Abstract:
Method and apparatus for reducing the curvature of a micromachined structure having lamella ( 12 ). Surface treatment by an ion beam ( 30 ) of the lamella ( 12 ) such as by sputtering removes regions of stress allowing the lamella ( 12 ) to return to a planar condition. The resulting outer surface is made suitable for use as a reflector and other purposes needing a substantially planar surface.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of International Application PCT/US00/34800 with an international filing date of Dec. 20, 2000. 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to Provisional Application No. 60/171,402, filed Dec. 21, 1999; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     This invention was made with government support under Contract Number DABT63-95-C-0065 awarded by the Department of the Army. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     MEMS semiconductor devices are increasingly finding applications in optical (MOEMS) and other applications where one or more surfaces are used as reflectors or for other purposes requiring a planar surface on an outer element of the finished micromachined product. 
     The typical micromachined structure results from many processes of diffusion, layer growth and stripping, oxidation, and metalization to name a few. These steps are often performed at different elevated temperatures. The result is the creation of a distribution of stresses throughout the MEMS device. The stresses vary from compressive to tensile stresses and produce a complex pattern of deflection forces through the semiconductor structure. 
     Where these devices include a lamella this is freed from the body of the semiconductor in the final stages of production, these deflection forces are free to deform the lamella into a curved shape that impairs the effectiveness of the lamella as a reflector or other element dependent on a planar outer surface. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reducing the curvature of a micromachined structure that has been typically released during final processing to leave a flexurally supported lamella generally thin with respect to its lateral extent. Surface treatment of the lamella such as by sputtering removes regions of stress allowing the lamella to return to a planar condition. 
     The surface is typically exposed to sputtering by directing a beam of ions toward it over a time sufficient to bring the surface into a substantially planar condition as determined by interferometric analysis. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       These and other features of the invention are more fully described in the detailed description below and the accompanying drawing of which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of a micromachined structure with which the invention is operative; 
         FIG. 2  is a representative stress diagram applicable to  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates vectors of compression and tension associated a micromachined structure of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates apparatus for changing the stress induced curvature of a structure as shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates apparatus for testing curvature of a structure of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the results of exemplary curvature reduction according to the invention; and 
         FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b  illustrate before and after curvature reduction interferometrically determined. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides method and apparatus for reducing the curvature of a micromachined structure that has been typically released during final processing to leave a flexurally supported lamella generally thin with respect to the lateral extent. Surface treatment of the lamella such as by sputtering removes regions of stress allowing the lamella to return to a planar condition. 
     The processing of the material in micromachining, typically involving silicon and oxides, develops stress patterns during the processing that results in curvatures incompatible with many uses including optical reflection as in MOEMS devices. Such a device is shown in  FIG. 1  diagramatically and without exaggeration of the scale to show the stress induced curvatures. As shown there, a lamella structure  12 , typically a finished micromachined device formed during many steps of processing that creates stress patterns, is supported by a flexure  14  from a body  16 . The structure  12  in some applications may be caused to tilt as by the application of force such as from force transducers  18  and  20  which may be capacitive. For this purpose the structure or lamella  12  is desirably planar in at least its upper surface  22 , typically parallel to a bottom surface. 
     The lamella structure  12  will typically be a result of diffusions, oxidations, erosions and metalizations among other steps that imparts compressive and tension forces.  FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary distribution curve  24  of the stresses over the thickness “D” in the “Z” axis.  FIG. 3  shows a similar distribution in the form of compression vectors  26  and tensile vectors  28 . The illustrated distribution includes a distance weighted distribution that is net compressive above a central neutral plane  34 . 
     The resulting stresses create a curvature of the lamella structure  12  as shown in  FIG. 4  which is substantially free to deflect being held only by the limited central flexure  14  support. At that point the compressive and tensile forces, or their Z axis weighted integrals over the depth D in both the “X” and “Y” directions are balanced. 
     The curvature shown in lamella  12  is reduced by the application of surface treatment. In the case where the upper surface  22  is in compression and the curvature is convex, surface material is removed as by the application of an ion beam  30 . The beam  30  is for example an argon beam generated within a vacuum or other chamber  32 . The beam may be uniform or have a gradient, scanned or steady as the application requires. As the material is removed by sputtering caused by the ion beam  30 , the moments of bending created by the compression are reduced. Since these are at the Z axis extremes on the lamella the effect on the bending moment is great. At the same time the neutral center  34  ( FIG. 2 ) moves downward adjusting the distribution pattern which may further reduce the curvature. 
     In the case of other forms of stress distribution in the lamella  12 , the other forms of stress layer removal or redistribution can be used. 
     The degree of straightening of the lamella  12  is detected by an interferometric apparatus as shown in FIG.  5 . There a source of a coherent beam or beams from a laser  36  is applied to the surface  22  of the lamella. An interferometric microscope  38  detects the interference pattern that indicates the degree to which the lamella has been flattened or made planar.  FIG. 7   a  shows an interferogram surface  40  representative of the surface  22  prior to curvature reduction while  FIG. 7   b  shows the surface interferogram near or at the end of the flattening procedure.  FIG. 6  shows a set of curves  44 - 50  representing the change in curvature as represented by the radius of curvature. The exemplary dimensions of 3.5 micron lamella thickness and surface removal in the range of 300 to 450 nonameters to straighten indicates a predictability to the surface flattening The reduction in curvature and resulting increase in radius of curvature from an exemplary 60 nm to 1400 nm was accompanied by a reduction in peak to valley sags of 160 nm to 18 nm.