Abstract:
A hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixing system with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of aluminum sulfate solution. The flash mixer, conceptually original, is highly recommended for medium, large, and extra large diameters of influent pipeline. The flash mixer introduced is very effective, flexible, reliable and cost savings. The flash mixer obtains an optimal coagulation, avoids clogging of pipes and nozzles with aluminum hydroxide scale, avoids the effects of water temperature, and controls the changes of flow capacity and coagulant dose. The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with pressured water jets can be installed inside or outside the influent pipeline. One option is described for the installation of flash mixer inside the pipeline and three options for installing it outside the influent pipeline. Also, four alternatives are presented for the connection of the flash mixing system with the liquid chemical feed system.

Description:
REFERENCES  
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         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0069]    The present invention relates to drinking water purification systems, and more specifically to a flash mixing system.  
           [0070]    Effectiveness of coagulation process depends upon the product of velocity gradient with residence time—the dimensionless number G·t. The water temperature, the flow plant, and the quality of raw water can change continually. The dissipation energy and the alum dose for an optimal coagulation process should be changed in accordance with these changes. All factors that have influence over the coagulation process are interrelated. An optimal coagulation will have important effect over flocculation and other pre-treatment processes.  
           [0071]    The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with pressured water jets, with seven nozzles—six for hydrodynamical dispersion of coagulant and one for injection of chemical solution—is conceptually original and an optimal solution especially for medium, large, and extra large diameters of influent pipeline.  
           [0072]    The primary initial conditions for an optimal hydrodynamical dispersion of coagulant are the mean velocity of the jet exit, the geometry of the exit, and the discharge. Secondary initial conditions are the intensity of water turbulence in pipe and the distribution of the velocity in cross section of the flow in pipe. Hydrodynamical dispersion and molecular diffusion are included in one parameter.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0073]    The present invention relates to the flash mixing process. The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressure water jets and one nozzle for chemical solution injection, based on countercurrent principle, is an optimal system, conceptually original, which optimizes both, the process and the total cost. This flash mixing system is especially recommended for medium, large, and extra large diameters of influent pipeline. The flash mixer is also highly recommended because it avoids clogging of pipes and nozzles with aluminum hydroxide scale, and, the effects of water temperature, flow capacity and coagulant dose changes are under control. Alum is the most used coagulant because of its availability and low cost, and easy to use and easy to storage characteristics.  
           [0074]    For the existing systems EPA—Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities (Mar. 25, 1990) states “the primary disadvantages are that the orifices in the injection pipe tend to become plugged and the mixing intensity cannot be varied.” Susumu Kawamura in his book Integrated Design of Water Treatment Facilities (1990:75) maintains “one disadvantage of this alternative is the potential for coagulant and debris present in pumped water to clog the nozzles. A second disadvantage is the difficulty in applying it to a system with extra large pipes or channels.” According to Kawamura (1990:87) “. . . the strength of the alum solution should be greater than 1%, upstream of the injection nozzle, and the pH of the solution should be less than 3.0.” 
           [0075]    For systems with only one injection nozzle for dissipation energy in the mixing zone and for discharging alum solution it is impossible to control the value of the dimensionless number G·t vis-ä-vis changes of plant flow, water temperature and coagulant dose. It is also impossible to maintain the recommended value of strength of the alum solution and pH.  
           [0076]    The coagulation process realized in systems with one common nozzle for mixing and alum solution injection especially for medium, large, and extra large diameters will not be as effective as the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of alum solution. This invention, which incorporates a liquid chemical feed system, with metering pump, presented in four alternatives as described in this document has great advantages in controlling the recommended values of strength of the alum solution and pH of the solution.  
           [0077]    Water Treatment Plant Design (1998:84) maintains that “a valve installed in the pump discharge line can control pumping rate and vary energy input for various plant flows and types of coagulating chemicals.” Water treatment processes should be designed by Q max·day  (flow rate for maximum day). It is very probable that plant flows during the year be reduced from Q max·day  to Q min·day  with a ratio 1:6. Based on calculations for this range of flow change, the value of velocity gradient will change from G for Q max·day  to 0.0632·G for Q min·day . By a flow regulating valve installed in the discharge side of pump, the valve of velocity gradient can be maintained constant, for one nozzle system, for Q max·day  and Q min·day . But the value of residence time will increase 6 times for Q min·day =⅙·Q max·day  for installation in-line. The dimensionless number G·t will change six times and the effectiveness of coagulation process cannot be controlled by one nozzle system.  
           [0078]    Water Treatment Plant Design (1998:94) maintains “Instead of a single orifice directed upstream or downstream with the flow, [the] design uses multiple jets that inject perpendicular to the flow in pipe.” This system is very similar to the one nozzle system. The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressured water jets separately controlled and with one nozzle for the injection of alum solution, conceptually original, optimizes the process and the total cost.  
           [0079]    The new system can obtain a value for the dimensionless number G·t=400 to 1600. The range of mean velocity of the jets exit is recommended 4-10 m/sec. The length of mixing zone is 1.15 D p  (D p  being the diameter of influent pipeline). The discharge coefficient of nozzles is recommended 0.82. For six nozzles with C=0.82 and t=10° C., the value of velocity gradient and residence time should be calculated by the following formulas:  
             G   =     1419   ·       V   j       D   p       ·           V   j       D   p       ·   a                 (   1   )                               
 
             t   =       Q   d       0.9   ·     D   p   3                 (   2   )                               
 
           [0080]    where  
           [0081]    G=velocity gradient, [1/sec] 
           [0082]    V j =mean velocity of jet exit, [m/sec] 
           [0083]    D p =diameter of pipe, [m] 
           [0084]    a=area of nozzle&#39;s orifice, [m 2 ] 
           [0085]    t=residence time, [sec] 
           [0086]    Q d =designed flow capacity of water treatment plant, [m 3 /sec] 
           [0087]    The velocity gradient in mixing zone, based on the intensity of turbulence, should be calculated by the following formula:  
             G   =     2553   ·           V   p     ·     h     w   p           D   p                   (   3   )                               
 
           [0088]    where  
           [0089]    V p =velocity of water in pipe, [m/sec] 
           [0090]    D p =diameter of pipe, [m] 
           [0091]    h w     p   =hydraulic losses in the length of mixing zone, [m] 
           [0092]    The strength of alum solution, directed upstream the injection nozzle is recommended to be 1-15%.  
           [0093]    The hydrodynamical disperse flash mixer with six pressured water jets and one injection nozzle for alum solution should be integrated with liquid chemical feed system. In this invention, four alternatives are presented for such integration.  
           [0094]    Alternative 1  
           [0095]    In the liquid chemical feed system, alum solution should be prepared with 15% strength. In relation to the changes of flows in water treatment plant and doses of coagulants, alum solution flows with 15% strength (L/min) are discharged upstream the injection nozzle for a second dilution. The strength of alum solution in second dilution will change from 1 % to 15%, to fit the changes of plant flows and doses of coagulant. The calculation of flow from liquid chemical feed system, with metering pump, and from flash mixing system for second dilution should be respectively calculated by following formulas:  
               q   c     =         [         Q   f     ·     D   f           Q     p                 r       ·     D   max         ]     ·   4.32          (     0.00406   ·     Q     p                 r       ·     D   max       )               (   4   )                               
 
           q w =(4.32=28.8·C s )·(0.00406·Q pr ·D max )  (5) 
           [0096]    [0096]               C   s     =           Q   f     ·     D   f           Q     p                 r       ·     D   max         ·   0.15             (   6   )                                 
           [0097]    where  
           [0098]    q c =pumping rate of alum solution with 15% strength, [L/min] 
           [0099]    q w =rate of flow from flash mixer, upstream of injection, for second dilution, [L/min] 
           [0100]    c s =chemical strength  
           [0101]    Q pr =designed capacity of water treatment plant, [MGD] 
           [0102]    D max =designed maximum dose of coagulant, [mg/L] 
           [0103]    Q f =real flow that enters in water treatment plant, [MGD], Q f &lt;Q pr    
           [0104]    D f =real dose of coagulant, [mg/L], D f &lt;D max    
           [0105]    The rate of flow after second dilution, discharged by injection nozzle is:  
           q s =q c +q w  [L/min]  (7) 
           [0106]    Alternative 2  
           [0107]    In the liquid chemical feed system, alum solution should be prepared with 15% strength and a second dilution should be performed. The strength of alum solution will change within the range of 1% to 15%, in accordance with the changes of plant flows and dose of coagulant, maintaining the value of q s =q c +q w  constant. By the metering pump, this flow will be discharged upstream of the injection nozzle. The calculation of flows q c  and q w  should be performed by formulas (4), (5), and (6). For Alternative 2, the rate of flow q w  should be taken from utility water, within the area of liquid chemical feed system and will be discharged in the discharge side of metering pump.  
           [0108]    Alternative 3  
           [0109]    Within the area of liquid chemical feed system, should be prepared the alum solution with preselected strength from 1 % to 15% and by metering pump the flow should be discharged upstream of the injection nozzle, accordingly with the changes of plant flows and dose of coagulant. The value of flow q s  will not be constant.  
           [0110]    Alternative 4  
           [0111]    From liquid chemical storage of commercial liquid alum, that contains 5.4 lb dry alum per gallon, is taken the flow q c , and by metering pump it is discharged upstream the injection nozzle where the dilution with 15% strength is performed with filtered water q w  from flash mixing system. Flows q c , q w , and q s  should be calculated with the following formulas:  
           q c =0.02707·C s ·Q pr ·D max   (5) 
           q w =(4.32−6.667·C s )·0.00406·Q pr ·D max   (9) 
           [0112]    where  
           q   s     =       q   c     +     q   w         ,       C   s     =           Q   f     ·     D   f           Q     p                 r       ·     D   max         ·   0.15       ,                         
 
           [0113]    Q pr , D max  are the same as for  
           [0114]    (4), (5), and (6).  
           [0115]    The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer optimizes both the coagulation process and the total costs. This flash mixing system is recommended for water treatment plants where alum is the main coagulant. This system is particularly recommended for medium, large, and extra large diameters of inflow pipeline. Since the direct filtration process is very sensitive to optimal coagulation, the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer, with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for injection of chemical solution, is highly recommended. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0116]    The present invention is illustrated by the embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:  
         [0117]    [0117]FIG. 1 is the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of chemical solution.  
         [0118]    [0118]FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of flash mixer installed in vertical position.  
         [0119]    [0119]FIG. 3 is a plan, schematic representation, of cross-sections of FIG. 2 through a-a and b-b.  
         [0120]    [0120]FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of flash mixer installed in vertical position, when the source of the pressured water is main transmission of filtered water or pumped process water.  
         [0121]    [0121]FIG. 5 is the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of chemical solution, as a second option.  
         [0122]    [0122]FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of flash mixing system installed in horizontal position, when the source of the pressured water is main transmission of filtered water with or without pump.  
         [0123]    [0123]FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of flash mixing system installed in vertical position but the nozzles are turned by 90% in the direction of influent pipeline.  
         [0124]    [0124]FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a cross section of flash mixing system installed in the influent pipeline.  
         [0125]    [0125]FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of FIG. 8 through A-A.  
         [0126]    [0126]FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a cross section of flash mixer installed in vertical position for alternatives  1  and  4 , as a first option.  
         [0127]    [0127]FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of a cross section of flash mixing system installed in vertical position for alternative  1  and  4 , as a second option.  
         [0128]    [0128]FIG. 12 is a generalized graph for preliminary engineering evaluation of the flash mixing system. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0129]    [0129]FIG. 1 shows the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of alum solution. The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is a branched pipe from main transmission of drinking water with or without a booster pump. For the vertical installation of the flash mixer, it is foreseen a 90°- elbow  5 , with flanged ends. At flange  6  of elbow  5  is fixed the flange  7  where six pipes  8  and one pipe  9  are installed. In each of the pipes  8  is installed an electric isolation valve by remote control  10 . In pipe  9  is installed an electric isolation valve  11 . In each of the pipes  8  is installed a nozzle  12  for pressure water jets and in pipe  9 / 1  a nozzle  13  for injection of alum solution. Alum solution from liquid chemical feed system with metering pump is supplied by pipeline  15  to the flash mixer. Pipeline  15  discharges alum solution in pipe  9 / 1  with or without a second dilution in pipe  9 / 1 . In pipeline  15  is installed an isolation valve  16 . By nozzles  12 , based on the value of mean velocity at orifice and flow through nozzles, is obtained the required power for dispersion of coagulant in a very short time in mixing zone volume. By nozzles  13 , installed in front of nozzles  12  in a distance L, is injected alum solution. The system of pipes  8 ,  9 , and  9 / 1  is fixed by a special construction  22 . The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer  1 , with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for the injection of alum solution, will be manufactured as required in each project.  
         [0130]    [0130]FIG. 2 shows vertical installation of flash mixer  1 . The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is branched pipe from main transmission of drinking water with or without booster pump. To satisfy the requirements of installation, operation, and maintenance isolation valve  3  and reducer  4  are installed. Pressured water runs to 90° -elbow  5 , which serves as a distributor for pipes  8  and  9 . To 90°-elbow  5  is fixed flange  7  where six pipes  8  and one pipe  9  are installed. At each pipe  8  an electric isolation valve  10  by remote control is installed. An electric isolation valve  11  by remote control is also installed in pipe  9 . In each pipe  8  is installed a nozzle  12  for pressure jets and in pipe  9 / 1  a nozzle  13  for injection of alum solution. Alum solution from liquid chemical feed system with metering pumps is supplied by pipeline  15  to the flash mixer. Pipeline  15  discharges alum solution in pipe  9 / 1  with or without a second dilution in pipe  9 / 1 . An isolation valve  16  is installed in pipeline  15 . Pressured water runs from 90°-elbow  5  to pipe  9  to realize a second dilution of alum solution in pipe  9 / 1  and by nozzle  13  this solution is discharged in mixing zone inside influent pipeline  17  in a distance L in front of nozzles  12 . After flash mixing, the flow is conveyed into chamber  18  with maximum water level  19 . From chamber  18 , plant flow goes through orifice  20  to flocculation basin  21 .  
         [0131]    [0131]FIG. 3 shows the cross-sections of FIG. 2 through a-a and b-b. The flash mixer  1  is installed inside the hydraulic structure  23 . Pipes  8 ,  9 , and  9 / 1  are fixed upstream nozzles  12  by a special metallic structure  22 .  
         [0132]    [0132]FIG. 4 shows vertical installation of flash mixer  1 . The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is branched from main transmission of drinking water with or without booster pump. In similar cases, as a second option, the source of pressured water will be pump  28 , which is supplied by suction pipe  26 . Pipe  26  is supplied by influent pipeline  17 . An additional pipe  26 / 1  may be included as a suction pipe of pump  28 , which is activated when isolation valve  27  is closed. The discharge pipe  32  of pump  28  will supply pressured water in 90-elbow  5 , which serves as a distributor for six pipes  8 , and pipes  9  and  9 / 1  where nozzles  12  and  13  are installed. The nozzles  12  are installed in the exit of mixing zone  14 , but nozzle  13  is installed in the entrance of mixing zone or in an intermediate position, which depends on the project requirements. From mixing zone  14  water flow is directed to chamber  18  and through orifice  20  to flocculation chamber  21  with water level  19 .  
         [0133]    [0133]FIG. 5 shows the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer  1  with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for injection of alum solution. FIG. 5 is the same as FIG. 1 but instead of 90°-elbow  5  is installed a cylindrical piece of pipe  5 / 1 , which also serves as a distributor for six pipes  8  and pipe  9 .  
         [0134]    [0134]FIG. 6 shows horizontal installation of flash mixing system  1 , given in FIG. 5. The description of this figure is the same as FIG. 4 and  5 .  
         [0135]    [0135]FIG. 7 shows vertical installation of flash mixer  1 . FIG. 7 is the same as FIG. 4 but pipes  8  and  9 / 1  are bent 90° to fit with inflow pipeline  17 .  
         [0136]    [0136]FIG. 8 shows a cross-section of flash mixing system  1 , installed in influent pipeline  17 . The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is branched from main transmission of drinking water with or without a booster pump. Pipeline  2  supplies the ring pipe  4 , which has the same diameter as pipe  2 . From ring pipe  4  are branched six pipes  5  and pipe  10 , in which are installed nozzles  7 , for pressure water jets and nozzle  12  for injection of alum solution, respectively. Alum solution from chemical feed system with metering pump is supplied by pipeline  13 . From pipeline  13  are branched pipe  10  for normal operation and pipe  15  for emergency conditions. In each pipe  5  is installed an electric isolation valve  6 , by remote control. In pipe  10  is also installed an electric isolation valve  11  by remote control. The ring pipe  4  is attached to pipe  20  by a special metallic structure. The hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer  1  with pressured water jets is installed within pipe  20  with flanged ends  18 , which together are integral parts of the flash mixing system. By pipe  8  is supplied a small quantity of pressured water for a second dilution or for flushing. FIG. 8 shows flash mixing system for alternatives  2  and  3  of liquid chemical feed system.  
         [0137]    [0137]FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of FIG. 8 through A-A. The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is branched from main transmission of drinking water with or without a booster pump. Pipeline  2  supplies the ring pipe  4 . From ring pipe  4  are branched six pipes  5  and pipe  8 , which supplies pipe  10  with small water flows for normal operation and pipe  15  for emergency conditions. Through pipe  13  is supplied alum solution from liquid chemical feed system, which supplies pipe  10  for normal conditions and pipe  15  for emergency conditions. The flash mixer  1  is supported by a concrete structure  22 . FIG. 9, as a cross-section through A-A of FIG. 8, shows the flash mixer, for alternatives  2  and  3  of liquid chemical feed system.  
         [0138]    [0138]FIG. 10 shows the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer  1  with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for injection of alum solution, to be installed in vertical position. The connection of liquid chemical feed system with flash mixer will be realized in alternatives  1  and  4 . According to these alternatives a second dilution of alum solution will be performed in pipe  9 / 1 . The source of pressured water is pipeline  2 , which is branched from main transmission of drinking water with or without a booster pump. For vertical installation of flash mixing system is used a cylindrical piece of pipe  5 / 1  with flanged ends, the same as in FIG. 5. At flange  6  of  5 / 1  is fixed flange  7  where are installed six pipes  8  and one pipe  9 . In each of pipes  8  is installed an electric isolation valve  10 , by remote control. In pipe  9  is installed an isolation valve  11  and pressure control valve  30 . Also, in pipe  9  are installed flow control valve  31 , magnetic flow meter  32 , isolation valve  33  and check valve  34 . From liquid chemical feed system with metering pump the alum solution, which will have a second dilution, is supplied to hydraulic injector  35  through pipe  15 . In pipe  15  are installed magnetic flow meter  36 , check valve  37  and isolation valve  16 . Alum solution diluted for the second time in hydraulic injector  35  will be conveyed to nozzle  13  by pipe  9 / 1 . At the end of each pipe  8  will be installed nozzle  12 . Nozzle  13  serves for injection of alum solution, and will be installed in front of  12  in distance L.  
         [0139]    [0139]FIG. 11 shows the hydrodynamical dispersive flash mixer  1  with six pressured water jets and one nozzle for injection of alum solution, predicted to be installed in vertical position. The connection of liquid chemical feed system with the flash mixer will be realized according to alternatives  1  and  4 . FIG. 11 shows a second option of FIG. 10.  
         [0140]    [0140]FIG. 12 shows a generalized graph for preliminary evaluation of flash mixing system, for example, for pipe diameter 1 m, velocity gradient 1000 sec −1 , orifice diameter 0.0254 m, the mixing jet velocity 9.5 m/sec, velocity in pipe 1.75 m/sec, detention time in mixing zone 0.65 sec, the energy input by the jets is 1.55 hp.