Abstract:
The present invention, in one set of embodiments, provides methods, systems and software that may be used to generate and manage enforcement actions against domains that are potentially and/or actually infringing rights of a user. Merely by way of example, some embodiments provide methods for identifying one or more domain names potentially subject to enforcement activity by a user. According to further embodiments, methods are provided for obtaining domain information regarding potential and/or actual infringing domains for a user. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods for analyzing domain information concerning potential and/or actual infringing domains and generating one or more enforcement messages for sending to one or more parties associated with the potentially and/or actually infringing domain names.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of the following provisional applications, of which the entire disclosure of each is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes: U.S. Prov. App. No. 60/527,145, filed Dec. 10, 2003 by Bura et al. and entitled “Analyzing Domain Ownership Information”; U.S. Prov. App. No. 60/528,568, filed Dec. 10, 2003 by Bura et al. and entitled “Policing Internet Domains”; U.S. Prov. App. No. 60/530,354, filed Dec. 17, 2003 by Bura et al. and entitled “Policing Internet Domains”; and U.S. Prov. App. No. 60/530,355, filed Dec. 17, 2003 by Bura et al. and entitled “Analyzing Domain Ownership Information.” 

   This application is also related to the following commonly-owned, co-pending applications, of which the entire disclosure of each is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/009,530, filed on a date even herewith by Bura et al. and entitled “Analyzing Domain Ownership Information”; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/009,531, filed on a date even herewith by Bura et al. and entitled “Analyzing Domain Ownership Information”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/009,529, filed on a date even herewith by Bura et al. and entitled “Policing Internet Domains”. 
   COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
   A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The Internet is undergoing explosive growth. Each day, millions of new web pages are created and many millions of people interact online. To link to an Internet website, a computer user typically enters a domain name that represents an IP (Internet protocol) address. Each domain name is unique and is assigned to a holder by one of a plurality of domain name registrars. It is the prevailing trend for businesses to establish and maintain presence in the marketplace via their websites and/or email addresses. Thus an Internet domain name may be highly valuable as an advertising and selling tool. Businesses generally try to acquire domain names which reflect their trademarks and brand names, also regarded as valuable intellectual property. 
   As Internet use has expanded, cybersquatters have tried to acquire domain names solely for the purpose of selling them to businesses whose brand names correspond to the domain names. Although legislation has been passed in an attempt to curb this practice, domain name squatting still continues. Additionally, it is increasingly common for web site operators to unknowingly acquire, in good faith, domain names that infringe upon other parties&#39; trademark rights. Quite often, registration of an Internet domain name requires no trademark search or query before the registration process is initiated and completed. 
   Companies and individuals striving to preserve their rights in trademarks are finding it necessary to engage in Internet domain enforcement. Such enforcement may include, for example, opposing another&#39;s use of a domain name reflective of a trademark or brand name. Domain enforcement may involve hunting on the Internet for registered domain names that, for example, infringe, dilute or disparage a trademark or brand name. Enforcement also may entail demanding that a holder of such a domain relinquish the domain name and/or initiating a complaint or other enforcement action relating to one or more of such domains. Hunting for such domain names on the Internet tends to be not only time consuming but also hit-or-miss in view of the sheer volume of Internet use. Initiating and maintaining enforcement action against infringers also may be costly and time consuming. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention, in one set of embodiments, provides methods, systems and software that may be used to generate and manage enforcement actions against domains that are potentially and/or actually infringing rights of a user. Merely by way of example, some embodiments provide methods for identifying one or more domain names potentially subject to enforcement activity by a user. According to further embodiments, methods are provided for obtaining domain information regarding potential and/or actual infringing domains for a user. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods for analyzing domain information concerning potential and/or actual infringing domains and generating one or more enforcement messages for sending to one or more parties associated with the potentially and/or actually infringing domain names. 
   The present invention, in one set of embodiments, provides methods, systems and software that may be used to generate and send enforcement messages to parties associated with domains potentially subject to enforcement activity. Merely by way of example, a particular set of embodiments provides methods of identifying domain names potentially subject to enforcement actions according to received data. According to particular embodiments, enforcement messages may be generated for the domain names identified as potentially subject to enforcement action. In certain embodiments, enforcement messages may be sent to parties associated with the domain names identified as potentially subject to enforcement action. 
