of mass, of: C: 0.36-0.48%; Si: 1.80-2.80%; Mn: 0.20-1.40%; P: 0.015% or less; S: 0.010% or less; Cu: 0.10-0.50%; Ni: 0.10-2.00%; Cr: 0.05-1.20%; s-Al: 0.005-0.040%; N: 0.002-0.012%; O: 0.002% or less, while further one or more of Ti: 0.020-0.070%; Nb: 0.020-0.050%; B: 0.0005-0.0030% are contained and the remainder is constituted of Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein following equations (1), (2)′, (3) are satisfied and the quantity of inclusions of 10 μm or larger in diameter per field of vision of 100 mm 2  is 10 or less: 
 
1.2%≦C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%)≦2.0%  equation (1) 
 
1.4%≦Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)+170B(%)≦2.4%  equation (2)′
 
0.4%≦Cu(%)+Ni(%)  equation (3). 
 
 *Ti (titanium): 0.020-0.070% 
 
         [0034]     Ti forms carbonitride in steel and refines austenite grain, and contributes to precipitation hardening. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable to be added at 0.020% or more. On the other hand, because excessive addition allows it to be left as a relatively large non-dissolved compound when steel is heated for quenching and can become an origin of fracture thereby reducing fatigue strength, preferably, it is set to 0.070% or less.  
         [0000]     *Ni (niobium): 0.020-0.050%  
         [0035]     Nb contributes to refinement of crystal grain and precipitation hardening and has an effect of enhancing permanent setting resistance. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable to be added at 0.020% or larger. On the other hand, because excessive addition saturates its effect and lowers hot and cold workability, it is preferable to be added at 0.050% or less.  
         [0000]     *B (boron): 0.0005-0.0030%  
         [0036]     B precipitates with preference at crystal grain boundary thereby preventing segregation of P and S at the crystal grain boundary and enhancing fatigue strength and delayed fracture property. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable to be added at 0.0005% or more. On the other hand, since excessive addition forms B nitride thereby damaging toughness of steel and deteriorating fatigue characteristics, it is preferable to be added at 0.0030% or less. If B is added as described above, the aforementioned equation (2)′ needs to be satisfied.  
         [0037]     Next, the high strength spring steel of the present invention may further contain one or two of Mo: 0.01-0.50% and V: 0.05-0.30% as steel components.  
         [0000]     *Mo (molybdenum): 0.01-0.50%  
         [0038]     Mo is an element which contributes to improvement of hardenability. It is an element which intensifies corrosion resistance, thereby enhancing corrosion fatigue strength. In order to obtain these effects, it is preferable to be added at 0.01% or more. On the other hand, since excessive addition generates bainite in wire material after rolling and can induce deterioration of cold workability, it is preferable to be 0.50% or less. More preferably, it is set to 0.40%.  
         [0000]     * V (vanadium): 0.05-0.30%  
         [0039]     V contributes to refinement of crystal grain and precipitation hardening, thereby enhancing permanent setting resistance. In order to obtain this effect, it is preferable to be added at 0.05% or more. On the other hand, because excessive addition turns V carbide to a local electrode on the surface of steel thereby forming a corrosion pit so that it can become an origin of cracking fracture, it is preferable to be added at 0.30% or less. Further, excessive addition can crystallize bulky pieces of primary carbide thereby possibly deteriorating cold workability.  
         [0040]     The manufacturing method of high strength spring of the present invention is characterized in that the high strength spring steel which is tempered to HRC52 or higher is formed into a spring shape by hot forming or cold forming, and warm shot peening is carried out, so as to produce a high strength spring of 1176 MPa or higher in maximum shearing stress.  
         [0041]     It has been widely known that if a large compressive residual stress is generated on the surface of a spring by shot peening processing, the fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue strength of the spring are enhanced. The magnitude of residual stress distribution by shot peening is related to deformation characteristics of the material, and for example, for the same tensile strength, a material having a smaller yield ratio (yield stress/tensile strength) can obtain a larger compressive residual stress by shot peening. Then, in the present invention, warm shot peening (WSP) is performed on a formed spring steel. The warm shot peening is a method of carrying out the shot peening in a warm temperature range of 150° C.-350° C. As a consequence, the yield point at the time of shot peening of spring steel decreases so that a sufficient compressive residual stress is obtained and finally the fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue strength of the spring are enhanced. To intensify this effect further, the warm shot peening is preferred to be carried out in a temperature range of 200-350° C.  
         [0042]     Although in an ordinary spring steel, its C quantity is generally 0.55-0.65%, the quantity of C in the high strength spring steel of the present invention is lower as described above, and thus its yield ratio is small so that a sufficient compressive residual stress can be obtained by shot peening. Further, since the quantity of C is low so that a larger deformation can be introduced, improvement in hardness in the vicinity of the surface by dynamic strain aging is achieved, thereby securing an excellent fatigue strength enhancing effect.  
         [0043]     If the spring has a high strength, the ordinary shot peening has such a problem that an expensive SP material with high hardness needs to be used because the shot peening (SP) material is easy to crack. These problems are solved by carrying out the warm shot peening as mentioned in the invention.  
         [0044]     As described above, according to the present invention, a high strength spring having hardness tempered to HRC52 or higher while its maximum shearing stress is 1176 MPa or higher can be obtained, provided with an excellent durability due to a sufficient compressive residual stress. Such a high strength spring can be employed preferably for a coil spring, leaf spring, torsion bar, stabilizer and the like used in an automobile suspension unit or the like. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0045]     Hereinafter, the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail. Steel ingot obtained by melting, having chemical composition shown in Table 1, was bloomed and rolled to wire rod material having 13 mm in diameter and 20 mm in diameter. The rod rolling was performed at a rolling end temperature of 869° C. with the steel heated at 1100° C. The rolled material was cooled down with air after the rolling was finished.  
         [0046]     Table 2 shows values of C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%), Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%), Cu(%)+Ni(%) . Of examples deviating from a composition range specified by the present invention in respective compositions in Table, an example which is lower than the lower limit is supplied with a downward arrow           and an example which is higher than the higher limit is supplied with an upward arrow (         ).  
                                                                                                                                           TABLE 1                                       C   Si   Mn   P   S   Cu   Ni   Cr   Mo                            upper limit   0.48   2.80   1.40   0.015   0.010   0.50   2.00   1.20   0.50           lower limit   0.36   1.70   0.20   —   —   0.10   0.10   0.10   0.01       present invention   1   0.40   2.20   0.83   0.007   0.004   0.29   0.27   0.16   0       present invention   2   0.40   2.19   0.80   0.009   0.003   0.30   0.21   0.13   0       present invention   3   0.39   2.21   0.78   0.010   0.004   0.31   0.24   0.10   0       present invention   4   0.39   2.13   0.78   0.015   0.009   0.30   0.11   0.17   0       present invention   5   0.44   2.50   0.98   0.011   0.002   0.28   0.78   0.58   0       present invention   6   0.48   2.75   0.24   0.013   0.007   0.48   1.95   1.18   0       present invention   7   0.36   1.72   1.36   0.010   0.004   0.11   0.31   0.20   0.44       present invention   8   0.41   2.52   0.70   0.014   0.010   0.13   1.75   0.75   0.37       present invention   9   0.39   1.78   0.20   0.010   0.003   0.27   0.59   0.95   0.02       comparative example   10   0.39   2.75   ↑ 1.45        0.013   0.004   0.28   0.24   0.55   0       comparative example   11   0.48   2.57   0.70   0.014   0.007   0.28   0.25   ↑ 1.27        0       comparative example   12   0.37   2.73   0.65   0.009   0.005   0.28   0.25   1.00   ↑ 0.53            comparative example   13   ↓ 0.35        1.89   0.73   0.011   0.006   0.31   0.26   0.11   0       comparative example   14   0.48   2.22   0.65   0.012   0.005   0.29   0.23   ↓ 0.05        0       comparative example   15   0.48   1.70   0.15   0.012   0.005   0.28   0.23   0.55   0       comparative example   16   0.47   ↓ 1.66        0.67   0.011   0.006   0.15   0.20   0.19   0       comparative example   17   0.48   2.70   0.22   0.011   0.006   0.20   0.20   0.52   0       comparative example   18   0.45   2.75   0.98   0.011   0.006   0.27   0.24   0.55   0       comparative example   19   0.47   2.48   0.55   0.012   0.007   0.29   0.25   0.98   0       comparative example   20   0.39   2.20   0.81   0.010   0.004   0.32   0.24   0.17   0       comparative example   21   0.40   2.22   0.80   0.010   0.006   0.28   0.27   0.16   0       comparative example   22   0.40   2.18   0.80   ↑ 0.018        ↑ 0.014        0.30   0.25   0.15   0       comparative example   23   ↑ 0.49        2.62   0.27   0.009   0.003   0.31   1.60   0.88   0       comparative example   24   0.47   ↑ 2.88        0.25   0.011   0.003   0.41   1.62   0.98   0       comparative example   25   0.46   2.68   0.27   0.010   0.005   0.28   1.48   ↑ 1.25        0       comparative example   26   0.39   2.50   0.97   0.010   0.004   ↓ 0.05        0.49   0.50   0       comparative example   27   0.47   1.82   1.00   0.011   0.004   0.35   ↓ 0.07        0.52   0       comparative example   28   0.37   1.85   1.10   0.010   0.003   0.12   0.26   0.41   0       reference example   (SUP7)   0.60   1.99   0.81   0.014   0.005   0.08   0.09   0.04   0       reference example   (SUP9)   0.54   0.21   0.91   0.014   0.006   0.02   0.02   0.79   0       reference example   (SUP12)   0.55   1.46   0.75   0.011   0.005   0.09   0.10   0.70   0                            V   Ti   Nb   Al   N   B   O                   upper limit   0.30   0.070   0.050   0.040   0.012   0.0030   0.0020           lower limit   0.05   0.020   0.020   0.005   0.002   0.0005   —       present invention   1   0   0   0   0.020   0.007   0   0.0012       present invention   2   0   0.051   0   0.017   0.007   0   0.0012       present invention   3   0   0   0.049   0.021   0.007   0   0.0013       present invention   4   0   0   0   0.038   0.009   0.0028   0.0011       present invention   5   0   0.037   0.036   0.021   0.007   0.0016   0.0011       present invention   6   0.28   0.068   0   0.007   0.012   0   0.0019       present invention   7   0.06   0.021   0   0.018   0.003   0   0.0009       present invention   8   0.18   0.040   0   0.018   0.005   0   0.0011       present invention   9   0.16   0.055   0.022   0.011   0.011   0.0015   0.0008       comparative example   10   0   0.050   0   0.018   0.012   0   0.0017       comparative example   11   0   0.047   0   0.026   0.009   0   0.0018       comparative example   12   0   0.052   0   0.026   0.009   0   0.0016       comparative example   13   0   0.050   0   0.023   0.011   0   0.0012       comparative example   14   0   0.046   0   0.017   0.008   0   0.0009       comparative example   15   0   0.046   0   0.017   0.008   0   0.0008       comparative example   16   0   0.050   0   0.015   0.006   0   0.0012       comparative example   17   0   0.050   0   0.015   0.006   0   0.0015       comparative example   18   0   0.044   0   0.017   0.011   0.0020   0.0018       comparative example   19   0   0.046   0   0.014   0.010   ↑ 0.0035        0.0012       comparative example   20   0   0.040   0   ↑ 0.060        0.006   0   0.0018       comparative example   21   0   0.036   0   0.027   0.005   0   ↑ 0.0025            comparative example   22   0   ↑ 0.075        0   ↑ 0.042        0.007   0   ↑ 0.0023            comparative example   23   0.28   0.052   0.038   0.023   0.007   0   0.0009       comparative example   24   0.29   0.051   0.037   0.022   0.009   0   0.0013       comparative example   25   ↑ 0.40        0.050   0.041   0.018   0.008   0   0.0012       comparative example   26   0.20   0.050   0.039   0.021   0.007   0   0.0010       comparative example   27   0.28   0.052   0.020   0.018   0.007   0   0.0014       comparative example   28   0.15   0.051   0.041   0.022   0.011   0   0.0009       reference example   (SUP7)   0   0   0   0.022   0.013   0   0.0025       reference example   (SUP9)   0   0   0   0.046   0.010   0   0.0018       reference example   (SUP12)   0   0   0   0.038   0.006   0   0.0022                  
 
         [0047]     Following evaluations (1)-(8) were performed. Table 2 shows a result of the evaluations.  
         [0000]     (1) Hardness After Rolling  
         [0048]     Hardness of the rolled wire material was measured in its cut section. Rockwell C scale hardness was measured at 30 points and an average hardness plus 6 times of standard deviation σ (dispersion) was regarded as “hardness after rolling”. For determination on whether the hardness after rolling was acceptable, HRC35 was set to be an upper limit.  
         [0000]     (2) Presence or Absence of Breaking Upon Drawing  
         [0049]     The rolled wire material of 13 mm in diameter was phosphated and cold drawn to 12 mm in diameter so as to obtain a drawn material. Presence or absence of breaking upon drawing processing was evaluated.  
         [0000]     (3) Quench Crack  
         [0050]     After the drawn material was heated at 900° C. or higher, it was quenched by water cooling immediately so as to obtain a quenched material. Presence or absence of crack was evaluated on the quenched material.  
         [0000]     (4) Hardness After Quenching  
         [0051]     Hardness-of a core portion in the section of the quenched material was measured. Rockwell C scale hardness was measured at 20 points and whether or not an average hardness satisfies a predetermined hardness (more than 52HRC) was evaluated.  
         [0000]     (5) Quantity of Inclusions  
         [0052]     The quantity of oxide type inclusions of 10 μm or larger in diameter in the drawn material per 100 mm was evaluated.  
         [0000]     (6) Fatigue Strength  
         [0053]     A test piece was cut out from the drawn material of 20 mm in diameter and quenched from 900° C. or higher and tempered to 54HRC to obtain a fatigue test piece. ONO type rotating bending fatigue test was performed using the test piece so as to evaluate the fatigue strength.  
         [0000]     (7) Corrosion Fatigue Strength  
         [0054]     By tempering the aforementioned quenched material, a tempered material having hardness of HRC52 was obtained. (a) 5% NaCl aqueous solution was sprayed to a test piece sampled from the tempered material at 35° C. for two hours using a salt water spray test machine, (b) the test piece was dried at a relative humidity of 70% at 60° C. for four hours, and (c) the test piece was held at a relative humidity of 95% at 35° C. for two hours. After the cycles (a)-(c) were repeated nine times, reversed torsion fatigue test was performed with stress amplitude set to 700 MPa. Corrosion fatigue property was evaluated with the number of repetitions until fracture. In the meantime, whether or not the number of repetitions until fracture reached 100,000 was adopted as a criterion for determining whether or not the property was acceptable.  
         [0000]     (8) Depth of Corrosion Pit  
         [0055]     Depth of corrosion pit was measured at 40 points in a section of a corroded portion after the fatigue test so as to measure a maximum value (maximum pit depth) of a pit depth. Whether or not the maximum pitch depth was 100 μm or larger was adopted as a criterion for determining whether or not the pit depth was acceptable. Table 3 shows a relation between the corrosion pit depth and the number of repetitions until fracture.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       TABLE 2                                       strength                        securing               manufacturability   hardenability                {circle around (1)}hardness after   {circle around (2)}Draw   Si/3 + Cr/2 + Mn   {circle around (4)}hardness after   {circle around (3)}quench               rolling   fracture   Si/3 + Cr/2 +   quenching   crack                    C + Mn + Cr   (HRC)   (judgment)   Mn + 170B   (HRC)   (judgment)   (judgment)   tempering                   upper   2.0 or   35 or       2.40           2.10               limit   less   less           lower   1.2 or           1.40   52           52 or more           limit   more       present invention   1   1.39   28   none   1.64   56   secured   none   52       present invention   2   1.33   27   none   1.60   56   secured   none   52       present invention   3   1.27   26   none   1.57   56   secured   none   52       present invention   4   1.34   27   none   2.05   56   secured   none   52       present invention   5   2.00   35   none   2.38   58   secured   none   52       present invention   6   1.90   33   none   1.75   60   secured   none   52       present invention   7   1.92   35   none   2.03   55   secured   none   52       present invention   8   1.86   35   none   1.92   57   secured   none   52       present invention   9   1.54   29   none   1.52   56   secured   none   52       comparative example   10   ↑ 2.39        39   presence   —   —   —   —   —       comparative example   11   ↑ 2.45        39   presence   —   —   —   —   —       comparative example   12   ↑ 2.02        43   presence   —   —   —   —           comparative example   13   ↓ 1.19        25   none   1.42   44   short   —   —       comparative example   14   ↓ 1.18        25   none   1.42   50   short   —   —       comparative example   15   ↓ 1.18        25   none   ↓ 0.99        46   short   —   —       comparative example   16   1.33   27   none   ↓ 1.32        51   short   —   —       comparative example   17   1.22   26   none   ↓ 1.38        49   short   —   —       comparative example   18   1.98   34   none   ↑ 2.51        60   secured   presence   —       comparative example   19   2.00   35   none   ↑ 2.48        60   secured   presence   —       comparative example   20   1.37   27   none   1.63   55   secured   none   52       comparative example   21   1.35   27   none   1.62   55   secured   none   52       comparative example   22   1.35   27   none   1.60   55   secured   none   52       comparative example   23   1.64   30   none   1.58   61   secured   none   52       comparative example   24   1.70   31   none   1.70   60   secured   none   52       comparative example   25   1.98   34   none   1.79   69   secured   none   52       comparative example   26   1.86   33   none   2.05   56   secured   none   52       comparative example   27   1.99   34   none   1.87   60   secured   none   52       comparative example   28   1.88   33   none   1.92   55   secured   none   52       reference example   (SUP7)   1.45   28   none   1.49   57   secured   none   52       reference example   (SUP9)   ↑ 2.24        37   presence   —   —   —   —   —       reference example   (SUP12)   2.00   35   none   1.59   62   secured   none   52                        fatigue strength                    {circle around (5)}                    quantity       corrosion fatigue strength                    of   {circle around (6)}fatigue   {circle around (8)}corrosion                   inclusions   strength   pit depth   {circle around (7)}corrosion fatigue strength                    (number)   (judgment)   Cu + Ni   (μm)   (frequency)   (judgment)   reason why unacceptable                   upper               100           limit           lower           0.40       100,000           limit       present invention   1   7   922   0.56   87   199,800   OK       present invention   2   7   916   0.51   92   169,500   OK       present invention   3   8   910   0.55   86   262,500   OK       present invention   4   6   950   0.41   95   226,400   OK       present invention   5   6   928   1.06   77   301,400   OK       present invention   6   9   920   2.43   54   521,000   OK       present invention   7   3   958   0.42   56   401,400   OK       present invention   8   6   931   1.88   16   893,200   OK       present invention   9   2   990   0.86   82   209,600   OK       comparative example   10           —   —   —   —   fracture at the time of drawing       comparative example   11           —   —   —   —   fracture at the time of drawing       comparative example   12           —   —   —   —   fracture at the time of drawing       comparative example   13           —   —   —   —   insufficient strength       comparative example   14           —   —   —   —   insufficient strength       comparative example   15           —   —   —   —   insufficient strength and                                       hardenability       comparative example   16           —   —   —   —   insufficient hardenability       comparative example   17           —   —   —   —   insufficient hardenability       comparative example   18           —   —   —   —   quench crack       comparative example   19           —   —   —   —   quench crack       comparative example   20   15   840   0.56   87   39,800   unsatisfactory property   insufficient fatigue strength       comparative example   21   23   764   0.55   90   50,200   unsatisfactory property   insufficient fatigue strength       comparative example   22   26   720   0.55   89   10,400   unsatisfactory property   insufficient fatigue strength       comparative example   23   3   960   1.91   111   50,600   unsatisfactory property   pit large       comparative example   24   8   905   2.03   107   77,400   unsatisfactory property   pit large       comparative example   25   7   922   1.76   158   21,600   unsatisfactory property   pit large       comparative example   26   4   955   0.54   126   46,400   unsatisfactory property   pit large       comparative example   27   9   905   0.42   153   13,800   unsatisfactory property   pit large       comparative example   28   3   975   ↓ 0.38        125   40,400   unsatisfactory property   condition unacceptable       reference example   (SUP7)   23   761   ↓ 0.17        140   25,000   unsatisfactory property   unsatisfactory property       reference example   (SUP9)   15   831   —   —   —   —   fracture at the time of drawing       reference example   (SUP12)   19   796   ↓ 0.19        152   20,400   unsatisfactory property   unsatisfactory property                  
 
         [0056]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]     Hereinafter, a result of evaluation shown in Table 2 will be described. It was apparent that the inventive steel 1-9 which satisfied a composition range specified by the present invention indicated excellent characteristics at all the tests.  
         [0058]     In comparative examples 10-12, its value of C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%) exceeded the range specified by the present invention (also the quantity of Mn was excessive in the comparative example 10 and the quantity of Cr was excessive in the comparative example 11), so that (1) the hardness after rolling exceeded HRC35 and (2) fracture occurred at the time of drawing.  
         [0059]     As for comparative examples 13-17, the comparative examples 13-15 were short in the value of C(%)+Mn(%)+Cr(%) to the range specified by the invention, and the comparative examples 15-17 were short in the value of Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)+170B(%) (also, the comparative example 13 is short in the quantity of C, the comparative example 14 is short in the quantity of Cr, the comparative example 15 is short in the quantity of Mn and the comparative example 16 is short in the quantity of Si) and (4) hardness after quenching was lower than HRC52 and the strength and hardenability were insufficient.  
         [0060]     The comparative examples 18 and 19 were excessive in the value of Si(%)/3+Cr(%)/2+Mn(%)+170B(%) to the range specified by the present invention, so that (3) quench crack occurred at the time of quenching.  
         [0061]     As for the comparative examples 20-22, the comparative example 20 exceeded the range specified by the present invention in the quantity of Al, the comparative example 21 was excessive in the quantity of O, the comparative example 22 was excessive in the quantity of P, S, Al and O and (5) the quantity of inclusions was 10 or more while (6) the fatigue strength was insufficient. Further, (7) the corrosion fatigue strength was insufficient also.  
         [0062]     As for the comparative examples 23-29, the comparative example 23 exceeded the range specified by the present invention in the quantity of C, the comparative example 24 was excessive in the quantity of Si, the comparative example 25 was excessive in the quantity of Cr, the comparative example 26 was short in the quantity of Cu, the comparative example 27 was short in the quantity of Ni, the comparative example 28 was short in the value of Cu(%)+Ni(%), (8) the depth of corrosion pit is greater than 100 μm and (7) the corrosion fatigue strength was insufficient.  
         [0063]     The high strength spring steel of the present invention has an excellent drawing workability as a rolled material and an excellent manufacturability so that no crack occurs in quenching. Further, it has a high strength of HRC52 or higher (τ max =1176 MPa or more) as strength of quenched/tempered material and excellent fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue strength. Further, it has required characteristics suitable for the high strength spring.  
         [0064]     Next, a coil spring obtained by performing warm shot peening on a spring steel in the range specified by the invention described above, in which an excellent fatigue strength, corrosion fatigue strength, and permanent setting resistance are achieved, will be shown as an example. Although a cold forming method and a hot forming method are available as a spring forming method, a coil spring having such characteristics was obtained in both of the methods. Here, the example A is a cold formed spring and the example B is a hot formed spring. The temperature condition of the warm spot peening was set to 250° C. As a comparative example, a spring obtained by cold forming a conventional steel (SUP7) was used.  
         [0065]     Table 4 shows compositions of high strength spring steel of the present invention used in the examples A, B and the conventional steel (SUP7) used in the comparative example.  
                                                                                                                                                                           TABLE 4                                       material                                                                        C +   Si/3 + Cr/                                                                       Mn +   2 + Mn +   Cu +           C   Si   Mn   P   S   Cu   Ni   Cr   Ti   Nb   B   Al   N   O   Cr   170B   Ni                        example A       0.39   2.19   0.85   0.008   0.001   0.28   0.16   0.13   —   —   —   0.014   0.009   0.0011   1.37   1.65   0.44       example B       0.44   2.50   0.98   0.011   0.002   0.28   0.78   0.58   0.037   0.036   0.0016   0.021   0.007   0.0011   2.00   2.38   1.06       comparative   ↑ 0.60   2.00   0.93   0.012   0.008   ↓ 0.01   ↓ —   0.15   —   —   —   0.015   0.009   0.0009   1.68   1.67   0.01       example                                                                   or       (SUP7)                                                                   less                  
 
         [0066]     Two methods, namely, cold forming and hot forming methods, were used as spring forming methods and the examples A and B were thereby produced respectively. The comparative example (SUP7) was cold formed. Specific processes are indicated below. In the meantime, the temperature condition of warm shot peening was set to 250° C.  
         [0000]     * Method by cold forming (example A and comparative example)  
         [0067]     heating for quenching-quenching-tempering-cold coiling-stress relief annealing-warm shot peening-setting  
         [0000]     * Method by hot forming (example B)  
         [0068]     heating for quenching-hot coiling-quenching-tempering-warm shot peening -setting  
         [0069]     The shape of a spring obtained consequently will be described below.  
         [0000]     Shape of cold formed spring  
         [0070]     diameter: φ10.8, coil average diameter: φ108.3, free height: 380.5 mm, effective number of turns: 4.69, spring constant: 22.4 N/mm  
         [0000]     Shape of hot formed spring  
         [0071]     diameter: φ12.5, coil average diameter: φ110.0, free height: 382.0 mm, effective number of turns: 5.41, spring constant: 33.3 N/mm  
         [0072]     The spring hardness was set to 52HRC and 54HRC. This is due to a following reason. The hardness of the spring varies in a certain range due to components and inevitable changes in tempering temperature. Thus, according to the present invention, experiments were performed in a range from 52HRC to 54HRC as upper and lower limits. Here, the fatigue strength and permanent setting property not relating to corrosion are higher as the hardness of the spring increases. On the other hand, the corrosion fatigue strength is lower as the hardness of the spring increases. Therefore, in order to achieve sufficient fatigue strength, permanent setting property and corrosion fatigue strength under a design stress of 1176 MPa, the fatigue strength and permanent setting property need to be satisfied even if the hardness is lower and the corrosion fatigue strength needs to be improved even if the hardness is higher. Then, with the hardness of the spring of the present invention set to 52HRC, the fatigue strength and permanent setting property were compared with that of the conventional steel SUP7 having hardness of 49HRC and 54HRC. Further, the corrosion fatigue strength was compared with the conventional steel SUP7 having hardness of 51HRC.  
         [0000]     (9) Fatigue Strength  
         [0073]     The fatigue strength was evaluated on the basis of the number of repetitions until the spring described in the above was broken when it was vibrated at each stress amplitude while an average stress was τm=735 MPa. Table 5 shows a result of the test.  
               TABLE 5                                                                                
 
         [0074]     According to Table 5, in comparison of the fatigue strength of 49HRC and 54HRC in the comparative example SUP7, it is apparent that the fatigue life of 54HRC having a higher hardness is longer than the life of 49HRC at all stress amplitudes. Although the hardnesses of the example A and example B are HRC52 and lower than HRC54 of the comparative example SUP7, the examples A, B have long lives than 54HRC of the comparison SUP7 at all stress amplitudes. Further, it is apparent that the examples A, B indicate a fatigue strength of more than 200,000 times under a condition in which the maximum shearing stress is 1176 MPa (average stress 735 MPa+stress amplitude 441 MPa) thereby indicating that they are springs which achieve reduction of the weight. Further, in comparison between the examples,, the example B having more additive element indicates a longer life than the example A.  
         [0000]     (10) Permanent Setting Property  
         [0075]     Evaluation of the permanent setting property was carried out by tightening test.  
         [0076]     The tightening test is carried out in a following procedure. (a) A load P1 is applied to the coil spring with a load testing machine so as to generate a predetermined shearing stress, for example, 1176 MPa so that the spring is allowed to deflect up to a corresponding height H. With this condition, the height of the spring is constrained with a jig. (b) The spring is heated at a predetermined temperature in a predetermined interval of time , at 80° C. for 96 hours in this test, so as to generate creep deformation in the spring. (c) After the creep deformation is generated, the spring is released from the jig after the test time elapses and the spring is allowed to deflect up to the height H and then, a load P2 at that time is read. (d) A residual shearing distortion γ is calculated according to a following equation (1) with a difference ΔP between an initial applied load and a load after the test ends. Where D is a coil average diameter, d is wire diameter and G is shear modules. 
 
γ=8 D/πGd 3×( P 1- P 2)  Equation (1) 
 
         [0077]     This residual shearing distortion y indicates permanent setting property of the spring.  
         [0078]     Table 6 shows a comparison of the permanent setting property in the tightening test between the examples and the comparative examples.  
               TABLE 6                                                                                
 
         [0079]     According to Table 6, the example A having hardness of 52HRC indicates an far more better permanent setting property than the comparative example (SUP7) having lower hardness of 49 HRC. Further, it indicates a substantially equal permanent setting property under all tightening stresses as compared with the SUP7 having hardness of 54HRC, that is higher than the example A. Further, the example B having hardness of 52HRC indicates an excellent permanent setting property as compared to the SUP7 of the 54HRC having higher hardness.  
         [0000]     (11) Corrosion Fatigue Strength  
         [0080]     The corrosion fatigue test was carried out in a following procedure. (a) Salt water of 5% NaCl at 35° C. is sprayed to a coil spring for use in a test for 0.5 hours. (b) The spring is vibrated 3,000 times at a predetermined test stress, for example, with 735±490 MPa at a room temperature in a wet condition, for 30 minutes. (c) After the vibration, the spring is left in a constant temperature and constant humidity bath under wet atmosphere of 95% at 26° C. for 23 hours. This procedure is repeated until the spring is broken. Table 7 shows results of the test.  
               TABLE 7                                                                                
 
         [0081]     According to Table 7, the comparative example SUP7 has hardness of 51HRC and the vibration condition is 735±395 MPa. The number of repetitions of endurance is 59,000 times. Contrary to this, in case of the example A, the number of repetitions of endurance is equal or higher than the comparative example, that is, 60,000 times although its hardness is 54HRC and test stress is 735±490 MPa. Further, the example B indicated an excellent corrosion fatigue strength as the number of repetitions of endurance is 74,000 times under the condition in which the hardness is 54HRC and the test condition is 735±490 MPa.