Abstract:
An improved process for forming devices utilizing patterned organic semiconductor films is provided. The process involves treating a surface to selectively provide regions of greater affinity and lesser affinity for an organic semiconductor or an organic semiconductor solution. When the organic semiconductor, or solution comprising the semiconductor, is deposited on the treated surface, either the organic semiconductor or the organic semiconductor solution dewets from the lesser affinity regions or the resultant film adheres only weakly to the lesser affinity regions such that selective removal is readily performed. And even where such removal is not performed, the portions of the organic semiconductor film overlying the greater affinity regions exhibit higher mobility and better film continuity relative to the other portions of the film.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to organic semiconductor devices. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Field-effect transistors (FETs) with organic semiconductors as active materials are the key switching components of contemplated organic control, memory, or logic circuits, also referred to as plastic-based circuits. An expected advantage of such plastic electronics is the ability to fabricate them more easily than traditional silicon-based devices. Plastic electronics would thus provide a cost advantage in cases where it is not necessary to attain the performance level and device density provided only by silicon-based devices. For example, organic semiconductors are expected to be much more readily printable than vapor-deposited inorganics, and are also expected to be less sensitive to air than recently-proposed solution-deposited inorganic semiconductor materials. For these reasons, there have been significant efforts expended in the area of organic semiconductor materials and devices. 
     Generally, in fabricating such FETs, the organic semiconductor is formed as a continuous film covering many devices simultaneously or even covering the entire circuit. (An organic semiconductor film is an assembly of organic molecules or polymerized organic monomers formed such that the film is capable of being active in a semiconductor device, e.g., by allowing current to flow between source and drain electrodes with use of a gate.) It is often desirable to have the semiconductor film present only at selected regions of a circuit, or selected regions of an individual device, to achieve, for example, lessened leakage current and crosstalk. Such selective formation also enables the use of different semiconductors in different regions of a device or in different devices of a circuit. 
     Various methods for patterning deposited films have been developed. For example, it is possible to use established photoresist technology to pattern a deposited organic film. Unfortunately, conventional steps such as reactive ion etching and solvent development tend to leave unwanted residue and also have the potential to degrade the semiconductor film. As an alternative, for some materials it is possible to selectively deposit, e.g., print, a solution of an organic semiconductor onto a substrate such that a semiconductor film is formed upon evaporation of the solvent. Unfortunately, such solutions are often not viscous enough to hold a desired shape upon printing, and may spread or contract depending on the surface forces. In addition, such solutions often are not concentrated enough to form an adequate film after a single printing step, and thus multiple deposition steps are required. 
     Improved techniques for providing patterned organic semiconductor films are therefore desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides an improved process for forming devices utilizing patterned organic semiconductor films. The process involves treating a surface to selectively provide regions of greater affinity and lesser affinity for an organic semiconductor or an organic semiconductor solution (i.e., an organic semiconductor material in a solvent). When the organic semiconductor, or solution comprising the semiconductor, is deposited on the treated surface, either the organic semiconductor or the organic semiconductor solution dewets from the lesser affinity regions or the resultant film adheres only weakly to the lesser affinity regions such that selective removal is readily performed. And even where such removal is not performed, the portions of the organic semiconductor film overlying the greater affinity regions exhibit higher mobility and better film continuity relative to the other portions of the film. 
     Regions of greater affinity are generally created by providing a surface with moieties that interact favorably with the organic semiconductor material to be deposited thereon (or its solvent in the case of a solution). Regions of lower affinity are generally created by providing a surface with moieties that are less compatible with moieties on the organic semiconductor material (or its solvent in the case of a solution). It is possible for the surface treatment to involve providing an affinity-increasing material in selected areas, such that the remaining surface constitutes the lower affinity regions. It is also possible for the treatment to involve providing the surface with an affinity-reducing material in selected areas, such that the remaining surface constitutes the greater affinity regions. Other combinations are also possible. 
     In one embodiment, the organic semiconductor film is formed over the entire treated surface. Portions of the film overlying regions of low affinity are then removed. The differences in affinity between the greater affinity regions and lower affinity regions allows such removal to be readily and selectively performed. In another embodiment, a semiconductor solution selectively and spontaneously wets primarily, or even exclusively, the regions of greater affinity prior to solvent evaporation. The resultant film is therefore present primarily, or exclusively, on the regions of greater affinity, with no need to remove undesired portions of the film. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an organic field effect transistor having top contact geometry. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an organic field effect transistor having bottom contact geometry. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Device Structure 
     The invention relates to fabrication of devices incorporating organic semiconductor films. Typically, the films are part of an organic FET. FETs are generally formed with either a top contact geometry or a bottom contact geometry. The top contact geometry, as shown schematically in FIG. 1, generally involves depositing a semiconductor film  16  onto a dielectric surface  14 , followed by formation of source and drain contacts,  18 ,  20 , on top of the semiconductor film. (Dielectric indicates a material having a resistivity of at least 10 10  ohm-cm.) (In the top contact embodiment of FIG. 1, an insulating substrate  10  is first provided, with a gate contact  12  formed thereon.) The top contact geometry tends to be widely used, particularly for testing of semiconductor films, because the application of electrodes to the already deposited semiconductor film ensures intimate contact over much of the electrode area, thereby giving reliable test results. Some contemplated circuit applications and test vehicles, however, require a bottom contact geometry, as shown in FIG.  2 . In such a geometry, source and drain contacts  38 ,  40  are formed onto a dielectric layer  34 , with the semiconductor layer  36  being formed over at least a portion of the contacts  38 ,  40 , and over a portion of the dielectric layer  34 . (In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the dielectric  34  is formed over a substrate  30  having a gate contact  32  formed thereon.) 
     In one embodiment of the invention, a bottom contact geometry FET is formed as follows (see also FIG.  2 ). First, a substrate is provided. It is possible for the substrate to be conductive, in which case the substrate will serve as a gate contact. If the substrate is an insulating material, a gate contact is formed on the substrate. Suitable insulating materials include silicon oxide, other oxides such as glass and alumina, and polymeric substrates such as polyimide and Mylar® polyester. typical gate contact materials include gold, aluminum, and indium tin oxide. A dielectric layer is then formed over at least a portion of the gate contact. Suitable dielectric materials include silicon oxide, spin-on glass, and liquid-phase processable polymeric materials such as polyimides and poly(methacrylates). Advantageously, materials capable of being handled and applied in a roll-to-roll process are used. 
     Metal contacts are then formed on the dielectric layer, by any suitable technique. For example, it is possible to form the contacts by a vapor deposition process, e.g., by evaporation or sputtering of the metal through a conventional shadow mask, or by photolithographic patterning of a continuous gold film. It is also possible to form the contacts by stamping techniques, e.g., microcontact printing, such as discussed in Y. Xia and G. M. Whitesides, “Soft Lithography,”  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed ., Vol. 37, 550-575 (1998). 
     According to this embodiment, once the contacts are formed, the exposed surface, which may include portions of the substrate, the dielectric layer, and the contacts, is treated to provide the increased and/or decreased affinity, as discussed in more detail below. It is also possible to generate the bottom contact geometry by forming the contacts after the surface treatment. (In other embodiments, e.g., top contact geometries, it is possible to form the contacts after formation of a semiconductor film, or after selective removal of portions of a semiconductor film (if such removal is performed).) The actual material or materials on which the semiconductor film is formed will thus vary depending on the configuration of the FET or other component, and a variety of such materials are capable of being treated. 
     The organic semiconductor is then formed over the contacts, dielectric, and/or substrate (see, e.g., FIG.  2 ). The semiconductor material is deposited by any suitable method. For example, deposition into a film from solution is possible, as reflected in the examples below. The solvent (which is intended to mean one or more solvents) typically contains at least one non-aqueous solvent. More typically, the solvent contains only non-aqueous solvents, in which case the non-aqueous solvents are generally not miscible with water at room temperature. Suitable solvents include toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, and n-butanol. Deposition of the organic material directly is also possible, e.g., by a rapid sublimation technique. One such rapid sublimation method is to apply a vacuum of 10 −3  to 10 −5  torr to a chamber containing a substrate and a source vessel that holds the compound in powdered form, and heat the vessel over several seconds until the compound sublimes onto the substrate. The mobility of such films is capable of being increased by carefully controlling the heating rate, maximum source temperature, and/or substrate temperature during the process. Conventional sublimation of the organic semiconductor material is also possible. 
     Possible organic semiconductor materials are reflected in the examples below, and include materials based on the naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide (NTCDI) framework, naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), copper phthalocyanine, perfluorinated copper phthalocyanine, regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (RR-PHT), 2,5-linked thiophene tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers (also known as alpha-4T, alpha-5T, and alpha-6T compounds)—either unsubstituted or substituted at the terminal  5  positions with linear alkyl or alkoxyalkyl chains of about 4 to about 12 atoms in length, co-oligomers of 2,5-linked thiophene rings and 1,4-linked benzene rings about 5 rings long—either unsubstituted or substituted as described for the thiophene oligomers (e.g., 1,4-bis(5-(5-hexylthien-2-yl)thien-2-yl)benzene (DHT4Ph)), 11,11,12,12-tetracyanonaphtho-2,6-quinodimethane, pentacene, naphthacene, and anthradithiophene (ADT) and terminal dialkyl derivatives thereof (e.g., dihexylanthradithiophene—DHADT). (The DHT4Ph used in the examples was synthesized according to procedures described for hexylated 5- and 6-ring compounds in W. Li et al,  Chem. Mater ., Vol. 11, page 458 (1999), using 1,4-diiodobenzene as the source of the benzene ring.) Other materials are also possible in accordance with the guidelines presented herein. 
     Subsequent processing steps are known to those in the art. A variety of components incorporating organic FETs are possible, including complementary inverter circuits, ring oscillators, and shift registers. A variety of organic semiconductor devices are also possible, including solar cells and diodes. 
     Surface Treatment 
     Regions of greater affinity are generally created by providing a surface with moieties that interact favorably with the organic semiconductor material to be deposited thereon (or its solvent in the case of a solution). Regions of lower affinity are generally created by providing a surface with moieties that are less compatible with moieties on the organic semiconductor material (or its solvent in the case of a solution). For example, the attachment of a fluorocarbon chain to a species will tend to decrease the solubility or miscibility of that species with another species to which an aromatic ring is attached. Similarly, the attachment of a hydrocarbon chain to a species will tend to decrease that species&#39; solubility or miscibility with another species to which an OH group is attached, thereby suggesting a decreased compatibility. 
     It is possible for the surface treatment to involve providing an affinity-increasing material in selected areas, such that the remaining surface constitutes the lower affinity regions. It is also possible for the treatment to involve providing the surface with an affinity-reducing material in selected areas, such that the remaining surface constitutes the greater affinity regions. Both of these treatments are optionally performed by forming a continuous film of the affinity-defining material, and then selectively removing or degrading portions of that film. (In accordance with these possible embodiments, the term treatment, as used herein, is intended to encompass providing such material on one region of a surface, while leaving or restoring other regions of a surface in their original state.) Other combinations are also possible. 
     Classes of favorable intermolecular interactions are known in the art, as discussed, for example, in K. A. Connors,  Binding Constants , John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1987, 6-12; and G. C. Maitland et al.,  Intermolecular Forces , Oxford University Press, 1987, 8-23. These include attractive forces between dipoles (permanent and/or induced, including those in π-conjugated systems), hydrogen bonds, and charge transfer complexation. If the semiconductor film is expected to exhibit any of these favorable interactions with a molecular subunit, then it is possible to increase the affinity by incorporating that subunit into a moiety located on the desired portion of the surface on which the semiconductor film is to be formed. 
     It is possible to affix the affinity-defining moieties to a surface through chemical bonding, e.g., Si—O—Si bond formation, or other so-called coupling group chemistry, as is known in the art. Even the dilute presence of coupling groups may be sufficient to provide the desired effect. It is also possible to form films, e.g., polymer films, containing the moiety that provides the desired affinity, as long as the film is able to endure any process steps prior to and including formation of the organic semiconductor film. (It is possible to use adhesion promoters to help the film endure such additional steps.) typically, the pattern of the greater and lesser affinities is defined by printing the material containing the affinity-defining moieties onto the surface. Other techniques are also possible, including painting or writing the materials onto the surface. It is also possible to immerse portions of the surface in a fluid, e.g., a solution, containing materials comprising the affinity-defining moieties. Evaporation through a stencil is also possible, as is photolithographic definition of the materials. Advantageously, the technique for providing the affinity-defining moieties is compatible with printing techniques, e.g., roll to roll techniques, that are of particular interest for organic semiconductor devices. Other techniques for treating the surface are also possible, e.g., adjusting the surface topology to attain the greater and lesser affinity regions. Control runs are easily performed to find groups that provide a desired level of affinity for a particular surface. 
     The contrasting affinities, i.e., the greater and lesser affinities, are then utilized during and/or after depositing the organic semiconductor or organic semiconductor solution onto the treated surface. For example, it is possible to form a substantially continuous film on the treated surface, and then remove the portions of the film overlying the lesser-affinity regions. Such removal is typically performed by rubbing or by immersion in a solvent. 
     Alternatively, it is possible to directly form the organic semiconductor film primarily, or even exclusively, on the regions of greater affinity. For example, it is possible to deposit an organic semiconductor solution on a treated surface such that the solution wets primarily, or exclusively, the greater affinity regions. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the film is thus present primarily, or exclusively, on the greater affinity regions. Selective formation of semiconductor films onto greater affinity regions is also possible by adsorption of the semiconductor molecules from the gas phase. 
     If desired, it is possible to create the contrasting-affinity regions (typically lesser-affinity regions) by depositing a low capacitance layer, such as a relatively thick (e.g., 0.5 micron or more) polymer film onto a dielectric film (e.g., having a thickness of about 1 micron), where the dielectric constant of the affinity contrast-creating material is less than or equal to that of the dielectric film. In such a case, there will be a lower circuit capacitance associated with voltage differences between the gate electrodes and circuit elements (e.g., portions of the source/drain contacts) that are formed over such two-layer regions to the extent that such elements overlap both the two-layer regions and the gate electrodes. (To get this effect, all three elements—the gate, the two-layer region, and the circuit element—must be on top of each other in the device structure.) 
     Suitable affinity-defining materials are reflected in the examples. 
     The invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be exemplary. 
     EXAMPLES 
     A variety of affinity-creating materials were used with a variety of organic semiconductor materials and a variety of substrates. The results are reflected in the Table below. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, the organic semiconductor materials were sublimed onto the substrate by the following process. The powdered semiconductor was loaded into a tantalum source that was resistively heated under vacuum in a bell jar evaporator, such that the material was vaporized and deposited onto a substrate at a pressure of &lt;10 −5  torr. 
     Mobility measurements were performed by use of a conductive substrate—either doped silicon or indium-tin-oxide—at least partially coated with an oxide or polymer dielectric layer. A portion of the dielectric surface was treated with an affinity-altering material and a semiconductor was deposited, as presented in the Table. Source and drain contacts were fabricated before the dielectric surface treatment and/or after formation of the semiconductor layer, as presented in the Table. Gold contacts were formed by evaporation through a shadow mask, and carbon contacts were formed by painting carbon ink. Mobility was calculated from source-drain currents obtained at various gate voltages in the saturation regime, as known in the art. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Effect on Organic 
               
               
                   
                 Affinity — Defining 
                 Technique for Applying 
                 Organic Semi- 
                 Semiconductor 
               
               
                 Surface 
                 Material 
                 Material 
                 conductor 
                 Film 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 - none (control) 
                 Dipped in solution of 5% 
                 NTCDA 
                 Removal of film 
               
               
                 Slip 
                 - C 18 H 37 Si(OMe) 3   
                 material in xylene 
                   
                 with cotton swab 
               
               
                   
                 - C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 (SiOEt) 3   
                   
                   
                 easier with silanes 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 than control 
               
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 - none (control) 
                 Dipped in solution of 5% 
                 Copper 
                 Removal of film 
               
               
                 Slip 
                 - C 18 H 37 S i (OMe) 3   
                 material in xylene 
                 phthalocyanine 
                 with cotton swab 
               
               
                   
                 - C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 (SiOEt) 3   
                   
                   
                 easier only with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fluorinated silane 
               
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 - none (control) 
                 Dipped in solution of 5% 
                 Regioregular- 
                 Semiconductor film 
               
               
                 Slip 
                 - C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 (SiOEt) 3   
                 material in xylene 
                 poly(3- 
                 formed only on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dodecyl)thio- 
                 control 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 phene spun 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 from dilute 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 solution of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.001-0.01% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 semiconductor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in CHCl 3   
               
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 - none (control) 
                 Dipped portion of surface in 
                 Copper 
                 Cotton swab 
               
               
                 Slip 
                 - C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 S i Me 2 Cl 
                 solution of 5% material in 
                 phthalocyanine 
                 selectively removed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCl 4   
                   
                 film from treated 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 region of surface 
               
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3   
                 Dipped portion of surface in 
                 Copper 
                 Cotton swab 
               
               
                 Slip 
                   
                 solution of 1% material in 
                 phthalocyanine 
                 selectively removed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1:1 hexane:CCl 4   
                   
                 film from treated 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 region of surface 
               
               
                 Polyimide on 
                 C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3   
                 Dipped portions of 
                 Copper 
                 Cotton swab 
               
               
                 portion of 
                   
                 polyimide and SiO 2  in 
                 phthalocyanine 
                 selectively removed 
               
               
                 SiO 2  layer on 
                   
                 solution of 1% material in 
                   
                 film from treated 
               
               
                 Si 
                   
                 1:1 hexane:CCl 4   
                   
                 regions of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 polyimide and SiO 2   
               
               
                 Glass Cover 
                 C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3   
                 Dipped portion of surface in 
                 ADT 
                 Cotton swab 
               
               
                 Slip 
                   
                 solution of 1% material in 
                   
                 selectively removed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1:1 hexane:CCl 4   
                   
                 film from treated 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 region of surface 
               
               
                 Polyimide on 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M-722 
                 Cast onto portion of surface 
                 DHADT cast 
                 - DHADT solution 
               
               
                 indium tin 
                 obtained from 3M) 
                 from fluorinated solvent 
                 from solution of 
                 migrated away from 
               
               
                 oxide (ITO) 
                   
                   
                 50 ppm 
                 treated regions 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DHADT in 
                 - mobility of 0.001 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 chlorobenzene 
                 cm 2 /Vs exhibited 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 at 60-70° C. 
                 for carbon top 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 contact from some 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 devices in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 untreated regions 
               
               
                 Glass resin 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 DHT4Ph cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                 on ITO on 
                 722) 
                 solution around a 1 to 2 cm 2   
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                 Mylar with a 
                   
                 area that included the gold 
                 100 ppm 
                 - Mobility of 0.002 
               
               
                 gold bottom 
                   
                 contact 
                 DHT4Ph in 
                 cm 2 /Vs for gold 
               
               
                 contact in one 
                   
                   
                 xylene at 100° C. 
                 - Mobility of 0.02 
               
               
                 region 
                   
                   
                   
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 top contact 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 - on/off ratio &gt;2000 
               
               
                 Polyimide on 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 DHT4Ph cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                 ITO on glass 
                 722) 
                 solution around a 1 to 2 cm 2   
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                 with carbon 
                   
                 area that included the gold 
                 100 ppm 
                 - Mobility of 0.01 
               
               
                 top contact 
                   
                 contact 
                 DHT4Ph in 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 xylene at 100° C. 
                 - on/off ratio of ˜3 
               
               
                 PMMA- 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 DHT4Ph cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                 HEMA a   
                 722) 
                 solution around a 1 to 2 cm 2   
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                 cross-linked 
                   
                 area that included the gold 
                 100 ppm 
                 - Mobility of 0.01 
               
               
                 in 10:1 ratio 
                   
                 contact 
                 DHT4Ph in 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                 on Kapton ™ 
                   
                   
                 xylene at 100° C. 
                 - on/off ratio of ˜ 
               
               
                 with gold 
                   
                   
                   
                 200 for carbon top 
               
               
                 bottom 
                   
                   
                   
                 contact 
               
               
                 contact 
               
               
                 SiO 2  on Si 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 Hydroxyhexyl - 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                   
                 722) 
                 solution around a 0.5 cm 2   
                 NTCDI cast 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 area that included the gold 
                 from solution of 
                 - Mobility of 0.0005 
               
               
                   
                   
                 contact 
                 100 ppm 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 semiconductor 
                 top contact 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in butanol at 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
               
               
                 SiO 2  on Si 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 DHα5T cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                   
                 722) 
                 solution around a 0.5 to 1 
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cm 2  area that included the 
                 200 ppm 
                 - Mobility of 0.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gold contact 
                 DHα5T in 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 toluene at 80° C. 
                 top contact 
               
               
                 Glass resin 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 DHα5T cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                 (Techneglas 
                 722) 
                 solution around a 0.5 to 1 
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                 GR 720 P) 
                   
                 cm 2  area that included the 
                 200 ppm 
                 - Mobility of 0.007 
               
               
                   
                   
                 gold contact 
                 DHα5T in 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 toluene at 80° C. 
                 top contact 
               
               
                 SiO 2  on Si 
                 Vinyl hydride PDMS 
                 Painted a solution of 2% 
                 Hydroxyhexyl - 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                   
                 resin b  with a trace of Pt 
                 material in toluene around 
                 NTCDI cast 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 an area of &gt;1 cm 2  and 
                 from solution of 
                 - Mobility of 0.0006 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cured at 100° C. for 15 
                 100 ppm 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                 minutes 
                 semiconductor 
                 top contact 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in butanol at 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 70° C. 
               
               
                 SiO 2  on Si 
                 Fluoropolymer (3M- 
                 Painted fluoropolymer 
                 RR-PHT cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                   
                 722) 
                 solution around an area of 1 
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cm 2   
                 0.1% RR-PHT 
                 - Mobility of 0.005 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in xylene 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 top contact 
               
               
                 SiO 2  on Si 
                 C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3   
                 Painted solution of 1% 
                 RR-PHT cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                   
                   
                 material in toluene around 
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 an area of 1.5 cm 2   
                 0.1% RR-PHT 
                 - Mobility of 0.003 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in xylene 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 top contact 
               
               
                 PMMA- 
                 C 8 F 17 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3   
                 Painted solution of 1% 
                 RR-PHT cast 
                 - Film formed only 
               
               
                 HEMA a   
                   
                 material in toluene around 
                 from solution of 
                 in bound area 
               
               
                 cross-linked 
                   
                 an area of 0.5 cm 2 ) 
                 0.1% RR-PHT 
                 - Mobility of 0.02 
               
               
                 in 10:1 ratio 
                   
                   
                 in xylene 
                 cm 2 /Vs for carbon 
               
               
                 on ITO 
                   
                   
                   
                 top contact 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Polymethyl methacrylate — 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate crosslinked with methylenebis (4-isocyanato benzene)  
               
               
                   b 1.1 g of 7% vinylated poly(dimethylsiloxane) and 0.6 g of 15% hydrido poly(dimethylsiloxane)  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein.