Abstract:
A multiple-step method of deferring compensation of an individual, with concurrent deferral of payment of income tax. The method of the invention is especially important, helpful, and applicable to a highly compensated individual.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
         [0001]    The present application is closely related to, but distinct from, Applicant&#39;s copending application, Ser. No.______, filed on even date herewith.  
         FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the field of financial planning, and more specifically to a method of deferring compensation of an individual, and thus deferring the payment of income tax on such deferred compensation. The invention is especially important, helpful and applicable to a highly compensated individual such as, by way of an example, a medical doctor who is the sole owner of a medical office, hereinafter “Oldco.” The doctor, hereinafter, “Individual” is an officer and employee of Oldco which also employs a small number of other persons in administrative and medical support positions. Individual is appropriately highly compensated but is not, under prior financial planning scenarios, able to adequately defer compensation and, concurrently, defer the applicable income tax, regard being given to applicable governmental regulations. This results in a current income tax. Deferred compensation is frequently advantageous for reasons well understood by those skilled in financial planning. Another issue is that financial privacy within a small business can be non-existent and, for various reasons, Individual may want the deferring of part or even all of his or her compensation maintained as a private matter.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    There are, of course, various prior art financial planning arrangements and tools. Prior methods for sheltering or deferring income of a highly compensated sole owner of a business have had serious shortcomings. First, IRC 401 plans require “qualified plans”; a non-qualified plan is not exempt from tax. A company or business having a qualified plan is required to offer such plan to all employees. In some cases, for various reasons, the owner(s) of the company might not want to include all or some of the employees in the plan. Stated bluntly, as an example, Individual may want only his or her compensation to be deferred on a tax-deferred basis, i.e., not including the other employees.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    The problems and shortcomings of the prior art financial plans are overcome by the present invention which provides a method of creating a financial structure for a highly compensated individual who is the sole owner of a business. The method advantageously creates the availability of a significant deferral of compensation (and also a deferral and likely reduction of income tax). More specifically, the invention provides a method which facilitates an individual deferring a substantial amount of compensation, which, if not deferred, would be considered current income, and thus subject to income tax for the year of the earned income. However, the invention&#39;s method is structured so that the compensation may be deferred, at the election of Individual, without any current income tax. The deferred compensation is taxed only at a later time, as explained below, with the timing controlled by Individual; this could be years after the original deferral and could be at a much more opportune time for Individual for the payment of the required income tax. The deferral of Individual&#39;s compensation does not require creating a qualified plan for the other employees of Oldco. There is no requirement for the other employees to have knowledge of the special arrangement for Individual.  
           [0005]    The method is managed by a “Parent” leasing company, hereinafter “PLC,” an “S” corporation which is in the business of leasing professional services to professional companies such as Oldco. PLC recruits professionals from small and closely held professional companies by offering and providing employment benefits customarily provided by employee leasing firms, including disability, life, professional malpractice and health insurance, workers compensation, and so forth, together with qualified and nonqualified pension and retirement planning. Due to the relatively large size of PLC, i.e., economies of scale, PLC is able to provide greater benefits at less cost than the prior “smaller” employer is.  
           [0006]    The method of this invention, i.e., creating a means for enabling deferred compensation with the attendant income tax deferral involves a sequential series of steps. First, PLC is incorporated as an “S” corporation, as covered by IRS guidelines and regulations. PLC is thus a “pass-through” entity, meaning that it per se is not taxed; income is taxed to the shareholder(s). PLC is in the business of leasing professional employee services. The next step is to create an Employee Stock Ownership Plan “ESOP,” again in conformance with applicable governmental regulations; the ESOP is an IRC 401 employee benefit plan tax exempt under the provisions of IRC 501. The next step is to put the ownership of the “pass-through” entity (S corporation) into the ESOP, i.e., ownership of PLC is transferred to ESOP. Thus, income of PLC is tax exempt.  
           [0007]    The next step of the method of this invention is the recruitment of an individual, e.g., “Individual”, who agrees (i) to be willing to cease providing services “Services” to his or her totally owned company, e.g., “Oldco”, and to be willing to provide Services to Oldco as a leased employee of a qualified subchapter S subsidiary “QSSS,” a wholly-owned subsidiary of PLC. Individual, as the following step, accepts an offer from PLC/QSSS to hire Individual as a leased employee, i.e., Individual agrees to accept employment assignments arranged by PLC and specifically agrees to perform Services at Oldco. The PLC offer to Individual also includes a benefits package comprising various benefits available as selected by Individual. The benefits package includes a deferred compensation (DC) plan. It should be understood that QSSS is uniquely linked to Individual and, of course, to PLC; PLC will create additional and legally distinct qualified subchapter S subsidiaries for respective additional leased employees who are individuals similar to Individual.  
           [0008]    Then QSSS contractually agrees with Oldco to provide Individual as a leased employee to perform Services for Oldco; concurrently Individual agrees to perform Services for Oldco as a leased employee thereof; and concurrently Oldco agrees to compensate QSSS for Services provided by Individual for Oldco, the foregoing steps may, if desired, be conveniently and seamlessly facilitated in a single three party contract.  
           [0009]    The method of this invention has the further step of allocating all income and expenses of QSSS to PLC and Individual as follows:  
           [0010]    (i) allocating all items of expense relating to leasing transaction fees to Individual, and thereafter allocating all remaining items of expense to PLC and Individual in proportion to ownership, and (ii) allocating all income to PLC and Individual in proportion to ownership.  
           [0011]    Individual defers compensation from QSSS which deposits such deferred compensation of Individual into an investment vehicle of the Individual&#39;s choice. One of the choices, and the preferred choice available to the individual, is to have the deferred compensation deposited into life insurance contract owned solely by QSSS with Individual being the named insured. The death benefit of the insurance contract or policy is dedicated to cover deferred compensation liability. The QSSS is further characterized by Individual having the absolute right to buy out, from PLC, the entire ownership of PLC in the QSSS at a cost equal to the net book value of QSSS plus a 5% irrevocable assignment of the death benefit of said life insurance policy.  
           [0012]    The insurance choice has a number of advantages. There are, however, other investment vehicle choices available to Individual such as a Rabbi Trust, real estate, securities, or other.  
           [0013]    The bottom line result of the method of this invention is a tool which, if selected, can enable the deferral of a significant amount of compensation for an Individual and thus defer and possibly lessen the associated income tax. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0014]    The single drawing figure comprises two sheets which collectively depict a flow chart of the multi-steps of the preferred embodiment of the invention. Page  1  depicts elements  10 - 21  inclusive and Page  2  depicts elements  21 - 40  inclusive. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]    Referring to the first page of the drawing, a highly compensated individual, hereinafter “Individual” (see step  16 ) is the sole owner of a business “Oldco,” with respect to which Individual is an officer and an employee. Oldco also employs a small number of other persons in administrative and support positions. Individual is appropriately highly compensated and would like to be able to defer part and possibly all of the compensation paid by Oldco to Individual and, most importantly, concurrently defer the payment of income tax on such compensation. The method of this invention provides such an option to Individual.  
         [0016]    The multi-step method or process of this invention is managed by a Parent Leasing Company (PLC) created at step  10 . PLC is an “S” Corporation, as that form of business entity is defined by IRC. As is well understood, an S corporation is a “pass-through” entity, meaning that it is not taxed on income thereof; such income is taxed to the shareholder(s). PLC is in the business of leasing employee services to companies such as Oldco. PLC recruits professionals from small and closely held companies by offering and providing employment benefits customarily provided by employee leasing firms, including disability, life, professional malpractice and health insurance; workers compensation; and so forth; importantly, PLC also offers and provides qualified and non-qualified pension and retirement planning.  
         [0017]    The method flows from step  10  via  11  to step  12 , the creation of an Employee Stock Ownership Plan “ESOP,” an IRC  401  employee benefit plan which is tax exempt under the provisions of IRC  501 . Step  12  flows via  13  to step  14 , the transfer of ownership of PLC to ESOP; the ensuing result is that PLC&#39;s income is tax exempt. The generalities of the method set forth solely in steps  10 - 14  is known to those skilled in the art and has been permissible under applicable laws since Jan. 1, 1998.  
         [0018]    The next step in the method is, in general, for PLC to recruit persons for its employee leasing business. Step  16 , linked via  15  to prior step  14 , is the recruitment by PLC of a specific person, i.e., the aforesaid Individual. As subset of the recruitment, Individual agrees (i) to be willing to cease providing services “Services” to Oldco as an employee thereof, and (ii) to be willing to provide Services to Oldco as a leased employee of a limited liability company formed by PLC. The employee leasing service business of PLC for Individual is provided by PLC creating a qualified subchapter S subsidiary “QSSS” solely dedicated to business associated with Individual. The creation of QSSS is depicted in the drawing as step  18 , linked via  17  to prior step  16 . PLC typically will have a number of other individual clients/employees; a separate subchapter S subsidiary similar to QSSS will be set up or created by PLC for each of such other client/employees.  
         [0019]    A very important aspect of the method of this invention is the ownership of QSSS is solely in PLC.  
         [0020]    Step  20 , linked via  19  to prior step  18 , is for QSSS to offer to hire Individual as a leased employee (to perform Services at Oldco) and for Individual to agree to perform Services. Closely coupled is the next step  22 , linked via  21 , wherein QSSS enters into an agreement with Oldco to provide Individual as a leased employee to perform Services at Oldco; Individual also contractually agrees to the foregoing. Oldco does not directly compensate Individual or PLC; Oldco compensates QSSS for Services performed by Individual. As indicated, the agreements/contracts between Oldco, QSSS and Individual may be separate documents or a three party agreement.  
         [0021]    QSSS typically will offer a menu of benefits to Individual including, most importantly, a deferred compensation (DC) plan which Individual will accept in order to enjoy the potential deferral of compensation. Although not directly linked to this invention, but of obvious significance, LLC will also offer other benefits to Individual including disability, life, professional malpractice and health insurance, workers compensation. PLC, in the preferred embodiment of this invention, will supply or otherwise facilitate the provision of the above benefits as selected by Individual; this usually can be done at a lesser cost as compared to Individual being an employee of Oldco.  
         [0022]    As indicated, QSSS receives income from Oldco; QSSS also has expenses, which typically include the payment to PLC a service fee, e.g.,  3 . 5 % for services provided by PLC, as well as other expenses.  
         [0023]    As indicated in step  24 , linked via  23  to prior step  22 , all of the income and expenses of QSSS are allocated to PLC and Individual. All of QSSS expenses relating to leasing transaction fees, e.g., the service fee paid to PLC, are allocated to Individual. All remaining expenses of QSSS are allocated to PLC and Individual in proportion to ownership. All of QSSS income is allocated to PLC and Individual in proportion to ownership.  
         [0024]    Proceeding to the next step  26 , via  25 , and pursuant to Individual&#39;s choice and directive, QSSS defers compensation payable to Individual and deposits such deferred compensation into a selected investment vehicle. The recommended choice of an investment vehicle is a life insurance contract/policy (step  28  via  27 ); such policy is solely owned by QSSS, the named insured is Individual, and the death benefit is dedicated to cover deferred compensation liability. An additional option for this choice is to have the insurance contract or policy owned by a Rabbi trust; this would make a subsequent buy out subject to claims by creditors of QSSS. An advantage of the insurance choice is that, during the term of the method, the Individual may borrow money, as a function of the cash value of the insurance policy/contract without taxation at the time of the borrowing.  
         [0025]    Other choices include a Rabbi Trust  29  via  28 ; real estate  32  via  31 ; securities  34 , e.g., stocks, bonds, etc., via  33  or other items of real or personal property  36  via  35 .  
         [0026]    Very importantly, Individual has the absolute right, for all of the choices, to buy out from PLC the entire 95% ownership of PLC in QSSS. This is indicated in the drawing by step  38  via  37 .  
         [0027]    For the insurance choice  38 , the buy out is at a cost equal to the net book value of QSSS plus a 5% irrevocable assignment to PLC of death benefit of the aforesaid insurance contract/policy. The 5% fee represents income for PLC. Likewise, for the other choices, the buy out is at a cost equal to the net book value of the asset plus 5%. Any choice involving the utilization of a Rabbi trust results in the pay out being secondary to claims, if any, of creditors of the LLC.  
         [0028]    The bottom line result of the invention is depicted at  40 , linked via  39  to  38 , as the creation of a method for the deferral of compensation for an individual with the associated deferral of payment of income tax which, depending on circumstances, can be extremely beneficial for the taxpayer.  
         [0029]    It will be understood that a series of transactions over a period of time involving the above method are likely. In each case a new qualified subchapter S subsidiary is created by PLC for Individual.  
         [0030]    An example of the method is to assume Individual would receive an annual compensation from Oldco of $100,000 as an employee. If Individual elects to use this invention, then the $100,000 is paid by Oldco to QSSS (fully deductible for Oldco). QSSS then will pay a fee of, say, $3,500 to PLC (a 3.5% fee being appropriate, regard being given to the services provided by PLC). The balance or net amount of $96,500 then will be paid by QSSS into the insurance policy or any of the other choices of investment vehicles. When Individual wants to withdraw money (which may be at any later point of time as selected by Individual), Individual notifies PLC, pursuant to Individual&#39;s absolute right, of Individual&#39;s choice to “buy out” PLC. PLC must liquidate the assets as above described and all funds, less fees, are payable to Individual.  
         [0031]    While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated, it will be understood that variations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concept. Accordingly, the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the following claims.