Abstract:
A method of repelling birds from a source, comprising the step of applying to the source an aversely effective amount of a liquid bird aversion solution including a bird aversion agent in an amount of from 5 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution; a terpene chosen from terpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated terpenes and a mixture of terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes in an amount of from 10% to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution; and alkylesters chosen from saturated fatty acids having from 4-20 carbon atoms and unsaturated fatty acids having from 10-18 carbon atoms esterified with an alcohol having 1-8 carbon atoms in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution. The bird aversion agent can be selected from methyl anthranilate, ortho-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-1,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratroyl amine, dimethyl anthranilate, cinnamic aldehyde or esters, and combinations of these compounds.

Description:
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/277,256, filed Jul. 20, 1994; which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/008,675, filed Jan. 25, 1993, abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to new formulations of bird aversion compounds. 
     2. Prior Art 
     Methyl and dimethyl anthranilate (MA and DMA, respectively) are ester derivatives of anthranilic acid (also known as orthoamino-benzoic acid). MA, DMA and other derivatives of anthranilic acid as well as esters of phenylacetic acid, are known to be bird aversion agents with preferred embodiments as feed additives to deter feed loss (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,967,128 and 4,790,990), and as an anti-grazing compound for geese and swans (Mason, J. R. et al., &#34;Anthranilate Repellency to Starlings: Chemical Correlates and Sensory Perception&#34;, JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 53:55-64 (1989)). Cinnamamide has also been shown to be a bird aversion agent. (Crocker &amp; Perry, PLANT CHEMISTRY AND BIRD REPELLENTS, 132: 300-308 (1990)). 
     U.S. Pat. No. 2,967,128 discloses the incorporation of MA and other ester derivatives of anthranilic acid as bird aversion agents into feed or pesticide additives, or into liquids to be sprayed on material. U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,990 teaches that the aversion agent can be at least partially trapped in a solid vehicle to improve its persistency. The solid vehicle can be a modified starch, oil or polymer which microencapsulates the aversion agent. 
     However, these prior art formulations have not proven entirely satisfactory, and there is still a continuing need to develop new formulations of bird aversion compounds. 
     In addition, prior art bird aversion formulations cannot be used for all conditions. For instance, these prior art bird repellents are heavier than water, e.g. methyl anthranilate has a density of 1.16. Thus, the prior art bird aversion compounds sink in water and as a consequence, they are not capable of repelling birds. Other mixtures of vegetable oils and bird aversion agents clump or coagulate in messy globs on the surface of water, which are not capable of repelling birds. 
     There is a need for bird aversion compounds which are capable of remaining at or near the surface of the water. This is especially true at airports located near bodies of water, where birds pose a potential danger or at fisheries, where birds eat the fish. Another area where a lighter than water bird aversion agent is required is at airports, where after rains or snows, puddles form on runways and other areas. These puddles attract birds which again pose a potential danger for the aircraft. Accordingly, there is a great need for bird aversion compounds which are lighter than water. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is a formulation of a solid free flowing compound consisting essentially of a bird aversion agent in an amount of from 10 to 80%, preferably from 30 to 75%, by weight of a total weight of the compound; and an inorganic or organic carrier in an amount of from 20 to 90%, preferably from 25 to 70%, by weight of a total weight of the compound. Also, UV stabilizers, antioxidants and &#34;lakes&#34; or colors can be added in small concentrations, usually below 1% by weight of the total weight of the final product. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a bird aversion solution which is lighter than water. The liquid formulation comprises a bird aversion agent in an amount of from 5 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution; a terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivative thereof in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution; and alkylesters selected from the group consisting of saturated fatty acids having from 4-20 carbon atoms and unsaturated fatty acids having from 10-18 carbon atoms esterified with an alcohol having from 1-8 carbon atoms in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution. 
     In another form, the bird aversion compound is an emulsion, consisting essentially of a bird aversion agent in an amount of from 5 to 30% by weight of a total weight of the emulsion; a terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivative thereof in an amount of from 5 to 10% by weight of a total weight of the emulsion; gums selected from the group consisting of storage polysaccharides, pectins, gelatins, xanthans, cellulose derivatives and alginate in an amount of from 0.5 to 10% by weight of a total weight of the emulsion; and water in an amount of from 70 to 80% by weight of a total weight of the emulsion. 
     In all the embodiments of the present invention, the bird aversion agent is selected from the Group consisting of methyl anthranilate, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, orthoamino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratroyl amine, dimethyl anthranilate, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamamide, cinnamic acid and combinations thereof. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     As used herein, the terms &#34;bird(s)&#34; refers to members of the class &#34;Aves&#34;. 
     I. Solid Free Flowing Form 
     A formulation in a solid free flowing form, consists essential of from 10-80%, or preferably from 30-75%, by weight of the total weight of the solid form of a bird aversion agent; and 20-90%, preferably from 25-70%, by weight of the total weight of the solid form of a carrier. The bird aversion agent is selected from the Group consisting of as methyl anthranilate, ortho-amino acetophenone, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, veratroyl amine, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, dimethyl anthranilate, cinnamamide, cinnamic acid, cinnamic aldehyde and combinations thereof. The carrier may be inorganic, organic or combinations of both. Examples of acceptable inorganic carriers are precipitated silica, such as silicon dioxide hydrate, e.g. SIPERNAT 22 HR from the North American Silica Company and talc. Examples of acceptable organic carriers are methacrylate ester copolymer, e.g. POLYTRAP Q5-6603 polymer powder from Dow Corning Corporation and calcium carbonate. When calcium carbonate and talc are used in the solid formulation either together or separately, they are added in amounts of from 40%-65% by weight of the total weight of the compound together with 1-10% silicon hydrate. 
     Optionally, &#34;lakes&#34; or colors, ultra violet stabilizers and antioxidants can each be added in amounts of from 0 to 1% by weight of the total weight of the compound. In this amount, they do not affect the formulation. Examples of antioxidants are BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin, and some examples of colors are D&amp;C violet #2 and FD&amp;C blue #1. 
     By way of an example, the solid free flowing form may be prepared by first charging the &#34;carrier&#34; into a mixer or ribbon blender. The bird aversion agent, e.g. dimethyl anthranilate, is slowly added via a metering pump, or by gravity feed, while the blender is in operation. Upon completion of the addition, samples are taken to verify complete homogenization of the active ingredient. The final product may be sifted through a 20-80 mesh screen to ensure uniform particle size. Optional &#34;lakes&#34; or colors may be added during the blending operation if so desired. The final product is analyzed for the bird aversion agent. 
     The following are only examples of some of the solid free flowing formulations: 
     
         ______________________________________EXAMPLE Ia:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                   35-60%Silicon dioxide hydrate 65-40%D&amp;C Violet #2 and/or FD&amp;C Blue #1                   0-1%EXAMPLE Ib:Ortho-amino acetophenone                   35-60%Silicon dioxide hydrate 65-40%EXAMPLE Ic:Cinnamamide             40-60%Silicon dioxide hydrate 60-40%D&amp;C Violet #2 and/or FD&amp;C Blue #1                   0-1%EXAMPLE Id:Methyl phenyl acetate   40-60%Silicon dioxide hydrate 60-40%EXAMPLE Ie:Methyl or dimethyl anthranilate                   50%Silicon dioxide hydrate 50%EXAMPLE If:Methyl anthranilate     60-80%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   40-20%EXAMPLE Ig:Dimethyl anthranilate   60-80%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   40-20%EXAMPLE Ih:Ortho-amino acetophenone                   55-75%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   45-25%EXAMPLE Ii:Cinnamic aldehyde       50-80%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   50-20%EXAMPLE Ij:Dimethyl anthranilate   75%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   25%EXAMPLE Ik:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                   10-30%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   25-10%Clay                    65-60%EXAMPLE Il:Cinnamic acid or aldehyde                   10-30%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   25-10%Clay                    65-60%EXAMPLE Im:Veratroyl amine         10-30%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   25-10%Clay                    65-60%EXAMPLE In:Methyl anthranilate     25%Methacrylate ester copolymer                   10%Clay                    65%EXAMPLE Io:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                   35-55%Calcium carbonate and/or talc                   65-40%Silicon dioxide hydrate 10-1%EXAMPLE Ip:Cinnamic acid or aldehyde                   15-45%Calcium carbonate and/or talc                   65-40%Silicon dioxide hydrate 10-1%______________________________________ 
    
     II. Liquid Form (Lighter Than Water) 
     In another embodiment the present invention relates to a liquid formulation that is lighter than water and forms a thin liquid film on the water surface. The present invention formulation is made lighter than water by dissolving the bird aversion agent in a mixture of terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives together with aliphatic mono-esters. 
     The bird aversion agent is selected from the group consisting of as methyl anthranilate, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, ortho-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratroyl amine, dimethyl anthranilate, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamamide, cinnamic acid and combinations thereof. The bird aversion agent used in this formulation is in an amount of from 5 to 50%, preferably from 10 to 40%, and more preferably from 30 to 40% by weight of the total weight of the solution. 
     The terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivatives comprise from 10 to 50%, preferably 20-40%, and more preferably 25-35% by weight of a total weight of the solution. The terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivatives are selected from limonene, di-pentene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, caryophyllene, and p-cymene. The preferred terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivative is d-limonene. A terpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivative is used because it is inert and reduces specific gravity. 
     The alkylesters which comprise from 10 to 50% by weight of a total weight of the solution are selected from saturated fatty acids having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, unsaturated fatty acids having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, including oleic, ricinoleic and linoleic acid esterified with an alcohol having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl to octyl alcohol, preferably isopropyl alcohol. Examples of some of the alkylesters are iso-propyl myristate, liquid petrolatum, castor oil, glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl palmirate. 
     Optionally, solubilizers, such as ethoxy alkalated phenols, may be added in amounts of from 10-40% by weight of the total weight of the solution. Examples of ethoxy alkalated are octoxynols, such as octyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol (octoxynol 9 or TRITON X-100), and nonoxynols, such as nonoxynol 10. Also, a coloring dye may be added in an amount of from 0 to 1% by weight of the total weight of the solution. An exemplary color is D&amp;C violet #2. An antioxidant, such as BHT, BHA and ethoxyquin may also be added in an amount of from 0 to 0.5% by weight of the total weight of the solution. 
     The following are only examples of some of the liquid formulations: 
     
         ______________________________________EXAMPLE IIa:Methyl anthranilate    35-50%D-limonene             25-35%Iso-propyl myristate   25-40%D&amp;C Violet #2          0-1%EXAMPLE IIb:Dimethyl anthranilate  30-45%D-limonene             20-40%Iso-propyl myristate   10-30%EXAMPLE IIc:Methyl anthranilate    40%D-limonene             30%Iso-propyl myristate   30%EXAMPLE IId:Dimethyl anthranilate  35-45%Caryophyllene          20-40%Iso-propyl myristate   30-50%EXAMPLE IIe:Methyl phenyl acetate and/or                  20-40%Ethyl phenyl acetateD-limonene             30%Iso-propyl myristate   20-35%D&amp;C Violet #2          0-1%EXAMPLE IIf:Ortho-amino acetophenone                  20-40%Di-pentene             25-30%Octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol                  10-40%EXAMPLE IIg:Cinnamamide            20-40%Di-pentene             25-30%Iso-propyl myristate   25-40%D&amp;C Violet #2          0-1%EXAMPLE IIh:2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone                  25-35%Alpha and/or beta-pinenes                  10-30%Nonoxynol 10           20-35%EXAMPLE IIi:Methyl anthranilate and                   5-50%Dimethyl anthranilateD-Limonene             25-50%Iso-propyl myristate   10-30%EXAMPLE IIj:Veratroyl amide         5-15%Methyl phenyl acetate and                   5-15%Ethyl phenyl acetateDi-pentene             20-35%Castor Oil             15-25%EXAMPLE IIk:2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone                  20-40%Caryophyllene          10-30%Glyceryl Trioleate/Tripalmitate                  20-35%EXAMPLE IIl:Cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamic acid                  15-45%P-cymene               25-50%Iso-propyl myristate   25-35%EXAMPLE IIm:Cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamic acid                  10-40%Alpha and/or beta-pinenes                  15-45%Glyceryl Trioleate/Tripalmitate                  20-35%______________________________________ 
    
     By way example only, a liquid &#34;lighter than water&#34; formulation was prepared by adding to a clean container, 80 g methyl anthranilate, 60 g iso-propyl myristate, and 60 g d-limonene. Additional ingredients such as antioxidants may also be added. 
     All materials except color are added sequentially under continuous agitation. If color is to be added, it is added after completely blending of the other ingredients. The finished product may be filtered prior to packaging. The final product is analyzed for methyl anthranilate. 
     III. Emulsion Water-dispersible 
     In a still further embodiment, the present invention relates to an emulsion formulation miscible with water, containing terpene hydrocarbons and gums to form a polymeric film on plant leaves and fruits. The formulation consists essentially of a bird aversion agent in an amount of from 5 to 30%, preferably from 10 to 20%, and more preferably 12% by weight of the total weight of the emulsion, a terpene hydrocarbon from 5 to 10% by weight of the total weight of the emulsion, and gum from 0.5 to 10%, preferably from 3 to 4% by weight of the total weight of the emulsion, with the remaining portion of the emulsion being water. Optionally, citric acid, sodium benzoate, colors may each be added in amounts of from 0 to 1% by weight of the total weight of the emulsion for stabilization and for appearance. 
     The bird aversion agent is selected from the group consisting of as methyl anthranilate, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, ortho-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratroyl amine, dimethyl anthranilate, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamamide, cinnamic acid and combinations thereof. 
     The gums are selected from polysaccharides, such as arabic, karaya, guar, tragacanth or pectin (carbohydrates), gelatins (proteins), xanthans, cellulose derivative or alginate (carbohydrates) and combinations thereof. Some exemplary gums are KETROL (a xanthan), EMUL (a gum arabic), KELGIN F and KELCO-GEL (alginates), locust bean gum and malto-dextrins. 
     The terpene is selected from limonene, di-pentene, alphapinene, beta-pinene, caryophyllene, p-cymene and combinations thereof. The preferred terpene is d-limonene. In this formulation, the terpene is used as an organic solvent. 
     The following are only examples of some of the emulsion formulations: 
     
         ______________________________________EXAMPLE IIIa:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                    10-15%d-Limonene               5-10%Xanthan gum (KELTROL)    0.5-5%Gum arabic (EMUL)        1-5%FD&amp;C Blue #1             0-1%Water                    70-80%EXAMPLE IIIb:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                    10-20%Di-pentene               5-10%Gum karaya               0.5-5%Gum arabic (EMUL)        1-5%Water                    70-80%EXAMPLE IIIc:Cinnamamide              5-15%Di-pentene               5-10%Xanthan gum              0.5-5%Gum arabic               1-5%FD&amp;C Blue #1             0-1%Water                    70-85%EXAMPLE IIId:Methyl anthranilate      13%d-Limonene               9%Xanthan gum              0.5%Gum arabic               3%Water                    75%EXAMPLE IIIe:Ortho-amino acetophenone 5-30%Alpha and/or beta pintenes                    5-10%Xanthan gum (KELTROL)    0.5-5%Locust bean gum          1-5%FD&amp;C Blue #1             0-1%Water                    55-85%EXAMPLE IIIf:Ethyl and/or methyl phenyl acetate                    10-15%d-Limonene               5-10%Gum tragacanth           0.5-5%Malto-dextrins           1-5%Water                    55-80%EXAMPLE IIIg:2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone                    10-25%alpha and/or beta-pinene 5-10%Alginate gum (KELCO-GEL) 0.5-5%Gum arabic (EMUL)        1-5%Water                    60-80%EXAMPLE IIIh:Veratroyl amine          10-15%Ethyl and/or methyl phenyl acetate                    10-15%Di-pentene               5-10%Xanthan gum              0.5-5%Gum arabic               1-5%Water                    55-80%EXAMPLE IIIi:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                    5-30%p-cymene                 5-10%Alginate gum (KELGIN F)  0.5-5%Gum arabic (EMUL)        1-5%Water                    55-85%EXAMPLE IIIj:Cinnamic acid or aldehyde                    5-30%Alpha and/or beta pintenes                    5-10%Xanthan gum (KELTROL)    0.5-5%Locust bean gum          1-5%Water                    65-80%EXAMPLE IIIk:Methyl and/or dimethyl anthranilate                    5-30%Caryophyllene            5-10%Xanthan gum              0.5-5%Gum arabic               1-5%Water                    55-85%______________________________________ 
    
     By way of example only, an emulsion was prepared by mixing the &#34;gums&#34;, e.g. 6 g of gum arabic (such as EMUL BV IRX 2900), with 150.2 g of water, and heating to about 50° C. Using a homogenizer, the &#34;gums&#34; are dispersed in water free of lumps. At this point 1.0 g of another gum such as a xanthan (for example KELTROL polysaccharide gum) is added under continued agitation until homogenized. When complete suspension, free of lumps, is obtained, a premix consisting of a blend of 16.8 g of a terpene, for example caryophyllene, and 25.4 g of a bird aversion agent, such as cinnamamide, is slowly added under continued agitation until a stable emulsion is obtained. Additional ingredients such as 0.2 g citric acid and 0.4 g sodium benzoate may be added for stability. The final product is analyzed for the content of bird aversion agent. 
     The foregoing description of the invention has been-made with references with a few preferred embodiments. Persons skilled in the art will understand that changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims as follows.