Abstract:
A method of separating the liquid waste from solid waste produced by a farm animal in order to capture and separate environmentally undesirable components from animal waste, the method comprising providing an animal shelter structure that comprises a canopy above a floor that includes a plurality of openings to allow waste produced by animals standing on the floor to pass through the floor and into a basement below the floor, wherein the basement includes a fluid outlet to allow a draining of fluid received in the basement to pass through the opening and into a reservoir, and allowing draining of at least some of the liquid from the basement and into the reservoir prior to removing the remaining waste from the basement.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates in an animal management and animal waste management facility. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Pugging and compaction damage of grazing pasture can occur by grazing animals, or farm vehicles and machinery. This can occur when the soil is soft such as when it is wet and the weight of the animals or vehicles cannot be adequately supported by the soil&#39;s surface. Pugging can result in poor drainage, keeping the soil soft and wet. Pugging and compaction damage can also result in reduced pasture utilisation as well as a reduction in future pasture yield, depending upon the soil type. Pugging also allows weeds and poor species of grasses to become established. Moreover, pugging and compaction damage requires more tractor passes for seed bed preparation and sowing and greater fertiliser and topsoil requirements. However, it may not always be possible to add the necessary increased fertiliser requirement due to some region&#39;s/country&#39;s regulations regarding runoff of nitrogen into the waterways. 
         [0003]    In order to address the problem of runoff, and/or pugging and/or compaction damage of grazing pastures, stand-off pads are often used. Stand-off pads are generally purpose-built, loafing or standing spaces where stock can be held for long periods when it is not suitable to have them on pasture. This may occur for example during a wet season, inclement weather, or when it is otherwise undesirable to have cattle or other livestock on pasture. 
         [0004]    Some presently available stand-off pads are usually constructed of wood/wood chips, metal/lime, or concrete. One disadvantage associated with such stand-off pads is in relation to drainage. That is, many pads often have poor drainage or simply allow the effluent to be washed off and into oxidation ponds, or directly into waterways. It is now well known that effluent run-off into waterways is environmentally damaging. 
         [0005]    Furthermore, it is found that there are usually problems associated with standing livestock such as cows on presently available concrete pads (predominantly lameness) and wood chip pads (predominantly mastitis). The effectiveness of wood chip pads is generally found to be dependent upon good management and regular maintenance, involving regularly stripping the old surface and replacing it with new wood chips. This can be both time and cost intensive. 
         [0006]    WO2004/022883 addresses some of these issues regarding common stand-off pad constructions. WO2004/022883 describes a covered stand-off pad that includes a slatted concrete floor that allows for effluent to pass therethrough and into a basement area. 
         [0007]    This allows waste matter to be separated from the floor and to be collected in the basement. This has several advantages including that the floor does not need to be hosed down as excess waste matter tends not to build up on the floor. 
         [0008]    Also, it has been found that upon contact with the air, a film or skin is formed over the waste material within the basement in much the same way as a skin forms quickly over a “cow pat”. This skin or film serves to block odours and/or harmful gases emanating from the waste material from being released into the surroundings of the stand-off pad. The skin or film is believed to be a protein which forms upon contact with oxygen of components within the waste matter and while blocking gases and odours still allows the evaporation of moisture therethrough. As some of the constituents of waste matter can be useful as fertiliser, whereas liquid urine is not a desirable constituent due to environmental pollution problems, evaporation of liquid is desirable in order to allow a processing of the waste before it is used as a fertiliser. 
         [0009]    Whilst in use it has been found that above a certain combination of environmental conditions, primarily temperature and/or humidity and/or airflow within the basement area, sufficient evaporation in the basement area to actively reduce the volume of liquid in the waste matter may occur. A net reduction in liquid can hence result. 
         [0010]    Whilst in-use it has been found that below a certain combination of environmental conditions, primarily temperature and/or humidity and airflow within the basement area, sufficient evaporation in the basement area to actively reduce the volume of liquid in the waste matter may not occur. A net gain in liquid can result. 
         [0011]    The basement acts as a storage facility when this occurs. When for example the temperature increases during the warmer months of the year, evaporation from the waste matter within the basement area can start to occur. It has been found that the invention of WO2004/022883 can produce in the basement area, an environment with sufficient ambient air derived warmth and air flow (for example through the drainage means or through gaps between modular floor components) which encourages evaporation of moisture from the stored waste material. Although it is desirable for such effects to occur even on less warm days in order to increase processing rate of the waste matter. 
         [0012]    Another feature of the invention described in WO2004/022883 is that the substantially waterproof cover, combined with the open side walls, serves to keep the floor as well as the basement relatively dry and ventilated. This is important given that it allows for dry waste matter to form on the slatted concrete floor of the standoff pad. This deposit or film serves as an insulator and/or softener between the hoof or foot of the animal and the concrete pad. 
         [0013]    However, we have found that the invention described in WO2004/022883 does not always (or consistently) result in an effective drying and ventilation of the area enclosed by the standoff pad during all types of weather. For example, we discovered that portions of the shelter that were often in a wind shadow (or that were subjected to inconsistent wind flow) were not subjected to any or significant or consistent drying or ventilating effect. 
         [0014]    The invention of WO2004/022883 describes a roof that can help keep precipitation out and increase the temperature inside the structure for the purposes of aiding drying of waste matter on the floor and in the basement. However during certain times of the day it may be undesirable for animals to be located under the roof. In particular certain animals are quite sensitive to environmental conditions. In particular body temperature and heat exchange factors can have an influence on for example milk productivity of animals. Prolonged stand-off periods during hot weather can adversely affect an animal&#39;s productivity, particularly under a covered stand-off facility where air circulation may reduce heat exchange. Accordingly the invention described in WO2004/022883 has some further limitations. 
         [0015]    It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an animal management and animal waste management facility to address the abovementioned advantages and/or to at least provide the public with a useful choice. 
         [0016]    It may also be an object of the present to provide an animal waste management facility that allows the collection and separation of solid and liquid waste from animals to allow for these different types of waste product to be handled appropriately. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    Accordingly in a first aspect the present invention consists in an animal management facility comprising: 
         [0018]    a plurality of animal shelter structures each positioned adjacent to another 
         [0019]    for each animal shelter a liquid waste conduit in fluid connection with said animal shelter, to, at least through hydraulic displacement allow the ducting of liquid waste to a common liquid waste storage reservoir. 
         [0020]    Preferably there are a plurality of intermediate storage reservoirs between at least one and preferably each animal shelter and said common liquid storage reservoir. 
         [0021]    Preferably the drainage of liquid waste from said animal shelter to its respective conduit is as a result of hydraulic pressure (and preferably not due to sloping of the catchments region of the shelter). 
         [0022]    Preferably each shelter is located on one of the sides of a central path that extends between said plurality of shelters. 
         [0023]    Preferably said common liquid storage reservoir is positioned at one end of the path. 
         [0024]    Preferably said common liquid storage reservoir is positioned not intermediate of any two shelter structures. 
         [0025]    Preferably the common liquid storage reservoir is positioned at a location to allow a collection vehicle to collect the liquid therein without the vehicle needing to drive between two or more shelter structures. 
         [0026]    Preferably the or each liquid storage reservoir includes a float cover to extend across the upper surface of waste matter in said reservoir to reduce evaporation of waste into the atmosphere. 
         [0027]    Preferably said float is a solid cover. 
         [0028]    Preferably said float is a liquid cover. 
         [0029]    Preferably the animal shelter structure comprises 
         [0030]    (a) a floor to support animals, said floor including apertures therethrough allowing animal waste matter to pass through the floor, 
         [0031]    (b) a basement below said floor for collecting said waste matter, 
         [0032]    (c) floor supports to support said floor above said basement, and 
         [0033]    (d) side supports. 
         [0034]    Preferably there is also a water impervious canopy supported by said side supports, said canopy being supported above at least part of said floor, said canopy allowing at least some light to pass therethrough, 
         [0035]    at least one air flow control means to control airflow in the area below said canopy. 
         [0036]    Preferably the animal shelter structure is of a kind as described with reference to our PCT application PCTNZ2003/000195. 
