Abstract:
A resistance type pulse welding apparatus for workpieces, including a handpiece, a pair of electrodes mounted at the tip of the handpiece adapted for delivering weld current pulses to a workpiece to be welded, an electrochemical capacitor providing a high-current, low-voltage power source, and a triggering means located between the electrochemical capacitor and the electrodes to discharge the energy stored in the electrochemical capacitor through the electrodes upon the sensing of a threshold pressure between the electrodes, indicative of the forcing of the electrodes against the workpiece.

Description:
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to resistance welding apparatus and more particularly to a lightweight, portable spot resistance welding device. 
     In resistance spot welding, electrode pressure is used to force the two pieces together. Heat, generated by the resistance of the workpieces to the flow of electricity, either melts the material at the interface, or at least makes it plastically adhesive. When the flow of current stops, the electrode force is further maintained for a fraction of second, while the weld rapidly cools and solidifies. 
     There are two types of welding equipment: Direct energy machines and stored energy machines. The stored energy mode is usually preferred because it is a more efficient and a more controlled process than the direct energy mode, and causes less extra heating, oxidation and deformation of the workpieces. 
     In principle, the stored energy welding machine extracts energy from the power line over a period of time and stores it in a high voltage capacitor&#39;s bank. The stored energy is discharged through a pulse transformer which converts the high voltage pulse into the required high current pulse (at low voltage) which is delivered by highly conductive cables to the welding head and passes through the workpiece. A third cable runs from the supply to the welding head and ensures that the firing switch of the discharge will close only after the two electrode are pressed together against the workpiece. 
     Commercial stored energy power supplies have a peak output voltage of 6 to 10 Volts and deliver up to several hundred Joules during a pulse (or two pulses) which can have a duration of several milliseconds. Typical weight of supplies range in 15 to 30 kg. Even portable battery powered light duty welding power supplies have a typical weight of about 10 kg. 
     Thus, no truly portable resistance welding system exists in a sense that the complete welding system can be conveniently carried and operated by the operator; or without being connected to the supply by heavy duty welding cables in the direct energy mode. 
     SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention solves the deficiencies of the prior art power supplies by the application of an electrochemical capacitor as the source for the high current pulses that are required in the resistance welding process. It is based on the properties of electrochemical capacitors, especially their large electrical capacitance which enables them to store energy at low voltages and their ability to deliver this energy fast enough so it can produce sufficient heat to spot weld two metal sheets. 
     The invention is based on the properties of an electrochemical capacitor which is characterized by its large capacitance and energy density to serve as a power source for resistance welding. The capacitor was based on the “quasi capacitance” phenomena of the RuO 2  electrode in a solution of 4M H 2 SO 4 , which is described by Conway et al, “The Role and Utilization of Pseudocapacitance for Energy Storage by Supercapacitors”, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 66, 1997, 1-14, incorporated herein by reference. 
     Thus, the energy needed for the welding process is stored in a very compact electrical storage device which is tightly attached to the welding head where its energy can be extracted directly in the appropriate form of high current and low voltage to perform the welding job. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a lightweight, compact low voltage, high-current pulse to electrodes employing an electrochemical capacitor. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     The invention herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein, 
     FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the welding unit according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows a perspective side view of the welding unit according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 shows the electrical circuitry of the welding system according to the embodiment of the invention when charged by a battery; and 
     FIG.  4 ( a ) and FIG.  4 ( b ) shows the curves of current and voltage pulses, respectively, which are obtained during welding according to the embodiment of the invention using a 12V, 1.5 F capacitor. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the Figures, wherein corresponding elements represent identical elements throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2, the negative electrode  1  of thyristor  6  is held and pressed with an aluminum clamp  2  against an exposed area of the negative electrodes  3  of a packed electrochemical capacitor  24 . A copper block  4  is attached to the end of clamp  2  which serves as the mechanical and electrical socket for the first input electrodes  5  of the handpiece, or the welding head,  14 . 
     Electrode  5  of the handpiece  14  is shorted electrically via clamp  2  to the positive side of the thyristor  6 , while the other input electrode  7  of the handpiece  14  is held by a second copper socket  8  and is shorted to the positive electrode  9  of the capacitor  24  by a second aluminum clamp  10 . 
     Thyristor  6  is activated into its conductive state by the application of a positive voltage which resides on the positive electrode  9  of the charged capacitor  24 . This voltage is applied via a 100Ω resistor  11  to the trigger input  12  of the thyristor  6  through a micro-switch  13 . A commercial handpiece, such as one manufactured by Unitek, or welding head  14 , contains microswitch  13  and which closes only when the electrode welding tips  15  are pressed against each other at a predetermined pressure which can be set by adjusting the screw, or other similar means  16 . 
     Thus, the capacitor  24  is discharged by the thyristor  6  through the workpiece (not shown) only after applying pressure between the tips  15  and the establishment of the appropriate pressure for the welding process. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an electrical embodiment of the system of the invention including a 9-12 volt charging battery  17 , a voltage regulating diode  18  coupled thereto, a MOSFET  19  between the battery and the capacitor  24 , a charging flow indication bulb  20  and a charging on/off switch  21 . 
     The 12V, 1.5 F electrochemical capacitor  24  is charged by a 12V, 4 Ahr Lead acid battery which typically weights 2.4 kg, and may be carried by a shoulder strap and connected to the capacitor through the indicating bulb  20 , having a resistance of about 1 ohm. Diode  18  is placed between the battery  17  and capacitor  24  to assure that the charging potential will not exceed 12 volts. 
     To prevent the possibility of the discharge of the battery  17  while welding, it is disconnected from the welding unit  14  while the thyristor electrodes  1  and  6  becomes conductive. This is achieved by the MOSFET  19 , which enters its cutoff as soon as the micro-switch  13  in the handpiece  14  is closed by pressing the welding electrodes against each other, activating thyristor  6 . 
     FIGS.  4 ( a ) and  4 ( b ) shows the current and voltage, respectively, for such a capacitor. It was found that the current for a single weld consisted of a short current pulse with a peak power of about 3000 W for about 0.5 milliseconds which was followed by a lower decaying current which flowed for the period which is compatible with the time constant of the system as long as the welding circuit remained closed. 
     Accordingly, there has been provided an electrochemical capacitor which weighs about 250 grams can be charged in any conventional manner and the energy which is stored in it is fed during the discharge directly to the workpieces. This eliminates the need for the large and heavy pulse current transformer currently used as the power source. 
     Because of the tight attachment of the electrochemical capacitor  24  to the tweezer handpiece  14  of the welder, the need for the long heavy duty welding cables which otherwise connect the handpiece to the pulse current transformer—is eliminated as well. 
     Thus, there has been provided a portable and completely autonomous resistance welding system in which all its components, including the charging batteries are gripped by the user&#39;s hand with a total weight of under one kilogram. 
     Two embodiments were built according to the following characteristics: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Capacitor I 
                 Capacitor II 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Maximum Voltage (V): 
                 6 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Electrode Geometrical Area 
                 100 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 (cm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
                 Low Frequency Capacitance 
                 30 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 (F) 
               
