Abstract:
2-(4-pyridyl)-5-aryloxazoles and certain quaternary salts of these compounds are useful as visible-wavelength lasing dyes. These dyes are used in solution with non-interferring polar solvents, such as low molecular weight alcohols, H 2  O, and D 2  O, to form lasing media useful in dye lasers. Such lasers generally include a reservoir for containing the laser dye solution and a pumping energy source operably coupled therewith for producing stimulated emission of the dye solution.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to lasers and more particularly to organic dye lasers. 
     In recent years, organic dye lasers have become important tools for spectroscopy, photochemistry, and laser isotope separation. These and other applications are discussed by T. W. Hansch in &#34;Applications of Dye Lasers,&#34; chapter 5 of Dye Lasers, F. P. Schafer, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York &amp; Heidelberg, Berlin 1973). Dye Lasers also provides detailed discussions on the principles of dye laser operation and the theory and structure of laser dyes. 
     Liquid organic dye lasers offer a number of advantages over gas or solid state lasers. One advantage is that a large number of organic lasing dyes are available that cover a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum (near UV to near IR). Moreover, the dye lasers may be tuned by such means as varying the concentration of dye or replacing one of the reflecting ends of the laser cavity with a diffraction grating. Dye lasers also offer the advantage of being more economical. Finally, the liquid dye lasers will not crack as do solid lasers. 
     There is considerable interest in the development of high efficiency organic dyes for high energy dye lasers operating in the blue-green spectral region around 480 nm for applications which involve underwater communications, surveillance, viewing, range gating, etc. These laser dyes should show high photochemical stability even when high energy flashlamp excitation is used to stimulate laser emission from the dyes. 
     Only a small portion of the broad band radiation from flash lamps is absorbed by most state-of-the-art laser dyes. The unabsorbed radiation is lost by thermalization within the optical cavity of the laser. Unfortunately, the refractive indexes of most solvents are sensitive to temperature change. H 2  O and D 2  O are preferred because of their large heat capacities and small variation of refractive index with temperature changes. Additionally, H 2  O and D 2  O have good photostabilities and are nonflammable. Therefore, it would be particularly desirable to find photochemically stable, high efficiency laser dyes which are soluble in water. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide novel dye lasers which lase in the blue-green wavelength region. 
     Yet another object of this invention is to provide dye lasers using water or heavy water as the solvent. 
     A further object of this invention is to provide dye lasers which use dyes having good photochemical stability. 
     Still another object of this invention is to provide organic dye lasers which can be tuned over a relatively broad range of the emission spectrum. 
     These and other objects of this invention are achieved by providing: a dye laser comprising a laser dye solution and a pumping energy source operably coupled therewith and capable of producing stimulated emission of the dye solution, the dye solution comprising a lasing concentration in a non-interferring solvent of a dye having the following formula ##STR1## wherein (A) R is selected from the group consisting of H and CH 3  ; 
     (B) Ar is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2##  wherein (1) n is an integer of from 1 through 10; 
     (2) R&#39; is selected from the group consisting of --H, --D, --CD 3 , CD 3  CD 2  --, CF 3  CD 2  --, CF 3  CF 2  CD 2  --, lower alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, ##STR3##  wherein p is 1 or 2 and m is an integer of from 1 through 10; and (3) X -  is an anion; and 
     (C) Ar&#39; is selected from the group consisting of ##STR4## 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The dyes used in the lasers of the present invention can be represented by the formula ##STR5## In the formula, R represents either --H or --CH 3 . Ar&#39; represents ##STR6## but preferably ##STR7## when a quaternary salt having good solubility in H 2  O or D 2  O is desired. 
     In the above formula, Ar represents ##STR8## Compounds having functional groups II and III are preferred because they are quaternary salts and thus more soluble in H 2  O and D 2  O; quaternary salts containing group III are the more preferred. When Ar represents group II, n is an integer of from 1 to 10. 
     When Ar is group III, R&#39; is --H, --D, CD 3  --, CD 3  CD 2  --, CF 3  CD 2  --, CF 3  CF 2  CD 2  --, lower alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, ##STR9## wherein p is 1 or 2 and m is an integer of from 1 through 10. R&#39; is preferably --H, --D, and lower alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. R&#39; is more preferably --H, --D, or --CH 3 . The R&#39;s preferred are those which produce quaternary salts having good solubility in H 2  O and D 2  O. 
     X -  in the formula for group III broadly represents any noninterferring anion. Preferably X -  is ClO 4   - , BF 4   - , Cl - , Br - , I -  HSO 4   - , CH 3  SO 4   - , CH 3  CH 2  SO 4   - , FSO 3   - , CF 3  SO 3   - , CH 3  SO 3   - , CF 3  COO - , CCl 3  COO - , C 6  H 5  SO 3   - , P--CH 3  C 6  H 4  SO 3   - , and H 2  NSO 3   - . More preferably X -  is BF 4   - , Cl - , FSO 3   - , CF 3  SO 3   - , CH 3  SO 3   - , C 6  H 5  SO 3   - , P--CH 3  C 6  H 4  SO 3   - , and H 2  NSO 3   - . Preferably X -  is selected to provide a quaternary salt having good solubility in H 2  O and D 2  O. The anion is the single most important factor in determining this solubility in H 2  O and D 2  O. 
     Specific examples of the lasing dyes of the present invention include: 
     2-(4-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole (4PyPO), 
     4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium perchlorate (4PyPO--HClO 4 ), 
     4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO--HPTS). 
     4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium hydrochloride (4PyPO--HCl), 
     4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO--MePTS), 
     2-(4-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyloxazole (4PyMPO), 
     4-[2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium perchlorate (4PyMPO--HClO 4 ), 
     4-[2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyMPO--HPTS), 
     4-[2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium hydrochloride (4PyMPO--HCl), and 
     4-[(2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyMPO--MePTS). 
     Any non-interferring solvent (i.e., one that doesn&#39;t inhibit stimulated emission) may be used in the laser. Water, deuterium oxide, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethylsulfoxide are examples of suitable solvents. Water and deuterium oxide are the preferred solvents because of their high specific heat coefficients, good photochemical stabilities, and small variation of refractive index with temperature changes. Obviously, the solubility of the dye is a critical factor in selecting a solvent. 
     A concentration of from 10 -1  M to 10 -5  M of laser dye in solvent is used. A dye concentration of from 10 -2  M to 10 -4  M is preferred because it results in a larger energy output. 
     Conventional liquid laser apparatus, such as that described by Sorokin et al., IBM Journal, V. 11, p. 148 (1967), may be used with the lasing media of the present invention. The examples of the present disclosure provide specific illustrations of lasers which may be used. 
     The lasing dyes used in the present invention have high photochemical stability. Moreover, the chemical decomposition products may be separated by physical means from the dyes. Thus, it is possible to circulate the lasing dye solution, remove the decomposition products, and replenish the dye in one continuous process. 
     The general nature of the invention having been set forth, the following examples are presented as specific illustrations thereof. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to these specific examples but is susceptible to various modifications that will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
    
    
     EXPERIMENTAL 
     2-(4-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole (4PyPO), 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO--MePTS) and 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]pyridinium hydrochloride (4PyPO--HCl) were synthesized from α-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride (Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.) by procedures reported by D. G. Ott, F. N. Hayes, and V. N. Kerr, &#34;Oxazole Quaternary Salts,&#34; J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 78, (1956) pp. 1941-4, herein incorporated by reference. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Synthesis of 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole 
     Isonicotinic acid was refluxed with an excess of thionyl chloride to produce isonicotinic acid chloride. After the excess thionyl chloride was removed, the crude isonicotinic acid (4-pyridinecarboxylic acid) chloride was dissolved in pyridine and an equal number of moles of commercially available (from Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.) of α-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride was added slowly with mixing. The mixture was then heated on a boiling water bath for 2 hours and then drowned in water to precipitate the product α-isonicotinamidoacetophenone, which was then recrystallized from hexane. Finally, the α-isonicotinamidoacetophenone was refluxed in a mixture of acetic anhydride (40 parts) and 90% phosphoric acid (3 parts) to form 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole (4PyPO). By starting with 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid or 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, the above method may be used to produce 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole (2PyPO) or 2-(3-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole (3PyPO), respectively. 
