Abstract:
The invention relates to an electric motor ( 1 ) with permanent magnet excitation, comprising a stator ( 2 ), a rotor ( 8 ), comprising a hollow shaft ( 13 ) on which the permanent magnets ( 9 ) are positioned. The hollow shaft ( 13 ) is sealed tight against an output shaft ( 7 ) at least at the end faces thereof and a suitable coolant is provided in the enclosed cavity ( 14 ) which, during operation of the electric motor, evaporates from the relatively hot hollow shaft in the region of the permanent magnets ( 9 ) and condenses in the region of the relatively cold output shaft ( 7 ) such as to introduce a radial and axial heat transport.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to an electric motor having a stator and a rotor which has permanent magnets positioned on a hollow shaft. 
     In the case of electric motors with permanent magnet excitation, losses mainly occur in the stator. The comparatively lower heat losses of the rotor must nevertheless be dissipated. The problem of rotor heating is particularly serious in the case of electric motors which have a comparatively very long axial length and in which the distances from the center of the rotor to the outside of the end faces of the rotor are comparatively long. 
     The heat in the rotor reduces the magnetic flux, which results, inter alia, in impairment of the efficiency of the electric motor. 
     It is known practice to dissipate the losses of the rotor toward the stator via the supporting hollow shaft or via the air gap or to control them by means of an appropriate correspondingly cost-intensive choice of the magnetic material in order to thus reduce the reduction in flux. 
     Another possible way of dissipating the heat from the rotor is achieved by means of complicated separate ventilation in the rotor. 
     Another cost-intensive possible way of dissipating the heat from the rotor is to create an axial flow of heat to heat sinks via heat pipes situated in the rotor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     On the basis of this, the invention is based on the object of providing an electric motor with permanent magnet excitation which also provides efficient cooling of the rotor, the cooling of the rotor requiring comparatively little design complexity. 
     The object set is achieved by means of an electric motor with permanent magnet excitation having a stator and a rotor which has a hollow shaft on which permanent magnets are positioned, the hollow shaft being closed off in a pressure-tight manner with respect to an output drive shaft at least on its end faces, and a suitable cooling medium being situated in the enclosed cavity, said cooling medium evaporating on the comparatively hot hollow shaft in the region of the permanent magnets and condensing in the region of the comparatively colder output drive shaft during operation of this electric motor, with the result that radial heat transport is established. 
     In addition, axial heat transport through the cooling medium is established on account of the axial temperature gradient in the output drive shaft. 
     In this case, the heat loss of the rotor is now effectively transferred from the rotor to the inner continuous shafts of the electric motors, for example wheelset shafts or ship propulsion shafts. The rotor has a laminated core on which permanent magnets are situated in a tangential arrangement or in a flux concentration arrangement. These permanent magnets are advantageously fixed to the rotor by means of a binding, in particular made of glass fibers. Alternatively, the permanent magnets may also be situated in axially parallel recesses of the laminated core. The laminated core is shrunk onto a hollow shaft which allows sufficient heat transport in the radial direction. The decisive factor is that the hollow shaft is closed in a pressure-tight manner on the end face and with respect to the output drive shaft. 
     The cavity between the hollow shaft and the output drive shaft which is normally filled with air is filled with a cooling medium, preferably ethyl alcohol, which boils at approximately 60° C.-80° C. and then evaporates on the hot hollow shaft and condenses again on the correspondingly cooler output drive shaft. As a result, the heat is transferred in a very effective manner from the outside to the inside, that is to say radially to the output drive shaft. In the output drive shaft, said heat can then be easily discharged to the outside, for example to large driven wheels, drive wheels, propellers. This provides extremely efficient heat transport with comparatively little design complexity for an electric motor with permanent magnet excitation. 
     The solution according to the invention also has the following advantages: 
     The rotor of the electric motor with permanent magnet excitation remains considerably cooler than comparable rotors; as a result, a higher magnetic flux and thus comparatively improved efficiency of this electric motor are established. 
     Furthermore, the demagnetizing resistance of the permanent magnets is higher. Homogeneous heating of the hollow shaft and the wheelset shaft is established in the case of output drive shafts, for example wheelset shafts and their drive wheels in electrical locomotive vehicles. 
     Existing oxygen and residual moisture in the intermediate space between the hollow shaft and the output drive shaft can be combined by the cooling medium so that any possible frictional corrosion in the two shrinkage structures is greatly reduced. 
     The cooling medium is introduced into the cavity by providing a hole on one end face of the hollow shaft, for example, through which hole the cooling medium can be introduced. This filling operation is advantageously carried out after the hollow shaft has been mounted on the output drive shaft. This hole is then closed in a pressure-tight manner, for example using a screw plug, and is sealed. 
     Apart from in the event of damage, the connection between the hollow shaft and the output drive shaft is normally not released during operation of this electric motor, with the result that the medium never has to be removed again from this cavity. 
     The invention and further advantageous refinements of the invention according to features of the subclaims are explained in more detail below using diagrammatically illustrated exemplary embodiments in the drawing, in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIGS. 1 ,  2  show longitudinal sections through electric motors, 
         FIGS. 3 to 6  show cross sections of the electric motors in the region of the output drive shaft, 
         FIG. 7  shows a sleeve. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  shows a longitudinal section through a direct drive which is designed as a synchronous machine  1  with permanent magnet excitation. This diagrammatically illustrated synchronous machine  1  with permanent magnet excitation has a stator  2  which is constructed from layered laminates  4 . Windings which form winding overhangs  3  on the end faces of the stator  2  are situated in the slots (not illustrated in any more detail) of the stator  2 . The heat produced by the windings in the packed laminate  4  during operation of the electrical synchronous machine  1  is largely dissipated through a cooling medium, such as air or a liquid, situated in the cooling channels  6  (illustrated by way of example) using a cooling jacket  5 . In this case, the cooling channels  6  are guided around the stator  2  in meandering or helical fashion. 
     The rotor  8  has a hollow shaft  13  which is shrunk onto an output drive shaft  7 . The rotor  8  has, for the air gap of the synchronous machine  1  with permanent magnet excitation, permanent magnets  9  which are held in the circumferential direction using a binding  10 . The invention is not only restricted to surface magnets but may also be applied to internal permanent magnets which are situated in pockets of the hollow shaft  13  which run in an essentially axial direction. 
     During operation of the synchronous machine  1  with permanent magnet excitation, losses now occur, inter alia, in the rotor  8  and must be dissipated in order to obtain the highest possible level of efficiency of the electrical synchronous machine  1 . A cooling medium now transports the heat from the side of the permanent magnets  9  to the output drive shaft  7  through the cavity  14  of the hollow shaft  13 . The cooling medium condenses on the output drive shaft and is transported back to the side of the permanent magnets  9 . This essentially radial thermal circuit is indicated using arrows  11  and  12 . The condensate can be transported back using centrifugal force or else, and this is particularly advantageous for slowly rotating machines, using gravitational force (“trickle down”). 
     The output drive shaft  7  now passes the heat, on account of their good thermal conductivity, to wheels, propellers etc. (not illustrated in any more detail) which are connected to the output drive shaft  7  in a mechanically rigid and thermally conductive manner, where the heat is finally discharged to the surroundings over a large area. It goes without saying that a comparatively smaller amount of heat is also discharged to the surroundings from the output drive shaft  7  itself. 
       FIG. 2  shows a modification of the embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . In this case, the hollow shaft  13  is in the form of a double-walled cylinder whose inner cylinder  20  is shrunk onto the output drive shaft  7  and whose outer cylinder  21  is connected to the laminated core of the rotor  8  or is directly connected to the permanent magnets  9 . 
     After the hollow shaft  13  has been mounted on the output drive shaft  7 , the cooling medium is introduced into the cavity  14  via a hole  22  and the cavity is then closed in a pressure-tight manner. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  show an additional possible way of improving the thermal conductivity of the output drive shaft  7  in a cross section through the output drive shaft  7  of the embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . In this case, heat pipes  30  which are thermally coupled to the cooling medium and/or the output drive shaft by means of thermally conductive materials  33 , if appropriate, are inserted into axially parallel recesses  31  or axially running holes  32 . The holes  32  may also be centrically arranged in the output drive shaft  7 . 
     The condenser zone of the heat pipes  30  is outside the motor space. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  show an additional possible way of improving the thermal conductivity of the output drive shaft  7  in a cross section through the output drive shaft  7  of the embodiment according to  FIG. 2 . 
     In this case, heat pipes  30  which are thermally coupled to the output drive shaft  7  and/or the inner cylinder  20  and/or the cavity  14  by means of thermally conductive materials are situated in axially running recesses  31  and/or holes  32  in the inner cylinder  20 . 
     These heat pipes  30  may also be situated in an additional sleeve  35  which is arranged between the output drive shaft  7  and the cavity  14 . In this case, there is advantageously no need to change the design of the output drive shaft  7 . The condenser zones of the heat pipes  30  are likewise outside the motor space in this embodiment. 
     The recesses of the sleeve  35  itself are involved in transporting away heat even if no heat pipes  30  are used, for example by means of a cooling medium which is present in them or passes through them, be it water or air. An air flow is generated by separate ventilation or self-ventilation, while the flow of water is achieved by pumping or by the movement of a ship in the water, for example. 
     Such a design of a drive using an electric motor with permanent magnet excitation is suitable for electrical locomotive vehicles, ship propulsion systems, in particular propulsion pods, since the medium surrounding the electric motor constitutes an ideal heat sink on account of the movement of the locomotive vehicle or the ship. In the case of locomotive vehicles, the mechanical thermally highly conductive connection between the output drive shaft  7  and driven wheels forms an optimal heat sink. 
     In the case of ship propulsion systems, the rudder blades form an enlarged cooling area. In the case of propulsion pods, in particular, the propeller shaft extends through the hollow shaft of the electric motor which is in the form of a synchronous machine  1  with permanent magnet excitation. Cooling can be additionally induced in propulsion pods using the sleeve  35 . As a result of the movement of the ship, the water surrounding the pod flows through the recesses or holes  32  of the sleeve  35 . No heat accumulation can therefore occur in the region of the heat sink. 
     The drive arrangement thus creates heat loss which is in the rotor  8  and is passed, via the cavity  14  of the hollow shaft  13 , to the output drive shaft  7  which discharges the heat to cooling areas using essentially axial heat transport. In this case, drive tasks and heat transport are undertaken by the output drive shaft  7 .