Abstract:
A stent delivery system comprising an elongate inner structure, a tubular endoprosthesis holder supported on said elongate inner structure and in coaxial relation therewith, said endoprosthesis holder comprising, the endoprosthesis holder fixed in a coaxial relationship to said elongate inner structure, the endoprosthesis holder comprising a proximal connector structure having an outer surface, a distal connector structure having an outer surface and an intermediate connector structure having an outer surface extending between the proximal and distal connector structure, the outer surface of the at least one of the proximal connector structure, the distal connector structure or the intermediate connector structure comprising at least one outward protrusion.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 12/188,692 filed Aug. 8, 2008 now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,057,527 which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/964,068 filed Aug. 9, 2007 which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to endoprosthesis holders and, more specifically, to an endoprosthesis holder having increased flexibility and a substantial torsional stiffness. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An endoprosthesis or intraluminal prosthesis is a medical device used in the treatment of diseased bodily lumens. One type of endoprosthesis used in the repair and/or treatment of diseases in various body vessels is a stent. A stent is a generally longitudinal tubular device formed of biocompatible material which is useful to open and support various lumens in the body. For example, stents may be used in the vascular system, urogenital tract, esophageal tract, tracheal/bronchial tubes and bile duct, as well as in a variety of other applications in the body. These devices are implanted within the vessel to open and/or reinforce collapsing or partially occluded sections of the lumen. 
     Stents generally include an open flexible configuration. This configuration allows the stent to be inserted through curved vessels. Furthermore, this configuration allows the stent to be configured in a radially compressed state for intraluminal catheter implantation. Once properly positioned adjacent the damaged vessel, the stent is radially expanded so as to support and reinforce the vessel. Radial expansion of the stent may be accomplished by inflation of a balloon attached to the catheter or the stent may be of the self-expanding variety which will radially expand once deployed. Tubular shaped structures, which have been used as intraluminal vascular stents, have included helically wound coils which may have undulations or zig-zags therein, slotted stents, ring stents, braided stents and open mesh wire stents. Super-elastic materials and metallic shape memory materials have also been used to form stents. 
     A stent may be delivered to a specific location within a body lumen by a delivery system. The delivery system includes an elongate inner structure on which an endoprosthesis holder is supported. The elongate inner structure may be cylindrical. The endoprosthesis holder may be tubular and supported on the elongate inner structure in coaxial relation therewith. A tubular stent is supported on the endoprosthesis holder. If the endoprosthesis holder is tubular, the stent is supported in coaxial relation therewith. A tubular sheath covers the stent in coaxial relation therewith and with the elongate inner structure. The endoprosthesis holder is fixed to the elongate inner structure to prevent axial displacement of the endoprosthesis holder relative to the elongate inner structure. The endoprosthesis holder engages the stent to prevent axial displacement of the stent relative to the endoprosthesis holder. This retention of the stent by the endoprosthesis holder maintains the axial position of the stent relative to the endoprosthesis holder and elongate inner structure when the sheath is axially displaced relative to the elongate inner structure and endoprosthesis holder. Without the retention of the stent provided by the endoprosthesis holder, axial displacement of the sheath relative to the elongate inner structure may cause associated axial displacement of the stent as a result of frictional contact between the sheath and stent. 
     The retention of the stent by the endoprosthesis holder is beneficial during deployment of the stent by providing for the longitudinal position of the stent within the bodily lumen to be maintained during relative axial displacement of the sheath. The longitudinal position of the stent within the bodily lumen is typically significant. The maintenance of the longitudinal position of the stent relative to the elongate inner structure may be particularly difficult during reconstrainment. The sheath may be longitudinally retracted relative to the elongate inner structure such that a distal axial portion of the stent is exposed by the sheath and a proximal axial portion of the stent remains covered by the sheath. Reconstrainment refers to the forward axial displacement of the sheath relative to the elongate inner structure such that the axial distal portion of the stent which was uncovered by the longitudinal retraction of the sheath is recovered partially or completely by the sheath. The forward axial displacement of the sheath may cause forward longitudinal displacement of the stent relative to the elongate inner structure and, typically, the bodily lumen as a result of contact between the sheath and stent. Accordingly, the stent may be carried by the sheath. Limiting or completely preventing such forward displacement of the stent relative to the elongate inner structure and bodily lumen is typically advantageous. 
     Stents frequently are required to be delivered through bodily lumens which are curved and tortuous. Typically, it is desirable for the endoprosthesis holder, stent, sheath, and elongate inner structure to have sufficient flexibility to conform to the curved and tortuous sections of the bodily lumen during delivery of the stent therethrough. Such conformance by the endoprosthesis holder normally requires the endoprosthesis holder to be flexible to resist kinking thereof. Also, it is desirable for the endoprosthesis holder to be torsionally stiff. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The endoprosthesis holder of the present invention includes proximal and distal connector structures having respective outer surfaces. An intermediate connector structure is connected to the proximal and distal connector structures such that the intermediate connector structure is between the proximal and distal connector structures. The intermediate connector structure includes one or more intermediate transverse structures and one or more axial structures. The one or more intermediate transverse structures are connected to one another and to the proximal and distal connector structures by the one or more axial structures. The intermediate connector structure has an outer surface. An outward protrusion is connected to one or more of the outer surfaces of the proximal connector structure or distal connector structure or intermediate connector structure. 
     The outward protrusion engages the stent when the endoprosthesis holder is located within the stent. The engagement of the outward protrusion with the stent resists axial displacement of the stent relative to the endoprosthesis holder. Consequently, when the endoprosthesis holder is fixed to the elongate inner structure, axial displacement of the stent relative to the elongate inner structure is obstructed. This retains the axial position of the stent relative to the elongate inner structure. This retention of the stent is maintained when the stent is located within a sheath and the sheath is axially displaced relative to the elongate inner structure. As a result, the endoprosthesis holder and the fixed connection thereof to the elongate inner structure maintains the longitudinal position of the stent within the bodily lumen during reconstrainment. 
     The connection of the one or more intermediate transverse structures to one another and to the proximal and distal connector structures by the one or more axial structures provides flexibility to the endoprosthesis holder. This flexibility facilitates conformance of the endoprosthesis holder to curved and tortuous bodily lumens through which the endoprosthesis holder and associated stent and delivery system may be deployed. This flexibility resists kinking of the endoprosthesis holder, stent, and associated delivery system. Also, the connections of the intermediate transverse structures which are provided by the axial structures provide torsional stiffness to the endoprosthesis holder. 
     These and other features of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of specific embodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the endoprosthesis holder of the present invention showing the endoprosthesis holder located within a stent, the stent being shown as located within a sheath, the endoprosthesis holder being shown as fixed to an elongate inner structure located within the endoprosthesis holder; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the endoprosthesis holder of  FIG. 1 , the endoprosthesis holder being transversely rotated 90 degrees relative to the orientation of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the endoprosthesis holder of  FIG. 2 ; and 
         FIG. 4  is a left end elevational view of the endoprosthesis holder of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to the drawings and more specifically to  FIG. 1 , the endoprosthesis or stent holder  10  is used with a delivery system  12 . The delivery system  12  includes an elongate inner structure  14  on which the endoprosthesis holder  10  is mounted in coaxial relation therewith. The mounting of the endoprosthesis holder  10  on the inner structure  14  provides for the obstruction of axial displacement of the endoprosthesis holder relative to the inner structure. The mounting of the endoprosthesis holder  10  on the inner structure  14  may further provide for the obstruction transverse or rotational displacement of the endoprosthesis holder relative to the inner structure. 
     A stent  16  is located around the endoprosthesis holder  10  in coaxial relation therewith. The stent  16  is engaged by radial outward protrusions  48  of the endoprosthesis holder  10  such that axial displacement of the stent  16  relative to the endoprosthesis holder is obstructed. The engagement of the stent  16  by the outward protrusions  48  may further obstruct transverse or rotational displacement of the stent relative to the endoprosthesis holder. The delivery system  12  includes a tubular sheath  18  which is located around the stent  16  in coaxially relation therewith. 
     The delivery system  12  provides for the deployment of the stent  16  to a location within a body lumen by positioning the stent  16  around and in engagement with the endoprosthesis holder  10  such that axial displacement of the stent  16  relative to the endoprosthesis holder  10  is obstructed. The sheath  18  is located around the stent  16  such that the stent is covered completely in the axial direction by the sheath. 
     The portion of the delivery system  12  in which the stent  16  is contained is inserted into the body lumen and displaced relative thereto to position the stent at the desired location within the body lumen. When the delivery system  12  has positioned the stent at the desired location within the body lumen, the sheath  18  is retracted to uncover the stent  16  in the longitudinal direction. During the retraction of the sheath  18 , the stent  16  maintains the axial position thereof relative to the inner structure  14  by the engagement of the stent by the outward protrusions  48  of the endoprosthesis holder  10 . The engagement between the outward protrusions  48  and the stent  16  resists the stent from being carried by the sheath  18  in the direction of the retraction thereof. During the retraction of the sheath  18 , it may be desired to cease the retraction and return the sheath to an axial position in which all or part of the stent  16  which was uncovered during the retraction of the sheath is re-covered by the sheath. This is typically accomplished by axial displacement of the sheath  18  relative to the inner structure  14  in a direction which opposes the direction of the retraction of the sheath. This axial displacement of the sheath  18  relative to the inner structure  14  such that the sheath covers a portion of the stent which was previously covered by the sheath is referred to as reconstrainment. During the reconstrainment, the axial position of the stent  16  relative to the endoprosthesis holder  10  and inner structure  14  is maintained by the engagement of the stent by the outward protrusions  48 . The engagement between the outward protrusions  48  and stent  16  obstructs the stent from being carried by the sheath  18 . The carrying of the stent  16  by the sheath  18  would typically result in the stent  16  being axially displaced relative to the inner structure  14  in the direction of the reconstrainment of the sheath  18 . Reconstrainment may be desired as a result of a determination that further displacement of the delivery system  12  within the body lumen is necessary to position the stent  16  at a different location within the body lumen. 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  includes a proximal connector structure  20  having outer and inner surfaces  22 ,  24 . A distal connector structure  26  has outer and inner surfaces  28 ,  30 . The proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26  have annular cross-sections. 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  includes an intermediate connector structure  32  which is integrally connected to the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26  such that the intermediate connector structure is between the proximal and distal connector structures and in coaxial relation therewith. The intermediate connector structure  32  has an annular cross-section, the dimensions of which are generally the same as the dimensions of the annular cross-sections of the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26 . The intermediate connector structure  32  has an outer surface  34  which is contiguous with the outer surfaces  22 ,  28  of the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26 . The intermediate connector structure  32  has an inner surface  36  which is contiguous with the inner surfaces  24 ,  30  of the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26 . 
     The intermediate connector structure  32  includes intermediate transverse structures  38  each of which has an annular cross section. The intermediate transverse structures  38  are aligned longitudinally in coaxial relation to one another. The intermediate transverse structures  38  each have two pairs of axial structures  40 ,  42  integrally connected thereto. Each pair of axial structures  40  are connected to diametrically opposed locations of the corresponding intermediate transverse structure  38 . Each of the pairs of axial structures  40 ,  42  extend in opposite axial directions from the intermediate transverse structure  38  to which both of the pairs of axial structures  40 ,  42  are integrally connected. 
     The axial structures  40 ,  42  have respective axial center lines  44 ,  46 . The axial center lines  44  of the axial structures  40  are circumferentially offset by 90 degrees relative to the axial center lines  46  of the axial structures  42  which are connected to the same intermediate transverse structure. 
     The intermediate transverse structures  38  which are adjacent to the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26  are integrally connected thereto by corresponding pairs of the axial structures  40 . 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  includes outward protrusions  48  which are integrally connected to the outer surfaces  22 ,  28 ,  34  of the proximal, distal, and intermediate connector structures  20 ,  26 ,  32 . The outward protrusions  48  are lobe-shaped and have diametrically opposed locations on the outer surfaces  22 ,  28 ,  34  of the proximal, distal, and intermediate connector structures  20 ,  26 ,  32 . 
     The outward protrusions  48  are connected to sections of the outer surface  34  of the intermediate connector structure  32  which are defined by one set of the axial structures  40  which are diametrically opposed to one another. The outward protrusions  48  extending from the axial structures  40  which are connected to the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26  extend to the proximal and distal connector structures  20 ,  26  for integral connection to the outer surfaces  22 ,  28 . 
     The connection of the outward protrusions  48  to the axial structures  40  and proximal and distal connectors structures  20 ,  26  provides for the outward protrusions  48  to be arranged in diametrically opposed rows. The circumferential offset between the axial structures  40  and axial structures  44  provides for axial clearances  50  between the outward protrusions  48 . 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  may be formed of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) or polyurethane. The endoprosthesis holder  10  may be formed of biocompatible materials, such as biocompatible polymers including those which are known. Such polymers may include fillers such as metals, carbon fibers, glass fibers or ceramics. Also, such polymers may include olefin polymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene which is not expanded, fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), naphthalene dicarboxylate derivatives, such as polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polytrimethylene naphthalate and trimethylenediol naphthalate, polyurethane, polyurea, silicone rubbers, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyaldehydes, natural rubbers, polyester copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyethers, such as fully or partially halogenated polyethers, copolymers, and combinations thereof. Also, polyesters, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyesters, polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polyurethanes, polyolefins, polyvinyls, polymethylacetates, polyamides, naphthalane dicarboxylene derivatives, and natural silk may be included in the endoprosthesis holder  10 . In alternative embodiments, the endoprosthesis holder  10  may be formed from a polymer sleeve. 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  may be formed of materials such as nitinol, Elgiloy, stainless steel, cobalt chromium, including MP35N, cobalt-based alloy, tantalum, niobium, platinum, gold, titanium, combinations thereof and other biocompatible metals, polymers and materials. Additionally, the endoprosthesis holder  10  may include structural members which have an inner core formed of tantalum, gold, platinum, iridium, or a combination thereof, and an outer cladding of nitinol to provide composite members for improved radio-opacity or visibility. Examples of such composite members are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0035396 which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  maybe treated with anti-thrombogenic agents (such as heparin, heparin derivatives, urokinase, and PPack (dextrophenylalanine proline arginine chloromethylketone)), anti-proliferative agents (such as enoxaprin, angiopeptin, or monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation, hirudin, and acetylsalicylic acid), anti-inflammatory agents (such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine, and mesalamine), antineoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-miotic agents (such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin and thymidine kinase inhibitors), anesthetic agents (such as lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine), anti-coagulants (such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl keton, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet peptides), vascular cell growth promotors (such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional activators, and translational promotors), vascular cell growth inhibitors (such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin), cholesterol-lowering agents, vasodilating agents, and agents which interfere with endogenous vascoactive mechanisms. 
     The endoprosthesis holder  10  is secured to the inner structure  14  of the delivery system  12  such that the endoprosthesis holder is located around the inner structure in coaxial relation therewith. The securing of the endoprosthesis holder  10  to the inner structure  14  obstructs axial displacement of the endoprosthesis holder relative to the inner structure. The securing of the endoprosthesis holder  10  to the inner structure  14  may further provide for obstruction of transverse or rotational displacement of the endoprosthesis holder relative to the inner structure. 
     The stent  16  is located around the endoprosthesis holder  10  in coaxial relation therewith. The stent  16  has one or more voids in which the outward protrusions  48  extend to obstruct axial displacement of the stent  16  relative to the endoprosthesis holder  10 . Consequently, axial displacement of the stent  16  relative to the inner structure  14  is obstructed. The sheath  18  of the delivery system  12  is located around the stent  16  in coaxial relation therewith. 
     During longitudinal displacement of the sheath  18  relative to the inner structure  14 , possible longitudinal displacement of the stent  16  associated with the sheath is resisted by the outward protrusions  48  which extend into the one or more voids in the stent  16 . Consequently, the axial position of the stent  16  relative to the inner structure  14  is maintained such that longitudinal retraction of the sheath  18  relative to the inner structure  14  may provide for the uncovering of an axial portion or all of the outer surface of the stent  16  which was previously covered by the sheath. Also, the maintenance of the axial position of the stent  16  relative to the inner structure  14  which is provided by the extension of the outward protrusions  48  into the one or more voids in the stent results in forward longitudinal displacement of the sheath  18  relative to the inner structure  14  enabling the sheath to cover an axial portion of the stent or the entire stent. This re-covering of the stent  16  by the sheath  18  provides reconstrainment of the stent. 
     Stent  16  may be treated with a therapeutic agent or agents. “Therapeutic agents”, “pharmaceuticals,” “pharmaceutically active agents”, “drugs” and other related terms may be used interchangeably herein and include genetic therapeutic agents, non-genetic therapeutic agents and cells. Therapeutic agents may be used singly or in combination. A wide variety of therapeutic agents can be employed in conjunction with the present invention including those used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and conditions (i.e., the prevention of a disease or condition, the reduction or elimination of symptoms associated with a disease or condition, or the substantial or complete elimination of a disease or condition). 
     Non-limiting examples of useful therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, adrenergic agents, adrenocortical steroids, adrenocortical suppressants, alcohol deterrents, aldosterone antagonists, amino acids and proteins, ammonia detoxicants, anabolic agents, analeptic agents, analgesic agents, androgenic agents, anesthetic agents, anorectic compounds, anorexic agents, antagonists, anterior pituitary activators and suppressants, anthelmintic agents, anti-adrenergic agents, anti-allergic agents, anti-amebic agents, anti-androgen agents, anti-anemic agents, anti-anginal agents, anti-anxiety agents, anti-arthritic agents, anti-asthmatic agents, anti-atherosclerotic agents, antibacterial agents, anticholelithic agents, anticholelithogenic agents, anticholinergic agents, anticoagulants, anticoccidal agents, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antidiuretics, antidotes, antidyskinetics agents, anti-emetic agents, anti-epileptic agents, anti-estrogen agents, antifibrinolytic agents, antifungal agents, antiglaucoma agents, antihemophilic agents, antihemophilic Factor, antihemorrhagic agents, antihistaminic agents, antihyperlipidemic agents, antihyperlipoproteinemic agents, antihypertensives, antihypotensives, anti-infective agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antikeratinizing agents, antimicrobial agents, antimigraine agents, antimitotic agents, antimycotic agents, antineoplastic agents, anti-cancer supplementary potentiating agents, antineutropenic agents, antiobsessional agents, antiparasitic agents, antiparkinsonian drugs, antipneumocystic agents, antiproliferative agents, antiprostatic hypertrophydrugs, antiprotozoal agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antipsychotics, antirheumatic agents, antischistosomal agents, antiseborrheic agents, antispasmodic agents, antithrombotic agents, antitussive agents, anti-ulcerative agents, anti-urolithic agents, antiviral agents, benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agents, blood glucose regulators, bone resorption inhibitors, bronchodilators, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cardiac depressants, cardioprotectants, cardiotonic agents, cardiovascular agents, choleretic agents, cholinergic agents, cholinergic agonists, cholinesterase deactivators, coccidiostat agents, cognition adjuvants and cognition enhancers, depressants, diagnostic aids, diuretics, dopaminergic agents, ectoparasiticides, emetic agents, enzyme inhibitors, estrogens, fibrinolytic agents, free oxygen radical scavengers, gastrointestinal motility agents, glucocorticoids, gonad-stimulating principles, hemostatic agents, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, hormones, hypocholesterolemic agents, hypoglycemic agents, hypolipidemic agents, hypotensive agents, HMGCoA reductase inhibitors, immunizing agents, immunomodulators, immunoregulators, immunostimulants, immunosuppressants, impotence therapy adjuncts, keratolytic agents, LHRH agonists, luteolysin agents, mucolytics, mucosal protective agents, mydriatic agents, nasal decongestants, neuroleptic agents, neuromuscular blocking agents, neuroprotective agents, NMDA antagonists, non-hormonal sterol derivatives, oxytocic agents, plasminogen activators, platelet activating factor antagonists, platelet aggregation inhibitors, post-stroke and post-head trauma treatments, progestins, prostaglandins, prostate growth inhibitors, prothyrotropin agents, psychotropic agents, radioactive agents, repartitioning agents, scabicides, sclerosing agents, sedatives, sedative-hypnotic agents, selective adenosine A1 antagonists, adenosine A2 receptor antagonists (e.g., CGS 21680, regadenoson, UK 432097 or GW 328267), serotonin antagonists, serotonin inhibitors, serotonin receptor antagonists, steroids, stimulants, thyroid hormones, thyroid inhibitors, thyromimetic agents, tranquilizers, unstable angina agents, uricosuric agents, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vulnerary agents, wound healing agents, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, and the like, and combinations thereof. 
     Useful non-genetic therapeutic agents for use in connection with the present invention include, but are not limited to, 
     (a) anti-thrombotic agents such as heparin, heparin derivatives, urokinase, clopidogrel, and PPack (dextrophenylalanine proline arginine chloromethylketone); 
     (b) anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine and mesalamine; 
     (c) antineoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-miotic agents such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin, angiopeptin, monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation, and thymidine kinase inhibitors;
 
(d) anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine;
 
(e) anti-coagulants such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, hirudin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet peptides;
 
(f) vascular cell growth promoters such as growth factors, transcriptional activators, and translational promotors;
 
(g) vascular cell growth inhibitors such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin;
 
(h) protein kinase and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., tyrphostins, genistein, quinoxalines);
 
(i) prostacyclin analogs;
 
(j) cholesterol-lowering agents;
 
(k) angiopoietins;
 
(l) antimicrobial agents such as triclosan, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin;
 
(m) cytotoxic agents, cytostatic agents and cell proliferation affectors;
 
(n) vasodilating agents;
 
(o) agents that interfere with endogenous vasoactive mechanisms;
 
(p) inhibitors of leukocyte recruitment, such as monoclonal antibodies;
 
(q) cytokines;
 
(r) hormones;
 
(s) inhibitors of HSP 90 protein (i.e., Heat Shock Protein, which is a molecular chaperone or housekeeping protein and is needed for the stability and function of other client proteins/signal transduction proteins responsible for growth and survival of cells) including geldanamycin;
 
(t) smooth muscle relaxants such as alpha receptor antagonists (e.g., doxazosin, tamsulosin, terazosin, prazosin and alfuzosin), calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapimil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nicardipine, nimodipine and bepridil), beta receptor agonists (e.g., dobutamine and salmeterol), beta receptor antagonists (e.g., atenolol, metaprolol and butoxamine), angiotensin-II receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, candesartan, eprosartan and telmisartan), and antispasmodic/anticholinergic drugs (e.g., oxybutynin chloride, flavoxate, tolterodine, hyoscyamine sulfate, diclomine);
 
(u) bARKct inhibitors;
 
(v) phospholamban inhibitors;
 
(w) Serca 2 gene/protein;
 
(x) immune response modifiers including aminoquizolines, for instance, imidazoquinolines such as resiquimod and imiquimod;
 
(y) human apolioproteins (e.g., AI, AII, AIII, AIV, AV, etc.);
 
(z) selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene, lasofoxifene, arzoxifene, miproxifene, ospemifene, PKS 3741, MF 101 and SR 16234;
 
(aa) PPAR agonists, including PPAR-alpha, gamma and delta agonists, such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, netoglitazone, fenofibrate, bexaotene, metaglidasen, rivoglitazone and tesaglitazar;
 
(bb) prostaglandin E agonists, including PGE2 agonists, such as alprostadil or ONO 8815Ly;
 
(cc) thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP);
 
(dd) vasopeptidase inhibitors including benazepril, fosinopril, lisinopril, quinapril, ramipril, imidapril, delapril, moexipril and spirapril;
 
(ee) thymosin beta 4;
 
(ff) phospholipids including phosphorylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine; and
 
(gg) VLA-4 antagonists and VCAM-1 antagonists. The non-genetic therapeutic agents may be used individually or in combination, including in combination with any of the agents described herein.
 
     Further examples of non-genetic therapeutic agents, not necessarily exclusive of those listed above, include taxanes such as paclitaxel (including particulate forms thereof, for instance, protein-bound paclitaxel particles such as albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles, e.g., ABRAXANE), sirolimus, everolimus, tacrolimus, zotarolimus, Epo D, dexamethasone, estradiol, halofuginone, cilostazole, geldanamycin, alagebrium chloride (ALT-711), ABT-578 (Abbott Laboratories), trapidil, liprostin, Actinomcin D, Resten-NG, Ap-17, abciximab, clopidogrel, Ridogrel, beta-blockers, bARKct inhibitors, phospholamban inhibitors, Serca 2 gene/protein, imiquimod, human apolioproteins (e.g., AI-AV), growth factors (e.g., VEGF-2), as well derivatives of the forgoing, among others. 
     Useful genetic therapeutic agents for use in connection with the present invention include, but are not limited to, anti-sense DNA and RNA as well as DNA coding for the various proteins (as well as the proteins themselves), such as (a) anti-sense RNA; (b) tRNA or rRNA to replace defective or deficient endogenous molecules; (c) angiogenic and other factors including growth factors such as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial mitogenic growth factors, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor .alpha. and .beta., platelet-derived endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor .alpha., hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor; (d) cell cycle inhibitors including CD inhibitors, and (e) thymidine kinase (“TK”) and other agents useful for interfering with cell proliferation. DNA encoding for the family of bone morphogenic proteins (“BMP&#39;s”) are also useful and include, but not limited to, BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 (Vgr-1), BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-14, BMP-15, and BMP-16. Currently desirably BMP&#39;s are any of BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 and BMP-7. These dimeric proteins can be provided as homodimers, heterodimers, or combinations thereof, alone or together with other molecules. Alternatively, or in addition, molecules capable of inducing an upstream or downstream effect of a BMP can be provided. Such molecules include any of the “hedgehog” proteins, or the DNA&#39;s encoding them. 
     Vectors for delivery of genetic therapeutic agents include, but not limited to, viral vectors such as adenoviruses, gutted adenoviruses, adeno-associated virus, retroviruses, alpha virus (Semliki Forest, Sindbis, etc.), lentiviruses, herpes simplex virus, replication competent viruses (e.g., ONYX-015) and hybrid vectors; and non-viral vectors such as artificial chromosomes and mini-chromosomes, plasmid DNA vectors (e.g., pCOR), cationic polymers (e.g., polyethyleneimine, polyethyleneimine (PEI)), graft copolymers (e.g., polyether-PEI and polyethylene oxide-PEI), neutral polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), SP1017 (SUPRATEK), lipids such as cationic lipids, liposomes, lipoplexes, nanoparticles, or microparticles, with and without targeting sequences such as the protein transduction domain (PTD). 
     Cells for use in connection with the present invention may include cells of human origin (autologous or allogeneic), including whole bone marrow, bone marrow derived mono-nuclear cells, progenitor cells (e.g., endothelial progenitor cells), stem cells (e.g., mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neuronal), pluripotent stem cells, fibroblasts, myoblasts, satellite cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, skeletal myocytes or macrophage, or from an animal, bacterial or fungal source (xenogeneic), which can be genetically engineered, if desired, to deliver proteins of interest. 
     Numerous therapeutic agents, not necessarily exclusive of those listed above, have been identified as candidates for vascular treatment regimens, for example, as agents targeting restenosis (antirestenotics). Such agents are useful for the practice of the present invention and include one or more of the following: 
     (a) Ca-channel blockers including benzothiazapines such as diltiazem and clentiazem, dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, amlodipine and nicardapine, and phenylalkylamines such as verapamil; 
     (b) serotonin pathway modulators including: 5-HT antagonists such as ketanserin and naftidrofuryl, as well as 5-HT uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine; 
     (c) cyclic nucleotide pathway agents including phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as cilostazole and dipyridamole, adenylate/Guanylate cyclase stimulants such as forskolin, as well as adenosine analogs; 
     (d) catecholamine modulators including .alpha.-antagonists such as prazosin and bunazosine, .beta.-antagonists such as propranolol and .alpha./.beta.-antagonists such as labetalol and carvedilol; 
     (e) endothelin receptor antagonists such as bosentan, sitaxsentan sodium, atrasentan, endonentan; 
     (f) nitric oxide donors/releasing molecules including organic nitrates/nitrites such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate and amyl nitrite, inorganic nitroso compounds such as sodium nitroprusside, sydnonimines such as molsidomine and linsidomine, nonoates such as diazenium diolates and NO adducts of alkanediamines, S-nitroso compounds including low molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of captopril, glutathione and N-acetyl penicillamine) and high molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of proteins, peptides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, synthetic polymers/oligomers and natural polymers/oligomers), as well as C-nitroso-compounds, O-nitroso-compounds, N-nitroso-compounds and L-arginine;
 
(g) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as cilazapril, fosinopril and enalapril;
 
(h) ATII-receptor antagonists such as saralasin and losartin;
 
(i) platelet adhesion inhibitors such as albumin and polyethylene oxide;
 
