Abstract:
The optical component designed preferably for use in a laser cavity for the generation of a pulsed laser beam, especially a mode-coupled beam in the microsecond to the femtosecond range, contains a coating ensemble that acts as a saturable absorber, contains several layers, and is wave-coupled and “etalon-free,” having at least one saturable absorptive layer. The sequence of layers in the coating ensemble can be laid out such that for an incident cavity beam a negative dispersion of the group velocity (negative group delay dispersion and negative group velocity dispersion) also results. In the optical component which acts among other things as a saturable absorber and can be used as such, separate, individual, discrete optical elements need not be assembled in a sandwich-type construction with minimization. Instead, the optical component is a coating ensemble in which each individual layer, together with the remainder of the ensemble, contributes to the phase-coupled overall behavior of the incident beam. One or more layers which exhibit the saturable absorptive properties may be positioned in this ensemble, naturally allowing for phase-constant relations, such that an optimal, in this case a saturable absorptive, effect can be achieved.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to an optical component designed preferably for use in a laser configuration, for the generation of a pulsed laser beam, especially a pulsed beam in the micro- to femtosecond range, and for use in an optical layout for a pulsed laser. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     Short pulses in the micro- to femtosecond range can be generated via mode coupling, Q-switching, or mode-coupled Q-switching within a laser cavity. This can be accomplished using a saturable absorber positioned in the laser cavity. The saturable absorbers used are dyes or semiconductors whose absorption capacity decreases with increasing beam intensity. In this manner, a coupling of the different resonant cavity modes to the short pulses oscillating in the cavity occurs, as is graphically described in H. Weber/G. Herziger, Laser-Grundlagen und Anwendungen [Laser Principles and Applications], Physik Verlag GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr., 1972, pp. 144 ff. 
     This made it possible to design saturable absorbers, for example, as so-called “antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorbers,” as is described in U. Keller, “Revolution in the Generation of Ultra-Short Pulses,” TR Transfer No. 23, 1994, pp. 22-24. In these known-in-the-art saturable absorbers, a semiconductor absorber was used, which was integrated into a Fabry-Perot interferometer, approximately 400 μm thick, with a sandwich-type construction. This sandwich-type construction comprised, as with a Fabry-Perot (etalon), two reflector elements. The space between the two reflector elements was taken up by the saturable absorbing semiconductor material. The distance between the two reflective elements was such that the beam intensity inside the Fabry-Perot was always much lower than the incident intensity. In other words, the Fabry-Perot was operated in antiresonance. This sandwich-type construction is described in EP-A 0 609 015 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,345,454) and in EP-A 0 541 304 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,577), among other places. 
     A further sandwich-type construction for a saturable absorber is known in the art from L. R. Brovelli, et al., “Self-Starting Soliton Mode-Locked Ti-Sapphire Laser Using a Thin Saturable Absorber, Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1995, pp. 287-288. In the “sandwich absorber” described here (see right column p. 287, second paragraph from the top), only one of the two Fabry-Perot reflectors is replaced by an antireflective film, that is, an antireflective coating; the saturable absorbing material is positioned in this case between the two cover elements of the sandwich. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     With the optical component, which acts as and can be used as a saturable absorber in accordance with the invention, separate, individual, discrete optical elements, as have long been known in the art, are no longer assembled in a sandwich-type construction with the goal of minimization; instead, an “etalon-free” coating ensemble is created, in which each individual layer, together with the remainder of the ensemble, contributes to the overall phase-coupled behavior of the incident beam. The term etalon-free coating ensemble is understood to mean a coating which contains no locally quantifiable etalon. Only with this design formalism, and the resulting computational formalism, is it possible to position one or more layers having the saturable absorbing properties in this ensemble, allowing, of course, of the phase-coupled interrelations, such that an optimal, in this case saturable absorptive effect can be achieved. 
     In the invention, a coating is used, which no longer simply acts overall as an addition to the properties of the individual partial layers. The object is first and foremost to compose the overall coating ensemble. Only after this has been completed can the property of the ensemble be determined (mathematically, as with a filter calculation). 