               
                   
                 ESR (mΩ) 
                 15 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Outer Dimensions: (cm): 
                 15 × 5X1 
                 15 × 5 × 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Weight: (grams): 
                 300 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The complete autonomous welding system, including batteries, weighs 900 gram and can be carried by hand, and can provide over 500, 20 Joules welds at a rate of a weld every second. The 6V, 15 F capacitor was recharged by a 20V, 10 A regulated power supply which was connected to the capacitor by standard 1 mm copper electrical wires, to provide an unlimited number of 30 Joule welds at a rate of a weld per 2 sec. The 12V, 1.5 F capacitor can be charged through a 2Ω, 20 W resistor by 3 C-size, 3V Li/SO 2  batteries connected in series and mounted thereto. It can also be recharged by 12V, 300 mA electronic charges. 
     It can be seen that according to these properties, the amount of stored energy in the electrochemical capacitor  24  can reach the required energy for heavy duty resistance welding machines and that welding will be efficiently and effectively accomplished. 
     It is estimated that a total energy of 20-30 joules is dissipated into heat at the workpieces during 10 millisecond. After several seconds of relaxation, second and third lower pulses can be obtained from the capacitor without recharging. From this it can be seen that only a fraction of the energy which is stored in the capacitor is extracted fast enough to be useful. However, this generates sufficient power to join together two pieces of iron or stainless sheets with thickness of 0.1 mm by a weld with a pull strength of about 3 kg. 
     The invention has been described with respect to certain preferred embodiment. Various additions and modifications within the spirit of the invention will be apparent to these of skills in relevant arts. Accordingly the scope of the invention will be limited solely to the following claims: