Abstract:
A composite semiconductor/glass material comprising at least one semiconductor layer permanently connected to a plate shaped glass substrate, the doping of the semiconductor layer rising from a minimum at its surface away from the glass substrate to a maximum adjacent the glass substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a composite semiconductor/glass material in which at least one semiconductor layer is permanently connected to a glass substrate. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a composite semiconductor/glass material in which, in the border region between the glass and the semiconductor component, recombination of the minority charge carriers is reduced. 
     According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a composite semiconductor/glass material comprising a glass substrate and a semiconductor layer which is permanently connected or bonded to the glass substrate and which has a doping concentration with a minimum value at a part of the semiconductor layer away from the glass substrate and a maximum value at the surface of the semiconductor layer adjacent the glass substrate. 
     According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a composite semiconductor/glass material in which a least one semiconductor layer is permanently connected to a plate-shaped glass substrate, wherein the semiconductor layer has homogenous doping N=N o  in a layer region which is remote from the glass substrate; the doping in a part of the semiconductor layer increases starting from the value N=N o  continuously, in the direction of the surface normals of the semiconductor layer, as the spacing from the semiconductor/glass interface decreases up to a value of N=N s  at the surface of the semiconductor layer adjacent the glass substrate and N s  &gt;30 N o . 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a semiconductor layer and a glass substrate in a schematic side view as components of a composite/semiconductor/glass material; 
     FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the energy band of the semiconductor layer; and 
     FIG. 3 shows the doping distribution in the semiconductor layer, in the form of a diagram, as a function of the spacing from the interface between the semiconductor layer and the glass substrate. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows the components of a composite/semiconductor/glass material with the glass substrate 21 and the semiconductor layer 25. The semiconductor layer 25 and the glass substrate 21 are placed one on the other with their surfaces 23 and 22 in contact as described, for example, in the earlier Federal Republic of Germany Patent Application No. P 28 42 492.2 corresponding to U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 80,948, filed Oct. 1, 1979, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,743, and are connected together by application of pressure and heat. This type of composite/semiconductor/glass material is used as a photocathode, for example, in an image converter or image intensifier tube. In order to achieve an improvement in the optoelectronic properties of these cathodes, an attempt must be made to reduce the recombination of minority charge carriers at the interface layer between the semiconductor layer and the glass substrate. 
     This can be achieved, in accordance with the invention, by the semiconductor layer 25 having layer regions 24,26 which have different proportions of doping agent. In the layer region 26 of the semiconductor layer 25 which is remote from the interface between the semiconductor layer and the glass substrate, the concentration of the doping agent is constant and has the value N=N o . Starting from this value the proportion of the doping agent increases continuously in the direction of the surface normals of the semiconductor layer 25 as the spacing from the semiconductor/glass interface 22, 23 decreases, in a part 24 of the semiconductor layer 25, up to a value of N=N s  at the surface 23 of the semiconductor layer 25 adjacent the glass substrate 21. The curve for the proportion of doping agent, N, is shown as a function of the spacing z from the interface area between the semiconductor layer 25 and the glass substrate 21 in FIG. 3. 
     Particularly good properties are achieved in the composite/semiconductor/glass material if the concentration N s  of doping agent at the outer surface 23 of the semiconductor layer 24, adjacent the glass substrate, is more than approximately thirty (30) times the doping agent concentration N o  in the region 26 of the semiconductor layer 25. 
     The minority charge carriers (electrons) are reflected by the layer 24 of the semiconductor layer 25 because of the distribution of the doping agent shown in FIG. 3. This is made clear by the diagram of the energy band of the semiconductor layer shown in FIG. 2. In this Figure, the Fermi level is designated 30. The reference numbers 31 and 32 represent the edge of the valency band or the edge of the conduction band respectively. This type of arrangement of the energy level is a p-doped semiconductor layer causes the minority charge carriers (electrons) to be reflected at the layer 24 with the result that a reduction in the recombination of minority charge carriers is achieved in the border region between the semiconductor layer 25 and the glass substrate 21. The thickness of the layer 24 is preferrably chosen between 10 and 100 nanometers. 
     The proportions of doping agent may be introduced into the layer 24 by means of ion implantation in a particularly favourable manner. 
     However the curve for the proportion of doping agent in semiconductor layer 25 may be affected by a diffusion process. In a preferred manner the diffusion is implemented so that the outer surface of the semiconductor layer 25 which limits the layer 24 is covered by a silicon dioxide layer enriched with a doping substance at least during the diffusion process. This silicon dioxide layer is removed in a manner known per se once the diffusion process has been completed.* 
    
     It will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modification changes and adaptions.