     The invention uses a coating ensemble comprised of a multitude of layers, wherein only one removal or one modification of a single layer can change the entire nature of the coating. In contrast to the above-described sandwich construction, a matrix-type coupling of all the layers with one another is implemented here, such as is described, for example, in the theoretical observations of M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, 1975, pp. 55-70. The modification of the physical data of a single layer (position in the ensemble, index of refraction, thickness of optical coating) will affect the properties of the overall coating. 
     Compared with the known-in-the-art sandwich-type construction, the optical component in the present invention can now be provided with the correct properties, via the proper calculation of the coating ensemble, to create an optimal resonator cavity. With the selection of the optical coating thicknesses and/or the coating material, and the positioning of these coatings in the ensemble, the properties of the ensemble can be set deliberately, as desired, and thus optimally adjusted. And more than just optical properties can be taken into consideration; for example, requirements regarding coating resistance, the precise frequency-based course of reflection, and especially, as is described in detail below, the optimal positioning of the absorber material, and thus its optimal impact, can be selected. 
     Because the construction of the coating ensemble produces a lower number of layers than the known-in-the-art sandwich-type construction, this coating can be produced more cost-effectively, using higher tolerances for the optical layer thicknesses to be used, and their indices of refraction. The outstanding “freedom of design,” which permits a multitude of possible combinations in the construction of and materials used in the layers, has proven to be particularly advantageous. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Below, examples of the optical components specified in the invention, along with the preferred application of these components, are described in greater detail with reference to the attached diagrams. Further advantages of the invention are described in the subsequent descriptive text. The diagrams as shown are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the invention, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-section, taken in a normal surface direction, of a coating ensemble used, for example, as a saturable absorber, 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic representation of characteristic wave impedances for a random coating ensemble, illustrating the procedure for calculating total reflection, 
     FIG. 3 illustrates The reflection sequence for the coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 1, with a vertical incidence of radiation, or radiation having a wavelength in free space of between 0.6 and 1.0 μm, wherein the absorbing layer, in the case of the same overall ensemble thickness, lies 20 nm closer to the surface, and, in terms of a normal position, lies 20 nm further away from this surface, 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the normalized progression of intensity within the coating ensemble (the positioning of the individual dielectric layers corresponds to that of FIG. 1) for wavelengths of 810 nm, 820 nm, 830 nm, and 850 nm (free space), wherein the curve derived from this shows the wavelength of the average frequency of 830 nm of the mode-coupled laser in an arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 5, 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an illustration of an optical construction for a pulsed laser, 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a variation on a coating ensemble as illustrated in FIG. 1 with which, in addition to saturable absorption, a negative group velocity dispersion can be achieved, 
     FIG. 7 illustrates an illustration of an optical construction for a mode-coupled laser containing the component illustrated in FIG. 6 as a cavity reflector, 
     FIGS. 8 a  through  8   e  illustrates coating ensembles of varying designs, in each of which α represents the progression of intensity (I) in random units over the thickness (z in μm) of the overall ensemble; β represents the progression of intensity over a segment of the coating ensemble; and γ represent the reflection of the coating ensemble over the wavelength indicated on the abscissa axis in micrometers (μm), 
     FIGS. 9 a - 9   c  illustrate a coating ensemble similar to that in FIG. 1, but with a metallic layer, 
     FIG. 10 illustrates layers containing III-V-semiconductor materials and fluorides, which in this case produces a reflector having a mean wavelength of 1.4 μm, 
     FIG. 11 illustrates a variation on a laser cavity, in which the active medium and the terminal cavity reflector form a single component, 
     FIG. 12 a further variation on a laser cavity in which the active medium in the cavity is designed as a deflecting reflector, and 
     FIG. 13 a further variation having a miniaturized laser cavity. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a cross-section through the layer construction of a coating ensemble  1 , which acts simultaneously as a reflector and as a saturable absorber. Since a semiconductor, namely gallium arsenide, was used in this case as the saturable absorptive material, semiconductor materials that are related to gallium arsenide in terms of their structural make-up were used in the remaining layers, in order to obtain perfect growth during the coating process (low-temperature MBE-grown at approx. 400° C.). 
