Abstract:
A field emission device includes a substrate in which a well has been formed. Carbon fibers with a high aspect ratio are deposited within the well, wherein the well is sufficiently deep so that axes of a large number of the carbon fibers are substantially coaxial with a long axis of the well. A conductive anode is positioned relative to the substrate so that an electric potential applied between the conductive anode and the substrate causes an emission of electrons from the carbon fibers towards the conductive anode.

Description:
[0001] The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention as provided for by the terms of SBIR Award No. NAS3-01017. 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    The present invention relates in general to microelectronics circuitry, and more specifically, to use of field emission devices in such circuitry.  
         BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
         [0003]    Utilizing the electron emission from carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers or other columnar narrow carbon structures, one can build a transistor based on a diode, triode or even higher order transistor structure (e.g., pentode).  
           [0004]    Generally, the columnar narrow and sharp carbon structures such as fibers, tubes, etc., have a length of over 2 micrometers and sometimes can achieve lengths over 10 micrometers. In order to utilize the field emission properties of these carbon films, one needs to create cavities, around which the transistor structures are built and a certain low-pressure environment or vacuum is held.  
           [0005]    An example is given by A. A. G. Driskill-Smith, D. G. Hasko, and H. Ahmed (“The ‘nanotriode:’ A nanoscale field-emission tube”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 75, Number 18, Nov. 1, 1999, p. 28451) where they show the fabrication sequence of a nanotriode made on a tungsten (W) wafer. They also show how this type of device can be used as a transistor where the gate modulates the current that goes to the anode. In this example, the triode was built up on the tungsten wafer. This requires many different deposition layers, some of which can be quite thick. The scale of the device shown is less than 1 micron which will not accommodate long carbon nanotube structures that are longer.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 illustrates vertical trenches in silicon;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 illustrates a graph of anode current versus gate voltage with the anode voltage set at 100 volts;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 illustrates a graph of anode current versus cathode-anode voltage with the gate voltage set at 10 volts; and  
         [0010]    FIGS.  4 A- 4 O illustrate the steps for manufacturing a nanotriode.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0011]    In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as specific dimensions or materials, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail.  
         [0012]    Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views.  
         [0013]    The present invention addresses the foregoing needs by creating narrow cavities directly into a silicon wafer. These cavities can be deeper than 1 micrometer. FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-section of a silicon wafer  100  embossed with cavities  101  each deeper than 1 micrometer.  
         [0014]    Generally, a metal electrode  102  is prepared at the bottom of the cavities  101 . In particular, catalytic metals are used such as iron, nickel or cobalt based for the selective growth of carbon nanostructures in each cavity  101 . At the surface of each cavity, a strong dielectric material, organic or inorganic, is deposited (see FIGS.  4 A- 4 O) with a breakdown voltage of over 1,000,000 Volts/cm. Such materials could be silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silioxinitrides, BCB made by Dow Chemicals, liquid glass or polyimides, or other organic dielectrics.  
         [0015]    On the top of this dielectric layer a gate metal is formed. Another dielectric layer may be formed on top of the gate layer and an anode metal layer is placed on top of this second dielectric layer. By modulating the current between the metal cathode  102  at the bottom of the cavity  101  and the anode on the top of the cavity  101  with the help of the gate metal, transistor operations can be achieved as shown below.  
         [0016]    An alternative approach (See FIGS.  4 N- 4 O) would be to not deposit a separate anode layer, but to use another silicon wafer or other conducting substrate that is placed next to (on top of) the second dielectric layer, opposite the metal gate layer. The anode wafer can be in physical contact to the second dielectric layer or it can be placed some distance away, as much as 1 centimeter or more. In this case, the device needs to be operated in a vacuum chamber or vacuum envelope since the presence of air at atmospheric pressures would interfere with the operation of the device. This structure was used to obtain the data shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 plots the anode current as a function of gate voltage for a device that is similar to what is shown in FIG. 4N or  4 O. The gate voltage is the voltage between cathode electrode  415  and gate electrode  416 . The anode current is the current of electrons that strike the anode  414  that is held at a potential of 100V. The graph shows that one can switch the current going to the anode at 100V with swing voltages of 20V or less between the gate and cathode.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 shows that the gate is effective in switching the anode current ON and OFF best below 300V. Above 300V, the anode field saturates the transistor behavior; the gate voltage is not as an effective switch to turn OFF the current to the anode.  
         [0018]    This behavior is similar to standard microelectronic devices made using hot filament electron sources (the “vacuum tube”). Vacuum tubes are still used for certain applications. This structure has the lowest capacitance allowing for higher frequency operation.  
         [0019]    These transistor structures can be utilized as any transistor in a microelectronic circuit. Furthermore, these structures can be utilized for wafer-towafer communication for three-dimensional wafer packaging. For example, by creating the cavities in one wafer and having similar cavities and organizations on another wafer, by combining the two wafers and bonding them face-to-face in a vacuum, a very economical and easy communication from wafer-to-wafer can be established. Other applications of these cavities can be as smart sensors, utilizing the changes in the pressure in the cavity, for example in space.  
         [0020]    Referring to FIGS.  4 A- 4 O, an example of a process for fabricating a nanotriode in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 4A, a silicon wafer  401  is cleaned in a typical manner. In FIG. 4B, a dielectric layer  402  of approximately 1 micron thick is deposited on top of the silicon wafer  401 . In FIG. 4C, a metal (or other conductive material) gate layer  403  of approximately 1,000 Angstroms thick is deposited on top of the dielectric layer  402 . In FIG. 4D, a second dielectric layer  404  of approximately 1 micron thick is placed on top of the metal gate layer  403 . In FIG. 4E, a sacrificial hard mask layer (e.g., aluminum)  405  of approximately 1,000 angstroms thick is deposited on top of the second dielectric layer  404 . In FIG. 4F, holes  406  are patterned and etched in the hard mask layer  405  all the way through the layer. This may be done using conventional techniques commonly used in the silicon micro-fabrication industry. In FIG. 4G, using the pattern of the hard mask layer  405  created in FIG. 4F, holes  407  are etched in the second dielectric layer  404 .  
         [0021]    In FIG. 4H, the pattern created through the second dielectric layer  404  in FIG. 4G is used to etch through the metal gate layer  403  to create holes  408 . In FIG. 4I, the pattern created through the metal gate layer  403  in FIG. 4H to create holes  408  is used to etch through the first dielectric layer  402  to create holes  409 . In FIG. 4J, the pattern created by holes  409  is used to etch deep and narrow holes, or wells, in silicon wafer  401 . These holes can be as deep as 20 microns or more. In FIG. 4K, a metal layer of iron, nickel or cobalt (or some other metal layer or an alloy or mixture of these metals) of approximately 100 angstroms thick is deposited at the bottom of the holes  409  as layer  412 , and on top of the mask layer  405  as layer  411 . In FIG. 4L, the hard mask layer  405  and layer  411  are etched away. In FIG. 4M, carbon nanotube material  413  is grown in the holes on top of the layers  412 . Various methods can be used to grow carbon nanotubes into the holes. Using the thin film catalyst, carbon nanotube material can be grown in a mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. These techniques are well known in the state of the art. A high temperature thermal CVD process can be used or one can activate the plasma using radio frequency excitation, DC glow discharge, or hot filament CVD techniques.  
         [0022]    Nanoparticle catalysts can also be used. In this case, the particles are deposited by spraying or other means at the bottom of the holes  410 , replacing the thin film catalyst deposited as shown in FIG. 4K.  
         [0023]    One can also print or spray carbon nanotubes directly into the holes. One method involves suspending carbon nanotubes in a solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or acetone and using an airbrush to spray the material into the holes. One can also mix carbon nanotubes in a paste and screen print them into the holes.  
         [0024]    In FIG. 4N, an electrical conducting anode  414  is placed some distance away. Electrical connections are made to the device electrodes. For example, an electrical connection  415  is made to the silicon wafer  401 , an electrical connection  416  is made to the metal gate layer  403 , and an electrical connection  417  is made to the anode  414 . In this way, voltages (not shown) can be applied using the electrical connections to create an electric field to cause emission of electrons from the carbon nanotubes  413  to the anode  414 . The gate electrode  403  can be used to modulate such an electron emission. In FIG. 40, note that the second dielectric layer  404  is optional, and may be utilized if the conducting anode  414  makes physical contact with the rest of the device. In this case, the anode  414  can be sealed to the device as shown.  
         [0025]    Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.