Abstract:
A digital liquid-level sensor comprises a non-magnetic conduit, a floater provided outside the non-magnetic conduit and capable of axially moving along the non-magnetic conduit, and a permanent magnet fixed on the floater. The non-magnetic conduit further comprises a switch unit and an encoding unit. The switch unit comprises at least one tunneling magnetoresistance switch which is turned on or turned off under the effect of the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet; and the encoding unit comprises at least one encoder, of which an input end receives an on/off signal from the tunneling magnetoresistance switch and outputs a digital signal indicating the position of the floater. The digital liquid-level sensor is of a small size; has low cost, low power consumption, high reliability, high sensitivity, high solution, long service life, and a good anti-interference capability; and can directly output the digital signal.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a sensor for measuring the level of a liquid, in particular, it relates to a way to use high-precision tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) switches and encoders to fabricate a liquid-level sensor with digital output. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Level sensors are widely used in the petroleum, chemical, power, environmental, and other fields, to continuously measure the fluid level or pressure within a vessel, and they also are often applied in a system used to control the level or set an alarm related to the level of a fluid. Presently, these devices commonly use reed switches or Hall sensors. The structure of liquid-level sensors using reed switches is simple, inexpensive, can be applied to controlling or measuring, and the working principle involves a magnetic float that moves up and down with the fluid level, providing a moving magnetic field that changes the state of the reed switches. In this structure, when the magnetic float is at the height of a reed switch, the reed switch will be closed by the magnetic field, forming a closed circuit. When the magnetic float moves away from the reed switch, the switch opens due to the mechanical spring action of the reed, leaving an open circuit. The reed switches are connected to a resistive network, such that the current measured at the level sensor output varies as a function of the float height. The current signal thus determines the liquid level. Often however, a switch may fail, leading to an erroneous reading, and because the switches are relatively large, the resolution of this type of liquid-level sensor is limited. Reed switches may be damaged by impact, abrasion, and vibration, which can crack the glass envelope, which makes the sensors difficult to install and solder. Additionally, when there are inductive or capacitive loads attached to the level sensor, the service life of the level sensor will be affected. Moreover, reed switch based level sensors have an analog output, and they are thus not immune to external electromagnetic interference, so often they need some sort of digital processing circuit to accurately convert the analog signal into a digital signal. 
         [0003]    The working principle of Hall-sensor-based liquid-level sensors is similar, except that Hall switches are used instead of reed switches, which are smaller, easier to install and solder, and because they have digital output through an internal A/D convertor, they have better immunity to electromagnetic interference. Unfortunately, Hall switches have high current consumption, on the order of milliamps, so battery powered liquid-level sensors require frequent maintenance and replacement, increasing operational cost. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The object of the present invention is to overcome the above described problems of the prior art, and to provide a novel, advanced, and reliable digital liquid-level sensor. The present invention utilizes a tunneling magnetoresistance switch to respond to the magnetic field of the float, producing a high or low output, which is sent to an encoder, which produces a code that is output on a digital bus, wherein the code is indicative of the liquid level. 
         [0005]    To achieve the above stated technical objectives, the present invention is realized by the following technical scheme: 
         [0006]    A digital liquid-level sensor, said sensor measures the level of a fluid and outputs a digital value representing the level. The digital level sensor is comprised of the following components: 
         [0007]    A data bus; 
         [0008]    A power supply terminal; 
         [0009]    A ground terminal; 
         [0010]    A nonmagnetic tube fixed and placed in a liquid; 
         [0011]    A float that floats in the liquid, and this float is placed adjacent to the nonmagnetic tube, such that the float moves up and down along the axial direction of the nonmagnetic tube when the level of the liquid changes; 
         [0012]    A permanent magnet fixed to the float body; 
         [0013]    At least one tunneling magnetoresistance switch, wherein the tunneling magnetoresistance switch either opens or closes in response to the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet, and the permanent magnet generates a magnetic field of sufficient magnitude and orientation such that it opens or closes one or more tunneling magnetoresistance switches at the level of the magnet; 
         [0014]    An encoding unit comprised of at least one encoder, said encoding unit generates a unique code for each position of the float; 
         [0015]    One or more printed circuit boards sealed inside the nonmagnetic tube, thereon the tunneling magnetoresistance switches, the encoders, the data bus, the power supply terminal, and the ground terminal are mounted. 
         [0016]    Preferably, the axial length of the nonmagnetic tube is 10 to 12000 mm, with an outer diameter of 12 to 40 mm. 
         [0017]    Preferably, the width of the float is 10 to 200 mm, and it has a height of 10 to 200 mm. 
         [0018]    Preferably, the magnetization direction of the permanent magnet is parallel to the magnetization direction of the nonmagnetic tube, and the tunneling magnetoresistance switch is omnipolar or unipolar, and the sensitive direction of the switch is parallel to the axis of the nonmagnetic tube. 
         [0019]    Preferably, the magnetization direction of the permanent magnets is perpendicular to the nonmagnetic tube axis, and the tunneling magnetoresistance switch is an omnipolar, bipolar, or unipolar, and the sensing direction of the tunneling magnetoresistance switch is perpendicular to the axial direction of nonmagnetic tube. 
         [0020]    Preferably, the float is disposed coaxially with the nonmagnetic tube, and the inner diameter of the float is greater than the outer diameter of the nonmagnetic tube. 
         [0021]    Preferably, the tunneling magnetoresistance switches are disposed at equal intervals on the printed circuit board. 
         [0022]    Preferably, the encoders are priority encoders. 
         [0023]    Preferably, the encoding unit has 2N input terminals and N output terminals, where N is an integer. 
         [0024]    Preferably, the position of the float is represented by digits 0, 1, . . . , 2N−1, where N is an integer, such that the numbers have a linear relationship with the height of the fluid surface. 
         [0025]    Preferably, the encoder is composed of a custom ASIC, or programmable device such as a FPGA or CPLD, in order to minimize the number of parts of the printed circuit board. 
         [0026]    Preferably, for the 2N tunneling magnetoresistance switches, the data bus contains at least N bits, where N is an integer. 
         [0027]    Preferably, the tunneling magnetoresistance switches are connected to the corresponding input terminals of the encoder. 
         [0028]    Preferably, the output of the encoder connects to the corresponding lines in the data bus. 
         [0029]    Preferably, the printed circuit board is a flexible printed circuit board. 
         [0030]    Preferably, the encoders and the tunneling magnetoresistance switches are placed on multiple small rigid printed circuit board mutually interconnected using a flexible printed circuit board. Throughout this patent small rigid printed circuit boards are mentioned, the size may be as large or small as necessary, in order to accommodate the tunneling magnetoresistance switches, encoders, data bus, power supply terminal, and the ground terminal. 
         [0031]    A digital level sensor, comprising: 
         [0032]    A nonmagnetic tube, and 
         [0033]    A float that moves along the outside of the nonmagnetic tube in the axial direction, 
         [0034]    A permanent magnet fixed to the float body, 
         [0035]    Said nonmagnetic tube further including: 
         [0036]    At least one magnetoresistive switch wherein the switch enters the closed or the open state under the action of the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet, 
         [0037]    An encoding unit, wherein the encoding unit is comprised of at least one encoder, and the encoding unit receives digital input signals from the magnetoresistive switches, and it outputs a digital code representing the float position, 
         [0038]    Preferably, the level sensor comprises 2N tunneling magnetoresistance switches, said tunneling magnetoresistance switches disposed in known positions along the axis of the nonmagnetic tube. 
         [0039]    Compared with the prior art, the present invention utilizes tunneling magnetoresistance switches to detect the position of the float and uses priority encoders to receive the signal from the tunneling magnetoresistance switches in order to compute a code representing the position of the float. The present invention has the following beneficial effects: small size, low cost, low power consumption, high reliability, high sensitivity, high resolution, long life, electromagnetic noise immunity, and a digital output signal. 
         [0040]    The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present invention, in order to more clearly understand how the present invention can be implemented in accordance with the content of the description, several preferred embodiments of the present invention along with figures illustrating those embodiments are described in detail below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0041]    Here we describe the appended drawings which further describe the present invention, and although they form part of the patent application, and they are used to describe the present invention, they are not intended to limit the present invention. The figures are as follows: 
           [0042]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a liquid-level sensor structure according to the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the liquid-level sensor the present invention as described in example 1. 
           [0044]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing the interconnection between the tunneling magnetoresistance switches, the encoder unit, and the data bus of example 2 of the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram showing the interconnection between the tunneling magnetoresistance switches, the encoder unit, and the data bus of example 3 of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 5  illustrates the unipolar switching operation of a tunneling magnetoresistance switch. 
           [0047]      FIG. 6  illustrates the bipolar switching operation of a tunneling magnetoresistance switch. 
           [0048]      FIG. 7  illustrates the omnipolar switching operation of a tunneling magnetoresistance switch. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0049]    The text below in accordance with the appended drawings describes several preferred implementations of the present invention. 
       Example 1 
       [0050]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show the structure of the liquid-level sensor  100 , 200  according to the first example embodiment of the present invention, the figure schematically shows tunneling magnetoresistance switches  3  and the encoder unit  4  used to generate the digital signal output of the liquid-level sensor. The nonmagnetic tube  1  of the liquid-level sensor is located in and fixed with respect to the bottom of a container, it includes a float  2  that floats on the surface of the liquid  11 , adjacent to and moving up and down along the outside of the nonmagnetic tube  1 . Preferably the nonmagnetic tube  1  is round, and the float  2  shares the same central axis as the nonmagnetic tube  1 . A printed circuit board  5  is located inside the nonmagnetic tube  1 , and the printed circuit board is preferably a flexible printed circuit board. Tunneling magnetoresistance switches  3 , an encoder  4 , a data bus  9 , a power line  8 , and a ground line  7  are mounted on the printed circuit board  5 . The tunneling magnetoresistance switches, encoder, and power wiring may also be installed on a series of small rigid printed circuit boards, which may be interconnected using a flexible printed circuit board or wiring. The tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3  comprises a plurality of tunneling magnetoresistance switches, each switch having a specific position in the nonmagnetic tube. A permanent magnet  6  is fixed inside the float  2 , and the permanent magnet  6  can produce a magnetic field of sufficient magnitude and direction on a single tunneling magnetoresistance switch  3  that is at the same level in order to initiate the desired switching effect, the magnetization direction  12  inside the permanent magnet  6  is parallel to the axis  13  of the nonmagnetic tube as shown in  FIG. 1 , or perpendicular to the axis as shown in  FIG. 2 . Each tunneling magnetoresistance switch  2  output is connected to the corresponding input of the encoder unit  4 , and the encoder unit  4  outputs are connected to the data bus  9 , the last output of the encoder  14 , can be connected to the data bus or used to cascade multiple encoders. When the level sensor is placed in liquid  11 , the float  2  floats at the surface of the liquid  11 , such that it moves up and down along the length of the nonmagnetic tube  1  as the liquid level changes, and then the permanent magnets  6  located within the float  2  produce a magnetic field at that position within the nonmagnetic tube  1 . The tunneling magnetoresistance sensor  3  at the position of the permanent magnet&#39;s  6  magnetic field then either closed or opened, resulting in a change to a low or a high digital state, and this output is received by the encoder unit  4 . The encoder unit has 2N inputs and N outputs, where N is an integer. Each input of the encoder unit  4  is connected to an output of a tunneling magnetoresistance switch  3  and the outputs are connected to the data bus, as a result the device outputs a digital signal representing the level of the fluid. For the 2N tunneling magnetoresistance switches, the data bus width of at least N bits. 
         [0051]    Depending on the environment and conditions of use of the level sensor, preferably a nonmagnetic tube has the following characteristics, e.g., 12˜40 mm outer diameter, axial length of 10˜12000 mm, and may be straight, may also be elbow, it is made of corrosion-resistant material, which may be a metal alloy or durable plastic. 
         [0052]    Preferably, the float  2  and a nonmagnetic tube are coaxially disposed, and the inner diameter of the float  2  is greater than the outer diameter of the nonmagnetic tube  1 . The width of the float  2  is preferably 10˜200 mm, and the height is preferably from 10˜200 mm. A permanent magnet  6  is fixed to the float  2 , such that the permanent magnet moves up and down along the axial direction of the nonmagnetic tube. The permanent magnet  6  may be fixed inside the float  2  or outside the float  2 . 
         [0053]    There are several tunneling magnetoresistance switches denoted S 0 , S 1 , . . . , S 7 , with the following characteristics: small size, nominally the packaged part will be approximately 2 mm×3 mm×1 mm; low power consumption, less than 10 microamps, and with a switching point of about ten gauss. Thus the level sensor of the present invention may have a small size, a wide range; long life; high sensitivity. Moreover, the positions of the tunneling magnetoresistance switches may be set to any desired position and spacing within the nonmagnetic tube  1 , permitting the level sensor to have high resolution. 
         [0054]    The number of tunneling magnetoresistance switches in the level sensor may e defined as: 
         [0000]        Ns= 2 N   −m   (1)
 
         [0055]    Where m represents the number of unused encoder inputs, m may have a value of 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2 N − 2   N-1 , where N is an integer, specific values can be set based on user requirements. Each tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 , S 1 , . . . , S 7  in the axial direction of the nonmagnetic tube  1  is placed at a known axial position along the nonmagnetic tube  1 . Preferably, each of the tunneling magnetoresistance switches is spaced in equal increments along the axis of the nonmagnetic tube  1  of length L, where this increment is determined by the distance from the top and bottom ends of the nonmagnetic tube  1  where these positions are denoted as D 1  and D 2  that the end switches are located, and a length L′ of the Ns tunneling magnetoresistance switches. For example, considering a sensor of length 1000 mm, with 100 sensors spread evenly over the distance that is defined by the range between 50 mm from the top and bottom of the sensor, the tunneling magnetoresistance switches will have a spacing DS defined as follows: 
         [0000]        DS =( L−D 1− D 2− Ns*L ′)/ Ns =(1000−50−50−100*2)/100=7 mm  (2)
 
         [0056]    It can be seen that the level sensor with a resolution of 7 mm. 
         [0057]    Those skilled in the art can appreciate that as long as the tunneling magnetoresistance switches are spaced at known axial positions within the nonmagnetic tube  1 , then the position of the float  2  which carries permanent magnet  6  along the outside of the nonmagnetic tube  1  causing a change in the on/off states of the tunneling magnetoresistance switches  3  may be readily determined, thereby yielding a digital level sensor for measuring the level of the fluid in which it is immersed. 
       Example 2 
       [0058]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing the interconnection of the tunneling magnetoresistance switches and the priority encoder used in Example 1. According to the present invention, an encoder-off signal from the tunneling magnetoresistance switches produces a unique code each position of permanent magnets attached to the float. In this embodiment, the encoder  15  is an 8 to 3 priority encoder. Priority encoders allow multiple simultaneous input signals, and the output is set based on priority of the input signals, the lowest priority signals do not affect the output, such that only the highest priority input signal controls the output state. With this type of encoder, even if there are several tunneling magnetoresistance switches that are activated by the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet, the priority encoder ignores all but the highest priority input signal when determining the output, so that it can accurately and unambiguously output the code for the fluid level, and it thus avoids coding errors due to multiple triggered switches. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , when the number of tunnel magneto-resistive switching unit  3  switches, Ns, is eight or less, then only one 8 to 3 priority encoder  15  is needed.  FIG. 3  shows the connection diagram for a switching unit comprising eight tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 -S 7  and a single 8 to 3 priority encoder  15 . In this figure, eight tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 -S 7  are electrically interconnected with an 8 to 3 priority encoder  15 , such that when one or more of the tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 -S 7  is activated by the moving magnetic field, the 8 to 3 priority encoder  15  outputs a code representing the fluid level to data bus  9 . For the 8 (=2 3) tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 -S 7 , the width of the data bus  9  is at least three, which is sufficient to represent 8 different codes. An example of these digital codes is shown in Table 1. Table 1, shows a linear mapping between the float position and thus the liquid surface height with the digitally coded numbers 0, 1, . . . , 2N−1, where N is an integer. 
