Abstract:
A rearview mirror for vehicles or the like, comprising in a unitary structure a substantially flat reflecting central surface that at each end of the flat central surface progresses gradually into a series of convex, spherical reflective surfaces having progressively smaller spherical radii progressing from the flat central surface, thereby eliminating deadspots in the drivers view toward the rear and the sides of of the vehicle. This invention provides exact and undistorted view to the rear of the vehicle, permitting accurate judgement of distances to articles and other vehicles behind the driver, and gradually reducing images to the sides of the vehicle in a panoramic view without distorting them, so the driver at all times has recogniseable views behind and to the sides of the vehicle. This particularly facilitates changing lanes and the like without incurring accidents. Included is a preferred method of manufacturing the reflecting surface to transgress from a flat surface to a series of spherical surfaces without any transfer line.

Description:
COMMENTS ON PRIOR ART found in inventor&#39;s search.  
       [0001]    AA. U.S. Pat. No 1.643,420 by E. Porter Sep. 27, 1927 shows a central flat mirror cylindrically bent at each end into convex and concave sections, that distort the views to the left and to the right very considerably so that it is hard to recognise articles on either side.  
         [0002]    AB. U.S. Pat. No. 2,536,872 by C. F. Cookson Jan.  2 ,  1951  shows a series of flat angled mirrors that take up a large part of the windshield and do not show a continued view but broken up, confusing view.  
         [0003]    AC. U.S. Pat. No. 2,605,676 by F. J. Couch Aug. 5, 1952 shows a flat mirror with a spherical mirror attached at each end, leaving dead spots at the attachment points at each end.  
         [0004]    AD. U.S. Pat. No. 2,857,810 by J. A. Troendle Aug. 28, -. shows a flat mirror with cylindrical and conical end portions, that distort the side views considerably.  
         [0005]    AE. U.S. Pat. No. 2,979,989 by W. L. Calder Jr. Apr. 18, 1961 shows a flat mirror with a pivotable flat mirror attached at each end, that provides considerable blind spots at each end.  
         [0006]    AL. German patent No. W 13362 II/63c by Dr. Wilhelm Ropke shows a rearview mirror that has adjoined at least one auxilliary adjustable concave mirror mounted in one common holder.  
         [0007]    None of the patents found in the search have disclosed a rearview mirror having an unbroken, undistorted panoramic view to the rear and to the sides of a vehicle as the view provided by the present invention.  
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    This invention relates to mirrors and more particularly to improvements in rearview mirrors for automobiles, vehicles, and the like.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    The conventional type of rearview mirror for automobiles or the like, consisting of a flat piece of mirror located inside the windshield, at the top thereof, in front of the driver, has the disadvantage that it only allows the driver of the automobile or vehicle to see a comparatively small portion of the view to the rear of the vehicle, leaving blind spots that can not be viewed, providing inherant possibilities of causing accidents when changing lanes and the like.  
           [0010]    In order to get a larger panoramic view to the rear of a vehicle, a larger or longer mirror can be utilized, this however having the disadvantage that a larger portion of the view straight ahead is impeded by the size of the rearview mirror, yet still leaving blind spots at either side behind the vehicle.  
           [0011]    To obtain a larger view to the rear of a vehicle, curved mirrors have been utilized at the top of the windshield, but these have the disadvantage that vision directly behind the vehicle is distorted to such a degree, that judgement of distances, for instance to another vehicle approaching from the rear, is made very difficult, not to say impossible, as is judging the distance to other obstacles when backing up the car or vehicle.  
           [0012]    Other mirrors have been devised, consisting of a flat piece of mirror for viewing directly to the rear of the vehicle, in combination with auxiliary small mirrors attached at each end of the central flat mirror, giving a part view out to each side of the rear of the vehicle, this having the disadvantage that a large blind spot is left between the field of view of the central mirror and the auxuliary mirrors, these latter being comparatively small in order not to take up too much of the drivers forward vision. Furthermore each attached mirror must be adjusted individually and accurately to get a better field of view, and can easily inadvertently be brought out of adjustment.  
           [0013]    In order to supplement the field of vision seen in the internal rearview mirror, outside rearview mirrors have been utilized on one or both sides of the vehicle, these having the disadvantage that they are easily soiled and brought out of adjustment. These outside mirrors usually have to be viewed through side windows of the vehicle, which can be a marked disadvantage in rainy or bad weather, and even these outside mirrors do not give the driver a view in all the blind spots.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    The principal object of this invention is to provide a rearview mirror that gives a very wide angle of vision, so wide in fact that the viewer gets a field of view covering not only the rear of the vehicle, but also the normally blind spots at both sides of the viewer. When the invention, for instance, is used as a rearview mirror for a vehicle, the mirror can be made to enable the driver to see anything at the rear of the vehicle and along each side thereof to the point where the drivers field of vision is covered by the naked eye in front of the driver, thereby giving the driver a 100 per cent vision around the vehicle, of which, for instance, approximately 100 degrees may be covered by the drivers vision straight ahead, and approximately 260 degrees may be covered by the drivers field of view in the present invention, substantially without distortion so that articles seen in this rearview mirror may be filly recognized, no matter which part of this new rearview mirror is being viewed.  
           [0015]    It is another object of this invention to provide a rearview mirror that allows an undistorted panoramic view toward the rear of the driver in order, for instance, to allow the driver to correctly judge distances behind the driver when backing up a vehicle.  
           [0016]    It is another object of this invention to provide a rear view mirror that eliminates all normally blind spots behind and to the sides of the vehicle, which blind spots have been the cause of many bad accidents hitherto.  
           [0017]    It is further an object of this invention to provide a rearview mirror that does not distort view to the side of a vehicle but allows people, buildings etc. to be clearly recognized, but just slightly reduced in size as seen in a spherical mirror. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1. is a plan view of the driving compartment of a vehicle with the present invention in conventional place inside the front windshield, illustrating a drivers view to the rear and sides of the vehicle, utilizing a rearview mirror incorporating the present invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a rearview mirror incorportating the present invention, illustrating substantially how a circle of a constant size will be seen in different locations viewed along the length of the rearview mirror, when viewed by a driver utilizing the present invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a pattern used to form the reflecting mirror surface of a rearview mirror incorporating the present invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a frontal elevation of a preferred method of forming the surface of a pattern used to provide the needed profile on the face of a mirror to accommodate the features of the present invention, shown machining the central, fiat portion of the pattern being machined.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 is a frontal elevation of the method illustrated in FIG. 4. showing machining of the progressively spherically curved end portions of the pattern. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0023]    This invention is based on the novel concept that a flat surface can be construed as being a spherical surface having an infinitely large spherical radius, it being possible to gradually and progressively merge such a flat surface with infinitely large radii, as incorporated in the center portion of the present invention, progressively into a series of adjacent, substantially sperical surfaces with progressively smaller radii, by simply by reducing the infinitely large spherical radius of the center portion gradually into a series of surfaces with progressively smaller radii, simultaneously in longitudinal and transverse direction, progressing from the central flat portion of the rearview mirror surface toward each end of the rearview mirror surface, the profile of the surface progressing transversely and longitudinally at the same time gradually and progressively at substantially the same rate. Thus a rearview spherical mirror surface is formed that progresses from a flat central portion of the rearview mirror that may, for instance, constitute approximately one third of the surface length, while, for instance, approximately one third of the surface length at each end of the rearview mirror may curve gradually and progressively into a series of convex, substantially spherical curves with progressively smaller spherical radii travelling from the central flat portion of the surface toward each end of the surface.  
       DESCRIPTION OF ONE PREFERRED METHOD OF PROVIDING A PATTERN OR MOLD WITH A SUITABLE SURFACE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A REARVIEW MIRROR ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION.  
       [0024]    Referring to FIG. 1, a planview of the driving compartment of a conventional vehicle  8  such as automobile  9  is shown with a driver  10  in position at the steering wheel  11 . A rearview mirror  12  according to the present invention is located inside windshield  8   a  in convential position at  12   a  suitable to cover view of both sides and rear of vehicle  8  from viewpoint  13  of driver  10   
         [0025]    A number of angles of inflection are shown giving the field of view from viewpoint  13  to the left of vehicle  8  designated by view line  14 , to the rear of vehicle  8  designated by view line  15  and to the right of vehicle  8  designated by view line  16 .  
         [0026]    The entire panoramic view around the back and sides of vehicle  8  is covered by rearview mirror  12  up to the direct frontal view of driver  10 . The portion of rear view covered by a flat, central portion  17  of mirror  12  provides normal rear view without distortion of judgement of distance.  
         [0027]    The portions of rearview and sideview covered by convexly curved, spherical end portions  18  and  19  will cover the normally blind spot portions of rearview and provide undistorted, progressively reduced, easily recogniseable images of traffic to either side of vehicle  8  in rearview mirror  12 .  
         [0028]    Driver  10  can therefore at a single glance at rearview mirror  12  ascertain and clearly recognise any traffic behind and around vehicle  8 . A passenger  10   a  sitting next to driver  10  will also have a view toward the rear of vehicle  8  in rearview mirror  12  as shown by view line  16   a  thereby doubling the safety factor of the rear view mirror.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 2, images of true circles seen in a rearview mirror located in vehicle  9  of FIG. 1, incorporating the present invention are shown. Image  12   b  of a true circle located behind vehicle  9  is seen as a true circle, similar to that seen in a normal flat rearview mirror. Images  18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c  of true circles to the left of vehicle  9  are seen as progressively smaller, but still substantially true circles. Images  19   a ,  19   b , and  19   c  of true circles to the right of vehicle  9  are seen as progressively smaller, but still substantially true circles. These images are all undistorted and therefore give the driver a true and immediately recogniseable view around the back and sides of vehicle  9  and eliminates all blind spots.  
         [0030]    Referring to FIG. 3 a perspective view of a pattern  37  used to form the surfaces of the rear view mirror of the present invention is shown, encompassing flat central surface  17  and progressively reduced radii, spherical end surfaces  18  and  19  of the rearview mirror.  
         [0031]    In order to provide a suitable profile on a mirror according to the present invention, a mold or pattern surface must be developed in a mold or pattern, in the following called a pattern, to provide the surface characteristics involved in the present invention, so that these characteristics may be transfered to actual mirrors during production thereof. The longitudinal and transversal shape of this profile must be controlled simultaneously, progressing from a central flat portion of the mirror toward substantially spherical surfaces at each ends of the mirror.  
         [0032]    Referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 a preferred method of accomplishing this is disclosed at 20 comprising the use of a machine, such as, for instance, a milling machine  21  to machine the required surface on a pattern, to accomplish the features of this invention. Milling machine  21  has a conventional, horizontally movable table  22  and a vertical stationary column  23  behind table  22 .  
         [0033]    A plate  23   a  is pivotably mounted vertically in front of column  23  at plate pivot axis  24 . A horizontal, longitudinal slide shown at  26  consists of a lower slide portion  27  mounted firmly on table  22  and an upper slide portion  28  mounted longitudinably slideable in lower slide portion  27 . A baseplate  25  is mounted on upper slide portion  28 .  
         [0034]    Plate  25  carries towards it&#39;s right end  30 , a primary bearing block  31  which at it&#39;s upper end  32  carries a pivot bearing  33  to engage in a pivot pin  34 , substantially in the center  34   a  of side  35  of pattern holder  36  into which a pattern  37  is inserted and held for the ensuing machining operation. The right hand end  38  of pattern holder  36  is supplied with a downward depending support roller block  39 . Into lower end  39   a  of roller block  39  a downward depending support roller  40  is journalled.  
         [0035]    In order to provide the transverse components of a spherical convex surface with progressively decreasing spherical radii transversely accross pattern surface  62 , an upwardly extending end plate  41  is attached at right hand end  42  of lower slide  27 . A primary camlever  44  is fastened to the left of upper end  43  of plate  41 . Camlever  44  has a lower edge  44   a  that moves horizontally along and above lower support roller  45  that is rotatably mounted in upper end  46  of lower roller block  47 , that extends upwards from right hand end  48  of base plate  25 . Lower edge  44   a  of camlever  44  is straight and horizontal and is adapted to move along and above lower roller  45 . Upper edge  44   b  of cam lever  44  has its right hand portion  44   c  formed straight and horizontal. Left hand portion  44   d  is advantageously formed to progress upward, for instance, as part of an elipse.  
         [0036]    The cutting tool used to machine the flat and curved surfaces of the pattern may, for instance, be a cupshaped or flared cutter or grinding wheel  56 , in the following called a cutter, on a rotating spindle  57  that is driven by a motor  57   a  and maintained perpendicular to flat central surface  58  during machining of flat central portion  58  of pattern  37 , as pattern  37  is slowly moved to the left relative to rotating cutter  56  due to motion of upper slide portion  28  moving to the left during cutting operation. Cutter  56  will provide a flat surface on central portion  58  of pattern  37  until the end  59  of flat portion  58  of pattern  37  has been reached. As pattern  37  slowly continues to move to the left, the upper end  60  of spindle  57   a , that is controlled by a secondary cam system shown at  70   a  and explained further below, will be progressively tilted toward the right hand end  38  of pattern  37 , providing a progressively decreasing spherically radiused, convex surface  64 , transversely accross and longitudinally along pattern surface  62 .  
         [0037]    The central flat surface  58 , of pattern  37 , that may be construed as a spherically cut surface having an infinitely large spherical radius on surface  58  of pattern  37 , will now gradually become an increasingly more convex, spherically curved surface having increasingly smaller radii longitudinally and transversely toward each end of pattern  37 , as pattern moves under cutter  56 .  
         [0038]    This is accomplished by letting roller  40  roll up on the concave curved elipse edge portion  44   e  of cam lever  44 . Righthand end  61  of pattern  37  will start to tip upwards into central cavity  56   a  of flared cutter  56 , as pattern holder  36  pivots counterclockwise on pivot bearing  33 . As flared cutter  56  rotates on spindle  57  the resulting cut on pattern  37  will have the configuration of a convex curve transverse of pattern end surface  62 , as upper slide portion  28  moves to the left along lower slide portion  27 . As the horizontal edge  44   c  progresses tangentially into concave elipse portion  44   d , righthand end  61  of pattern holder  36  will progressively tip more and more into cavity  56   a  of flared cutter  56 , controlled by primary camlever  44 , constantly reducing the radius of the profile of the cut transversely and longitudinally along surface  62 .  
         [0039]    A secondary cam mechanism shown at  65  controls the tilting motion of spindle  57  and motor  57   a  in conjunction with primary cam lever  44  to provide the desired progressive reduction in spherical curve radii, simultaneusly transversely and longitudinally along upper end surface  62  on pattern  37 , as machining progresses lengthwise along surface  62  toward righthand end  38  of pattern  37 , providing a substantially spherical convex surface on surface  62  with a constantly decreasing spherical radius progressing toward righthand end  38  of pattern. 37 .  
         [0040]    Upper roller  40  is adapted to roll along upper edge  44   b  of camlever  44 . As upper slide portion  28  moves to the left in lower slide portion  27 , roller  40  will move to the left along horizontal righthand portion  44   c  of cam lever  44  as central flat portion  58  of pattern  37  is being machined by flared cutter  56 , while spindle  57  is in vertical position. Left end portion  49  of upper edge  50  of camlever  44  has the concave configuration of a quarter of an ellipse  44   e , that progresses tangentially from horizontal portion  50   a  of camlever  44  upwards and to the left as the curvature of ellipse  44   e  progressively increases.  
         [0041]    As soon as roller  40  starts to roll up on curved elipse  44   e  of camlever  44 , righthand end  38  of pattern  37  will start to tip upwards into center cavity  56   a  of flared cutter  56  as pattern holder  36  pivots on pivot bearing  33 . Since the horizontal portion  44   c  of cam lever  44  passes tangentially into the concave elipse  44   e  of camlever  44 , the transition will pass very smoothly and almost unnoticeably from flat surface  58  to spherically curved surfaces  36   b  and  62 .  
         [0042]    A rectangular,.vertical frame  70  is located on lower slide  27 , behind upper slide  28 . A rectangular cavity  71  is indented into front surface  72  of frame  70 . A sliding block  73  is located vertically slideable in cavity  71 . Steel balls  74  may be suitably inserted between frame  70  and block  73  to reduce friction as block  73  is moved up and down in frame  70 . A slot  74   a  is indented into front surface  77  of block  73  and consists of a part vertical lower portion  75  that converges into an upper oval part  76  that curves toward upper righthand end  76   a  of block  73 .  
         [0043]    A connecting rod  78  has it&#39;s righthand end  78   a  pivotably attached toward left upper corner  79  of vertical plate  23   a  at  80 . Connecting rod  78  passes through a retaining bracket  81 , attached to righthand side of frame  70  at  81   a . and slides accross the front of frame  70  to directly in front of slot  74   a  where a pivotal roller  82  on pivot pin  82   a  extends horizontally from rod  78  into slot  74   a . A stabilizer lever  78   c  has it&#39;s lower end  78   d  pivotably attached on lower end  78   e  of frame  70  at  78   f . Upper end  78   g  of stabilizer lever  78   c  is pivotably attached to connecting rod  78  at  78   h.    
         [0044]    A horizontal support arm  83  extends out from left side  84  of frame  70  and carries a pivot  85  at its left end  85   a . A quadrant  86  has a central bearing  87  rotatably carried on pivot  85  on support arm  83 , and has a first arm  92  extending toward frame  70 , and has a second arm  92   a  depending downward from pivot  85 . A horizontally outward extending pin  88  is located on surface  77  of sliding block  73  and fits slidingly into a slot  89  at righthand end  91  of arm  92 . Left edge  74   b  of slot  74   a  is a governing edge. A tension spring  74   c  is located between stabilizing lever  78   c  at  78   k  and left side  84  of frame  72  at  74   d , spring  74   c  maintaining intimate connection between roller  82  and governing edge  74   b.    
         [0045]    Baseplate  25  has a bearing block  93  extending upward from left end  94  of base plate  25  to an upper pivot  95  on bearing block  93 . Extreme lower end  96  of second arm  92   a  has a pivot  97 . A connecting lever  98  is located pivotally between pivot  95  and pivot  97 .  
         [0046]    Lower vertical slot portion  75  maintains spindle  57  in a vertical position while roller  82  passes up along lower vertical slotportion  75  as sliding block  73  is moved upwards in this portion of slot  75 , by first quadrant arm  92 , as sliding block  73  is moved upwards, whereby cutting edge  99  of flared cutter  56  will machine a flat, horizontal surface on central portion  58  of pattern  37 . During machining operation of this flat pattern surface  58 , upperslide  28  is moved horizontally in lower slide  27  to the left, untill roller  40  has reached the end of horizontal portion  44   c , at start  44   d  of eliptical concave curve  44   e . Cutter  56  has now travelled from start position  66  to righthand end position  59  of flat pattern surface  58 . The lengths of levers and quadrant arms are chosen to move roller  82  suitably through vertical slot portion  75  during this portion of horizontal machining.  
         [0047]    Referring particularly to FIG. 5, continuing to move upper slide  28  to the left in lower slide  27 , roller  82  will slowly enter upper eliptic portion  76  of slot  75 , slot  75  continuing to progress upward as a portion of a suitable elipse, with the radius of the concave curve of the eliptic portion gradually but constantly decreasing as roller  82  moves up the elipsed curved slot  76 . As roller  82  moves up eliptical curved slot  76 , connecting rod  78  will gradually be moved to the right, gradually tipping plate  23  clockwise to the right about pivot axis  24 , tipping spindle  57  to the right, out of perpendicular relationship with flat surface  58  of pattern  37 .  
         [0048]    As upper slide  28  moves to the left along lower slide  27 , roller  40  will move left along horizontal upper edge  44   b  of cam lever  44  during machining of horizontal flat surface  58  of pattern  37 , roller  40  will reach  44   d  where horizontal upper edge  44   b  stops and where horizontal upper edge  44   b  tangentially merges into concave ellipse curve  44   e . Concave ellipse curve  44   e  progresses upward and to the left. As upper slide  28  continues to move to the left in lower slide  27 , roller  40  continues to move to the left up along concave ellipse curve  44   e  through a gradually and constantly eliptical decreasing curve radius. As roller  40  starts to move up along ellipse curve  44   e , plate  23   a  is simultaneously gradually tipped clockwise about pivot bearing  24 . by combined action of elipse curve  44   e  and eliptic slot  76 , righthand end  38  of pattern  37  enters more and more into central cavity  56   a  of cutter  56 . As upper slide  28  continues to move to the left, cutter  56  will gradually machine a convex curved surface with constantly decreasing radii longitudinally and transversally of pattern surface  62 . Choosing suitable ellipses in slot  76  and on camlever  44  provides coresponding radii in longitudinal and transversal direction, to supply constantly decreasing radii in both directions resulting in decreasing,, substantially spherical surfaces along end surface  62  of pattern  37  down to the extreme righthand end  100  of pattern  37 .  
         [0049]    If desired, the reduction of spherical radius may be stopped before end  100  has been reached so that the final end portion is machined with no further reduction of spherical radius.  
         [0050]    To machine the remaining lefthand portion  36   a  of pattern  37 , pattern  37  may be taken out of pattern holder  33 , reversed 180 degrees length wise and replaced in pattern holder  36 . The same operation as described directly above is now repeated for lefthand portion  36   a  so that surface  36   b  on lefthand end, and surface  62  on righthand end of pattern  37  may become substantially identically machined.  
         [0051]    Pattern  37  has now been supplied with the correct required surfaces  58 ,  62  and  36   b , ready to transfer to a rearview mirror according to this invention in conventional manner. To make plastic mirrors, the pattern may be made of steel and suitably embedded in an injection mold for mass producing copies of the convex side of the pattern in clear sheet plastic. The plastic mirror will now have a convex side and a concave side. The concave side of the clear plastic is thereafter supplied with a mirror surface in conventional manner, and mounted in a mirror holder for viewing through from the convex side, and mounted inside a windshield in conventional manner for a fill and substantially undistorted panoramic view behind and to both sides of a vehicle.  
         [0052]    Glass mirrors may be made by locating a piece of glass sheet on top of above pattern, the pattern being made of suitable material such as graphite to withstand heat, and placed in an oven to heat it sufficiently to allow the glass to assume the form of the pattern by gravity or other convential means.  
         [0053]    As an example only, the rearview mirror may be made a total length of, for instance, 9 inches long, in which case the central flat piece may be made, for instance, 3 inches long, and each progressively curved, spherical end might, for instance, be made 3 inches long.  
         [0054]    It will be understood that although specific embodiments of the invention have herein been described and illustrtated, it is recognized that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention which is therefore not to be limited to the details disclosed herein, as the invention also contemplates variations in design as may hold within the scope of the appended claims.  
         [0055]    Numbering List.  
                                         NUMBERING LIST.                                 8.   Driving compartment        8a   Windshield        9   Automobile        10   Driver        10a   Passenger        11   Steering wheel        12   Rearview mirror        12a   Location of mirror        12b   True image of circle        13   Viewpoint        14   View line to left        15   View line to rear        16   View line to right        16a   Passenger view line        17   Flat center of mirror        18   Left Spherical end        18a, 18b, 18c   Reduced, but undistorted left images of circles        19   Right spherical end        19a, 19b, 19c   Reduced but undistorted right image of circles        20   Preferred method        21   Milling machine        22   Horizontal table        23   Vertical column        23a   Vertical plate        24   Pivot axis of plate        25   Base plate        26   Slide        27   Lower portion        28   Upper portion        30   Upper portion right end of plate 25        31   Primary bearing block        32   Primary bearing block upperend        33   Pivot bearing        34   pivot pin        34a   Center of side 35        35   Side of pattern holder        36   Pattern holder        36b   Lefthand end convex surface of pattern        37   Pattern        38   Right end convex surface of pattern        39   Down projecting roller block        39a   Lower end of block 39        39b   Extension spring between roller 40 and camlever 44        40   Upper roller        41   Upward extending plate        42   Right end of lower slide portion        43   Upper end of plate 41        44   Primary cam lever        44a   Horizontal lower edge of 44        44b   Upper edge of 44        44c   Right hand horizontal portion of 44b        44d   Start edge of left eliptical curve        44e   Concave eliptical curve of cam        44f   Left end of eliptical curve        45   Lower roller        46   Upper end of lower roller block        47   Lower roller block        48   Right hand end of upper slide 28        49   Left part of upper cam edge        56   Flared cutter        56a   Central cavity in flared cutter        57   Spindle        57a   motor        58   Central flat surface portion of pattern        59   Right hand end of flat portion        60   Upper end of spindle        61   Right hand end of pattern holder        62   Upper right hand end convex surface of pattern        65   Cam mechanism        66   Start position of flat surface        70   Frame        71   Cavity in frame        72   Front surface of frame        73   Vertical sliding block        74   Steel balls        74a   Slot in sliding block 73        74b   Governing edge of slot 74a        74c   Tension spring        74d   Spring between roller 82 and edge 74b        75   Vertical slot portion        76   Upper eliptical secondary cam slot portion        77   Front surface of sliding block 73        78   Connecting rod        78a   Right hand end of connecting rod        78b   Left hand end of connecting rod        78c   Stabilizer rod        78d   Lower end of stabilizer rod        78e   Lower end of frame        78f   Lower attachment of stabilizer rod        78g   Upper end of stabilizer rod        78k   Spring attachment on 78c        78h   Upper pivot attachment of stabilizer rod.        79   Upper end of plate 23a        80   Attachment location on plate 23a        81   Bearing block        81a   Right hand side of frame        82   Secondary roller        82a   roller pivot pin        83   Horizontally extending support arm        84   Left side of frame        85   Pivot in support arm 83        85a   Left end of support arm        86   Quadrant        87   Central bearing of quadrant        91   Righthand end of 92        94   Left end of baseplate 25        95   Upper pivot in block 93        96   Lower end of second arm 92a        97   Lower pivot in 92a        98   Connecting lever 92a to 93        99   Cutting edge of cutter       100   Righthand end of 62