Abstract:
The object of the invention is to obtain prefabricated modules of reinforced concrete corresponding to a dwelling with or without compartments, with its six wall structures consisting of single elements, achieving in this way a 100% monolithic structure, which eliminates any vibrations or dilatation and prevents the formation of cracks or humidity in the module. To this end, an internal permanent formwork is manufactured in the plant on the basis of six elements—floor, walls and ceiling, which are fixed along their edges by means of high-resistance putty and provided with distancing pads ( 9 ) on the bottom base on the floor or on the selected supporting surface with the service installations ( 11 ) mounted on the external face of the permanent formwork ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5  and  6 ) and over them the insulation material ( 12 ), where it is necessary, then a structural frame ( 13 ), and finally an external recoverable formwork ( 14 ).

Description:
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to a new procedure for the manufacture of compact blocks, i.e. blocks formed by a cubicle to be used on their own or in combination with other similar blocks, in erecting a building of variable height. 
         [0002]    The objective of the invention is to achieve 100% monolithic prismatic modules that do not require rigid floor fixing and that nullify any vibration or expansion, preventing the appearance of cracks and humidity; all at a surprisingly low cost and suitable for mass-production in its entirety. 
         [0003]    Thus, the invention lies within the field of construction. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Old, obsolete and costly construction processes for buildings based on a concrete foundation upon which stands a structure formed by columns and beams, enclosed at the top by a slab and laterally by bricks and other similar construction materials, are increasingly being replaced with pre-fabricated modules, usually made of reinforced concrete, which form prismatic-rectangular blocks with respective openings for doors, windows, etc., so that each module consists of reinforced concrete panels corresponding to each of its sides, factory-made, installable on the ground, specifically over an appropriate foundation, joined together at their edges usually with the help of mechanical means, such as screws, nuts or other things. 
         [0005]    This multiple-part construction of the modules, as well as their attachment to the foundation, is inherently prone to expansion and vibrations, whereby cracks and humidity frequently appear on the modules. 
         [0006]    Furthermore, this structuring does not preclude the need for subsequent coatings both internally and externally, as well as chamber formation for the passage of service ducts and for the introduction or spreading of insulation materials correspondingly to external wall surfaces. 
         [0007]    In an attempt to overcome these problems, there are some known solutions wherein two, three, four or five sides of the prismatic block are joined together at their origin as a single piece, i.e. reducing the number of pieces forming the module and consequently the number of joints put between them. 
         [0008]    This is the case with the invention patent EP0650812, in which the process for obtaining a module for construction is described. This includes a construction phase in the factory of an internal permanent formwork based on at least six constituent elements, consisting of a bottom base, a top base and four lateral walls, after which, the mounting of the integral elements of the said permanent formwork is carried out. This involves configuring a rectangular prismatic block, supporting the said rectangular prismatic block directly on the ground or on a horizontal platform, and subsequently adding an external formwork to the formwork described above, proceeding thereafter to fill the perimetral space existing between the two formworks with highly-fluid self-compacting concrete, so that in this last phase, after having the concrete has hardened, the external and recoverable formwork is removed, thereby achieving the module. 
         [0009]    With this solution, the first problem described is partially solved while the second remains completely unresolved. 
         [0010]    The inventor is not aware of the existence of any other solutions in industry or on the site of construction to achieve a completely monolithic state, i.e. where all six sides of the prismatic block are joined together as a single piece to provide the benefits listed above. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The manufacturing process of compact modules for use in construction proposed by the invention achieves this complete monolithic state, as mentioned above, as well as much lower manufacturing costs in comparison with any of the conventional construction systems. 
         [0012]    More specifically, to achieve this, the process begins with a factory-made permanent formwork, which integrates all the lateral sides as well as the upper and lower slabs, corresponding to the inside of the desired prismatic cubicle space. This permanent formwork integrates both the cubicle&#39;s internal finishing materials and the appropriate hollows for doors, windows, etc., as well as orthogonal partitioning walls corresponding to these hollows, and with a width consistent with the thickness for the internal or external wall as a whole. 
         [0013]    Once these are hardened, the dimensions of which are restricted only by logical transportation limits, the formworks are stored within the factory itself, or where deemed most appropriate, until the time for their use. 
         [0014]    At that time, the geometry of the module to be built is traced on the floor over a plated smooth simple platform, which may even be a properly compacted floor. This can be done in the factory or on the building-site. 
         [0015]    The lower slab is provided on top of this platform in the appropriate position, with the assistance of supports that sufficiently separate the slab from the platform, according to the forecast total thickness of the lower slab. 
         [0016]    We then proceed to provide the necessary walls comprising each module, which could simply consist of the perimetral walls, or one or several of the internal compartment partition walls, thus also holding on to the lower slab by means of high strength putty, and finally proceeding to place the upper slab. 
         [0017]    Furthermore, all necessary installations are placed on the external side of this internal integral formwork, such as electricity, telephone, sanitation, drinking water, etc. 
         [0018]    Subsequently and above these installations, i.e. externally to them, insulation is either placed or spread over those wall surfaces that require it. 
         [0019]    Next, a surrounding reinforcement is provided, which affects all six sides of the formwork and is calculated according to the required strength. 
         [0020]    Next, an external formwork is put in place. This is made of four lateral pieces, each substantially protruding over the adjacent piece at one of its edges, so that this external formwork can allow for slabs and walls of any size, by simply joining together the four overlapping lateral sides. 
         [0021]    At the next operational phase, we proceed to fill the space between internal permanent formwork and the external recoverable formwork, with highly-fluid self-compacting concrete of high initial and final strengths, to prevent segregation at the pouring stage and thereby obtaining a 100% monolithic state, the concrete pouring achieving the highest forecast level for the upper slab, i.e. a hollow rectangular prismatic block is obtained, made of reinforced concrete and a single-piece structure, whereby the module does not require rigid floor fixing and prevents any risk of vibration or expansion that could cause the appearance of cracks and humidity within the module. 
         [0022]    After stripping the module, i.e. after removal of the external and recoverable formwork, the structural behaviour of the module is identical to that of a beam, providing sufficient stability and strength for use at one level, or for piling in stacks of ten, twelve, or even more, depending on the thickness of its walls, by joining together the modules with the corresponding anchors for both vertical and horizontal handling. 
         [0023]    All of this, in unison, achieves not only excellent quality, but also a much lower manufacturing cost than previously conceived, owing to the system&#39;s simplicity, while providing very high versatility for any industry, whether through automation or simply by mechanisation, being affordable for all investors, regardless of their location or financial ability, and with the consequent development of industrial production of decent, safe and affordable housing for any given situation, besides remaining open to a plethora of possibilities with respect to quality, given its adaptation to different finishes of and installations to the internal and permanent formwork. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]    In order to supplement the description provided and with the purpose of better explaining the characteristics of the invention, the following preferred embodiment of the invention is given as an example only, without being limitative in any way, by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0025]      FIG. 1  shows a disassembled representation in the factory of the result obtained in the first phase of the procedure, i.e. the six integral parts of the internal permanent formwork; 
           [0026]      FIGS. 2 and 3  show the respective disassembled representation in the perspective of the structure presented in the preceding drawing but with the different parts exploded in their definitive position in relation to the assembly; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  shows the structure of the preceding figures duly assembled, i.e. the completely finished internal permanent formwork; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  shows a representation similar to that of the preceding figure, but where the service installations have been added to the internal permanent formwork; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  shows the next operative phase of the procedure when the insulation material has been deposited on the structure shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  shows the result of the next operative phase of the procedure in which the structure from  FIG. 6  appears covered with a mesh framework; 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  shows the structure of the preceding figure in the intermediate phase of installation of the exterior recyclable formwork; 
           [0032]      FIG. 9  shows the result after the complete implantation of the external formwork; 
           [0033]      FIG. 10  shows the structure of  FIG. 9  at the end of the phase of filling up with concrete of the space between the two formworks—external and internal. 
           [0034]      FIG. 11  shows, finally, the end result of the procedure after the removal of the external recoverable formwork. 
       
    
    
     PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    After observing the reviewed figures, and in particular  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 , it can be seen how in the first phase of the procedure, at a factory level, the constituent parts of the internal permanent formwork are obtained, namely a base element ( 1 ) corresponding to the floor structure, a similar element ( 2 ) for the ceiling structure, and in this case four elements ( 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 ) corresponding to the lateral walls of the module, which optionally can be complemented with internal compartment elements not represented in the drawings. 
         [0036]    These elements, in particular the lateral elements ( 3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 ), incorporate openings ( 7 ) corresponding formally and dimensionally to doors and windows having external perimetric extensions, with dimensions coinciding with the planned thickness of the walls. 
         [0037]    As was mentioned before, this permanent formwork ( 1 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 ) is structured in such a way so that its internal face constitutes the final internal face as seen in the structure of the module. 
         [0038]    In the next operative phase, the fixing of these elements is proceeded with and, in order to implement the rectangular prismatic block of six faces shown in  FIG. 4 , as was pointed out above, high-resistance putty can be used for this purpose, to support the final concrete structure, although obviously also other adequate means of fixation can be used. 
         [0039]    Going back again to the bottom platform ( 1 ), it must be pointed out that it incorporates in its bottom face buffers ( 9 ) depending on the distancing elements at the level of the permanent formwork in its entirety with respect to the floor and with respect to a platform that had been previously established in it. For its part, the element ( 2 ) corresponding to the ceiling structure can be provided, for example, with a rectangular window ( 10 ) for the exit of smoke or for some other purpose, extended into an ascending collar with the same height as the one planned for the said ceiling structure. 
         [0040]    After obtaining the internal permanent formwork, fixing externally to the same of the service installations of the module is proceeded with, such as, for example, in the present case and as shown in  FIG. 5 , the electrical installation ( 11 ). 
         [0041]    In a next operative phase, as shown in  FIG. 6  and also externally, depositing the insulating material ( 12 ) on those faces of the formwork follows next, insofar as is necessary, namely that corresponding to the exterior of the dwelling. 
         [0042]    Next establishing a framework over the entire perimeter of the structure shown in  FIG. 6  is proceeded with, a framework ( 13 ) adequately calculated, based on a steel rack with not a very large cross section but sufficient to achieve the normally required objectives with a diameter for the same of eight millimetres. 
         [0043]    Next and as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , an external recyclable formwork is mounted over the structure from the preceding figure, consisting of four vertical elements ( 14 ), each one of which is overlapping one of the vertical edges of the adjacent one, i.e. each of the elements of the formwork ( 14 ) is sticking out substantially with one of its ends with respect to the one it overlaps, which permits a change in the relative position between these four elements of the formwork ( 14 ) permitting in turn to vary as desired the distance between the exterior recyclable formwork and the internal permanent formwork, or—which is the same—the possibility to adjust as desired the thickness of the walls of the dwelling, whereas the height of the elements of the external formwork is considerably larger than the height of the internal formwork, including the buffers ( 9 ) of the latter in order to attain the desired width without anything more than filling with concrete up to the appropriate level. 
         [0044]    After mounting the external formwork ( 14 ), it defines, along with the internal formwork and its accessories, a perimetric chamber ( 15 ) communicating directly with the one defined by the buffers ( 9 ) between them and the girder, which is filled with cement, as was pointed out above, and which exceeds with respect to the lower face of the formwork by an amount that is adequate to forming—also with the character of a single element—the ceiling structure of the module. 
         [0045]    The module concludes with the removal of the recyclable external formwork ( 14 ), with the module receiving the configuration represented in  FIG. 11  or any other that is considered convenient as regards the number, the configuration and the location of the openings for doors and windows.