Abstract:
The present invention relates a process of preparing a nanopowder by using a natural source starting material wherein the nano powder is a nano metal or nano alloy or nano metal oxide or nano metal carbide or nano compound or nano composite or nanofluid. The nano product produced by the process has novel properties such as enhanced hardness, antibacterial properties, thermal properties, electrical properties, abrasive resistant, wear resistant, superior frictional properties, sliding wear resistance, enhanced tensile strength, compression strengths, enhanced load bearing capacity and corrosion properties. By virtue of this process the products produced are usable in preparation of thermal fluids, anti-fungal/bacterial/fouling coatings, paints, high strength electrical conductors, high corrosion resistant coatings and alloys, inkjet inks, neutralizing gram positive bacteria, neutralizing gram negative bacteria, motor cycle clutch, rocker arm, solder materials, bearing applications, spring materials, automobile parts, steering wheel joints and coatings, connecting rod, memory enhancing devices, hard disks, pen drives, electronic chips, smart materials, shape memory alloys, add-on materials for composite lamina or laminates of any number.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of nanotechnology and more particularly to a process of preparing a nanopowder by using a natural source starting material. The nano powder is a nano metal or nano alloy or nano metal oxide or nano metal carbide or nano compound or nano composite or nanofluid. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Nanoparticulate transition metal materials can be obtained in the form of metal nano powders, where the grain size ranges between 5-50 nm and metal nano particles of 1-10 nm size having a relatively narrow size distribution. 
         [0003]    Nano structured metal particles have been obtained either by so called “top down methods”, i.e. by the mechanical grinding of bulk metals, or via “bottom-up methods” which rely on the wet chemical reduction of metal salts or, alternatively, the controlled decomposition of metastable organometallic compounds such as metal carbonyls. For the production of nanoparticulate metal colloids a large variety of stabilizers, e.g. donor ligands, polymers, and surfactants, are used to control the growth of the initially formed nanoclusters and to prevent them from agglomeration. 
         [0004]    The chemical reduction of transition metal salts in the presence of stabilizing agents to generate zerovalent metal colloids in aqueous or organic media was first published in 1857 by M. Faraday and this approach has become one of the most common and powerful synthetic methods in this field. The first reproducible standard protocols for the preparation of metal colloids (e.g. for 20 nm gold by reduction with sodium citrate) were established by J. Turkevich. He also proposed a mechanism for the stepwise formation of nanoparticles based on nucleation, growth, and agglomeration, which in essence is still valid. Data from modern analytical techniques and more recent thermodynamic and kinetic results have been used to refine this model. In the embryonic stage of the nucleation, the metal salt is reduced to give zerovalent metal atoms. These can collide in solution with further metal ions, metal atoms, or clusters to form an irreversible “seed” of stable metal nuclei. The diameter of the “seed” nuclei can be well below 1 nm depending on the strength of the metal-metal bonds and the difference between the redox potentials of the metal salt and the reducing agent applied. The formation of nanoparticulate metal colloids via “reductive stabilisation” using organo aluminum reagents follows a different mechanism which has been recently elucidated in detail. 
         [0005]    During the last few decades a considerable body of knowledge has been accumulated on these materials. Highly dispersed mono- and bimetallic colloids can be used as precursors for a new type of catalyst that is applicable both in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phases. Besides the obvious applications in powder technology, material science and chemical catalysis, recent studies have examined the great potential of nanostructured metal colloids as advantageous fuel cell catalysts. 
         [0006]    As per Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering By Vijay K. Varadan, A. SivathanuPillai, DebashishMukherji, Conventional methods of particle size reduction i.e. nano powder production include milling, grinding, jet milling, crushing, and air micronization, chemical and physical vapor deposition, gas phase porolysis and condensation, electro deposition, cryochemical synthesis and sol-gel methods. There are several drawbacks to these methods. First, they might not accomplish the desired amount of particle size reduction. The second drawback is associated with the physical and chemical properties of the materials undergoing size reduction. Certain compounds are chemically sensitive or thermo-liable, such as explosives, chemical intermediates, or pharmaceuticals which cannot be processed using conventional methods due to the physical effects of these methods. 
         [0007]    Other compounds such as, polymers, pigments or dyes, etc. maybe difficult to process by conventional methods due to physical properties such as physical degradation under high pressures or temperatures, “softness”, or waxy texture. 
         [0008]    Metal Nano powders: Nano structured metal and alloy powders may be produced either via the reduction or co-reduction of metal salts using alkaline-triorganohydroborates or using the “polyol”- or the “alcohol-reduction” pathways. 
         [0009]    TriorganohydroborateReduction: Thetriorganohydroborate reduction of e.g. Pt-salts yields Ptnano powders of ca. 3-4 nm size with purities of &gt;95% . The size distribution, however, is relatively broad and the product is contaminated with small residues of alkaline halides. 
         [0010]    Polyol Method: Via the Polyol Method (see equation below) relatively large Pt nanopowders (e.g. 5-13nm) are obtained in &gt;99% purity. The reduction is based on the decomposition of the ethylene glycol and its conversion to diacetyl. N. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0011]    Alcohol Reduction Method: Toshima from the Science University of Tokyo in Yamaguchi has introduced the alcohol reduction method in the field of nanopowder synthesis. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol work simultaneously as solvents and as reducing agents, being oxidized to aldehydes or ketones. Refluxing metal salts or complexes (such as H2PtC16, HAuC14, PdC12, RhC13 in an alcohol/water solution (1/1, v/v) yields nanocrystalline metal powders in the absence of stabilizers. In the case of Pt, the alcohol reduction of H2PtC16 gives Pt(0) particles of ≈3 nm size, however with a broad size distribution, and moderate purity (80-90%). It should be mentioned here that in the presence of protective polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), homogeneous colloidal dispersions, e.g. nanometalPt colloids of 2.7 nm size are obtained. 
         [0012]    The basic conventional methods of producing nano powders is labor intensive, requires various machinery, non environment friendly, requires various energy resources and most importantly expensive. Still the nano powders produced by conventional methods may not have the desired nano powder and yield. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0013]    The present invention describes a process of producing nano powders wherein a natural ingredient is used to produce the nano powder by combining a metal salt with such natural component in a metal container at room temperature. 
         [0014]    A novel process of preparing metal nano powders using a natural ingredient selected from the group comprising of herbal extracts, plant extracts, water, milk or milk products, comprising the steps of:
       (a) combining the natural ingredient with a metal salt in a metal container;   (b) allowing the nano powder to form and deposit; and   (c) obtaining the nano powder.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    The features and advantages of this present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  shows the image of lead nano powder; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  shows graph for purity of lead used for example 2; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  describes XRD of the sample produced in example 4; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  describes XRD of the sample produced in example 5; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  shows XRD pattern of the product of example 6; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  shows XRD Pattern of product of example 7; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  shows the image of nano tin; 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  shows XRD Pattern of the product of example 8; 
           [0027]      FIGS. 9 and 10  shows XRD patterns of the product of example 9; 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  shows XRD pattern of copper-lead nano powder in example 10; 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  shows XRD pattern of Cu—Zn nano powder in example 11; 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  shows XRD pattern of Al—Cu nano powder in example 12; 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  shows XRD pattern of Al—Pb nano powder in example 13; 
           [0032]      FIG. 15  shows XRD patterns of Sn—Pb nano powder in example 14; 
           [0033]      FIG. 16  shows XRD patterns of Al nano powder in example 15; 
           [0034]      FIG. 17  shows XRD pattern of Cu—Zn nano particles in example 16; 
           [0035]      FIG. 18  shows XRD pattern of Sn—Cu nano powder in example 19; 
           [0036]      FIGS. 19  A,  19  B and  19  C show XRD patterns of the sample produced in example 26 and particle size of the nano copper produced; 
           [0037]      FIG. 20  shows XRD patterns of the Al—Cu nano partiles in example 32; 
           [0038]      FIG. 21  shows XRD patterns of Al—Pb nano particles in example 33; 
           [0039]      FIG. 22  illustrates XRD patterns of Sn—Fe nano particles in example 33; 
           [0040]      FIG. 23A  shows XRD patterns of copper nano particles in example 42; 
           [0041]      FIG. 23B  shows the particle size analyser of the copper nano particles; 
           [0042]      FIG. 23C  shows energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of copper nano particles; 
           [0043]      FIG. 24  shows the image of copper nano particles produced by the method described in example 45; 
           [0044]      FIG. 25  shows the graph for purity of nano copper particles produced by the method described in example 49; 
           [0045]      FIG. 26  shows XRD images as in the peaks of lead and Pb2O3 and Pb3O4 as described in example 50; 
           [0046]      FIG. 27  shows XRD image of copper nano particles in example 51; 
           [0047]      FIG. 28  shows nano copper powder after sintering at 500° C.; 
           [0048]      FIG. 29  shows the wear resistance of the copper nano poweder; 
           [0049]      FIG. 30  shows the results of testing electrical conductivity of copper nano particles; 
           [0050]      FIG. 31  illustrates the comparative particle size analysis of copper nano particles prepared by ball milled method and vedic method; 
           [0051]      FIGS. 32 and 33  show the inoculated plates to measure the antimicrobial activity in Minimum Inhibition Concentration test; 
           [0052]      FIG. 34  shows the inoculated plates to measure the antimicrobial activity in Minimum bacterial concentration test; 
           [0053]      FIG. 35  A shows the antibacterial activity of copper nano particles on  E. Coli;    
           [0054]      FIG. 35  B illustrates the graph between Concentration of CU NPs and number of colonies. 
           [0055]      FIG. 36  A shows the antibacterial activity of copper nano particles on  Bacillus subtilis;    
           [0056]      FIG. 36  B illustrates the graph between Concentration of CU NPs and number of colonies. 
           [0057]      FIG. 37  A shows the antibacterial activity of copper nano particles on  Staphilococcus aureus;    
           [0058]      FIG. 37  B illustrates the graph between Concentration of CU NPs and number of colonies. 
           [0059]      FIGS. 38 and 39  show the MTTT assay for copper nano particles prepared by ball milled method and vedic method; 
           [0060]      FIG. 40  illustrates the graph indicating comparative MTT assay of copper nano particles prepared by ball milled method and vedic method; 
           [0061]      FIG. 41  illustrates the cyto-toxicity comparison of copper nano particles prepared by ball milled and vedic method; 
           [0062]      FIGS. 42  shows the XRD results of ball milled copper nano particles; 
           [0063]      FIG. 43  shows XRD results of vedic copper nano particles; 
           [0064]      FIG. 44  shows the compression between ball milled and vedic copper nano particles; 
           [0065]      FIG. 45  illustrates the particle size analysis of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles; 
           [0066]      FIG. 46  A and B show the SEM results of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles respectively; 
           [0067]      FIGS. 47 and 48  show the EDX spectra for vedic nano partilcles of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles; and 
           [0068]      FIGS. 49 and 50  illustrate the UV-Vis spectra of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles respectively. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0069]    Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiment(s) of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
         [0070]    In this document, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, device or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, device, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, device or apparatus that comprises the element. 
         [0071]    Any embodiment described herein is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. All of the embodiments described in this detailed description are illustrative, and provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure and not to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims. 
         [0072]    The present invention may be obtained by using the following tabulated herbs: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 S.NO 
                 SCIENTIFIC NAMES 
                 COMMON NAMES 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 
                   Curcuma 
                   aromatic 
                 
                 Aranyaharidra, Vamaharidra 
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   Alpiniacalcarta 
                 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   Indigiferatinctoria 
                 
                 Nilika 
               
               
                 4 
                 
                   Spilanthusacmella 
                 
                 Maratiteega 
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   Pelargonium 
                   gravcolens 
                 
                 Geranium 
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   Mirabilis 
                   jalapa 
                 
                 Krishna kelli, sandhya raga 
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   Withanaisomnifera 
                 
                 Aswagandha 
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   Bacopamonnuri 
                 
                 Brahmi 
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   Centellaasiastica 
                 
                 Mandukaparni 
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   Rauvolfia 
                   serpentine 
                 
                 Sarpagandha 
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   Acoruscalamus 
                 
                 Vacha 
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   Andrographispaniculata 
                 
                 Bhunimbah 
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   Zingiberofficinale 
                 
                 Adraakam 
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   Cissusrepens 
                 
                 Nalleru 
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   Apiumgraveolens 
                 
                 Ulery 
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   Steaviarebaudiania 
                 
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   Caralluma 
                   umbellate 
                 
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   Jatropha 
                   multi 
                   fida 
                 
                 Bhadradanthi 
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   Symplocosracemosus 
                 
                 Lodhra 
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   Cymbopogonwinterianus 
                 
                 Java citronella 
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   Curcuma 
                   longa 
                 
                 Haridra 
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   Abelmoschusmoschatus 
                 
                 Kasturibenda 
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   Mucuna 
                   cochin 
                 
                 Chinensis 
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   Daturametel 
                 
                 Dhatturah 
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   Helectersisora 
                 
                 Avarttani 
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   Tinosporatomentos 
                 
                 Kotimolateega 
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   Desmodiumgangeticum 
                 
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   Ipomoea 
                   balatas 
                 
                 Raktaluh 
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   Scillahyacinthiana 
                 
                 Adavitellagadda 
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   Plumbagozeylanica 
                 
                 Tellachitrmulam 
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   Marjoranahortensis 
                 
                 Maruvam 
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   Notoniagrandiflora 
                 
                 Kundeluchevi-aku 
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   Plectranthusambonicus 
                 
                 Sugandhavalakam 
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   Menthe 
                   piperita 
                 
                 Pepper mint 
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   Costusspeciosus 
                 
                 Chanda 
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   Rutachalepensis 
                 
                 Gycchapatra 
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   Alpiniagalangal 
                 
