Abstract:
An apparatus comprises a first current-in-plane sensor, a first magnetic field source for biasing the first current-in-plane sensor in a first direction, a second current-in-plane sensor positioned parallel to the first current-in-plane sensor, a second magnetic field source for biasing the second current-in-plane sensor in a second direction, and first and second electrodes for supplying sense current to the first and second current-in-plane sensors.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to magnetic sensors, and more particularly to current-in-plane (CIP) sensors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Devices utilizing the giant magneto-resistance (GMR) effect have utility as magnetic sensors, especially as read sensors in read heads used in magnetic disc storage systems. The GMR effect is observed in thin, electrically conductive multi-layer systems having multiple magnetic layers. One sensor type that utilizes the GMR effect is the GMR multi-layer. The GMR multi-layer typically comprises a series of bi-layer structures, each of which comprises a thin sheet of a ferromagnetic material and a thin sheet of a non-magnetic material. The bi-layers are stacked to form a multi-layer device. The multi-layer device is typically mounted in the read head so that the planes of the films are perpendicular to the surface of the disc. The magnetization of each ferromagnetic layer in the multi-layer device is approximately orthogonal to the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers and, when used in a magnetic disc storage system, would be oriented in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the disc. 
     In operation, a sense current flows through the read head and therefore through the sensor. Magnetic flux from the disc causes a rotation of the magnetization vector in at least one of the layers, which in turn causes a change in the overall resistance of the sensor. As the resistance of the sensor changes, the voltage across the sensor changes, thereby producing an output voltage. 
     The sense current can flow through the sensor in a direction that is parallel to the planes of the layers or stacked strips. This is known as a current-in-plane (CIP) configuration. The output voltage produced by the sensor is affected by various characteristics of the sensor. 
     One approach to reaching higher data storage areal densities is to use perpendicular magnetic storage media. As written bits in the media become smaller, readback sensors that are more sensitive are needed. A standard readback sensor gives a square wave output when reading from perpendicular media. This output contains a DC component that complicates the channel. One proposed solution is to differentiate the readback signal, but this leads to added noise. A second approach is to use a readback sensor that differentiates the flux from the media. This type of sensor would give a positive or negative voltage spike at a magnetic transition in the media. The orientation of the voltage spike would depend on the orientation of the transition (up-to-down magnetization or down-to-up magnetization). 
     There is a need for sensors that provide a high output in combination with flux differentiation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides an apparatus comprising a first current-in-plane sensor, a first magnetic field source for biasing the first current-in-plane sensor in a first direction, a second current-in-plane sensor oriented in parallel with the first current-in-plane sensor, a second magnetic field source for biasing the second current-in-plane sensor in a second direction, and first and second electrodes for supplying sense current to the first and second current-in-plane sensors. 
     Each of the first and second current-in-plane sensors can comprise first and second layers of ferromagnetic material, and a layer of non-magnetic material positioned between the first and second layers of ferromagnetic material, wherein the thickness of the non-magnetic layer is selected to provide antiferromagnetic coupling between the first and second ferromagnetic layers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an isometric view of a sensor constructed in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an end view of a sensor stack constructed in accordance with the invention. 
         FIGS. 3 and 4  are isometric views of tri-layer structures. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a sensor structure used to model operation of the invention. 
         FIGS. 6 through 10  are graphs of data calculated based on the model of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic view of another sensor structure used to model operation of the invention. 
         FIGS. 12 through 16  are graphs of data calculated based on the model of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic view of another sensor constructed in accordance with the invention. 
         FIGS. 18 through 20  are graphs of data calculated based on the model of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 21  is a pictorial representation of a disc drive that can include sensors constructed in accordance with the invention. 
         FIGS. 22-27  illustrate alternative biasing configurations. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides a differential sensor formed from current-in-plane tri-layer (CIP3L) sensors. This combines the high output of the CIP3L sensor and the flux differentiation of a differential sensor. The current-in-plane sensor can include nano-oxide layers (NOLs) and a thin non-magnetic spacer layer. 
       FIG. 1  is an isometric view of a dual CIP sensor  10  constructed in accordance with this invention. The sensor includes two current-in-plane sensing elements  12  and  14 , which can be tri-layer (CIP3L) CIP sensing elements that are magnetically biased in opposite directions and are separated by a spacer layer  16 . The spacer layer can be an electrically insulating material, a material having a high electrical resistivity, or a semiconductor material. The combination of sensing elements  12  and  14  and insulating layer  16  is referred to as a sensing element stack  18 . A first electrical contact, or lead,  20  is electrically connected to a first end  22  of each of the sensing elements. A second electrical contact, or lead,  24  is electrically connected to a second end  26  of each of the sensing elements. The sensor is positioned adjacent to a magnetic storage medium  28  having a plurality of areas of magnetization, also called domains,  30  and  32  representative of bits of information. The magnetization of these areas is oriented in one of two directions that are perpendicular to the plane of the storage medium. The sensor is separated from the storage medium by an air bearing  34 . The bottom surface  36  of the sensor is referred to as the air bearing surface. Bias magnets  38  and  40 , which can be permanent magnets, are positioned adjacent to the sensing elements near a side opposite the air bearing surface, to bias the direction of magnetization of the magnetic layers of the sensing elements. Magnet  38  has a direction of magnetization indicated by arrow  42 , and magnet  40  has a direction of magnetization indicated by arrow  44 . Thus the bias magnets have opposite (antiparallel) directions of magnetization. Magnet  38  is used to bias sensing element  12  and magnet  40  is used to bias sensing element  14 . 
     The sensor of  FIG. 1  is a differential reader. In operation, a sense current I is conducted from contact  20 , through the sensing elements  12  and  14 , which are electrically connected in parallel, and through contact  24 . Magnetic fields produced by magnetic domains in the disc can affect the direction of magnetization of the ferromagnetic layers in the sensor, thereby changing the resistance of the sensor. This change in resistance causes a change in voltage across the sensor when a current I is passed through the sensor. This voltage can be used as an indication of a change in the magnetization of the domains in the disc. A change in the magnetization will create a positive or negative spike in the voltage. The sensor voltage can be measured during time periods referred to as clock windows. If there is no voltage spike in a given clock window, it is assumed that the magnetization in the media did not change. If there is a voltage spike, we know the magnetization changed and in what direction. The layers of the sensor stack are in-planes that lie substantially perpendicular to the air bearing surface and the current passes through the sensor in a direction parallel to the planes of the layers. In the example of  FIG. 1 , the media would be rotating into the paper. The bits illustrated by arrows  30  and  32  of  FIG. 1  represent bits in adjacent tracks in the media. As the media rotates, adjacent bits in a given track create the change in magnetization, and thus a spike in the voltage across the sensor. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the sensing element stack  18  of the sensor of  FIG. 1 . Sensing element  12  includes a first ferromagnetic layer  50  and a second ferromagnetic layer  52 , positioned on opposite sides of a non-magnetic layer  54  to form a tri-layer stack  56 . The thickness of the non-magnetic layer is selected to produce antiferromagnetic coupling between the first and second ferromagnetic layers. A first nano-oxide layer  58  is positioned adjacent to layer  50  and a second nano-oxide layer  60  is positioned adjacent to layer  52 . A seed layer  62  is positioned adjacent to the first nano-oxide layer  58 . 
     Sensing element  14  includes a first ferromagnetic layer  64  and a second ferromagnetic layer  66 , positioned on opposite sides of a non-magnetic layer  68  to form a tri-layer stack  70 . The thickness of the non-magnetic layer is selected to produce antiferromagnetic coupling between the first and second ferromagnetic layers. A first nano-oxide layer  72  is positioned adjacent to layer  66  and a second nano-oxide layer  74  is positioned adjacent to layer  64 . A seed layer  76  is positioned adjacent to the first nano-oxide layer  72 . A cap layer  78  is positioned adjacent to the second nano-oxide layer  74 . When fabricating the stack, the seed layer  62  can be formed on a wafer or substrate  80 . 
     In the sensor of  FIG. 1 , magnet  38  is positioned adjacent to one side of sensing element  12  (opposite the air bearing side of the sensing element) to bias the magnetization of the first and second layers  50 ,  52  of ferromagnetic material in directions approximately 90° with respect to each other.  FIG. 3  shows the tri-layer stack portion of sensing element  12 . Arrow  82  illustrates the direction of magnetization in layer  50  and arrow  84  illustrates the direction of magnetization in layer  52 . The directions of magnetization of the first and second layers of ferromagnetic material are approximately 90° with respect to each other. 
     In the sensor of  FIG. 1 , magnet  40  is positioned adjacent to one side of sensing element  14  (opposite the air bearing side of the sensing element) to bias the magnetization of the first and second layers  64 ,  66  of ferromagnetic material in directions approximately 90° with respect to each other.  FIG. 4  shows the tri-layer stack portion of sensing element  14 . Arrow  86  illustrates the direction of magnetization in layer  64  and arrow  88  illustrates the direction of magnetization in layer  66 . The directions of magnetization of the first and second layers of ferromagnetic material are approximately 90° with respect to each other. 
     For good biasing, the directions of magnetization in the two layers should be approximately 90 degrees apart, but the angle between the directions of magnetization does not have to be exact (and there is no way to control the angle exactly). The current flowing through the non-magnetic layer separating the two ferromagnetic layers creates a magnetic field that acts on the two ferromagnetic layers differently. This causes one of the layers to point more vertically (perpendicular to the ABS) and the other layer to point more horizontally (parallel to the ABS). The layers are still ˜90 degrees apart. The field from the current is circular around the non-magnetic layer, so it is pointing up on one ferromagnetic layer and down on the other. Thus, one layer sees a downward field from the biasing PM added to the downward field from the current, and the other layer sees the downward field from the biasing PM and the upward field from the current subtracted from this downward field. 
     In one example, the layer of non-magnetic material in the tri-layer structure has a thickness in the range of 5 to 13 Å. The non-magnetic layer can comprise a material selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Cr or their alloys. The first and second ferromagnetic layers can comprise a material selected from the group of CoFe, NiFe, Fe, Co and Ni, and alloys thereof. The first and second layers of ferromagnetic material can each have a thickness in the range of 10 to 20 Å. Antiferromagnetic coupling between the first and second ferromagnetic layers can comprise RKKY coupling, magnetostatic coupling, or a combination of RKKY coupling and magnetostatic coupling. The spacer layer  16  can comprise, for example, aluminum oxide. 
       FIG. 5  shows a sensor configuration that was used as a model for simulation purposes. In  FIG. 5 , there are 15 layers in the sensor stack. The materials and corresponding thicknesses of the layers in each of the tri-layer sensors  90  and  92  are NiFeCr 2, CoFeO 1, CoFe 1.5, Cu 1, CoFe 1.5, FeCoO 0.5, and AlO 3 (wherein all dimensions are in nm). The thickness of the center insulator  94  (AlO) is 15 nm. Thus the total thickness of the differential reader is 36 nm. Permanent magnets  96  and  98 , having antiparallel magnetizations, are positioned above the sensor stack. Media  100  includes magnetic domains  102  and  104  and a transition region  106  between the domains. Arrow  110  shows the direction of the media. The “z” parameter represents distance in nanometers. This embodiment has been modeled to calculate expected performance parameters. The initial values of the model parameters are listed in Table 1. The transition width is the media transition parameter in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Model Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Initial 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Value 
                 Parameter 
                 Initial Value 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Stripe Width 
                 40 
                 nm 
                 Stripe Height 
                 40 
                 nm 
               
               
                 Sensor shield spacing 
                 20 
                 nm 
                 PM shield spacing 
                 10 
                 nm 
               
               
                 Head-to-Media 
                 10 
                 nm 
                 Media  
                 800 
                 emu/cc 
               
               
                 Separation 
                   
                   
                 Magnetization 
               
               
                 Media Track Width 
                 70 
                 nm 
                 Media Thickness 
                 10 
                 nm 
               
               
                 Head-to-SUL spacing 
                 32 
                 nm 
                 SUL Permeability 
                 400 
               
               
                 Media transition 
                 5 
                 nm 
                 PM sensor  
                 5 
                 nm 
               
               
                 parameter 
                   
                   
                 separation 
               
               
                 PM width 
                 440 
                 nm 
                 PM height 
                 500 
                 nm 
               
               
                 PM thickness 
                 37 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIGS. 6 and 7  show a calculated transfer curve and the corresponding on-track response for the initial reader design shown in  FIG. 5 . Note that the transfer curve is calculated with the reader center sitting on top of the transition. The exchange coupling parameter is J ex =−0.12 erg/cm 2 . The permanent magnet remnant magnetization is MrPM=1000 emu/cm 3 . The transfer curve shows good linearity over a large range of media MrT. Also, the curve is almost perfectly symmetric. In the down track response plot, the perpendicular field from media (broken curve) is overlapped with the readback voltage. The graph shows the readback voltage for both polarities of the media field. That is, it shows the readback for an up-to-down bit transition and the readback for a down-to-up bit transition. The data shows good agreement between the peaks of the reader response and the transition of the media field. Note that the field transition at the ends is caused by media cut-off in the model, which is 100 nm from the transition.  FIG. 8  shows the corresponding results when media cut-off position (media patch length) is increased to 250 nm. 
     The pulse width at 50% (PW50) is defined as the maximum half width of the two peaks (corresponding to the reader response of a forward scan of the transition and a backward scan with media magnetization reversed) using the 0-field response as a reference point. There are several things to consider when defining PW50, including which peak(s) to use, and whether to use a 0-field or a uniform field as the reference point for peak amplitude. The worst-case scenario has been assumed by choosing the maximum half width of the two peaks. The 0-field was chosen rather than a uniform field as the reference since in some cases the reader response to a uniform field is not well defined, as shown below. 
     The down track curve in  FIG. 8  has a PW50 of 37.5 nm. The down track response curve of the same reader to three transitions (with a bit length of 17.5 nm) is shown in  FIG. 9 , which shows a significant roll-off effect. It is desirable to optimize the differential reader so that smallest PW50 and least roll-off effects are obtained, for example by changing the thickness of the spacer layer between the two current-in-plane sensors. 
     First, a quick check was done to make sure that the roll-off is not caused by a relatively large media transition parameter (a-parameter) used. The shape of the magnetization transition in the model is an arctangent. In particular, the transition parameter is defined by the following formula: 
               M   ⁡     (   z   )       =         2   ⁢     M   r       π     ⁢     tan     -   1       ⁢       z   -     z   0       a             
where a is the transition parameter, M r  is the media magnetization, and z 0  is the transition center. The results are shown in  FIG. 10 . Decreasing the a-parameter from 5 nm to 4 nm does not have much effect on the roll-off effect. The results presented below are with a=4 nm.
 
     The effect of varying the thickness of the insulator between the two CIP3L sensors has also been modeled.  FIG. 11  is a schematic representation of the geometry used for this modeling.  FIG. 11  shows that the position of permanent magnet (PM) bottoms (left side of PM  118  in  FIG. 11 ) and the position of the sensor bottoms are fixed. Thus when the insulator thicknesses decrease, the PM thickness also decreases to keep the PMs and the sensor properly aligned. 
     As the thickness of insulator is changed, and thus the thickness of the PMs, J ex  and/or MrPM is adjusted so that the sensor is always properly biased (asymmetry is used as the metric to determine proper biasing). It turns out, when using the design of  FIG. 5 , that for small insulator thicknesses, the PM thickness becomes so small that it is very difficult to get appropriate biasing for reasonable values of J ex  and MrPM. Thus the design was modified such that the offset between the PM bottom and sensor bottom is increased from 19 nm to 29 nm, as shown in  FIG. 11 . This results in 10 nm thicker PMs for the same insulator thickness. Note that in  FIG. 11  the three inner most layers of insulator (of  FIG. 5 ) have been combined. 
     Table 2 shows a sample transfer curve parametric study for various insulator thicknesses (thIns) for the reader design of  FIG. 11 . In Table 2, as in other transfer curve studies, Vpp is the peak-to-peak voltage, MrT1 and MrT2 are the ends of the linear region where the deviation of the transfer curve from linear is less than 10% of Vpp. V1 and V2 are the corresponding voltage at MrT1 and MrT2. Sensitivity is the slope of the line that fits the middle part of the curve. Asymmetry is defined as (V1−V(0))/(V(0)−V2), where V(0) is the voltage at MrT=0, (V(0) is 0 by definition of signal voltage. Hysteresis is the area of the hysteresis loop. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of J ex , MrPM and thIns (See FIG. 4) on Transfer curve. The PM 
               
               
                 thickness thPM) varies with thIns. For thIns = 21 nm, thPM = 47 nm. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Jex 
                 MrPM 
                 thIns 
                 Vpp 
                 MrT1 
                 MrT2 
                 V1 
                 V2 
                 Sensitivity 
                 Asymmetry 
                 Hysteresis 
               
               
                 erg/cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 emu/cm{circumflex over ( )}3 
                 nm 
                 mV 
                 memu/cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 memu/cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 mV 
                 mV 
                 mVcm{circumflex over ( )}2/memu 
                 1 
                 mVmemu/cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 2 
                 0.236 
                 0.57 
                 1.41 
                 −0.035 
                 −0.196 
                 −0.193 
                 −0.180 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 750 
                 2 
                 0.166 
                 0.30 
                 1.50 
                 0.046 
                 −0.100 
                 −0.122 
                 −0.099 
                 −0.122 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 2 
                 0.223 
                 0.30 
                 1.50 
                 0.246 
                 0.050 
                 −0.163 
                 −0.098 
                 −0.126 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 500 
                 2 
                 0.294 
                 0.24 
                 1.47 
                 −0.033 
                 −0.265 
                 −0.190 
                 −0.126 
                 −0.030 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 750 
                 2 
                 2.056 
                 0.60 
                 0.99 
                 −0.829 
                 −1.401 
                 −2.225 
                 −0.592 
                 0.034 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 2 
                 2.778 
                 −0.84 
                 1.50 
                 0.770 
                 −1.905 
                 −1.327 
                 0.407 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 2 
                 3.501 
                 0.69 
                 0.99 
                 −1.632 
                 −2.429 
                 −4.817 
                 −0.672 
                 0.717 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 750 
                 2 
                 4.930 
                 0.06 
                 1.20 
                 −1.209 
                 −4.008 
                 −2.813 
                 −0.302 
                 0.164 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 2 
                 6.227 
                 −1.50 
                 1.50 
                 2.995 
                 −3.232 
                 −2.332 
                 0.928 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 8 
                 2.091 
                 0.78 
                 0.72 
                 −0.963 
                 −0.400 
                 −2.515 
                 −2.407 
                 0.015 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 750 
                 8 
                 3.136 
                 −0.75 
                 1.50 
                 0.685 
                 −2.338 
                 −1.492 
                 0.293 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 4.001 
                 −1.32 
                 1.50 
                 1.537 
                 −2.378 
                 −1.465 
                 0.647 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 500 
                 8 
                 3.699 
                 0.45 
                 1.41 
                 −1.253 
                 −3.352 
                 −2.649 
                 −0.373 
                 0.026 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 750 
                 8 
                 5.327 
                 −1.14 
                 1.50 
                 1.929 
                 −3.322 
                 −2.144 
                 0.582 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 6.283 
                 −1.50 
                 1.50 
                 2.784 
                 −3.498 
                 −2.193 
                 0.796 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 8 
                 6.878 
                 0.03 
                 1.50 
                 −1.577 
                 −6.442 
                 −3.263 
                 −0.245 
                 0.147 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 750 
                 8 
                 8.868 
                 −1.50 
                 1.50 
                 4.269 
                 −4.600 
                 −3.279 
                 0.930 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 7.658 
                 −1.50 
                 1.38 
                 4.418 
                 −3.053 
                 −2.764 
                 1.447 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 14 
                 3.796 
                 0.27 
                 1.5 
                 −0.475 
                 −3.473 
                 −2.192 
                 −0.137 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 750 
                 14 
                 5.483 
                 −1.11 
                 1.5 
                 1.836 
                 −3.481 
                 −2.137 
                 0.528 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 14 
                 6.428 
                 −1.41 
                 1.5 
                 2.597 
                 −3.736 
                 −2.292 
                 0.695 
                 0 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 500 
                 14 
                 6.133 
                 −0.03 
                 1.5 
                 0.317 
                 −4.816 
                 −2.899 
                 0.07 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 750 
                 14 
                 8.162 
                 −1.32 
                 1.5 
                 3.237 
                 −4.784 
                 −3.036 
                 0.677 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 14 
                 7.478 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 3.84 
                 −3.638 
                 −2.718 
                 1.053 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 14 
                 9.718 
                 −0.36 
                 1.5 
                 2.184 
                 −6.06 
                 −4.245 
                 0.361 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 750 
                 14 
                 9.534 
                 −1.5 
                 1.11 
                 5.521 
                 −3.303 
                 −3.819 
                 1.671 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 14 
                 6.883 
                 −1.5 
                 1.2 
                 4.152 
                 −2.312 
                 −2.498 
                 1.793 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 21 
                 5.773 
                 −0.69 
                 1.50 
                 1.252 
                 −4.428 
                 −2.716 
                 0.283 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 750 
                 21 
                 7.841 
                 −1.20 
                 1.50 
                 2.748 
                 −4.813 
                 −2.943 
                 0.571 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 21 
                 7.443 
                 −1.50 
                 1.50 
                 3.609 
                 −3.834 
                 −2.727 
                 0.940 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 500 
                 21 
                 8.629 
                 −0.90 
                 1.50 
                 2.652 
                 −5.897 
                 −3.778 
                 0.450 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 750 
                 21 
                 9.378 
                 −1.50 
                 1.50 
                 4.599 
                 −4.779 
                 −3.684 
                 0.961 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 21 
                 7.122 
                 −1.50 
                 1.41 
                 4.033 
                 −2.959 
                 −2.601 
                 1.361 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 21 
                 11.201 
                 −1.20 
                 1.32 
                 5.111 
                 −5.662 
                 −5.103 
                 0.905 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 750 
                 21 
                 8.827 
                 −1.50 
                 0.72 
                 5.891 
                 −1.905 
                 −3.766 
                 3.095 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 21 
                 5.939 
                 −1.50 
                 0.99 
                 3.851 
                 −1.850 
                 −2.426 
                 2.078 
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 2 provide an indication of which situations provide a symmetric transfer curve (asymmetry˜1). By doing refinement runs on J ex  and/or MrPM exact sets of J ex  and MrPM can be found for each insulator thickness which make the asymmetry˜1. 
       FIGS. 12   a  through  12   f  show the down track responses of the differential reader for an appropriate set of J ex  and MrPMs such that good transfer curves are obtained.  FIGS. 13   a  through  13   f  show the corresponding transfer curves.  FIGS. 12   a  through  12   f  show that higher peaks are obtained for the second transition (in which roll-off is manifested) when the insulator thickness (thIns) is decreased from 21 nm to smaller values. 
     Table 3 shows PW50 of the response of the differential reader, with various thins, to a single transition. An insulator thickness of thIns=12.5 nm gives the smallest PW50 of 30.27 nm. Note that this insulator thickness corresponds to a distance of 17.5 nm between the centers of the CIP3L sensors, exactly the same as the targeted bit length. A bit length of 17.5 nm and a track width of 70 nm translate to an areal density of ˜500 Gbit/in 2 . This gives a PW50/bit length ratio of 1.73, which is very good. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 PW50 and Vpp for various insulator thickness and 
               
               
                 suitable Jex and MrPM so that the sensor is properly biased. 
               
               
                 The results are for 1 bit. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Jex 
                 MrPM 
                 thIns 
                 Vpp 
                 PW50 
               
               
                 erg/cm 2   
                 emu/cm 3   
                 nm 
                 mV 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −0.05 
                 1100 
                 2 
                 3.84 
                 32.42 
               
               
                 −0.05 
                 750 
                 8 
                 5.56 
                 30.84 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 12.5 
                 4.17 
                 30.27 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 1000 
                 14 
                 4.20 
                 32.04 
               
               
                 −0.1 
                 750 
                 21 
                 5.67 
                 35.88 
               
               
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 21 
                 4.20 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Next consider the effect of PM misalignment. That is, what will happen if the boundary of the PMs are not aligned with the center of the differential reader.  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   f  illustrate the effect of PM offset for the case of thlns=14 nm. An offset of 0 means that the PM boundary and reader center coincide. The effect is symmetric; thus only positive offset results are shown.  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   c  show the calculated on-track response for offsets of 0, 2, and 5 nm.  FIGS. 14   d  through  14   f  show the calculated PW50, V 0 diff/Vpp, and Vpp vs. PM offset. 
     For the case of thins=14 nm in Table 3, the z-coordinate of the PM bottom (zPM) changes from −4 to 6 nm, corresponding to a misalignment (PM offset) of −5 nm to 5 nm. The effects are shown in  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   f .  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   c  shows the calculated on-track responses at PM offsets of 0, 2 and 5 nm. Notice that the responses to an upward uniform field and to a downward uniform field are different (the curve is asymmetric about the peak) when the PM offset is nonzero because of the different biasing condition in the two CIP3L sensors. The difference in the response is denoted by V 0 diff and is plotted in the bottom center plot, after being normalized by Vpp, along with PW50 and Vpp. The plots of  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   c  can be used as a reference for other designs. PW50 changes from about 32 nm at 0 offset to about 41 nm at an offset of 5 nm, which gives a PW50/bit length ratio of 2.3. The peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) drops from 4.2 mV to 3.7 mV (about 12%). These are still acceptable for a 500 Gbpsi design. 
     Next consider the effect of permanent magnet separation on tolerance to misalignment. That is, if the two permanent magnets are separated, will the separation help to reduce the effect of misalignment? A simulation was used to find the appropriate set of parameters for each PM separation so that good transfer curves can be obtained. The parameters chosen for the simulation are S pm  (PM-to-PM separation), S sensor  (sensor separation; called thIns above) and thPM (PM thickness). Note that here thPM and S sensor  are independent of each other. This was done by allowing the z-coordinate of the PM bottom to change. Note also that Jex and MrPM have been kept fixed at Jex=−0.1 erg/cm 2  and Mr=1000 emu/cm 3 . Table 4 shows the transfer curve properties for the simulation. The transfer curves for three cases with different PM separations and having good transfer curve properties are shown in  FIGS. 15   a  through  15   c.    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Transfer curve properties in the case of PMs on the sides of the sensor 
               
               
                 with a height of 40 nm. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Jex 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MrT1 
                 MrT2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 erg/ 
                 MrPM 
                 thIns 
                 gap 
                 thPM 
                 Vpp 
                 memu/ 
                 memu/ 
                 V1 
                 V2 
                 Sensitivity 
                 Asymmetry 
                 Hysteresis 
                   
               
               
                 Run 
                 cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 emu/cm{circumflex over ( )}3 
                 nm 
                 nm 
                 nm 
                 mV 
                 cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 mV 
                 mV 
                 mVcm{circumflex over ( )}2/memu 
                 1 
                 mVmemu/cm{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 dMrT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 8 
                 5 
                 50 
                 3.125 
                 0.21 
                 1.5 
                 −0.715 
                 −2.859 
                 −1.701 
                 −0.250 
                 0.049 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 2 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 8 
                 5 
                 50 
                 8.324 
                 −0.42 
                 1.5 
                 1.655 
                 −4.891 
                 −3.463 
                 0.339 
                 0.428 
                 1.92 
               
               
                 3 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 5 
                 50 
                 4.297 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 2.082 
                 −2.215 
                 −1.457 
                 0.940 
                 0.000 
                 3 
               
               
                 4 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 5 
                 50 
                 6.747 
                 −1.5 
                 0.78 
                 4.441 
                 −1.493 
                 −2.707 
                 2.993 
                 0.002 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 5 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 20 
                 5 
                 50 
                 6.540 
                 −0.81 
                 1.5 
                 1.800 
                 −4.698 
                 −2.954 
                 0.384 
                 0.001 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 6 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 20 
                 5 
                 50 
                 10.812 
                 −0.66 
                 1.08 
                 3.516 
                 −4.578 
                 −5.201 
                 0.769 
                 0.147 
                 1.74 
               
               
                 7 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 5 
                 50 
                 8.326 
                 −1.5 
                 1.38 
                 4.490 
                 −3.664 
                 −3.243 
                 1.223 
                 0.001 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 8 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 5 
                 50 
                 6.168 
                 −1.5 
                 0.18 
                 5.211 
                 −0.109 
                 −3.190 
                 14.304 
                 0.001 
                 1.68 
               
               
                 9 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 8 
                 10 
                 50 
                 2.379 
                 0.69 
                 1.35 
                 −0.990 
                 −2.050 
                 −2.114 
                 −0.483 
                 0.031 
                 0.66 
               
               
                 10 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 8 
                 10 
                 50 
                 6.916 
                 0.03 
                 1.5 
                 −1.391 
                 −6.586 
                 −3.465 
                 −0.211 
                 0.469 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 11 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 10 
                 50 
                 4.788 
                 −0.66 
                 1.5 
                 1.065 
                 −2.773 
                 −1.643 
                 0.384 
                 0.032 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 12 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 10 
                 50 
                 9.947 
                 −1.26 
                 1.29 
                 4.451 
                 −3.358 
                 −3.365 
                 1.325 
                 0.262 
                 2.55 
               
               
                 13 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 20 
                 10 
                 50 
                 5.256 
                 0.21 
                 1.5 
                 −0.954 
                 −4.910 
                 −2.841 
                 −0.194 
                 0.015 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 14 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 20 
                 10 
                 50 
                 10.149 
                 −0.27 
                 1.38 
                 1.544 
                 −6.346 
                 −5.305 
                 0.244 
                 0.254 
                 1.65 
               
               
                 15 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 10 
                 50 
                 9.088 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 6.204 
                 −2.884 
                 −3.253 
                 0.839 
                 0.003 
                 3 
               
               
                 16 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 10 
                 50 
                 9.568 
                 −1.5 
                 0.42 
                 7.053 
                 −1.268 
                 −4.646 
                 5.568 
                 0.003 
                 1.92 
               
               
                 17 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 8 
                 5 
                 300 
                 3.681 
                 −0.09 
                 1.5 
                 0.237 
                 −2.520 
                 −1.554 
                 0.096 
                 0.049 
                 1.59 
               
               
                 18 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 8 
                 5 
                 300 
                 9.066 
                 −0.69 
                 1.5 
                 2.522 
                 −4.614 
                 −3.461 
                 0.547 
                 0.383 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 19 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 5 
                 300 
                 5.967 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 4.776 
                 −1.191 
                 −2.090 
                 0.875 
                 0.000 
                 3 
               
               
                 20 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 5 
                 300 
                 5.163 
                 −1.5 
                 0.57 
                 3.637 
                 −0.851 
                 −2.205 
                 4.303 
                 0.001 
                 2.07 
               
               
                 21 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 20 
                 5 
                 300 
                 7.526 
                 −1.05 
                 1.5 
                 2.572 
                 −4.896 
                 −3.076 
                 0.526 
                 0.014 
                 2.55 
               
               
                 22 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 20 
                 5 
                 300 
                 11.185 
                 −0.96 
                 0.84 
                 5.032 
                 −3.237 
                 −5.158 
                 1.555 
                 0.094 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 23 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 5 
                 300 
                 7.288 
                 −1.5 
                 0.9 
                 4.636 
                 −2.057 
                 −3.055 
                 2.247 
                 0.001 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 24 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 5 
                 300 
                 3.927 
                 −1.5 
                 0.06 
                 3.476 
                 −0.086 
                 −2.317 
                 40.784 
                 0.001 
                 1.56 
               
               
                 25 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 8 
                 10 
                 300 
                 2.801 
                 0.42 
                 1.5 
                 −0.855 
                 −2.636 
                 −1.805 
                 −0.324 
                 0.047 
                 1.08 
               
               
                 26 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 8 
                 10 
                 300 
                 7.821 
                 −0.21 
                 1.5 
                 0.867 
                 −5.051 
                 −3.491 
                 0.173 
                 0.436 
                 1.71 
               
               
                 27 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 10 
                 300 
                 4.453 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 0.121 
                 −4.332 
                 −1.393 
                 1.047 
                 0.001 
                 3 
               
               
                 28 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 8 
                 10 
                 300 
                 7.759 
                 −1.5 
                 0.93 
                 4.875 
                 −2.100 
                 −3.062 
                 2.322 
                 0.003 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 29 
                 −0.15 
                 500 
                 20 
                 10 
                 300 
                 6.163 
                 −0.66 
                 1.5 
                 1.450 
                 −4.661 
                 −2.936 
                 0.312 
                 0.001 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 30 
                 −0.05 
                 500 
                 20 
                 10 
                 300 
                 10.683 
                 −0.54 
                 1.17 
                 2.977 
                 −5.167 
                 −5.284 
                 0.577 
                 0.200 
                 1.71 
               
               
                 31 
                 −0.15 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 10 
                 300 
                 8.671 
                 −1.5 
                 1.5 
                 4.375 
                 −4.297 
                 −3.316 
                 1.017 
                 0.001 
                 3 
               
               
                 32 
                 −0.05 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 10 
                 300 
                 7.251 
                 −1.5 
                 0.18 
                 6.121 
                 −0.085 
                 −3.794 
                 14.203 
                 0.002 
                 1.68 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The downtrack responses of the three cases in  FIG. 15   a  through  15   c  at different PM offsets (misalignments) were calculated and the PW50, V 0 diff/Vpp (see  FIGS. 14   a  through  14   f ), and Vpp are plotted against PM offsets in  FIGS. 15   d  through  15   f . This shows that, among the three cases, the case of S pm =20 nm (PM separation is 20 nm) has smallest PW50 and smallest V 0 diff/Vpp especially at large PM offsets. It also has the highest Vpp. Thus increasing PM separation from 0 to 20 nm appears to increase the tolerance to PM offset. 
     When PM offset increases even more, the performance of the sensor at all PM separations deteriorates. For all three PM separations studied, when PM offsets are 8 nm, the center bit cannot be resolved when reading back three bits with a bit length of 17.5 nm. 
     Next consider the effect of PM-Sensor separation on tolerance to misalignment. For the above analysis, the PM/sensor separation was 5 nm. To determine if increasing the separation will reduce the effect of PM/sensor misalignment, the separation was increased to 15 nm and several simulations were run to find a good biasing state. For MrPM=1000 emu/cm 3  and Jex=−0.1 erg/cm 2 , under-biasing occurs even for PMs as thick as 60 nm. Also, further increasing PM thickness does not seem to improve the results. Thus Jex was changed to −0.05 erg/cm 2 . The transfer curves for three cases with different PM separations and proper biasing are shown in  FIGS. 16   a  through  16   c . The effect of PM offset was studied for the three cases, and PW50, V 0 diff/Vpp and Vpp are plotted against PM offset in  FIGS. 16   d  through  16   f.    
     The data of  FIGS. 16   a  through  16   f  show that PW50 almost always stays small (less than 34 nm) except for one data point (Spm=20 nm and PM offset=5 nm). Furthermore, V 0 diff/Vpp is much smaller than that shown in  FIGS. 14   e  and  15   e . Thus increasing PM/sensor separation appears to increase the tolerance of the reader to PM/sensor misalignment, at least in the case of smaller PM separations. 
       FIG. 17  shows an alternative design of the sensor wherein the permanent magnets are positioned adjacent to the sides of sensor elements in a down track direction. This design eliminates the problem of PM misalignment. In  FIG. 17 , the sensor stack  140  is separated from the media  142  by an air bearing  144 . A first bias magnet  146  having a magnetization  148  is positioned adjacent to a first side  150  of a first sensor element  152 . A second bias magnet  154  having a magnetization  156  is positioned adjacent to a first side  158  of a second sensor element  160 . 
     To get good transfer curves, the following design variables were considered: J ex , MrPM, thIns, gap, thPM and heightPM (see  FIG. 17 ). A series of six simulations were run as follows, where the number in parenthesis is the number of levels, and the number of levels is the number of values used for that parameter.
         1. Parameters: thIns (3), thPM (3), heightPM (3), J ex =−0.1 erg/cm 2 , Mr=1000 emu/cm 3 .   2. Parameters: thIns (3), thPM (3), heightPM (3), modified thPM range.   3. Parameters: gap (2), thPM (3), heightPM (4).   4. Parameters: gap (2), thPM (4), Mr changed to 500 emu/cm 3 .   5. Same 4, but with J ex  changed to −0.05 erg/cm 2 .   6. Parameters: J ex  (2), MrPM (2), thIns (2), gap (2), thPM (2).       

     The first two simulations (Nos. 1 and 2) show that the biasing field increases with decreasing PM height, as expected, and even for a PM height as low as 100 nm, a PM thickness of over 100 nm is required to get appropriate biasing in the case of J ex =−0.1 erg/cm 2 , Mr=1000 emu/cm 3 . 
     This causes a concern that the PMs will generate a high field in the media because of their large Mr and thickness, causing erasure problems. To see if the MrPM and thPM can be reduced while still maintaining proper biasing, the effect of reducing the gap (between the PMs and the sensor) from 10 nm to 5 nm and further reducing the height of PM to 40 nm was studied (simulation No. 3). Note that a PM height of 40 nm is exactly the same as the height of the sensor. The reasoning here is that the same lithography step could be used to determine the height of both the PMs and the sensor, thus eliminating the problem of alignment that would exist if PM height is small yet different from the sensor height. 
     The gap=5 nm and height PM=40 nm causes over-biasing in the case of J ex =−0.1 erg/cm 2  and MrPM=1000 emu/cm 3  (simulation No. 3). However, reducing MrPM to 500 emu/cm 3  causes under-biasing (simulation No. 4), unless J ex  is also changed to −0.05 erg/cm 2  (simulation No. 5). 
       FIGS. 18   a  and  18   b  show two transfer curves for the case of J ex =−0.05 erg/cm 2 , Mr=500 emu/cm 3  (from simulation No. 5). These curves show reasonably good symmetry and high sensitivity. However, the linear range is smaller than the previous designs, due to the lower |Jex|. 
     To more thoroughly investigate the effects of various parameters on asymmetry, linear range and sensitivity in the case of a PM height of 40 nm, a simulation with five parameters was run. The results are shown in Table 4 and  FIGS. 19   a  through  19   c .  FIGS. 19   a  through  19   c  show the complex interaction between the various effects. For example, to reduce MrPM and thPM so that the PMs will not cause a high field in the media, one has to reduce |J ex |, increase thIns, or reduce the gap to maintain symmetry. Reducing MrPM, thPM, and |J ex | causes the linear range of dMrT to decrease and the sensitivity to increase, while increasing thIns and reducing the gap causes dMrT to increase. 
     With the help of a response optimizer, the parameter values that meet the design criteria can be predicted. Specifying 0.9&lt;asymmetry&lt;1.1, dMrT&gt;2 memu/cm 2 , |sensitivity|&gt;2 mVcm 2 /memu and targeting 1, 2.5, and 3 for the above three properties respectively, a list of parameters was found that satisfy the criteria to varying degrees. This is shown in Table 5. Note that this is only a sample list. Also note that small MrPM and thPM values were specified whenever possible. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of parameters that satisfy the design criteria in varying extent. 
               
               
                 The D-value is the desirability. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Setting 
                 D-Value 
                 J ex   
                 MrPM 
                 thIns 
                 gap 
                 thPM 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Initial 
                 0.0 
                 −0.1000 
                 500.0000 
                 14.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 100.0000 
               
               
                 Optimal 
                 0.83301 
                 −0.1350 
                 600.0000 
                 20.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 50.0001 
               
               
                 1 
                 0.0 
                 −0.1000 
                 500.0000 
                 14.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 100.0000 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.23766 
                 −0.1220 
                 600.0000 
                 14.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 100.0000 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.53452 
                 −0.1357 
                 600.0000 
                 18.5488 
                 5.0000 
                 100.0000 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.77162 
                 −0.1357 
                 600.0000 
                 20.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 50.0001 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.49621 
                 −0.1332 
                 650.0000 
                 14.0000 
                 5.0000 
                 100.0000 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Taking one set of parameters (set 5) from Table 5, the accuracy of the prediction was verified. With all parameters but J ex  fixed at the predicted value, it was found that the best asymmetry existed at J ex =−0.105. This is a good result considering the large range used in the simulation. The transfer curve for this case is shown in  FIG. 20 . 
     The current-in-plane differential readers were modeled systematically with a micro-magnetic code. The main designs, with permanent magnets placed above the sensor, features highly linear transfer curves over a large range of media MrT (almost perfectly linear over a MrT range of 3 memu/cm 2 ), small PW50 (as small as 30 nm), and reasonably large peak-to-peak voltage (as large as 5.7 mV for media Mr of 800 emu/cm 3 ). The tolerance of these designs to permanent magnet/sensor misalignment was studied and methods of improving the tolerance were investigated. It was found that increasing the separation between the two permanent magnets and/or increasing the permanent magnet-to-sensor separation, could both increase the tolerance to the misalignment. An alternative design in which the permanent magnets are placed at the sides of the sensor in the down track direction was also modeled. This alternative design can be used if the above-mentioned misalignment is difficult to deal with in processing. 
     The sensor elements in the above examples include a tri-layer stack comprising two ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic layer. However, other CIP sensors can be used, for example, spin-valves, anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) sensors, or sensors with more layers (multi-layer). 
       FIG. 21  is a pictorial representation of a disc drive  170  that can utilize a sensor in accordance with this invention. The disc drive  170  includes a housing  172  (with the upper portion removed and the lower portion visible in this view) sized and configured to contain the various components of the disc drive. The disc drive  170  includes a spindle motor  174  for rotating at least one storage medium  176 , which may be a ferroelectric recording medium, within the housing  172 . At least one arm  178  is contained within the housing  172 , with each arm  178  having a first end  180  with a recording head or slider  182 , and a second end  184  pivotally mounted on a shaft by a bearing  186 . An actuator motor  188  is located at the arm&#39;s second end  184  for pivoting the arm  178  to position the recording head  182  over a desired sector or track  187  of the disc  176 . The actuator motor  188  is regulated by a controller, which is not shown in this view and is well-known in the art. 
     While  FIG. 1  shows the use of permanent magnets that serve as magnetic field sources to bias the sensing elements, the biasing could be achieved by various alternative structures.  FIG. 22  illustrates a sensor  200  including two CIP sensing elements  202  and  204 . A permanent magnet  206  having a magnetization  208  is positioned adjacent to sensing element  202  to bias sensor element  202 . A soft magnetic material  210  is positioned adjacent to the permanent magnet. RKKY coupling is used to antiferromagnetically couple the soft magnetic material to the permanent magnet such that the soft magnetic material has a magnetization  212 , and biases sensor element  204 . A layer of non-magnetic material  214  is positioned between the permanent magnet and the soft magnetic material. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a sensor  220  including two CIP sensing elements  222  and  224 . A first permanent magnet  226 , having a magnetization  228 , is positioned adjacent to sensing element  222  to bias sensor element  222 . A second permanent magnet  230 , having a magnetization  232 , is positioned adjacent to the second sensing element  224  to bias the second sensing element. The second permanent magnet has a higher coercivity than the first permanent magnet. The permanent magnets are decoupled with a very thin non-magnetic layer  234 . While keeping the coercivities of the magnetic layers above about 2000 Oe, a larger difference in coercivity between the layers is preferred. For example the difference in coercivity can be about 1000 Oe. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a sensor  240  including two CIP sensing elements  242  and  244 . A first permanent magnet  246  having a magnetization  248  is positioned adjacent to sensing element  242  to bias sensor element  242 . A soft magnetic material  250  is positioned adjacent to the second sensing element  244  to bias the second sensing element. The permanent magnet and the soft magnetic material are separated by a very thin non-magnetic layer  252 . The soft magnetic material coupled to an antiferromagnetic layer  254 , and has a magnetization  256 .  FIG. 24  illustrates decoupling of the biasing magnets with a very thin non-magnetic layer and using a permanent magnet for one biasing magnet and a pinned, soft magnetic material for the other biasing magnet. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates a sensor  260  including two CIP sensing elements  262  and  264 . A first soft magnetic material  266  having a magnetization  268  is positioned adjacent to sensing element  262  to bias sensor element  262 . A second soft magnetic material  270  is positioned adjacent to the second sensing element  264  to bias the second sensing element. The first and second soft magnetic materials are separated by a very thin non-magnetic layer  272 . The second soft magnetic material is coupled to an antiferromagnetic layer  274 , and has a magnetization  276 .  FIG. 25  illustrates forming the biasing layers out of soft magnetic materials, using RKKY coupling to align them antiferromagnetically and pinning one of the layers. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a sensor  280  including two CIP sensing elements  282  and  284 . A first permanent magnet  286  having a magnetization  288  is positioned adjacent a side of sensing element  282  to bias sensor element  282 . A second permanent magnet  290  having a magnetization  292  is positioned adjacent a side of sensing element  284  to bias sensor element  284 . 
       FIG. 27  illustrates a sensor  300  including two CIP sensing elements  302  and  304 . A first permanent magnet  306  having a magnetization  308  is positioned adjacent a side of sensing element  302  to bias sensor element  302 . A soft magnetic material  310  having a magnetization  312  is positioned adjacent a side of sensing element  304  to bias sensor element  304 . The soft magnetic material is coupled to an antiferromagnetic layer  314 . 
       FIGS. 26 and 27  illustrate placing permanent magnets or pinned soft magnetic material on the outer edges of the CIP3L sensors. The height of the permanent magnets could be larger, smaller or similar to the sensor height when the PMs are at the ends of the sensor stack. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of several examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes can be made to the described examples without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.