Abstract:
Modified bacteriophage, uses thereof, and compositions containing the modified bacteriophage are described. The compositions are useful for human treatment and may treat various conditions, including bacterial infections.

Description:
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The World Health Organisation&#39;s 2014 report on global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance reveals that antibiotic resistance is a global problem that is jeopardising the ability to treat common infections in the community and hospitals. Without urgent action, the world is heading towards a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries, which have been treatable for decades, can once again kill (WHO, 2014), Antibiotic resistance complicates patients&#39; recovery from even minor operations and is increasingly causing treatment failures. In fact, there are now strains of some genera of bacteria circulating globally which are resistant to all available antibiotics. Such strains commonly fall within the scope of the so-called ESKAPE pathogens— Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa  and Enterobacter species (Boucher et al., 2009). The term ESKAPE pathogens was coined by Boucher et al. to emphasize that these bacteria currently cause a majority of hospital infections in the US and Europe and can effectively “escape” the majority, if not all, available antibiotics with panantibiotic-resistant infections now occurring. The death rate for patients with serious infections caused by common bacteria treated in hospitals is approximately twice that of patients with infections caused by the same non-resistant bacteria, e.g. people with methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) infections are estimated to be 64% more likely to die than people with a non-resistant form of the infection (WHO, 2014). Of the Gram positive bacteria, methicillin resistant  S. aureus  continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals in the US and Europe. However, in more recent years, several highly resistant Gram negative pathogens, including Acinetobacter species, multidrug resistant (MDR)  P. aeruginosa , and carbapenem-resistant  Klebsiella  species and  Escherichia coli,  have emerged as major pathogens causing serious, and sometimes untreatable, infections. Advances in medicine mean that increasingly complex procedures take place: and these advances are leading to a growing number of elderly patients and patients undergoing surgery, transplantation, and chemotherapy all of which will produce an even greater number of immunocompromised individuals at risk of these infections Walker et al., 2009. This phenomenon has led to a greater dependence on, and requirement for, effective antibiotics. 
         [0002]      P. aeruginosa  is one bacterium which is frequently multi-drug resistant (MDR) having intrinsic resistance due to low permeability of its outer membrane limiting drugs getting into the cell, and a multitude of efflux pumps to expel any drugs that successfully manage to enter the cell.  P. aeruginosa  is also acquiring additional resistance mechanisms, including resistance to the “antibiotics of last resort” for Gram negatives, the carbapenems.  P. aeruginosa  causes approximately 10% of all hospital acquired infections and is the second leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia, which accounts for 50% of all hospital-acquired infection prescribing.  P. aeruginosa  infections in hospitals commonly require intravenous (IV) treatment with current standard of care for  P. aeruginosa  infections dictating that patients are treated with at least two antibiotics. Unfortunately, resistance frequently develops in patients during therapy. With so few new classes of antibiotic developed and approved for market within the last 30-40 years, there is a critical need for novel, safe and effective antibacterial agents. 
         [0003]    As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, one family of proteins which demonstrate broad spectrum antibacterial activity inside bacteria comprises the α/β-type small acid-soluble spore proteins (known henceforth as SASP). Inside bacteria, SASP bind to the bacterial DNA: visualisation of this process, using cryoelectron microscopy, has shown that SspC, the most studied SASP, coats the DNA and forms protruding domains and modifies the DNA structure (Francesconi et al., 1988; Frenkiel-Krispin et al., 2004) from B-like (pitch 3.4 nm) towards A-like (3.18 nm; A-like DNA has a pitch of 2.8 nm). The protruding SspC motifs interact with adjacent DNA-SspC filaments packing the filaments into a tight assembly of nucleo-protein helices. In 2008, Lee et al. reported the crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution of an α/β-type SASP bound to a 10-bp DNA duplex. In the complex, the α/β-type SASP adopt a helix-turn-helix motif, interact with DNA through minor groove contacts, bind to approximately 6 bp of DNA as a dimer and the DNA is in an A-B type conformation. 
         [0004]    In this way DNA replication is halted and, where bound, SASP prevent DNA transcription. SASP bind to DNA in a non-sequence specific manner (Nicholson et al., 1990) so that mutations in the bacterial DNA do not affect the binding of SASP. Sequences of α/β-type SASP may be found in appendix 1 of WO02/40678, including SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  which is the preferred a/B-type SASP. 
         [0005]    WO02/40678 describes the use as an antimicrobial agent of bacteriophage modified to incorporate a SASP gene. In order to provide effective production of the modified bacteriophage in a bacterial host, WO02/40678 aims to avoid expression of the SASP gene during proliferation of the production host. To this end, the SASP gene was put under the control of an inducible promoter. In one arrangement, the SASP gene was put under the control of a lysis gene promoter which is active only at the end of the bacteriophage life cycle by insertion into the lysis genes of a temperate bacteriophage. In doing so the phage remains viable as a prophage. In another arrangement, the SASP gene could be located elsewhere on the bacteriophage chromosome and placed under the control of a bacteriophage or bacterial promoter whereby the lytic cycle could be left to run its course. In this arrangement, the bacterial promoter would be non-constitutive and could be up-regulated by environmental cues. It was thought that proliferation of the bacterial production host would otherwise be prevented owing to the presence of the SASP gene product, particularly if the SASP gene was under the control of a constitutive promoter. 
         [0006]    WO2009019293 describes that effective production of bacteriophage may be achieved where the bacteriophage has been modified to carry a gene encoding a SASP under the control of a promoter which is controlled independently of the bacteriophage, and which is constitutive with no exogenous or in trans regulation necessary or provided. An example is the fbaA promoter from  S. aureus  which is used to drive expression of the SASP-C gene from  Bacillus megaterium  and which, when present in multiple copies, for example following infection of target cells, drives toxic levels of SASP expression. 
         [0007]    Bacteriophage vectors modified to contain a SASP gene have generally been named SASPject vectors. Once the SASP gene has been delivered to a target bacterium, SASP is produced inside those bacteria where it binds to bacterial DNA and changes the conformation of the DNA from B-like towards A-like. Production of sufficient SASP inside target bacterial cells causes a drop in viability of affected cells. 
         [0008]    Bacteriophage have been used as medicines for the treatment of bacterial infections since the 1920s or 30s. Generally, bacteriophage are specific to their bacterial host. Some bacteriophage are temperate and others non-temperate. Temperate phage are able to infect the host cell and integrate into the host cell genome becoming a prophage which is generally harmless to the host cell in this state. Non-temperate or “lytic” phage are only able to replicate in a lytic lifestyle by making new bacteriophage progeny and ending in lysis of the host cell and release of mature phage particles. For useful medicines, the challenge is to provide bacteriophage compositions which can be used to treat infection from a variety of different bacteria in an effective way. It is commonly thought that this is achieved using the most potent bacteriophage compositions available: those with a broadened host range, possibly as a mixture or “cocktail” of bacteriophage, which are obligately lytic and retain viability through replication and release during treatment (Carlton, 1999; Kutateladze and Adamia, 2010). Cocktails of wild type phage have been used to ensure sufficient spectrum of activity against clinical strains of bacteria (Burrowes and Harper, 2012). Such cocktails can consist of up to 20 different and unrelated phage (Abedon 2008). As an alternative to the cocktail approach,  E. coli  bacteriophage K1-5 has been isolated. This is a naturally-occurring obligately lytic phage which carries more than one host range determinant allowing it to infect and replicate on both K1 and K5 strains of  E. coli  (Scholl et al, 2001). These phage are considered to be extra potent. 
         [0009]    There remains a need to provide improved bacteriophage for use in treating bacterial infections in medicine as well as inhibiting or preventing bacterial cell growth in medical and non-medical situations. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    In a first aspect, the present invention provides a modified bacteriophage capable of infecting a plurality of different target bacteria, which bacteriophage includes an α/β small acid-soluble spore protein (SASP) gene encoding a SASP which is toxic to the target bacteria; wherein the bacteriophage is non-lytic; wherein the bacteriophage expresses a plurality of different host range determinants (HRD); and wherein each HRD has a different bacterial host specificity. The bacterial host specificity of the HRD is advantageously within the same bacterial species. 
         [0011]    It has surprisingly been found that a modified bacteriophage may be produced which is capable of infecting a variety of different target bacteria and which is effective for use in medicine even though the bacteriophage is non-lytic. The bacteriophage has an enhanced host range because it expresses a plurality of different HRD, wherein each HRD has a different bacterial host specificity. Such phage may be produced by genetic engineering, for example by selecting HRD from phage which infect the same bacterial species. Having created such an extra-potent phage, it can then be rendered non-lytic, and hence non-viable and yet still be suitable as a SASPject vector. 
         [0012]    In one aspect, the term ‘SASP’ as used in the present specification refers to a protein with α/β-type SASP activity, that is, the ability to bind to DNA and modify its structure from its B-like form towards its A-like form, and not only covers the proteins listed in appendix 1 of WO02/40678, but also any homologues thereof, as well as any other protein also having α/β-type SASP activity. In an alternative aspect, the term ‘SASP’ as used in the specification refers to any protein listed in appendix 1 of WO02/40678, or any homologue having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 98% or 99% sequence identity with any one of the proteins listed in appendix 1 of WO02/40678. In another alternative aspect, the term ‘SASP’ as used in the specification refers to any protein listed in appendix 1 of WO02/40678. 
         [0013]    The modified bacteriophage may be non-lytic because it comprises an inactivated lysis gene. Insertion of sequence into the lysis gene or removal of the lysis gene would render this gene inactive. The lysis gene may conveniently be inactivated by insertion of the SASP gene. The SASP gene may be chosen from any one of the genes encoding the SASP disclosed in Appendix 1 of WO02/40678. In a preferred arrangement the SASP is SASP-C. The SASP-C may be from  Bacillus megaterium.    
         [0014]    It is preferred that the SASP gene is under the control of a constitutive promoter which is advantageously sufficiently strong to drive production of toxic levels of SASP when the modified bacteriophage is present in multiple copies in the target bacterium. Useful constitutive promoters include pdhA for pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha sub units, rpsB for the 30S ribosomal protein S2, pgi for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and the fructose bisphosphate aldolase gene promoter fda. Preferred regulated promoters, active during infection, are lasB for elastase. These promoters are typically from  P. aeruginosa . Promoters having a sequence showing at least 90% sequence identity to these promoter sequences may also be used. 
         [0015]    The present invention is generally applicable to bacteriophage infecting a variety of different target bacteria. In one arrangement at least one of the target bacteria is  Pseudomonas.  Advantageously, the plurality of different target of bacteria is a plurality of different  Pseudomonas  bacteria. An important target is  Pseudomonas aeruginosa.    
         [0016]    It was not previously considered obvious that use of an obligate lytic phage would be suitable as a SASPject vector since a requirement of a SASPject vector is that it is specifically not lytic for optimal therapeutic use, giving an increased time window for SASP expression and enabling prevention of rapid lysis upon treatment in vivo, thus limiting the potential release of antibiotic resistance genes and toxic cell wall components which can lead to a dangerous inflammatory response. 
         [0017]    The approach described in the present invention is advantageous as compared to the cocktail approach described previously. Mixtures of modified bacteriophage, such as SASPject vectors are identical in structure and genome sequence, other than carrying one or more extra HRD. One advantage is that control of the manufacturing process for the mix of SASPjects will be straightforward, which is an important aspect of a pharmaceutical preparation: the process will be materially the same for phage modified to carry one or more heterologous HRD as they share identical or near-identical biophysical properties. Another advantage is that the in vivo characteristics of the SASPject vectors are likely to be similar, e.g. pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, as each vector is structurally the same or similar. 
         [0018]    In the present invention it has been found that phage can be created which are extra-potent obligately-lytic bacteriophage carrying one or more extra HRD. Surprisingly, such phage can be used to make enhanced SASPject vectors by rendering these phage non-lytic and non-viable, by insertion or replacement of a lytic gene(s) with a gene for a SASP. Phage suitable for such modification may be isolated by screening for phage capable of infecting a chosen bacterial species. For instance, phage may be isolated which infect  Pseudomonas aeruginosa,  by screening for phage from environmental sources which are able to form plaques on representative  P. aeruginosa  strains (Gill and Hyman, 2010). Isolated phage may have their whole genomes sequenced and annotated. HRD may be tail fibre proteins, which are commonly found to be proteins responsible for the initial recognition/binding to the host bacterium, for instance in phage T4, T5 and T7 (Rakhuba et al., 2010). Alternatively other HRD may be baseplate proteins. Phage genomes may be searched for potential HRD sequences by assessing the homology of all proteins in the phage genome to known sequences, using BLAST searches. 
         [0019]    According to the present invention it is preferred that each HRD has a broad host range. This may be defined as the ability to infect &gt;50% of a diverse collection or clinical isolates, totalling at least 35, preferably at least 40, more preferably at least 44, and most preferably &gt;50 in number. Such isolates should be from a range of geographical locations, including Europe, the Americas, and Asia, should carry a diverse range of antibiotic resistance phenotypes, including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, and should be from a diverse range of infection sites, such as strains cultured from blood, lung and skin infections. Such isolates can be obtained from public strain collections such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC). HRD proteins have at least one region involved in structural incorporation into the phage and at least one region involved in host recognition. Generally, in the case of tail fibre proteins, each comprises a C-terminal receptor binding region for binding to the target bacteria and an N-terminal region linking the C-terminal receptor binding region to the body of the bacteriophage. In one arrangement, taking Phi33 and related phage as an example, the N-terminal region comprises amino acids 1 to 628 of the tail fibre protein and the C-terminal region comprises the amino acids 629 to 964 of the tail fibre protein. 
         [0020]    The C-terminal region may have no more than 96% amino acid sequence identity with the C-terminal region of bacteriophage Phi33 and may be from any one of the bacteriophage Phi33, LBL3, SPM-1, F8, PB1, KPP12, LMA2, SN, 14-1, JG024, NH-4, PTP47, C36, PTP92 and PTP93. Lower amino acid sequence identities in the C-terminal region are preferred. Advantageously the sequence identity is less than 90%, more advantageously less than 80%, preferably less than 70%, more preferably less than 60%, still more preferably less than 50%, particularly preferably less than 40%, more particularly preferably less than 30%. The N-terminal region may have at least 90% and advantageously at least 95% amino acid sequence identity with the N-terminal region of bacteriophage Phi33 and may be from any one of bacteriophage Phi33, LBL3, SPM-1, F8, PB1, KPP12, LMA2, SN, 14-1, JG024, NH-4, PTP47, C36, PTP92 and PTP93. The N-terminal region and the C-terminal region may be from the same bacteriophage to provide a homologous tail fibre protein. Alternatively, the N-terminal region and the C-terminal region may be from different bacteriophage tail fibre proteins to provide a heterologous tail fibre protein. In one arrangement where the phage tail fibre protein is homologous, each tail fibre protein is from a bacteriophage selected from Phi33, LBL3, SPM-1, F8, PB1, KPP12, LMA2, SN, 14-1, JG024, NH-4, PTP47, C36, PTP92 and PTP93. 
         [0021]    It is advantageous to identify phage tail fibre proteins which share sequence identity of greater than 90% in the N-terminal region. For example several phage—Phi33, PTP47, PTP92 and C36—with a broad host range for  P. aeruginosa  strains (all of these phage infect &gt;60%, when analysed against 260 strains), have been isolated/identified and their genomes sequenced. Analysis of the genome sequences of Phi33, PTP47, PTP92 and C36 reveals that they contain genes encoding putative tail fibre proteins with a high level of sequence identity in the N-terminal region (&gt;95% amino acid sequence identity), following a 2 sequence BLAST alignment, compared to the Phi33 tail fibre amino acids 1-628 (amino acid identity in parentheses): C36 (96%), PTP47 (98%), PTP92 (97%). BLAST searches have shown that these 4 phages are related to 10 other deposited phage genome sequences which, together, form the family of PB1-like phage: PB1, SPM1, F8, LBL3, KPP12, LMA2, SN, JG024, NH-4, 14-1 (Ceyssens et al., 2009). The homology of these putative tail fibre proteins was assessed. Following a 2 sequence BLAST alignment, compared to the Phi33 tail fibre protein (amino acid identity in parentheses): LBL3 (96%), SPM-1 (95%), F8 (95%), PB1 (95%), KPP12 (94%), LMA2 (94%), SN (87%), 14-1 (86%), JG024 (83%), NH-4 (83%), C36 (96%), PTP47 (86%), PTP92 (83%). An alignment of all 14 of the aforementioned phage is shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0022]    Analysis of the annotated tail fibre protein sequences from these 14 phages reveals that the N-terminal region of the proteins—equivalent to Phi33 tail fibre amino acids 1-628—show an even higher level of sequence identity at the amino acid level than the sequence identity of these proteins over their entire length, in the range of 96-100% for all 14 proteins. Following a 2 sequence BLAST alignment, compared to the N-terminal amino acids 1-628 of the Phi33 tail fibre protein (amino acid identity in parentheses): LBL3 (96%), SPM-1 (96%), F8 (96%), PB1 (96%), KPP12 (98%), LMA2 (99%), SN (99%), 14-1 (97%), JG024 (97%), NH-4 (97%), PTP47 (98%), C36 (96%), PTP92 (97%). However, the C-terminal region of the protein - equivalent to Phi33 tail fibre amino acids 629-964—is not as conserved as the N-terminal region in some of the proteins, the range of sequence identity being typically 57-96%. Following a 2 sequence BLAST alignment, compared to the C-terminal 629-964 amino acids of the Phi33 tail fibre protein (amino acid identity in parentheses): LBL3 (94%), SPM-1 (93%), F8 (93%), PB1 (94%), KPP12 (87%), LMA2 (85%), SN (65%), 14-1 (65%), JG024 (57%), NH-4 (57%), PTP47 (64%), C36 (96%), PTP92 (57%). Analysis of phage tail fibres from other, well characterised, phage has shown that they possess an N-terminal tail base plate binding region and a C-terminal receptor binding region (Veesler and Cambillau, 2011). In experimental analysis of their bacterial strain host range, using plaque assay or growth inhibition tests, the phage Phi33, PTP47, PTP92 and C36 have overlapping but non-identical host range (Table 1). Taken together with the established evidence for the role of the C-terminal region of phage tail fibres being involved in bacterial host receptor binding, and the sequence variation in the C-terminal region of these 4 phage, and their similar but non-identical host range, it is postulated that the C-terminal variation is associated with host range in the phage assessed. 
         [0023]    It is further provided, according to this invention, that the genes for homologous tail fibre proteins can be taken from one phage and added to another, based upon their high level of sequence identity in the N-terminal region. The N-terminal region is thought to be involved in the binding of the tail fibre to the phage tail (Veesler and Cambillau, 2011), allowing the formation of viable phage with the host range associated with donor phage&#39;s tail fibre. Alternatively hybrid tail fibre genes may be made, carrying the conserved N-terminal tail attachment region of the tail fibre from a recipient phage, together with the variable C-terminal receptor-binding region from a heterologous donor phage tail fibre protein, using tail fibres genes such as those described herein. Such tail fibre hybrid genes could be used to replace some of the tail fibres of the phage. This provides an N-terminal region of the hybrid tail fibre (from the recipient phage) and allows the formation of viable phage with the host range associated with donor phage&#39;s tail fibre C-terminal receptor-binding region. Transplantation of engineered tail fibre hybrid genes into a recipient phage has been demonstrated in the present invention. Using standard molecular genetic techniques, Phi33 has been modified to carry heterologous tail fibre hybrids from the following phage: PTP92, PTP47, LBL3, SPM-1, F8, PB1, KPP12, LMA2, SN, 14-1, NH-4. All modified phage have been shown to be viable and able to plaque on  P. aeruginosa . (The nomenclature of tail fibre hybrids is as follows: As an example, a hybrid gene such that the N-terminal tail attachment region of Phi33 is hybridised with the C-terminal receptor binding region of PTP47 is Phi33(N)PTP47(C).) 
         [0024]    In one such modified phage, Phi33 was engineered such that its tail fibre gene carries the C-terminal receptor binding region of PTP92, creating PTP93 (Phi33(N)PTP92(C)). This was assessed in more detail, by testing the host range against 35 diverse  P. aeruginosa  clinical isolates. Comparing host range of the progenitor phage (Phi33), the tail fibre donor (PTP92) and the hybrid phage (PTP93), the host range of the PTP93 hybrid phage is equivalent to that of the tail fibre donor phage (PTP92) rather than Phi33, but it was surprisingly found that in some instances PTP93 possesses the host range of Phi33 on strains that PTP92 cannot infect, thus inheriting the host range of both phages (Table 2). Indeed, PTP93 possesses a broader host range (92%) than either Phi33 (74%) or PTP92 (66%) (Table 2). PTP93 is an example of an obligately lytic bacteriophage which can be considered as “extra-potent” as it possesses a characteristic above and beyond those exhibited in their unmodified state. Such extra potent phage are suitable for further modification to make SASPject vectors. 
         [0025]    A preferred approach according to the present invention is to use one or more obligately lytic phage engineered to express 2 or more host range determinants (extra potent obligately lytic phage), each engineered to carry a SASP gene expressed from a constitutive promoter, each phage being genetically identical other than carrying different tail fibre genes, or tail fibre hybrid genes, and whereby a lytic gene(s) is inactivated. Such phage may be propagated in strains carrying the deleted lytic gene in trans. Preferred obligately lytic phages for modification and for provision of tail fibre genes to create phages carrying multiple tail fibre genes or tail fibre hybrid genes are phages carrying tail fibre genes which encode predicted proteins that possess ≧90% amino acid sequence identity in their N-terminal regions compared to N-terminal regions of the tail fibre of other isolated or identified phage. Preferred obligate lytic phage meeting this criterion are Phi33, PTP92, PTP47, LBL3, SPM-1, F8, PB1, KPP12, LMA2, SN, 14-1, NH-4, PTP93, JG024, PTP47 and C36. Such phage can be identified by a simple PCR assay, by subjecting plaques of isolated phage to PCR with primers specific to highly conserved regions in the N-terminal region of the tail genes. In such a way, suitable phage can be identified without whole genome sequencing. Phage PB1 can be obtained from a public strain collection. Phages need not be isolated or provided in order to generate tail fibre sequences as such sequences may be identified in DNA sequence databases, or other sources of DNA sequences, which may provide the information necessary in order to synthesise and clone, by standard methods, such sequences, or to create hybrid tail fibre sequences. 
         [0026]    Particularly preferred phage for modification are PTP92, PTP93, Phi33, PTP47 and C36. Particularly preferred extra-potent obligate lytic phage are PTP93, modified to carry the tail fibre from Phi33 and/or the tail fibre hybrid Phi33(N)PTP47(C), and Phi33 modified to carry the hybrid tail fibre Phi33(N)PTP47(C). A particularly preferred extra-potent non-lytic SASPject derivative of PTP93 is: PTP93 carrying the Phi33 tail fibre gene and the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre hybrid gene, carrying SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  under the control of the  P. aeruginosa  ribosomal subunit protein S2 (rpsB) gene promoter, in place of the endolysin gene. 
         [0027]    A mixture of different modified bacteriophage as described above may also be provided. Mixtures of modified extra-potent non-lytic obligately lytic SASPject vectors may be used. A particularly preferred mixture of such SASPjects is: PTP93 carrying the Phi33 tail fibre gene, carrying SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  under the control of the  P. aeruginosa  ribosomal subunit protein S2 (rpsB) gene promoter in place of the endolysin gene, together with PTP93 carrying the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre hybrid gene, carrying SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  under the control of the  P. aeruginosa  ribosomal subunit protein S2 (rpsB) gene promoter in place of the endolysin gene, together with Phi33 modified to carry the hybrid tail fibre Phi33(N)PTP47(C) carrying SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  under the control of the  P. aeruginosa  ribosomal subunit protein S2 (rpsB) gene promoter in place of the endolysin gene. 
         [0028]    The host range of one such modified phage (PTP213) is shown in Table 3. PTP93 carrying the Phi33 tail fibre gene, carrying SASP-C from  Bacillus megaterium  under the control of the  P. aeruginosa  ribosomal subunit protein S2 (rpsB) gene promoter in place of the endolysin gene (PTP213) shows activity against a broader range of strains than either Phi33 or PTP92. 
         [0029]    In another embodiment, an obligately lytic phage engineered to carry a SASP gene expressed from a constitutive promoter, in place of or inactivating a lytic gene, may be propagated in a host strain carrying the gene(s) for heterologous tail fibre protein(s) or hybrid tail fibre protein(s) in trans under the control of a suitable promoter, and the lytic gene in trans expressed from a suitable promoter. Suitable promoters for the tail fibre or tail fibre hydrid gene(s) may be a phage promoter, particularly the promoter which drives expression of the tail fibre gene in the engineered obligately lytic phage. Other suitable promoters are inducible promoters, such as lac, and trp, together with their cognate regulatory proteins. Suitable promoters for the lytic gene may be a phage promoter, particularly the promoter which usually drives expression of the lytic gene in the engineered obligately lytic phage. Other suitable promoters are inducible promoters, such as lac, and trp, together with their cognate regulatory proteins. The SASPject progeny obtained from such strains are extra-potent and non-lytic, carrying the tail fibre(s) or tail fibre hybrid(s) expressed from the strain in trans as well as their own. Alternatively the tail fibre gene from the obligately lytic phage may be deleted altogether, providing that a strain is used for propagation in which tail fibre gene(s) or tail fibre hybrid gene(s) are expressed in trans, and the lytic gene is expressed in trans, allowing for the formation of derivative SASPjects. In such an instance, the SASPject progeny from such a strain would carry multiple tail fibres, yet would lack in their genomes any tail fibre or tail fibre hybrid gene(s). 
         [0030]    In a further aspect, the present invention provides a composition for inhibiting or preventing bacterial cell growth, which comprises a modified bacteriophage or mixtures thereof as defined herein and a carrier therefor. The modified bacteriophage may be provided in a mixture with at least one other modified bacteriophage which is capable of infecting target bacteria, which includes a SASP gene encoding a SASP which is toxic to the target bacteria and which is non-lytic. The at least one other modified bacteriophage may or may not express a plurality of different HRDs. Such compositions may have a wide range of uses and are therefore to be formulated according to the intended use. The composition may be formulated as a medicament, especially for human treatment and may treat various conditions, including bacterial infections. Among those infections treatable according to the present invention are localised tissue and organ infections, or multi-organ infections, including blood-stream infections, topical infections, oral infections including dental carries, respiratory infections, and eye infections. The carrier may be a pharmaceutically-acceptable recipient or diluent. The exact nature and quantities of the components of such compositions may be determined empirically and will depend in part upon the routes of administration of the composition. 
         [0031]    Routes of administration to recipients include intravenous, intra-arterial, oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, by inhalation, topical (including ophthalmic), intra-muscular, subcutaneous and intra-articular. For convenience of use, dosages according to the invention will depend on the site and type of infection to be treated or prevented. Respiratory infections may be treated by inhalation administration and eye infections may be treated using eye drops. Oral hygiene products containing the modified bacteriophage are also provided; a mouthwash or toothpaste may be used which contains modified bacteriophage according to the invention formulated to eliminate bacteria associated with dental plaque formation. 
         [0032]    A modified bacteriophage according to the invention may be used as a bacterial decontaminant, for example in the treatment of surface bacterial contamination as well as land remediation or water treatment. The bacteriophage may be used in the treatment of medical personnel and/or patients as a decontaminating agent, for example in a handwash. Treatment of work surfaces and equipment is also provided, especially that used in hospital procedures or in food preparation. One particular embodiment comprises a composition formulated for topical use for preventing, eliminating or reducing carriage of bacteria and contamination from one individual to another. This is important to limit the transmission of microbial infections, particularly in a hospital environment where bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics are prevalent. For such a use the modified bacteriophage may be contained in Tris buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline may be formulated within a gel or cream. For multiple use a preservative may be added. Alternatively the product may be lyophilised and excipients, for example a sugar such as sucrose may be added. 
     
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
         [0033]    The invention will now be described in further detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures and the following Examples. 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids containing lacZΔM15 and the Phi33 endolysin gene for the creation of transgenic  P. aeruginosa  strains; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids encoding hybrid tail fibre genes, including the lacZα marker; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids encoding hybrid tail fibre genes, which do not include the lacZα marker; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram showing construction of phage with hybrid tail fibre genes; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids for the genetic modification of phage to introduce an additional tail fibre gene or tail fibre hybrid gene, utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram showing genetic modification of phage to add an extra tail fibre gene, utilising a lacZα marker, and then to replace endolysin with rpsB-SASP-C, also utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram showing genetic modification of further phage to add an extra tail fibre hybrid gene, utilising a lacZα marker, and then to replace endolysin with rpsB-SASP-C, also utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0041]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing genetic modification of further phage to add an extra tail fibre hybrid gene, utilising a lacZα marker, and then to replace endolysin with rpsB-SASP-C, also utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0042]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids for the genetic modification of phage to add a third tail fibre hybrid gene, utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0043]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram showing genetic modification of phage carrying three tail fibre genes, utilising a lacZα marker, and then to replace endolysin with rpsB-SASP-C, also utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0044]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram showing construction of plasmids for the genetic modification production of phage to replace the endolysin gene with rpsB-SASP-C, utilising a lacZα marker; 
           [0045]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram showing production of bacteriophage that carry multiple tail fibre genes or tail fibre hybrid genes, and in which the endolysin gene has been replaced with rpsB-SASP-C, according to the invention; 
           [0046]      FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram showing production of further bacteriophage that carry multiple tail fibre genes or tail fibre hybrid genes, and in which the endolysin gene has been replaced with rpsB-SASP-C, according to the invention; and 
           [0047]      FIG. 14  is a multiple sequence alignment of tail fibre genes from related phages. 
       
    
    
     GENERIC PRODUCT COVERING MULTIPLE TAIL FIBRES WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL PHAGE, OR A MIX OF PHAGES EACH CONTAINING MULTIPLE TAIL FIBRES 
       [0048]    Summary of the genetic modification of a lytic bacteriophage to render it non-lytic, and such that it carries more than one tail fibre gene, in addition to SASP-C under the control of a promoter that usually controls expression of the 30S ribosomal subunit protein S2 gene (rpsB). 
         [0049]    Genes can be removed and added to the phage genome using homologous recombination. There are several ways in which phages carrying foreign genes and promoters can be constructed and the following is an example of such methods. 
         [0050]    For the construction of Phi33 derivatives, it is shown how, using an  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  broad host range vector, as an example only, Phi33-based bacteriophage carrying alternative tail fibre genes may be made, via homologous recombination. It is also shown how Phi33 derivatives may be constructed, using an  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  broad host range vector, as an example only, in which an additional tail fibre gene is added to the bacteriophage genome via homologous recombination, such that the resulting bacteriophage carry two tail fibre genes. In a subsequent step, it is shown how, using an  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  broad host range vector, as an example only, a third tail fibre gene may be added to the bacteriophage genome via homologous recombination, such that the resulting bacteriophage carry three tail fibre genes. 
         [0051]    As an example, for the construction of recombinant lytic bacteriophage, an  E. coli  lacZα marker may be included as a means of identifying recombinant bacteriophage. In order to use this marker, the bacteriophage host strains must first be modified to carry the  E. coli  lacZΔM15 allele at a suitable location in the bacterial genome, to complement the lacZα phenotypes of the desired recombinant bacteriophage. As an example, the construction of this  P. aeruginosa  strain may be achieved via homologous recombination using an  E. coli  vector that is unable to replicate in  P. aeruginosa.  The genomic location for insertion of the lacZΔM15 transgene should be chosen such that no essential genes are affected and no unwanted phenotypes are generated through polar effects on the expression of adjacent genes. As an example, one such location may be immediately downstream of the  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 phoA homologue. 
         [0052]    The  E. coli  lacZΔM15 allele may be cloned into an  E. coli  vector that is unable to replicate in  P. aeruginosa , between two regions of  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 genomic DNA that flank phoA. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  and isolates having undergone a single homologous recombination to integrate the whole plasmid into the genome selected according to acquisition of tetracycline (50 μg/ml) resistance. Isolates which have undergone a second homologous recombination event may then be isolated on medium containing 10% sucrose (utilising the sacB counterselectable marker that is present on the plasmid backbone). 
         [0053]    As an example by which Phi33 derivatives may be made that possess an alternative tail fibre gene, a tail fibre gene comprising the region encoding the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre, followed by the region encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of the tail fibre from phage PTP92 (Phi33(N)PTP92(C)), may be constructed, and cloned next to a lacZα marker, in between two regions of homology that flank the native tail fibre gene of Phi33. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa,  and the resulting strain infected with Phi33. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will have had the native Phi33 tail fibre replaced by the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre, plus a lacZα marker. 
         [0054]    In a subsequent step, the lacZα marker may be removed from the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre phage via another homologous recombination step. The region of homology downstream of the native Phi33 tail fibre may be cloned next to the gene encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of PTP92. This plasmid may be introduced into a suitable  P. aeruginosa  strain, and the resulting strain infected with the Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre, plus lacZα. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting Phi33 derivative (PTP93) will have had the native Phi33 tail fibre replaced by the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre, and will no longer carry the lacZα marker. 
         [0055]    As an example by which tail fibre genes may be added to a bacteriophage genome, the tail fibre gene from bacteriophage Phi33 may be cloned next to the  E. coli  lacZα marker, between two regions of Phi33 DNA that flank the 5′ end of orf57 (ectopic position 1; this is the beginning of the predicted operon containing the native tail fibre gene), in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa , and the resulting strain infected with PTP93. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will contain two tail fibre genes: the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position and the gene encoding the native Phi33 tail fibre (plus a lacZα marker) at an ectopic position (ectopic position 1). 
         [0056]    In an alternative example, a gene encoding a tail fibre comprising the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre and the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the tail fibre from bacteriophage PTP47 (Phi33(N)PTP47(C)), may be constructed and cloned next to the  E. coli  lacZα marker, between two regions of Phi33 DNA that flank the 5′ end of orf57 (ectopic position 1; this is the beginning of the predicted operon containing the native tail fibre gene), in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa , and the resulting strain infected with PTP93. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will contain two tail fibre genes: the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre (plus a lacZα marker) at an ectopic position (ectopic position 1). 
         [0057]    In an alternative example, a gene encoding a tail fibre comprising the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre and the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the tail fibre from bacteriophage PTP47 (Phi33(N)PTP47(C)), may be constructed and cloned next to an  E. coli  lacZα marker, between two regions of Phi33 DNA that flank orf57 (ectopic position 1; this is the beginning of the predicted operon containing the native tail fibre gene), in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa , and the resulting strain infected with Phi33. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will contain two tail fibre genes: the gene encoding the Phi33 native tail fibre at the native position and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre (plus a lacZα marker) at an ectopic position (ectopic position 1). 
         [0058]    In subsequent steps, the lacZα marker may be removed from these Phi33 derivatives by another homologous recombination step. The lacZα marker may be deleted from the previously-described recombination plasmids that were used to introduce the gene encoding the Phi33 native tail fibre, or the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre at ectopic position 1. These ΔlacZα plasmids may be introduced into suitable  P. aeruginosa  strains, and the resulting strains infected, as appropriate, with Phi33 derivatives carrying either the wild type Phi33 tail fibre gene plus the lacZα marker, or the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre plus the lacZα marker, at ectopic position 1. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting Phi33 derivatives will contain two tail fibre genes (Phi33(N)PTP92(C) at the native position and Phi33 native tail fibre at ectopic position 1, OR Phi33(N)PTP92(C) at the native position and Phi33(N)PTP47(C) at ectopic position 1, OR Phi33 native tail fibre at the native position and Phi33(N)PTP47(C) at ectopic position 1), and will no longer carry the lacZα marker. 
         [0059]    In a subsequent step, another homologous recombination may be used to add a third tail fibre gene to the bacteriophage genome. As an example, a gene encoding a tail fibre comprising the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre and the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the tail fibre from bacteriophage PTP47, under the control of the native tail fibre promoter (orf57 promoter), may be constructed and cloned next to a lacZα marker, between two regions of Phi33 DNA that flank an intergenic region between orf28 and orf29 (ectopic position 2), in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa , and the resulting strain infected with Phi33 carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position and the gene encoding the native Phi33 tail fibre at ectopic position 1 (ΔlacZα). Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will contain three tail fibre genes: the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre (plus a lacZα marker) at ectopic position 2. 
         [0060]    In a subsequent step, the lacZα marker may be removed from this Phi33 derivative carrying three tail fibre genes (the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native locus, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, plus the lacZα marker, at ectopic position 2) by another homologous recombination step. The lacZα marker may be deleted from the previously-described recombination plasmid used to introduce the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre at ectopic position 2. This ΔlacZα plasmid may be introduced into a suitable  P. aeruginosa  strain, and the resulting strain infected with the Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native locus, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, plus the lacZα marker, at ectopic position 2. Following harvesting of progeny phage, double recombinants may be isolated by plaquing on a suitable  P. aeruginosa  (lacZΔM15 + ) host, using medium containing S-gal as a chromogenic indicator of β-galactosidase activity. The resulting phage will contain three tail fibre genes: the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre at ectopic position 2, and will no longer carry the lacZα marker. 
         [0061]    In subsequent steps, a similar homologous recombination may be used to replace the endolysin gene of any of the Phi33 derivatives, or similar bacteriophage, with the gene for SASP-C, under the control of a  P. aeruginosa  rpsB promoter, while simultaneously adding the  E. coli  lacZα marker for the identification of recombinant phage. Since the bacteriophage to be modified is lytic (rather than temperate), another requirement for this latter step of bacteriophage construction is the construction of a derivative of a  P. aeruginosa  host strain that carries the Phi33 endolysin gene and the  E. coli  lacZΔM15 allele at a suitable location in the bacterial genome, to complement the Δendolysin and lacZα phenotypes of the desired recombinant bacteriophage. As an example, the construction of this  P. aeruginosa  strain may be achieved via homologous recombination using an  E. coli  vector that is unable to replicate in  P. aeruginosa.  The genomic location for insertion of the endolysin and lacZΔM15 transgenes should be chosen such that no essential genes are affected and no unwanted phenotypes are generated through polar effects on the expression of adjacent genes. As an example, one such location may be immediately downstream of the  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 phoA homologue. 
         [0062]    The Phi33 endolysin gene and the  E. coli  lacZΔM15 allele may be cloned into an  E. coli  vector that is unable to replicate in  P. aeruginosa , between two regions of  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 genomic DNA that flank phoA. This plasmid may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  and isolates having undergone a single homologous recombination to integrate the whole plasmid into the genome selected according to acquisition of tetracycline (50 μg/ml) resistance. Isolates which have undergone a second homologous recombination event may then be isolated on medium containing 10% sucrose (utilising the sacB counter-selectable marker that is present on the plasmid backbone). 
         [0063]    A region consisting of SASP-C controlled by the rpsB promoter, and the  E. coli  lacZα allele, may be cloned between two regions of Phi33 that flank the endolysin gene, in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be transferred to the previously constructed  P. aeruginosa  (endolysin +  lacZΔM15 + ) strain, and the resulting strain infected by any of the Phi33 derivatives that have already been genetically modified to carry more than one tail fibre gene, as exemplified above in the previous steps. Progeny phage may be harvested and double recombinants identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  (endolysin +  lacZΔM15 + ), looking for acquisition of the lacZα reporter on medium containing a chromogenic substrate that detects the action of β-galactosidase. 
         [0064]    In a subsequent step, the lacZα marker may be removed from the previously-constructed phage that carry rpsB-SASP-C and lacZα in place of the endolysin gene, by homologous recombination. A region consisting of rpsB-SASP-C may be cloned in between two regions of homology that flank the Phi33 endolysin gene, in a broad host range  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  vector. This plasmid may be transferred to the previously constructed  P. aeruginosa  (endolysin +  lacZΔM15 + ) strain, and the resulting strain infected by any of the Phi33 derivatives that have already been genetically modified to carry rpsB-SASP-C in place of the endolysin gene, as exemplified above in the previous steps. Progeny phage may be harvested and double recombinants identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  (endolysin +  lacZΔM15 + ), looking for loss of the lacZα reporter on medium containing a chromogenic substrate that detects the action of β-galactosidase. The resulting phage will carry multiple tail fibre or tail fibre hybrid genes, and carry rpsB-SASP-C in place of endolysin, according to the invention. 
         [0065]    Experimental Procedures 
         [0066]    PCR reactions to generate DNA for cloning purposes may be carried out using Herculase II Fusion DNA polymerase (Agilent Technologies), depending upon the melting temperatures (T m ) of the primers, according to manufacturers instructions. PCR reactions for screening purposes may be carried out using Taq DNA polymerase (NEB), depending upon the T m  of the primers, according to manufacturers instructions. Unless otherwise stated, general molecular biology techniques, such as restriction enzyme digestion, agarose gel electrophoresis, T4 DNA ligase-dependent ligations, competent cell preparation and transformation may be based upon methods described in Sambrook et al., (1989). Enzymes may be purchased from New England Biolabs or Thermo Scientific. DNA may be purified from enzyme reactions and prepared from cells using Qiagen DNA purification kits. Plasmids may be transferred from  E. coli  strains to  P. aeruginosa  strains by conjugation, mediated by the conjugation helper strain  E. coli  HB101 (pRK2013). A chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase, S-gal, that upon digestion by β-galactosidase forms a black precipitate when chelated with ferric iron, may be purchased from Sigma (S9811). 
         [0067]    Primers may be obtained from Sigma Life Science. Where primers include recognition sequences for restriction enzymes, additional 2-6 nucleotides may be added at the 5′ end to ensure digestion of the PCR-amplified DNA. 
         [0068]    All clonings, unless otherwise stated, may be achieved by ligating DNAs overnight with T4 DNA ligase and then transforming them into  E. coli  cloning strains, such as DH5α or TOP10, with isolation on selective medium, as described elsewhere (Sambrook et al., 1989). 
         [0069]    An  E. coli/P. aeruginosa  broad host range vector, such as pSM1080, may be used to transfer genes between  E. coli  and  P. aeruginosa . pSM1080 was previously produced by combining a broad host-range origin of replication to allow replication in  P. aeruginosa,  oriT from pRK2, the tetAR selectable marker for use in both  E. coli  and  P. aeruginosa,  from plasmid pRK415, and the high-copy-number,  E. coli  origin of replication, oriV, from plasmid pUC19. 
         [0070]    An  E. coli  vector that is unable to replicate in  P. aeruginosa , pSM1104, may be used to generate  P. aeruginosa  mutants by allelic exchange. pSM1104 was previously produced by combining oriT from pRK2, the tetAR selectable marker for use in both  E. coli  and  P. aeruginosa , from plasmid pRK415, the high-copy-number,  E. coli  origin of replication, oriV, from plasmid pUC19, and the sacB gene from  Bacillus subtilis  strain 168, under the control of a strong promoter, for use as a counter-selectable marker. 
         [0071]    Detection of Phi33-like phage (PB1-like phage family) conserved N-terminal tail fibre regions by PCR 
         [0072]    1. Primers for the detection of Phi33-like phage-like tail fibre genes in experimental phage samples may be designed as follows: 
         [0073]    The DNA sequences of the tail fibre genes from all sequenced Phi33-like phage (including Phi33, PB1, NH-4, 14-1, LMA2, KPP12, JG024, F8, SPM-1, LBL3, PTP47, C36, PTP92 and SN) may be aligned using Clustal Omega, which is available on the EBI website, and the approximately 2 kb-long highly conserved region mapping to the gene&#39;s 5′ sequence may be thus identified (positions 31680-33557 in the PB1 genome sequence, Acc. EU716414). Sections of 100% identity among the 11 tail fibre gene sequences may be identified by visual inspection. Three pairs of PCR primers targeting selected absolutely conserved regions, and amplifying PCR products no longer than 1 kb may be chosen as follows: pair B4500 and B4501, defining a 194 bp-long region; pair B4502 and B4503, defining a 774 bp-long region; and pair B4504 and B4505, defining a 365 bp-long region. 
         [0074]    Primer B4500 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 31680 to 31697. Primer B4501 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 31851 to 31872. Primer B4502 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 31785 to 31804. Primer B4503 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 32541 to 32558. Primer B4504 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 32868 to 32888. Primer B4505 consists of sequence of PB1 phage genome (Acc. EU716414) ranging from position 33213 to 33232. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 B4500 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GTGATCACACCCGAACTG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4501 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-CGATGAAGAAGAGTTGGTTTTG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4502 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-ACGCCGGACTACGAAATCAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4503 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-TCCGGAGACGTTGATGGT-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4504 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-CCTTTCATCGATTTCCACTTC-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B4505 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-TTCGTGGACGCCCAGTCCCA-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0075]    2. Phi33-like tail fibre genes may be detected in experimental phage samples as follows: 
         [0076]    Plaques of isolated phage of environmental origin may be picked from agar plates and added to water and incubated for 30 minutes, making plaque soak outs. The plaque soak outs may be diluted and a portion added to PCR reactions containing one or all of the above primer pairs, and PCR may be performed according to a standard protocol. PCR products may be visualised on a 1.5% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining, and evaluated for their size. PCR products of the correct size for the primer pair used may be gel-extracted and submitted to an external facility for sequencing. Sequencing results may be compared with the available tail fibre gene sequences in order to confirm the identity of the PCR product. 
         [0077]    Construction of a Plasmid to Introduce the  Escherichia coli  lacZΔM15 Allele into the Genome of  P. aeruginosa , Downstream of phoA 
         [0078]    1. Plasmid pSMX400 ( FIG. 1 ), comprising pSM1104 carrying DNA flanking the 3′ end of the  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 phoA homologue, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0079]    A region comprising the terminal approximately 1 kb of the phoA gene from  P. aeruginosa  may be amplified by PCR using primers B4400 and B4401 ( FIG. 1 ). The PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with Spel and BglII. A second region comprising approximately 1 kb downstream of the phoA gene from  P. aeruginosa,  including the 3′ end of the PA3297 open reading frame, may be amplified by PCR using primers B4402 and B4403 ( FIG. 1 ).This second PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with BglII and Xhol. The two digests may be cleaned again and ligated to pSM1104 that has been digested with Spel and XhoI, in a 3-way ligation, to yield plasmid pSMX400 ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0080]    Primer B4400 consists of a 5′ Spel restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence located approximately 1 kb upstream of the stop codon of phoA from  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 ( FIG. 1 ). Primer B4401 consists of 5′ BglII and AflII restriction sites (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the end of the phoA gene from  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 (the stop codon is in lower case;  FIG. 1 ). Primer B4402 consists of 5′ BglII and Nhel restriction sites (underlined), followed by sequence immediately downstream of the stop codon of the phoA gene from  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 ( FIG. 1 ). Primer B4403 consists of a 5′ Xhol restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence within the PA3297 open reading frame, approximately 1 kb downstream of the phoA gene from  P. aeruginosa  strain PAO1 ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 Primer B4400 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA ACTAGT CCTGGTCCACCGGGGTCAAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4401 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GCTC AGATCT TC CTTAAG tcaGTCGCGCAGGTTCAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4402 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-AGGA AGATCT GA GCTAGC TCGGACCAGAACGAAAAAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4403 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA CTCGAG GCGGATGAACATTGAGGTG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]    2. Plasmid pSMX401 ( FIG. 1 ), comprising pSMX400 carrying lacZΔM15 under the control of a lac promoter, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0082]    The lacZΔM15 gene under the control of a lac promoter may be amplified by PCR from  Escherichia coli  strain DH10B using primers B4408 and B4409 ( FIG. 1 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BglII and Nhel, and ligated to pSMX400 that has also been digested with BglII and Nhel, to yield plasmid pSMX401 ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0083]    Primer B4408 consists of a 5′ BglII restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the lac promoter ( FIG. 1 ). Primer B4409 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by a bi-directional transcriptional terminator and sequence complementary to the 3′ end of lacZΔM15 (underlined, in bold;  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4408 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA AGATCT GAGCGCAACGCAATTAATGTG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4409 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC AGTCAAAAGCCTCCGGTCGGAGGCTTTTGAC   TTTATT     
               
               
                   
               
               
                     TTTGACACCAGACCAAC   -3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0084]    Genetic Modification of  Pseudomonas Aeruginosa  to Introduce the  Escherichia Coli  LaczΔM15 Gene Immediately Downstream of the phoA Locus of the Bacterial Genome 
         [0085]    1. Plasmid pSMX401 ( FIG. 1 ) may be transferred to  P. aeruginosa  by conjugation, selecting for primary recombinants by acquisition of resistance to tetracycline (50 μg/ml). 
         [0086]    2. Double recombinants may then be selected via sacB-mediated counter-selection, by plating onto medium containing 10% sucrose. 
         [0087]    3. Isolates growing on 10% sucrose may then be screened by PCR to confirm that lacZΔM15 has been introduced downstream of the  P. aeruginosa  phoA gene. 
         [0088]    4. Following verification of an isolate (PAX40), this strain may then be used as a host for further modification of bacteriophage, where complementation of a lacZα reporter is required. 
         [0089]    Construction of Plasmids for Recombination with Phi33, to Generate PTP93, Utilising a lacZα Screening Process 
         [0090]    1. pSMX402 ( FIG. 2 ), comprising pSM1080 carrying the region immediately downstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0091]    A 1 kb region of Phi33 sequence covering the terminal 20 bases of the Phi33 tail fibre, and the adjacent downstream region, may be amplified by PCR using primers B4422 and B4449 ( FIG. 2 ). The resulting PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with Nhel, and ligated to pSM1080 that has also been digested with Nhel and then treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, yielding plasmid pSMX402 ( FIG. 2 ). 
         [0092]    Primer B4422 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence from Phi33, approximately 1 kb downstream of the end of the Phi33 tail fibre gene ( FIG. 2 ). B4449 consists of 5′ NheI-KpnI-AvrII restriction sites (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the Phi33 tail fibre and sequence immediately downstream of the tail fibre open reading frame ( FIG. 2 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 B4422 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC ATGGTTTTCACGACCATG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B4449 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC GA GGTACC GA CCTAGG TTTTCCAGCGAGTGACGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0093]    2. pSMX403 ( FIG. 2 ), comprising pSMX402 carrying lacZα, a tail fibre gene consisting of a 3′ section of PTP92 DNA that encodes the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the tail fibre and the 5′ section of the Phi33 tail fibre gene sequence that encodes the N-terminal region, and sequence located immediately upstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0094]    The lacZα open reading frame may be amplified by PCR from pUC19 using primers B4450 and B4452 ( FIG. 2 ). The region of the PTP92 tail fibre gene that encodes the C-terminal receptor-binding region, may be amplified by PCR from PTP92 using primers B4451 and B4454 ( FIG. 2 ). The lacZα open reading frame may then be joined to the section of PTP92 DNA that encodes the tail fibre C-terminal receptor-binding region, by SOEing PCR using the outer primers, B4450 and B4454. A region comprising sequence of Phi33 tail fibre gene that encodes the N-terminal region, and sequence located immediately upstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene, may be amplified by PCR using primers B4453 and B4429 ( FIG. 2 ). This PCR product may then be joined to the PCR product comprising lacZα and the PTP92 tail fibre gene section, by SOEing PCR using the outer primers B4450 and B4429. The resulting PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with AvrII and KpnI, and ligated to pSMX402 that has also been digested with AvrII and KpnI, yielding plasmid pSMX403 ( FIG. 2 ). 
         [0095]    Primer B4450 consists of a 5′ AvrII restriction site, followed by sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the lacZα open reading frame ( FIG. 2 ). Primer B4452 consists of a 5′ section of sequence that overlaps the 3′ end PTP92 tail fibre region that encodes the C-terminal receptor-binding region, followed by sequence of the 5′ end of the lacZα open reading frame ( FIG. 2 ). Primer B4451 is the reverse complement of primer B4452 ( FIG. 2 ). Primer B4454 consists of 5′ sequence from within the region of the Phi33 tail fibre gene that encodes the N-terminal region (underlined), followed sequence within the region of the PTP92 tail fibre gene that encodes the C-terminal receptor-binding region ( FIG. 2 ). Primer B4453 is the reverse complement of Primer B4454. Primer B4429 consists of a 5′ KpnI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence that is complementary to a region approximately 1 kb upstream of the tail fibre gene in Phi33 ( FIG. 2 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4450 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA CCTAGG TTAGCGCCATTCGCCATTC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4452 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                 5′- CTATTCCAGCGGGTAACGTAAA ATGACCATGATTACGGATTC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4451 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                 5′-GAATCCGTAATCATGGTCAT TTTACGTTACCCGCTGGAATAG -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4454 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                 5′- CAAGCGGGCCGGCTGGTCTCTC GGCAATAACTCCTATGTGATC-3′  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4453 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                 5′-GATCACATAGGAGTTATTGCC GAGAGACCAGCCGGCCCGCTTG -3′  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4429 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GGTACC GCGACCGGTCTGTACTTC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0096]    3. pSMX404 ( FIG. 3 ), comprising pSM1080 carrying a region of the gene encoding the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the PTP92 tail fibre, and a region of Phi33 sequence located immediately downstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0097]    The region of Phi33 sequence located immediately downstream of the Phi33 tail fibre may be amplified by PCR using primers B4422 and B4455 ( FIG. 3 ). The region of the gene encoding the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the PTP92 tail fibre may be amplified by PCR using primers B4456 and B4457 ( FIG. 3 ). These two PCR products may then be joined by SOEing PCR, using the two outer primers B4422 and B4457. The resulting PCR product may then be cleaned, digested with Nhel, cleaned again, and ligated to pSM1080 that has also been digested with Nhel and then treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, to yield plasmid pSMX404 ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0098]    Primer B4455 consists of a 5′ section of the region of the gene encoding the C-terminal receptor-binding region of the PTP92 tail fibre gene (underlined), followed by sequence immediately downstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene ( FIG. 3 ). Primer B4456 is the reverse complement of primer B4455 ( FIG. 3 ). Primer B4457 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of a region within the section of the tail fibre gene of PTP92, that encodes the C-terminal, receptor-binding region ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4455 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                 5′- CTATTCCAGCGGGTAACGTAA AATGAAATGGACGCGGATCAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4456 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                 5′-CTGATCCGCGTCCATTTCATT TTACGTTACCCGCTGGAATAG -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers B4457 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC GGCAATAACTCCTATGTGATC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0099]    Genetic Modification of Phi33 to replace the 3′ Region of the Tail Fibre Gene, Encoding the C-Terminal Receptor-Binding Region, with that of PTP92, to form the Phi33(C)PTP92(N) Tail Fibre Gene, at the Native Position within the Phi33 Genome 
         [0100]    1. Plasmid pSMX403 ( FIG. 2 ;  FIG. 4 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA40. 
         [0101]    2. Strain PTA40 may be infected with phage Phi33, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0102]    3. Recombinant phage in which the region of the Phi33 gene encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of the tail fibre has been replaced by that of PTP92, and to which lacZα has been added, may be identified by plaquing the lysate from step (2) on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, onto medium containing S-gal, looking for black plaques, which are indicative of β-galactosidase activity. 
         [0103]    4. PCR may be carried out to check that the tail fibre gene has been replaced, and that lacZα is present. 
         [0104]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX40;  FIG. 4 ), this isolate may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, prior to further use. 
         [0105]    Genetic Modification of PTPX40 to Remove the lacZα Marker, Generating PTP93 (Phi33, Carrying the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) Tail Fibre Gene) 
         [0106]    1. Plasmid pSMX404 ( FIG. 3 ;  FIG. 4 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA41. 
         [0107]    2. Strain PTA41 may be infected with phage PTPX40, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0108]    3. Recombinant phage in which the lacZα marker has been removed may be identified by plaquing the lysate from step (2) on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, onto medium containing S-gal, looking for white plaques, which is indicative of loss of β-galactosidase activity. 
         [0109]    4. PCR may be carried out to check that the tail fibre gene has been retained, and that lacZα has been removed. 
         [0110]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTP93;  FIG. 4 ), this isolate may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, prior to further use. 
         [0111]    Construction of Plasmids for the Genetic Modification of PTP93 to Introduce either the Phi33 Tail Fibre Gene, or the Gene Encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) Tail Fibre at Ectopic Position 1 
         [0112]    1. Plasmid pSMX405 ( FIG. 5 ), comprising pSM1080 containing a 2.8 kb fragment of Phi33 spanning a continuous ‘orf60 to orf57’ stretch (neither orf60 nor orf57 were complete), may be constructed as follows.  FIG. 5  shows the priming sites for the oligonucleotides described below for amplification of regions from the Phi33 genome. 
         [0113]    PCR amplification of Phi33 DNA may be carried out using primers B4410 and B3332 ( FIG. 5 ), to yield a 2.9 kb fragment, which may be cleaned and digested with PciI. Following digestion, the DNA may be cleaned and ligated to pSM1080 that has been digested with Ncol and treated with alkaline phosphatase, to yield pSMX405 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0114]    Primer B4410 consists of a 5′ Pcil site (underlined;  FIG. 5 ), followed by sequence that anneals approximately 240 bp downstream of the start codon of Phi33 orf60, in the sense orientation. Primer B3332 consists of sequence complementary to Phi33 orf57, and anneals approximately 120 bp downstream of an intrinsic PciI site within orf57. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 B4410 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-CGCG ACATGT CCTACAGCAGCGATGGAG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 B3332 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-TTACTCCCCCTTCAGGTAGATG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0115]    2. Plasmid pSMX406 ( FIG. 5 ), comprising pSMX405 carrying the complete tail fibre gene from Phi33 and a promoterless lacZα marker, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0116]    The complete tail fibre gene from Phi33 ( FIG. 5 ) may be amplified by PCR using primers B3324 and B4411. A promoterless lacZα marker may be amplified by PCR from pUC19 using primers B4412 and B4413 ( FIG. 5 ). The two PCR products may be joined together by SOEing PCR using the two outer primers, B3324 and B4413. The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BstBI, and ligated to pSMX405 that has also been digested with BstBI and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation. Plasmid pSMX406 may be isolated following screening of clones to identify a clone in which the Phi33 tail fibre has been cloned in the same orientation as orf57 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0117]    Primer B3324 consists of a 5′ BstBI site (underlined), followed by sequence that anneals to the ribosome binding site just upstream of the Phi33 tail fibre gene ( FIG. 5 ). Primer B4411 consists of 5′ sequence complementary to the beginning of the lacZα marker from pUC19, followed by sequence complementary to the end of the tail fibre gene from Phi33 (underlined;  FIG. 5 ). Primer B4412 is the reverse complement of Primer B4411 ( FIG. 5 ). Primer B4413 consists of a 5′ BstBI site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the region between the native Phi33 BstBI site and orf57, followed in turn by sequence complementary to the end of the lacZα marker from pUC19 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B3324 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 26) 
               
               
                 5′-ACTC TTCGAA TTAACGGGATCCTCATTCAGGAGTAATGAC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4411 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 27) 
               
               
                 5′-GTGAATCCGTAATCATGGTCATT TTACGTCACTCGCTGGAAAAG -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4412 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
               
               
                 5′- CTTTTCCAGCGAGTGACGTAA AATGACCATGATTACGGATTCAC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4413 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA TTCGAA GAGTCGTGGTTAGCGCCATTCGCCATTC-3′  
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0118]    3. Plasmid pSMX407 ( FIG. 5 ), comprising pSMX405 carrying a tail fibre gene consisting of the 5′ section of Phi33 DNA encoding the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre, and the 3′ section of PTP47 DNA encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of the PTP47 tail fibre, in addition to a promoterless lacZα marker, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0119]    The DNA region encoding the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre may be amplified by PCR using primers B3324 and B4417 ( FIG. 5 ). The DNA region encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of the PTP47 tail fibre may be amplified by PCR using primers B4416 and B4414 ( FIG. 5 ). The two PCR products may be joined together by SOEing PCR using the outer primers B3324 and B4414. The lacZα marker from pUC19 may be amplified by PCR using primers B4415 and B4413 ( FIG. 5 ). The lacZα marker may be joined to the constructed tail fibre PCR product by SOEing PCR using the outer primers B3324 and B4413. The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BstBI and ligated to pSMX405 that has been digested with BstBI and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation. Plasmid pSMX407 may be isolated following screening of clones to identify a clone in which the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre has been cloned in the same orientation as orf57 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0120]    Primer B4417 consists of a 5′ section of sequence complementary to part of PTP47 encoding the C-terminal, receptor-binding region of the PTP47 tail fibre (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to part of Phi33 encoding the N-terminal region of the Phi33 tail fibre ( FIG. 5 ). Primer B4416 is the reverse complement of B4417 ( FIG. 5 ). B4414 consists of 5′ sequence complementary to the beginning of the lacZα marker from pUC19, followed by sequence complementary to the end of the tail fibre gene from PTP47 (underlined;  FIG. 5 ). Primer B4415 is the reverse complement of primer B4414 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4417 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
               
               
                 5′- GATCACATAGGAGTTATTGCC GAGAGACCAGCCGGCCCGCTTG-3′  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4416 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
               
               
                 5′-CAAGCGGGCCGGCTGGTCTCTC GGCAATAACTCCTATGTGATC -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4414 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 32) 
               
               
                 5′-GTGAATCCGTAATCATGGTCATT TTACGTCACTCGCTGGAAAAG -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4415 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
               
               
                 5′- CTTTTCCAGCGAGTGACGTAA AATGACCATGATTACGGATTCAC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0121]    Genetic Modification of PTP93 to Add the Phi33 Tail Fibre Gene and a lacZα Marker, Upstream of orf57 
         [0122]    1. pSMX406 ( FIG. 5 ;  FIG. 6 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA42. 
         [0123]    2. Strain PTA42 may be infected with PTP93, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0124]    3. Recombinant phage, which have acquired the Phi33 tail fibre and lacZα marker upstream of orf57, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for black plaques. 
         [0125]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the Phi33 tail fibre and lacZα marker have been introduced upstream of orf57 in PTP93, and to confirm that the native PTP93 tail fibre region is still intact. 
         [0126]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX41;  FIG. 6 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX41 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, and the Phi33 wild type tail fibre gene along with a lacZα marker at ectopic position 1. 
         [0127]    Genetic Modification of PTP93 to Add the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) Tail Fibre Gene and a lacZα Marker, Upstream of orf57 
         [0128]    1. pSMX407 ( FIG. 5 ;  FIG. 7 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA43. 
         [0129]    2. Strain PTA43 may be infected with PTP93, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0130]    3. Recombinant phage, which have acquired the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, upstream of orf57, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for black plaques. 
         [0131]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, has been introduced upstream of orf57 in PTP93, and to confirm that the native PTP93 tail fibre region is still intact. 
         [0132]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX42;  FIG. 7 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX42 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre along with a lacZα marker at ectopic position 1. 
         [0133]    Genetic Modification of Phi33 to Add the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) Tail Fibre Gene and a lacZα Marker, Upstream of orf57 
         [0134]    1. pSMX407 ( FIG. 5 ;  FIG. 8 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA43. 
         [0135]    2. Strain PTA43 may be infected with Phi33, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0136]    3. Recombinant phage, which have acquired the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, upstream of orf57, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for black plaques. 
         [0137]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, has been introduced upstream of orf57 in Phi33, and to confirm that the native Phi33 tail fibre region is still intact. 
         [0138]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX43;  FIG. 8 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX43 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at the native position, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre along with a lacZα marker at ectopic position 1. 
         [0139]    Construction of Plasmids to Remove the lacZα Markers from the Double-Tail Fibre Phage, PTPX41, PTPX42 and PTPX43 
         [0140]    1. Plasmid pSMX408 ( FIG. 5 ), consisting of pSMX405 carrying the Phi33 tail fibre gene, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0141]    The Phi33 tail fibre gene may be amplified by PCR using primers B3324 and B3333 ( FIG. 5 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BstBI and ligated to pSM405 that has been digested with BstBI and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, to yield plasmid pSMX408. 
         [0142]    Primer B3333 consists of a 5′ BstBI site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the region between the native Phi33 BstBI site and orf57, followed in turn by sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the tail fibre gene from Phi33 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B3333 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
               
               
                 5′-GCGC TTCGAA GAGTCGTGGTTACGTCACTCGCTGGAAAAG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0143]    2. Plasmid pSMX409 ( FIG. 5 ), consisting of pSMX405 carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0144]    The gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP74(C) tail fibre may be amplified by PCR from pSMX407 using primers B3324 and B4418 ( FIG. 5 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BstBI and ligated to pSM405 that has been digested with BstBI and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, to yield plasmid pSMX409 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0145]    Primer B4418 consists of a 5′ BstBI site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the region between the native Phi33 BstBI site and orf57, followed in turn by sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the tail fibre gene from PTP47 ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4418 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 35) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA TTCGAA GAGTCGTGGTTACGTCACTCGCTGGAAAAG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0146]    Removal of lacZα Marker from the Double-Tail Fibre Phage PTPX41 
         [0147]    1. pSMX408 ( FIG. 5 ;  FIG. 6 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA44. 
         [0148]    2. Strain PTA44 may be infected with PTPX41, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0149]    3. Recombinant phage, from which the lacZα marker has been removed, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for clear plaques. 
         [0150]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the lacZα marker has been removed, and that the two tail fibre genes are still intact. 
         [0151]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX44;  FIG. 6 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX44 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, and the Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1 (AlacZα). 
         [0152]    Removal of lacZα Marker from the Double-Tail Fibre Phage PTPX42 and PTPX43 
         [0153]    1. pSMX409 ( FIG. 5 ;  FIG. 7 ;  FIG. 8 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA45. 
         [0154]    2. Strain PTA45 may be infected with PTPX42 ( FIG. 7 ) or PTPX43 ( FIG. 8 ), as appropriate, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0155]    3. Recombinant phage, from which the lacZα marker has been removed, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for clear plaques. 
         [0156]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the lacZα marker has been removed, and that the two tail fibre genes are still intact. 
         [0157]    5. Following identification of verified isolates, the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX45 ( FIG. 7 ) is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre at ectopic position 1 (AlacZα). PTPX46 ( FIG. 8 ) is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the Phi33 tail fibre gene at the native position and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre at ectopic position 1 (AlacZα). 
         [0158]    Construction of a Plasmid to Add a Third Tail Fibre Gene to PTPX44, at Ectopic Position 2, in the Intergenic Region Between orf28 and orf29 
         [0159]    1. Plasmid pSMX410 ( FIG. 9 ), comprising pSM1080 carrying sequences of Phi33 DNA that flank the orf28-29 intergenic region, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0160]    A region of Phi33 DNA flanking the end of orf28 may be amplified by PCR using primers B4419 and B4420 ( FIG. 9 ). A region of Phi33 DNA flanking the beginning of orf29 may be amplified by PCR using primers B4421 and B4422 ( FIG. 9 ). The resulting PCR products may then be joined by SOEing PCR using the outer primers, B4419 and B4422. The joined PCR product may be cleaned, digested with Nhel and ligated to pSM1080 that has been digested with Nhel and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, to yield plasmid pSMX410 ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0161]    Primer B4419 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by Phi33 sequence within orf28 ( FIG. 9 ). Primer B4420 consists of 5′ sequence complementary to that of the Phi33 orf28-orf29 intergenic region, KpnI and AflII restriction sites (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to more of the Phi33 orf28-orf29 intergenic region ( FIG. 9 ). Primer B4421 is the reverse complement of Primer B4420 ( FIG. 9 ). Primer B4422 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by Phi33 sequence complementary to the region downstream of orf29 ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4419 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 36) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC CTGGGATTCGAAGGTTCC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4420 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 37) 
               
               
                 5′-CGAGAAAACCCGGATCGCCTGTA GGTACC TC CTTAAG TAGGATAAGG 
               
               
                 CGTCCGGGTTTATC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4421 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 38) 
               
               
                 5′-GATAAACCCGGACGCCTTATCCTA CTTAAG GA GGTACC TACAGGCGA 
               
               
                 TCCGGGTTTTCTCG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4422 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 39) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC TATTCGCCCAAAAGAAAAG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0162]    2. Plasmid pSMX411 ( FIG. 9 ), comprising pSMX410 carrying a gene constructed to encode the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, under the control of the native tail fibre promoter (Porf57), in addition to a lacZα marker, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0163]    The DNA region comprising [Porf57-Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre gene-lacZα] may be amplified from plasmid pSMX407 ( FIG. 5 ), by PCR using primers B4423 and B4424 ( FIG. 9 ). The resulting PCR product may be digested with AflII and KpnI, and ligated to pSMX410 that has also been digested with AflII and KpnI, to yield plasmid pSMX411 ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0164]    Primer B4423 consists of a 5′ AflII restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the Phi33 orf57 promoter ( FIG. 9 ). Primer B4424 consists of a 5′ KpnI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence that is complementary to the end of the lacZα marker ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 Primer B4423 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 40) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA CTTAAG TACTGAGAAAAATCTGGATTC-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4424 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 41) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GGTACC TTAGCGCCATTCGCCATTC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0165]    Genetic Modification of PTPX44 to Add the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) Tail Fibre Gene and a lacZα Marker, in the Intergenic Region Between orf28 and orf29 (Ectopic Position 2), to Generate a Bacteriophage Carrying Three Tail Fibre Genes 
         [0166]    1. pSMX411 ( FIG. 9 ;  FIG. 10 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA46. 
         [0167]    2. Strain PTA46 may be infected with PTPX44, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0168]    3. Recombinant phage, which have acquired the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, in the orf28-29 intergenic region, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for black plaques. 
         [0169]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, in addition to the lacZα marker, has been introduced into the orf28-29 intergenic region and to confirm the presence of the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, and the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1. 
         [0170]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX47;  FIG. 10 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX47 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre along with a lacZα marker at ectopic position 2. 
         [0171]    Construction of a Plasmid to Remove the lacZα Marker from the Triple-Tail Fibre Bacteriophage, PTPX47 
         [0172]    1. Plasmid pSMX412 ( FIG. 9 ), comprising pSMX410 carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre, under the control of the native promoter (Porf57) may be constructed as follows. 
         [0173]    The [Porf57-Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre gene] region from pSMX407 ( FIG. 5 ) may be amplified by PCR using primers B4423 and B4425 ( FIG. 9 ). The resulting PCR product may be digested with AflII and KpnI and ligated to pSMX410 that has also been digested with AflII and KpnI, to yield plasmid pSMX412 ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0174]    Primer B4425 consists of a 5′ KpnI site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the end of the PTP47 tail fibre gene ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 Primer B4425 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 42) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GGTACC TTACGTCACTCGCTGGAAAAG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0175]    Genetic Modification of the Triple-Tail Fibre Bacteriophage, PTPX47 to Remove the lacZα Marker 
         [0176]    1. pSMX412 ( FIG. 9 ;  FIG. 10 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PML14 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA47. 
         [0177]    2. Strain PTA47 may be infected with PTPX47, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0178]    3. Recombinant phage, from which the lacZα marker has been removed, may be identified by plaquing on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40 using medium containing S-gal, a chromogenic substrate that detects β-galactosidase activity, looking for clear plaques, indicative of loss of β-galactosidase activity. 
         [0179]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm that the lacZα marker has been removed, and that the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre is still present in the orf28-29 intergenic region (ectopic position 2), and to confirm the presence of the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, and the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1. 
         [0180]    5. Following identification of a verified isolate (PTPX48;  FIG. 10 ), the new recombinant phage may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX40, before further use. PTPX48 is therefore a Phi33 derivative carrying the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP92(C) tail fibre at the native position, the native Phi33 tail fibre gene at ectopic position 1, and the gene encoding the Phi33(N)PTP47(C) tail fibre (AlacZα) at ectopic position 2. 
         [0181]    Construction of a Plasmid to Generate a  P. aeruginosa  Strain Carrying the Phi33 Endolysin Gene and the  Escherichia coli  lacZΔM15 Immediately Downstream of the phoA Locus of the Bacterial Genome 
         [0182]    1. Plasmid pSMX413 ( FIG. 1 ), comprising pSMX400 carrying the endolysin gene from Phi33, under the control of the native endolysin promoter, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0183]    The endolysin promoter may be amplified by PCR from Phi33 using primers B4404 and B4405 ( FIG. 1 ). The endolysin gene itself may be amplified by PCR from Phi33 using primers B4406 and B4407 ( FIG. 1 ). The two PCR products may then be joined together by Splicing by Overlap Extension (SOEing) PCR, using the two outer primers, B4404 and B4407. The resulting PCR product may then be digested with AfLII and BglII, and ligated to pSMX400 that has also been digested with AflII and BglII, to yield plasmid pSMX413 ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0184]    Primer B4404 consists of a 5′ AflII restriction site (underlined), followed by a bi-directional transcriptional terminator (soxR terminator, 60-96 bases of genbank accession number DQ058714), and sequence of the beginning of the endolysin promoter region (underlined, in bold) ( FIG. 1 ). Primer B4405 consists of a 5′ region of sequence that is complementary to the region overlapping the start codon of endolysin from Phi33, followed by sequence that is complementary to the end of the endolysin promoter region (underlined, in bold;  FIG. 1 ). Primer B4406 is the reverse complement of primer B4405 (see also  FIG. 1 ). Primer B4407 consists of a 5′ BglII restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the end of the Phi33 endolysin gene ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4404 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 43) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA CTTAAG AAAACAAACTAAAGCGCCCTTGTGGCGCTTTAGTTTTA 
               
               
                 TAC   TACTGAGAAAAATCTGGATTC   -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4405 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 44) 
               
               
                 5′-GATTTTCATCAATACTCCTGGATCC   CGTTAATTCGAAGAGTCG   -3′  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4406 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 45) 
               
               
                 5′-   CGACTCTTCGAATTAACG   GGATCCAGGAGTATTGATGAAAATC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4407 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 46) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA AGATCT TCAGGAGCCTTGATTGATC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0185]    2. Plasmid pSMX414 ( FIG. 1 ), comprising pSMX413 carrying lacZΔM15 under the control of a lac promoter, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0186]    The lacZΔM15 gene under the control of a lac promoter may be amplified by PCR from  Escherichia coli  strain DH10B using primers B4408 and B4409 ( FIG. 1 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with BglII and Nhel, and ligated to pSMX413 that has also been digested with BglII and Nhel, to yield plasmid pSMX414 ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0187]    Primer B4408 consists of a 5′ BglII restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the lac promoter ( FIG. 1 ). Primer B4409 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by a bi-directional transcriptional terminator and sequence complementary to the 3′ end of lacZΔM15 (underlined, in bold;  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4408 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA AGATCT GAGCGCAACGCAATTAATGTG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4409 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC AGTCAAAAGCCTCCGGTCGGAGGCTTTTGACT   TTATT     
               
               
                     TTTGACACCAGACCAAC   -3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0188]    Genetic Modification of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  to Introduce the Phi33 Endolysin Gene and the  Escherichia coli  lacZΔM15 Allele Immediately Downstream of the phoA Locus of the Bacterial Genome 
         [0189]    1. Plasmid pSMX414 may be transferred to  P. aeruginosa  by conjugation, selecting for primary recombinants by acquisition of resistance to tetracycline (50 μg/ml). 
         [0190]    2. Double recombinants may then be selected via sacB-mediated counter-selection, by plating onto medium containing 10% sucrose. 
         [0191]    3. Isolates growing on 10% sucrose may then be screened by PCR to confirm that endolysin and lacZΔM15 have been introduced downstream of the  P. aeruginosa  phoA gene. 
         [0192]    4. Following verification of an isolate (PAX41), this strain may then be used as a host for further modification of bacteriophage, where complementation of a Δendolysin, lacZα +  genotype is required. 
         [0193]    Construction of a Plasmid to Replace the Endolysin Gene of the Double-Tail Fibre Phage (PTPX44, PTPX45, PTPX46), or Similar Bacteriophage, or the Triple-Tail Fibre Phage (PTPX48), or Similar Bacteriophage, with rpsB-SASP-C and lacZα 
         [0194]    1. Plasmid pSMX415 ( FIG. 11 ), comprising pSM1080 containing regions of Phi33 flanking the endolysin gene, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0195]    The region of Phi33 sequence immediately downstream of the endolysin gene may be amplified by PCR using primers B4465 and B4466 ( FIG. 11 ). This PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with NdeI and Nhel. The region of Phi33 sequence immediately upstream of the endolysin gene may be amplified by PCR using primers B4467 and B4468 ( FIG. 11 ). This second PCR product may then be cleaned and digested with NdeI and Nhel. The two PCR product digests may then be cleaned again and ligated to pSM1080 that has been digested with Nhel and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation. Clones carrying one insert of each of the two PCR products may be identified by PCR using primers B4465 and B4468, and by restriction digest of the purified plasmid DNA with NdeI, to identify plasmid pSMX415 ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0196]    Primer B4465 consists of a 5′ Nhel restriction site (underlined), followed by Phi33 sequence located approximately 340bp downstream of the Phi33 endolysin gene ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4466 consists of 5′ NdeI and KpnI restriction sites (underlined), followed by sequence of Phi33 that is located immediately downstream of the endolysin gene ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4467 consists of a 5′ NdeI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence that is complementary to sequence located immediately upstream of the Phi33 endolysin gene ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4468 consists of a 5′ Nhel site (underlined), followed by Phi33 sequence that is located approximately 340 bp upstream of the endolysin gene ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 Primer B4465 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 47) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC TTGGCCAGAAAGAAGGCG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4466 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 48) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA CATATG TC GGTACC TATTCGCCCAAAAGAAAAG-3′  
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4467 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 49) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA CATATG TCAATACTCCTGATTTTTG-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4468 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 50) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GCTAGC AATGAAATGGACGCGGATC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0197]    2. Plasmid pSMX416 ( FIG. 11 ), comprising pSMX415 containing SASP-C under the control of an rpsB promoter, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0198]    The SASP-C gene from  Bacillus megaterium  strain KM (ATCC 13632) may be amplified by PCR using primers B4469 and B4470 ( FIG. 11 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with KpnI and Ncol. The rpsB promoter may be amplified by PCR from  P. aeruginosa  using primers B4471 and B4472 ( FIG. 11 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with Ncol and NdeI. The two digested PCR products may then be cleaned and ligated to pSMX415 that has been digested with KpnI and NdeI, yielding plasmid pSMX416 ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0199]    Primer B4469 comprises a 5′ KpnI restriction site, followed by a bi-directional transcriptional terminator, and then sequence complementary to the 3′ end of the SASP-C gene from  B. megaterium  strain KM (ATCC 13632) (underlined, in bold;  FIG. 11 ). Primer B4470 comprises a 5′ Ncol restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the 5′ end of the SASP-C gene from  B. megaterium  strain KM (ATCC 13632) ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4471 comprises a 5′ Ncol restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the end of the rpsB promoter from  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4472 comprises a 5′ NdeI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the beginning of the rpsB promoter from  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 Primer B4469 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 51) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA GGTACC GATCTAGTCAAAAGCCTCCGACCGGAGGCTTTTGACT 
               
               
                     TTAGTACTTGCCGCCTAG   -3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4470 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 52) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA CCATGG CAAATTATCAAAACGCATC-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4471 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 53) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA CCATGG TAGTTCCTCGATAAGTCG-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer B4472 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 54) 
               
               
                 5′-GATA CATATG CCTAGGGATCTGACCGACCGATCTACTCC-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0200]    3. Plasmid pSMX417 ( FIG. 11 ), comprising pSMX416 containing lacZα, may be constructed as follows. 
         [0201]    lacZα may be PCR amplified using primers B4473 and B4474 ( FIG. 11 ). The resulting PCR product may then be digested with KpnI and ligated to pSMX416 that has also been digested with KpnI and treated with alkaline phosphatase prior to ligation, to yield pSMX417 ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0202]    Primer B4473 consists of a 5′ KpnI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence complementary to the 3′ end of lacZα ( FIG. 11 ). Primer B4474 consists of a 5′ KpnI restriction site (underlined), followed by sequence of the lac promoter driving expression of lacZα ( FIG. 11 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 Primer B4473 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 55) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GGTACC TTAGCGCCATTCGCCATTC-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Primer B4474 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 56) 
               
               
                   
                 5′-GATA GGTACC GCGCAACGCAATTAATGTG-3′ 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0203]    Genetic Modification of the Double-Tail Fibre Phage (PTPX44, PTPX45, PTPX46), or Similar Bacteriophage, or the Triple-Tail Fibre Phage (PTPX48), or Similar Bacteriophage, to Replace Endolysin with rpsB-SASP-C and lacZα 
         [0204]    1. Plasmid pSMX417 ( FIG. 11 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA48. 
         [0205]    2. Strain PTA48 may be infected in individual experiments with one of the double-tail fibre phage (PTPX44 ( FIG. 6 ), PTPX45 ( FIG. 7 ), PTPX46 ( FIG. 8 )), or similar bacteriophage, or the triple-tail fibre phage (PTPX48;  FIG. 10 ), or similar bacteriophage, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0206]    3. Recombinant phage, in which the endolysin gene has been replaced by rpsB-SASP-C and lacZα, may be identified by plaquing the lysate from step (2) on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41, onto medium containing S-gal, looking for black plaques, which are indicative of β-galactosidase activity. 
         [0207]    4. PCR may be carried out to check that the endolysin gene has been replaced, and that rpsB-SASP-C and lacZα are present. 
         [0208]    5. Following identification of verified isolates (for example, PTPX49 ( FIG. 6 ), PTPX50 ( FIG. 7 ), PTPX51 ( FIG. 8 ), PTPX52 ( FIG. 10 ), the isolates may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41, prior to further use. 
         [0209]    Genetic Modification to Remove the lacZα Marker from PTPX49, PTPX50, PTPX51, PTPX52 and Similar Derivatives of Phi33 that Carry rpsB-SASP-C in Place of the Endolysin Gene 
         [0210]    1. Plasmid pSMX416 ( FIG. 11 ) may be introduced into  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41 by conjugation, selecting transconjugants on the basis of tetracycline resistance (50 μg/ml), yielding strain PTA49. 
         [0211]    2. Strain PTA49 may be infected in individual experiments with phage PTPX49, or PTPX50, or PTPX51, or PTPX52, or other similar phage, and the progeny phage harvested. 
         [0212]    3. Recombinant phage, in which lacZα marker has been removed, may be identified by plaquing the lysate from step (2) on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41, onto medium containing S-gal, looking for clear plaques, which are indicative of loss of β-galactosidase activity. 
         [0213]    4. PCR may be carried out to confirm removal of the lacZα marker, while ensuring that rpsB-SASP-C is still present. 
         [0214]    5. Following identification of verified isolates (for example, PTP213 ( FIG. 11 ;  FIG. 12 ), PTPX53 ( FIG. 11 ;  FIG. 12 ), PTPX54 ( FIG. 11 ;  FIG. 13 ), PTPX55 ( FIG. 11 ;  FIG. 13 )), the isolates may be plaque purified twice more on  P. aeruginosa  strain PAX41, prior to further use. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Host range of Phi33, PTP92, C36 and PTP47 against 44 European 
               
               
                 clinical isolates of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bacterial Strain no. 
                 Phi33 
                 PTP47 
                 PTP92 
                 C36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2019 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2020 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2021 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2029 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2031 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2039 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2040 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2041 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2042 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2045 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 2046 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2047 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2048 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2049 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2050 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2051 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2052 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2053 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2054 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2055 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2056 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2057 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2058 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2483 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 2484 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2705 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2706 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2707 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2708 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2709 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2710 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 2711 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2712 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2713 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2714 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2715 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2716 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 2717 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2718 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2719 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 2720 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2721 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2722 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 2723 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Strains were tested for sensitivity to each phage by dropping 10 μl of crude phage lysate onto a soft agar overlay plate inoculated with bacteria. Plates were grown overnight at 32° C. and the strains were scored for sensitivity to each phage by assessing clearance zones at the point of inoculation. Where phage inhibited growth, as seen by clearance of the bacterial lawn, the strain was marked as sensitive (+), and where no inhibition of growth was seen, the strain was marked as not-sensitive (−) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Host range of Phi33, PTP92 and PTP93 against 35 European 
               
               
                 clinical isolates of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Isolate 
                 Phi33 
                 PTP93 
                 PTP92 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2019 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2020 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2029 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2040 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2045 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2053 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2483 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2484 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2705 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2710 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2711 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2712 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2713 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2716 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2717 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2718 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2720 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2721 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2722 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2723 
                 + 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2728 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2733 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2734 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2740 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2741 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2742 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2743 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2747 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2748 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2749 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2750 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2752 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2753 
                 − 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2754 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2756 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strains were tested for sensitivity to each phage by dropping 10 μl of crude phage lysate onto a soft agar overlay plate inoculated with bacteria. Plates were grown overnight at 32° C. and the strains were scored for sensitivity to each phage by assessing clearance zones at the point of inoculation. Where phage inhibited growth, as seen by clearance of the bacterial lawn, the strain was marked as sensitive (+), and where no inhibition of growth was seen, the strain was marked as not-sensitive (−) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Host range of PTP213, Phi33, and PTP92 against 9 
               
               
                 clinical isolates of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Isolate 
                 PTP213 
                 Phi33 
                 PTP92 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2055 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2710 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2948 
                 + 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 2967 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2975 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2992 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 3183 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 3193 
                 + 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 3207 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Strains were tested for sensitivity to each phage by dropping 10 μl of crude phage lysate onto a soft agar overlay plate inoculated with bacteria. Plates were grown overnight at 32° C. and the strains were scored for sensitivity to each phage by assessing clearance zones at the point of inoculation. Where phage inhibited growth, as seen by clearance of the bacterial lawn, the strain was marked as sensitive (+), and where no inhibition of growth was seen, the strain was marked as not-sensitive (−) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       REFERENCES 
       [0215]    Abedon S T. (2008). Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution, an Impact of Bacterial Viruses. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1. 
         [0216]    Boucher, H. W., Talbot, G. H., Bradley, J. S., Edwards, J. E., Gilbert, D., Rice, L. B., &amp; Bartlett, J. (2009). Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clinical Infectious Diseases,  48: 1-12. 
         [0217]    Burrowes, B., &amp; Harper, D. R. (2012). 14 Phage Therapy of Non-wound Infections.  Bacteriophages in Health and Disease: Bacteriophages in Health and Disease,  203. 
         [0218]    Carlton, R. M. (1999). Phage therapy: past history and future prospects.  Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis - English Edition  47:267-274. 
         [0219]    Ceyssens P, Miroshnikov K, Mattheus W, Krylov V, Robben J, Noben J, Vanderschraeghe S, Sykilinda N, Kropinski A M, Volckaert G, Mesyanzhinov V, Lavigne R. (2009). Comparative analysis of the widespread and conserved PB1-like viruses infecting  Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Env. Microbiol.  11:2874-2883. 
         [0220]    Francesconi, S. C., MacAlister, T. J., Setlow, B., &amp; Setlow, P. (1988). Immunoelectron microscopic localization of small, acid-soluble spore proteins in sporulating cells of  Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol.,  170: 5963-5967. 
         [0221]    Frenkiel-Krispin, D., Sack, R., Englander, J., Shimoni, E., Eisenstein, M., Bullitt, E. &amp; Wolf, S. G. (2004). Structure of the DNA-SspC complex: implications for DNA packaging, protection, and repair in bacterial spores.  J. Bacteriol.  186:3525-3530. 
         [0222]    Gill J J, Hyman P. (2010). Phage Choice, Isolation and Preparation for Phage therapy.  Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.  11:2-14. 
         [0223]    Kutateladze, M., &amp; Adamia, R. (2010). Bacteriophages as potential new therapeutics to replace or supplement antibiotics.  Trends Biotechnol.  28:591-595. 
         [0224]    Lee, K. S., Bumbaca, D., Kosman, J., Setlow, P., &amp; Jedrzejas, M. J. (2008). Structure of a protein—DNA complex essential for DNA protection in spores of  Bacillus species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  105:2806-2811. 
         [0225]    Nicholson W L, Setlow B, Setlow P. (1990). Binding of DNA in vitro by a small, acid-soluble spore protein from  Bacillus subtilis  and the effect of this binding on DNA topology.  J Bacteriol.  172:6900-6906. 
         [0226]    Rakhuba D V, Kolomiets E I, Szwajcer Dey E, Novik E I. (2010). Bacteriophage Receptors, Mechanisms of Phage Adsorption and Penetration into Host Cell.  Polish J. Microbio..  59:145-155. 
         [0227]    Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., &amp; Maniatis, T. (1989).  Molecular cloning  (Vol. 2, pp. 14-9). New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 
         [0228]    Scholl, D., Rogers, S., Adhya, S., &amp; Merril, C. R. (2001). Bacteriophage K1-5 encodes two different tail fiber proteins, allowing it to infect and replicate on both K1 and K5 strains of  Escherichia coli. J. Virol.  75:2509-2515. 
         [0229]    Veesler D, Cambillau C. (2011). A Common Evolutionary Origin for Tailed-Bacteriophage Functional Modules and Bacterial Machineries.  Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.  75:423-433. 
         [0230]    Walker, B., Barrett, S., Polasky, S., Galaz, V., Folke, C., Engstrom, G., &amp; de Zeeuw, A. (2009). Looming global-scale failures and missing institutions.Science, 325:1345-1346. 
         [0231]    WHO (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014.