                 Sugandhamula 
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   Kaempferia 
                   rotunda 
                 
                 Bhumichampaka 
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   Aremisia 
                   vulgaris 
                 
                 Nagadhamani 
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   Anisomelesmalabarica 
                 
                 Vaikuntah 
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   Aristolochiabracteolate 
                 
                 Kitamari 
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   Vincarosea 
                 
                 Billaganneru 
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   Elettariacadamomum 
                 
                 Ela, yalakalu 
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   Calotropisprocera 
                 
                 Arkah 
               
               
                 46 
                 
                   Psoraleacorylifolia 
                 
                 Bakuchi 
               
               
                 47 
                 
                   Paederiafortida 
                 
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 
                   Riveahypocrateriformis 
                 
                 Boddikura 
               
               
                 49 
                 
                   Ichnocarpusfrutescens 
                 
                 Nallateega 
               
               
                 50 
                 
                   Piper 
                   longum 
                 
                 Pippali 
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   Aeglemarmelos 
                 
                 Sriphalah 
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   Opuntiadillenii 
                 
                 Vidara visa vasaraka 
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   Euphirbiatirucalli 
                 
                 Trikantaka 
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   Souropsandrogynus 
                 
                 Multi vitamin 
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   Tylophoraindica 
                 
                 Antamu 
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   Adhatodazeylanica 
                 
                 Sinhaparni 
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   Asparagus 
                   racemosus 
                 
                 Satavari 
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   Abrusprecatorius 
                 
                 Gunja 
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   Phyllanthusamarus 
                 
                 Bahupatra 
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   Vativerizizanioides 
                 
                 Vettiver 
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   Tinosporacordifolia 
                 
                 Guduchi 
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   Gymnemasylvestre 
                 
                 Madhuvasini 
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   Acimumtenuiflorum 
                 
                 Surasa, Krishna tulsi 
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   Nyctanthes 
                   arbor 
                   tritis 
                 
                 Parijatah 
               
               
                 65 
                 
                   Aratbotryshexapetalus 
                 
                 Harichampa 
               
               
                 66 
                 
                   Phonixdactylifera 
                 
                 Kharjurah 
               
               
                 67 
                 
                   Pandanusodoratissimus 
                 
                 Kataki 
               
               
                 68 
                 
                   Cassia 
                   alata 
                 
                 Mettatamara 
               
               
                 69 
                 
                   Ocimumbasilicum 
                 
                 Barbari 
               
               
                 70 
                 
                   Alangiumsalnifolium 
                 
                 Ankola 
               
               
                 71 
                 
                   Carissa 
                   carandas 
                 
                 Kanachuka, karamarda 
               
               
                 72 
                 
                   Jatrophagossypifolia 
                 
                 Nikumba 
               
               
                 73 
                 
                   Lawsoniainermis 
                 
                 Madyantika 
               
               
                 74 
                 
                   Bixaorellana 
                 
                 Sinduri 
               
               
                 75 
                 
                   Mimosa 
                   pudica 
                 
                 Lajjalu 
               
               
                 76 
                 
                   Commiphoramukul 
                 
                 Guggulu 
               
               
                 77 
                 
                   Buteamonosperma 
                 
                 Palasah, moduga 
               
               
                 78 
                 
                   Piper 
                   betle 
                 
                 Tambulavalli, nagulavalli 
               
               
                 79 
                 
                   Daturafatuosa 
                 
                 Nallaummetha 
               
               
                 80 
                 
                   Aervalanta 
                 
                 Bhadra, pashanabheda 
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   Stachytarphetajamaicensis 
                 
                 Brazilian tree 
               
               
                 82 
                 
                   Area 
                   catechu 
                 
                 Puguh 
               
               
                 83 
                 
                   Stachytarpheta 
                 
                 Brazilian tree 
               
               
                 84 
                 
                   Cocculushirsutus 
                 
                 Sibbiteega 
               
               
                 85 
                 
                   Ocimumgratissimum 
                 
                 Lavangatulasi 
               
               
                 86 
                 
                   Solanumnigrum 
                 
                 Kamanchi 
               
               
                 87 
                 
                   Ecliptaprostrate 
                 
                 Bhringaraj 
               
               
                 88 
                 
                   Cissusquadragulasis 
                 
                 Asti sandhana, nalleru 
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   Aloe 
                   vera 
                 
                 Kumara 
               
               
                 90 
                 
                   Curcuma 
                   amada 
                 
                 Amrardrakam 
               
               
                 91 
                 
                   Curculigiorchioides 
                 
                 Nelatatigadda 
               
               
                 92 
                 
                   Leptadenia 
                   reticulate 
                 
                 Jivanti 
               
               
                 93 
                 
                   Justiciagendarussa 
                 
                 Nilanirgundi 
               
               
                 94 
                 
                   Ocimum 
                   sanctum 
                 
                 Tulasi 
               
               
                 95 
                 
                   Celastruspaniculate 
                 
                 Jyothishmati 
               
               
                 96 
                 
                   Passifloaedulus 
                 
                 Passion fruits 
               
               
                 97 
                 
                   Vitexpurpurescense 
                 
                 Nellivavili 
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   Holostemmeadakodien 
                 
                 Jivati 
               
               
                 99 
                 
                   Achyranthusaspera 
                 
                 Apamarga 
               
               
                 100 
                 
                   Gmelinaarborea 
                 
                 Gambhari, kasamari 
               
               
                 101 
                 
                   Oroxylumindicum 
                 
                 Syonakah, tuntukah 
               
               
                 102 
                 
                   Stereospermumsuaveolens 
                 
                 Kuberaakshi 
               
               
                 103 
                 
                   Bauhinia 
                   variegate 
                 
                 Kavidara, devakanchanamu 
               
               
                 104 
                 
                   Caesalpiniasappan 
                 
                 Patrangah, pattavanjaka 
               
               
                 105 
                 
                   Givotiarotteleriformis 
                 
                 Tellapoliki 
               
               
                 106 
                 
                   Cordial 
                   dichotoma 
                 
                 Iriki 
               
               
                 107 
                 
                   Adina 
                   cordifolia 
                 
                 Haldu, turmeric wood 
               
               
                 108 
                 
                   Baringtoriaacutangula 
                 
                 Kanap, Indian oak 
               
               
                 109 
                 
                   Hard 
                   wickiabinata 
                 
                 Nara yepi 
               
               
                 110 
                 
                   Dalbergialatifolia 
                 
                 Sispa, jittegi 
               
               
                 111 
                 
                   Ficustomentosa 
                 
                 Juvvi 
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   Holarrhenapubescens 
                 
