Abstract:
An apparatus and method of processing signals from a passive infrared sensor evaluates energy of received signals. An integration or accumulation process can be used to provide an indicator of signal energy. This indicator can be compared to a predetermined alarm threshold to determine if an alarm indication should be generated.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The application pertains to surveillance systems for detecting an intruder in a monitored area of space, and particularly to the signal processing method for detectors. More specifically, it relates to a method for the passive infrared signal recognition processing. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Motion detectors using passive infrared (PIR) technology are widely used in the field of security. There are two key components in this type of detector, the one is a Fresnel lens array window which can focus infrared energy produced by a heat source (such as human body) onto a pyroelectric sensor that can convert the changes of infrared energy reaching it into an electrical signal; and the other is a pyroelectric sensor that can convert the infrared energy into an electrical signal. For example, if there is no motion heat source, then the sensor does not output characteristic signal (large amplitude changing randomly), and if there is a person walking in the monitoring area, then the sensor detects the temperature difference between the human body and the background, and output the corresponding characteristic signal. 
         [0003]    The signals are amplified, sampled, and processed by hardware circuit and algorithms that determining whether there is an intruder or not, and a corresponding control output can be generated. Thus, in known PIR detectors, the movement of a heat source is sensed. Some detectors, by combing microwave technology with a PIR sensor, attempt to prevent false alarms generated by only using the PIR technology. 
         [0004]    A block diagram of a known PIR-type detector is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The detector of  FIG. 1  includes a PIR sensor module  110 , an analog signal processing module  120 , a master controlling unit (MCU) module  130 . In the detector of  FIG. 1  the sensor module outputs electric signals in response to sensing the motion of a human body. The signals are amplified by the analog circuit, and are then processed to make a determination as to the presence of a moving body. An alarm indicating output signal can then be produced and forwarded to a monitoring system. 
         [0005]    An alarm indicating output signal is generated if the signal amplitude is higher than the “high-threshold” or is lower than the “low-threshold” and persists for certain time. In response thereto, a PIR alarm indicating output signal is emitted. 
         [0006]    The principle of signal processing by using this method is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . An output signal  210  from a PIR-type sensor varies about a signal baseline  220 . A high-threshold  230  and a low-threshold  240  are pre-established. 
         [0007]    Relative to the PIR signal as shown, if ΔT1&gt;ΔT_TH or ΔT2&gt;ΔT_TH (ΔT_TH is the pre-set time threshold), then the PIR detector is triggered, and an alarm indicating signal is emitted. 
         [0008]    Disadvantages of the above described method include, missing alarms due to smaller output signals. Such signals might be generated, for example, by an intruder wearing protective clothing, thick clothes, or using an umbrella to block infrared emissions. In other circumstance, it is easy to trigger false alarms for burst signals, such as these signals generated by a sudden shock, a jarring, or a burst hardware inference. 
         [0009]    In summary, in known PIR-type detectors, the output signals from PIR-type sensors are indicative of sensed movement of heat sources in the region being monitored. For example, intruder speed, height, weight, dress, behavior, posture, and temperature variations contribute to generating signal waveforms with complex characteristics which result in difficulty in making accurate alarm determinations. This in turn produces undesirable failures to properly emit alarm signals, or the emission of undesirable false alarms. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a prior art detector; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating PIR output signal variations over time; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a detector in accordance herewith; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates aspects of a method in accordance herewith; 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates additional aspects of the method of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  a flow diagram of a processing method in accordance herewith; and 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  a flow diagram of an alternate processing method in accordance herewith. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    While disclosed embodiments can take many different forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and will be described herein in detail with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles thereof as well as the best mode of practicing same, and is not intended to limit the application or claims to the specific embodiment illustrated. 
         [0018]    Apparatus and methods in accordance herewith are more effective in making alarm determinations in the presence of smaller sensor output signals than prior art processing. Additionally, false alarms are eliminated to a greater extent than in known PIR-type detectors. In embodiments disclosed herein, energy associated with an incoming PIR signal is evaluated. Results of that evaluation are used to make an alarm determination. 
         [0019]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a detector, or, apparatus  140  in accordance herewith. Detector  140  includes a housing  140   a  which carries a PIR-type sensor  150  physically configured to monitor an adjacent, external, region R. Output signals from the sensor  150 , via line  150   a  are coupled to analog shaping/amplifying processing signals  160 . 
         [0020]    Processed analog signals, via line  160   a  are coupled to control/processing circuits  170 . Circuits  170  can be implemented, in part, by one or more of analog input circuitry coupled to an analog-to-digital converter, in combination with analog or digital circuitry to evaluate an energy parameter of the received signals from the sensor  150 . 
         [0021]    The evaluating circuitry  170   a  can be implemented with analog circuits, digital signal processors, or general purpose programmable processors all without limitation. In response to the presence of an alarm signal, from the circuitry  170   a,  output circuitry  170   b  can produce a local alarm indicating audible or visual signal, via device(s)  170   c.  Additionally, an alarm indicating signal can be transmitted, via a wired or wireless medium, to one or more displaced monitoring systems S. 
         [0022]      FIG. 4  illustrates aspects of alarm determination processing which can be carried out via the evaluating circuitry  170   a  in response to received sensor signals  510 , on line  160   a.  A signal baseline  520 , a sample interval, or, control time  530 , and various areas S 1   540 , S 2   550 , S 3   560  are illustrated. In addition, a threshold S_TH can be pre-established and used to determine whether there an alarm signal should be generated. 
         [0023]    The signal baseline  520  is the reference of PIR signal. In a static state, the detecting signal  510  has a value that is close or same as this baseline signal. The sample interval  530  is a time interval, preset according to a specific application, for controlling the sensitivity of the alarm trigger. 
         [0024]    The various areas S 1   540 , S 2   550 , S 3   560 , of signal  510 , and, the number of such regions are determined by the characteristics of the signal (within the sample time ΔT  530 ). The physical significance of an area is that it corresponds to an amount of energy received during the sample interval. Hence, the received PIR signal  510  can be analyzed based on the amount of received energy associated with the signal. 
         [0025]    Based on the energy in the signal  510 , represented by the areas S 1  . . . S 3 , various signal processing methods can be used to determine if an alarm should be generated. 
         [0026]    One form of processing corresponds to digital integration of the signal  510  during the sample interval  530 . 
         [0027]    In a preset time ΔT, calculate S=|S1|+|S2|+|S3|+ . . . if S&gt;S_TH, then the PIR energy is enough to meet the alarm trigger conditions, wherein the S_TH is the area threshold preset, which controls the sensitivity of the alarm trigger. An example is used to illustrate how to use this “digital integration” method to calculate the area S 1  (shown in  FIG. 4 ). The method is shown in  FIG. 5 , wherein the region S 1  is divided into 8 parts (smaller rectangles), the associated time interval is ΔT1, signal baseline is B0, and the calculating process is as follows: 
         [0000]      The area of S1 is:  S 1=| S 11|+| S 12|+| S 13|+| S 14|+| S 15|+| S 16|+| S 17|+| S 18| 
         [0028]    Wherein: 
         [0000]      The area of S11 is:  S 11=( T 11− T 10)×[( V 10+ V 11)÷2− B 0]=Δ T 1×[( V 10+ V 11)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S12 is:  S 12=Δ T 1×[( V 12+ V 11)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S13 is:  S 13=Δ T 1×[( V 13+ V 12)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S14 is:  S 14=Δ T 1×[( V 14+ V 13)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S15 is:  S 15=Δ T 1×[( V 15+ V 14)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S16 is:  S 16=Δ T 1×[( V 16+ V 15)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S17 is:  S 17=Δ T 1×[( V 17+ V 16)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0000]      The area of S18 is:  S 18=Δ T 1×[( V 18+ V 17)÷2− B 0]
 
         [0029]    Then, 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     S 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                   
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         11 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         12 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         13 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         14 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         15 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         16 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         17 
                       
                        
                     
                     + 
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         18 
                       
                        
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     Δ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     T 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                     × 
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       V 
                                        
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                        
                                       10 
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       V 
                                        
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                        
                                       18 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 ÷ 
                                 2 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 11 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 12 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 13 
                               
                               + 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 14 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 15 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 16 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 V 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 17 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 8 
                                  
                                 B 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 0 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0030]    So, 
         [0031]    The first block area is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               S 
                
               
                   
               
                
               1 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 8 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                  
                 
                   S 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   1 
                    
                   i 
                 
                  
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    The total of area is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   S 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         k 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                        
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         k 
                       
                        
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         k 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         m 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         
                           S 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           i 
                         
                          
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0033]    Wherein the “n” is the number of all area blocks in the time ΔT, and the “m” is number of parts of each area block divided, which is decided by the size of different area block. 
         [0034]    In summary, the above process can be applied to each of the regions S 2 , S 3 . The indicia of energy associated with each of the regions can then be summed. The result can be compared to the pre-determined threshold S_TH to determine if an alarm should be generated. 
         [0035]    Alternately, an amplitude oriented method can be used. In this regard, in a preset time interval ΔT, calculate V=|S1|+|S2|+|S3|+ . . . If V&gt;V_TH, then the PIR energy is enough to meet the alarm trigger conditions, wherein the V_TH is the voltage threshold preset, which controls the sensitivity of the alarm trigger.  FIG. 5  illustrates the method. A plurality of differences can be established. 
         [0000]        ΔV 11= V 11− B 0, Δ V 12= V 12− B 0, Δ V 13= V 13− B 0, Δ V 14= V 14− B 0,
 
         [0000]        ΔV 15= V 15− B 0, Δ V 16= V 16− B 0, Δ V 17= V 17− B 0, Δ V 18= V 18− B 0.
 
         [0036]    Then, 
         [0000]        ΔV 1=|Δ V 11|+|Δ V 12|+|Δ V 13|+Δ V 14|+|Δ V 15|+|Δ V 16|+|Δ V 17|+|Δ V 18|
 
         [0000]        ΔV 1=( V 11+ V 12+ V 13+ V 14+ V 15+ V 16+ V 17+ V 18)−8 B 0.
 
         [0037]    So, 
         [0038]    The first part accumulation of voltage differences is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               V 
                
               
                   
               
                
               1 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 8 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                  
                 
                   Δ 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   V 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   1 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   i 
                 
                  
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0039]    The total accumulation of voltage differences for all segments, such as S 1  . . . S 3 , is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   V 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         k 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                        
                       
                         Δ 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         V 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         k 
                       
                        
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                    
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         k 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         m 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         
                           V 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           i 
                         
                          
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0040]    Wherein the “n” is the number of all parts (including the difference that voltage is above or below the baseline) in the time ΔT, and the “m” is the number of the difference of each part, which is decided by the size of different part. This result can be compared to a predetermined alarm threshold to make an alarm determination. 
         [0041]      FIGS. 6 ,  7  illustrate additional aspects of the above described processing. With respect to the flow diagram of process  700 ,  FIG. 6 , a detector can be initialized as at  710 . The PIR signal values over the sample interval  530  can be acquired as at  720 . The areas, such as S 1  . . . S 3  can be established, as described above, as at  730 . The total area associated with the curve  510  can be determined as at  740 . A determination can be made as to whether the sum exceeded the predetermined alarm threshold, as at  750 . If so, an alarm can be triggered, as at  760 . Otherwise, the next sample can be identified, as at  755 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 7 , illustrates processing  800  which relates to the alternate “voltage accumulation” method discussed above. A detector can be initialized as at  810 . The values of the respective sensor output signals, such as  510 , can be acquired during the sample interval  530 , as at  820 . 
         [0043]    The difference values can then be determined, as at  830 . A total energy related parameter value can be determined as at  840 . A comparison can be made with the pre-determined alarm threshold, as at  850 . If not, the next sample can be defined to be acquired, as at  855 . Alternately, as at  860 , a times triggered count can be incremented. The total times an alarm condition has been indicated is compared to a threshold, as at  870 . If exceeded, an alarm can be triggered, as at  880 . Otherwise the next sample can be defined and acquired, as at  875 . 
         [0044]    Those of skill will understand that the above disclosure is exemplary only. Different numbers of sample points, or sample intervals all come within the spirit and scope hereof. 
         [0045]    From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims. Further, logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be add to, or removed from the described embodiments.