Abstract:
Toll collection facilities for tunnels, bridges and turnpikes slow traffic, waste time and fuel, and increase air pollution. Eliminating the need for a toll payment stop would avoid this waste and reduce toll facility operating costs. A single, universally applicable system and apparatus is described that can eliminate most toll stops and simplify funds transfers. The system starts with a lump sum paid in advance to a permanently assigned collection agency&#39;s representative. This sum is inserted, electronically, into the memory of a microwave transponder-data-processor, normally kept in the vehicle. As the vehicle passes suitably equipped toll collection facilities, a toll transponder receives billing information from the vehicle transponder, calculates the toll, transmits it back to the vehicle transponder where the toll is electronically subtracted from a stored balance. If the resulting balance is not negative, a pass signal is flashed. The information stored in the vehicle transponder&#39;s permanent memory includes a vehicle-owner code, a collection agent&#39;s code and a vehicle-class code. The availability of this information and the toll, plus the procedure for increasing the pre-paid balance makes possible a computerized and automated double entry bookkeeping and funds transfer system. Security is achieved by crypto insertion codes. The stored current balance in the vehicle transponder is always indicated by a liquid crystal display.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The maximum cost benefit factor that can be derived from an automatic toll paying system is achieved when the system is universally applicable. Toll facilities differ in means of collection and in base rates, the rates often depending on the number of vehicle axles as well as distance traveled. A convenient system would have a motorist pay a lump sum of any amount to any toll authority, and be credited for that amount against future tolls. Any automatic toll paying method must have a relatively simple and efficient means of transferring funds, with appropriate checks and balances. The system must be relatively tamper-proof, fool-proof, enforceable and must operate through snow, ice, rain, fog, dirt and for any expected speed of the vehicle. A properly implemented system would also reduce toll facility operating expenses, save the driver time and fuel, and generate less air pollution for the toll facilities&#39; neighbors. 
     Present methods aimed at implementing such a service employ only automatic vehicle identification. Such methods require intricate centralized computer facilities for storing and extracting billing information from potentially tens of millions of possible users for each toll transaction. These methods lack flexibility and user connection. They also can create massive operational failures and a feeling on the part of users of being dependent on large, complex and silent computers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The universally applicable, automatic system for paying tolls from moving vehicles, described by this invention, would operate in the following manner. Each vehicle using the system would use clearly marked toll lanes that are equipped with a microwave transponder-computer. The vehicle would have a microwave transponder-data-processor on board which carries in its memory a pre-paid balance. As the vehicle approaches the toll facility, it is interrogated by a microwave transponder located at the toll booth. This interrogation releases the vehicle&#39;s permanently stored identification code, payment agent&#39;s code, vehicle class and, if required, the vehicle&#39;s entry location to the facility. A computer at the toll booth calculates the toll from the received information and transmits the amount to the vehicle&#39;s transponder. This toll is then subtracted from the stored pre-paid balance. If the balance is not negative, the vehicle is passed through. 
     The pre-paid balance is paid to a specified agent or authority whose identity is established via a permanently inserted number into the vehicle transponder&#39;s memory. Only this agent would have the ability to increase the stored, pre-paid balance for that vehicle using equipment which includes a crypto entry code derived from the vehicle&#39;s ID number and a microwave data injection means. Batteries are charged up during this stop. The cash collection agency is then billed by each toll facility that the vehicle might subsequently use. A complete double entry computerized record system can be established from the available data. 
     The automatic toll paying system is comprised of three major components, the vehicle borne transponder-data-processor, the toll booth transponder-computer and an increasing-cash-balance register. The vehicle borne transponder includes a microwave antenna, detector and transmitter means, memories, logic and computational circuitry and a visual display. The toll booth transponder includes a directional antenna, a superheterodyne receiver, a transmitter, a computer connected to a means for waiving or inhibiting the passage of vehicles that have an insufficient balance or do not have a transponder. 
     The pre-paid balance is always displayed to the driver by a liquid crystal display. A negative balance can be indicated by a tone when approaching the toll booth. A weak battery is indicated by the display. The preferred vehicle transponder&#39;s detector-transmitter described uses a tunnel diode. The power drain of the transponder is near zero until the tunnel diode detector is illuminated. This illumination latches the battery on so it powers the rest of the transponder. When the transaction is complete, the power is turned off except to the pre-paid balance memory and liquid crystal display. The battery latch cannot be turned on again for some designated period thereafter. 
     The use of very low power microwave has no known health hazard and will penetrate snow, ice, rain, fog and dirt. The transaction is, within reason, independent of vehicular speed, taking several milli-seconds to complete. The computerized bookkeeping system, made possible by this system, can account for unauthorized pre-paid balance credits, stolen transponders, and failed batteries that lose the paid up balance information. The various aspects and advantages of this invention will be more fully understood from a consideration of the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of the toll facility with microwave transponder, approaching vehicle and transponder. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred digital modulation for communicating clock and data information and 
     FIG. 2a illustrates a diplexing circuit for separating clock and data signals. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of a preferred vehicle transponder. 
     FIG. 3a illustrates circuit details of a tunnel diode transponder. 
     FIG. 3b illustrates a self-timed decoder and actuator. 
     FIG. 3c illustrates detail of a permanent memory means for vehicle and payment agency identification. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of the apparatus that adds the pre-paid amount into a vehicle transponder. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates external details of the vehicle transponder. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a functional block diagram of a payment toll booth transponder. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a functional block diagram of an entrance location identifying toll booth transponder. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention describes a system for automatically paying all types of tolls without the need for individual cash transactions or vehicle stops. It consists of both a system and preferred apparatus to implement the system. The apparatus includes a vehicle borne microwave transponder-data-processor, a toll both transponder-computer and registration equipment for increasing the pre-paid cash balance stored in the vehicle transponder&#39;s memory. 
     FIG. 1 is a pictorial diagram illustrating the physical locations of the apparatus required for this automatic toll paying system. A vehicle, 10, is shown approaching a toll facility transponder 12. The vehicle has its transponder 14 located so it is visible through its front window. The vehicle may have been interrogated earlier to warn the driver if his pre-paid cash balance is too low. Vehicle sensor, 15, is optional and used to spot check or verify vehicle classification, such as number of axles, this information being normally transferred from vehicle transponder&#39;s memory. Toll transponder 12 initiates the transaction by transmitting a microwave signal modulated with a transaction initiating code which is then acknowledged by vehicle transponder 14 with its stored identification codes plus other information. From this information, a toll is computed by a computer at the toll booth. The amount of this toll is then transmitted via microwave back to vehicle transponder 14 and is subtracted from the pre-paid balance stored in the vehicle transponder&#39;s memory. If the balance is not negative, a transaction approval code is transmitted which activates a pass permission signal. If the balance is negative, a code is sent which activates a pass denying action. 
     The automatic toll paying process begins with a cash payment for the vehicle transponder with a balance registered in its memory, usually equal to the cash payment. When the transponder is initially issued, a vehicle and owner identification code plus the cash collection agency&#39;s code, if pertinent, is permanently inserted into the transponder&#39;s read-only-memory. Along with this code a number is stored indicating the vehicle&#39;s class and a cryptographically derived balance increasing entry code. The permanent method of vehicle classification requires that cars pulling trailers cannot use the automatic toll lanes and truck cabs without their trailers would not want to use the automatic toll lanes. Some independent means of vehicle class verification may also be required. 
     When a vehicle enters a turnpike, where the toll depends on knowing entry and exit locations, the entry location is registered in the vehicle transponder&#39;s memory as the vehicle enters such a roadway. A toll gate transmitter reads out its location to each entering vehicle&#39;s transponder. This is stored in a read-write memory. When the vehicle leaves the road system, this entry location is read out and transmitted along with the vehicle classification and identification codes. The transponder has a visual display to indicate the current balance and state of the battery to the driver. Also a tone can be emitted, if upon toll booth interrogation, the balance become negative. 
     When the driver wishes to increase his pre-paid balance, he drives to a cash collection agent representative&#39;s booth in whose name the transponder was issued. The agent could be a local toll facility authority. The agent increases the stored balance by the amount of cash paid which is inserted into the vehicle&#39;s transponder by special apparatus. The battery is also recharged, and the transaction results are transferred to a permanent bookkeeping system. All subsequent tolls charged to this vehicle will be paid to each billing toll authority by the collection agency that received the cash payment. Since the vehicle&#39;s identification and its toll charges are available, an independent automatic double entry bookkeeping system can be set up for transferring funds, for balancing books, for compensating drivers whose battery might have died losing the pre-paid balance or to spot stolen transponders or users in arears. 
     The apparatus to implement this automatic toll paying system uses microwave transmissions because of their relative immunity to snow, ice, rain, fog and dirt. The microwave communications used is half duplex, meaning transmission and reception occur at the same approximate frequency but never simultaneously. This provides the simplest transmission means. Since interactive computer processes are carried out in short sequential data bursts, there is no inexpensive conventional method to clock the data in and out. Therefore, the data modulation to be employed, which will be amplitude modulation, includes quickly accessible clock information sent with the data. The preferred method of sending this information is illustrated in FIG. 2. Clock pulses 20 are narrow occurring periodically at the clock rate just prior to each data bit. The data pulse 22, representing ones, have gradual ramp slopes, zeros are represented by an absence of any ramp pulse, 24. Clock pulses 20 can be separated out from the ramp data pulse by a differentiating capacitor-resistor and diode combination, 25, shown in FIG. 2a. Integrating resistor-capacitor-diode combination 26 separates out the data pulses. The complete circuit, called a data diplexer is referred to frequently in the following detailed description. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of the vehicle transponder. Antenna 30 receives and transmits microwave energy over a wide angular sector. In this illustrative example, a tunnel diode is used for both detection of received signals and for transmitting amplitude modulated microwave energy. The details of receiver-transmitter 32 and amplifier 34 are shown in FIG. 3a. The preferred receiver/transmitter consists of tunnel diode 36, tuning inductor 37, by-pass capacitor 38, and a microwave circuit comprised of two series quarter wave line sections, 39 and 39a, and shunt microwave resistor 40 inserted between them. The quarter wave sections 39 and resistor 40 prevent moding of tunnel diode oscillation and fix the frequency more precisely. Transistor 41 applies a positive modulation voltage to the tunnel diode, assuring a low impedance across the diode while biasing the diode into oscillation. Diode 42 clamps that voltage. When the tunnel diode is biased into oscillation, transistor 43 is turned off. When there is no voltage applied to the tunnel diode, it acts as a detector. Diode 44 maintains a near zero emitter base voltage, on transistor 43. When a microwave signal is detected, a negative voltage is generated across the tunnel diode causing transistor 43 to conduct current. This conduction is further amplified in subsequent amplifier 34 providing adequate output signal to operate all subsequent transponder functions. An equivalent design can be derived for a GaAs FET transistor in place of the tunnel diode which can also serve both as a detector and oscillator. 
     Amplifier 34 draws negligible current until a microwave signal is detected in R/T 32. The receipt of signal turns on the amplifier and latches switch 46 into a closed position, to power all circuits from battery 47. Normally, without a received signal, only the liquid crystal display 98, its memory 92, and amplifier 34, receive battery power. 
     The first possible transaction occurs when a vehicle enters a turnpike, for example. The toll booth transmitter, at an entry point, sends a coded message comprised of entry code #1 and the entry point&#39;s location code. This code is received by decoder 48 described in FIG. 3b. It is comprised of data diplexer 28, decoder 50 and flip flop 51, which is reset by terminal lead 52. Decoder 43 recognizes its code and places memory 54 in a read-in status and opens gate 56. The data is then clocked into read-write memory 54, by data diplexer 58, entry gates 58a, b and c and stepping counter 60. Transmissions from the initial address code are blocked by gate 62 at this time. When step 7 of stepping counter is reached, decoder 48 is turned off. The turn-off is marked by differentiator 64, whose impulse feeds through gate 66, which has also been opened by step 7. This process clears stepping counter 60 and completes the data entry. 
     The next possible transaction occurs at a toll payment gate. At such a gate, code #2 is transmitted periodically with empty time allocated to receive responses. When code #2 is received, decoder 68 opens gate 70, biases data diplexer 58, on and puts memory 54 into its read-out mode. As clock 72 feeds in its narrow clock pulses, a binary word is generated by stepping counter 60, each data bit actuated by the trailing edge of the narrow clock pulses. Timing clock pulses that precede each data bit are added to the transmitted data stream through gate 74. These pulses combined with the data pulses create the modulation illustrated in FIG. 2. As step counter 60 progresses, it first generates addressing code A, then the vehicle&#39;s entry point to the toll facility, if stored, and then the vehicle&#39;s classification and identification codes and cash collection agent&#39;s code, which are permanently stored in the ROM positions marked 76. When this read-out is completed, decoder 68 is reset. FIG. 3c, illustrates one means of permanently inserting the vehicle&#39;s and agent&#39;s codes. This consists of a plastic card with a conductive surface marked by darkened areas 78. Holes, 80, punched in the card mark zeros and no holes mark ones. Contact fingers connect with each conductive mark. The word illustrated here is 00110. 
     When code 3 is received by decoder 32, gate 84 opens to clock pulses into sequencer 86, which controls the steps required to computer a new balance. Step 1 reads in the toll charge into shift register 88 through gate 89 and data diplexer 90. Step 2 reads out and clears display memory 92, reading its contents into register 94 through gate 95. Step 3 carries out the subtraction process. Step 4 reads the new number from register 96 into display memory 92 through gate 97. Memory 92 also activates liquid crystal display 98 indicating the new balance. Step 5 reads out an end-of-transaction code from coder 100 which includes information if the balance is a negative number or not. If a negative balance occurs, an optical tone generator 101 can be actuated by gate 102 to warn the driver that he should seek a cash toll collection lane. This tone can also be activated early in the toll booth approach phase. The end-of-transaction code opens battery latching switch 46, activated by flip flop 104, which is fired by output of coder 100. Latching switch 46 cannot be closed again for several minutes being inhibited by counter 103 thereby avoiding double billing for slow traffic. Decoder 110 and gate 112 are used to increase the stored balance in memory 92. Decoder 110 has an individualized code stored in it that is related to the vehicle&#39;s ID code. The process of inserting a new pre-paid balance is carried out by register equipment described by the functional block diagram illustrated in FIG. 4 and some of the circuits described in FIG. 3. 
     When a lump sum cash payment is made, the driver hands over his vehicle&#39;s transponder to the collection agent who places the transponder into a register (Please see FIG. 4) that connects into pins a, b, c, d, e and f, open normally closed pin jack 106 and also charging battery via pin 108. The cash payment is registered on register key board 120 and flashes on display 122. Push button 124a enters the pre-paid cash amount into adder 126 and also actuates code 2 from coder 127, which modulates the microwave transmitter in R/T 128, which is connected to transducer 130 that is placed in proximity with antenna 30. Transmission of code 2 actuates transmission of the vehicle&#39;s identification and agent codes from the vehicle&#39;s transponder. These identification codes are received by the detector in R/T 128. Entry code A is identified by decoder 132, opening gate 138, feeding its received signals to data diplexer 140 which enters the identification codes into computer 142. Computer 142 determines entry code 4 from that transponder&#39;s identification code, using a cryptographic sequence and then resets decoder 132. If the collection agent&#39;s code is correct, computer 142 reads out derived entry code 4, and code 3 followed by a string of zeros which is modulated onto the microwave transmitter in R/T 128. 
     A new balance is determined in adder 126 by the following sequence. Clock signals from clock 72 are transferred to the register via pin f. Switch 106 is opened by pin pressure. This open position prevents data stored in memory 92 from being transferred to register 96. Instead the current balance is read-out into adder 126 through pin c. The read-in and addition sequence is signaled by a voltage appearing on pins a and b from sequencer 86. When the addition is completed, the sum is read into memory 92 via pin d and through gate 112, which is opened by SDA 110. When this step is complete, decoder 110 is reset to zero by a signal on pin e. The transponder is now removed from the register and all normal functions are restored. The data from the transaction is transferred from computer 142 to a permanent computerized bookkeeping system. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the exterior of a typical vehicle transponder. It is about 4&#34;×2&#34;×3/4&#34;, encased in plastic. Antenna array 30 is imbedded in the plastic case located a quarter wavelength above a ground plane. The antenna is a metal foil, end fed tapered array with 90° bends to make the physical orientation of the transponder not important to its function. Liquid crystal display 98 indicates the current balance and the battery condition. The pin array, 150, contains all the pins described previously for increasing the pre-paid balance. The permanent cash collection agent&#39;s name is also inscribed on the plastic case. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a preferred functional block diagram of the toll payment transponder. Antenna 160 generates a beam that is approximately 15° wide in all directions. Ferrite duplexer 162 connects Gunn oscillator transmitter 164 and super-heterodyne receiver 166 to antenna 160. Receiver 166 is squelched whenever transmissions occur. Clock 168 controls the transponder. It periodically actuates code 2 generator, 170. The transmit period being determined by divider 172. When code A is received from a vehicle transponder it is identified by decoder 174 which closes gate 176 and opens gate 178, passing the vehicle&#39;s identification numbers into computer 180 through data diplexer 182. When the toll is computed, code 3 is generated and is followed by the toll amount. The vehicle-owner identification code and the toll is read out of computer 180 into an independent bookkeeping system. When the end of message code is received by decoder 184 with a negative balance indication, a vehicle non-admittance sequence is actuated, otherwise a vehicle pass indication is actuated. The end of message code resets decoder 174. If vehicles remain stopped at a toll entrance for periods of more than several minutes, a stopped vehicle detector closes gate 177 and stops all transactions until suitable vehicle motion is detected. This prevents stalled vehicles from being billed several times. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred functional block diagram of a turnpike entry location read-in transponder. Antenna 160 and transmitter 164 comprise the microwave components. Clock 189 periodically activates coder 188 through divider 190. Coder 188 generates entry code 2 and the entrance location code. 
     Although the preferred system described here depends on an advance payment, a credit system can also be adapted where instead of subtracting from a pre-paid balance a sum is continually added to the memory. The system, as a pre-paid system, is also useful in parking lots, high speed refueling stations, as a pass to enter restricted areas or for any other billing or paying system where the speed of the transaction is significant. The system can also be modified for receiving roadway information. Most of the illustrative circuits described use hard wired logic. Microprocessors with software can also be programmed to do the same functions.