         [0037]    Preferably the animal shelter structure is of a kind as described with reference to our PCT application PCT/NZ2006/000324. 
         [0038]    In another aspect the present invention consists in an animal waste management facility that comprises: 
         [0039]    a plurality of animal shelter structures each structure including 
         [0040]    a canopy above a floor that includes a plurality of openings to allow waste produced by animals standing on said floor to pass through the floor and into a basement below said floor, wherein said basement includes a fluid outlet to allow a draining of fluid received in said basement to pass through said opening and into a buffer reservoir, and 
         [0041]    a main reservoir that is in fluid connection with the buffer reservoir of each animal shelter structure to receive fluid from each said buffer reservoir. 
         [0042]    Preferably said fluid connection is a valved connection allowing control of the receipt of fluid by said main reservoir. 
         [0043]    Preferably the inlet for fluid into said main reservoir is at or near the bottom of said reservoir. 
         [0044]    Preferably the main reservoir includes an outlet conduit via which fluid can be drawn out of said main reservoir. 
         [0045]    Preferably said outlet conduit makes a fluid connection with said main reservoir at or near the bottom of said reservoir. 
         [0046]    Preferably the main reservoir includes a fluid cover that floats on top of said fluid and reduces any evaporation of fluid from the body of fluid contained. 
         [0047]    Preferably the fluid is a liquid. 
         [0048]    Preferably the fluid may include a gas that is entrained in said liquid. 
         [0049]    In a further aspect the present invention consists in a method of reducing the adverse environmental impact of animal farming comprising: 
         [0050]    providing a plurality of animal shelter structures each structure including; 
         [0051]    a canopy above a floor that includes a plurality of openings to allow waste produced by animals standing on said floor to pass through the floor and into a basement below said floor, wherein said basement includes a fluid outlet to allow a draining of fluid received in said basement to pass through said opening and into a buffer reservoir, and 
         [0052]    allowing a transfer of fluid from each buffer reservoir of each animal shelter structure to a common main reservoir, wherein the main reservoir includes a cover to float on top of said fluid in said main reservoir to reduce any evaporation of fluid from the body of fluid contained in said main reservoir. 
         [0053]    Preferably said draining is by way of hydrostatic forces. 
         [0054]    Preferably said transfer is by way of hydrostatic forces. 
         [0055]    Preferably said transfer includes the use of a pump. 
         [0056]    In a further aspect the present invention consists in a method of separating the liquid waste from solid waste of waste produced by a farm animal, said method comprising: 
         [0057]    providing an animal shelter structure that comprises a canopy above a floor that includes a plurality of openings to allow waste produced by animals standing on said floor to pass through the floor and into a basement below said floor, wherein said basement includes a fluid outlet to allow a draining of fluid received in said basement to pass through said opening and into a reservoir, and 
         [0058]    allowing draining of at least some of said liquid from said basement and into said reservoir prior to removing the remaining waste from the basement. 
         [0059]    In a further aspect the present invention consists in an animal shelter structure that comprises 
         [0060]    a canopy above a floor that includes a plurality of openings to allow waste produced by animals standing on said floor to pass through the floor and into a basement below said floor, wherein said basement includes a fluid outlet to allow a draining of fluid received in said basement to pass through said opening and into a reservoir. 
         [0061]    Preferably said outlet allows a draining of fluid to a said reservoir that also received fluid from other said animal shelter structures. 
         [0062]    In a further aspect the present invention consists in a plurality of animal shelter structures each positioned adjacent to another, wherein each animal shelter includes a liquid waste conduit in fluid connection with said animal shelter to, at least through hydraulic displacement, allow the ducting of liquid waste from the animal shelter to a liquid waste storage reservoir. 
         [0063]    Preferably each animal shelter structure comprises 
         [0064]    (a) a floor to support animals, said floor including apertures therethrough allowing animal waste matter to pass through the floor, 
         [0065]    (b) a basement below said floor for collecting said waste matter, 
         [0066]    (c) floor supports to support said floor above said basement, and 
         [0067]    (d) side supports. 
         [0068]    This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth. 
         [0069]    As used herein the term “and/or” means “and” or “or”, or both. 
         [0070]    As used herein “(s)” following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun. 
         [0071]    The term “comprising” as used in this specification means “consisting at least in part of”. When interpreting statements in this specification which include that term, the features, prefaced by that term in each statement, all need to be present but other features can also be present. Related terms such as “comprise” and “comprised” are to be interpreted in the same manner. 
         [0072]    It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7) and, therefore, all sub-ranges of all ranges expressly disclosed herein are hereby expressly disclosed. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. 
         [0073]    In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0074]    The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0075]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of an animal management facility illustrating a plurality of shelter structures, a milking shed, and a liquid waste collection reservoir, 
           [0076]      FIG. 2  is a side and partial sectional view of two animal shelter structures and a liquid waste collection reservoir, 
           [0077]      FIG. 3  is a variation to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0078]    The terms “waste matter” is understood to include cattle or livestock effluent such as faeces and urine, as well as other waste such as food waste and the like, 
           [0079]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of the layout of a waste management system for an animal management facility illustrating a network of animal shelter basements, collection points and a liquid waste collection reservoir, 
           [0080]      FIG. 5  is a section view of the layout shown in  FIG. 4 , and 
           [0081]      FIG. 6  is a close up view of the collection reservoir. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0082]    In  FIG. 2 , there is shown two shelter structures  20 . Each structure  20  is preferably a four side structure that includes a canopy  22  covering a covered space. The structure is preferably an open sided structure having at least one and preferably all of its four sides at least partially open. The structure  20  preferably has a curved and closed canopy  22 , supported by and above side supports  23  such as posts or props. Vent openings  202  may be provided through the canopy. These may be closable. 
         [0083]    Each structure may be provided with louvre boards  201  that are provided to assist in modifying the environment within the covered space. The louvre boards  201  are preferably provided along at least two opposed sides of the structure. A louvre board may extend along at least two opposing or all sides of the structure  20 . Where the structure  20  is rectangular in plan shape the louvre boards are preferably located at the major opposing sides of the structure. The louvre boards  201  are preferably situated below the lower edges of the canopy  22 . There is thus an airspace, between the louvre boards and the lower edges of the canopy  22 . 
         [0084]    The louvre boards are preferably downwardly and outwardly extending from the lower edge  25  of the canopy  22 . They are preferably angled at approximately 45 degrees with respect to the side supports  23  and extend generally the length of the sides of the structure  20 . One or more louvre boards end on end may be used. One or more at least partially overlapping louvre boards may also be used. 
         [0085]    The structure  20  includes a floor  2  for animals to stand on. The floor  2  may be a slatted floor to allow animal waste matter to pass therethrough. Each structure  20  also includes a basement  3  below the floor  2  for collecting waste matter. The basement  3  may include a floor  105 . 
         [0086]    Side supports  23  preferably in the form of posts are provided for supporting the canopy  22  above the floor  2 . There are preferably no side walls to the structure. 
         [0087]    The canopy  22  preferably includes a support structure and a translucent plastics cladding material. The cladding material is waterproof and preferably allows light to pass therethrough. Light passing through the canopy  22  can contribute to establishing a desirable environment within the covered space. 
         [0088]    In  FIG. 1  there is shown a facility  50  that consists of two rows of structures  20  a row positioned on each side of a central path or road  51 . Each structure may include an inlet passage  52  to allow for animals to walk into the structure and an exit passage  53  to allow the animals to exit the structure and move onto the path  51 . The passages  52  and  53  may alternatively be used for both inlet and outlet of animals from the structure or one of inlet and outlet. A single milking facility  54  may be provided to service the animals that may be temporarily housed in each of the structures  20 . The milking shed  54  is preferably located sufficiently far enough from the proximate most shelter structure  20  to prevent or reduce the risk of cross contamination of animal waste at the animal shelter structures, with parts of the milking shed  54 . 
         [0089]    Each basement is a collection reservoir for animal waste that falls directly from animals standing on the floor and that passes through the openings in the floor and into the basement. With reference to our  FIG. 2 , it can be seen that each basement  3  has a conduit  108  associated therewith. This can allow for ducting of liquid waste from the basement to a collection reservoir  109 . Each shelter may have a designated conduit  108  to allow for independent ducting of liquid waste from the shelter to the common collection reservoir  109 . Alternatively a series of conduits may be provided between adjacent shelter structures to allow for the passage of liquid from structure to structure and to or towards the collection reservoir  109  as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0090]    Liquid waste can be collected in the common collection reservoir  109  which is preferably located at one end of the facility. Preferably the collection reservoir  109  is located at one end of the facility so as to allow for a collection vehicle to remove the collected liquid in the collection reservoir  109  without having to drive through the facility. This can assist with preventing facility from getting contaminated by outside contaminants. In the preferred form the collection reservoir  109  of the facility, is that component of the facility that is furthermost from the milk shed  54 , as shown for example in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0091]    With reference to  FIG. 3 , it can be seen that for each shelter structure  20  a designated collection reservoir  167  may be provided. Each designated collection reservoir  167  may be connected in series with adjacent reservoirs by ducting or conduits and are thereby also connected to the common collection reservoir  109 . 
         [0092]    Valves  170  may be located in the arrangements to control the displacement of liquid in the facility. The valves may be remotely controlled. Liquid waste level sensors in the common collection reservoir  109  and in any of the designated collection reservoirs  176  may also be provided and a display thereof may be provided in a remote location. With an arrangement of an animal management and animal waste management facility as herein described, efficient collection and management of animal waste can be achieved. Efficient separation of liquid and solid animal waste can also be established. 
         [0093]      FIG. 4  shows the layout of a possible waste management system for an animal management facility. There is shown a network of basements  3  of shelter structures  20  which may have multiple exit conduits  207  connected to a main conduit  208 . The exit conduits  207  allow for waste matter to be removed from the basement  3  and be transported through the conduit  208  running there from and operatively connected to collection points  206 . Preferably there is a collection point  206  for each basement  3  and the collection points  206  are connected to adjacent collection points  206  by a main conduit  208 . 
         [0094]    Valves may be located between the basements  3  and collection points  206  to control the displacement of liquid in the facility. The valves may be remotely controlled. Preferably the valves are controlled such that timing and/or volume of flow is optimized based on the amount of liquid to be transported through the facility. A float may control the valves and thus the displacement of liquid from each basement  3  based on the volume of liquid present in that basement  3 . 
         [0095]    With reference to  FIG. 5 , waste matter may be transported through main conduits  208  from each collection point  206  to a common collection reservoir  209 . The main conduits may have rising or falling gradients, but are self leveling so pumps are not mandatory. 
         [0096]    Valves may be located between the collection points  206  in the network to control the displacement of liquid between each collection point  206  and to the common collection reservoir  209 . A float may control the valves and thus the displacement of liquid from each collection point  206  based on the volume of liquid present in that collection point  206 . 
         [0097]    The reservoir  209  may have a floating cover  210  to reduce evaporation of the waste matter. The floating cover preferably extends over the entire reservoir  209  so that the top surface  211  of the waste matter is completely enclosed from the atmosphere. The floating cover  210  may be in the form of a solid cover which floats on the top surface  211  of the waste matter in the reservoir  209 . Alternatively, the floating cover  210  may be in the form of a liquid film that has a lower density than the waste matter below. For example, the floating cover  210  may be a layer of oil that floats on the top surface  211  of the waste matter to reduce evaporation of the waste matter into the atmosphere. The cover material may be some form of biomass such as straw. 
         [0098]    With reference to  FIG. 6 , the reservoir  209  may be configured such that the inlet  212  and outlet  213  are located below the top surface  211  of the waste matter. Such a configuration ensures that any waste matter entering or exiting the reservoir  209  is always concealed underneath the floating cover  210  to minimise the possibility of the waste matter evaporating. 
         [0099]    The reservoir  209  may also act as a storage facility for the waste matter and preferably the reservoir  209  has accessibility such that the waste matter can be removed by a collection vehicle. For example, the waste matter may be pumped from the reservoir through the outlet  213  to a collection vehicle.