Abstract:
Disclosed herein are novel charge mode readout circuits and associated methods of signal processing. The devices and methods of the invention allow for the improved processing of stored signals by a charge mode readout amplifier, wherein the readout level may be shifted to a desired range and wherein a fully differential output swing may be imparted. The invention advantageously employs a single pair of capacitors to serve the dual roles of modulating amplifier gain and level shifting the output.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/059,848, entitled “Fully Differential Output Swing for Analog Array Based Charge Mode Readout used in a CMOS Image Sensor,” filed Oct. 3, 2014, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable 
       REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX 
       [0003]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Currently, many image sensor pixel array designs employ a charge mode readout (“CMR”) architecture. Sample and reset values from individual pixels in a selected CMOS image sensor pixel array row are simultaneously read out through individual columns to a line memory, where they are stored on sample-and-hold capacitors until column readout. Upon column readout, stored sample and reset signals are routed to a switched capacitor amplifier and the resulting voltage signals output by this buffering amplifier are input to an analog-to-digital converter (“ADC”). An exemplary CMR readout design is presented in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0005]    High-performance amplifiers are usually required in CMR&#39;s due to their poor feedback factor and high speed requirements, which increases the image sensor readout power usage drastically. In fact, the CMR amplifiers have become one of the most power-hungry components in today&#39;s CMOS image sensors. 
         [0006]    One prior art solution which reduces the power consumption of the buffering amplifier is the use of a level-shifting circuit in the buffering stage, for example as described by S. Huang, et al., “Design of Analog Readout Circuitry with Front-End, Multiplexing for Column Parallel Image Sensors”, IEEE Int. Image Sensor Workshop, 7.08, June 2013. For example, a DAC-driven capacitive level shifting circuit may be used. An exemplary level-shifting CMR design is presented in  FIG. 2 . The level-shifting circuit imparts a fully differential output voltage swing to the amplifier, improving signal resolution, and also allowing the use of a lower power amplifier. However, this solution has various shortcomings:
       1) the feedback factor is reduced by the feed forward capacitors present in the level shifting DAC, and higher power consumption is required;   2) the level-shifting circuit introduces more components and increases the area of the readout circuitry; and   3) the amplifier must be unity gain stable in the reset phase of the readout process;       
 
         [0010]    During the reset phase, the amplifier output is sampled onto the DAC capacitors in unity gain mode. The output needs to settle with adequate precision to attain the desired signal. This requirement creates a problem because using a typical two-stage op-amp with compensation capacitors, such capacitors must be sized such that the op-amp is stable for both the gain phase (which has a higher loop gain) and the reset phase (with unity gain). In order to reconcile these requirements, an op-amp with lower bandwidth is used in order to stay stable during the unity gain phase, requiring higher power consumption. 
         [0011]    Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improvements to the prior art level-shifting CMR solution that overcome the shortcomings of such designs while maintaining the advantages thereof. Presented herein are novel circuits and associated methods which improve upon the level-shifting CMR readout designs of the prior art. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Presented herein is a novel CMR readout stage configuration wherein a single capacitor serves as both a level-shifting capacitor and as a feedback capacitor of the amplifier. During read mode, each output of the differential amplifier is fed back across a capacitor. During reset mode, the same capacitor also charged to a desired level by a voltage source, for example a DAC voltage output. This design eliminates the need for the op-amp to be unity gain stable during the reset phase, allowing selection of components optimized only for the gain phase. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  depicts a prior art charge mode readout stage. An array of m sample and hold capacitor pairs is present. In  FIG. 1 , pair n ( 101  and  102 ), pair n+1 ( 103  and  104 ), and pair n m  ( 105  and  106 ) are depicted. Each capacitor pair is connected to column output lines (e.g.  107  and  108 ) from which photointegration signals and reset signals are received from selected pixels during pixel readout. When sample and hold capacitor pair n is selected for readout, switches  111  and  112  are closed, connecting each of these capacitors to the charge mode readout out circuit. Opening of switch  111  transfers the charge stored on capacitor  101  to one of the inputs  113  of a switched capacitor amplifier  115 . Opening of switch  112  transfers the charge stored on capacitor  102  to the opposing input  114  of the switched capacitor amplifier  115 . Each amplifier output line ( 117  and  118 ) is branched. On each output line, a first branch ( 119  and  120 ) feeds output signal back across a capacitor ( 121  and  122 ) to modulate the gain of the amplifier. On each output line, a branch ( 123  and  124 ) connects to an input of a fully differential ADC ( 116 ). 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  depicts a prior art charge mode readout stage having a level shifting circuit. As in  FIG. 1 , this circuit comprises an array of m sample and hold capacitor pairs in connection with a charge mode readout stage. This design additionally comprises a DAC-driven capacitive level shifting circuit, comprising a DAC ( 230 ), and capacitors  231  and  232 . Capacitors  231  and  232  output to the amplifier inputs  113  and  114 , imparting fully differential output voltage swing to the amplifier. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3 . depicts a prior art charge mode readout stage. An array of m sample and hold capacitor pairs is present. In  FIG. 3 , pair n ( 301  and  302 ), pair n+1 ( 303  and  304 ), and pair n m  ( 305  and  306 ) are depicted. Each capacitor pair is connected to column output lines (e.g.  307  and  308 ) from which photointegration signals and reset signals are received from selected pixels during pixel readout. During a readout phase, pairs of sample and hold capacitors in the array may be selected for readout and their signals may be connected to opposing inputs of the differential amplifier for input to an ADC. For example, when pair n ( 301  and  3012 ) is selected for readout, switches  311  and  312  are closed, connecting each of these capacitors to the charge mode readout circuit. Opening of switch  311  transfers the charge stored on capacitor  301  to one of the inputs  313  of a switched capacitor amplifier  315 . Opening of switch  312  transfers the charge stored on capacitor  302  to the opposing input  314  of the switched capacitor amplifier  315 . Each amplifier output line ( 317  and  318 ) is branched. On each output line, a first branch ( 319  and  320 ), under control of a switch ( 325  and  326 ) feeds output signal back across a capacitor ( 331  and  332 ) to modulate the gain of the amplifier. On each amplifier output line, a second branch ( 323  and  324 ) connects to an input of a fully differential ADC ( 316 ). The circuit of  FIG. 3  is configured such that it can operate in a second mode, which is a reset mode. In this mode, all switches connecting the amplifier to the array of sample and hold capacitors are opened, for example switches  311  and  312  may be opened to take  301  and  302  off line. Switches  337  and  338  are closed, such that a first plate of each of capacitors  331  and  332  is connected to a voltage source, for example, the differential outputs of a DAC ( 330 ) as depicted in  FIG. 3 . In this reset mode, switches  333  and  334  are closed, connecting the second plate of each capacitor ( 331  and  332 ) to a voltage source ( 335  and  336 ). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    An exemplary improved level-shifting CMR readout stage of the invention is presented in  FIG. 3 . Like the circuit of  FIG. 2 , this circuit advantageously incorporates a DAC-driven capacitive level shifting circuit. The prior art circuit of  FIG. 2  comprises two pairs of capacitors. The first pair ( 221  and  222 ) provides amplifier feedback, while the second pair ( 231  and  232 ) enables DAC-driven level shifting. The circuit design of  FIG. 3  improves upon the design depicted in  FIG. 2  in that on each line, a single capacitor ( 332  and  333 ) serves as the negative feedback capacitor and also provides the level shifting function. 
         [0017]    In operation, the circuit functions as follows. During readout phase, pairs of sample-and-hold capacitors in the array are selected sequentially for readout, each pair storing a phototintegration signal and a reset signal received from a pixel. When capacitor pair  301  and  302  is selected for readout, switches  311  and  312  are closed, connecting each of the sample and hold capacitors to an input line ( 313  and  314 ) of the amplifier ( 315 ). Upon establishment of such connection, the charge stored on sample-and-hold capacitor  301  is transferred to capacitor  331 , and the charge stored on capacitor  302  is transferred to capacitor  332 . During read mode, switches  325  and  326  are closed to create a feedback loop between the amplifier outputs  319  and  320  and inputs  313  and  314 , across capacitors  331  and  332 . After a settling phase, the amplifier output is read by the ADC. Correlated double sampling is performed by subtracting the reset signal from the photointegration signal and the resulting differential is converted to a digital signal, which may be output from the ADC for storage or further processing. 
         [0018]    After the readout phase is complete, a reset phase is initiated in order to prepare the charge readout stage to read the next-in-line pair of sample and hold capacitors. In the reset phase, the previously selected sample-and-hold capacitors  301  and  302  are taken offline by opening switches  311  and  312 . The amplifier feedback lines  319  and  320  are also taken offline by opening switches  325  and  326 . The capacitors  331  and  332  are then charged to a desired level by connecting each plate of each capacitor to a voltage source. The first plate of each capacitor can be connected to a voltage source by closing switched  337  and  338 . The second plate of each capacitor can be connected to a voltage source ( 335  and  336 ) by closing switches  333  and  334 . 
         [0019]    In typical charge mode readout circuits, the gain capacitors are cleared of charge during the reset mode by shorting them, for example in  FIG. 1  by closing switches  125  and  126 . In contrast, in the charge mode readout circuit of the present invention, the gain capacitors are charged to a desired level during the reset mode by connecting their plates to voltage sources. This charging of the gain capacitors allows them to be set at a specific level to improve signal parameters. In one embodiment, the specific level is selected in order to impart fully differential output swing to the amplifier output. In another embodiment, the specific level is selected to level shift the amplifier output to a desired range, for example a range matched to the optimal range of the amplifier and/or ADC. In one embodiment, the voltage sources connected to the capacitor plates are fixed voltage sources. In another embodiment, the voltage sources connected to the capacitor plates are variable, controllable voltage sources, allowing tuning of the circuit to specific operating ranges. For example, in one embodiment, the voltage sources used to charge the capacitor comprise differential voltage outputs from a digital to analog converter (DAC). The DAC may be under the control of control elements which respond to measured signals within the circuit and which keep the amplifier output centered around a common mode voltage or a desired centerpoint. In an alternative embodiment, the voltage sources are asymmetrical in magnitude. 
         [0020]    After completion of the reset phase, once the capacitors are charged to the desired level by the applied voltages, the system is ready to read the next pair of sample-and-hold capacitors in the array, e.g.  303  and  304  may be read after reading of 301 and 302. 
         [0021]    This novel design allows a single capacitor to perform two functions, providing amplifier feedback and level shifting. This design imparts multiple advantages over the prior art level-shifting CMR stage:
       1) the feedback factor is increased, improving the gain of the amplifier and reducing amplifier power consumption;   2) the use of one capacitor instead of two shrinks the area of the CMR readout stage;   3) the amplifier is not required to operate in unity gain mode, reducing design, fabrication, and operation constraints.       
 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, the invention comprises a circuit wherein a single capacitor serves as an amplifier feedback capacitor and also as the capacitive element of a DAC-driven capacitive level shifting circuit. In one embodiment, the invention comprises the circuit of  FIG. 3 . 
         [0026]    For convenience, the invention has been described with respect to the readout of pixels in a CMOS image sensor array. However, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to use in CMOS image sensor arrays, and may be implemented in any device to achieve readout of multiple channels via a shared amplifier. Additionally, it will be understood that the readout circuits and associated methods of the invention are not limited to CMOS image sensors and may be implemented in any device, including other types of image sensors and non-image sensors, wherein multiple data signals are read out using an amplifier. 
       Example 1 
       [0027]    To realize next-generation highly realistic sensation broadcasting systems, the research and development of 8K ultrahigh-definition television (UHDTV) systems have been promoted. To reduce the size of the camera, single-chip imaging is a promising approach, and a compact single-chip 8K camera that weighs only 2 kg has already been developed using a color 33Mpixel CMOS image sensor. However, a conventional single-chip camera has a lower image quality than a full-resolution camera because the total pixel count of the single-sensor camera is only one-third of that of a three-sensor camera, and pixel interpolation is required to configure a full-resolution image. In this example, a 133Mpixel sensor that can be operated at 60 fps to realize a full-resolution 8K single-chip camera is described. To achieve both high speed and suitable ADC resolution, 32-column multiplexing analog readout circuitry and 14b high-speed redundant successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs are adopted in the design. As a result, a full-size image with a data rate of 128.71 Gb/s at 60 fps has been captured. 
         [0028]    The total pixel array size is 15488(H)×8776(V) including optical black pixels. The pixel design is a 2.45 μm two-way vertically shared pinned photodiode. The readout of the array is addressed one physical pixel row at a time with 15,488 readout columns split between the top and bottom of the pixel array. The column readout circuit consists of a source-follower bias current (VLN), a programmable-gain amplifier (PGA), and two sets of sample-and-hold capacitor banks (SHCaps) for even-and-odd-row ping-pong operation. Analog data stored in the SHCaps are read out in parallel by 484 SAR-ADCs. Each SAR-ADC serially multiplexes 32 columns, and the resulting converter data are written into the SRAM line memory. Two banks of SRAM memory are used to provide pipelining of the ADC and SRAM readout to reduce the row time. The SRAM readout is further divided into 16 parallel ports to reduce the data rate. Each readout port outputs 960 columns, with the exception of the 4 edge corner ports that output an additional  32  optical black columns. CML output drivers are used to output 7b-wide data to a 574.56 MHz DDR, achieving an aggregate data rate of 128.71 Gb/s. On-chip timing control logic is used. 
         [0029]    Front-end multiplexing of the columns is optimized for 32 columns per CMR and a 14b SAR-ADC with a conversion rate of 17.95 Ms/s. To realize this conversion rate with 484 simultaneous ADCs operating in parallel, a 1.85-radix redundant SAR architecture with 12b resolution is chosen. This radix relaxes the ADC reference-settling requirement and also allows for sufficient digital redundancy in the output code to relax the capacitor-matching requirement. The signal readout path in is repeated 16 times with 8 on the top and 8 on the bottom. 
         [0030]    I/O pads are provided in every port, thereby minimizing the resistive path to the off-chip low-ESR capacitors, which are required to supply the necessary large transient currents. This significantly reduces the horizontal routing height requirement to each port and enables scalability in the design. The reference and power are routed between the SRAM memory blocks and into the SAR-ADC array. The remaining reference and power for the lower-speed PGA, SHCaps, and CMR are distributed horizontally to each side of the sensor. The reference and supply layout busses are sized to meet supply drooping and settling requirements. 
         [0031]    The sensor of this Example 1 comprises the shared capacitor design described in  FIG. 3 . Within a row period, the ADC performs up to 33 conversions at a data rate of 17.95 MS/s. The ADC timing is clocked with a 287.28 MHz clock, requiring 16 clock cycles to perform the conversion. First, two clock cycles are reserved for the CMR, and the remaining 14 clock cycles are for the ADC bit cycle. 
         [0032]    The measured ADC readout noise at 60 fps is 3.52e- at a PGA gain setting of 3× and 1.53e- at a PGA gain setting of 18×. The sensor has an effective resolution of 133Mpixels at 60 fps, progressively scanned. The total random noise is measured to be 7.68e- (PGA gain 2×), and a saturation signal of 10005e- results in a dynamic range of 62.3 dB. 
         [0033]    All patents, patent applications, and publications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent application, or publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The disclosed embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation. While the invention has been described with reference to the described embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that modifications can be made to the structure and elements of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as a whole.