Abstract:
A method and apparatus is described for a micromechanical sensor for the AFM/STM profilometry, which consist of a cantilever beam with a tip at its end and a mounting block at the opposite end. The method incorporated the steps of coating a wafer substrate; producing a mask for the desired cantilever beam pattern on the top side of the wafer; and a mask on the bottom side of the wafer; planarizing said cantilever beam pattern with photoresist; producing a mask for the desired tip in the area of the cantilever beam pattern producing the desired tip using an etching step, and simultaneously transferring the cantilever beam pattern from the upper to the lower part of the layer; and removing the supporting wafer material by etching through the bottom side mask. A mask for the desired cantilever beam pattern and the tip pattern contains all relevant information for a subsequent substrate etching process is described for etching step by step into a silicon substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method of producing micromechanical sensors for the AFM/STM profilometry, which consist of a cantilever beam with a tip at its end and a mounting block at the opposite end. The invention also relates to a sensor head made in accordance with the method of the invention. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The scanning tunneling microscope (hereafter abbreviated STM) has stimulated the development of new techniques for microcharacterization of materials which are based on the use of a very fine tip. One of these techniques involves the atomic force microscope (hereafter abbreviated AFM) which has recently demonstrated the capability to profile and image conductors and insulators. 
     In the initial design of the AFM which was described by Binnig et al. &#34;Atomic Force Microscope&#34;, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1986, pp 930-933 and in European patent document EP-A-0 223 918, a sensor consisting of a spring-like cantilever which is rigidly mounted at one end and carries at its free end a dielectric tip profiles the surface of an object. The force between the object&#39;s surface and the tip deflects the cantilever, and this deflection can be accurately measured, for example by a second tip which is part of an STM. A lateral spatial resolution of 3 nm has initially been achieved. 
     Another version of the AFM includes optical detection instead of an STM detection. In this version a tungsten tip at the end of a wire is mounted on a piezoelectric transducer. The transducer vibrates the tip at the resonance frequency of the wire which acts as a cantilever, and a laser heterodyne interferometer accurately measures the amplitude of the a. c. vibration. The gradient of the force between the tip and sample modifies the compliance of the lever, hence inducing a change in vibration amplitude due to the shift of the lever resonance. Knowing the lever characteristics, one can measure the vibration amplitude as a function of the tip-sample spacing in order to deduce the gradient of the force, and thus, the force itself (Duerig UT, Gimzewski JK, Pohl DW (1986) Experimental Observation of Forces Acting During Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2403-2406; and Martin Y, Williams CC Wickramasinghe HK (1987) Atomic Force Microscope-Force Mapping and Profiling on a sub 100-A Scale, J. Appl. Phys. 61(10), 4723-4729). 
     A most critical component in the AFM is the spring-like cantilever. As a maximum deflection for a given force is needed a cantilever is required which is as soft as possible. At the same time a stiff cantilever with a high eigenfrequency is necessary in order to minimize the sensitivity to vibrational noise from the building. Usually, ambient vibrations, mainly building vibrations, are of the order of &lt;100 Hertz. If the cantilever is chosen such that it has an eigenfrequency f o  ≧10 kHz, the ambient vibrations will be attenuated to a negligible value. These requirements can only be met by reducing the geometrical dimensions of the cantilever as reflected by the following two equations: 
     The eigenfrequency fo of the cantilever is given by ##EQU1## wherein E is Young&#39;s modulus of elasticity, ρ is the density, and K is a correction factor close to unity, l is the length, and t is the thickness of the cantilever. 
     The spring constant of the cantilever on which its sensitivity depends is given by ##EQU2## wherein F is the force which causes the deflection y of the cantilever, E is Young&#39;s modulus of elasticity, w is the width, l is the length, and t is the thickness of the cantilever. In accordance with the spring constant term the sensitivity of the cantilever is dependent on its dimensions and on the material of which it consists, with the highest sensitivity being obtained for long, thin and narrow cantilever beams. The width of the cantilever beam should be sufficiently large so that lateral vibrations are suppressed. Also, the width of the beam should permit the fabrication of additional structures, such as tips, thereon. Therefore, a minimum width w of around 10 μm seems reasonable. In practice, C has to be about ≧1 N/m in order to avoid instabilities during sensing of attractive forces, to prevent excessive thermal vibrations of the cantilever beam, and to obtain a measurable response. 
     Dimensions of a cantilever beam compatible with C=1 N/m, and f o  =10 kHz are for example: 1=800 .sup.μ m, w=75 .sup.μ m and t=5.5 .sup.μm. 
     In the normal deflection mode of the cantilever beam forces in the order of 10 -12  N can be detected. The sensitivity of the sensor head can be further enhanced by vibrating the object to be profiled at the resonance frequency fo of the cantilever beam, as described by G. Binnig et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986), pp. 930-933. 
     In the AFM realized in accordance with the afore-mentioned Binnig et al article and with EP-A-0 223 918 the requirements for cantilever and tip were met by a gold foil of about 25 μm thickness, 800 μm length, and 250 μm width to which a diamond fragment was attached with a small amount of glue. Another proposal used microfabrication techniques to construct thin-film (1.5 μm thick) SiO2 microcantilevers with very low mass on which miniature cones could be grown by evaporation of material through a very small hole as described by Albrecht et al. &#34;Atomic Resolution with the Atomic Force Microscope on Conductors and Non-conductors&#34;, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1988, pp. 271-274. 
     From the foregoing description of the state of the art it was known to construct, in a first process step, cantilevers, and, in a second process step, to attach tips thereto. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the construction of a cantilever with tip of that type is extremely delicate and prone to low yield. 
     The following publications relating to micromechanics are noted as examples of the prior art:: 
     Petersen, KE, Dynamic Micromechanics on Silicon: Techniques and Devices, Vol. ED-25, No. 10, October 1978, pp. 1241-1250; 
     Petersen, KE, Silicon as a Mechanical Material, Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 70, No. 5, May 1982, pp. 420-457; and 
     Jolly, RD, Muller, RS, Miniature Cantilever Beams Fabricated by Anisotropic Etching of Silicon, J. Electrochem Soc.: Solid-State Science and Technology, December 1980, pp. 2750-2754. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     With the method and apparatus of the present invention, low-mass microcantilever beams with integrated tips can be made carrying at one end a small piece of wafer for mounting the lever in the AFM, and at the opposite end an integrated tip for interaction with the surface of a sample to be profiled. The force and resonance frequency requirements of cantilever beam and integrated tip are met by using the microfabrication techniques. Due to the fact that cantilever and tip are made from one piece of material there are no adhesion problems between cantilever and tip. 
     It is, therefore, an object of the invention to teach a method for the construction of microcantilevers with integrated tips, which method uses a suitable combination of deposition, lithography, wet and dry etching process steps. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Details of several embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with respect to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a cantilever beam carrying at one end a piece of wafer which is rigidly mounted on a piezoelectric bimorph, and a sharply pointed tip at its free end. 
     FIGS. 2A-2E show a sequence of process steps for making a cantilever beam with integrated tip which has been worked out of a layer of material arranged on a silicon wafer substrate, using photolithographic and etching steps. 
     FIGS. 3A-3D represent side views of the process steps in accordance with FIGS. 2A-2E. 
     FIGS. 4A-4F show a sequence of process steps for making a cantilever beam with integrated tip which has been worked out of a silicon wafer substrate, using a mask with two levels of information, and photolithographic and etching steps. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a cantilever beam (1) is shown carrying at one end a piece of wafer (3) which is rigidly mounted on a piezoelectric bimorph (4), and a sharply pointed tip (2) at its free end. Cantilever beam (1) and tip (2) may consist of any solid material such as SiO 2 , Si 3  N 4 , SiC, doped monocrystalline silicon, and polycrystalline silicon, or of pure monocrystalline silicon. 
     In a first example a layer of solid material, preferably SiO 2 , is applied to a silicon wafer, preferably a (110) wafer. By means of two photolithographic masks cantilever and tip will be defined, followed by suitable wet or dry etching process steps for their realization. 
     Some technological skill is necessary to make this process sequence successful, as can be seen from the following detailed process descriptionof example 1 in accordance with FIGS. 2A-2E. 
     FIG. 2A shows the original layer structure to start with. A (110) silicon wafer 21 is bilaterally coated with silicon dioxide. On the top side of the wafer SiO2 layer 23 is thermally grown or deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The preferred layer thickness is about 10 μm. On the bottomside of the wafer an about 1 to 2 μm thick SiO 2  layer 22 is thermally grown. An about 3 μm thick photoresist layer 24 is applied tothe SiO 2  layer 23 on the top side of the wafer. Well-known positive acting photoresists, such as AZ 1350J of the Shipley Company, or negative acting photoresists can be used for this purpose. 
     In a first photolithographic step (not shown) the pattern of the cantileverbeam 25 is defined in photoresist layer 24, which has a layer thickness of about 3 μm, and is subsequently transferred into the upper part of silicon dioxide layer 23 to a depth of about 3 μm by wet etching with 5:1 buffered hydro- fluoric acid or by reactive ion etching under the following process conditions: 
     etch gas: CF 4   
     pressure range: 1 to 10 .sup.μ bar 
     Concurrently with the aforedescribed photolithographic and reactive ion etching steps rectangular openings 26 are made in the oxide layer 22 on the bottom side of the wafer, with the respective masks on the bottom sideof the wafer being in alignment with those on the top side. Next, the remaining photoresist is removed. The resulting structure is shown in FIG.2B. 
     It is noted that it is extremely important to start with the cantilever beam mask and not with the tip mask, for only the cantilever beam mask canbe completely planarized with photoresist. For planarization an about 5 μm thick photoresist layer 27 is applied to silicon dioxide layer 23 with cantilever beam pattern 25 as shown in FIG. 2C. 
     In a second photolithographic step the pattern of the tip 28 is defined in photoresist layer 27 over silicon dioxide cantilever 25 as shown in FIG. 2D. With this photoresist mask 28 on silicon dioxide cantilever 25, tip 29is etched in a second step, e g. with 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid, or byreactive ion etching under the following process conditions: 
     
         ______________________________________etch gas:             CF.sub.4pressure:             100 μbaretch rate ratio       1:1resist:SiO.sub.2 :______________________________________ 
    
     The resulting silicon dioxide tip 29 as shown in FIG. 2E has a length of about 5 to 7 .sup.μ m. 
     The reactive ion etching step uses pressure/energy conditions which allow simultaneous anisotropic profile as well as undercut etching, with the consequence that the tip is shaped in length and diameter at the same time. Furthermore, a photoresist mask for shaping the silicon dioxide tip and a silicon dioxide `intermediate mask` for creating the future silicon dioxide cantilever beam are used in the same reactive ion etching step. 
     Reactive ion etching is stopped when silicon dioxide `intermediate mask` (25) and silicon dioxide layer (23) as shown in FIG. 2B are etched to suchan extend that all silicon dioxide covering the top side of silicon wafer (21), apart from silicon dioxide cantilever beam (25) and tip (29), has been removed. The remaining photo-resist (28) is now removed, and the tip (29), if necessary, is sharpened in an argon ion milling process. 
     FIGS. 3A to 3C represent side views of the aforedescribed process with FIG.3A corresponding to FIG. 2A, FIG. 3B to 2B, and FIG. 3C to 2E. As shown in FIG. 3D silicon wafer (31) supporting silicon dioxide cantilever beam (35)with tip (39) is removed by anisotropic silicon wet etching (in KOH) from the bottom side of the wafer. The use of (100) or (110) wafers as supporting wafers is preferred. The orientation and size of the openings (36) in the silicon dioxide layer (32) on the bottom side are chosen so that their edges define a volume of a (110) wafer bounded by (111) planes.Finally, a small piece of the wafer is cut out for mounting the cantilever on a piezoelectric bimorph as shown in FIG. 1. 
     A second example of the process of the invention is described in accordancewith FIGS. 4A-4F. 
     This example relates to the development of an additional structure, such asa tip, on an already 3-dimensionally structured substrate, such as a cantilever beam. In this process problems arise for example when the flexible and fragile cantilever beams have to be coated with photoresist for subsequent exposure. These and other problems are solved in that a mask which is applied to a substrate is structured in such a manner that it contains all relevant information for the subsequent substrate etching process. This means that the structures of all lithography steps are etched one after the other into the mask before substrate etching. Subsequently, this information is transferred step by step from the mask into the substrate. Between two successive substrate etching process stepsthere is a mask etching step which does not require an additional lithography step however. This multiple step mask can be fabricated in conventional planar technology. A further advantage is that there are no problems with respect to photoresist coverage and exposure as the mask hasa thickness of only a few μm. The process benefits from the high selectivity of mask versus substrate in the substrate etching process which can comprise wet and/or dry etching steps, respectively. 
     As shown in FIG. 4A a (100) silicon wafer (41) is bilaterally coated with silicon dioxide. The oxide layers (43) and (42) on the top side and on thebottom side are thermally grown to a layer thickness of about 3 μm. In afirst photolithographic step the patterns of cantilever beam (45) and of rectangular openings (46) are defined. For this purpose AZ 1350 positive photoresist is bilaterally applied to the oxide coated wafer (not shown). The photoresist layers on both sides are exposed at the same time and developed. The oxide on both sides is etched in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid or by reactive ion etching for a time depending on the desired etch depth on the top side. Next, the top side is protected by a baked photoresist layer, and the oxide residue in the exposed areas (46) on the bottom side of the wafer is removed by etching in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 4A. 
     In a second photolithographic step the pattern of the tip is defined in a newly applied photoresist layer over silicon dioxide cantilever pattern (45) (not shown). The photoresist tip pattern is transferred into the silicon dioxide by etching in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid or by reactive ion etching. During this etching step the cantilever beam patternis transferred to a deeper level of layer (43), and the thickness of the remaining silicon dioxide layer (43) is reduced correspondingly. The bottom side of the wafer is protected by a baked photoresist layer during this step. The resulting silicon dioxide mask structure (45, 48) which will then be transferred step by step into the silicon substrate (41) is shown in FIG. 4B. 
     Prior to this mask structure transfer, the silicon wafer (41) is thinned down by etching from the bottom side to a thickness which corresponds to about twice the thickness of the cantilever beam plus twice the height of the tip plus about 10 μm residual thickness. This etching step which uses an about 37.5 wt % aqueous KOH solution at about 80° C. is anisotropic. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 4C. 
     Next, as shown in FIGS. 4C and 4D, silicon dioxide layer (43) with structures (45) and (48) is etched in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid or byreactive ion etching to such a depth, that the silicon dioxide areas 49) abutting cantilever beam mask (45) are removed. An anisotropic wet etchingstep with aqueous KOH solution under the aforespecified conditions follows for the transfer of the cantilever beam pattern (45) into the silicon wafer (41). This step removes the areas of silicon wafer (41) originally underlying silicon dioxide areas (49) in a depth which corresponds to the desired silicon cantilever beam thickness. At the same time the wafer is correspondingly thinned down from the bottom side. 
     Now, silicon dioxide cantilever beam mask (45) and remaining silicon dioxide areas (43) are removed by etching in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid or by reactive ion etching. The following etching of the tip with a lateral etching speed, in 37.5 wt % KOH solution at about 60° C. about twice as high as the etching speed in depth is the most time critical step of the whole etching cycle. Therefore, a careful survey by optical inspection is indispensable. 
     The etch depth H tip  is given by the empirical formula shown in equation 3 ##EQU3## 
     At the end of the tip etching the silicon dioxide tip mask (48) falls off silicon tip (410). The tip etching is shown in FIG. 4E. 
     The remaining silicon membrane (41) in the areas (49) is now etched from the bottom side of the wafer. This etching step comprises reactive ion etching, using CF4 as etch gas and a pressure of about 10 μbar, withoutaffecting the top side of the silicon structure. 
     The aforedescribed etching process provides for a micromechanical single crystal silicon structure consisting of a cantilever beam with an integrated tip pointing into the (100) direction. The tip radius is &lt;10 nm, a value which has never been attained before. The cantilever beam thickness is in the 1 μm to 20 μm range, and the cantilever beam spring constant in the 1 N/m to 100 N/m range. Cantilevers with these properties are preferably used in the AFM. 
     A third example describes a process for making mono-crystalline monolithic silicon tips. The respective tips can be made with a height of about 20 μm or 2 μm, depending on the orientation of the tip. 
     For profiling sample surfaces with a STM these tips have to be spaced very closely in relation to the sample surface. The tip should quite clearly protrude from its mounting in order to avoid contact between sample and mounting elsewhere. Therefore, it is desirable to set these tips e.g. on apedestal. 
     To realize this an about 2 μm thick silicon dioxide layer is thermally grown on a (100) silicon wafer. In a first photolithographic step 500 μm diameter discs are defined in the silicon dioxide layer in an array.These discs are to form the etch masks for the silicon pedestals. The oxideis etched in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid to a depth of about 1.1 μm. In a second photolithographic step 80 μm diameter discs are defined in the silicon dioxide overlying the 500 μm diameter discs. These discs ofsmaller diameter are to form the etch masks for the silicon tips. The oxideis etched in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid to a depth of about 1.1 μm. The resulting silicon dioxide mask which corresponds to the mask shown in FIG. 4B of the previous example will now be transferred step by step into the silicon substrate. 
     In a first step the pedestal is etched into the wafer to a depth of e.g. 150 μm. This step comprises anisotropic wet etching with aqueous KOH solution. Next, the mask for the pedestal (first level of information of the silicon dioxide mask) is removed by etching in 5:1 buffered hydrofluoric acid. Should the tolerance requirements for the second level of information of the mask (tip mask) be very high the first level of information can be removed by anisotropicreactive ion etching. In a secondstep the tip is etched into the already existing silicon pedestal. This anisotropic etching step which uses an aqueous 37.5 wt % KOH solution at about 60° C. is discontinued when the 80 μm silicon dioxide discs are completely undercut. As the undercut etch rate of the afore-mentioned 37.5 wt % KOH solution at about 60° C. is about twice as high as the etch rate in (100) direction the complete undercut isobtained at an etch depth which roughly corresponds to about a quarter of the disc diameter. The etching conditions imply that the high concentration of the KOH solution is responsible for the low etch rate in (100) direction, compared with other directions. The etch temperature is not critical with respect to the etch rate ratio. 
     The complete undercut of the tip mask (second level of information of the silicon dioxide mask) results in a silicon tip with an orientation in the slow etching (100) direction, which tip is bounded by fast etching surfaces (see FIG. 4E of the previous example). Due to the sharp taper angle of the tip of about 45° the overetching results in a fast shortening of the tip. Therefore, the maximum overetching time has to be carefully tuned to the disc diameter. 
     The tip of this example has a height of about 20 μm and a radius of about &lt;10 nm which is an excellent structure for obtaining high quality STM images. 
     For the STM profilometry the tips made in accordance with this invention may carry a metallic coating. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to selected examples thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.