Abstract:
A process for the preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine is disclosed herein. In particular, a process for the preparation of L-amino acids in Enterobacteriaceae, comprising fermenting, in a medium, Enterobacteriaceae which produce L-amino acid and in which  E. coli  ahpC and ahpF is overexpressed, and concentrating the L-amino acids in the medium or in the Enterobacteriaceae is disclosed.

Description:
This application is a 371 of PCT/EP02/06560 filed on Jun. 14, 2002 which claims benefit of 60/303,790 filed on Jul. 10, 2001. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a process for the preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, using strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family in which at least one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpc and ahpF is (are) enhanced. 
     PRIOR ART 
     L-Amino acids, in particular L-threonine, are used in human medicine and in the. pharmaceuticals industry, in the foodstuffs industry and very particularly in animal nutrition. 
     It is known to prepare L-amino acids by fermentation of strains of Enterobacteriaceae, in particular  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ) and  Serratia marcescens . Because of their great importance, work is constantly being undertaken to improve the preparation processes. Improvements to the process can relate to fermentation measures, such as e.g. stirring and supply of oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient media, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during the fermentation, or the working up to the product form, by e.g. ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic output properties of the microorganism itself. 
     Methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant selection are used to improve the output properties of these microorganisms. Strains which are resistant to antimetabolites, such as e.g. the threonine analogue α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid (AHV), or are auxotrophic for metabolites of regulatory importance and produce L-amino acid, such as e.g. L-threonine, are obtained in this manner. 
     Methods of the recombinant DNA technique have also been employed for some years for improving the strain of strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family which produce L-amino acids, by amplifying individual amino acid biosynthesis genes and investigating the effect on the production. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to provide new measures for improved fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides a process for the preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, using microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family which in particular already produce L-amino acids and in which at least one or more of the nucleotide sequence(s) which code(s) for the ahpc and ahpF genes is (are) enhanced. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Where L-amino acids or amino acids are mentioned in the following, this means one or more amino acids, including their salts, chosen from the group consisting of L-asparagine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-glutamate, L-glycine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan and L-arginine. L-Threonine is particularly preferred. 
     The term “enhancement” in this connection describes the increase in the intracellular-activity of one or more enzymes or proteins in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by increasing the number of copies of the gene or genes, using a potent promoter or a gene or allele which codes. for a corresponding enzyme or protein with a high activity, and optionally combining these measures. 
     By enhancement measures, in particular over-expression, the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein is in general increased by at least 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400% or 500%, up to a maximum of 1000% or 2000%, based on that of the wild-type protein or the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism. 
     The process is characterized in that the following steps are carried out:
         a) fermentation of microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family in which one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpc and ahpF is (are) enhanced,   b) concentration of the corresponding L-amino acid in the medium or in the cells of the microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and   c) isolation of the desired L-amino acid, constituents of the fermentation broth and/or the biomass in its entirety or portions (&gt;0 to 100%) thereof optionally remaining in the product.       

     The microorganisms which the present invention provides can produce L-amino acids from glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, optionally starch, optionally cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol. They are representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family chosen from the genera  Escherichia, Erwinia, Providencia  and  Serratia . The genera  Escherichia  and  Serratia  are preferred. Of the genus  Escherichia  the species  Escherichia coli  and of the genus  Serratia  the species  Serratia marcescens  are to be mentioned in particular. 
     Suitable strains, which produce L-threonine in particular, of the genus  Escherichia , in particular of the species  Escherichia coli , are, for example
           Escherichia coli  TF427     Escherichia coli  H4578     Escherichia coli  KY10935     Escherichia coli  VNIIgenetika MG442     Escherichia coli  VNIIgenetika M1     Escherichia coli  VNIIgenetika 472T23     Escherichia coli  BKIIM B-3996     Escherichia coli  kat 13     Escherichia coli  KCCM-10132.       

     Suitable L-threonine-producing strains of the genus  Serratia , in particular of the species  Serratia marcescens , are, for example
           Serratia marcescens  HNr21     Serratia marcescens  TLr156     Serratia marcescens  T2000.       

     Strains from the  Enterobacteriaceae  family which produce L-threonine preferably have, inter alia, one or more genetic or phenotypic features chosen from the group consisting of: resistance to α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid, resistance to thialysine, resistance to ethionine, resistance to α-methylserine, resistance to diaminosuccinic acid, resistance to α-aminobutyric acid, resistance to borrelidin, resistance to rifampicin, resistance to valine analogues, such as, for example, valine hydroxamate, resistance to purine analogues, such as, for example, 6-dimethylaminopurine, a need for L-methionine, optionally a partial and compensatable need for L-isoleucine, a need for meso-diaminopimelic acid, auxotrophy in respect of threonine-containing dipeptides, resistance to L-threonine, resistance to L-homoserine, resistance to L-lysine, resistance to L-methionine resistance to L-glutamic acid, resistance to L-aspartate, resistance to L-leucine, resistance to L-phenylalanine, resistance to L-serine, resistance to L-cysteine, resistance to L-valine, sensitivity to fluoropyruvate, defective threonine dehydrogenase, optionally an ability for sucrose utilization, enhancement of the threonine operon, enhancement of homoserine dehydrogenase I-aspartate kinase I, preferably of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of homoserine kinase, enhancement of threonine synthase, enhancement of aspartate kinase, optionally of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, enhancement of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, optionally of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of phosphoenol pyruvate synthase, enhancement of transhydrogenase, enhancement of the RhtB gene product, enhancement of the RhtC gene product, enhancement of the YfiK gene product, enhancement of a pyruvate carboxylase, and attenuation of acetic acid formation. 
     It has been found that microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family produce L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in an improved manner after enhancement, in particular over-expression, of at least one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpC and ahpF. 
     The use of endogenous genes is in general preferred. “Endogenous genes” or “endogenous nucleotide sequences” are understood as meaning the genes or nucleotide sequences present in the population of a species. 
     The nucleotide sequences of the genes of  Escherichia coli  belong to the prior art and can also be found in the genome sequence of  Escherichia coli  published by Blattner et al. (Science 277: 1453–1462 (1997)). 
     The following information on the ahpc gene and ahpF gene is known, inter alia, from the prior art:
     ahpc gene:   Description: C22 subunit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; detoxification of hydroperoxides   EC No.: 1.6.4.   Reference: Ferrante et al.; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92 (17): 7617–7621 (1995) Poole and Ellis; Biochemistry 35(1): 56–64 (1996) