Abstract:
The present invention includes puffed food starch material snack, in particular starch material from grains, having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic appearance and methods for preparing them. In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch material. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. Quantities of other food starch materials may also be employed as a co-mixed constituent, or the primary source of bulk starch material, for example potato starch material. A quantity of the grain is puffed (expanded) in a manner which forms a snack product of considerable crispiness, lightness, and unique texture to both the mouth and eye.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/384,015, filed Aug. 26,1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,676,983, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/281,991, filed Mar. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,481. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to improved puffed food starch products made from cereal grains or other food starches, forming such products into various shapes, and the methods for their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to puffed-rice snacks with improved crispiness, and appealing visual and physical texture, and processes of preparing such snacks. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Snacks have long been a household staple around the world and range from treats to dietary supplements. However, not too long ago a nutrition trend found chocolates, candies, ice cream, and other naturally and artificially sweetened confections, as well as potato chips, pretzels, corn chips, and the like, being replaced by more healthy products. The terms “low fat,” “no-fat,” and “light” have become the watch words of the health conscious in the &#39;90s. The trend has seen the popularity of puffed snacks, sometimes referred to as popped grain snacks and especially those made of corn and rice, steadily climb. 
     Very successful products have been made in the form of cakes generally made of puffed corn or rice. While these products had a heretofore acceptable amount of crispiness, they suffered from an unpleasant texture, usually nearest the core of the cake, resulting in the product sticking in teeth. The products are hockey puck-shaped (uniform in all three dimensions) and lack the appealing visual texture of conventional snack foods. The size of these snack cakes is also relatively large in size (approximately a three to four-inch disk-shaped cake). This size, as a single portion, can lead to a substantial amount of waste for some consumers, especially children. To address the problem of waste, a “mini-cake,” or smaller version of the original cake (about a one to two-inch disk-shaped cake or cracker) was introduced. The problems of texture and appearance, however, remained. 
     Examples of methods for making conventional grain cake products are disclosed in the described methods of U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,180 to Wu. These cake-forming devices are most frequently used with rice as the cereal grain since rice is capable of relatively easy expansion into a self-supporting cake. Statistics show that the availability and versatility of rice have not only made it an industry favorite, but a consumer favorite as well. The annual world rice harvest in the early 1990s exceeded 510 million metric tons, an increase of about 30 percent over the average during the period from 1979 to 1981. Rice grains are extensively used as human food, constituting the principal food of almost one-half the human race. The leading rice producers are China, with 36 percent of world output in the early 1990s, and India, with 22 percent. In the United States, production averaged close to 7 million metric tons, with Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and Texas being the leading rice-producing states. 
     Rice puffing and, in general, cereal puffing (or cereal popping) methods are well established in the prior art. Generally, methods known in the art rely primarily on a moisture content in the grains for puffing. The moisture content can be varied by many processes, such as, drying, cooking, parboiling, and tempering. Examples of attempted improvements in processing methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,593 to Gevaert, U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,741 to Yoshikazu, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,588 to Hayashi. 
     There are two generally practiced methods for expanding or puffing grains: (1) heating the kernels of grain until they become extensible (i.e. until the starch becomes amorphous or flowable) at which point further heating permits evaporation of moisture (and out-gassing of some minor amounts of other gases entrained in the grain) which causes expansion (bubble formation) in the amorphous starch; (2) heating the grain kernels to a flowable state at atmospheric pressure, then suddenly reducing the pressure (partial vacuum) again permitting enhanced vaporization and out-gassing, and again causing expansion (bubble formation) in the amorphous starch; and (3) heating the grain kernels to a flowable state in a chamber where pressure is permitted (or caused) to build, then suddenly reducing the pressure to atmospheric, permitting enhanced vaporization and out-gassing and again causing expansion (bubble formation) in the amorphous starch. 
     This latter method is most conventionally used to make rice cakes of both the larger and “mini” sizes. This latter method is carried out in what is commonly referred to as rice popping machines. These machines provide a chamber defined by heated chamber walls. Once the pre-puffed grain is placed in the chamber, it is closed to a pressure seal. The food starch is heated by contact with the chamber walls. The amount of food starch, i.e. the amount of grain kernels loaded into the chamber, relative to the volume of the chamber, and amount of expansion, cause the puffed product to generally conform in all three dimensions to the shape of the chamber. 
     One problem with conventional rice popping processes is that the filling of the entire volume of the popping chamber upon expansion may limit the bubble size formed, or full expansion of the bulk amount of the food starch, or both. This may account for a less than fully crisped product and a teeth-sticking texture of the resulting rice cake. It is certainly responsible for the hockey puck-shape of the product, which heretofore was thought to be desirable. 
     Another problem which exists in use of rice popping equipment is trying to balance providing sufficient time to present good conditions for full expansion of the food starch, while at the same time trying to minimize chamber residence time to achieve high production rates. To date, this balance has produced the conventional rice cakes discussed above. 
     It is well known that the degree and ease of puffing is affected by many factors such as: the type of grain, the type of preprocessing (e.g. milling), the condition of the grain (e.g. moisture content), and the type of starch contained in the grain. Another advancement in puffing food starch is to puff food starch which has been floured, and to extrude it into a discrete size and shape. Such extruded pieces are cooled and dried to a state of desired moisture content and hardness for acceptable handling and storage. To date, such puffing has been limited to oven puffing or deep frying. The resulting products, however, are relatively uniform throughout the snack piece, and provide a monolithic texture to the mouth when eating them. The same can be said for the products made from the more conventional process of extrusion puffing. 
     The inventor is unaware of a cake-type product ever being attempted using such pelletized stock. Further, it appears that prior to the present invention, it has never been contemplated to employ such a pelletized pre-product in a rice popping machine or related process. 
     In sum, despite the improvements being made in the field of making puffed snack cakes from food starches, in particular rice grain, insufficient attention has been given to improving the overall visual and physical texture (e.g. crispiness) and appearance of the product. The present invention addresses these issues as well as solving the problems discussed above and providing other advantages which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the accompanying specification and claims. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides puffed-food starch snacks having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic appearance and methods for preparing them. 
     In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. Quantities of other food starches may also be employed as a co-mixed constituent, or as the primary source of bulk starch material, for example, potato starch. A quantity of the food starch is puffed (expanded) in a manner which forms a snack product of considerable crispiness, lightness, and unique texture to both the mouth and eye. 
     According to one aspect of the invention, a puffed snack product comprises a puffed starch body having a generally regular perimetrical shape, and opposed upper and lower surfaces. At least one of the upper and lower surfaces has a substantially wavy contour such that it appears as though individual kernels of grain are joined to one another. It is preferred that the substantially wavy surface of the starch body comprises hills and valleys, noted by the rise and fall of the surface along a parallel plane. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the puffed snack product is comprised primarily of rice starch, but may further include puffed corn starch, puffed wheat starch, puffed potato starch, or the like. 
     In other presently preferred embodiments, the puffed snack product may be comprised primarily or predominantly of puffed corn starch, puffed wheat starch, or puffed potato starch, with combinations of other such grains possible. Presently, a preferred perimetrical shape of the food product is generally circular, hence a rounded cake in two dimensions. Alternatively, other embodiments may include a perimetrical shape which is generally triangular, square, rectangular, or any other such geometric or fanciful shape as may be thought at the time to have consumer appeal or processing, handling, or packaging advantages. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, the bulk cake product is comprised of an amount of food starch in the form of a plurality of individual whole kernels of grain, puffed together. At least a portion of these whole kernels may be rice kernels, wheat kernels, or both, and may additionally include corn grits. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, the cake or snack body is formed from a bulk amount of food starch comprised of a plurality of individual pellets (formed from starchy flour) all puffed together. Such pellets are preferably made from rice flour, wheat flour, corn flour, potato flour or the like, and may additionally include corn grits. A sufficient amount of pellets (and corn grits, if desired) capable of becoming amorphous in the puffing chamber should be provided, such that all of the pellets and grits touch at least one other pellet or grit after becoming amorphous. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, a puffing chamber is provided having inner surfaces and a chamber volume. A bulk amount of the food starch is placed into the puffing chamber. The bulk amount of food starch material is caused to volumetrically expand. The expanding food starch is constrained in its expansion in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. 
     The step of constraining expansion may additionally include constraining expansion of the bulk amount in a third dimension. The constraining may achieve a defining of the general shape of the final product in the first dimension, or in both the first and third dimensions. The defined shape may be provided by, in one particular embodiment, constraining expansion with certain of the inner surfaces of the puffing chamber. Preferably, for the snack cake disclosed in the example below, the unconstrained second dimension is height. 
     Another method of the present invention includes predetermining the bulk amount of food starch material to be placed into the chamber. The predetermining should provide a sufficient amount of whole kernels (or corn grits, if desired) capable of becoming amorphous, such that all of the kernels and grits touch at least one other kernel or grit after becoming amorphous. 
     Where pellets are used, the method may further include forming the pellets generally to the size of a whole kernel of grain selected from the group of grains including rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides for puffing a food starch capable of becoming amorphous into a food starch product, wherein the food starch is first floured then pre-gelatinized in an extruder under a pressure and temperature. The food starch is then extruded and cut into pellets. The pelletized food starch is placed into a puffing chamber where increasing the pressure and the temperature in the chamber causes the pelletized food starch to become amorphous. By quickly reducing the pressure in the chamber, the amorphous starch pellets expand. 
     The pellets are believed to provide superior puffing (at least relative to a given time and temperature cycle in mass production) to whole kernels. While presently unproven, the advantages are believed to be that: (1) the pellets are pre-gelatinized and may allow more of the heat energy (in the given cycle time or amount of thermal energy) to contribute to water vaporization and bubble formation (as opposed to providing energy to accomplish a greater crystalline phase change) than in a grain kernel; (2) the pelletized rice has been pre-floured, hence the mechanical and physical boundaries of the cellular structure have already been broken down leading to a more uniform expansion with less (heat) energy required to break down the cellular structure; and (3) the uniform pellet structure has a more uniform distribution of both starch and moisture for improved crisp puffing. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, the extruded food starch pellets may be cooled under sufficiently controlled (slowly) parameters to reduce stress in the pellet (i.e. an annealing of the pellets). This should reduce the energy required for possible annealing in the popping chamber. Also, the slow drying should enhance endurance of further handling without fracturing. The extruded pellets should be provided with sufficient drying to enhance shelf life and to prevent pellets from sticking together in storage. 
     It is also possible that, once gelatinized, the pellets are cooled in such away as to reduce recrystallization of the starch. This may also assist in puffing in that for a fixed amount of energy input, energy is not wasted unduly on annealing in the puffing chamber. However, such a cooling may be at odds with the slow cooling for stress reduction. While one type of cooling may be used as a trade off for the other, stress reduction presently looks to be the preferred goal. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, 
         FIG. 1  is a cut-away side view depicting a puffing machine used in the present invention in a completely open position; 
         FIG. 2  is a similar view of the puffing machine of  FIG. 1  showing the placement of food starch within a couple of chambers; 
         FIG. 3  is a similar view of the puffing machine of  FIG. 1  showing the sealed chambers; 
         FIG. 4  is a similar view of the puffing machine of  FIG. 1  just subsequent to breaking the seal on the chambers; 
         FIG. 5  is a similar view of the puffing machine of  FIG. 1  showing the upper mold fully retracted; 
         FIG. 6  is a similar view of the puffing machine of  FIG. 1  showing the final product being ejected from the mold; 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of a supply plate for the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a puffed food starch product made in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a bottom view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a first side view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 12  is a second side view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a third side view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a fourth side view of a puffed food starch product as shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 15  is a perspective view of another puffed food starch product made in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of another puffed food starch product made in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective view of another puffed food starch product made in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of the present method for producing a puffed food starch product; 
         FIG. 19  is a flow chart illustrating another embodiment of the present method for producing a puffed food starch product using pelletized food starch; and 
         FIG. 20  is a flow chart generally illustrating the operation of the puffing machine. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     While the invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, this disclosure will describe in detail preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated. 
     Product 
     The puffed or popped food starch products of the present invention provide a number of advantages over prior puffed food starch cake or cracker products. It is believed that the products are lighter, crispier, and have a more appealing visual texture as well as texture to the mouth when consumed. In some cases products made in accordance with the invention are believed to have a more natural, unprocessed appearance, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8–17 . 
     However, the wavy, natural appearance provides functional advantages over the prior art as well. The undulating surface allows snack dips to be more easily scooped, much like a potato chip or corn chip, than hockey puck-shaped cakes. Additionally, the present product may be sprinkled with flavoring during manufacturing, including such savory flavors as barbeque, sour cream, cheese, garlic and onion, and most any other popular snack flavor. The highly textured surface provides longer retention of granular or crystalline flavor coatings. Additionally, because the top and bottom surface areas of each chip are larger than a standard flat surface of prior art cakes, a greater amount of flavoring may be applied. More flavoring may improve the overall flavor of a product that has enjoyed past commercial success. 
     Products according to the invention may be in the form of a snack chip, cake, or cracker. They can be made from individual kernels according to certain aspects of the invention and from individual pellets of extruded food starch material according to other aspects of the invention. Disclosed herein are cakes made from a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. A quantity of the grain is puffed (expanded) in a manner which forms a snack product of considerable lightness and crispiness over previous puffed-grain snacks. 
     The puffing phenomenon results from the sudden expansion of water vapor (steam) from moisture held within the starch material of the granule (and some out-gassing). The particle is fixed in its expanded state by the dehydration resulting from the rapid diffusion of water vapor out of it. The moisture level is considered an important factor in puffing grain. Before puffing, the grain or pellet preferably should be maintained at no less than 3% moisture in order to achieve the desired extent of puffing and crispness of the final product. The preferred embodiment has a moisture content which falls within the range of from about 8% to about 18% (by weight) moisture, with about 8% to about 13% (by weight) being more preferred, and about 10% to about 12% being the most preferred moisture content. Moisture contents outside of the 8–18% range may cause a decreased puffing on the one hand, and collapse of an already puffed product on the other hand. 
     Rice grain is preferred for many reasons, including its capability to expand with relative ease into a self-supporting cake product.  FIGS. 8–14  show various views of one embodiment of a snack cake according to the present invention. The puffed snack product of the present invention comprises a puffed starch body  10  having a generally regular perimetrical shape, and opposed upper and lower surfaces  12 ,  14 . The perimetrical shape of body  10  is circular. Other shapes, are contemplated, for example, other geometric shapes: triangular, square, rectangular, etc., and fanciful shapes may provide particular advantages in some instances.  FIGS. 15–17  show food starch products with surface variations. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8–14 , the upper surface  12  and the lower surface  14  have a substantially wavy contour, and each surface  12 ,  14  has a general appearance which permits visual discrimination between individual kernels of grain  16  as they are joined to one another. It is preferred that the substantially wavy surface of the starch body  10  comprises hills  17  and valleys  18 , noted by the non-uniform rise and fall of the surfaces  12 ,  14 . 
     While the preferred starch body  10  is comprised primarily of rice, it may further include corn, wheat, potato, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, or any combination of these or other suitable sources of puffable food starch. Hereafter, the terms “good” or “goods” are intended to describe starch-bearing materials, including cereal grains, seeds, tubers, and the like, which are used in the present process to make up the food starch of the starch bodies such as body  10  or in making up the bulk amount of food starch placed in the puffing chamber. Where applicable, these goods may be supplied in the form of ground flour, whole kernels, or in a pelletized form. Mixtures of goods in the form of flour, or mixed whole kernels or mixed pellets may also be used in accordance with the present invention, with varying results. 
     With respect to flour and whole kernels, single goods or mixtures of goods may be used to create a suitable puffable food starch composition. As rice is the preferred food starch in the disclosed embodiment of body  10 , it should be understood it will be the preferred predominant good used in mixtures for many of the disclosed methods. A predominantly rice flour mixture may contain rice flour within the range of about 51% to 100% by weight. Similarly, predominantly corn flour mixture would be predominantly corn flour (i.e., at least 51% by weight). The remaining percentage, up to 49% by weight, may be made up of any one or more of other floured goods. This is equally true for a mixture of predominantly rice grain, or predominantly corn grit (i.e., cracked corn). It should be noted that moisture content of the respective starch constituents is counted in its weight percentage. 
     Pellets are more variable than either flour or whole kernels. The pellets themselves may be made from a mixture of goods from a flour form, and the entire composition may be comprised of several different kinds of pellets. For instance, “A” pellets may be formed from a mixture of 75% by weight rice flour and 25% by weight corn flour, while “B” pellets may be formed from 60% by weight rice flour and 40% by weight potato flour. A first recipe may call for 50% by weight of “A” pellets and 50% by weight of “B” pellets, while a second recipe may require 90% by weight “A” pellets and only 10% by weight of “B” pellets. The various combinations are nearly infinite. 
     Of the three forms of goods disclosed, pellets are a preferred form, according to a separate aspect of the invention. Pellets provide excellent textural features (e.g., crispiness, contour, etc.), produce a high-quality puffed product, and allow more precise control of moisture content. While rice is the preferred good for the pelletized form in the present invention, other embodiments of the puffed snack product may be comprised primarily of corn, wheat, or a puffed potato starch, with combinations and other such grains (or starches from sources other than grains) also possible. 
     Part of what gives the present invention its unique surface contour is the composition of the bulk food starch. The various goods will all have different expandability, partly dependent upon moisture content and partially due to the differing starch characteristics, compositions, or pre-processing (such as pre-gelatinization). By assembling a bulk food starch of predominantly rice (either flour, whole kernels, or pellets) interspersed with, for instance, the preferred corn grits, the puffed product will have natural surface and texture variations due to varied expansion. Therefore, to facilitate this effect in the present invention, at least a portion of the bulk food starch in certain embodiments will be enhanced by the inclusion of corn grits which do not expand as much as rice pellets or kernels. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 8–14 , regardless of the good(s) or form used, according to one aspect of the invention, the product has a generally predefined perimetrical shape. Preferably, the perimetrical shape of the food product is one that is appealing to consumers and is suitable for use in a chamber-type popping machine. Applicant has found a circular shape to meet both of these requirements. It is also believed that there may be textural advantages of the circular shape. 
     In order to form the preferred product, which is more easily understood with reference to the described methods, a sufficient amount of whole kernels or pellets (and corn grits) capable of becoming amorphous, should be provided such that all of the whole kernels or pellets (and grits) touch or contact at least one other whole kernel or pellet (or grit) after becoming amorphous. In other words, the bulk food starch is capable of melting into a single flowable mass. This means that the amount of bulk food starch used for making the present inventive product is an important feature, as discussed below. 
     The area of contact between two or more of the kernels or pellets form a connective boundary after they become flowable. This boundary defines the area of connection between kernels or pellets. The preferred puffed product is most readily broken apart at these boundaries, as opposed to breaking within the body of the puffed kernel or pellet. This adds to the aesthetic appearance of the product according to the present invention. Prior art grain cakes are typically comprised of indistinct or less distinguishable boundaries between puffed kernels, breaking along less visually determinable lines. 
     Another textural distinguishing aspect of the present invention over the prior art relates to the product thickness. The preferred product is typically a single layer, approximately one grain thick. This helps insure contact between individual kernels, pellets, and grits occurs on no more than two dimensions (i.e., primarily side-to-side connection). This, in turn, insures the added eating textural appeal of individual kernels or pellets in each puffed product. Conversely, the prior art cakes are several grains thick, causing three dimensional contact (i.e., side-to-side and top-to-bottom connections). Such three-dimensional contact removes the added aesthetic and textural crispiness and appeal of the individual kernels or pellets within the cake. This again relates to the amount of bulk food starch relative to the puffing chamber volume and resting area. 
     Processes 
     In many prior art processes, an amount of food starch (in whole kernel form only) is added to a puffing chamber so that upon expansion the food starch fills the entire chamber. The result is a puffed product conformed exactly to the size and shape of the chamber, in substantially the form of a disk. This is very different than the present invention. 
     A preferred method of making the puffed food starch product of the present invention, illustrated in  FIG. 18 , utilizes a bulk amount of a previously described food starch. The disclosed method begins by providing a puffing chamber having inner surfaces and a chamber volume, and then placing a bulk amount of the food starch material into the puffing chamber. Generally speaking, the bulk amount of food starch is caused to volumetrically expand. In other words, the bulk food starch is puffed to several times its original size. 
     Puffing machines (usually having a plurality of chambers each) are widely known and understood by those skilled in the art. A suitable puffing machine is manufactured by REAL FOODS PTY, LTD. of St. Peters NSW, Australia. Referring to  FIGS. 1–6 , puffing chamber  20  is shown, generally, having an opening  21  on ring mold  22 , upper mold insert  24  (attached to an upper base  25 ), and lower mold insert  26  (attached to a lower base  27 ). Each of these components may be slidably movable on guide pins  28 , though ring mold  22  is typically fixed. The mold inserts  24 ,  26  (via bases  25 ,  27 ) may be actuated hydraulically, pneumatically, or in any other suitable manner. As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , mold inserts  24 ,  26  enter opening  21  to form the inner surfaces of the puffing chamber. 
     The present preferred method requires constraining the expansion of the bulk amount of food starch in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. In other words, the food starch is capable of expanding to its full volumetric potential (taking into account moisture content of the food starch, temperature of the chamber, and the forces of gravity), while being prevented from expanding in one of either height, width, or depth. For example, if the height of the puffed product is constrained, then the width and depth of the puffed product proportionately increase. Where two dimensions are constrained, the third will compensate to achieve total volume expansion. At no time is the total volumetric expansion of the puffed product constrained by the inner surfaces of the puffing chamber, while dimensional expansion is constrained. Preferably, this may be achieved by predetermining the proper amount of the bulk amount of food starch placed into the puffing chamber relative to the total volume of the chamber in an unsealed (puffing) condition. Prior art processes attempt to completely fill the chamber (at least upon puffing). 
     Using the puffing chamber for dimensional constraining may be achieved by defining a general shape of the product (as discussed previously) in the first dimension, or in both the first and third dimensions. The constrained shape may be provided by, in one particular embodiment, constraining expansion with the inner surfaces of the puffing chamber. 
     Balanced against the unconstrained volumetric expansion aspects of the present invention (i.e., properly sizing the bulk amount of food starch placed into the puffing chamber) is the necessity to produce a single, unitary product from the puffing chamber. With these competing interests in mind, the present method may further include predetermining the bulk amount of food starch to be placed into the chamber, such that there is a sufficient amount of whole kernels or pellets (or corn grits) that all of the kernels or pellets (and grits) touch at least one other kernel or pellet (or grit) after becoming amorphous. 
     While the exact mechanism of how the food starch bonds together in the puffing chamber is not fully understood, referring to  FIG. 20 , it is believed that a melt occurs, or at least a softening or gelatinization of the food starch. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the puffing chamber  20  is heated to a temperature of about 475° F. (about 246° C.). Puffing machines, as well as individual puffing chambers, however, can vary greatly from one to another. Due to such differences, and any other prevailing conditions which may exist (e.g., the amount and type of food starch and its preprocessing history), the chamber temperature may range from about 350° F. (about 177° C.) to about 550° F. (about 288° C.), including any combination or sub-combination of ranges within this range. As the chamber is sealed and the food starch is heated, the internal pressure of the chamber increases, though a final pressure has not been measured. No additional pressure is added to the chamber in the preferred embodiment, but may be implemented for alternative embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a supply plate  30  is shown. Supply plate  30  is shown having seven (7) openings  32 , but may contain more or less to suit particular manufacturing needs. Openings are preferably about 0.563 inches diameter by about 0.591 inches deep (about 0.147 cubic inches) to allow a sufficient amount of bulk food starch to pass through for puffing an approximately two inch (2″) product, but these dimensions may vary for larger or smaller products. The volume of opening  32  determines the amount of food starch to be added to each chamber. Each opening  32  corresponds to a chamber  20  of the puffing machine. As supply plate  30  moves across the open ring mold  22 , it deposits the predetermined amount of bulk material filling each opening volume into the chamber  20 , to rest on lower mold insert  26 . Supply plate  30  is then retracted. 
     The chamber is closed as shown in the sequence of  FIGS. 2–5 , and the bulk food starch is heated to an amorphous or extensible state. After an approximate 5.25 to 6.75 second heating cycle time, upper mold insert  24  raises to release pressure in chamber  20 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . Then upper mold insert  24  completely raises and lower mold insert  26  raises to become flush with the upper surface of ring mold  22 , as shown in  FIG. 6 . Finally, supply plate  30  returns to make a subsequent deposit, pushing the puffed food starch products to a discharge chute (not shown) in the process. 
     The amount of food starch used in the present invention is less than that used in prior art processes. A relationship exists between the mass of food starch used and the expansion of the final product, also taking into consideration the chamber volume (about 0.79 cubic inches in the present invention), cycle time, and chamber temperature. Basically, the expanded food starch should not be constrained by the chamber volume, as discussed above. Another consideration, however, is the placement of the food starch within the chamber. If the food starch is thick or mounded on top of itself, then expansion of the food starch as a whole will be diminished. Thinly spread food starch will tend to puff more completely. 
     Where pellets are used in the present invention, it is considered to be within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to prepare suitable pellets. The J. R. SHORT COMPANY, Chicago, Ill., manufactures such a rice pellet. Basically, referring to  FIG. 19 , beginning with a floured food starch, the starch is gelatinized in an extruder under a pressure and temperature. The food starch is then extruded and cut, forming individual pellets. The pellets, in the preferred embodiment, are formed generally to the size of a whole kernel of grain. The grain size can be selected from the group of grains including rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, etc. The extruded food starch pellets may be cooled sufficiently (i.e., slowly) to substantially reduce any stress in the pellet, and to provide sufficient drying to provide good shelf life and prevent extruded food starch pellets from sticking together in storage. 
     In another preferred embodiment of the present method, Applicant found advantages in pelletizing the food starch material, and then placing an amount of the pelletized food starch into the puffing chamber. The amount may be as little as a single pellet, or as many as suitable for the chamber size. The pellets within the chamber are then caused to volumetrically expand and form a suitable cake or chip. 
     Another major advantage of the use of pellets over whole kernels is that the pellets need not be tempered prior to puffing. Tempering is a process whereby the whole kernels are tumbled in a high moisture atmosphere (frequently steam is used). This is not necessary for pellets. The moisture content of the pellets is controlled at manufacture, most preferably within the range of about 10% to about 12% (by weight). Additionally, the tempering process is used to increase the puffability of the kernels, as described above. Pelletization appears to provide sufficient enhancements to puffability to negate the need for tempering. 
     While specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention, and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying claims.