         [0059]    Table 1 shows the relationship between the float position, the digital code, and the output fluid level. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluid Level 
                 Float 
                 Digital Signal Output 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 in the Tank (%) 
                 Position 
                 NR 
                 D2 
                 D1 
                 D0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 
                 empty 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 12.5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 37.5 
                 2 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 62.5 
                 4 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 5 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 87.5 
                 6 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0060]    The first column of Table 1 shows the fill level of the tank as a percentage, the second column indicates the positions of the float, which are numbered from 0 to 7, where 0 represents the lowest level position, and 7 being the highest level position. Thus, a larger number indicates a higher float position. The third column enumerates the eight possible combinations of the binary code on signal lines D 2 /D 1 /D 0  and the NR output value. The three columns representing the digital can be mapped into the second column which represents the float position, and further mapped into the first column which represents the fluid level. For example, when the 8 to 3 priority encoder  15  output is 110, this means that the fluid level is 87.5%. 
       Example 3 
       [0061]    When the liquid level in a vessel is very deep, and high resolution is required, then the number of tunneling magnetoresistance switches must be increased. For example, when it is necessary to use more than 8, but not more than 64 tunneling magnetoresistance switches, a single 8 to 3 priority encoder  15  cannot meet the requirements. It may be possible to use a 16 to 4 priority encoder, a 32 to 5 priority encoder, or a 64 to 6 priority encoder. In the present invention, this can be achieved by cascading ga plurality of 8 to 3 priority encoders  16 - 24  are used to achieve the same function. In this  FIG. 64  tunneling magnetoresistance switches are used in the tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3 . The tunneling magnetoresistance switches, S 0 -S 63 , are respectively connected to respective inputs  8  of the 8 to 3 priority encoders,  16 ,  17 , . . . ,  22 ,  23 , the first eight 8 to 3 priority encoders,  16 - 23 , three output terminals respectively are connected to the corresponding lines of the data bus interface  25 , which represent outputs D 0  to D 2 . The eight output NR lines of the first eight 8 to 3 priority encoders are connected to the corresponding inputs of priority 8 to 3 priority encoder  24 , and 8 to 3 priority encoder&#39;s three outputs are connected to the corresponding lines in data bus  25  represented by D 3  to D 5 . For the 64 (=2 6) a tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 -S 63 , the data bus  25  must have a width of at least six lines. Sixty-four permutations of the 6 data lines representing the binary codes and corresponding float position output are shown in Table 2. In Table 2, the first column is the fluid fill level expressed as a percentage, the second column is the position of the float numbered from 0 to 63, where 0 represents the lowest level position and 63 denotes the highest position. Here, a larger number represents a higher position of the float in the container. The third column is the digital signal output, where NR represents the numerical output terminal meaning the tank is completely full, and D 0 ˜D 5  represent a binary signal output. The six binary signals output can thus represent the location of the float, and they can thus determine the liquid level in the vessel. 
         [0062]    Table 2 explicitly defines the relationship between the float position, the digital signals, and the fluid level. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Fluid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Level 
                 Float 
                 MS 
                 LS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (%) 
                 Position 
                 NR 
                 D5 
                 D4 
                 D3 
                 D2 
                 D1 
                 D0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 empty 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1.56 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 3.12 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 4.68 
                 2 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 7.81 
                 4 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 9.38 
                 5 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 10.94 
                 6 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 12.5 
                 7 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 14.06 
                 8 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 15.63 
                 9 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 17.19 
                 10 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 18.75 
                 11 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 20.31 
                 12 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 21.88 
                 13 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 23.44 
                 14 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 25 
                 15 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 26.56 
                 16 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 28.13 
                 17 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 29.69 
                 18 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 31.25 
                 19 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 32.81 
                 20 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 34.38 
                 21 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 35.94 
                 22 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 37.5 
                 23 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 39.06 
                 24 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 40.63 
                 25 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 42.19 
                 26 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 43.75 
                 27 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 45.31 
                 28 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 46.87 
                 29 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 48.44 
                 30 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 50 
                 31 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 51.56 
                 32 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 53.13 
                 33 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 54.68 
                 34 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 56.25 
                 35 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 57.81 
                 36 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 59.38 
                 37 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 60.94 
                 38 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 62.5 
                 39 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 64.06 
                 40 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 65.63 
                 41 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 67.19 
                 42 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 68.75 
                 43 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 70.31 
                 44 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 71.88 
                 45 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 73.44 
                 46 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 75 
                 47 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 76.56 
                 48 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 78.13 
                 49 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 79.69 
                 50 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 81.25 
                 51 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 82.81 
                 52 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 84.38 
                 53 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 85.94 
                 54 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 87.5 
                 55 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 89.06 
                 56 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 90.63 
                 57 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 92.19 
                 58 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 93.75 
                 59 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 95.31 
                 60 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 96.88 
                 61 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 98.44 
                 62 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 100 
                 63 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0063]    Those skilled in the art can appreciate that the tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3  can be extended to the case of more than 64 tunneling magnetoresistance switches, by selecting and cascading more encoders and adding more output signals to the data bus. Of course, the encoder unit  4  may be a dedicated ASIC, or a programmable logic device such as an FPGA or CPLD in order to achieve cost savings while expanding the width of the encoder. 
         [0064]    In examples 2 and 3, the binary signal output from the device can easily be used to determine the location of the float, and thus the liquid level. 
       Example 4 
       [0065]    Tunneling magnetoresistance switches S 0 , S 1 , . . . , each contain a half-bridge high-precision push-pull TMR magnetic sensor chip, and CMOS integrated circuits which include a TMR voltage generator, a comparator, Schmitt trigger, and CMOS output circuit, that changes its digital output voltage based on the changing magnetic field. This device includes temperature compensation using an internal voltage regulator, and it allows a wide operating voltage range. 
         [0066]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3  utilizes unipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switches. The direction of the permanent magnet&#39;s magnetization is parallel to the sensitive direction of the unipolar magnetoresistive switching unit  3 , both of which may be parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the nonmagnetic tube. The output signal of a unipolar magnetoresistive switch is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 5 . In this figure, the magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet is denoted by B −   26  and B +   27 , and within this field range, the unipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switch is capable of opening or closing. For example, when a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field exceeds the operating threshold point B OP, the unipolar switch turns off, and the output goes low. When a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field passes the release point B below the threshold B RP, the unipolar switch turns on, and the output goes high. The operating and release point thresholds B OP and B RP have the same magnetic field polarity, but the release point BOP may be 0 G. The difference between the operate and release points is denoted as the hysteresis of the switch B h. 
       Example 5 
       [0067]    In this embodiment, the tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3  utilizes bipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switches. The magnetization of the permanent magnet on the outside of the nonmagnetic tube has a magnetization that is aligned parallel the sensitive direction of the bipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switches and perpendicular to the axial direction of the nonmagnetic tube. A bipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switch output signal is shown schematically in  FIG. 6 . In this figure, the magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet is denoted by B −    28  and B +   29 , and within this field range, the unipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switch is capable of opening or closing. When a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field exceeds the operating threshold point B OP, the bipolar switch turns off, and the output goes low. When a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field passes the release point B below the threshold B RP, the bipolar switch turns on, and the output goes high. 
         [0068]    The operating and release point thresholds B OP and B RP have opposite magnetic field polarity, and neither may be 0 G. The difference between the operate and release points is denoted as the hysteresis of the switch B H. 
       Example 6 
       [0069]    In this embodiment, the tunneling magnetoresistance switching unit  3  utilizes omnipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switches. The magnetization of the permanent magnet on the outside of the nonmagnetic tube has a magnetization that is aligned parallel the sensitive direction of the bipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switches and parallel or perpendicular to the axial direction of the nonmagnetic tube. An omnipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switch output signal is shown schematically in  FIG. 7 . In this figure, the magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet is denoted by B −    30  and B +   31 , and within this field range, the omnipolar tunneling magnetoresistance switch is capable of opening or closing. When a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field exceeds the operating threshold point B OPS or B OPN the omnipolar switch turns off, and the output goes low. When a magnetic field B is applied parallel to a TMR magnetic sensor&#39;s sensitive direction and magnetic field passes the release point B below the threshold B RPS or B RPN the omnipolar switch turns on, and the output goes high. The difference between the operating and release point thresholds B OPS and B RPS is denoted as the hysteresis of the switch B HS, and the difference between the operating and release point thresholds B OPN and B RPN is denoted as the hysteresis of the switch B HN, and neither release point B RPS or B RPN may be 0 G. 
         [0070]    The above described preferred embodiments of the present invention do not limit the possible variations of the invention, and those skilled in the art can make various modifications and changes that do not exceed the scope of the invention. Any modification made within the spirit and principle of the present invention by replacement with equivalent or improved features falls within the scope of the present invention.