Abstract:
An infrared (IR) camera and associated electronics including power are integrated into portable, self-contained, vision-enhancement apparatus useful in environments of dense air-borne particulate and thermal extremes such as encountered in fire fighting situations, in accordance with the invention. The IR camera is integral with a self-contained power supply so that the system is portable and requires no umbilical cord or other external connections. The camera includes an imager that is preferably an un-cooled focal plane array, and associated imaging, storing, processing and displaying electronics that are cooled in the extreme thermal environment using an integral plural phase heatsink.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/561,266, filed Apr. 27, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,849, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/210,167, filed Dec. 11, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,650. These priority applications are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates generally to hazard-avoidance and blind vision equipment for use in extreme temperatures. More particularly, it concerns a self-contained, portable, easily deployed, helmet-mounted thermal or infrared (IR) imaging system capable of unobtrusively expanding the view of users such as fire fighters by providing a head-up IR detecting and imaging of a scene in front of a user, displaying an image that eliminates or sees through obscurants such as dark, smoke and particulate that may otherwise blind the user.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0003]     Fire fighting is extremely hazardous and demanding because of extreme temperatures and obscurants that can blind or disable a fire fighter from locating the fire&#39;s source or human beings at risk within a burning building. When there are no visible flames, e.g., when alcohol, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, etc. burn, there can be lethally high temperatures caused by gases that burn without visible ignition or flaming. Whether there are visible or invisible flames, nevertheless there can be dense smoke or airborne particulate that makes normal vision impossible. At night or in dark locations, even without extremely high temperatures and even without obscurants, vision is essential to containing a fire or saving a life.  
         [0004]     Conventionally, infrared (IR) vision subsystems for fire fighters have been bulky and integrated with other fire fighting protective equipment worn by fire fighters. They also typically have required an umbilical cord to equipment worn on the body of the fire fighter. Typically, IR equipment is connected with protective body gear referred to herein as a bunker suit typically including or augmented by self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).  
         [0005]     Other vision systems for fire detection are not designed for hands-free operation as is required of a system used by firefighters that must enter the scene of the fire. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,484 and 5,726,632, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose various hand-held or pedestal-mounted flame sensors.  
         [0006]     So-called night vision systems relying on IR detection and imaging often are useless in the presence within the detector&#39;s field of view of such extreme temperatures that the location of a human being or animal, for example, in a burning building goes undetected by a display phenomenon called blooming whereby a high-temperature gas cloud is represented by a color, e.g., white, that tends to wash out critical detail such as a low-temperature human form represented in another area of the display by a different gray scale. Effectively, the high-temperature cloud within view of the IR detector bleaches out needed detail in another area of the display, such as that of a human form. For example, the video systems of U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,827, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, do not address these problems unique to the firefighting and rescue fields.  
       DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     A head-up display, an infrared (IR) camera and associated electronics including power are integrated into portable, self-contained, wrap-around, face-worn vision-enhancement apparatus useful in environments of dense air-borne particulate and thermal extremes such as encountered in fire fighting situations, in accordance with the invention. Reflective and opaque expanses or lenses are provided in front of a user&#39;s eyes at approximately eye level for IR vision display and blinding purposes, respectively, to produce a clear bright picture or image representing a detected and imaged scene viewed by the camera otherwise obscured by darkness or obscurants. The IR camera is integral with the wrap-around system along with a self-contained power supply so that the system is portable and requires no umbilical cord or other external connections. The imager is preferably an uncooled focal plane array. Associated imaging, storing, processing and displaying electronics are cooled in the extreme thermal environment using an integral plural phase heatsink, to protect elements of the apparatus from environmental heat.  
         [0008]     The apparatus is separate from, but compatible with, helmets and SCBA and attire worn by the user so that it can easily be installed and removed by an individual user. Extended hands-free operation is provided in a lightweight package providing enhanced vision via color-coded temperature banding for display purposes, the color coding being performed in microprocessor-based firmware that forms part of the electronics. The apparatus may be temporarily affixed via a clip and strap to the brim of a helmet and may be easily shifted on the user&#39;s face from its normal night-vision position to a temporary stowed position in front of the forehead whereby the user has virtually unobstructed binocular vision. The intended use of the apparatus is for firefighting and fire rescue, but it is believed to have application in other rescue and adverse conditions, associated with vehicle accidents, mining accidents, and combat. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are side elevations of the invented apparatus, with  FIG. 1A  showing the apparatus in infrared (IR) mode of deployment and with  FIG. 1B  showing the apparatus in a tilted-back, direct-view mode of deployment.  
         [0010]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are isometric views of the invention, with  FIG. 2A  showing an exploded, partly assembled version and with  FIG. 2B  showing a fully assembled version, with certain portions of the imaging apparatus&#39;s housing cut away to reveal certain interior details.  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  is an optical schematic diagram corresponding with  FIG. 1A  illustrating the IR optical geometry of the invention.  
         [0012]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are schematic diagrams respectively showing an overhead and lateral view of a user and a camera head-mounted camera, the views illustrating line-of-sight and focal axes and their convergence in front of the user.  
         [0013]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the opto-electronics within the housing of the invented apparatus.  
         [0014]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating the color mapping method used in the invented apparatus for image enhancement.  
         [0015]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are graphs that illustrate the color mapping method used in the invented apparatus for image enhancement, with  FIG. 7A  showing an entire palette mapped, and with  FIG. 7B  showing a detail of a portion of  FIG. 7A . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]     Referring first to  FIGS. 1A, 1B ,  2 A and  2 B, a preferred embodiment of the invented wrap-around, head-up display apparatus is indicated generally at  10 . Apparatus  10  may be seen to include a left arching region  12 , a right arching region  14  and a forward arching region  16  that hovers preferably just above the user&#39;s eye level on the face. Apparatus  10  preferably includes a lightweight, preferably molded polymer housing with an interior void in which are located all essential components including an IR (thermal) optical engine  18  located adjacent forward region  16 .  
         [0017]     Optical engine  18  includes an un-cooled bolometric IR detector array  20 , preferably of the type described and illustrated in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,849 entitled MICRO-BOLOMETRIC INFRARED STARING ARRAY and issued Sep. 10, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Array  20  produces a high-resolution, two-dimensional, temperature pixel image of a scene within its field of view. The image produced by array  20  is stored in a digital memory  22  managed by a microprocessor  24 . Left region  14  includes a battery subsystem  26  for integrally powering all components.  
         [0018]     Bolometric IR detector array  20 , because it is un-cooled (by which is meant it is not cryogenically cooled), produces only slight heat itself, but nevertheless is sensitive to heat in the ambient environment around it. Thus, an important contribution of the invention is a fluid heatsink  28  for removing heat from opto-electronics  30  including optical engine  18 , array  20 , memory  22  and processor  24 . Opto-electronics  30  typically are subject to extreme environmental heat that may be produced by a fire. Accordingly, heatsink  28  is provided to ensure continuous, long-term, accurate temperature profile detection and imaging by the detector array despite the environmental extremes.  
         [0019]      FIG. 1A  shows apparatus  10  in its deployed position whereby the user is blinded in a left eye and vision-enhanced in a right eye, as described above. The choice of the right or left eye for blinding and viewing is predetermined for each apparatus  10 , but a mirror-image version of apparatus  10  may be constructed for those users that prefer blinding the right eye, and vision-enhancing the left eye. All of the drawings and the discussion herein is for a right-eye-enhanced embodiment.  
         [0020]      FIG. 1B  corresponds directly with  FIG. 1A  and shows the same features as those described above but in a different orientation.  FIG. 1B  shows apparatus  10  in a tilted-back or stowed position in which the user is able to see relatively unobstructed and unenhanced with the naked eyes when the vision-enhancement features of apparatus  10  are not needed. The configuration of front region  16  of apparatus  10  wherein the lower edge  16   a  of region  16  terminates in a line just below eye-level makes it possible to tilt apparatus  10  back toward the forehead ever so slightly to afford the user a direct unenhanced and relatively unobstructed view, as indicated.  
         [0021]     This configuration of apparatus  10  may be preferable to alternative arrangements whereby, for example, a visor section flips up away from the frame on a hinge along the top or is removable or whereby the left lens is rendered transparent for direct viewing with the left eye or whereby the right and/or left lens is rendered only translucent such that an IR image and direct view are superimposed within the view of the user. The lens hinge or removal configurations over which apparatus  10  is believed to represent an improvement require a hinge or connection between the active display surface and the frame, thus potentially disturbing or destabilizing the optical path from the IR camera to the user&#39;s eye.  
         [0022]     The translucent display lens configuration over which apparatus  10  distinguishes itself is known to cause eye-strain and confusion in many users due to the superposition of often slightly conflicting images. Confusion from superimposed images is unavoidable, since the natures of infrared energy and visible spectral energy are by definition different, and amorphous object or target boundaries result in confusion when the different images are superimposed. Often the infrared image will lag the direct image, for example, as the user&#39;s head is turned. Invented apparatus  10  avoids these problems by going against conventional wisdom in head-up IR displays and provides the user with the option of choosing to view a scene in either monocular IR or in binocular direct view modes of operation by a simple tilt or rotate of the apparatus about the user&#39;s ears.  