     Because of the high reactivity of the non-bonding electrons on the pyridyl nitrogen atom, 2PyPO, 3PyPO, and 4PyPO are capable of undergoing hundreds of known reactions for pyridine derivatives [see Pyridine and its Derivatives, Erwin Klingsberg, Ed., Parts I-IV, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York (1960) for examples]. 
     Conventional techniques were used to convert the 4PyPO to its quaternary salts used in the examples 4 through 9. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Synthesis of p-methoxyphenylammonium chloride 
     A solution of 98% pure α-bromo-p-methoxyacetophenone (obtained commercially from Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc,.) (200 g. ×0.98=196 g., 0.86 moles) in chloroform (300 ml) was added dropwise to a stirred mixture of hexamethylene tetramine (119.95 g., 0.86 moles) in 600 ml. of chloroform. The mixture immediately warmed to 40° C. and the product began to precipitate. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 hours, filtered and washed with chloroform (600 ml) and air dryed giving a beige colored methylene tetramine quaternary salt (314.23 g, 98.95 percent yield) m.p. 168°-171° C. 
     The hexamethylene tetramine quaternary salt (40.00 g., 0.108 moles) was stirred in ethanol (425 ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (40 ml). The reaction mixture was heated and stirred between 50°-60° C. for 45 minutes and then filtered hot. The white residue (NH 4  Cl) 10.75 g. was washed with 100 ml of ether (twice). The etheral washings were allowed to mix with the filtrate, thus precipitating out the main product which was aided by cooling with an ice bath. The product was filtered and washed 3 times with 25 ml ether and dried under vacuum giving 19.00 g. (yield 87%) of p-methoxyphenacylammonium chloride, m.p. 178°-180° C. The process was scaled up and 88.03 g (yield 62%) p-methoxyphenacylammonium chloride, m.p. 178°-180° C. was produced. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Synthesis of 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyloxazole 
     Isonicotinic acid (24.93 g., 0.0938 mole) and thionyl chloride (50 ml) was refluxed for 1 hour. The crude acid chloride which remained after removal of excess thionyl chloride at diminished pressure was dissolved in dry pyridine (200 ml) and p-methoxy phenacylammonium chloride (19.00 g, 0.938 mole) was added portion wise to the stirred solution. During the addition, an exotherm occurred which raised the temperature of the stirred mixture to 40° C. After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was heated and stirred on a boiling water bath for 2 hours and then poured into ice-water to precipitate the product. The solid was collected and dried under reduced pressure to give 12.07 g. (yield 48%) of α-isonicotinamido-p-methoxyacetophenone m.p. 227°-230° C. (with decomposition). 
     α-isonicotinamido-p-methoxyacetophenone (11.5 g., 0.043 mole) was added portion-wise to a stirred solution of 200 ml of acetic anhydride and 15 ml of 90% phosphoric acid; during the addition an exotherm raised the reaction temperature to 40° C. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred and refluxed for 2 hours. After cooling, the supernatant liquid was decanted from the viscous precipitate, which was crystallized by titration with 350 ml of 1% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The yellow solid was filtered, washed with distilled water (200 ml), and dried in vacuo yielding 7.76 g. (yield 72%) of 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyloxazole, m.p. 105°-107° C. 
     By starting with 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid or 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid the above method may be used to produce 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyloxazole (2PyMPO) or 2-(3-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyloxazole (3PyMPO), respectively. 
     Because of the high reactivity of the non-bonding electrons on the pyridyl nitrogen atom, 2PyMPO, 3PyMPO, and 4PyMPO are capable of undergoing hundreds of know reactions for pyridine derivatives [see Pyridine and its Derivatives, Erwin Klingsberg, Ed., Parts I-IV, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York (1960)]. Conventional techniques were used to convert the 4PyMPO to its quaternary salts used in the following examples. 
     In Tables I and II, absorption spectra, including that taken from the literature (OTT et al.), were obtained using 10 -4  solutions. Uncorrected fluorescence spectra were obtained using 10 -4  M solutions (10 mm path length) on a Perkin-Elmer MPF-2A Spectrophotometer. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Solutions of 1×10 -3  M 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-phenyloxazole in dioxane and in absolute ethanol were each pumped with an AVCO C950 pulsed nitrogen gas laser at 3371 Å in a transverse configuration where the rectangular nitrogen laser beam was focused to a line within the magnetically stirred dye cell (1 cm). The pumping laser was capable of 100 kw peak power in a 10 ns pulse duration and can be pulsed at rates as high as 100 pps. The output mirror of the optical cavity was an uncoated quartz flat and the &#34;high reflectivity&#34; end was a broad band reflector. The output of the dye laser was monitored with an EG &amp; G photodiode (SGD-040A) and the wavelength was measured with a Jarrel-Ash 1/4 meter monochromator. The lasing wavelength was 3830 Å for 4PyPO in dioxane and 3950-4020 Å in absolute ethanol. This data is shown in Table 1. Also included in Table 1 is data from the literature. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Spectral Characteristics of Laser Dyes andLaser Dye CandidatesCom-  λ*.sub.abs          ε      λ .sub.fl.sup.max**                               λ .sub.las***pound (nm)     (10.sup.-4 lmole.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1)                         (nm)  (nm)______________________________________PPO   303      3.04           365   361-383 223      2.043PyPO 320      2.42           370 307      2.542PyPO 322      2.90           378 310      2.64 224 (sh) 1.104PyPO 322      2.62           380   383(weak) 307      2.52                 395-402**** 224 (sh) 1.35______________________________________ *Cyclohexane **Toluene ***1,4Dioxane ****Ethanol sh shoulder 
    
     Dyes were pumped with an AVCO pulsed nitrogen laser at 337.1 nm (100 Kw peak Power). Absorption and fluorescence spectral data is reported by D. G. Ott, F. N. Hayes, E. Hansbury and V. N. Kerr, &#34;Liquid Scintillators V. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral of 2,5-Diaryloxazoles and Related Compounds&#34;, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79, 5448 (1957). Lasing spectral data for PPO is reported by M. Maeda and Y. Miyazoe, &#34;Efficient Ultraviolet Organic Liquid Laser Pumped by a High Power Nitrogen Laser&#34;, Japan. J. Appl. Phys., 13, 827 (1974). 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     The procedure used in example 4 was used to test solutions of 1×10 -3  M 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-pyridinium hydrochloride (4PyPO--HCl), 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO--MePTS), and Eastman Kodak grade Coumarin 175 in deionized water. The lasing wavelengths were 5040 Å for 4PyPO--HCl (at pH2), 5060 Å for 4PyPO--MePTS, and 3570 Å for coumarin 175. These results are listed in Table II in nm. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Spectral Characteristics of Water Soluble Laser Dyesand Laser Dye Candidates                        Stokes     λ.sub.abs                    λ .sub.fl.sup.max                        shiftCompound* (nm)         (10.sup.-4 lmole.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1)                    (nm)                        λ (nm)                             λ .sub.las.sup.max__________________________________________________________________________3PyPO--MePTS     326 1.73       --  --   --     256 1.312PyPO--MePTS     360 2.22       --  --   --     249 1.254PyPO--MePTS     371 2.19       470 99   506     248 1.404PyPO--HCl     364 2.21       470 106  504(pH2)     244 1.36Coumarin 175     353 1.61       439 86   457__________________________________________________________________________ *Water (solvent) Dyes were pumped with an AVCO C950 pulsed nitrogen laser at 337.1nm (100 kw peak power). Absorption spectral data for aryloxazolyl pyridinium salts reported by D. G. Ott, F. N. Hayes and V. N. Kerr, &#34;Oxazole Quaternary Salts&#34;, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 78, 1941 (1956). 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     The tuning ranges for Coumarin 175, 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO-MePTS), and 4-[2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyMPO--MePTS) were determined using either 1×10 -3  M or 2×10 -3  M solutions in water. The dye laser of examples 4 and 5 was modified by replacing the &#34;high reflectivity&#34; mirror in the optical cavity with a diffraction grating. As in Examples 4 and 5, the output of the pumping laser was at 3371 Å in the ultraviolet. Coumarin 175, 4PyPO--MePTS, and 4PyMPO--MePTS showed broad tuning ranges of 429-470 nm, 470-549 nm, and 547-634 nm respectively. The results are listed in Table III. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________Tuning Ability of Water Soluble Lasing Dyes in H.sub.2 ODye                Tuning Range (nm)*                              Δλ______________________________________Coumarin 175 (1 × 10.sup.-3 M)              476-429         474PyPO--MePTS (1 × 10.sup.-3 M)              549-470         794PyMPO--MePTS (2 × 10.sup.-3 M)              634-547         87______________________________________ *Tuning range of laser dye with a diffraction grating when pumped with an AVCO C950 pulsed nitrogen laser at 337.1 nm (100 kw peak power). 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     The flashlamp pumped dye laser used in this experiment was the same one described by E. J. Schimitschek, J. A. Trias, P. R. Hammond and R. L. Atkins &#34;Laser Performance and Stability of Fluorinated Coumarin Dyes&#34;, Opt. Commun., 11, 352 (1974). About 0.2 ml of the particular dye solution contained in a quartz capillary cell was repetitively exposed to the light of a linear flashlamp, energized by a low inductance capacitor charged to 5 Joules. The light from the flashlamp was passed through an AMERSIL type M-68 ozone free quartz sleeve with a cut-off wavelength at 220 nm, before it reached the dye solution. The elliptical laser head, consisting of an optically finished aluminized quartz sleeve, was completely filled with water. The repetition rate was kept at 0.5 Hz to minimize heating of the stationary dye solution. Spherical mirrors of 12.5 cm radius of curvature in direct contact with the dye solution and reflectivities of 99% and 80%, respectively, formed the resonator. 
     For each dye solution, the initial peak output power and the number of shots to the 50% decline point of that power was measured. The untuned lasing wavelength was recorded at the beginning of each test with a Beck Reversion Spectroscope. 7.5×10 -4  M solutions of Coumarin 175, 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyPO--MePST), 4-[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-1-pyridinium hydrochloride (4PyPO--HCl), and 4-[2-(5-p-methoxyphenyloxazolyl)]-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (4PyMPO--MePTS) in deionized water, and also C8F in absolute ethanol. The energy input into the flashlamp was 5J. 
     The results given in Table IV show that 4PyPO--MePTS and 4PyPO--HCl exhibit more than thirty times the life of coumarin 175 to one-half power. C8F, which is one of the most photochemically stable laser dyes reported to date (by Schmitschek et al., supra), exhibited 124 times the life of coumarin 175 to one-half power. Unfortunately, C8F does not lase in pure water because of limited solubility and low fluorescence quantum efficiency. 
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________LASER DYE PERFORMANCE AT 5J ENERGY INPUT INTO FLASHLAMP                           Relative Number                   Initial Peak                           of Laser Shots            Wavelength                   Output Power                           to 50% DeclineDye (7.5 × 10.sup.-4 M)      Solvent            Untuned (nm)                   (kw)    of initial output__________________________________________________________________________C8F        EtOH  522    8.0     9904PyPO--MePTS      H.sub.2 O            506    2.3     2814PyPO--HCl H.sub.2 O (pH2)            504    4.8     264Coumarin 175*      H.sub.2 O            462    4.5      84PyMPO--MePTS      H.sub.2 O            567    0.5     160__________________________________________________________________________ *Eastman Kodak Grade 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Lasing data was also obtained for 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-p-methoxyphenyoxazole and some of its pyridinium salts. This is presented in Table V. 
     
                       TABLE V______________________________________Lasing Data for 2-(4-Pyridyl)-5-p-Methoxyphenyloxazoleand its Pyridinium SaltsCompound* (2 × 10.sup.-3 M)             λ .sub.las.sup.max  (nm)                       Solvent______________________________________4PyMPO            443       ethanol4PyMPO--HClO.sub.4             568       ethanol4PyMPO--HPTS      563       ethanol4PyMPO--HCl       562       ethanol4PyMPO--MePTS     586       H.sub.2 O______________________________________ Dyes were pumped with an AVCO C950 pulsed nitrogen laser at 337.1 nm (100 kw peak power). 
    
     Obviously numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.