Abstract:
An apparatus for treating ceramic objects in alkali hydroxide melts for the purpose of cleaning and roughening them for a subsequent metallization. The apparatus permits various types of ceramics to be subjected to an etching treatment which can be predetermined and is easily reproducible with respect to the treatment temperature and time and the constant composition of the alkali hydroxide melt.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an apparatus for treating a ceramic object in an alkali hydroxide melt, the apparatus being of the type which includes a heatable crucible for containing an alkali hydroxide melt in which ceramic objects are immersed, a heatable housing which is connected to the crucible in a substantially gas-tight manner to provide a preheating chamber above the crucible, a holder for moving the ceramic objects through the preheating chamber to the melt, and a nozzle arrangement which feeds a fluid mixture such as vapor and gas to the surface of the melt. The invention relates, in particular, to an apparatus for treating ceramic plates which are then metallized and processed into electrical circuits. 
     Ceramic objects are metallized to change, improve, or supplement the functional characteristics of the ceramic objects, such as electrical or thermal conductivity, resistance to corrosion, resistance to wear, or decorative characteristics. For such metallizations, the adhesion of the metal coating on the ceramic material is of particular significance. Very generally speaking, the adhesion is produced either by a relatively weak interaction between the material of the layer and the substrate (so-called Van der Waals forces), by chemical bonds, by metallic anchoring, or by a combination of these contributory factors. The percentages of these individual contributory factors depend primarily on the type of pretreatment received by the ceramic substrates. For example, the degree of adhesion provided by mechanical anchoring can be increased by a pretreatment which roughens the ceramic substrates. 
     Generally, the ceramic surfaces must be freed of their so-called glass-like firing skin, which makes most types of ceramic materials chemically inert. A suitable process must be employed to do this in a reproducible manner. The ceramic surfaces may be cleaned and activated in a chemical removal process so that chemical bonds can be developed with the surfaces of the ceramic crystallites that have been exposed. However, this removal process must neither excessively roughen the surfaces nor loosen the structure of the material since otherwise mechanical attachments would break out too easily. A chemical etching process which primarily removes the glass-like firing skin is therefore most suitable for this purpose. A number of etching agents have been proposed in the literature (see R. Bock: Aufschlussmethoden der anorganischen und organischen Chemie [Decomposition Methods Used in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry], published by Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/Bergstrasse, 1972) for treatment of aluminum oxide, which is the ceramic substrate material most commonly used in the electronics art. Examples of these etching agents are phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid or ammonium hydrogen fluoride, and sodium hydroxide solution or a sodium hydroxide melt. However, the acids have been found to be generally lacking in efficiency while the alkalis attack the ceramic surfaces only at a very high temperature, and then too strongly or irregularly. If the method of immersion pretreatment with a sodium hydroxide solution is employed, the layer must first be dried, where then the drawback of the danger of carbonate formation exists, and then fired. The firing must occur at a very high temperature (approximately 500° C.), with the small quantities of alkali hydroxide being distributed unevenly and going quickly through their reaction with the substrate so that no further etching can take place. 
     In the method of immersion pretreatment in a melt of an alkali hydroxide, no significantly stronger etching action can take place with sodium hydroxide even above the melting point of, for example, 318° C. An additional, grave drawback of this method is the fact that these extremely aggressive melts are difficult to handle, since they strongly attack practically all conventional instrument materials and since they form carbonates very easily by taking carbon dioxide from the ambient air, which adversely affects the etching conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the apparatus of this type so that the melt can be safely handled and so that it is possible to reproducibly and sufficiently strongly etch ceramic surfaces, particularly in industrial mass production. 
     This is accomplished by providing a ceramic treatment apparatus which includes a controllable immersion and extraction device for selectively stopping the holder of the ceramic objects above the preheating chamber, within the preheating chamber, and within the alkali hydroxide melt. Moreover it is advantageous to employ a fluid mixing arrangement which mixes water and inert gas, the mixture being provided to the nozzle arrangement via a helical pipe which serves as a resistance heating element, the nozzle arrangement being disposed above the surface of the melt. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram to describe the operation of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic view, partially in section, illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Pertinent portions of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 2, which will be discussed in more detail below, are composed of a material which is resistant to etching alkali. Such materials include, for example, low-carbon nickel and/or gold-plated steel. As will be discussed a gas atmosphere free of carbon dioxide is disposed above the alkali hydroxide melt. This atmosphere is heated and thus the ceramic objects are preheated in the atmosphere. Moreover the atmosphere above the melt contains a certain quantity of water vapor and, by way of the partial pressure of the water vapor, the alkali hydroxide melt has a constant water content which is predetermined in the thermodynamic equilibrium. The water content of an exemplary sodium hydroxide melt has quite a decisive influence on the uniformity and degree of etching and/or roughening of a ceramic surface and thus on the adhesive anchorage of a metallized layer produced thereon. 
     FIG. 1 shows the water content of solid or liquid NaOH at various temperatures. The water content in FIG. 1 is measured in percent by weight (weight %) of the NaOH as a function of the partial water vapor pressure P H .sbsb.2 O  measured in torr. In the illustrated group of curves, the temperature is measured in °C. It is thus possible, for a given H 2  O content of an NaOH melt, to control and/or regulate the partial water vapor pressure above the melt in such a manner that the H 2  O content in the melt remains unchanged. 
     In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, a melting crucible 1 is surrounded by an electrical crucible heating element 3 and is provided at its bottom with a heatable as well as closable outlet 2. In the melting crucible 1 there is provided an alkali hydroxide melt 4, for example an NaOH melt, which is kept at a temperature of approximately 325° C. Above the melting crucible 1, a heatable housing 6 is connected with the crucible in an essentially gas-tight manner, the heatable housing 6 having a preheating chamber 5 therein. The heatable housing 6 includes a helical pipe 7 which can be heated directly by electrical current. The upper end of helical pipe 7 is coupled with a fluid mixing arrangement such as gas and/or vapor mixing arrangement 8, to which is fed an inert gas 9 (for example, nitrogen) as well as demineralized water 10. The inert gas 9 flows through a control and/or regulating device 11 to produce an essentially constant gas stream. Via a dosaging pump 12, a precisely measured quantity of water is added to this gas stream. Thus, a gas and water vapor mixture is produced which is heated in helical pipe 7 and is conducted through a nozzle arrangement 13 onto the surface of the alkali hydroxide melt 4. In this way, the necessary partial water vapor pressure is always present above the alkali hydroxide melt 4, and carbonate formation is prevented. Preheating chamber 5 is covered by a cover 14. 
     The relationship between water content of the melt and partial pressure of the water vapor above the melt is determined by a series of experiments. For a sodium hydroxide melt at a constant temperature of 325° C., for example, different water contents in the melt can be achieved by regulating the nitrogen rate and water dosage in the manner illustrated in the table below: 
     
                       TABLE______________________________________                            H.sub.2 O content of theN.sub.2 (R.sub.1)  Water   H.sub.2 O.sub.gas (R.sub.2)                     P(H.sub.2 O)                            melt (acc. to(N 1/h)  (ml/h)  (N 1/h)    (torr) FIG. 1) (weight %)______________________________________600    0       0          0      0600    24      30         34     0.2600    48      60         65     0.4600    96      120        120    0.7600    240     299        240    1.4600    480     598        359    2.9600    960     1196       479    4.9______________________________________ 
    
     In the Table (R 1 ) indicates the flow rate for nitrogen and (R 2 ) indicates the flow rate for vaporized water, both flow rates being given in liters per hour (1/h). The partial water vapor pressures 
     
         P.sub.H.sbsb.2.sub.O =(R.sub.2 /R.sub.1 +R.sub.2)P 
    
     were calculated with the aid of the gas rates of nitrogen (R 1 ) and water vapor (R 2 ) for a total pressure P of 720 torr (at approximately 500 m above sea level). Melt 4 was left in these atmospheres for seven hours and was interrupted only by occasional stirring. Within this time, the equilibrium will set itself. 
     Into the thus-prepared alkali hydroxide melt 4, the ceramic bodies 20 (only a few of which are illustrated in FIG. 2), for example ceramic plates made of Al 2  O 3  having a thickness of approximately 1 mm, are then introduced with the aid of a holder 15, for example a perforated plate made of pure nickel. In addition to the illustrated position in alkali hydroxide melt 4, holder 15 can also be fixed in a preheating position 16 in preheating chamber 5 and in a cooling position 17 above preheating chamber 5. This is accomplished by an immersion and extraction device 18 which is coupled with holder 15 by means of a rod assembly 19, the device 18 including and being driven by a motor 21. 
     Holder 15 is thus initially brought into the cooling position 17, with cover 14 closed, and is equipped with the ceramic bodies 20 to be treated. Then cover 14 is then opened automatically by a cover controller 22, holder 15 is lowered to the preheating position 16 (the cover closes automatically) and is left there for a preheating time of approximately 20 minutes. Thereafter, holder 15 is lowered further into the alkali hydroxide melt 4 so that the ceramic bodies 20 are etched there, for example for an etching period of about 10 minutes. Thereafter, holder 15 is pulled back into the preheating position 16, cover 14 is opened, holder 15 is brought to the cooling position 17 and cover 14 is closed again. After cooling, the ceramic bodies are removed and metallized in further process steps. 
     In the device described above, at least all parts which come into contact with the alkali hydroxide melt 4, for example, melting crucible 1 and holder 15, are manufactured of an etching alkali resistant material, for example of pure nickel LC which has a carbon content of less than 0.02% or of a CrNi steel which is heavily gold plated. 
     The above-described apparatus can be advantageously controlled and/or regulated in that the ceramic bodies are always treated according to the same process scheme in an economical and reproducible manner so that an accurately predeterminable, etched surface results which permits a very tightly adhering metallization. 
     The thus-prepared alkali hydroxide melt 4 has a water content in a preferred range of 4.0 weight percent (wt-%) to 5.0 weight percent. 
     In the nitrogen column (N 2  (R 1 )) and the water vapor column (H 2  O gas  (R 2 )) of the table on page 8 the meaning of &#34;N&#34; is &#34;normal&#34;, corresponding to the volume of one liter of nitrogen or water vapor at normal conditions, that means at room temperatur (20° C.) and at an atmospheric pressure of 760 torr. 
     In the last column of the table on page 8 the H 2  O content of the sodium hydroxide melt (325° C.) was obtained from the difference between the total water content within the system, consisting of the melting crucible 1 and the heatable housing 6, and the water vapor pressure above the melt. 
     In FIG. 1 the un-labeled curve represents a range where sodium hydroxide is solid. The left branch of the un-labeled curve, beginning at a very small water content and ending at the maximum at about 6 wt-% H 2  O, corresponds to a temperature of about 325° C. 
     It will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations (for example a eutectic mixture composed of NaOH and KOH, such as 41 weight % NaOH and 59 weight % KOH, may be used as the alkali hydroxide melt, and the ceramic bodies may be made of porcelain), and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.