         [0023]     Referring next to  FIG. 3 , the optical imaging technique used in accordance with the invention is illustrated schematically. Optical engine  18  may be seen in a slightly different form here to include array  20 , a preferably back-lit liquid crystal display (LCD)  32  providing preferably at least 320×240 pixel resolution with a minimum 6-bit gray scale, a partially (preferably 50%) reflective planar mirror or mirrored lens  34  that turns the LCD image onto a focusing curved 100% reflective mirrored surface  36  that reflects the 50% intensity image back through 50% reflective surface  34  into the firefighter&#39;s eye. The display expanse may be viewed by looking through mirror  34  at focusing mirror  36 , providing an approximately 25% polychromatic spectral energy efficiency, IR-representative field of view below which the firefighter may view the scene directly as indicated. Optical engine  18  also includes an IR camera unit  37  mounted as better illustrated in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  to intercept a frontal infrared scene along its focal axis.  
         [0024]     The objective lens optical components within optical engine  18  preferably meet the F 1.3 optical standard in operation. The objective lens preferably is a 1″ diameter lens having a 30° azimuth (horizontal) field of view for wide-angle scene imaging. The lens also preferably is transmissive of IR energy in the 8 to 12 micron spectral bandwidth. The focus range of the lens is preferably set to 2 to 24 feet for normal viewing, but may be manually adjusted to 100 feet optimum focus distance.  
         [0025]     Forward region  16  of apparatus  10  thus may be seen from  FIGS. 1A, 1B ,  2 A,  2 B and  3  to include a curved display expanse within and extending across an upper portion of a user&#39;s right eye field of view and a ‘blind’ or opaque expanse  38  within the user&#39;s left eye field of view. The left eye of the user thus is preferably covered, or ‘blinded.’ By enabling through one eye an IR image of the fire scene and through the other eye an obstructed or ‘blind’ view (as the parallax view resulting from a user&#39;s slightly laterally separated eyes and the depth perception obtained as a result of the parallax view are relatively unimportant in this so-called night-vision environment), weight, power and cost are saved without significant compromise of IR image.  
         [0026]     Importantly, prior art difficulties with the user resolving a visual image through one eye and an IR image through the other, or resolving a visual image and an IR image through the same one or more eyes, are avoided. Depth distortion whereby one image suggests a foreground scene or shorter distance to an object and a different superimposed image suggests a background scene or greater distance to an object—a distortion of visual perception that is inherent in superimposition vision systems—also is avoided.  
         [0027]     Placement of the eyeglass forward region of apparatus  10  relative to the user&#39;s head and particularly the user&#39;s face such that its bottom edge effectively cuts across the bridge of the nose is an important feature of the invention. Configuring apparatus  10  to achieve this strategic placement permits the user normally to view the fire scene monoscopically via LCD  32  and mirrored lens  36 , and, alternatively, to view the scene stereoscopically and unaided beneath the eyeglass portion, by looking below the display expanse. Such dual mode viewing is very easily accomplished by a momentary, slight backward tilt of the user&#39;s head around which apparatus  10  wraps or by a momentary, slight backward tilt of the apparatus relative to the user&#39;s head. This invented feature will be referred to herein as bi-focality.  
         [0028]     The dimension and configuration of the apparatus—and its resulting automatic positioning relative to the elevation of the user&#39;s eyes by its conformation with the bridge of the nose and the ears such that it perches at a given elevation on the user&#39;s face—results in bifocal operation, i.e., the dual mode operation achieved by a slight tilting forward or backward of the head or the slight tilting backward or forward of the apparatus. This is perceived to represent a great advantage over prior art systems that require the user&#39;s mind to resolve simultaneous inputs to either eye (in a left-and-right bifurcated system) or both eyes (in a head-up, see-through system), one of which is unaided vision and the other of which is IR imaged vision, which superposition is believed to be confusing and potentially hazardous.  
         [0029]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show apparatus  10  in isometric view corresponding generally with  FIGS. 1A, 1B  and  3 , with identical component parts identically designated by reference designators.  FIGS. 2A and 2B  are exploded, partly assembled, and fully assembled versions of apparatus  10 , respectively. Also shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  are the internal configuration of various subsystems within a housing of apparatus  10 . The subsystems include battery subsystem  26 , opto-electronics indicated generally at  40 , and a clamshell housing assembly, or simply housing,  42 . Opto-electronics  40  include optical engine  18  and electronics, to be described in more detail by reference to  FIG. 5 , most or all of which are mounted within housing  42 .  
         [0030]     The subsystems listed above that form a part of apparatus  10  are operatively connected as suggested by  FIGS. 2A and 2B . For example, battery subsystem  26  provides regulated DC power to opto-electronics  40  within housing  42  via one or more electrical conductors  44  that route power and ground, as well as control and communication signals between the two subsystems and more particularly to electronics  46  of opto-electronics  40 . Preferably, battery subsystem  26  includes a Sanyo HR-4/3FAU or Panasonic HHR-450AB01 battery.  
         [0031]     Battery subsystem  26  may also include circuitry, not shown, that monitors usage of battery  26  so that warning messages may be produced if the remaining charge of battery  26  has dropped below a certain level, or if battery  26  has been subjected to too many charge cycles or excessive temperature. The interactive nature of battery  26  is indicated in  FIG. 5  by the control and communication signal that leads to and from battery  26 . The plurality of contacts  44  shown on battery subsystem  26  in  FIG. 2A  allow for the transmission of the power, control and communication signals from and to battery subsystem  26 .  
         [0032]     Battery subsystem  26  preferably is mounted to housing  42  in such a manner that it can be easily and quickly removed for maintenance, repair or replacement with a fresh, fully charged battery subsystem. Finally, as seen from  FIG. 2B , preferably substantially all of opto-electronics  40 —including the integral display that enables a user to ‘see’ though obscurants such as smoke or to ‘see’ in the absence of light—are contained within housing  42 . This holds true except for those insubstantial portions that extend from the housing such as the forward region of optical engine  18  including forward portions of IR camera unit  37 .  
         [0033]     A helmet clip  42 C also may be seen from the drawings to extend slightly forward and above the upper front edge of housing  42 . Other quick release mechanisms may be used to attach apparatus  10  to a protective helmet of the type typically worn by firefighters. A headband or strap B, shown in  FIG. 1A , may be attached to apparatus  10  for additional support, at eyelets  42 E. It is intended but not essential that apparatus  10  may be passed between firefighters as needed, while the firefighters are fully clothed in typical protective gear including hoods and gloves.  
         [0034]     The preferred horseshoe shape of housing  42  is designed, in part, to ease handling of apparatus  10  by a gloved hand. The horseshoe shape is defined by left arching region  12  and right arching region  14  (the legs of the horseshoe) interconnected by front region  16 . Legs  12  and  14  function as carrying handles for apparatus  10 , if needed. Legs  12  and  14  even allow a firefighter to hold apparatus  10  in a viewing position without attaching apparatus  10  to a helmet or strapping it to a user&#39;s head. This may be particularly useful if apparatus  10  is passed frequently between firefighters in the midst of a fire, or if apparatus  10  or a firefighter&#39;s helmet becomes dislodged or structurally damaged.  
         [0035]     Opto-electronics  40  including electronics  46  will be described now by reference to the schematic block diagram of  FIG. 5 , which, for completeness, also includes battery subsystem  26  and external options to be described. Detector array  20  preferably is mounted on a camera/buffer printed circuit board (PCB)  48  which includes digital memory  22  for buffering digital scenery data obtained by the optical engine. Optical engine  18  and battery subsystem  26  counterbalance one another along the legs.  
         [0036]     Heatsink, or phase change module,  28  may be mounted in close physical proximity to detector  20  and other sensitive electronics mounted on camera/buffer PCB  48  and microprocessor PCB  50 , so as to dissipate heat radiating therefrom and to maintain the detector and the electronics within predefined limits compatible with proper operation thereof. Preferably, heatsink  28  is placed far enough back in leg  14  of housing  42  so that it counterbalances detector  20  along leg  14 . Battery subsystem  26  in leg  12  further counterbalances detector  20  along leg  12 , while at the same time offsetting the weight of heatsink  28  so that apparatus  10  is balanced laterally as well, in a direction extending along forward region  16 .  
         [0037]     Microprocessor  24  preferably is separately mounted on a microprocessor PCB  50  located nearby so that timing, control, gain, image data and power are shared between the PCBs. Optical engine  18  preferably includes an NUC shutter  52  and IR optics  54  and drive and heat signals are routed to shutter  52  from camera/buffer PCB  48  as shown. An optional software development connector  56  may be provided as shown in  FIG. 5  that facilitates future software development and upgrades that may be implemented in the form of programmable read-only memory (PROM) that preferably is an integral part of microprocessor  24 .  
         [0038]     Microprocessor PCB  50 , with camera/buffer PCB  48  preferably mounted thereon, is mounted on a printed circuit motherboard/display board  58  and routes power, audio, control and digital LCD video signals therebetween. Board  58  also mounts LCD backlight electronics  60 , LCD  32  and display optics  62  as shown. Board  58  provides power and control via a power distribution board  64  to battery subsystem  26 . Optionally, a video transmitter  66  or video recorder  68  or both may be supported as external options to apparatus  10  via a provided NTSC/PAL video (RS-170) input/output port mounted on motherboard/display board  58 . Other external options may be provided, within the spirit and scope of the invention. However, current implementation of these added options may seriously limit the portability and exchangeability of apparatus  10  between firefighters.  
         [0039]     Battery subsystem  26  is an important contributor to the portability and high functional density of apparatus  10 . Battery subsystem  26  includes a switch  70  and a light-emitting diode (LED)  72  for switching power on and off in apparatus  10  and for indicating when power is on. These are battery save features of apparatus  10  intended to extend its useful operating life without the user having to replace the battery subsystem.  
         [0040]     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, battery subsystem  26  provides power conversion from battery voltage to the regulated +3.3 volts direct current (VDC), ±5VDC, +12VDC required by opto-electronics  40 . It also provides sufficient holdover (internal capacitance) to support low-power operation of apparatus  10  when the battery is unexpectedly removed. The battery that forms a preferably lightweight, low-cost, removable and rechargeable part of battery subsystem  26  when fully charged provides a minimum of 1 hour&#39;s operation when new, and a minimum of 40 minutes&#39; operation after 500 charge/discharge cycles. Importantly, the battery contacts disconnect prior to external environmental exposure when installing and removing the battery into and from housing  42  to avoid possible explosive atmospheric exposure to electrical potential. This is accomplished via the mechanical design of the mounting structure and seal configurations.  
         [0041]     Self-contained, sealed, liquid or plural-phase heatsink  28  may take any suitable form, but in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, may be thought of as a plural-phase heatsink that by its solid/fluid character may be contained within a finite volume over its operating curve. Importantly, only a self-contained system enables a firefighter to easily employ and deploy such a vision/display system in a fire without a restraining umbilical, for example, to a separate coolant source. The use of a high-temperature-range plural phase polymer as a heatsink material avoids exhaust problems or the removal of high-temperature by-products, e.g., the steam produced by heating water.  
         [0042]     Heatsink  28  is low-mass including sealed container and material contents, and provides for the thermal storage of 3100 calories of heat of fusion at a 65° C. (149° F.) to 75° C. (167° F.) melting point. Heatsink  28  in its preferred embodiment utilizes organic paraffin, such as beeswax, or n-hexatriacontane, C36H74. Organic paraffins typically have high heats of fusion per unit weight, melt homogeneously, and do not supercool.  
         [0043]     One particular heatsink material believed to work well is available from Le Technologies, Inc., Hillsboro, Oreg., as product 04000850. It includes approximately 80% or less modified paraffin wax, CAS 64742-51-4, up to 25% amide wax, CAS 13276-08-9, up to 25% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, CAS 24937-78-8, and up to 3% antioxidant, CAS 10081-67-1. Many other phase-change materials might be used, including fatty acids, salt hydrates, fused salt hydrates, and metallic eutectic compounds. Heatsink  28  is intended to maintain the IR detector array hot side temperature below 80° C. under all rated environmental conditions, at least for a limited time.  
         [0044]     The use of the invented liquid or plural-phase heatsink permits apparatus  10  to operate usefully, depending upon the ambient temperature of the environment in which it is used, over varying periods of time. For example, apparatus  10  may be operated indefinitely without interruption in ambient temperatures −10° C.≦T A ≦30° C. (14°≦T A ≦86° F.); up to 2 hours at T A =40° C. (104° F.); one hour at T A =50° C. (˜120° F.); twenty minutes at T A =80° C. (176° F.); ten minutes at T A =100° C. (212° F.); five minutes at T A =150° C. (302° F.); and two minutes at T A =315° C. (˜600° F.).  
         [0045]     Other important features of the invention that complement the self-contained, head-mount features of vision/display system  10  include its ergonomics and colorized display. Ergonomically speaking, apparatus  10  is easily employed and deployed by simply slipping it onto the face and over the ears, and perhaps by securing it with a clip  42 C and a band B that extends over the brim or bill of the firefighter&#39;s helmet, as shown best in  FIG. 1A , with no connections to other equipment being required. Apparatus  10  is dimensioned and configured to avoid interference with other gear such as typically may be worn by users of apparatus, e.g., helmets, respirator or gas masks, e.g., SCBA, and attire. Thus the size and shape of apparatus  10  is designed for more than low weight or volume, it also is sized and shaped to conform to and extend around an average user&#39;s head and face at approximately eye level, while not extending laterally around the head of the user any more than is necessary or radially therefrom more than ˜3-inches.  
         [0046]     The colorization of the IR display is of great benefit in avoiding temperature extrema which tend to saturate the image field. Apparatus  10  has a very wide thermal dynamic range that enables it to accurately survey scenes having temperatures ranging between 0° C.≦T S ≦815° C. (32° F.≦T S ≦1500° F.). Where there are present extreme temperature ranges, it is difficult in monochrome or color display systems to differentiate extremely high temperatures, e.g., a gaseous, flammable vapor that may be several hundred degrees Centigrade, and relatively low temperatures, e.g., a living human being the surface temperature of which typically is under forty degrees Centigrade.  
         [0047]     Color coding temperature ranges, via microprocessor  24  in cooperation with one or more image buffers in memory  22 , may, for example, represent dangerously high avoidance zones having avoidance temperature ranges like fires, e.g., T S1 ≧600° C. in shades of red, intermediate temperature ranges, e.g., 100° C.≦T S2 ≦600° C., in shades of gray and relatively low target temperature ranges that might be rescue targets like human beings, e.g., 25° C.≦T S3 ≦100° C. in shades of blue. This preferred color coding allows a user to readily distinguish hazardous temperature zones from ‘safe’ target temperatures, which may be targets of particular interest to the firefighter. The representation of intermediate temperature ranges in the color range of gray de-emphasizes those zones of the scene that are normally of little interest to a firefighter, because the zones are of too high a temperature to be a rescue target, and too low a temperature to be a threat to the protective gear used by the firefighter.  
         [0048]     Some other neutral color may be used instead of or addition to gray for the representation of the intermediate temperature ranges, such as brown or copper. Similarly, some color other than red or blue may be used for target and avoidance temperature ranges, provided, preferably, that the color of the target and/or avoidance portions are visually distinct from all other portions of the color image. Red is believed to readily distinguish those portions of the scene that are at a dangerously high temperature. The novel color coding also avoids occurrences of monochrome or polychromatic saturation of displays by which object profile and character often are obscured.  
         [0049]     Other inventive features briefly include the provision of remote wireless monitoring via an optional pocket-sized, belt-worn transmitter  66  operatively connected to an input/output port of the microprocessor via suitable means such as a video cable and adding radiometric, e.g., numerical temperature readout, capability to apparatus  10 . The latter feature requires calibration, which is facilitated in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention by the fact that bolometric detectors are relatively easier to calibrate than are prior art ferro-electric detector or cryogenically cooled elements. Apparatus  10  also preferably provides a NTSC/PAL output port for the digital video signals to be provided to an external display monitor.  
         [0050]     The invented apparatus represents a step-wise decrease in volume and weight in IR imaging systems, with the weight of apparatus  10  under 4-pounds and the internal and external volume of apparatus  10  under 80, e.g., 71, cubic inches and 120, e.g., 105, cubic inches, respectively. Such is made possible, in part, by forming housing  42  using a suitably durable but lightweight polymer preferably via suitable injection molding techniques. Such volume and weight, coupled with the increase in functionality, will be referred to herein as high functional density. It involves miniaturizing IR imaging systems to render them more self-contained, portable, low-cost, etc., and results in a significant utility improvement.  
         [0051]     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, apparatus  10  weighs less than 4-pounds, making it extremely portable and comfortably wearable by a user. This extremely low weight renders apparatus  10  comfortably worn, and transported and stored on the person of the user or a vehicle or storage area, and makes it easily ported among users. In other words, apparatus  10  by virtue of its extremely low weight is as easy to deploy and stow and handle as a piece of clothing or accessory, yet it is extremely valuable as a firefighting or surveillance tool. Such low weight is achieved in accordance with the invention by a combination of component selection, especially in the selection of low-weight batteries, heatsinks and optical elements, and a preferably integrally molded clam-shell type housing requiring little or no hardware to seal its contents against environmental extremes such as salt or fresh water spray or airborne contaminants.  
         [0052]     Another aspect of the invention is the color or other coding of images whereby temperature-representing pixels are classified into selected temperature ranges and color coded to represent particular ranges for visual image enhancement, e.g., to highlight visually those portions of the scene that may contain a living human being whose temperature is within a certain relatively low predefined range and/or to visually diminish a flaming background whose temperature is within a certain relatively high predefined range. This concept is not limited to fire fighting, but is broadly applicable to IR imaging wherein a broad range of temperatures is expected and wherein an important feature within a field of view might otherwise be masked from view by color saturation due to the prevalence of extreme temperatures around the target object. For example, it may be useful in temperature-condition monitoring, law enforcement and television broadcast. This aspect of the invention will be referred to herein as a high-contrast ratio visual image enhancement method.  
         [0053]      FIGS. 6, 7A  and  7 B illustrate the preferred technique by which color mapping is accomplished in apparatus  10  in accordance with the invention. It is noted in this connection that monochrome displays lend themselves to shape identification, whereas polychrome displays lend themselves to temperature identification. Thus, the invention in its preferred embodiment uses a combination of monochrome and color displays in which normal temperature ranges are presented on LCD  30  in monochrome to facilitate feature ID and extreme temperature ranges might be presented thereon in polychrome to facilitate temperature ID. In this way, background may be presented in gray-scale and highlights of particular interest may be presented in color. All such temperature zone identification, isothermal boundary imaging and color coding readily are accomplished by software and firmware operating within self-contained microprocessor  24 .  
         [0054]     A gray-scale image in the present invention is created on LCD  32  by mapping the image in pixels, with any particular pixel being produced on the screen by equal levels of the red, green and blue portions of an RGB multicolor signal. The luminance produced by the combined RGB signal for each pixel is modulated as a function of the temperature of each portion of the sensed scene. This is done by firmware in microprocessor  24 , preferably using histogram-equalization image processing. Examples of such histogram equalization used in connection with machine vision systems are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,083,204 and 5,563,962, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0055]     Preferably, IR camera unit  37  is radiometrically calibrated so that the image on LCD  30  accurately represents the thermal profile of the scene within the field of view of IR camera unit  37 , and not just a relative temperature as found in prior art devices. Optionally, the calibrated signal from unit  37  is further processed to highlight selected temperature ranges in a selected color. A unique aspect of this highlighting is that the signal is mapped so that the highlighting within the selected temperature range is within a range of the selected color, as described below.  
         [0056]     The graphs in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate how the highlighting is mapped to the displayed image. The RGB luminance as a function of temperature is represented in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  as three linear regions, each a linear function of temperature. This linear representation is a gross simplification, particularly when histogram equalization and automatic gain control is used, but it clarifies the color mapping routine of the present invention. The luminance of the red and green signals of the RGB signal have been shifted slightly so that it is easier to distinguish the individual R, G, and B signals.  
         [0057]     Within a particular temperature range, such as near human body temperature, or at extreme temperatures (above 550° C. in  FIG. 7A ), the equalized mapping of the RGB portion of the signal is shifted to favor one color, with compensating decreases in the corresponding portions of the RGB signal. The preferred color highlighting is to emphasize one of the base components of the RGB signal, such as blue for the human target zone, and red for the extreme temperature zone. The highlighting of the human temperature zone in shades of blue is shown in detail in  FIG. 7B .  
         [0058]     The luminance of the highlighted portions of the image are maintained relative to the non-highlighted portions adjacent in temperature range to the highlighted temperature range by the compensation discussed above. However, luminance highlighting in addition to the described color highlighting may be added, by changing the compensation routine. For example, by increasing the blue portion of the RGB signal as desired within the selected temperature range, without making any compensation to the red or green portions of the RGB signal, the relative luminance will be increased within the selected temperature range, and the portions of the image in the selected temperature range will be highlighted in ranges of blue.  
         [0059]     It is intended that the color highlighting of the present invention may be applied to various or multiple temperature ranges as the situation requires or allows. For firefighting and other life-threatening activities, it may be safer to highlight only a few key portions of the image, such as those representing a human target and excessive heat. Other highlighted temperature ranges may be identified based on a particular activity such as fire control, in which the image might be highlighted to show different levels of combustion, or such as fire cleanup, in which the image might be highlighted to show dangerous hotspots within walls or other structure.  
         [0060]     The software and firmware within microprocessor  24  provides other advantages. Preferably the firmware upon the application of power automatically uses default settings for many operating parameters of apparatus  10 , with such default settings stored in non-volatile memory such as read-only memory (ROM). Such permanently stored default settings preferably include control settings for image temperature range, and display brightness. The firmware preferably indicates to the user normal operating conditions including the elapsed time on the battery and the battery charge level. The firmware preferably provides user warnings of critical operating conditions such as failed power, critical battery level (e.g., &lt;5 operating minutes remaining) and internal temperature alarm indicating that the opto-electronics are operating above their nominal maximum operating temperature.  
         [0061]     Many of the system parameters may be reprogrammed. For example, apparatus  10  may first be used for a rescue operation, and then used for a fire control operation, in which case different temperature ranges of the scene may be highlighted in the image. Such a change might be accomplished by an external switch on housing  42 , not shown, which triggers different routines within the firmware of apparatus  10 . Currently, reprogramming is accomplished by connecting a programming computer to the power/control/communication contacts associated with battery subsystem  26 , or to software development connector  56 .  
