Abstract:
Compounds with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonistic activity, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and the use thereof for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to compounds with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonistic activity, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and the use thereof for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A number of recent observations point to a potential neuroprotective effect of nicotine in a variety of neurodegeneration models in animals and in cultured cells, involving excitotoxic insults (1-5), trophic deprivation (6), ischemia (7), trauma (8), Aβ-mediated neuronal death (9-11) and protein-aggregation mediated neuronal degeneration (9;12). In many instances where nicotine displays a neuroprotective effect, a direct involvement of receptors comprising the α7 subtype has been invoked (7; 11-15) suggesting that activation of α7 subtype-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may be instrumental in mediating the neuroprotective effects of nicotine. The available data suggest that the (17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor represents a valid molecular target for the development of agonists/positive modulators active as neuroprotective molecules. Indeed, α7 nicotinic receptor agonists have already been identified and evaluated as possible leads for the development of neuroprotective drugs (16-20). Involvement of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in inflammatory processes has also recently been described (21). Thus, the development of novel modulators of this receptor should lead to novel treatments of neurological, psychiatric and inflammatory diseases. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The invention provides compounds acting as full or partial agonists at the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), pharmaceutical compositions containing the same compounds and the use thereof for the treatment of diseases that may benefit from the activation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor such as neurological and psychiatric disorders, in particular Alzheimer&#39;s disease and schizophrenia. 
       KNOWN PRIOR ART 
       [0004]    Different heterocyclic compounds carrying a basic nitrogen and exhibiting muscarinic acetylcholine receptor affinity or claimed for use in Alzheimer disease were found to be described, e.g. compounds with activity on muscarinic receptors (U.S. Pat. No. 652,852; WO2001005763; WO9950247); substituted 1-piperidin-4-yl-4-pyrrolidin-3-yl piperazine derivatives (WO2004056799); preparation of substituted 4-(4-piperidin-4-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-azepane derivatives (WO2004056805); novel non-imidazole compounds (WO02072570); substance P antagonists (WO0130348). 
         [0005]    1-(1,2-disubstituted piperidinyl)-4-substituted piperazines and substituted 1,4-di-piperidin-4-yl-piperazine derivatives are reported in WO2004110451 and WO2004110415, respectively. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula I 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0007]    wherein: 
         [0008]    A is N or CH; 
         [0009]    a is an integer from 1 to 4; 
         [0010]    b is 0, 1, or 2; 
         [0011]    j is 0, 1 or 2; 
         [0012]    X is a group of formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0013]    wherein: 
         [0014]    Z is CH 2 , N, O, S, S(═O), or S(═O) 2 ; 
         [0015]    p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         [0016]    T′ represent, independently from one another when p is greater than 1, hydroxy; mercapto; amino; cyano; nitro; oxo; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino; (C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylcarbonylamino; mono- or di-, linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, mono- or di-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylthio-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylsulphonylamino; (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylsulphonylamino; mono- or di-(C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylaminosulphonyl; mono- or di-(C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaminosulphonyl; sulphamoyl; mono- or di-(C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylaminocarbonyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; or, when p is 2 or 3, two T′ substituents, with the atoms they are attached to, may form a 5- to 8-membered ring with spiro or fused junction; 
         [0017]    q and q′ are, independently from one another, integers from 1 to 4; 
         [0018]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; 
         [0019]    R represents a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: halogen; hydroxy; mercapto; cyano; nitro; amino; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, alkoxy or alkylcarbonyl; (C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroaryl-carbonylamino; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylcarbonylamino, mono- or di-(C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylaminocarbonyl; mono- or di, linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; (C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylsulphonylamino; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphonylamino; (C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylsulphonyl; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphonyl; mono- or di-(C 5 -C 10 ) aryl- or heteroarylsulphamoyl; mono- or di-linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphamoyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, mono- or di-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylthio-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; 
         [0020]    j is 0, 1 or 2; 
         [0021]    R′ represent, independently from one another when j=2, halogen; hydroxy; mercapto; cyano; nitro; trihalomethyl; trihalomethoxy; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulphonyl; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylcarbonylamino; mono- or di, linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphonylamino; (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl- or linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylsulphamoyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, mono- or di-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylthio-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl. 
         [0022]    In a first preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula (I) wherein: 
         [0023]    A is N; 
         [0024]    a is an integer from 1 to 3; 
         [0025]    b is 0, 1, or 2; 
         [0026]    X is a group of formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0027]    wherein: 
         [0028]    Z is CH 2 , N, O; 
         [0029]    p is 0 or 1; 
         [0030]    T′ represent, independently from one another when p is greater than 1, linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; or, when p is 2 or 3, two T′ substituents form a 5- to 8-membered ring with spiro or fused junction; 
         [0031]    q and q′ are, independently from one another, integers from 1 to 4; 
         [0032]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; 
         [0033]    R represents a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: halogen; hydroxy; mercapto; cyano; nitro; amino; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, alkoxy or alkylcarbonyl; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylcarbonylamino; mono- or di, linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy-(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; 
         [0034]    j is 0, 1 or 2; 
         [0035]    R′ represent, independently from one another when j=2, halogen; hydroxy; trihalomethyl; trihalomethoxy; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, trihaloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl. 
         [0036]    In this embodiment, particularly preferred are those compounds of formula I wherein: 
         [0037]    A is N; 
         [0038]    a is an integer from 1 to 2; 
         [0039]    b is 0, 1 or 2; 
         [0040]    X is a group of formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0041]    wherein: 
         [0042]    Z is CH 2 ; 
         [0043]    p is 0; 
         [0044]    q and q′ are, independently from one another, integers from 1 to 3; 
         [0045]    Q is a 5 to 10-membered aromatic ring; 
         [0046]    R represents a 5 to 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: halogen; linear, branched or cyclic (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, alkoxy; linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylcarbonylamino; mono- or di, linear, branched, or cyclic (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaminocarbonyl; carbamoyl; 
         [0047]    j is 0. 
         [0048]    Yet more preferred are those compounds wherein both Q and R are phenyl. 
         [0049]    The compounds of Formula I can be prepared through a number of synthetic routes amongst which the ones illustrated in Schemes 1, 2, 3, and 4 below. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0050]    According to Scheme 1, hereby exemplified by a=2 and A=N, an amine 1 is reacted under reductive alkylation conditions, such as for example treatment with sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride, in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid, such as for example acetic acid or formic acid, in an organic solvent such as for example dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran, with a cyclic ketone 2 containing a protected amine functionality, hereby exemplified by tert-butoxycarbonyl. Other suitable protecting groups may be represented by benzyloxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, and any other amine protecting group as described in Greene, T. and Wuts, P. G. M.  Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, 1999. The thus obtained amine 3 is further modified by removal of the protecting group, for example in the case of the tert-butoxycarbonyl group by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or with hydrochloric acid in methanol or with any other suitable method as described in Ref. 1, to obtain amine 4. Amine 4 is then reacted with an isocyanate, hereby exemplified by a phenylisocyanate, in a suitable solvent such as for example dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof, to yield the ureas Ia. In the case of R being a halogen or a boronic acid ester, Ia can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction, for example under the conditions described as Suzuki coupling conditions (Suzuki, A.  Pure and Appl. Chem.  1994 66 213-222), with a boronic acid or an aryl or heteroaryl halide—to yield compounds Iβ. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0051]    According to Scheme 2, hereby exemplified by a=2, b=1, and 
         [0052]    A=CH, an amine 1 is reacted with an activated acid 5 (LG=leaving group) containing a protected amine functionality, hereby exemplified by tert-butoxycarbonyl, to afford an amide 6 in a solvent such as for example dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof. Suitable activation for acids may be represented by acid chloride, an acyl imidazolide as obtained by treatment of an acid with a stoichiometric amount of carbonyldiimidazole, an activated ester such as for example a benzotriazolyl ester or a pentafluorophenyl ester, a mixed anhydride such as for example the one obtained by reaction of an acid with a iso-butyl chloroformate in the presence of a tertiary amine. The thus obtained amide 6 is further modified by removal of the protecting group, for example in the case of the tert-butoxycarbonyl group by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or with hydrochloric acid in methanol or any other suitable method as mentioned above, to obtain amine 7. Amine 7 is then reacted with a reducing agent, such as lithium aluminium hydride or borane in a suitable solvent such as for example tetrahydrofuran to afford amine 8, which is further reacted with an isocyanate, hereby exemplified by a phenylisocyanate, in a suitable solvent such as for example dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or mixtures thereof, to yield the ureas Iα. In the case of R being a halogen or a boronic acid ester, Iα can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction, for example under the Suzuki coupling conditions, with a boronic acid or an aryl or heteroaryl halide—to yield compounds Iβ. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0053]    According to Scheme 3, hereby exemplified by n=2 and A=CH, an activated acid 9 (LG=leaving group) is reacted with an aromatic or heteroaromatic amine, hereby exemplified an a substituted aniline, to afford an aromatic or heteroaromatic amide 10. Suitable activation for acids may be represented by acid chloride, an acyl imidazolide as obtained by treatment of an acid with a stoichiometric amount of carbonyldiimidazole, an activated ester such as for example a benzotriazolyl ester or a pentafluorophenyl ester, a mixed anhydride such as for example the one obtained by reaction of an acid with a iso-butyl chloroformate in the presence of a tertiary amine. The resulting amide is then reacted with an amine X under reductive alkylation conditions, such as for example treatment with sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride, in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid, such as for example acetic acid or formic acid, in an organic solvent such as for example dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran. In the case of R being a halogen or a boronic acid ester, Iα can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction, for example under the Suzuki coupling conditions, with a boronic acid or an aryl or heteroaryl halide—to yield compounds Iβ. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0054]    According to Scheme 4, the hydroxy group of a suitably protected hydroxyalkylcyclamine, hereby exemplified, but not limited to, by 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine N-protected as its tert-butylcarbamate derivative, is activated by the transformation into a leaving group, hereby exemplified by, but not limited to, a para-toluenesulphonyl group and subsequently displaced in the reaction with a primary or secondary amine. Following removal of the cyclamine protecting group, this is then reacted with an aryl or heteroaryl isocyanate in a suitable solvent, such as for example dichloromethane, or tetrahydrofurane to furnish product Iα. In the case of X being a halogen or a boronic acid ester, Iα can be further processed—for example via a cross-coupling reaction, for example under the Suzuki coupling conditions, with a boronic acid or an aryl or heteroaryl halide—to yield compounds Iβ. 
         [0055]    The compounds of formula I, their optical isomers or diastereomers can be purified or separated according to well-known procedures, including but not limited to chromatography with a chiral matrix and fractional crystallisation. 
         [0056]    The pharmacological activity of a representative group of compounds of formula I was demonstrated in an in vitro assay utilising cells stably transfected with the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cells expressing the alpha 1 and alpha 3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5HT3 receptor as controls for selectivity. According to a further aspect, the invention is therefore directed to a method of treating neurological and psychiatric disorders, which comprises administering to a subject, preferably a human subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of formula I. Neurological and psychiatric disorders that may benefit from the treatment with the invention compounds include but are not limited to senile dementia, attention deficit disorders, Alzheimer&#39;s disease and schizophrenia. In general, the compounds of formula I can be used for treating any disease condition, disorder or dysfunction that may benefit from the activation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, including but not limited to Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, memory or learning deficit, panic disorders, cognitive disorders, depression, sepsis and arthritis. 
         [0057]    The dosage of the compounds for use in therapy may vary depending upon, for example, the administration route, the nature and severity of the disease. In general, an acceptable pharmacological effect in humans may be obtained with daily dosages ranging from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg. 
         [0058]    In yet a further aspect, the invention refers to a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more compounds of formula I, in association with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid preparations, preferably in form of solutions, suspensions, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, syrups, suppositories, aerosols or controlled delivery systems. The compositions can be administered by a variety of routes, including oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal and intranasal, and are preferably formulated in unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 1 to about 1000 mg, preferably from 1 to 600 mg of the active ingredient. The compounds of the invention can be in the form of free bases or as acid addition salts, preferably salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The invention also includes separated isomers and diastereomers of compounds I, or mixtures thereof (e.g. racemic mixtures). The principles and methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions are described for example in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, Easton (PA). 
       EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 
     Synthesis of Compounds 
       [0059]    General 
         [0060]    Unless otherwise specified all nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded using a Varian Mercury Plus 400 Mhz spectrometer equipped with a PFG ATB Broadband probe. 
         [0061]    HPLC-MS analyses were performed with a Waters 2795 separation module equipped with a Waters Micromass ZQ (ES ionisation) and Waters PDA 2996, using a Waters XTerra MS C18 3.5 μm 2.1×50 mm column. 
         [0062]    Preparative HLPC was run using a Waters 2767 system with a binary Gradient Module Waters 2525 pump and coupled to a Waters Micromass ZQ (ES) or Waters 2487 DAD, using a Supelco Discovery HS C18 5.0 μm 10×21.2 mm column. 
         [0063]    Gradients were run using 0.1% formic acid/water and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile with gradient 5/95 to 95/5 in the run time indicated. 
         [0064]    All column chromatography was performed following the method of Still, C.; J. Org Chem 43, 2923 (1978). All TLC analyses were performed on silica gel (Merck 60 F254) and spots revealed by UV visualisation at 254 nm and KmnO4 or ninhydrin stain. 
         [0065]    When specified for array synthesis, heating was performed on a Buchi Syncore® system. 
         [0066]    All microwave reactions were performed in a CEM Discover oven. 
         [0067]    Abbreviations Used Throughout the Experimental Procedures 
         [0068]    DCM dichloromethane 
         [0069]    DCE 1,2-dichloroethane 
         [0070]    DMEA N,N-dimethylethylamine 
         [0071]    DMF N,N-dimethylformamide 
         [0072]    DMSO, dmso dimethylsulphoxide 
         [0073]    SCX strong cation exchanger 
         [0074]    TEA triethylamine 
         [0075]    TFA trifluoroacetic acid 
         [0076]    THF tetrahydrofuran 
         [0077]    TLC thin layer chromatography 
         [0078]    LC-MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 
         [0079]    HPLC High performance liquid chromatography 
         [0080]    General Procedure for the Reductive Alkylation of N-Boc-Piperidone 
         [0081]    The secondary amine (1.0 eq) was dissolved in DCM and N-boc-piperidone (1.0 eq) was added. The reaction was stirred for 1 hour and then NaBH(OAc) 3  was added and reaction stirred for other 18 hours. 
         [0082]    The mixture was then extracted into a HCl solution at pH2 and non-basic impurities removed by washing with DCM. The aqueous phase was then brought to pH 12 with sodium hydroxide and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure affording the reductive alkylation product pure enough for the following step. 
         [0083]    General Procedure for the Removal of Boc Protecting Group 
         [0084]    The product obtained from the above reductive alkylation step (1 eq) was dissolved in DCM and an excess of TFA (80 eq) was slowly added. 
         [0085]    The reaction was stirred for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was neutralised with NaOH 10% and extracted with DCM, affording a piperidine product pure enough for the following step. 
         [0086]    General procedure for 4-(alkyl)aminomethylpiperidine Synthesis 
         [0087]    To a suspension of N-Boc-isonipecotic acid (1 eq) and TBTU (1 eq) in CH 3 CN, the appropriate amine (2 eq) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at 85° C. for 6 hours. 
         [0088]    The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then dissolved in DCM and washed twice with sat. aqueous Na 2 CO 3  solution. 
         [0089]    Solvent removal gave the 4-(alkyl)carbamoyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester product usually pure enough for the next step. 
         [0090]    The amide thus obtained was dissolved in 6N HCl solution at 0° C. After 10 minutes TLC analysis generally showed disappearance of starting material, and the mixture was basified to pH 12 with NaOH (pellets) and extracted with AcOEt. 
         [0091]    The organic phase concentrated under reduced pressure gave the piperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide product that was used without further purification for the next step. 
         [0092]    The piperidine-amide was added (at 0° C.) to a suspension of LiAlH 4  in anhydrous THF. After stirring for 30 minutes the reaction was heated at reflux for 1 hour and when TLC analysis generally showed complete conversion of the starting amide. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and LiAlH 4  was quenched with H 2 O and NaOH (10% aqueous solution). The inorganic salts were filtered and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, yielding the piperidin-4-yl methylamine product usually pure enough for the next step. 
       General procedure for 4-(2-(N-alkylamino)ethylpiperidine synthesis 
     a) 4-[2-(Toluene-4-sulfonyloxy)-ethyl]-piperidine-J-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 
       [0093]    To a solution of 4-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in DCM (0.65 mmol/mL) p-toluensulphonyl chloride (1.5 eq) and dimethylaminopyridine (1 eq) were added. The reaction was left at rt for 18 h and then TLC showed complete conversion of the starting material. 
         [0094]    The mixture was washed with NaOH 2N and then with HCl 2N, the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4  and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was purified with SiO 2  column, eluting with DCM, giving the pure product in quantitative yield. 
         [0095]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.01-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.47-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.72 (m, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.54-2.65 (m, 2H), 3.95-4.1 (m, 4H), 7.36 (d, 2H, J=7.3), 7.78 (d, 2H, J=7.3). 
       b) General procedure for 4-(2-(N-Alkylamino)-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester synthesis 
       [0096]    To the chosen alkylamine (2 eq) was added a solution of 4-[2-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxy)-ethyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in CH 3 CN (0.65 mmol/mL, 1 eq) and the reaction was heated at 80° C. for about 6 hours. Upon complete conversion (as monitored by thin layer chromatography) the mixture was cooled down to room temperature and washed with saturated NaCl water solution. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4  and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was purified by SiO 2  column eluting with gradient starting from 100% DCM to DCM-NH3(2N MeOH solution) 9:1. 
       c) General procedure for 4-(2-(N-alkylamino)-ethyl)-piperidine synthesis 
       [0097]    To a solution of HCl 6N (30 eq) was added the 4-(2-(N-alkylamino)-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The mixture was basified to pH 12 and the product was extracted with DCM. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4  and then concentrated under reduced pressure affording the pure product. 
         [0098]    General Procedure for Urea Synthesis 
         [0099]    To a cooled solution of amine (1 eq) in dichloromethane an equimolar amount of an aryl or heteroaryl isocyanate was added. In the case of the amine being in the form of a hydrochloride or bis-hydrochloride salt, equimolar amounts of TEA were added to free-base the amine. 
         [0100]    The mixture was left stirring at 0° C. for 1-4 hours. The p-bromophenyl ureas generally precipitated out of solution as white solids, were recovered by filtration and if necessary purified further by washing with Et 2 O or by flash chromatography. The m-bromophenylureas were isolated by solvent removal under reduced pressure and purified by crystallisation from an mixture of AcOEt:Et 2 O. 
         [0101]    General Procedure for Cross-Coupling Reaction—Thermal Conditions 
         [0102]    To a degassed solution of aryl or heteroaryl bromide prepared following the general procedure for urea synthesis described above (1 eq), the appropriate boronic acid (1.3 eq) was added dissolved in 40 volumes (Wt/vol) of acetonitrile/0.4N aqueous Na 2 CO 3  (1/1), Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  (10% mol). The solution was refluxed overnight under nitrogen either in a round-bottom flask or in a glass test tube in a Buchi SynCore® apparatus. 
         [0103]    The acetonitrile phase was separated and the desired products purified over a SCX or silica column. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried under reduced pressure. 
         [0104]    General Procedure for Cross-Coupling Reaction—Microwave Conditions —Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4    
         [0105]    To a degassed solution of bromide prepared following the general procedure for urea synthesis (1 eq), the appropriate boronic acid (1 eq) and Na 2 CO 3  (3 eq) in 20 volumes (Wt/vol) of acetonitrile/water (1/1), Pd[(PPh 3 )] 4  (10% mol) were added. 
         [0106]    The solution was irradiated with microwave using following parameters: power 200 watt; ramp time 1 min; hold time 20 min; temperature 90° C.; pressure 200 psi. 
         [0107]    The acetonitrile phase was separated, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude material purified using SCX column (eluting with a gradient of DCM/MeOH, MeOH, NH 3 /MeOH). The fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried under reduced pressure. 
         [0108]    General Procedure for Cross-Coupling Reaction—Microwave Conditions—Tri-o-tolylphosphine 
         [0109]    To a degassed solution of aryl/heteroaryl bromide prepared following the general procedure (1 eq), in DME/H 2 O (1.8/0.3), the appropriate boronic acid. 
         [0000]    1.5 eq) Na 2 CO 3  (2 eq), Pd(OAc) 2  (10% mol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (40% mol), were added. The solution was irradiated under microwave conditions for 20 minutes at power=200 W. 
         [0110]    The organic phase was separated and the desired products purified using SCX column and/or prep-HPLC. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried under reduced pressure. 
       Example 1 
     4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
     a) 4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 
       [0111]    Azepine (0.99 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml of DCM and N-boc-piperidone (2.58 g, 13 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 1 hour and then NaBH(OAc) 3  (3.16 g, 15 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for further 18 hours. 
         [0112]    The mixture was extracted with HCl solution at pH2 and then the aqueous phase was basified to pH 12 and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure affording the title product (1.7 g, 60% yield). 
         [0113]    C16H30N2O2 Mass (calculated) [282.43]; (found) [M+H + ]=283. 
         [0114]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.29-1.52 (1H, m); 1.53-1.67 (8H, m); 1.67-1.81 (2H, m); 2.48-2.80 (7H, m); 3.98-4.28 (2H, m). 
       b) 1-Piperidin-4-yl-azepane 
       [0115]    4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.7 g, 6.1 mmol) was dissolved in 10 ml of DCM and 10 ml of TFA was slowly added. 
         [0116]    The reaction was stirred for 1 hour and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was neutralised with NaOH 10% and extracted with DCM, affording the title compound (800 mg, 72% yield). 
         [0117]    C11H22N2 Mass (calculated) [182.31]; (found) [M+H + ]=183. 
         [0118]    LcRt (5 min method)=0.37. 
         [0119]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.30-1.46 (2H, m), 1.49-1.67 (9H, m), 1.70-1.82 (2H, m), 2.44-2.61 (3H, m), 2.63-2.67 (4H, m), 3.04-3.17 (2H, m). 
       c) 4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0120]    To a cooled solution of 1-piperidin-4-yl-azepane (0.80 g, 4.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL), 4-bromophenylisocyanate (0.88 g, 4.4 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. until precipitation of a white solid was observed after 2 hours. 
         [0121]    The white solid was filtered and washed with Et 2 O to afford 1.49 g of the title product (90% yield). 
         [0122]    C18H26BrN3O Mass (calculated) [380.33]; (found) [M+H + ]=380/382 (Br). 
         [0123]    Lc Rt (5 min method)=1.63, 92%. 
         [0124]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.19-1.39 (2H, m); 1.43-1.58 (8H, m); 1.61-1.63 (2H, m); 2.52-2.65 (4H, m); 2.65-2.82 (2H, m); 4.03-4.19 (2H, m); 7.36 (2H, d, J=8 Hz); 7.42 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 8.57 (1H, s). 
       d) 4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
       [0125]    4-Azepan-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide was weighed (0.1 g, 0.26 mmol), placed in a glass test tube and dissolved in 4 mL of a degassed solution of acetonitrile/0.4N aqueous Na 2 CO 3  (1/1). To this solution, 2-chlorophenyl boronic acid (0.066 g, 0.42 mmol) and Pd[P(Ph) 3 ] 4  (10% mol) were added. The mixture was heated at 80° C. and shaken in a Buchi SynCore® for 18 hours. 
         [0126]    The solution was diluted with AcOEt and the organic phase was separated, and dried under reduced pressure; the crude was purified over a SiO 2  column (eluent: gradient from DCM to DCM/MeOH 9/1). The fractions containing the product were collected and dried under reduced pressure (14% yield). 
         [0127]    C24H30ClN3O Mass (calculated) [411.98]; (found) [M+H + ]=412. 
         [0128]    Lc Rt: 2.89, 100%. 
       Example 2 
     [1,4′]Bipiperidinyl-1′-carboxylic acid (2′-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
       [0129]    [1,4′]Bipiperidinyl-1′-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide was weighed (0.1 g, 0.28 mmol), placed in a glass test tube and dissolved with 4 mL of a previously degassed solution of acetonitrile/0.4N aqueous Na 2 CO 3  (1/1). To this solution, 2-chlorophenyl boronic acid (0.066 g, 0.42 mmol) and Pd[P(Ph) 3 ] 4  (10% mol equivalents) were added. The mixture was heated at 80° C. and shaken in a Buchi SynCore® for 18 hours. 
         [0130]    The solution was diluted with AcOEt and the organic phase was separated, and dried under reduced pressure; the crude was purified over a SiO 2  column (eluent: gradient from DCM to DCM/MeOH 9/1). The fractions containing the product were collected and dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (13% yield). 
         [0131]    C23H28ClN3O Mass (calculated) [397.95]; (found) [M+H + ]=398. 
         [0132]    Lc Rt (10 min method): 2.83, 97%. 
       Example 3 
     4-Pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (3′-carbamoyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
       [0133]    4-Pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide was weighed (0.1 g, 0.30 mmol), placed in a glass test tube and dissolved in 4 mL of a degassed solution of acetonitrile/0.4N aqueous Na 2 CO 3  (1/1). To this solution, 3-benzamide-phenyl boronic acid (0.069 g, 0.42 mmol) and Pd[P(Ph) 3 ] 4  (10% mol) were added. The mixture was heated at 80° C. and shaken in a Buchi SynCore® for 18 hours. 
         [0134]    The solution was diluted with AcOEt and the organic phase was separated, and dried under reduced pressure; the crude was purified over a SiO 2  column (eluent: gradient from DCM to DCM/MeOH 9/1). The fractions containing the product were collected and dried under reduced pressure (28% yield). 
         [0135]    C23H28N4O2 Mass (calculated) [392.51]; (found) [M+H + ]=393. 
         [0136]    Lc Rt (10 min method): 0.33-1.78 (double peak), &gt;90%. 
         [0137]      1 H-NMR (CD3OD):1.30-1.48 (2H, m), 1.65-1.79 (4H, m), 1.85-2.01 (1H, m), 2.49-2.66 (4H, m), 2.76-2.92 (2H, m), 4.06-4.21 (2H, m), 7.36-7.47 (3H, m), 7.49-7.56 (2H, m), 7.68-7.75 (1H, m), 8.03 (1H, s). 
       Example 4 
     4-Piperidin-1-ylmethyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (2-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
     a) 4-(Piperidine-1-carbonyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 
       [0138]    To a suspension of N-Boc-isonipecotic acid (3.0 g, 13.1 mmol) and TBTU (4.2 g, 13.1 mmol) in 60 mL of CH 3 CN, piperidine (1.67 g, 19.6 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at 85° C. for 6 hours. 
         [0139]    The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then dissolved in DCM and washed twice with saturated aqueous Na 2 CO 3  solution. 
         [0140]    Solvent removal gave 3.2 g of title compound that was used without further purification in the next step. 
       b) Piperidin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl-methanone 
       [0141]    3.2 g (10.8 mmol) of 4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester were dissolved in 25 mL of 6N HCl solution at 0° C. 
         [0142]    After 10 minutes TLC showed complete conversion of the starting material, the mixture was cooled at 0° C., basified to pH 10 with NaOH (pellets) and extracted with AcOEt. The organic phase concentrated under reduced pressure gave 1.9 g of title compound (91% yield). 
         [0143]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 1.43-1.59 (4H, m), 1.60-1.75 (8H, m), 2.53-2.71 (3H, m), 3.06-3.20 (2H, m), 3.36-3.47 (2H, m), 3.50-3.61 (2H, m). 
       c) 4-Piperidin-1-ylmethyl-piperidine 
       [0144]    1.9 g (9.8 mmol) of piperidin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl-methanone were added (at 0° C.) to a suspension of 0.74 g (17.7 mmol) of LiAlH 4  in anhydrous THF. After stirring for 30 minutes the reaction was heated at reflux for 1 hour when TLC analysis showed complete conversion of the starting amide. 
         [0145]    The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and LiAlH 4  was quenched with 0.7 ml of H 2 O and 2.8 ml of NaOH (10% aqueous solution). The inorganic salts were filtered and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, affording 1.2 g of the title compound, with NMR purity about 80%, that was used for the following step. 
         [0146]    NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 0.99-1.23 (2H, m), 1.30-1.45 (2H, m), 1.46-1.67 (4H, m), 1.67-1.77 (2H, m), 2.15-2.37 (4H, m), 2.52-2.63 (1H, m), 3.02-3.11 (1H, m). 
       d) 4-Piperidin-1-ylmethyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0147]    To a cooled solution of 4-piperidin-1-ylmethyl-piperidine (1.2 g, 80% purity, 6.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) p-bromophenylisocyanate (1.24 g, 6.3 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at 0° C. until a white solid precipitated out of solution after 2 hours. The white solid was filtered off and washed with Et 2 O to give 1.2 g of pure title compound (50% yield). 
         [0148]    Molecular formula: C18H26BrN3O. 
         [0149]    Mass (calculated) [380.33]; (found) [M+H + ]=380-382. 
         [0150]    Lc Rt (10 min method)=2.11, 99%. 
         [0151]    NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 0.81-1.07 (2H, m), 1.29-1.39 (2H, m), 1.40-1.50 (4H, m), 1.57-1.73 (3H, m), 1.95-2.08 (2H, m), 2.15-2.35 (4H, m), 2.66-2.77 (2H, m), 4.00-4.10 (2H, m), 7.35 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.41 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.54 (1H, s). 
         [0152]    To a degassed solution of 4-Piperidin-1-ylmethyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DME/H 2 O (1.8 ml/0.3 ml) 2-fluorophenyl boronic acid (55 mg, 0.39 mmol), Na 2 CO 3  (55 mg, 0.52 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2  (6 mg, 10% mol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (34 mg, 20% mol), were added. The solution was irradiated under microwave conditions for 20 minutes with power 200 W. The organic phase was then diluted with 1 mL of AcOEt, separated and loaded on a SCX column and eluted with 10 mL of MeOH to remove triphenylphosphinoxide and then with NH3 (2N MeOH solution) to recover the pure product (55 mg, 56% yield). 
         [0153]    Molecular formula: C24H30FN3O. 
         [0154]    Mass (calculated) [395]; (found) [M+H + ]=396. 
         [0155]    Lc Rt (10 min method)=2.73, 99%. 
         [0156]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 0.92-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.61-1.79 (m, 3H), 2.01-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.37 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.84 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.19 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 2H), 8.57 (s, 1H). 
       Example 5 
     4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (2′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
     a) 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 
       [0157]    To 2.5 mL of neat piperidine (26 mmol) a solution of 4.9 g of 4-[2-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxy)-ethyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in 20 mL of CH 3 CN was added and the reaction was heated at 80° C. for about 6 hours. When TLC showed complete conversion the mixture was cooled down to room temperature and washed with 20 mL of saturated NaCl water solution. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4  and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was purified by SiO 2  column eluting with gradient starting from 100% DCM to DCM-NH3(2N MeOH solution) 9-1 , affording 1.8 g of pure product (yield 46%). 
         [0158]    Molecular formula: C17H32N2O2. 
         [0159]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.08-1.14 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.46 (m, 15H), 1.52-1.67 (m, 7H), 2.26-2.42 (m, 6H), 2.61-2.74 (m, 2H), 3.91-4.15 (m, 2H). 
       b) 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine 
       [0160]    To 44 mL of a solution of 6N HCl 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The mixture was basified to pH 12 and the product was extracted with 20 mL of DCM. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4  and then concentrated under reduced pressure affording 440 mg of the pure product (yield 37%). 
         [0161]    Molecular formula: C12H24N2. 
         [0162]    Mass (calculated) [196.34]; (found) [M+H + ]=197. 
         [0163]    Lc Rt (10 min method)=0.42, 100%. 
       c) 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide 
       [0164]    To a cooled solution of 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine (440 mg, 2.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) p-bromophenylisocyanate (442 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was washed with Et 2 O. The solid obtained was filtered giving 750 mg of pure product (yield 85%). 
         [0165]    Molecular formula: C19H28BrN3O. 
         [0166]    Mass (calculated) [394.36]; (found) [M+H + ]=394-396. 
         [0167]    Lc Rt (10 min method)=2.67, 92%. 
       d) 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (2′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-amide 
       [0168]    To a degassed solution of 4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid (4-bromo-phenyl)-amide (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DME/H 2 O (1.8 ml/0.3 ml) 2-fluorophenyl boronic acid (55 mg, 0.39 mmol), Na 2 CO 3  (55 mg, 0.52 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2  (6 mg, 10% mol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (34 mg, 20% mol), were added. The solution was irradiated under microwave conditions for 20 minutes with power 200 W. 
         [0169]    The organic phase was diluted with 1 mL of AcOEt and separated. 
         [0170]    The organic phase was loaded on SCX column and eluted with 10 mL of MeOH to remove triphenylphosphine oxide and then with NH3 (2N MeOH solution) to recover the pure product (25 mg, 25% yield). 
         [0171]    Molecular formula: C25H32FN3O. 
         [0172]    Mass (calculated) [409.55]; (found) [M+H + ]=410. 
         [0173]    Lc Rt (10 min method)=3.01, 100%. 
         [0174]      1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 0.97-1.10 (m, 2H), 1.27-1.32 (m, 3H), 1.43-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.37 (m, 4H), 2.67-2.78 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.11 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.49 9m, 1H), 7.51-7.56 (m, 2H), 8.55 (s, 1H). Table 1—Examples 6-20 
         [0175]    Table 1 shows a selection of the compounds synthesised, which were prepared according to the method indicated in the last column of the table and discussed in detail in the Experimental Procedures with the synthesis of Examples 1-5. When the compound is indicated as the HCl salt, the salt was formed by dissolution of the free base in methanol and addition of 1 eq 1M HCl in ether followed by evaporation of the solvents. When the compound is indicated as HCOOH (formic acid) salt, the compound was purified by preparative HPLC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LC 
                   
                 LC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Parent 
                 Parent 
                 Mass 
                 purity 
                 LC 
                 method 
                 Synthetic 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Structure 
                 Salt 
                 Formula 
                 MW 
                 found 
                 % 
                 Rt 
                 (min) 
                 Method 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H26N3OCl 
                 383.91 
                 385 
                 100 
                 2.42 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- thermal conditions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C25H32N4O2 
                 420.55 
                 421 
                 100 
                 2.11 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H30N4O2 
                 406.52 
                 407 
                 100 
                 2.01 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H31N3O2 
                 393.52 
                 394 
                 98 
                 2.53 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C24H30N3O2Cl 
                 427.97 
                 428 
                 100 
                 2.83 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H26N3OF 
                 367.46 
                 368 
                 93 
                 2.53 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C25H33N3O2 
                 407.55 
                 408 
                 97 
                 2.56 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C24H28N3OF3 
                 431.49 
                 432 
                 100 
                 2.91 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C22H26FN3O 
                 367 
                 368 
                 93 
                 2.53 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C23H28FN3O 
                 381 
                 382 
                 99 
                 2.51 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C26H34N4O2 
                 434 
                 435 
                 100 
                 2.29 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C25H32N4O2 
                 420 
                 421 
                 100 
                 2.13 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C25H33N3O2 
                 407 
                 408 
                 100 
                 2.73 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 C26H34N4O2 
                 434 
                 435 
                 100 
                 2.24 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 HCOOH 
                 C27H36N4O2 
                 448 
                 316 
                 96 
                 2.38 
                 10 
                 General procedure for cross- coupling reaction- microwave conditions- Tri-o- tolylphosphine 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0176]    Biological Activity 
         [0177]    Cloning of alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Generation of Stable Recombinant alpha7 nAChR Expressing Cell Lines 
         [0178]    Full length cDNAs encoding the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor were cloned from a rat brain cDNA library using standard molecular biology techniques. Rat GH4C1 cells were then transfected with the rat receptor, cloned and analyzed for functional alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression employing a FLIPR assay to measure changes in intracellular calcium concentrations. Cell clones showing the highest calcium-mediated fluorescence signals upon agonist (nicotine) application were further subcloned and subsequently stained with Texas red-labelled α-bungarotoxin (BgTX) to analyse the level and homogeneity of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression using confocal microscopy. Three cell lines were then expanded and one characterised pharmacologically (see Table 2 below) prior to its subsequent use for compound screening. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pharmacological characterisation of alpha7 nAChR stably 
               
               
                 expressed in GH4C1 cells using the functional FLIPR assay 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 EC 50  [microM] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Acetylcholine 
                  3.05 ± 0.08 (n = 4) 
               
               
                   
                 Choline 
                 24.22 ± 8.30 (n = 2) 
               
               
                   
                 Cytisine 
                  1.21 ± 0.13 (n = 5) 
               
               
                   
                 DMPP 
                  0.98 ± 0.47 (n = 6) 
               
               
                   
                 Epibatidine 
                 0.012 ± 0.002 (n = 7) 
               
               
                   
                 Nicotine 
                  1.03 ± 0.26 (n = 22) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0179]    Development of a Functional FLIPR Assay for Primary Screening 
         [0180]    A robust functional FLIPR assay (Z′=0.68) employing the stable recombinant GH4C1 cell line was developed to screen the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The FLIPR system allows the measurements of real time Ca 2+ -concentration changes in living cells using a Ca 2+  sensitive fluorescence dye (such as Fluo4). This instrument enables the screening for agonists and antagonists for alpha 7 nAChR channels stably expressed in GH4C1 cells. 
         [0181]    Cell Culture 
         [0182]    GH4C1 cells stably transfected with rat-alphα7-nAChR (see above) were used. These cells are poorly adherent and therefore pretreatment of flasks and plates with poly-D-lysine was carried out. Cells are grown in 150 cm 2  T-flasks, filled with 30 ml of medium at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 . 
         [0183]    Data Analysis 
         [0184]    EC 50  and IC 50  values were calculated using the IDBS XLfit4.1 software package employing a sigmoidal concentration-response (variable slope) equation: 
         [0000]        Y =Bottom+((Top−Bottom)/(1+((EC 50   /X )̂HillSlope)). 
         [0185]    Assay Validation 
         [0186]    The functional FLIPR assay was validated with the alpha7 nAChR agonists nicotine, cytisine, DMPP, epibatidine, choline and acetylcholine. Concentration-response curves were obtained in the concentration range from 0.001 to 30 microM. The resulting EC 50  values are listed in Table 2 and the obtained rank order of agonists is in agreement with published data (Quik et al., 1997)(22). 
         [0187]    The assay was further validated with the specific alpha7 nAChR antagonist MLA (methyllycaconitine), which was used in the concentration range between 1 microM to 0.01 nM, together with a competing nicotine concentration of 10 microM. The IC 50  value was calculated as 1.31±0.43 nM in nine independent experiments. 
         [0188]    Development of Functional FLIPR Assays for Selectivity Testing 
         [0189]    Functional FLIPR assays were developed in order to test the selectivity of compounds against the alpha1 (muscular) and alpha3 (ganglionic) nACh receptors and the structurally related 5-HT3 receptor. For determination of activity at alpha1 receptors natively expressed in the rhabdomyosarcoma derived TE 671 cell line an assay employing membrane potential sensitive dyes was used, whereas alpha3 selectivity was determined by a calcium-monitoring assays using the native SH-SY5Y cell line. In order to test selectivity against the 5-HT3 receptor, a recombinant cell line was constructed expressing the human 5-HT3A receptor in HEK 293 cells and a calcium-monitoring FLIPR assay employed. 
         [0190]    Screening of Compounds 
         [0191]    The compounds were tested using the functional FLIPR primary screening assay employing the stable recombinant GH4C1 cell line expressing the alpha7 nAChR. Hits identified were validated further by generation of concentration-response curves. The potency of compounds from Examples 1-20 as measured in the functional FLIPR screening assay was found to range between 10 nM and 30 microM, with the majority showing a potency ranging between 10 nM and 10 microM. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
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         2. Gamido, R., Mattson, M. P., Hennig, B., Toborek, M. (2001) Nicotine protects against arachidonic-acid-induced caspase activation, cytochrome c release and apoptosis of cultured spinal cord neurons.  J. Neurochem.  76, 1395-1403. 
         3. Semba, J., Miyoshi, R., Kito, S. (1996) Nicotine protects against the dexamethasone potentiation of kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons.  Brain Res.  735, 335-338. 
         4. Shimohama, S., Akaike, A., Kimura, J. (1996) Nicotine-induced protection against glutamate cytotoxicity. Nicotinic cholinergic receptor-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide formation.  Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.  777, 356-361. 
         5. Akaike, A., Tamura, Y., Yokota, T., Shimohama, S., Kimura, J. (1994) Nicotine-induced protection of cultured cortical neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity.  Brain Res.  644, 181-187. 
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