Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention involve intraocular lenses that are light adjustable to change a focal length of the lens after it has been implanted into a person or animal. The lens includes a layer of UV absorbent material located on a rear side, which is the side facing a retina. The lens may comprise a UV reducing rim that surrounds a peripheral portion of the lens, and reduces or blocks UV light from striking the retina.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is related to co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/319,082, filed Dec. 13, 2002, and published as 2003/0176521, on Sep. 18, 2003, entitled “INITIATOR AND ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBER FOR CHANGING LENS POWER BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT,” and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/715,310, filed Sep. 8, 2005, entitled “NOVEL ADJUSTABLE OPTICAL ELEMENTS WITH ENHANCED UV PROTECTION,” the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This application relates in general to intraocular lenses, and in specific to intraocular lenses that are capable of post-operative modification of their optical properties and to intraocular lenses that can be modified in-vivo by exposing them to radiation. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Cataract extraction followed by intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the most commonly performed surgery in patients over 65 years old. See, Learning, D. V., “Practice Styles and Preferences of ASCRS Members—1999 Survey,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 2000; 26(6); 913-21. 
         [0004]    The power of the IOL lens can be estimated prior to implantation. However, errors in estimating the required power, as well as shifting of the lens post-operatively due to wound healing, often results in less than optimal vision. Consequently, a patient may have to choose between additional surgery to replace or reposition the lens or to use additional corrective lenses, e.g. spectacles. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    Embodiments of the invention involve intraocular lenses that are capable of having their refractive power modified in-vivo by irradiation with the appropriate dose, spatial irradiance profile, and frequency of light. This novel type of intraocular lens is known as the light adjustable lens (LAL). The LAL consists of four basic components. The first is the matrix polymer, which gives the LAL its basic optical and mechanical properties. Homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix polymer is a chemical moiety referred to as the macromer. The macromer contains photopolymerizable endgroups that are capable of forming crosslinks between each other if it is exposed to light of the appropriate frequency. The third major component is the photoinitiator, which initiates the macromer crosslinking by forming highly reactive radicals after absorbing light of the appropriate frequency. The fourth major component is the UV absorber which acts to protect the retina from UV light. More extensive details regarding the chemical composition and mechanism for refractive power change can be found in the literature (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,560,642, 6,721,043, 6,749,632, and 6,813,097, incorporated herein by reference). The typical wavelength(s) of light that is used to adjust the refractive power of the LAL is in the near-UV (e.g. 365 nm). After the LAL has been adjusted to the desired refraction it is typically necessary to perform a final photolocking step which involves irradiating the entire lens which consumes substantially all the remaining macromer. During photolocking some UV light may unintentionally spill over the outside edges of the LAL due to normal eye movement, variation in anterior chamber distance (ACD) of the LAL (i.e. magnificiation differences), and a dimensional difference in the lens from the manufactured process. Due to the potentially hazardous effects of UV light to the eye, particularly the retina, it is desirable to find solutions that permit the LAL to be locked-in while at the same time minimizing the amount of light striking the retina. 
         [0006]    To prevent or reduce the amount of UV light striking the retina, the LAL, according to embodiments of the invention, includes a layer of UV absorbing material located on its posterior surface, i.e. the side facing the retina. Other embodiments include having the lens comprise a UV reducing rim that surrounds the peripheral portion of the lens, and reduces or blocks UV light from striking the retina. The rim may comprise a material that absorbs, reflects, and/or scatters the UV light. The rim may also comprise a structure such as frosting or a grating that scatters or diffracts the UV light. 
         [0007]    One feature of an embodiment of the invention is to significantly enhance UV safety for patients using light adjustable intraocular lens. 
         [0008]    Another feature of an embodiment of the invention is that the UV layer and/or the UV rim do not require in-vivo lock-in. 
         [0009]    A further feature of an embodiment of the invention is that the UV layer and/or the UV rim do not act as a diffusion reservoir of unpolymerized macromers, which would interfere with the light adjustable procedure. 
         [0010]    A still further feature of an embodiment of the invention is that the UV layer and/or the UV rim assists in the prevention of cells from migrating to the back of the LAL, which leads to an improved PCO rate. The PCO rate can be significantly reduced using sharp-edged lens designs that involve certain pressure to the posterior capsule. The additional UV safety rim may be advantageously shaped in the form of a sharp edge design of particular angulations. 
         [0011]    The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  depicts an embodiment of the light adjustable lens being irradiated to form a portion with increased power; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 2A-2C  depict an example of a lens according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a graph depicts retinal dose versus lens absorption, according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  depicts light spill over from a lens that lacks a rim, according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 5A-5C  depict an example of a lens according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0018]      FIGS. 6A-6B  depict examples of rims for a lens according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  depicts a lens according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 8A-8D  depict different arrangements for a rim according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0021]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  depict different arrangements for a rim according to embodiments of the invention involving phase gratings located within the rim; and 
           [0022]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  depict other embodiments of the invention involving a UV blocking area that is associated with the haptics of a lens. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]    A light adjustable lens (LAL) comprises four distinct chemical entities or components. The first component is the matrix polymer that gives the lens its basic shape, refractive index, and material properties. The second component is known as the macromer and is, by design, chemically similar to the matrix polymer. One difference between the two is the presence of photopolymerizable end groups on the macromer such that the application of the appropriate frequency of light will cause the macromer molecules to form chemical bonds between each other. The third component is the photoinitiator that absorbs the applied incoming light (365 nm) and initiates polymerization of the macromer. The fourth component of the LAL is a UV absorbing molecule that protects that retina from ambient UV irradiation. 
         [0024]    The mechanism upon which the LAL technology is based is depicted graphically in  FIG. 1 . Application of light to-the LAL will cause the photopolymerized macromers in the irradiated region to form an interpenetrating network within the target area of the lens. This action produces a change in the chemical potential between the irradiated and unirradiated regions of the lens. To reestablish thermodynamic equilibrium, macromers in the unirradiated portion of the lens will diffuse into the irradiated region producing a swelling in the irradiated region that effects a change in the lens curvature. As an example, if the central portion of the lens is irradiated and the outside portion is left nonirradiated, unreacted macromer diffuses into the center portion causing an increase in the lens power and a hyperopic shift. Likewise, by irradiating the outer periphery of the lens, macromer migrates outward causing a decrease in the lens power and a myopic correction. By controlling the irradiation dosage (i.e., beam intensity and duration), spatial intensity profile, and target area, physical changes in the radius of curvature of the lens surface are achieved, thus modifying the refractive power of an implanted LAL to either add or subtract spherical power, adjust along toric axes, or correct higher order aberrations. Note that multiple zones may be irradiated to form a multi-focus lens, e.g. a bulls eye lens. Once the appropriate power adjustment is achieved, the entire lens is irradiated to polymerize the remaining unreacted macromer to prevent any additional change in lens power. By irradiating the entire lens, macromer diffusion is prevented, thus no change in lens power results. This second irradiation procedure is referred to as “lock-in”. 
         [0025]    The LAL of  FIG. 1  requires the application of UV-A light (i.e. 365 nm) to initiate the photopolymerization process. The natural human optical media are transmissive in the UV-A wavelength range. According to published results and experiments performed at Calhoun Vision, Inc. (Pasadena, Calif.) the natural human cornea transmits around 50% of the incident light at 365 nm. In addition, measurements of human aqueous and vitreous indicate that greater then 90% of the light at 365 nm is transmitted, so that some of the 365 nm light once inside the eye will reach the retina. UV-A is considered to cause negative photochemical effects to the human retina like Dyschromatopsia (“Blue cone knock out”). In order to avoid phototoxic effects, several international standardization committees (e.g. ICNIRP) have defined wavelength specific maximum permissible retinal exposure values (MPE). Clinical trials using the LAL technology indicate that even at doses significantly below the given limit values, patients perceive disturbed color vision for a couple of days post irradiation. 
         [0026]    Due to the fact that the lens body is homogeneously formed of photosensitive material, a comprehensive lock-in of the entire lens is required to stabilize its refractive properties. Failure to do so, may result in unintended power changes by exposing the eye to ambient source of UV, e.g. sunlight. The requirement that the LAL is locked-in up to the outer edges causes the major disadvantage with regard to UV safety. 
         [0027]    In theory, the lock-in intensity pattern matches exactly the diameter of the LAL. Therefore, the entire beam is refracted into the LAL and absorbed within the material according to Lambert-Beers law. However, a minor, nonabsorbed portion of the beam is still transmitted trough the LAL and forms a resulting intensity pattern at the retina. 
         [0028]    One embodiment of the invention reduces the amount of UVA light striking the retina. This embodiment involves a new lens molding technique that allows a thin (50-100 μm), highly absorbing UV layer to be attached to the posterior surface of the LAL. An example of such a lens is shown in  FIGS. 2A-2C .  FIG. 2A  depicts a rear elevational view of lens  10 , where the rear side of the lens includes a UV absorbing layer  11 . A particularly useful class of UV-absorbing compounds that comprise the UV absorbing layer is selected from compounds having the following formula or structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein each x is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl; each R 1  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl; R 2  contains a vinyl moiety; m is an integer from 1-3; and n is an integer from 1-4. The preferred UV-absorbing compounds absorb UV light strongly in the range 300 nm to 400 nm, and exhibit reduced absorption at wavelengths higher than about  400  nm. The amount of UV absorber required to give the desired amount absorption is dependent upon the specific UV absorber, its concentration in the layer, and its optical path length. The lens  10  comprises a light adjustable region  12 , and haptics  13 .  FIG. 2B  depicts a sectional view of lens  10  of  FIG. 2A  along line A-A.  FIG. 2C  depicts a sectional view of lens  10  of  FIG. 2A  along line B-B. 
         [0029]    The majority of the UV radiation applied to the LAL during the lock-in process is absorbed by the lens lock-in process. The remaining fraction of the incident radiation depends on the absorption coefficient of the material of the bulk lens portion  12  and absorbing layer  11 , as well as the individually traveled optical path length.  FIG. 3  depicts a graph of the retinal dose versus the lens absorption. Line  31  illustrates the dependency of the retinal dose on the optical path length of the lens. As expected, increasing the optical path length of the lens causes the retinal dose to decrease exponentially. The reduction in light at the retina is accomplished by increasing the LAL thickness, e.g. portion  12  and/or increasing the backing layer thickness, e.g. layer  11 . The remaining retinal intensity can be theoretically decreased by several magnitudes by this approach, as the convergence of line  31  of  FIG. 3  indicates. 
         [0030]    The previous discussion considered an idealized case where the lock-in beam is the same size as the LAL (e.g. 6 mm), the beam is focused in the central volume of the LAL, and that the irradiating beam is aligned exactly to the LAL in the x and y planes. However, in clinical practice the above assumptions are not necessarily valid due to diameter manufacturing tolerances of individual LALs and variation in patient anterior chamber depth (ACD) that cause slight variation in the magnification of the lock-in beam at the LAL. These two factors can conspire together to make the LAL smaller than the incident beam, which will permit rays at the edge of the LAL to pass unattenuated to the retina as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 4 , spill over light  41  from the lock-in process passes to the retina  42 . 
         [0031]    Also illustrated in  FIG. 4  is another factor that contributes to unattenuated light passing around the LAL to the retina, which is a patient&#39;s natural saccadic eye motion  43  during the treatment procedure. This motion will cause both temporal defocus and decentration of the beam at the LAL. The magnitude of the temporal spillover depends on the patient/physician individual motion statistics. Thus, increasing the thickness or increasing the absorption coefficient of the UV absorbing back layer to decrease the dose at the retina may not be sufficient to drop the dose at the retina below levels that will produce erythropsia in a majority of the patients. 
         [0032]    Another embodiment of the invention is an UV blocking safety rim. This rim significantly enhances UV safety for patients, and does not require in-vivo lock-in. The rim also does not act as a diffusion reservoir of unpolymerized macromers. The rim further prevents cells from migrating to the back of the LAL, leading to an improved PCO rate. The PCO rate can be significantly reduced using sharp-edged lens designs that involve certain pressure to the posterior capsule. The additional UV safety rim may be advantageously shaped in the form of a sharp edge design of particular angulations. 
         [0033]    Another embodiment of the invention involves using a UV-light blocking rim around the LAL. An example of this embodiment is shown in  FIG. 5A . This example lens  50  includes rim  51 , will reduce or prevent light spill over from eye movements and/or lens size variation.  FIG. 5B  depicts a sectional view of lens  50  of  FIG. 5A  along line A-A.  FIG. 5C  depicts a sectional view of lens  50  of  FIG. 5A  along line B-B. 
         [0034]    To determine a diameter of this UV blocking rim, the amplitude of eye motion was measured for a series of patients with an implanted LAL during their respective treatment procedures. A statistical analysis of this motion data indicates that  90 % of all patient lens motion was within 230 μm of alignment. Therefore, designing an outer UV absorbing rim that has a radius of 250 μm on each side should reduce greater than 90% of the spill over contribution. 
         [0035]    One embodiment of the UV blocking rim may have the rim material be transparent, and include a layer of material to the front side and/or back side of the rim, which is fully opaque in UV light and visible light, for example a black or colour pigmented layer as in lens  81  of  FIG. 8A . Another embodiment of the UV blocking rim may have the rim material be transparent in UV and visible light, and include surface modifications, such as frosting, blazed/nonblazed diffractive structures that direct the light outward in the peripheral retina, prisms, nonblazed wedge structures or other types of blazed wedge structures to the front side and/or back side of the rim, for example lens  82  of  FIG. 8B . 
         [0036]    These modifications refract or scatter the unwanted light from the light path. A further embodiment of the UV blocking rim may have the rim material be clear in visible light and be highly absorbing in UV light, for example lens  83  of  FIG. 8C . One type of material is the same material used as the UV layer  11 . The rim may be photo-locked prior to implantation or as part of the manufacturing cycle. A still further embodiment may have the rim comprise opaque material the blocks both UV and visible light, such as lens  84  of  FIG. 8D . The different edge designs of  FIGS. 8A-8D  avoid or minimize visible stray light and glare at large pupil dilations. 
         [0037]    Furthermore, another embodiment may involve modifications in the refractive index such as creating gradient index optical surface or regular phase gratings in the material portion of the rim, for example as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . In  FIG. 9A , the rim portion  92  with an internal phase grating is integral with the backing layer  91 . In this embodiment, rim portion  92  may comprise the same material as layer  91 . In  FIG. 9B , the rim portion  92  with an internal phase grating is separate from the backing layer  91 . In this embodiment, rim portion  92  may comprise the same material as layer  91  or a different material. The implementation of the refractive index gradients is arranged in such a way as to direct the majority of radiation into the peripheral retina (well outside the macula) while also avoiding the creation of regions of peak irradiance in these peripheral regions. 
         [0038]    Another embodiment of the invention is an UV blocking safety rim that is not limited to the IOL material or its derivatives and is accomplished by creating particularly shaped UV-blocking haptics and/or haptic joints, for example as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B . In  FIG. 10A , the dual piece haptics  103  include the UV blocking area  101 . In  FIG. 10B , the single piece haptics  104  include the UV blocking area  102 . 
         [0039]    Lens  50  of  FIG. 5A  may be produced by prelocking of the UV-backing layer during manufacturing process. The backing layer could be entirely locked in after molding. The bulk will be molded onto the inactive backing in a second step. Moderate heat will be applied afterwards to allow thermal healing of the interface. The fully polymerized backing layer could potentially prevent diffusion of macromers into it. 
         [0040]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  depict alternative embodiments of the lens. In  FIG. 6A , the UV layer  61  is substantially uniform in thickness. In  FIG. 6B , the UV layer  62  varies in thickness, for example layer  62  may be thicker where layer  12  is thinner. This will even out the UV blocking of the layers  12  and  62 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 7  depicts another embodiment of the invention. In  FIGS. 5A-5C , and  6 A- 6 B, rim  51  is separate from layer  11 . In  FIG. 7 , rim portion  71  is integral with layer  72 . In this embodiment, rim portion  71  may comprise the same material as layer  72 . 
         [0042]    Note that the haptics shown in various embodiments are not limited to c-loop configuration, as other types may be used. 
         [0043]    A blocking layer may be positioned between layer  11  and layer  12  and/or between layer  12  and rim  51  to ensure that no unpolymerized macromer can diffuse in or out of the layer  12  and/or rim  51 . Alternatively, materials may be chosen for the different layers whose chemical structure prevents the macromer from diffusion (i.e. steric hindrance). 
         [0044]    Note that the lens shape may be flattened in the annular area  14  in order to provide sufficient edge thickness for joining the bulk lens with the haptics. The transition from the flattened area to the lens body can be shaped differently.  FIG. 5A  includes a sharp edge resulting from basic joining of the geometries; however  FIG. 6B  discloses a smooth transition with a radius r T &gt;&gt;0. This configuration helps to reduce the risk of PCO (posterior capsular opacification) by forming a tight contact interface between the posterior capsule which prevents epithelial cells from migrating onto the posterior lens surface. 
         [0045]    Another embodiment has the layer  11  and rim  51  comprised of the same photo-active material. This material has high UV-blocking capabilities that is accomplished either through absorption of optical radiation or reflective properties. This layer  11  is extended towards the edges to form the safety rim  51 . The use of the same material composition as used in the backing layer requires that the rim also needs to be photolocked since this rim will act as a reservoir of unpolymerized macromers which may cause unintended power changes in the future. 
         [0046]    Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.