         [0062]     Referring now to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , a head-mounted camera such as IR camera  37  of apparatus  10  and a head of a user wearing such apparatus including the camera are shown schematically in overhead and side views. The camera and its positioning and mounting within housing  42  (not shown in the simplified schematic diagram but in keeping with the teachings of the present application) of apparatus  10  achieves an important advantage over prior art portable thermal imaging systems. A parallax problem exists in conventional systems wherein the optical axis of the camera is parallel with the line of sight of the user.  
         [0063]     This problem results from the off-axis, asymmetric location of the camera relative to the eye or centerline of the eyes of the user. The problem is a serious one, especially in life-threatening or hazardous situations such as firefighting. In the near field of ‘view’ through the camera, the user has difficulty handling objects within arm&#39;s reach because the camera effectively misrepresents to the user the object&#39;s location to the extent of the vertical and lateral offset between the user&#39;s eyes and the camera&#39;s ‘eye.’ A user thus tends to reach for an object imaged by the camera only to grope for it where its position is falsely indicated, a few inches typically from where the object actually is located in space.  
         [0064]     Apparatus  10  solves this problem by providing convergence of optical axis A defined by optical engine  18  (of which IR camera  37  is a part) and an axis describing the user&#39;s virtual or nominal line of sight through the right eye that is viewing the scene on LCD  32 . This is accomplished by mounting optical engine  18  within housing  42  such that the optical axis converges the nominal line of sight to define a point of convergence F. In accordance with the invention, the user&#39;s line of sight is actually to a virtual scene produced for display on a mirrored lens within apparatus  10  but that the user&#39;s nominal line-of-sight axis A U  may be projected into the scene, as illustrated, for purposes of explaining another feature of the invention. Accordingly,  FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate a virtual line of sight of the user and the focal point along such virtual line of sight representing the effective focal path of the user viewing a scene on such a display.  
         [0065]     The angle of convergence is chosen such that convergence F of the axes occurs at a nominal arm&#39;s length spaced away or in front of the user&#39;s right eye, e.g., between 2- and 4-feet, and typically approximately 3-feet away. This distance is indicated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  by a solid horizontal line  74  extending from the point of convergence F and the user&#39;s eye. The angles of convergence between the optical axis A and line of sight LOS in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane are indicated as  76  and  78  in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , respectively.  
         [0066]     Objects within the user&#39;s grasp will be found where indicated by the image projected on LCD  32  because the camera is targeting and imaging the object with the angular offset that overcomes the above problem, typically in a range of between approximately 4- and 10-degrees. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the optical axis of optical engine  18  is aimed down in a vertical plane by and angle of approximately 6-degrees and to the side in a horizontal vertical plane by and angle of approximately 8-degrees by configuring housing  42  to mount IR camera  37  at corresponding angles that converge approximately 3 feet in front of the user&#39;s right eye with the user&#39;s line of sight from the right eye.  
         [0067]     Users of apparatus  10  thus reach to grasp an object in front of them based upon the image projected on LCD  32  and find the object where they reach without difficulty and without groping as with prior art systems in which the camera&#39;s optical axis and the user&#39;s line of sight are parallel with one another. In the user&#39;s very far field of view, objects&#39; location are slightly offset vertically and laterally as a result of the alignment of IR camera  37 , but it is believed that there is little difficulty for a user to proceed toward a distant object and locate the object readily once the object is a few feet in front of the user. Thus the invented solution to the prior art parallax problem surprisingly is without disorientation when ‘viewing’ a distant object.  
         [0068]     The invention may include an apparatus and a method of representing a thermal image in a portable device, as described above. The steps of the method include generating an electronic signal representative of a scene in front of a user using an infrared camera, identifying target portions of the electronic signal that represent portions of the scene that are within an identified target temperature range, and mapping the electronic signal to display a color image of the scene. Preferably, the target portions of the electronic signal are mapped in a color range that is visually distinct from all other portions of the color image. The method may also include the steps of identifying avoidance portions of the electronic signal that represent portions of the scene that are above an identified avoidance temperature; mapping the avoidance portions of the electronic signal to the color image in a color range that is visually distinct from all other portions of the color image, and mapping those portions of the electronic signal that do not represent target and/or avoidance portions to the color image in a neutral color range. Preferably, this is done by producing a multicolor RGB signal representative of the image, and emphasizing at least one color of the multicolor signal. Other colors of the multicolor signal may be de-emphasized so that the relative luminance of the target portions of the image remain approximately equivalent to the relative luminance of portions of the image that represent portions of the scene that are near to the identified temperature target range.  
         [0069]     The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined only by the claims.