Abstract:
The invention concerns a method for evaporation and possibly distillation of liquids by means of a heat pump. By using a heat pump ( 2 ), energy is taken from energy reservoirs ( 1 ) such as rivers, lakes, sea water, air, sun or ground heat. It is however difficult to obtain temperatures to evaporate water at atmospheric conditions. According to the invention, low temperature heat is utilized by means of a heat pump by using the condenser (high pressure part) of the heat pump to evaporate liquids in an evaporator ( 4′ ) at a pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, and thus at a lower evaporation temperature. A pump or a compressor ( 10 ) after the evaporator ( 4′ ) together with a pressure reducing device ( 9 ) at the inlet of the evaporator ( 41 ) ensures lower evaporation pressure. To fully utilize the heat energy from the heat pump, the liquids may be preheated in heat exchangers ( 5 ) before the pressure reducing means, or as part of the same means. To achieve higher temperature and pressure of the evaporated liquids, said liquids are further compressed by means of compressors ( 10 ), or alternatively by heating in intermediate heat exchangers ( 11 ) in order to achieve the desired temperature level. In the case of distillation, one stage will be required for each distillate. In addition to compressors ( 10 ), intermediate heat exchangers ( 11 ) and draining devices ( 12 ), pumps ( 13 ) are required to maintain desired recondensation pressure, possibly also valves ( 14 ) to insure correct dosing of residual products and distillates to collecting devices ( 15 ).

Description:
[0001]    The invention concerns a method for evaporation of liquids with assistance of a heat pump, both for production of evaporated liquids for industrial and other technical purposes, as well as for distillation. 
       KNOWN TECHNOLOGY 
       [0002]    Evaporation of liquids is required in many processes. Both for distribution of energy—were a typical example is production of steam, or in distillation processes were the most common is production of ethanol from a fermented sugar and water solution. 
         [0003]    Steam from water is used for a variety of purposes due to the waters thermal properties with a relatively high heat capacity in all three phases, as well as a relatively high melting and vaporization heat rate (enthalpy of melting and vaporization). This last property is also one of the problems with production of steam. A lot of energy is used to evaporate water. Traditionally this has been done by heating water in boilers by the use of traditional energy sources as oil and gas, coal or electricity. Earlier, as in the first steam locomotives wood were also used. 
         [0004]    By use of a heat pump large amount of energy can be obtained from vast energy reservoirs like rivers, lakes, ocean, air, sun or the ground. The problem is to obtain a sufficiently high temperature to make water evaporate. The waters boiling temperature is a 100° C. by 1 atm. or 101.3 kPa. 
       SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The invention is to use the low temperature heat produced by the heat pumps condenser to evaporate liquids under low pressure, and thereby low temperature. If as an example one reduces the pressure water is evaporated under to 10 kPa (appr. 0.1 atm) the evaporating temperature will drop to 45.8° C. Most refrigerants on the market today have a maximum condensation temperature under or just above 100° C. This is to low to evaporate water by atmospheric pressure. 
         [0006]    By reducing the evaporation pressure it is as an example possible to use a heat pump to evaporate water under low pressure. To make steam at higher pressure and temperature require it to be compressed by a compressor after evaporation. The advantage with the invention is that one uses energy from a natural energy reservoir for the most energy intensive part of the steam production—which is the phase transition from liquid to gas. 
         [0007]    The same problems as described above will also arise by evaporation of liquids for distillation. Typical is the production of alcohol in various forms, and also for the production of pure ethanol based on the fermentation of sugar dissolved in water. 
         [0008]    Also for other distillation processes, or processes for separation of liquids can the invention be used. Typical for this last processes are separation of oil products from tar- or oil- sand. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
         [0009]      FIG. 1 ) is an embodiment of the invention where the method is exemplified with a process to extract to distilled products from a liquid. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2 ) is a detail for a possible design of a regulation device ( 17 ) for the control of the level of the liquids in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0000]    
       
           1 ) Energy reservoir for the heat pump. This can be rivers, lakes, sea water, air, sun or ground heat. (Illustrated in  FIG. 1  as the cross section of a river.) 
           2 ) The heat pumps evaporator. This is the heat pumps low pressure side where the refrigerant is heated and evaporated by the heat reservoir. 
           3 ) The heat pumps compressor. Here the refrigerant is compressed to a higher pressure and temperature. This to enable the water or liquid to evaporate in the next stage. 
           4 ) The heat pumps condenser. (see item  4 ′) This is the heat pumps high pressure side of a heat exchanger where the refrigerant is cooled off and recondensed by the water or liquids that are to be evaporated. 
           5   a,b , . . . )The heat pumps possible extra heat exchangers for extra cooling of the refrigerant. (see item  5 ′ a,b , . . .) Dependent on the operation of the system and the refrigerant&#39;s thermal properties, it may be possible to utilize the refrigerant&#39;s energy in condensated state on the heat pump&#39;s high pressure side to preheat the water or liquids that are to be evaporated. For best to utilize this energy the preheating can be performed in multiple stages. Alternatively the energy can be used for other purposes. 
           6 ) The heat pumps pressure reduction valve. This valve reduces the pressure from the heat pump&#39;s high pressure side to its low pressure side. This alters the refrigerant&#39;s evaporation- /saturation-temperature and will bring the refrigerant to evaporate again on the low pressure side. 
           7 ) Device for supply of water or liquids to be evaporated This is the water intake or inlet of liquids to be evaporated, alternatively tank(s) or container(s) with the same. 
           8 ) Possible supply pump or feeding device for water or liquids. This device may be required if there by various reasons are large drops of pressure on the supply side, or it is required to measure out the supply of water or liquids. 
           5 ′ a,b , . . . )Heat exchangers for preheating of water or liquids to be evaporated. (see item  5   a,b , . . . ) Dependent on the operation of the system and the refrigerant&#39;s thermal properties, it may be possible to utilize the refrigerant&#39;s energy also in condensated state on the heat pump&#39;s high pressure side to preheat the water or liquids that are to be evaporated. For best to utilize this energy the preheating can be performed in multiple stages. 
           9 ) Possible pressure reduction valve or device to control the evaporation pressure for the water or liquid that is to be evaporated. To obtain the pressure required to evaporate the water or liquids, a valve or other device may be required on the supply side. Alternatively can a high column (riser) be used, where the density and gravity of the water or liquids helps reducing the pressure. Or a combination of those two methods can be used. 
           4 ′) The evaporator. (see item  4 ) This is the heat exchanger were the water or other liquids are evaporated by the heat from the refrigerant on the heat pump&#39;s high pressure side. The water or liquids that are to be evaporated are already preheated to evaporation temperature or higher in ( 5 ′ a,b , . . . ) or will be so in the first part of the heat exchanger. The evaporation takes place under sufficiently low pressure. 
           10 ) Steam compressor. This is the device that creates the low evaporation pressure in the evaporator ( 4 ′), as well as compressing the steam or evaporated liquids to the required pressure for further use. This compressor will act as a first stage in a distillation process. 
           10 ′) Steam compressor for multiple stages in a distillation process. This compressor will compress the evaporated liquids to the next heat exchanger to extract the next distilled product. Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           11 ) Intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  16 ) This is the first of possible multiple stages of heat exchangers to either heat the steam further, or recondensate one component after another in a series of distilled products. 
           11 ′) Intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  16 ′) This is the possible second stage of heat exchangers. Normally this will be one of possible more stages in a distillation process. 
           11 ″) Intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  16 ″) This is possibly the next stage in a multiple distillation process. The remaining evaporated liquids are directed to a new compression stage, or when all distilled products are extracted the remaining residuals are directed to outlet ( 20 ). Dependent on how many components there are to extract, this stage together with steam compressor for multiple stages ( 10 ′) will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           12 ) Drainage device for remaining not evaporated products. This is a possible outlet or drainage for those products that are not to be evaporated in a distillation process. If the liquid to be distilled is saltwater this device also must be able to remove salt and other solids. 
           12 ′) Drainage device for evaporated and then recondensated residuals. This is a possible outlet or drainage for those liquids that are partially evaporated in the evaporator ( 4 ′) but not wanted as distilled products. Normally this one is not used. Another way is to design the intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ) in a way so that these recondensated residuals will flow back to the evaporator ( 4 ′) and be drained by the possible drainage device or outlet ( 12 ). 
           12 ″) Drainage device for distilled products. This is where the first distilled product is drawn off. 
           12 ″′) Drainage device for distilled products. This is where the next distilled product is drawn off. Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage together with steam compressor for multiple stages ( 10 ′) and intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″) will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           13 ) Pump for not evaporated residuals in a distillation process. It is necessary with a pump or other device to remove residuals from the process in order to maintain the necessary low evaporation pressure. 
           13 ′) Pump for evaporated and then recondensated residuals. If drainage device for evaporated and then recondensated residuals ( 12 ′) is installed as part of the intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ) it will be necessary with a pump or other device to remove residuals from the process in order to maintain the necessary low evaporation pressure. 
           13 ″) Pump for distilled products. It is necessary with a pump to draw off the first distilled product from the process in order to maintain the correct pressure true the distillation process. 
           13 ″′) Pump for distilled products. It is necessary with a pump to draw off the next distilled product from the process in order to maintain the correct pressure true the distillation process. Dependent on how many components there are to extract, this stage together with steam compressor for multiple stages ( 10 ′), intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″) and drainage device for distilled products ( 12 ″′) will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           14 ) Valve. This one is used if the possible pump and or drainage device ( 12  and  13 ) are not able to measure out accurately enough the drainage of residuals in order to maintain correct evaporation pressure in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
           14 ′) Valve. This one is used if the possible pump and or drainage device ( 12 ′ and  13 ′) are not able to measure out accurately enough the drainage of residuals in order to maintain correct evaporation pressure in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
           14 ″) Valve. This one is used if the possible pump and or drainage device ( 12 ″ and  13 ″) are not able to measure out accurately enough the distilled products in order to maintain correct recondensation pressure in the intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ′). 
           14 ″′) Valve. This one is used if the possible pump and or drainage device ( 12 ′″and  13 ′″) are not able to measure out accurately enough the distilled products in order to maintain correct r condensation pressure in the intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″). Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage together with steam compressor for multiple stages ( 10 ′), intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″), drainage device for distilled products ( 12 ′″) and pump for distilled products ( 13 ′″) will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           15 ) Drainage device or tank for residuals. (see item  21 ) If the residuals from a distillation process have to be collected or processed further, it will be necessary to collect them in a tank. Otherwise these are directed to a waste outlet. 
           15 ′) Container or tank for distilled products. (see item  21 ′) Here the first distilled product is collected. 
           15 ″) Container or tank for distilled products. (see item  21 ′) Here the next distilled product is collected. Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage, together with steam compressor for multiple stages ( 10 ′), intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″), drainage device for distilled products ( 12 ″′), pump for distilled products ( 13 ′) and possible valve ( 14 ′″) will be repeated the required number of times in order to separate all the distilled components. 
           16 ) Cooling or heater element for intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  11 ) This is a cooling or heater element for a possible intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ). Dependent on the use of such a system this element is either the first stage of the heat pump&#39;s condenser ( 4 ) in order to utilize the refrigerants temperature after compression. In this case the heat exchanger ( 11 ) will help to increase the steam temperature in order to reduce the amount of saturation of the steam. Alternatively the element can have its own circuit for cooling or heating of the evaporated liquid. The latter will be the case in a distillation process, where intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ) will be one of more stages in the process. In this configuration the element could be connected with heat exchanger ( 4 ),( 5   a,    5   b , . . . ) to contribute to heating of the liquids in possible pre-heaters ( 5 ′ a ,  5 ′ b , . . . ) and evaporator ( 4 ′), or form a separate circuit with one or more of these. It is also possible to connect the element to external heat exchangers for other use. 
           16 ′) Cooling or heater element for intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  11 ′) This is a cooling or heater element for a possible intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ′). Dependent on the use of such a system this element can have its own circuit for cooling or heating of the evaporated liquid, or be connected with cooling or heater element for intermediate heat exchanger ( 16 ). If this element has its own circuit, this one could also be connected as described for the circuit of element ( 16 ). 
           16 ″) Cooling or heater element for intermediate heat exchanger. (see item  11 ″) This is a cooling or heater element for a possible intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″). Dependent on the use of such a system this element can have its own circuit for cooling or heating of the evaporated liquid, or be connected with cooling or heater elements for intermediate heat exchangers ( 16  and  16 ′). The elements ( 16 ,  16 ′,  16 ″, . . . ) can either be connected in series or parallel configuration, or any combination suitable. If this element has its own circuit, this one could also be connected as described for the circuit of element ( 16 ). Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage will have to be repeated the same number of times as intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″) in order to extract all the distilled products. 
           17 ) Device for regulating level of liquid in evaporator. (see item  4 ′). In order to evaporate all liquid components that are to be separated by distillation it may be required to use some form of level regulation in the evaporator. This can be made by installing some form of device on the outlet for residuals ( 12 ). It may be a flotation device in a chamber that is designed to regulate the amount of liquid. (See detail as illustrated in  FIG. 2 .) This device shall not be limited to a float in a chamber, but can be designed in any practical form or shape. As an example in its simplest form it can be to position the outlet or drainage device ( 12 ) in a specific position in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
           18 ) Chamber for a float used for regulating level of liquid. (see item  17 ) As a possible device to regulate the level of liquid in the evaporator ( 4 ′), one can use a chamber with one or more holes to allow liquid to flow freely. The dimensions of the chamber must be designed to fit with the float ( 19 ) in such a way that the float can move freely with the variations of the level of liquids in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
           19 ) Flotation device for regulating level of liquid. (see item  17 ) As a possible device to regulate the level of liquid in the evaporator ( 4 ′) a float inside a chamber ( 18 ), can be used to regulate the amount drawn off from drainage device for remaining not evaporated products ( 12 ). By ensuring the right weight and thereby density of the float compared to the liquids, one can ensure that all components to be separated in a distillation process will be evaporated in the evaporator ( 4 ′). 
           20 ) Outlet for steam or evaporated residuals from a distillation process. For steam production this is the stage where the steam has reached final state for use in industrial or other processes. The steam will be directed to whatever use it is intended for. In a distillation process this is where the still evaporated residuals that have no use will be let out or drawn off. For freshwater production from saltwater this stage will not be used. 
           21 ) Cooling element to container or supply-pipes for residuals. (see item  15 ) This is the cooling element for residuals from a distillation process. It is used to extract the heat added to the residuals in the evaporator ( 4 ′). This element can either be connected with heat exchangers ( 4 ), ( 5   a,    5   b , . . . ) to contribute to the heating of the liquids in possible pre-heaters ( 5 ′ a ,  5 ′ b , . . . ) and/or evaporator ( 4 ′). It is also possible to connect the element to external heat exchangers for other use. 
           21 ′) Cooling element to container or supply-pipes for distilled products. (see item  15 ′) This is the cooling element for the first distilled product from a distillation process. It is used to extract the heat left after recondensation in intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ′). This element can either be connected with heat exchangers ( 4 ), ( 5   a,    5   b , . . . ) to contribute to the heating of the liquids in possible pre-heaters ( 5 ′ a ,  5 ′ b , . . . ) and/or evaporator ( 4 ′). It is also possible to connect the element to external heat exchangers for other use. 
           21 ″) Cooling element to container or supply-pipes for distilled products. (see item  15 ″) This is the cooling element for the next distilled product from a distillation process. It is used to extract the heat left after recondensation in intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ″). This element can either be connected with heat exchangers ( 4 ), ( 5   a,    5   b , . . . ) to contribute to the heating of the liquids in possible pre-heaters ( 5 ′ a ,  5 ′ b , . . . ) and/or evaporator ( 4 ′). It is also possible to connect the element to external heat exchangers for other use. Dependent on how many components there are to extract this stage will have to be repeated the same number of times as container or tank for distilled products ( 15 ″) in order to extract all the distilled products. 
       
     
       Configuration of the Invention for Three Typical Operations Based on the Example in FIG. 1: 
       [0000]    
       
         A) Steam production from water. For steam production from water the heat pump will be as described by item ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5   a ), possibly ( 5   b )—to utilize the heat-energy to the optimum, and ( 6 ). The water intake ( 7 ) will normally be from a reservoir or a water-pipeline. Dependent on the supply of water a water-pump ( 8 ) may or may not be required. To preheat the water a pre-heater ( 5 ′ a ) and possibly ( 5 ′ b ) will be used. Dependent on the height from the water-intake ( 7 ) or the water-pump ( 8 ) to the evaporator ( 4 ′) a pressure reduction valve ( 9 ) may or may not be required to ensure a low evaporation pressure. The evaporator ( 4 ′) is where the water is evaporated. An intermediate heat-exchanger ( 11 ) together with a heater element ( 16 ) can be used to reduce the saturation of the steam before the steam compressor ( 10 ). The steam will then go to outlet ( 20 ) for use in other processes. 
         B) Distillation of ethanol from a fermented sugar solution with water. For distillation of ethanol the heat pump will be as described by item ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5   a ), possibly ( 5   b )—to utilize the heat-energy to the optimum, and ( 6 ). The intake of liquid ( 7 ) will be from a tank with the fermented sugar solution. Dependent on the supply a pump ( 8 ) may or may not be required. To preheat the liquid a pre-heater ( 5 ′ a ) and possibly ( 5 ′ b ) will be used. Dependent on the height from the intake ( 7 ) or the supply pump ( 8 ) to the evaporator ( 4 ′) a pressure reduction valve ( 9 ) may or may not be required to ensure a low evaporation pressure. The evaporator ( 4 ′) is where the ethanol is evaporated. Normally a device for control with the level of liquid ( 17 ) in the evaporator ( 4 ′) will be used to regulate the drainage of the residual liquids thru an outlet or other drainage device ( 12 ). The residual liquids are pumped with a pump ( 13 ) alternatively thru a valve ( 14 ) to an outlet or container or tank for the residual liquids ( 15 ). The evaporated ethanol is led thru a intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ) together with a cooling element ( 16 ) that is used to recondensate whatever water and other heavier distillates than ethanol that has been evaporated together with the ethanol in the evaporator ( 4 ′). These recondensated liquids are drained thru outlet ( 12 ′), with pump ( 13 ′) alternatively thru valve ( 14 ′) to outlet or container or tank ( 15 ). Cooling element ( 21 ) can be used to utilize these residual liquids heat to preheat the fermented sugar solution thru pre-heater ( 5   a,    5   a ′) and possibly ( 5   b,    5   b ′). The evaporated ethanol together with other lighter distillates will be compressed with compressor ( 10 ) to another intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ′) with a cooling element ( 16 ′) that is used to recondensate the ethanol. The ethanol is drained thru outlet ( 12 ″) and possibly pumped with pump ( 13 ″) thru a possible valve ( 14 ″) to container or tank ( 15 ′). The lighter distillates left will go to outlet ( 20 ). In cases where these elements cause pollution problems they can be collected for further processing. 
         C) Production of freshwater from saltwater. For production of freshwater from saltwater the heat pump will be as described by item ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), ( 5   a ), possibly ( 5   b )—to utilize the heat-energy to the optimum, and ( 6 ). The saltwater intake ( 7 ) will normally be from the sea. Dependent on the supply a water-pump ( 8 ) may or may not be required. To preheat the saltwater a pre-heater ( 5 ′ a ) and possibly ( 5 ′ b ) will be used. Dependent on the height from the water-intake ( 7 ) or the water-pump ( 8 ) to the evaporator ( 4 ′) a pressure reduction valve ( 9 ) may or may not be required to ensure a low evaporation pressure. The evaporator ( 4 ′) is where the water is evaporated. Normally a device for control with the liquid level in the evaporator ( 17 ) will be used to regulate the drainage of the salt thru an outlet or other device ( 12 ). The salt will be pumped with a pump ( 13 ) alternatively thru a valve ( 14 ) to an outlet or container or tank ( 15 ). The steam will be compressed with steam-compressor ( 10 ) to an intermediate heat exchanger ( 11 ′) with a cooling element ( 16 ′) that is used to recondensate the water. The heat collected in cooling element ( 16 ) is used to preheat the saltwater in pre-heater ( 5   a - 5 ′ a ,  5   b - 5 ′ b , . . . ) and possibly evaporator ( 4 ′). The water is drained thru outlet ( 12 ″) and possibly pumped with pump ( 13 ″) thru a possible valve ( 14 ″) to a tank or freshwater pipeline ( 15 ′). Cooling element ( 21 ′) will be used in parallel to cooling element ( 16 ′) to utilize the recondensated water&#39;s heat to preheat and maybe partly evaporate the saltwater. 
       
     
         [0055]    The method for evaporate and possibly distillation of liquids with assistance of a heat pump can be utilized by most processes where evaporation of liquids and the usage of these are integrated. Other examples are the paper and pulp industry, production of gypsum boards, extraction of oil-products from tar- or oil- sand, as well as many other industries.