     Generally, a structure comprised of GaAs and AlGaAs layers is allowed to grow at normal MBE temperatures of approx. 600° C. Preferably, however, the layer containing the saturable absorbers is allowed to grow at lower temperatures, that is, between 200° C. and 600° C. In this manner, the recombination times for the load carriers generated by the laser pulse can be influenced, and can be adjusted to between 100 fs [femtoseconds] and a few nanoseconds. This recombination time is adjusted to coincide with the required properties of the laser, as is described in L. R. Brovelli, et al., “Design and Operation of Antiresonant Fabry-Perot Saturable Semiconductor Absorbers for Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 12, 1995, pp. 311-322. In other words, in the coating ensembles  1  and  42  described here in the examples, only layers  6  and  39 , mentioned below, are allowed to grow at a temperature of 400° C. 
     Starting from the coating surface (air interface layer  3 ), the coating ensemble  1  comprises a 5-nm-thick gallium arsenide layer, the covering layer  4  (GaAs); then a 40 nm-thick aluminum arsenide layer  5  (AlAs); a 20-nm-thick gallium arsenide layer  6  (GaAs) as the saturable absorptive material; a 70-nm-thick aluminum arsenide layer  7 ; a 10-nm-thick gallium arsenide layer  9 ; and then preferably  25  double layers comprised of a 59.4-nm-thick gallium arsenide layer  11  doped with aluminum (Al 15% %Ga 85% As) and a 69.2-nm-thick aluminum arsenide layer  13 . The entire coating ensemble  1  is deposited on a gallium arsenide substrate  15 . 
     The calculation of the reflection of the coating ensemble  1  follows in accordance with the theory of the adaptation to electrical wave impedances by Hermann A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, 1984, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632, ISBN 0-13-946053-5, pp.31-46, employing the symbols used in FIG.  2 . 
     The wave impedance of a layer Z X  is the wave impedance Z 0  of free space (approximately that of air) divided by the index of refraction (square root of the relative dielectric constants with a relative magnetic permeability of 1, which is generally a given here). The wave impedance Z 0  of free space is approximately 376.7 Ω. 
     From the electric wave theory, the following is then true for the transformation of the wave impedances: 
     
       
           Z′=Z   m   [Z   s   /Z   m   +j  tan(2 πd   m   /W )]/[1+ j ( Z   s   /Z   m )·tan(2 πd   m   /W   m )] 
       
     
     “j” indicates the imaginary number in a complex notation, 
     Z S  is the wave impedance of the substrate, in this case that of gallium arsenide, 
     Z′ is the transformed wave impedance, as it would be “seen” by a wave that was separated from the wave impedance Z S  of the substrate by a spacer having the wave impedance Z m  and the width d m ; 
     W m  is the wavelength of the radiation frequency observed in the material of the layer, having the wave impedance Z m′ , that is, the respective index of refraction n m ·W m =W 0 /n m , wherein W 0  is the wavelength of the beam in free space. 
     For the wave impedance Z″, as a wave “would see it” if a further impedance wave segment Z m−1  having a thickness of d m−1  were connected in the series, the following is logically true: 
     
       
           Z″=Z   m−1   [Z′/Z   m−1   +j  tan(2 πd   m−1   /W   m−1 )]/[1+ j ( Z′/Z   m1 )·tan(2 πd   m−1   /W   m−1 )] 
       
     
     The reflection R of the overall coating ensemble  1  is then calculated as follows: 
     
       
           R =[(1− Z   m−x   /Z   X′ )/(1+ Z   m−X   /Z   X′ )] 2    
       
     
     wherein Z X′ , is the wave impedance that has been transformed to the layer surface, and Z m−x  is the wave impedance of the medium that borders on the uppermost layer, in this case air. The reflection progression of the above-described coating ensemble  1  is illustrated in FIG.  3 . The idea here is to compensate for the dependence of the wavelength upon the structure of the coating ensemble  1  with the absorption provided by the absorptive material for a predetermined wavelength range. This can be accomplished via the selection of the proper positioning of the absorptive layer  6 . To illustrate this idea more clearly, the reflection factor of the ensemble  1  is shown here, with a positioning of the absorbing layer  6  in relation to the position illustrated in FIG. 1, shifted once 20 nm toward the outside (indicated by a dashed line) and then shifted 20 nm toward the inside (indicated by a dotted line). The line derived from this is the wavelength of the average frequency of 830 nm, upon which the mode-coupled laser opprates. 
     The progression of intensity parallel to the normal surface in the coating is calculated from the electric field strength, in a manner similar to the above-described reflection factor, wherein here, as above, the phase relationships of the reflections of the partial waves to the inner boundary surfaces must be superimposed, phase-constant, such as is presented, for example, in the above-described publication by Hermann A. Haus. 
     The progression of intensity within the coating ensemble  1  illustrated in FIG. 1, for three different wavelengths in free space, 830 nm, 840 nm, and 850 nm, is illustrated in FIG.  4 . The wavelength data are always based upon those for free space. 
     A generation of short, mode-coupled pulses, especially in the microsecond range, can be achieved using the arrangement of optical components illustrated in FIG.  5 . This arrangement comprises a coating ensemble  19  that is mounted on a heat sink  17  and acts as a laser cavity reflector with a saturable absorber, that has, in accordance with the above-described coating ensemble  19 , its maximum reflection at 840 nm, and that acts as a nearly 100% reflector with a 1-2% saturable absorber. The other cavity reflector  20 , which acts as a coupling-out reflector, has a reflection of 98% and a specialized coating, which will not be discussed any further here. A Cr:LiSAF crystal  23  (chromium-doped lithium strontium aluminum fluoride crystal LiSrAlF 6 ), with a thickness of 5 mm and a chromium content of 3%, serves as the active medium. The active medium is optically pumped on each side by laser diodes  21   a  and  21   b , which are manufactured by the Applied Optronics firm, type AOC-670-400, and have a wavelength of 670 nm, and an output of 400 mW. The optical pumping path in FIG. 5 a  is indicated as a dashed line to differentiate it from the derived cavity optical path  18 . The radiation from the diodes  21   a  and  21   b  is beamed into the active medium  23  via the focusing system  22   a  or  22   b . The optical path in the cavity is formed and deflected via three reflectors  24   a ,  24   b , and  24   c , each of which has a concave reflection surface (radius of curvature on the surface for the two “upper reflective surfaces in FIG. 5 a  amounts to 10 cm, and for the two lower, 20 cm). The two prisms  25   a  and  25   b , which are positioned at a distance of 59 cm from one another, are used to generate a negative dispersion of the group velocity in the laser cavity. This negative dispersion of the group velocity is necessary to the generation of the above-mentioned short pulses. 
     One variation on the coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown in FIG.  6 . The double-layer sequence of coatings  33  and  34  and the material of the substrate  35  are identical to those shown in FIG.  1 . On the layer  33  there now lies a 10-nm-thick GaAs layer  38 , followed by a 130-nm-thick intermediate layer  37  of aluminum arsenide (AlAs). This is followed by a 30-nm-thick saturable absorptive gallium arsenide layer  39 , which is doped with aluminum. This layer  39  is preferably comprised of Al 6% G 49% As and is produced especially via a so-called “low-temperature MBE process” at approx. 400° C. The reflection of this ensemble  42 , with a wavelength of 840 nm, is approximately 98% unsaturated. 
     With the proper selection of the doping, gallium arsenide layers can be adjusted from saturable absorbing layers to non-absorbing layers, dependent upon the radiation wavelength that occurs on them. Thus, with a doping of 0 to 6% aluminum, in which the gallium portion is replaced by that of the aluminum and the arsenide portion is allowed to remain constant, the absorption limit will shift from 870 nm to 830 nm. With an aluminum content of 15%, the absorption limit is already at 800 nm. The layer construction was designed here to create a negative dispersion of the group velocity of the radiation waves in the laser cavity. It is further ensured that there is sufficient growth of the appropriate coating, and a high level of resistance, even in the case of high radiation intensities. 
     Naturally, other material compositions, such as SiO 2  and TiO 2 , as is described in R. Szipöcs, et al., “Chirped Multilayer Coatings for Broadband Dispersion Control in Femtosecond Lasers,” Optics Letters, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1994, pp. 201-203, may also be chosen. But the coating ensemble described by Szipöcs, et al. generates only a negative dispersion of the group velocity. That layer construction, specifically as illustrated in FIG. 1 of that publication, must first be modified, based upon the findings in the invention, such that the saturable absorbing layers are integrated into predetermined positions in the coating ensemble. With the findings in the invention, the affected layers can be specifically integrated, so that not only is a negative dispersion of the wave velocity possible, the property of saturable absorption can also be optimally integrated. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary only for individual layers to be replaced with layers having the property of saturable absorption, without altering the phase relationships, similar to the progression of intensity over the layer construction shown in FIG.  4 . 
     One variation on the coating construction described in the publication by R. Szipöcs, et al. is expounded upon in C. Fontaine, et al., “Generalization of Bragg Reflector Geometry: Application to (Ga, Al)As-(Ca,Sr)F 2  Reflectors,” J. Appl. Phys. 68, (10), 1990, pp. 5366-5368. In accordance with the invention, the saturable absorptive layer or layers can then be integrated into the sequence of layers presented herein, in the manner presented above. With a construction of this type, pulse widths of less than 10 fs can be achieved. 
     FIG. 7 shows the cavity arrangement for a mode-locked laser, wherein one of the laser cavity reflectors  43  is coated with the above-described coating ensemble  42  to achieve maximum reflection at 840 nm, and is designed to be nearly a 100-% reflector. The other cavity reflector  45 , which is designed to act as a coupling-out reflector, has a reflection of 99% and a specialized coating, which will not be discussed any further here. A Cr:LiSAF crystal  47  (chromium-doped lithium-strontium aluminum fluoride crystal LiSrAlF 6 ) with a thickness of 2 mm serves as the active medium, so that the optical path at a Brewster&#39;s angle amounts to 2 mm in the crystal, and has a chromium content of 3%. The active medium is optically pumped by a laser diode  49  manufactured by the Applied Optronics firm, type AOC-670-400, with a wavelength of 670 nm and an output of 400 mW. The optical pumping path is illustrated in FIG. 7 by a dashed line, to differentiate it from the derived cavity optical path  48 . The radiation from the diode  49  is beamed into the active medium  47  via the focusing system  51 . For the actual pumping process, 300 mW of the 400 mW then remain available. The optical path in the cavity is formed and deflected by two reflectors  50   a  and  50   b , each of which has a concave reflection surface (radius of curvature of the outer surface is 10 cm). The distance between the cavity reflector  43  and the “deflecting reflector”  50   a  is 27 cm, and the distance between the coupling-out reflector  45  and the deflecting reflector  50   b  is 70 cm. 
     With a pump output of 300 mW, an average laser output of 25 mW with laser pulses of 160 fs is achieved. What is to be emphasized in the laser cavity arrangement selected here is the robust construction and the uncritical adjustment, compared with the adjustment required with the use of a so-called “Kerr lens mode locking.” In this arrangement, the pair of prisms  25   a  and  25   b , which are extremely difficult to adjust, can be omitted. 
     In place of one of the coating ensembles  19  or  43  that acts as a cavity reflector, one or more surfaces of the reflector  20 ,  45 ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  24   c ,  50   a , or  50   b  may be provided with a similar, but not reflective, ensemble coating. 
     Rather than designing the above-described coating ensembles as reflectors, they may also be designed to act as antireflectors, and can then be positioned on one or both side faces of the active medium, or on one or more surfaces of the prisms  25   a  and/or  25   b , or on other optical components within the laser cavity that are not illustrated here, in the cavity&#39;s optical path. 
     Rather than a single saturable absorptive layer  6  or  39  in the coating ensemble  1  or  42 , naturally more of these layers may also be present. These layers need only lie in analogous positions in relation to the radiation intensity within the ensemble (see FIG.  4 ). 
     In addition to the above-mentioned semiconductor materials containing gallium, arsenide, and aluminum, other semiconductor materials, such as those based upon indium, phosphorous, fluorides (CaF 2 , BaF 2 , . . . ) may also be used. 
     FIGS. 8 a  through  8   e  show examples of various coating ensembles as variations on those shown in FIGS. 1 and 6. The width of the individual layers is illustrated in the “flat-topped curve” in the diagram sections α and β. To differentiate a given layer, its index of refraction n is plotted. Layers  53  of GaAs having an index of refraction of n≈3.5, alternate with layers  55  of AlAs having an index of refraction of n≈2.95. The coating ensembles in FIGS. 8 a  through  8   e  differ from one another in the uppermost three layers. “Upper” is considered the open coating end—the interface area to the air. The bottom diagram section γ in each case shows the progression of the reflection R of the overall coating ensemble over the wavelength lambda, in micrometers (μm) of incident radiation. 
     In FIG. 8 a , the uppermost layer  56  is a GaAs layer having an optical layer thickness of a quater wavelength, based upon 1.064 μm (free-space wavelength), which contains an absorbing partial layer  57  of InGaAs having an index of refraction of n≈3.6. Free-space wavelength is understood to mean the wavelength in free space (vacuum). In the affected layer, however, the value of the wavelength changes correspondingly in relation to the given index of refraction. The position of the absorbing partial layer  57  is selected such that it lies at the peak of the progression of intensity of a resonator wave. This position, along with the entire normalized intensity progression  59   a  of the laser cavity wave in the coating ensemble is shown in the diagram section α of FIG. 8 a . A magnified illustration of the upper partial coating layers, in relation to the dimensions of coating thickness, is shown in the diagram section β of FIG. 8 a . Here, as in the diagram section α, the intensity progression is indicated by  59   b.    
     FIG. 8 b  shows a coating ensemble that is similar to that shown in FIG. 8 a ; in this case, however, the uppermost layer  60  is a GaAs layer has an optical layer thickness of a quarter wavelength based upon 1.064 μm. The absorbing layer  61  is also in this layer  60  in this case, but in the position of an intensity  62   a  or  62   b  that has already fallen off. 
     A further coating variation is shown in FIG. 8 c . Here, the absorbing layer  63  is also included in the uppermost layer  64 . In contrast to the above-described coating ensemble, here the uppermost layer  64  is a layer having a low index of refraction, namely n≈2.95, and comprised of AlAs. The optical layer thickness amounts to a half wavelength, based upon 1.064 μm. The absorbing layer  63  is positioned nearly in one of the intensity peaks, in this case in the absolute intensity peak  65 . 
     Further variations on coating ensembles are shown in FIGS. 8 d  and  8   e . In contrast to the above-described ensembles, here the absorbing layer  68  or  70  is no longer in the uppermost layer, but is embedded in a lower lying layer, in this case, for example, in the third layer from the top  67  or  69 . In FIG. 8 d , the absorbing layer  68  lies nearly in the position of a relative intensity peak. In FIG. 8 e , in contrast, the absorbing layer  70  lies in the area that has fallen off, following a relative intensity peak. 
     FIGS. 8 a  through  8   e  indicate a way in which the optimal positioning of the saturable absorber in the coating ensemble can be found. With a careful selection of the absorber position, a desired wide-band characteristic based upon the desired wavelength region can be achieved. In the examples illustrated here, a range of 50 nm was achieved. In addition, the effective saturation intensity, in other words that which is “seen from the outside,” in the coating ensemble can be increased, for example, when the absorber is more deeply embedded, as is shown, for example, in FIG. 8 d.    
     FIGS. 9 a - 9   c  show a wide-band coating ensemble containing a saturable absorber, similar to the above versions, and designed to enable the generation of pulsed laser radiation, with pulse widths in the 10 fs range [fs=femtosecond (1 fs=10 −15  seconds)], in a laser cavity that is not illustrated here. A Ti:sapphire-laser crystal having a thickness of 2 mm (not illustrated here) is used as the active laser material. The cavity reflectors are arranged 10 cm apart from one another, and the laser beam diameter in the absorbing layer described below amounts to 36 μm. The coupling-out reflector (not illustrated here) (one of the two cavity reflectors) couples 3% of the laser intensity out of the laser cavity. The coating ensembles shown in FIGS. 9 b  and  9   c  for use in the above-mentioned, not illustrated, laser cavity, in contrast to the coating ensembles of FIGS. 1,  4 , and  8   a  through  8   e , contain a metallic layer, in this case a silver layer. Other metallic layers, such as gold layers, for example, may also be present. 
     In contrast to a traditional coating process, here a new production process, which differs in principle from the known-in-the-art method, is used. In this process, as described below, the lowest metallic layer is the last one to be produced. In other words, the coatings are applied in reverse order. 
     In the production of the coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 9 b , as indicated in FIG. 9 a , first a 300-nm-thick Al x Ga 1−x As layer  72 , in which x=0.65, is applied to a GaAs substrate  71 . A 40-nm-thick GaAs layer  73  is then applied to this layer  72 . This is then followed by another 20-nm-thick layer  74  of AlGa 1−x As layer, in which x=0.65. Onto the layer  74 , in a low-temperature process (400° C.), a 15-nm-thick GaAs absorbing layer  75  is applied, followed by a 70-nm-thick AlAs layer  76  and a 3-nm-thick GaAs layer  77 , which will later prevent the oxidation of the layer  76 . A 5-μm-thick layer of silver  78  is then applied to the layer  77 . 
     Following completion of this coating process, the coated substrate  71  is divided into approximately 5 mm×5 mm pieces. These pieces are then bonded to a silicon substrate  80  using a two-component epoxy adhesive  79 , in order to obtain sufficient heat dissipation. In the next step in the process, the pieces are heat treated at 80° C. for eight hours, under a 500 g surface weight. The GaAs substrate  71  is then lapped down to 100 μm and is etched in ammonia dissolved in hydrogen peroxide [NH 4 OH:H 2 O 2  (1:25)] with an etching rate at room temperature of approximately 6 μm per minute, up to layer  72 . Layer  72  is then removed using hydrofluoric acid, down to layer  73 . Layer  73  is etched away, as above, down to layer  71 , using a low concentration of ammonia dissolved in hydrogen peroxide [NH 4 OH:H 2 O 2  (1:200)]. To obtain a good, even etching, the 5 mm×5 mm sized pieces must be moved. To protect the comers and the silver layer  78 , a wax coating is used during the etching process. The protective coating of wax can later be removed using trichloroethene. The layers that are necessary for the production of the coating ensemble but are not optically usable are removed through the etching process. The uppermost layer is now layer  74 . 
     The coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 9 c  is produced in a manner similar to that illustrated in FIG. 9 b . The layers  83 ,  84 ,  85 , and  86  correspond to the layers  78 ,  77 ,  76 , and  75  in the coating ensemble shown in FIG. 9 b . In contrast to the ensemble illustrated in FIG. 9 b , however, in  9   c  an 82-nm-thick AlGaAs layer  87  is present, on which an antireflective coating  89 , having a protective layer  90 , rests. In FIGS. 9 b  and  9   c , the local progression of intensity is indicated by  91   a  or  91   b.    
     The coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 9 b  operates in the laser cavity (not illustrated here) with low quality in antiresonance. In this manner, an ultra-short pulse-width limitation, brought about by a change in reflection dependent upon expanded wavelengths, and by an increased group velocity dispersion, is prevented [see for example L. R. Brovelli, U. Keller, T. H. Chiu, J.Opt.Soc.Am. B 12, 311 (1995)]. The reflection of the coating ensemble is greater than 94% at 800 nm. The reflection path shows only a low wavelength dependency in the region between 700 nm and 1200 nm. 
     Rather than antiresonance, the coating ensemble illustrated in FIG. 9 c  can be used in resonance. 
     One example of a coating ensemble containing III-V-semiconductor and fluoride layers is shown in FIG. 10 for a laser wavelength of 1.4 μm. Here, three 220-nm-thick layers  94   a  through  94   c  of BaF 2  in the front and in the back (sandwich-type) are equipped with a 10-nm-thick CaF 2  layer  93   a  through  93   c . Between each of these “sandwiches” is a GaAs quarter-wave layer  97   a  through  97   c  (100 nm layer thickness). In a coating process, a layer of GaAs  95  is applied to a GaAs substrate  96 . The layer  95  serves only to provide a good hold and growth for the subsequent layers. 
     The difference in the index of refraction between CaF 2  and BaF 2  is slight, however BaF 2  has a high elasticity constant, which greatly reduces the formation of cracks in the coating during the cooling process. Layers containing saturable absorbers may also be integrated onto or into this coating ensemble. For shorter wavelengths, AlGaAs is preferably used in place of GaAs; GaAs exhibits absorption below 900 nm. 
     The above-described coating ensembles containing layers of GaAs/AlAs or AlGaAs/AlAs have, in contrast to those containing CaF 2  and BaF 2 , a band width that is somewhat too small for a Ti-sapphire laser, in order to permit the full utilization of its band width. Thus, for a broad-band Ti-sapphire laser, a coating ensemble containing CaF 2  and BaF 2  must be used. In contrast to the above-described coating ensemble having a metallic layer, in this case the advantage lies in the epitactic sequential growth of the layers. 
     For the semiconductor materials, GaAs, AlGaAs, InGaAs, GaInP, GaInAsP, etc. may be used, and as the fluorides CaF 2 , BaF 2 , SrF 2 , . . . may be used. 
     In addition to the cavity configurations illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 7, others may also be used. The cavity illustrated in FIG. 11 contains a laser crystal  99 , through one end  100  of which, reflected for the laser wavelength, is pumped. The resonator wave  101  generated via the laser crystal  99  is deflected by the deflecting reflectors  102 ,  103 , and  104 . The laser crystal  99  is optically pumped using the pumping light beam  98 . The saturable absorber in one of the above-described coating ensembles is arranged as a terminal cavity reflector  105 . The laser beam is coupled out at the deflecting reflector  103 . 
     The laser cavity illustrated in FIG. 12 also contains a saturable absorber in one of the above-described coating ensembles. The coating ensemble  107  is integrated into the terminal cavity reflector. In addition, the cavity contains a terminal reflector  112  and four deflecting reflectors  108  through  111 , wherein the element  110  acts simultaneously as the active medium (laser crystal) and as a reflector. Laser energy is partially coupled out via the terminal reflector  112 . The optical pumping of the laser crystal  110  is accomplished via the pumping light beam  114 . 
     A miniaturized laser cavity for the generation of shorter pulses, similar to the above-described cavities, is shown in FIG.  13 . On a small mounting plate  113 , a coating ensemble  115  including a saturable absorber, in accordance with one of the above-described constructions, is applied as a terminal cavity reflector. The laser crystal  117  is mounted directly onto this coating ensemble  115 . (The crystal may also be attached to the coating ensemble at the position indicated by the number  116 .) The thickness of approximately 200 μm for the laser crystal  117  plus the “penetration depth” of the beam into the coating ensemble determine the cavity length. The coupling-out reflector  119  having the proper coating for the laser beam  121  to be coupled out, and for a coupling-in of the pumping light beam  122 , is positioned directly adjacent to the laser crystal  117  on the side opposite the ensemble  115 . The laser beam  121  and the pumping light beam  122  are separated from one another by a correspondingly coated beam splitter  123 .