                 Kutaja, kodisapala 
               
               
                 113 
                 
                   Bosnelliaserata 
                 
                 Palasha 
               
               
                 114 
                 
                   Couroupitaguianens 
                 
                 Naga lingam 
               
               
                 115 
                 
                   Albiziaodoratissima 
                 
                 Bhusirisah 
               
               
                 116 
                 
                   Plerocarpusmarsupium 
                 
                 Asanahm, bijakah 
               
               
                 117 
                 
                   Hymenodictyonexcelsum 
                 
                 Dudippa 
               
               
                 118 
                 
                   Litseaglutinosa 
                 
                 Nara mamidi 
               
               
                 119 
                 
                   Mitragynaparvifolia 
                 
                 Vitanah 
               
               
                 120 
                 
                   Cochlnospermumreligiosum 
                 
                 Girisalmalka, silakarpasika 
               
               
                 121 
                 
                   Dichrostachyscinerea 
                 
                 Vellantara 
               
               
                 122 
                 
                   Syzygiumcumini 
                 
                 Jambuh 
               
               
                 123 
                 
                   Crescentiacujette 
                 
                 Kamandalamuchettu 
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   Ficuscarica 
                 
                 Anjira 
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   Prosopis 
                   cineraria 
                 
                 Jammu chettu 
               
               
                 127 
                 
                   Morindacitri 
                   folia 
                 
                 Asyuka 
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   Pterocarpusofficinalis 
                 
                 All species 
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   Abutilon 
                   indicum 
                 
                 Tutturbenda 
               
               
                 130 
                 
                   Cinnamomumzeylanium 
                 
                 Tamalapatra 
               
               
                 131 
                 
                   Cymbopogonfexuosus 
                 
                 Lemon grass 
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   Citrus 
                   medica 
                 
                 Matutunga 
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   Semecarpusanacardium 
                 
                 Bhallatakah 
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   Clitoriaternatea 
                 
                 Aparajitha 
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   Decalepishamiltonii 
                 
                 Maredugaddalu 
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   Rosemarinusofficinalis 
                 
                 Rose mary 
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   Rauwolfia 
                   tetra 
                   ohylla 
                 
                 Papataaku 
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   Jasminumsambac 
                 
                 Mallika 
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   Elaeocarpusganitrus 
                 
                 Rudraksha 
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   Saracaasoca 
                 
                 Ashokamu, vanjulamu 
               
               
                 141 
                 
                   Terminaliabellerica 
                 
                 Vibhitakah 
               
               
                 142 
                 
                   Terminaliachebula 
                 
                 Haritak 
               
               
                 144 
                 
                   Sterculiaurens 
                 
                 Tapsi, kateera gum 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0073]    The present invention may also be obtained by using the following tabulated plants: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ACID 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NAMES 
                 COMMON NAMES 
                 SCIENTIFIC NAMES 
                 PLANTS NAMES 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Carboxylic 
                 Uttareni 
                 
                   Amaranthaceae 
                 
                 Wheat, Watermelon, Mango, 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                 Brinjal, Paddy, Sugarcane, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 potato, pomegranate, Rose, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 citrus 
               
               
                   
                 Geranium 
                 
                   pelargonium 
                 
                   
               
               
                 Phenolic 
                 Samambaia 
                 
                   Polypodiumleucotomos 
                 
                 Choke berry, blue berry, 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                 plum, cherry, apple, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sweetrowen berry 
               
               
                   
                 Quince 
                 
                   Cyndoniaoblonga 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aolevera 
                 
                   Aloe 
                   ferox 
                 
                   
               
               
                 Chorogenic 
                 Black berry, 
                 
                   Vaccinumangustifolium 
                 
                 Sunflower seeds, potatoes, 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                 tomatoes, apple, peas, tobacco 
               
               
                   
                 Magnoliopsida 
                 
                   Dicotyledonous 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Honeysuckle 
                 
                   Loniceramaacki 
                 
                   
               
               
                 Shikimic 
                 Star anise 
                 
                   Illiciumverum 
                 
                 Wheat, tomato, cotton 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black berry 
                 
                   Vaccinumangustifolium 
                 
                   
               
               
                 Tartaric 
                 Tamarind 
                 
                   Tamarindusindica 
                 
                 Banana, grapes 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ascorbic 
                 Amla 
                 
                   Emblicaofficinalis 
                 
                 Pepper, dog rose 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Citric acid 
                 Lemon 
                 
                   Citrus 
                   auratium 
                 
                 Orange, grapes, tangerines 
               
               
                 Lactic acid 
                 Butter milk 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Saponin 
                 Soap nut 
                 
                   Sapindusmukorossi 
                 
                 Soy beans, peas, Joshua tree 
               
               
                 Amino 
                 Enugupalleru, 
                 
                   Tribulusterrestris 
                 
                 Corn, potatoes and beans 
               
               
                 acids 
                 peddapale riu,  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Enugapallerumulla 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Linoleic 
                 Garudamukku,  
                   
                 Sunflower, carrot, tobacco 
               
               
                 acid 
                 telukondicchhettu 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Malvalic 
                   
                   
                 Cotton, 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oleic acid 
                   
                   
                 Palm, soy bean 
               
               
                 Palmitic 
                   
                   
                 Palm, soybean, corn, pea nuts 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Arachidic 
                   
                   
                 Safflower, corn, soy bean, 
               
               
                 acid 
                   
                   
                 sun flower. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    Also potable water or de-mineralized water or water with any amount of minerals/salts may be used as starting material. Apart from the above, milk or milk products may also be used. Further the starting material may be used in powder or paste or juice form or in its original form or mixed with water or any other ingredient. Also the natural source may be used either solely or in combination with any or all of the natural sources described above. 
         [0075]    The process produces nano materials of Size: 10 nm-100 nm having purity Purity: 98-100% and the yield is 70-99%. The process comprises of combining one or more starting materials with a metal salt. The metal salt contains any of the metals as given below as the metal component. C, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, Au, Hg, Pb or Bi group metals. 
         [0076]    The metal salt is an oxide or a sulfide or a silicate or a nitrate or a nitride or a sulphate or a chloride or any other metal salt of the metals C, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, Au, Hg, Pb or Bi or alloys thereof or bimetals thereof. The process is carried on in a metal container made of the metals C, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, Au, Hg, Pb or Bi alloys thereof or bimetals thereof. 
         [0077]    The process of present invention contains steps of adding a metal salt to the natural component till nano metal or nano alloy, nano metal oxide or nano metal carbide or nano compound or nano composite or nano fluidis deposited and then collecting it and washing it until impurities are cleaned. Also further washing is done with a chemical rich in citric acid to remove impurities and oxides. Vacuum drying the powder is done and obtaining the end product by known methods. 
         [0078]    The product produced by the process given above has surprisingly produced nano products with enhanced properties. Also the nano product produced by the present process is organic in nature and contains an organic compound by way of coating. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1  
       [0079]    10 grams of lead nitrate is taken in the container of Aluminium. In this 4 gm of tamarind is added. After 15 minutes, lead nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 30%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the lead nano particles are measured and found to be 80 nm.  FIG. 1  shows the image of lead nano powder. 
         [0080]    Pb 10-TJ4-W400-Nac16-L 
       Example 2   
       [0081]    10 grams of lead nitrate is taken in the container of Aluminium. In this 20 gm of kupenta is added. After 15 minutes, lead nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 30%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the lead nano particles are measured and found to be 96 nm.  FIG. 2  shows graph for purity of lead used for such example. 
         [0082]    Pb 10-kp20-W400-Nac16-L 
       Example 3  
       [0083]    70 grams of lead nitrate is taken in the container of Aluminium. In this 20 ml of brungaraj is added. After 15 minutes, lead nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the lead nano particles are measured and found to be 113 nm. 
       Example 4  
       [0084]    10 grams of lead nitrate is taken in the container of Aluminium and added with water. After 15 minutes, lead nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 93%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the lead nano particles are measured and found to be 132 nm.  FIG. 3  describes XRD of the sample produced in this example. 
         [0085]    Pb 10-W400-Nac16-L 
       Example 5  
       [0086]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 72 gm of  Ruta chalepensis  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 93%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 51.8 nm.  FIG. 4  describes XRD of the sample produced in this example. 
       Example 6  
       [0087]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 72 gm of  Mirabilis jalapa  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 90%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 94.4%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 24.4 nm.  FIG. 5  shows XRD pattern of the product of this example. 
       Example 7  
       [0088]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 72 gm of  Acorns calamus  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 35.2 nm.  FIG. 6  shows XRD Pattern of product of this example. 
       Example 8  
       [0089]    10 grams of tin powder is taken in the container of Aluminium. 8 gm of tamarind is added. After 15 minutes, tin nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the tin nano particles are measured and found to be 100 nm.  FIG. 7  shows the image of nano tin and  FIG. 8  shows XRD Pattern of the product of this example. 
         [0090]    Sn10-tj8-W200-L 
       Example 9  
       [0091]    10 grams of iron powder is taken in the container of Aluminium. 8 gm of tamarind is added. After 15 minutes, iron nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of the iron nano particles are measured and found to be 50 nm.  FIGS. 9 and 10  shows XRD patterns of the product of this example. 
       Example 10  
       [0092]    10 grams of copper sulphate and lead sulpahate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 8 gm of tamarind is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of Cu—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm.  FIG. 11  shows XRD pattern of copper-lead nano powder. 
       Example 11  
       [0093]    30 grams of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 10 gm of  Caralluma umbellate  is added. After 10 minutes, Cu—Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of the Cu—Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm.  FIG. 12  shows XRD pattern of Cu—Zn nano powder. 
       Example 12  
       [0094]    10 grams of aluminum sulphate and copper sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of  Symplocos racemosus  is added. After 15 minutes, Al Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of the Al Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm.  FIG. 13  shows XRD pattern of Al—Cu nano powder. 
       Example 13  
       [0095]    10 grams of aluminum sulphate and lead sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of  Abelmoschus moschatus  is added. After 15 minutes, Al—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Al Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm.  FIG. 14  shows XRD pattern of Al—Pb nano powder. 
       Example 14  
       [0096]    10 grams of tin powder and lead sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of  Marjoram hortensis  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99.4%. The size of the Sn—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm.  FIG. 15  shows XRD patterns of Sn—Pb nano powder. 
       Example 15  
       [0097]    20 g of aluminum pieces are taken in an iron vessel and boiled in tumma chekka kashayam for 3 hrs, ravi chekka kashayam for 1 hr later. Approximately 10 g of apamarga extract is added and mixed continuously till the metal mixes equally with the apamarga extract. Aluminum becomes a black &amp; fine powder. After 15 minutes, Al nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99.4%. The size of the Al nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm.  FIG. 16  shows XRD patterns of Al nano powder. 
       Example 16  
       [0098]    10 grams of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminum. 4 gm of  Alpinia galangal  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99.7%. The size of the Cu—Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm.  FIG. 17  shows XRD pattern of Cu—Zn nano particles. 
       Example 17  
       [0099]    40 grams of copper sulphate and lead sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 15 gm of  Kaempferia rotunda  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98%. The size of the Cu Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 50 nm. 
       Example 18  
       [0100]    40 grams of tin powder and zinc sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 15 gm of  Elettaria cadamomum  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm. 
       Example 19  
       [0101]    20 grams of tin powder and copper sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Psoralea corylifolia  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm.  FIG. 18  shows XRD pattern of Sn—Cu nano powder. 
       Example 20  
       [0102]    20 grams of tin powder and ferrous sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Rivea hypocrateri formis  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Fe nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Fe nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm. 
       Example 21  
       [0103]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 20 gm of curd is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 98%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 96%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 93 nm. 
       Example 22  
       [0104]    25 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 15 ml butter milk is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 98%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 81 nm. 
       Example 23  
       [0105]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 1000 ml water and 30 ml lime juice is added. After 15-30 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 92%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 122 nm. 
       Example 24  
       [0106]    50 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 1000 ml water and 30 ml lime juice is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 91%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 94%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 57 nm. 
       Example 25  
       [0107]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in an iron vessel. 7.4 ml amla &amp; 72 ml of soap nut are added to the sample. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 79%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 37 nm. 
       Example 26  
       [0108]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 7.4 ml amla is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 93%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 70 nm.  FIGS. 19  ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) show XRD patterns of the sample produced in this example and particle size of the nano copper produced. 
       Example 27  
       [0109]    10 grams of aluminium sulphate and copper sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of Nilika is added. After 15 minutes, Al Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98.7%. The size of the Al—Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm. 
       Example 28  
       [0110]    10 grams of aluminium sulphate and lead sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of Maratiteega is added. After 15 minutes, Al—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Al—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm. 
       Example 29  
       [0111]    10 grams of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 4 gm of  Krishna kelli  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99.7%. The size of the Cu—Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm. 
       Example 30  
       [0112]    40 grams of copper sulphate and lead sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 15 gm of  Aswagandha  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98%. The size of the Cu—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 50 nm. 
       Example 31  
       [0113]    20 grams of tin powder and copper sulphate are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Mandukaparni  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm. 
       Example 32  
       [0114]    30 grams of Al &amp; Cu sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Vacha  is added. After 15 minutes, Al—Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Al Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm.  FIG. 20  shows XRD patterns of the Al—Cu nano partiles. 
       Example 33  
       [0115]    30 grams of Al &amp; Pb sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Bhunimbah  is added. After 15 minutes, Al—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Al Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm.  FIG. 21  shows XRD patterns of Al—Pb nano particles. 
       Example 34  
       [0116]    20 grams of Fe &amp; Pb sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Adriana  is added. After 15 minutes, Fe—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Fe—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 47 nm. 
       Example 35  
       [0117]    20 grams of Cu &amp; Zn sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Nalleru  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 80%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Cu Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm. 
       Example 36  
       [0118]    20 grams of tin powder and lead sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Ulery  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 20 nm. 
       Example 37  
       [0119]    20 grams of tin powder and ferrous sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Bhadradanthi  is added. After 15 minutes, Sn—Fe nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Sn—Fe nano particles are measured and found to be 30 m.  FIG. 22  illustrates XRD patterns of Sn—Fe nano particles. 
       Example 38  
       [0120]    20 grams of Al &amp; Cu sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of Lodhra is added. After 15 minutes, Al—Cu nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98%. The size of the Al Cu nano particles are measured and found to be 35 nm. 
       Example 39  
       [0121]    20 grams of Al &amp; Pb sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of Java citronella is added. After 15 minutes, Al Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 60%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98%. The size of the Al Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 37 nm. 
       Example 40  
       [0122]    20 grams of Fe &amp; Pb sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Haridra  is added. After 15 minutes, Fe—Pb nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Fe—Pb nano particles are measured and found to be 30 nm. 
       Example 41  
       [0123]    20 grams of Cu &amp; Zn sulphates are taken in the container of Aluminium. 7 gm of  Kasturibenda  is added. After 15 minutes, Cu—Zn nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 70%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the Cu Zn nano particles are measured and found to be 40 nm. 
       Example 42  
       [0124]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium. 20 gm of  Adavitellagadda  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 98%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%.The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 93 nm.  FIG. 23(   a ) shows XRD patterns of copper nano particles;  FIG. 23(   b ) shows the particle size analyser of the copper nano particles; and  FIG. 23(   c ) shows energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of copper nano particles. 
       Example 43  
       [0125]    25 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium.  Tellachitrmulam  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 98%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 81 nm. 
       Example 44  
       [0126]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium.  Maruvam  is added. After 15-30 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 92%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 122 nm. 
       Example 45  
       [0127]    50 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium.  Sugandhavalakam  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 91%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 94%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 57 nm.  FIG. 24  shows the image of copper nano particles. 
       Example 46  
       [0128]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in an iron vessel. 10 gm of  Gycchapatra  is added to the sample. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 79%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 100%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 67 nm. 
       Example 47  
       [0129]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium.  Nagadhamani  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 93%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 98%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 60 nm. 
       Example 48  
       [0130]    100 grams of copper sulphate is taken in the container of Aluminium.  Kitamari  is added. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield of 93%. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get a purity of 99%. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to be 70 nm. 
       Example 49  
       [0131]    1000 grams of copper sulphate is taken in an iron vessel. 36 ml curd &amp; 720 ml of soap nut are added to the sample. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield ranging from 100% to as low as 48%. The effect of time of deposition was studied. The XRD pattern shows the formation of cuprous and copper oxide with increasing depostion time in 4 vessels named as V1, V2, V3, V4 in code respectively. low mentioned table explains this phenomenon in detail with monetary values to support the XRD pattern. Then this powder is washed by lime juice to get maximum purity. The size of the copper nano particles are measured and found to range between 40 nm to as high as 85.5 nm.  FIG. 25  shows the graph for purity of nano copper particles. 
       Example 50  
       [0132]    Effect of purity, yield, crystallite size of Nano Lead with usage of different surafce active agents: 20 gm of Lead nitrate is taken with varying quantites of surface active agents like 20 gm of uttareni and 8 gm of NaCl, 6 gm of NaCl with 4 gm of Amla, 6 gm of NaCl with 4 ml of Tamarind juice respectively. The effect of different surface avtive agents in combination with others was studied to check the yield, purity and crystalline size of the lead nano powder. The XRD images as in  FIG. 26  shows the peaks of lead and Pb2O3 and Pb3O4 in combination with uttareni and NaCl but no traces of lead oxide were found with amla and tamrind juice in combination with NaCl. This concludes that uttareni in combination with NaCl forms oxides of lead and this methods can be adopted to manufacture lead oxides. 
       Example 51  
       [0133]    600 grams of copper sulphate is taken in an Aluminium vessel. 36 ml of Tamarind juice and 432 ml of soap nut, 432 ml of soap nut, 44.4 ml of amla, 21.6 ml curd &amp; 720 ml of soap nut, 21.6 ml of curd and 44.4 ml of amla are added respectively to the sample. After 15 minutes, copper nano powder is deposited in the container giving yield ranging from 100% to 98%. The above experiment was done to check the sustenance of nano copper yield, purity and crystallite size even at larger production capacities which enables industrial production capacity. Only 1 to 2% of cuprous oxide formation was observed which was clearly shown in  FIG. 27  XRD image. 
         [0134]    The claimed novel properties of the nano products are tested and the results of the performed are explained below. 
       TEST 1  
     Wear Resistance Test of Copper 
       [0135]    Thickness of coating=275-300 μm
       Wear resistance of nano copper based paints is encouraging   Scratch test: scratch should not penetrate to base at 2 kg. The nano copper based paints do not show penetration to base metal even at 5 kg.       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ASTM Wear Test 
               
               
                 (1000 g-1000 cycles) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Commercial 
               
               
                   
                 90-10 
                 60-40 
                 Paint 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 35 mg  
                 58 mg 
                 50-75 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0138]      FIG. 28  shows nano copper powder after sintering at 500° C. and  FIG. 29  shows the wear resistance of the copper nano poweder tested by Thermal Spraying of LDPE, NYLON and Nano copper on MS substrate. 
       TEST 2  
     Hardness Test 
       [0139]    Vickers hardness testing showed that CV (nano copper prepared by vedic method) and CC (nano copper prepared by ball mill method) both had an average of about 70 HV (Vickers Hardness Number) with minimal standard deviation, while CSV (nano Cu—Sn prepared by vedic method) showed 267 HV standard deviation of and CSC (nano Cu—Sn prepared by ball mill method) had 167 HV (Refer the table below). The larger hardness value is a direct correlation of the structural properties. The smaller crystalline size of CV and CSV also means a greater amount of void spaces, (also seen in the atomic packing factor calculation), which were filled in by the increasing dislocations. Work hardening is the measure of the number of dislocations and CV and CSV had more dislocations along with compressive strain, there was an increase in the strength of the material when compared to CC and CSC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Vickers Hardness (HV) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Vedic 
                 Vedic 
                 Commercial 
                 Commercial 
               
               
                   