(j) platelet aggregation inhibitors including cilostazole, aspirin and thienopyridine (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as abciximab, epitifibatide and tirofiban;
 
(k) coagulation pathway modulators including heparinoids such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dextran sulfate and .beta.-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin, hirulog, PPACK (D-phe-L-propyl-L-arg-chloromethylketone) and argatroban, FXa inhibitors such as antistatin and TAP (tick anticoagulant peptide), Vitamin K inhibitors such as warfarin, as well as activated protein C;
 
(l) cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors such as aspirin, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, indomethacin and sulfinpyrazone;
 
(m) natural and synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, methprednisolone and hydrocortisone;
 
(n) lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors such as nordihydroguairetic acid and caffeic acid;
 
(o) leukotriene receptor antagonists;
 
(p) antagonists of E- and P-selectins;
 
(q) inhibitors of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 interactions;
 
(r) prostaglandins and analogs thereof including prostaglandins such as PGE1 and PGI2 and prostacyclin analogs such as ciprostene, epoprostenol, carbacyclin, iloprost and beraprost;
 
(s) macrophage activation preventers including bisphosphonates;
 
(t) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin and cerivastatin;
 
(u) fish oils and omega-3-fatty acids;
 
(v) free-radical scavengers/antioxidants such as probucol, vitamins C and E, ebselen, trans-retinoic acid, SOD (orgotein) and SOD mimics, verteporfin, rostaporfin, AGI 1067, and M 40419;
 
(w) agents affecting various growth factors including FGF pathway agents such as bFGF antibodies and chimeric fusion proteins, PDGF receptor antagonists such as trapidil, IGF pathway agents including somatostatin analogs such as angiopeptin and ocreotide, TGF-.beta. pathway agents such as polyanionic agents (heparin, fucoidin), decorin, and TGF-.beta. antibodies, EGF pathway agents such as EGF antibodies, receptor antagonists and chimeric fusion proteins, TNF-.alpha. pathway agents such as thalidomide and analogs thereof, Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) pathway modulators such as sulotroban, vapiprost, dazoxiben and ridogrel, as well as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as tyrphostin, genistein and quinoxaline derivatives;
 
(x) matrix metalloprotease (MMP) pathway inhibitors such as marimastat, ilomastat, metastat, batimastat, pentosan polysulfate, rebimastat, incyclinide, apratastat, PG 116800, RO 1130830 or ABT 518;
 
(y) cell motility inhibitors such as cytochalasin B;
 
(z) antiproliferative/antineoplastic agents including antimetabolites such as purine antagonists/analogs (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine and pro-drugs of 6-mercaptopurine such as azathioprine or cladribine, which is a chlorinated purine nucleoside analog), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., cytarabine and 5-fluorouracil) and methotrexate, nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, ethylenimines, antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin), nitrosoureas, cisplatin, agents affecting microtubule dynamics (e.g., vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, Epo D, paclitaxel and epothilone), caspase activators, proteasome inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., endostatin, angiostatin and squalamine), olimus family drugs (e.g., sirolimus, everolimus, tacrolimus, zotarolimus, etc.), cerivastatin, flavopiridol and suramin;
 
(aa) matrix deposition/organization pathway inhibitors such as halofuginone or other quinazolinone derivatives, pirfenidone and tranilast;
 
(bb) endothelialization facilitators such as VEGF and RGD peptide;
 
(cc) blood rheology modulators such as pentoxifylline and
 
(dd) glucose cross-link breakers such as alagebrium chloride (ALT-711). These therapeutic agents may be used individually or in combination, including in combination with any of the agents described herein.
 
     Numerous additional therapeutic agents useful for the practice of the present invention are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,925 to Kunz, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     A wide range of therapeutic agent loadings may used in connection with the dosage forms of the present invention, with the pharmaceutically effective amount being readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art and ultimately depending, for example, upon the condition to be treated, the nature of the therapeutic agent itself, the tissue into which the dosage form is introduced, and so forth. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,833,632, 6,014,919, 6,260,458, and 6,428,489, 6,431,039 are hereby incorporated by reference herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/762,334 filed Jun. 13, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     While the invention has been described by reference to certain preferred embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes could be made within the spirit and scope of the inventive concept described. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but that it have the full scope permitted by the language of the following claims.