   Certain embodiments of the present invention provide methods, systems and software that may be used to facilitate enforcement of an Internet domain. Merely by way of example, particular embodiments provide methods for identifying domain names subject to enforcement by a user. In particular embodiments, in response to input from the user, an enforcement action cycle against an identified domain name may be commenced. 
   Particular embodiments of the present invention provide methods of identifying potentially objectionable domain names. The method may comprise, merely by way of example, searching a database for WHOIS information matching a search criterion other than a domain name and/or identifying one or more domain names associated with matching WHOIS information from the searching. In certain embodiments, identifying one or more domain names comprises identifying recurrences of WHOIS information associated with the one or more domain names. 
   Further embodiments provide systems, which may, in some cases, implement the methods of the invention. Merely by way of example, a system in accordance with some embodiments may comprise one or more computers. In particular embodiments, the computer(s) may be configured to gather from the Internet WHOIS data, which may pertain to one or more domain names. The computer(s) may be further configured to include the domain names and/or the gathered WHOIS data in a database. The computer(s) may then be configured to search the database for WHOIS data other than a domain name. At least one of the domain names thus may be identified. The search may be performed in response to user input. 
   In accordance with another set of embodiments, the computer(s) may be configured to gather from the Internet WHOIS data pertaining to a domain name, perhaps in response to a WHOIS inquiry, which may specify the domain names to a domain name registrar. The computer(s) may further provide the domain name to the user, possibly in response to the user inputting some or all of the gathered WHOIS data other than the domain name. 
   In some embodiments, the system may further comprise a database, which might include gathered WHOIS data and/or domain names, and/or one or more spiders, which may be configured to gather additional WHOIS data from the Internet, perhaps for inclusion in the database. 
   In some cases, enforcement actions may be taken against objectionable domain names. In certain aspects, enforcement actions may include the sending of email messages to person(s) associated with the objectionable domain name(s). By way of example, email messages may include cease and desist messages. In other aspects, templates for email messages may be stored in a database for selection and use by a user. In further aspects, information associated with objectionable domain names may be automatically included into email messages. In accordance with another set of embodiments, responses to enforcement messages may be recorded and/or stored in a database. 
   A further set of embodiments provides for categorizing and flagging domain name information. In certain aspects, software may generate icons to display the status of objectionable domain names. 
   Some embodiments of the present invention provide for the generation and management of actions against groups of objectionable domain names. In further embodiments, computer(s) and/or associated software provide for analysis of the status of enforcement actions. Status of enforcement actions may include information concerning delivery of a message to a party associated with an objectionable domain name and/or whether or not a response has been received. In some embodiments, the computer(s) and software may cause flags and alerts to be generated to a user depending upon the status of enforcement. 
   Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating various embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of a method of facilitating enforcement of an internet domain according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system for enforcing an internet domain according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a screen displaying a summary of domain name watch information according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a screen showing detailed information pertaining to a plurality of domain names according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an icon legends window according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a screen listing a plurality of enforcement actions and a plurality of templates according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a screen displaying results of a search based on an email address according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a template configuration screen according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an enforcement action preview screen according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a screen displaying WHOIS information according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a message screen according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a screen in which is displayed a window including domain enforcement action details according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an enforcement action follow-up screen according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a message configuration window according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a window including domain enforcement action details according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a window including WHOIS-related information according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The following description of various embodiments of the present invention is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. 
   One set of embodiments provides methods of facilitating enforcement of an internet domain. An exemplary method in accordance with some embodiments is indicated generally in  FIG. 1  by reference number  20 . It should be noted generally that, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms “domain” and “domain name” are used interchangeably herein. Referring to  FIG. 1 , at step  24 , data may be received for identifying one or more domain names potentially subject to enforcement activity by a user. At step  28 , one or more enforcement messages may be generated for sending to one or more parties associated with the domain name(s). At step  32 , it may be determined whether user input has been received. If so, at step  36  enforcement message(s) may be sent to the party(ies). 
   In accordance with particular embodiments, computer systems and/or software programs may be used to facilitate enforcement of an Internet domain (including without limitation computer systems and/or software programs that implement methods of the invention, such as the method  20  described above). An exemplary system is generally referred to in  FIG. 2  by reference number  100 . The system  100  may be operated, for example, by a provider of domain enforcement support services to domain name holders seeking to police their Internet domains. 
   Generally, the system  100  may include one or more computer(s)  104  configured to identify at least one domain name as subject to enforcement activity by a user of the system  100 . The system  100  may allow the user to initiate, via a graphical user interface (GUI), at least one enforcement action cycle relative to at least one of the domain name(s), as further described below. It should be noted generally that the one or more computers  104  of the system  100  may include various kinds and/or combinations of computers, which may include but are not limited to server(s), personal computer(s), mainframe(s), switch(es) and/or processor(s) in combination with one or more memories. 
   The system  100  may, in some embodiments, include a software GUI driver  108  in communication with one or more computers  112  operated by one or more users of the system  100 , for example, in a multi-user collaborative environment via the Internet  116 . The GUI driver  108  may also communicate with a database  120 , further described below, in which WHOIS data is stored in a searchable format. 
   Generally, and as known in the art, WHOIS data provides information pertaining to persons and/or organizations associated with an Internet domain. A plurality of databases  124  that hold WHOIS data are made available over the Internet, typically on a low-volume basis, to those who, for example, wish to determine who or what organization operates a particular domain. In general, WHOIS data is collected by domain name registrars from applicants who are registering domain names. WHOIS data obtained from a domain name registrant typically identifies an organization and/or contact associated with the domain name being registered. WHOIS data also typically identifies, among other elements of information, primary and secondary name servers for a domain name. 
   A plurality of domain name registrars register names in widely used top-level domains such as .com, .org, .net, .info, .biz and others which are managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Registrars may also be authorized (by ICANN and/or by other authorities) to register names in country-code top level domains, such as .uk, .us, .ch, and others. WHOIS data for a particular domain name typically is included in at least one, but generally in not all, registrar WHOIS databases  124  publicly available over the Internet. Some domain names are “hidden,” in that they are registered and managed by registrars utilizing servers other than ICANN root servers. WHOIS data generally is available from the registrars for hidden top-level domains, which include, for example, .arts, .golf, and .cars. WHOIS data may also be generated under circumstances other than in connection with registering a domain name. WHOIS information may be made available in a WHOIS database  124  on a server operated, for example, by a company or institution, to provide contact information pertaining to individual employees and/or departments. 
   Additionally, at least some information that could be found in a WHOIS database  124  (including without limitation primary and secondary name server information for a given domain) may also be kept on root name servers  128 . Root name servers are distributed throughout the world and maintain domain information, including primary and secondary name server information for each domain as known in the art. When a client (which can include, merely by way of example, an Internet browser) wants to resolve a hostname and/or a domain name (e.g., if a user wishes to access the host and/or the domain, such as to view a web page, etc.), the client attempts to locate the IP (Internet Protocol) address for the domain name. The client first queries name servers of an Internet service provider (ISP) for the Internet user. If the ISP name servers have not cached an IP address for the requested domain name, at least one root name server (for example, one or more of the root name servers  128  shown in  FIG. 2 ) may be queried to identify the name servers of the domain name. The root name server(s) return the requested name server information to the ISP, which then requests the domain name IP address from at least one of the domain name servers. The name server(s) return the requested IP address to the ISP, which typically caches the IP address and returns it to the client. As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/009,530, already incorporated by reference, WHOIS data may also be obtained via one or more IP registry databases. 
   The system  100  may, in some embodiments, include one or more software robots or spiders  132 , for example, that “crawl” through Internet websites and follow hypertext links to obtain information over the Internet. The spiders  132  may gather WHOIS data pertaining to various domain names, including but not limited to universal resource locators (URLs) and email addresses. WHOIS data gathered by the spider(s) may be formatted and stored in the searchable WHOIS database  120  as further described below. It should be noted generally that the terms “WHOIS data” and “WHOIS information” as used herein may include data appropriate for inclusion in a WHOIS database  124 , whether or not such data is actually present and/or found in a WHOIS database  124 . Examples of a variety of types of WHOIS data are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/009,530, already incorporated by reference. 
   In some embodiments, the system  100  may locate and supply WHOIS and/or root name server data in response to requests for WHOIS information. Such a request may come via the Internet  116 , for example, from a prospective domain name registrant (indicated in  FIG. 2  by a computer  136 ) attempting to determine whether a domain name may be available for registration. In accordance with some embodiments, when such a request is received, the system  100  may query at least one WHOIS database  124  for WHOIS data pertaining to the domain name in question and return any such data to the requestor. In embodiments of the present invention, the system  100  may be operated by a domain name registrar that maintains its own WHOIS database  124 . Additionally or alternatively, for example, if no such WHOIS data is found, the system  100  may query at least one root name server  128  to determine whether any primary/secondary server information is listed for the domain name in question (as could be the case, for example, if a domain name were registered but had invalid or no WHOIS data). The system  100  may return to the requester  136  any such data found in the root name server(s)  128 . 
   The system  100  also may store such WHOIS data and/or root name server data in the searchable WHOIS database  120 . The database  120  thus may include data obtained by the system  100  from various sources which store and/or provide such data in various formats, as previously described. The system  100  may be configured to format and/or store such data in the database  120  to allow a user to search the database  120 , for example, to find any domain(s) having WHOIS data matching a given search criterion or criteria. Merely by way of example, WHOIS data may be obtained from WHOIS databases  124  in a variety of formats, each having different fields, different organization of fields, etc. The system  100 , therefore, may be configured to reformat the obtained WHOIS data for consistency before, after, or during the process of storing the WHOIS data in the searchable database  120 . Such reformatting may be performed by SQL commands, parsing engines, and/or any other appropriate vehicle. 
   In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a user of the system  100  may enter into the system  100  one or more character strings, where each string may be all or part of one or more brand name(s) and/or trademark(s) of interest to the user (hereinafter referred to as the user “watch list”). Additionally or alternatively, the user may directly identify one or more domain names that may be subject to enforcement action, by entering character string(s) including such domain name(s). In some embodiments, the system  100  may search the Internet periodically (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly, etc.) for any registration activity of domain names that include the string(s). In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the system  100  may report any such domain names and related activity to the user and provide any ownership information (e.g., WHOIS information) found for such domains. 
   In some embodiments, the user may select any or all reported domains and may specify one or more enforcement actions to be implemented relative to the selected domain(s). In accordance with particular embodiments, the term “enforcement action” may include a computer-implemented and/or computer-implementable procedure relating to domain enforcement activity against one or more domain names. Enforcement actions may include, but are not limited to, delivery of an email message (which might be, for example, a cease-and-desist message to an email address for a contact person associated with an infringing domain, a dispute notification to a registrar associated with an infringing domain, etc.). 
   The term “enforcement action cycle” may include the implementation of an enforcement action followed by the implementation of a reaction procedure, i.e., a procedure relating to a reaction (or lack thereof) relative to the implemented enforcement action. For example, in some embodiments, the user may cause the system  100  to implement an enforcement action, e.g., to send a cease-and-desist letter to a domain name contact person. The user may subsequently receive, e.g., from the contact person, an email or telephone response to the cease-and-desist message. In some embodiments, the user may indicate via the GUI  108  that a response was received. Optionally, the user may be allowed to enter text describing the response. The user may also use the GUI  108  to indicate, for example, that no response was received to an implemented enforcement action. In accordance with some embodiments, the system  100  may store the response information, as further described below, and thus may complete an enforcement action cycle. 
   In embodiments of the present invention, the GUI  108  may allow the user to initiate enforcement actions concurrently with respect to a plurality of domains. Such a group of enforcement actions is referred to herein as an “enforcement action group” and is described in further detail below. For example, the user may instruct the system  100  to send one or more email messages, for example, to a plurality of email addresses for a group of related domains. Also as further described below, an enforcement action initiated by the user but not yet implemented by the system  100 , whether singly or in an enforcement action group, may be modified. Thus, for example, and as further described below, before the user causes the system  100  to implement an enforcement action, for example, by instructing the system  100  to deliver an email message, the user may change and/or customize the message. 
   Merely by way of example,  FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary screen  200 . In embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the GUI driver  108  may display summary information. For a brand  204  and/or search string(s)  208 , such information may include a tally  212  of new domains detected, a tally  216  of previously detected domains, and/or a tally  220  of hidden domains. 
   Merely by way of example,  FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary screen  250 . The exemplary screen  250  may be configured to show detailed information pertaining to a plurality of domain names  254  obtained by the system  100  that match a string for a brand in the user watch list. For each of the domain names  254 , a button  258  may be activated to display available WHOIS data, if any. Intelligence type (e.g., whether new, current, hidden, expired or ad hoc) and/or intelligence status (e.g., whether a domain is new, or owned by the user or a third party) may be edited using a button  262 . Hosting change and hosting status information for a domain name  254  may be displayed in columns  264  and  266  respectively. 
   In accordance with a set of embodiments, the system  100  may allow a user filter the display in various ways. Merely by way of example, the user may specify (e.g., via a drop-down menu  270 ), that the system  100  display a particular type of domain, e.g., parked, active and/or new domains. The user also may select from options  272  to cause the system  100  to display domains according to whether a domain is hidden or not hidden. A drop-down menu  274  may provide the user to specify the aging of displayed domain names. A search option  278  allows the user to enter additional search criteria, which can be used, for example, to limit the number of displayed domain names  254  to those of particular interest to the user. 
   An enforcement display option  280  may allow the user to see an enforcement status  282  and/or enforcement details  284  for a given domain name as further described below. Alternatively and/or in addition, the user also may be provided the ability to select an enforcement action option  286  for a given domain name, also further described below. Column  290  allows the user to check off domain(s) which have been reviewed on the screen  250  by the user. Columns  292  and  294  indicate dates a domain was first checked and last checked. A status column  296  may indicate a status assigned by the user to a domain. An assigned status in column  296  may be, for example, “slanderous”, “squatted” or “ours.” 
   In some embodiments, the system  100  may categorize and/or flag domain name information in various ways. Merely by way of example,  FIG. 5  illustrates an icon legend  300  that may include icons  304  indicating, for example, the discovery of a potentially slanderous derivative of a brand, a change in a domain&#39;s hosting status, whether a web server was detected serving content for a domain, and/or a home page that appears consistent with a parked domain. 
   In the foregoing exemplary manner, the system  100  may identify one or more domain names as subject to possible enforcement activity. The system  100  may also allow the user to initiate one or more enforcement action cycles. Merely by way of example,  FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary screen  310  that may be displayed when the user activates the enforcement option  286 . The screen  310  may list a plurality of enforcement action groups  322 . In some embodiments, each group  322  has a name  324  and description  326  given to it by the user. In further embodiments, a date field  328  may indicate a date of last activity. 
   In particular embodiments, each enforcement action group  322  may include one or more enforcement actions relating to one or more domains  254  selected by the user. The screen  310  may be configured to display a tally  352  of domains  254  included in each group  322 . Each group  322  may also have an associated status  330 . Merely by way of example, an enforcement action group  322  may have a status of “saved” (for example, for modification by the user), “done” or “executing.” In an embodiment, group  322  that is “done” is completed; that is all email message(s) associated with the group  322  have been sent by the system  100 . In another embodiment, and as further described below, an “executing” group  322  includes one or more email messages still awaiting delivery by the system  100 . In some cases, a group  322  that is “done” or “executing” may be viewed by activating a “view actions” button  332  associated with the group  322 . A group  322  that has not yet been selected for execution may be edited by the user upon activating an associated edit button  334  as further described below. As indicated by up- and down-arrows  342 , output on the screen  310  may be sorted by particular fields, e.g., by date  328 , status  330 , and/or name  324 , in ascending or descending order. 
   A search option  356  helps the user to identify domains included in the groups  322  based on particular WHOIS data. For example, the user may select a search field from a drop-down menu  358 . Search fields may include, for example, domain name, email address, administrative user, and/or organization. Results of such a search may be shown in a screen. Merely by way of example,  FIG. 7  illustrates a screen  320  configured to display results of a search. In embodiments, a column  306  indicates results of such a search. It is shown, for example, in  FIG. 7  that, for an email address Squatter@companysite.com, a plurality of matches are present for domains in the group  322 . As further described below, the user may use buttons  332  and/or  334  to display domain information for any matching domains and, for example, customize enforcement activity with respect to some or all of such domains. 
   The system  100  may provide that a user may create and save a plurality of templates for email messages, e.g., cease-and-desist messages for delivery to one or more infringing domain holders. Referring again to  FIG. 6 , an area  354  indicates that, in this example, four templates have been created and saved by the user, as further described below. Templates may be edited, for example, by pressing an associated edit button  338 . As further described below, each template may have a variety of fields (some of which may correspond to fields found in typical email messages), including without limitation a name  344 , a description  346 , “Cc” information  348  and “Bcc” information  350 . Template information in the display area  354  may be sorted by template name  344 , “Cc” information  348  and “Bcc” information  350 . 
   Some embodiments provide a “create template” button  340  (and/or similar functionality) to allow a user to display a template configuration screen, an exemplary illustration of which is numbered in  FIG. 8  as  360 . The user may enter into fields  362  and  364  a new template name  344  and new description  346  which may be used subsequently to retrieve and reference the template being created. The user may also enter information indicating a message subject into a field  366 . The user may enter a priority into field  372  and a return receipt address into field  374 . The user may also enter “Cc” and “Bcc” information  348  and  350 , as previously described with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
   The user may enter, into a field  370 , “From” information which may include a return email address for the user and/or for a proxy for the user, such as an administrative email address, etc. (This from information may be used, for example, to populate one or more fields in a message created from a template, including without limitation a “FROM:” field, a “REPLY-TO:” field, etc.) In some embodiments, when a message configured using the template configuration screen  360  is emailed to a recipient, the message may be emailed from one or more computers  104  of the system  100  (shown in  FIG. 2 ), for example, as further described below. A recipient may reply to such email by replying to the address included in the “from” information  370 . In other embodiments, an email message configured using the template configuration screen  360  may be emailed to a recipient in cooperation with the user&#39;s electronic mail application running, for example, on a computer  112  (shown in  FIG. 2 ) associated with the user. For example, the message is sent to a recipient from the user&#39;s email address listed in the “from” information  370 . 
   The user may enter a message into a message text area  368 , using any of a variety of methods (including, merely by way of example, by cutting and pasting, by typing, by importing a document, etc.). It should be noted that recipient information “anchors”  380 , including a domain name anchor  382 , an administrator name anchor  384 , and an organization name anchor  386 , may be placed by the user into the message area  368 . The “anchors”  380  may subsequently be automatically replaced by data associated with the appropriate domain(s)  254  before the system  100  sends email message(s) based on a template created using the screen  360 . 
   When a user activates an edit button  334  (shown in  FIG. 6 ) for an uncompleted enforcement action group  322 , a screen  400  may be displayed as shown in  FIG. 9 . A facility (such as a template preview menu  404 ) may allow the user may display and/or edit any templates that have been saved and not yet sent. The user may rename and/or save a modified template by activating a save option  406 . Thus, for example, the user may individualize a template where it is desired to send a customized message to a particular recipient. As may be seen in a template  336  being previewed as shown in  FIG. 9 , anchors  380  have been inserted by the user into the template  336 , to be replaced by appropriate information obtained, for example, from the searchable WHOIS database  120 , before a message based on the template  336  is sent. An option  408  allows the user to group outbound messages by email address. A notification option  412  may allow the user to send enforcement action updates to a third party, e.g., to in-house or outside counsel, and/or, if desired, to create a report of such updates (e.g., by creating a spreadsheet comprising the updates). The report may also be sent to a third party. 
   In some embodiments, Hyperlinks  416  may be provided to the domains  254  included in the enforcement action group  322  shown in the screen  400 . Thus, the user may check website status or other online information of interest pertaining to a particular domain  254 . A “wrap” field  420 , when activated, may allow the user to assemble an enforcement history for delivery, for example, to outside counsel, as further described below. 
   As noted above, in some embodiments, data from the searchable WHOIS database  120  may be inserted automatically into one or more email messages to be sent in connection with an enforcement action group  322 . In such embodiments, the screen  400  may include, without limitation, a column  430  for domain name(s), a column  434  for email address(es) to receive email message(s), a column  438  for administrator information pertaining to the domain name(s), a hosting status column  442 ; and/or a template column  444  indicating which template is being used for an email being sent with respect to a given domain name. Although not shown in  FIG. 9 , organization data may be displayable for domain names in the screen  400 . Information may be sorted for display in the screen  310 , for example, by domain name  430 , address  434 , administrator information  438  and/or hosting status  442 . Additionally or alternatively, by clicking on the appropriate icon  304 , the user may link to (e.g. download, view in a web browser, etc.) a parked or active host site for a particular domain  254 . In such manner, a user may check, for example, if a domain is actively hosted and/or gain access to information that might not be available from the searchable WHOIS database  120 . If a user obtains such information, he/she may enter it manually into the appropriate column and/or field of the screen  400 . The screen  400  may also have a save field  490  and/or an execution field  492  further described below. 
   A “WHOIS” field  424 , when activated for a given domain name, may cause WHOIS information to be displayed as shown in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  illustrates a screen  450  in which a window  454  is displayed. The window  454  may display WHOIS information retrieved from the searchable WHOIS database  120  (and/or from a traditional WHOIS database  124 ) for the given domain name  254 . In certain aspects, the user can, for example, compare the WHOIS information to information in a template  336  under consideration. 
   Referring again to  FIG. 4 , some embodiments may allow a user to selectively activate one or more enforcement action options  286  to select one or more enforcement action groups  322 . The user may preview and/or edit a enforcement action group  322  as described above. Referring to  FIG. 9 , by activating the save field  490 , the user may save the enforcement action group  322  for future activity. When, for example, a group  322  has been previewed, edited and/or is ready for execution, the user may activate the execution field  492 . The system  100  may then retrieve (e.g., from the searchable WHOIS database  120 ) and/or insert appropriate recipient information into the anchors  380  of the appropriate email template(s)  336 . The system  100  may then send those email messages for which sufficient information is available to recipients associated with the appropriate domain(s)  254  via the Internet  116 . 
     FIG. 11  displays an exemplary screen  460 , which may be displayed, according to a set of embodiments, after an enforcement action group  322  is activated for execution via field  492 . As indicated by the screen  460 , the system  100  may hold email for any domain  254  for which no email address is available from the searchable WHOIS database  120 . In one embodiment, the system  100  may immediately proceed to search the Internet as previously described to obtain an appropriate email address for a held message. The system may also periodically check the searchable WHOIS database  120  and/or a traditional WHOIS database  124  to determine whether such information has become available. 
   Additionally or alternatively, when previously unavailable WHOIS information has been obtained, it may be entered manually (e.g., as described above with reference to  FIG. 9 ), whereupon the system  100  may format and send the appropriate email message(s). In certain aspects, when all such message(s) have been sent for a particular enforcement action group  322 , the system  100  may mark the group  322  as “done.” 
   In any single enforcement action group  322 , various templates  478  may be prepared and/or sent to domains  254 . The system  100  may keep track of which template(s)  478  have been sent to a particular domain  254 . The system  100  may assist a user in managing responses (and/or lack thereof) to enforcement actions in the group  322 . For example, as previously mentioned with reference to  FIG. 4 , a user may view details for a particular domain name  254  by activating an enforcement details field  284  in the screen  250 . Referring now to  FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, when the user activates one of the fields  284 , a window  470  may be displayed in the screen  250 . Displayed in the window  470 , in some embodiments, are details for enforcement action cycle(s) initiated and/or implemented with respect to the particular domain  254 . Specifically, such details may include status  472 , response(s)  474 , action date(s)  476 , template(s)  478 , “To” email address(es)  480 , Cc and/or Bcc information  482 , administrator information  484 , and/or organization information  486  (selected but not visible in the window  470 ). 
   A user may add and/or update follow-up information as shown in the window  470 , for any or all domains  254  in a completed or executing enforcement action group  322 , by activating a “view actions” button  332  from screen  310  (shown in  FIG. 6 ).  FIG. 13  illustrates embodiments of a status screen  600  displayed for a selected group  322 . The status field  472 , response  474 , action date  476 , template field  478  and “To” field  480  (shown for an individual domain  254  in  FIG. 12 ) are among those that may be displayed and/or displayable on the screen  600  for each domain  254  included in the group  322 . A user may activate a drop-down menu  604  in combination with one or more selection options  606  to select an appropriate entry for one or more of the response field(s)  474 . In some aspects, the user may insert, for example, “No Reply”, “Mail Bounced”, “Follow Up”, “Will Comply”, or “Escalate” in accordance, for example, with a response (or absence of response) pertaining to the particular domain  254 . The user may also document a response in detail, for example, by cutting and pasting an email response from a domain into a note field  608 , or by entering comments into the notes field  608 . When the user enters “Escalate” in a response field  474  for a given domain name, the system  100  may display a history of enforcement activity for that domain name. The user may cause such information to be “wrapped” for transfer, for example, to outside counsel as further described below. 
   In certain aspects, by selecting one or more domains via selection option(s)  606  in combination with a “Re-enforce” option  612 , the user may include the selected domain(s) in a new enforcement action group  322 . The user may select one or more templates and/or create new template(s) as previously described, for use in the new group  322 . In aspects of the present invention, the user may, for example, send another email that is more aggressive than a previous email sent to a recalcitrant domain holder. 
   When a user decides, for example, that it is time to consult outside counsel for purposes of filing suit against a domain holder, the user may cause the system  100  to gather all information pertaining to the domain. Specifically, the user may activate the “wrap” field  420  (shown in  FIG. 9 ) and provide for assembly of an enforcement history as follows. A message template window, numbered in  FIG. 14  as  650 , may be displayed to the user, who enters an email address in a field  654  and/or a message for a recipient, e.g., outside counsel, into a field  658 . The user may specify, as packaging options  662 , whether, for example, to include enforcement action cycle(s), response notes  608 , information from the searchable WHOIS database  120  (and/or another WHOIS database  124 ) pertaining to the domain at issue, and/or to package enforcement action details as a spreadsheet. Relevant enforcement action cycles may be displayed by selecting a tab  666  from the window  650 . Such action(s) may be displayed in a window indicated generally in  FIG. 15  by reference number  680 . Information from the searchable WHOIS database  120  (and/or another WHOIS database  124  pertaining to the domain at issue may be displayed by selecting a tab  668  from the windows  650  or  680 . Such information may be displayed in a window indicated generally in  FIG. 16  by reference number  690 . The user may activate a dispatch option  692  (shown in  FIG. 14 ) to cause the foregoing domain-related information to be sent via email to the email address field  654 . 
   The foregoing embodiments may allow a domain holder to keep watch over what otherwise could be an overwhelming task. When, for example, domain names conflicting with a company brand name are numbered in the hundreds, embodiments of the foregoing systems and methods may simplify the processes not only of detecting such domains, but also of notifying domain holders, keeping track of responses from domain holders, and/or following up on such notifications and responses. Further embodiments may provide for the quick detection of conflicting domains. In some aspects of the present invention, detection of conflicting domains may occur within a day or two after domain name registration. In other embodiments, because domain registration information may be obtained quickly, for example, from the searchable WHOIS database, domain enforcement may be facilitated quickly. In a particular set of embodiments, the automatic insertion of WHOIS data, for example, into email cease-and-desist messages, may greatly simplify and increases the accuracy of communication with holders of conflicting domains. In further embodiments, because email messages may be sent automatically when addressing information becomes available from the searchable WHOIS database, a user may rest assured that most, if not all, such email will eventually be sent. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the methods and procedures described above may be performed with a dedicated client software application in communication with a server application. Other embodiments feature a single application program, which may reside on a client computer, such as a PC, etc., and which may be configured to access one or more databases, as described above. A particular set of embodiments may be implemented as a set of one or more web applications (which might feature client- and/or server-side scripts, Java applets, CGI applications, etc) configured to interface with one or more databases, which might be resident on one or more servers. In such embodiments, for example, a user might use a web browser to access screens such as the screens illustrated by  FIGS. 3-16 , allowing the use of certain embodiments by a user located at any location with access (e.g., via a LAN, a WAN, the Internet, etc.) to a server on which the system is implemented. 
   In the foregoing description, for the purposes of illustration, various methods and/or procedures were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate embodiments, the methods and/or procedures may be performed in an order different than that described. It should also be appreciated that the methods described above may be performed by hardware components and/or may be embodied in sequences of machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a machine, such as a general-purpose or special-purpose processor or logic circuits programmed with the instructions, to perform the methods. These machine-executable instructions may be stored on one or more machine readable media, such as CD-ROMs or other type of optical disks, floppy diskettes, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other types of machine-readable media suitable for storing electronic instructions. Merely by way of example, some embodiments of the invention provide software programs, which may be executed on one or more computers, for performing the methods and/or procedures described above. In particular embodiments, for example, there may be a plurality of software components configured to execute on various hardware devices. Alternatively, the methods may be performed by a combination of hardware and software. 
   Hence, while detailed descriptions of one or more embodiments of the invention have been given above, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without varying from the spirit of the invention. Moreover, except where clearly inappropriate or otherwise expressly noted, it should be assumed that the features, devices and/or components of different embodiments may be substituted and/or combined. Thus, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.