                 Trial 
                 Cu 
                 Cu—Sn 
                 Cu 
                 Cu—Sn 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 69 
                 304 
                 67 
                 172 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 69 
                 292 
                 70 
                 173 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 71 
                 269 
                 73 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 71 
                 263 
                 75 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 72 
                 272 
                 70 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 73 
                 274 
                 68 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 70 
                 272 
                 71 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 70 
                 266 
                 70 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 69 
                 269 
                 70 
                 172 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 70 
                 286 
                 71 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 Average  
                 70 
                 277 
                 71 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 Standard 
                 1 
                 13 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Deviation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       TEST 3  
     Copper&#39;S Electrical Conductivity 
       [0140]    Copper&#39;s electrical conductivity is 100% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) and that of Cu—Sn is about 8% IACS, while that obtained through the conductivity test for CV and CC were about 75% each, and for CSV and CSC were 5% and 4% IACS respectively as shown in  FIG. 30 . This is most likely due to a decrease in the electrical conductivity as the grain size decreases, because there are more grains per unit volume, and thus more grain boundaries. The grain boundaries provide a high energy barrier, where the interatomic forces of attraction create high energy oscillation, and as describe earlier, the pinning effect of Sn along with its dielectrical effect provides resistance to the electricity. Although conductivity was decreased in all four samples, comparing hardness vs. conductivity it is observed that the decrease in conductivity is balanced by the increase in the hardness of the materials. 
       TEST 4  
     Particle Analysis 
       [0141]    Particle size analysis gave me an idea of the larger framework containing these smaller compositions. Particle size analysis as showed in  FIG. 31  illustrates that for CVP, CSVP, CCP, CSCP the particle size (in microns) values at 50% were 10, 5.9, 20, and 6.0, and the % channel peaks had nearly the same values. Thus it is observed that the particle size is nearly the same in CSV and CSC, while considerably different in CV and CC most likely due to the tight packing of Cu particles in Vedic synthesis. It is important to note that there are smaller grains and crystals contained within the same or even smaller particles. These smaller particles have circular grains with efficient surface area coverage on all sides of the grain, when compared to the larger particles. The atomic packing factor that is the ratio of the atomic sphere volume to the lattice sphere volume can give details about the amount of space left for diffusivity of Cu and Sn particles into Cu matrix. It is given by: 
         [0000]      Atomic Packing Factor=NV/total lattice volume 
         [0142]    Where N is the number matrix atoms and V is the total volume of the atoms, assuming their spherical. Taking the volume formula for a sphere and using 1.35 A for Cu and 1.405 A, the calculated APF (as a %) for CV and CSV is and 107.4637%, while that for CC and CSC is and 106.9414%. The reason for higher values than 100% is most possibly because Sn has dissolved into the Cu matrix, causing a contracting mechanism to result in an expansion of the crystal unit cube by a slight margin. 
       TEST 5  
     Herbal (Vedic) Copper Nanoparticles Anti Bacterial Activity on Xanthmonas 
       [0143]    Method for Antimicrobial activity test: Materials used for antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles are Nutrient broth 1.3 g, Nutrient agar 2.8 g, Agar-agar 2 g, petriplates, Cotton swabs,  xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  Citri, Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  Vesicatoria . Diffusion method used for antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles. 
         [0144]    Preparation of Inolculum: Nutrient broth (1.3 g in 100 ml D/W10) was prepared in 2 conical flasks and sterilized. In one conical flask clinically isolated strain of,  xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri  was inoculated. In the other conical flask clinically isolated strain of  Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria  was added. These bacterial cultures inoculated in nutrient broth were kept on rotary shaker for 24 hrs at 100 r.p.m. 
         [0145]    Inoculation of test plate: Nutrient agar is prepared (2.8 g nutrient agars, 2 g Agar-Agar in 100 ml distilled water) and sterilized. The agar suspension within 15 min is used to inoculate plates by dipping a sterile cotton-wool swab into the suspension and remove the excess by turning the swab against the side of the container. Then spread the inoculum evenly over the entire surface of the plate by swabbing in three directions. 
         [0146]    Preparation of Antibiotic: 100 mg of copper nanoparticles added to 2 or 3 drops HNO3 solution, to this solution add 100 ml of water and make it to 1000 mcg. From 1000 mcg we prepared 10 mcg, 20 mcg, 50 mcg, 100 mcg for serial dilution. 
         [0147]    Diffusion method for Antimicrobial activity: Antibacterial tests were carried out by the well diffusion method using the suspension of bacteria spread on nutrient agar. Dip the swab into the broth culture of the organism. Gently squeeze the swab against the inside of the tube to remove excess fluid. Use the swab to streak agar plate or a nutrient agar plate for a lawn of growth. This is best accomplished by streaking the plate in one direction, then streaking at right angles to the first streaking, and finally streaking diagonally. We end by using the swab to streak the outside diameter of the agar. The inoculated plates were incubated at appropriate temperature for 24 hrs. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition against the test organisms. Finally we measure (mm) diameters of zones of inhibition of the control strain and test with a ruler, caliper.  FIGS. 32 and 33  show the inoculated plates to measure the antimicrobial activity. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Minimum Inhibition Concentration test Result 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 CONCENTRATIONS OF COPPER  
               
               
                   
                 BACTERIA  
                 NANO PARTICLES IN (μG/ML) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S.NO. 
                 NAME 
                 10 μG 
                 20 μG 
                 60 μG 
                 100 μG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 
                   Xanthomaonas 
                 
                 12 mm 
                 16 mm 
                 20 mm 
                 26 mm 
               
               
                   
                   axonopodis  pv. citri . 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 11 mm  
                 15 mm 
                 20 mm 
                 25 mm 
               
               
                   
                   campestris  pv. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Vesicatoria 
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       TEST 6  
     Minimum Bacterial Concentration Test 
       [0148]    Method for Antimicrobial activity: Materials used for antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles are Nutrient broth 1.3 g, Nutrient agar 2.8 g, Agar-agar 2 g, petriplates, Cotton swabs,  Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  Citri Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  Vesicatoria  Minimum bacterial concentration method used for antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles. 
         [0149]    Preparation of Inolculum: Nutrient broth (1.3 g in 100 ml D/W10) was prepared in 2 conical flasks and sterilized. In one conical flask clinically isolated strain of,  Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri  was inoculated. In the other conical flask clinically isolated strain of  Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria  was added. These bacterial cultures inoculated in nutrient broth were kept on rotary shaker for 24 hrs at 100 r.p.m. 
         [0150]    Inoculation of test plate: Nutrient agar is prepared (2.8 g nutrient agars, 2 g Agar-Agar in 100 ml distilled water) and sterilized. The agar suspension within 15 min is used to inoculate plates by dipping a sterile cotton-wool swab into the suspension and remove the excess by turning the swab against the side of the container. Then spread the inoculum evenly over the entire surface of the plate by swabbing in three directions. 
         [0151]    Preparation of Antibiotic: 100 mg of copper nano particles added to 2 or 3 drops HNO3 solution, to this solution add 100 ml of water and make it to 1000 mcg. From 1000 mcg we prepared 100 mcg for serial dilution. Often take a sample solution goes to serial dilution for 1 to 8 dilutions. 
         [0152]    Minimum bacterial concentration method for Antimicrobial activity: Making the dilutions samples each one add 1 ml of bacterial solution, mixed with whole solution after 1 hrs streaking the prepare nutrient agar medium plates. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the MBC test organisms growth in low concentration.  FIG. 34  shows the inoculated plates to measure the antimicrobial activity. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) Test Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Concentration of copper nano particles in(μg/ml) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Bacteria 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 S. No. 
                 Name 
                 100 
                 50 
                 5 
                 12.5 
                 6.25 
                 3.12 
                 1.50 
                 0.525 
                 0.251 
                 Control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 
                   Xanthomaonas 
                 
                 Nil  
                 Nil 
                 il 
                 Nil 
                 Nil 
                 Nil 
                 Growth 
                 small 
                 good 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                 
                   axonopodis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 starts 
                 growth 
                 growth 
                 growth 
               
               
                   
                 pv. citri. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 Nil 
                 Nil 
                 il 
                 Nil 
                 Nil 
                 Nil 
                 Growth 
                 small 
                 good 
                 Full 
               
               
                   
                   campestris  pv. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 starts 
                 growth 
                 growth 
                 growth 
               
               
                   
                 vesicatoria 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0153]    In addition to the above micro organism, the antibacterial activity of copper nano particles on  E. Coli, Bacillus subtilis  and  Staphilococcus aureus  are tested, the results of which are shown and tabulated in  FIGS. 35 ,  36  and  37  respectively. 
       TEST 7  
     In Vitro Toxicity in Terms of Cyto Toxicity of Copper Nano Particles 
       [0154]    Materials needed: Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s medium (DMEM); Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS); Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS); Sodium dodesyl sulphate (SDS); (3-[4,5-dimethyl thiozol-2-yl])-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); Dimethyl sulfoxide. (DMSO); Water For Injection (WFI); and different concentration of nano particles. 
         [0155]    Cell Culture: 3T3-L1 (mouse fibroblast cells), is a standard cell line widely used for testing early cyto toxic events. All cultures were maintained in a phenol red free culture medium DMEM/F12 (Dulbecco&#39;s modified essential medium/Ham&#39;s 12 nutrient mixture, Gibco), supplemented with 5% (v/v) fetal calf serum (JS Bioscience, Australia), and 1% (v/v) antibiotic (2 mM L-glutamine, 100 n/mL Penicillin and 0.1 mg/mL Streptomycin; Gibco). Cultured cells were kept at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. Once the cells reached confluence, the culture medium was removed from the flask and the cells were rinsed three times with sterile HBSS (Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution, Gibco). The confluent cell layers were enzymatically removed, using Trypsin/EDTA (Gibco, USA), and resuspended in culture medium. Cell viability was assessed by vital staining with trypan blue (0.4% (w/v); Sigma, USA), and cell number was determined using a light microscope. 
         [0156]    Test articles preparation (Nanoparticles): Nanoparticles were prepared for cyto-toxicity test in physiological phosphate buffer saline (PBS) or deionized water. Based on the homogeneous dispersion studies using physical mixing and sonication, stock solutions were prepared either in PBS or deionized water. From this stock solution various concentrations were prepared in cell growth medium (Ham&#39;s Nutrient Mixture F-12) without serum. It was noted that turbidity increased with increasing concentration of nanomaterials. In order to ensure the uniform suspension, they were stirred on vortex agitation (1 min) before every use. 
         [0157]    Test Groups: Negative Control. (Cells without nanoparticles); 0.1 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 0.5 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 1.0 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 2.0 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 5.0 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 10 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; 15 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method; and 25 μg/ml Nanoparticles from a) modern method and b) Vedic method. 
         [0158]    Cyto-toxicity Assay: Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of nanoparticle preparations were assessed in a MTS cell proliferation assay using 3T3-L1 Mouse Fibroblast cells. PR-Omega Cell Titer 96 Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation (MTS) kit was used to determine the number of viable cells in culture. The test protocol for cyto-toxicity evaluation was adopted from previously published papers and manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Malich et al., 1997; Hayes and Markovic, 1999; Bakand et al., 2005a; Bakand et al., 2005b; Lestari et al., 2006; Hayes et al., 2007). Nanoparticles were suspended in culture media, serially diluted across 96-well microtiter plates (100 μL), and incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Two sets of exposure times were carried. These included 4 h and 24 h exposure periods. Four hours prior to the end of each exposure period a MTS mixture (20 μL/well) was added. After the completion of exposure period, the plates were then placed on a micro well plate reader (Multiskan MS Lab system, Finland), shaken for 10 s and the absorbance of the formazan product was read at 492 nm. Each experiment was repeated on three separate occasions. Two internal controls were set up for each experiment: (1) an ICO consisting of cells only; and (2) IC100 consisting of medium only. Background absorbance due to the non-specific reaction between test compounds and the MTS reagent was deducted from exposed cell values (Hayes and Markovic). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative MTT assay of copper nano particles with  
               
               
                 different sizes and methods 
               
             
          
           
               
                 DOSE 
                   
                 VEDIC  
               
               
                 CONCENTRATION 
                 MODERN 
                 OR 
               
               
                 OF COPPER NP  
                 METHOD 
                 HERBAL 
               
               
                 (μG/ML) 
                 (BALL METHOD) 
                 METHOD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  0.1 μg/ml 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                  0.5 μg/ml 
                  94% 
                  97% 
               
               
                  1.0 μg/ml 
                  86% 
                  91% 
               
               
                  2.0 μg/ml 
                  78% 
                  88% 
               
               
                  5.0 μg/ml 
                  65% 
                  76% 
               
               
                 10.0 μg/ml 
                  42% 
                  63% 
               
               
                 15.0 μg/ml 
                  27% 
                  52% 
               
               
                 20.0 μg/ml 
                  15% 
                  33% 
               
               
                 25.0 μg/ml 
                  5% 
                  25% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0159]    Results: The results shows that exposure to copper nanoparticles which were prepared by two different procedures, for a period of 24 to 48 h has resulted in concentration-dependent cyto toxicity on mouse fibroblast cells. It was noted that statistically significant difference were observed in level of cell proliferation between two methods of preparation. Cytotoxic effect was more pronounced in Modern method whereas Vedic method has exhibited less cyto toxicity. In Modern method cell proliferation is 5% at highest concentration i.e. 25 μg/ml, whereas at similar concentration Vedic method preparation has 25% cell viability. The exposure concentrations i.e. 0.1 μg/ml to 25 μg/ml was selected based on the therapeutic doses of nanoparticles. The lowest concentration of 0.1 μg/ml did not show any cytotoxic effect in both methods of preparation. Based on these results the most toxic material was the nanoparticle prepared from modern method. Vedic method preparation seems too significantly less toxic in terms of cell proliferation.  FIGS. 38 and 39  shows the MTTT assay for copper nano particles prepared by ball milled method and vedic method.  FIG. 40  illustrates the graph indicating comparative MTT assay of copper nano particles prepared by both methods.  FIG. 41  illustrates the cyto-toxicity comparison of copper nano particles prepared by ball milled and vedic method. 
         [0160]    In addition to the above mentioned method of measuring cytotoxicity of the nano copper particles, the comparative studies on toxicity of copper nano particles in terms of invitro cyto-toxicity, which is synthesized by both modern and vedic method are explained.  FIGS. 42 and 43  show the XRD results of ball milled copper nano particles and XRD results of vedic copper nano particles.  FIG. 44  shows the compression between ball milled and vedic copper nano particles.  FIG. 45  illustrates the particle size analysis of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles.  FIG. 46  ( a ) and ( b ) show the SEM results of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles respectively.  FIGS. 47 and 48  show the EDX spectra for vedic nano partilcles of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles.  FIGS. 49 and 50  illustrate the UV-Vis spectra of ball milled and vedic copper nano particles respectively.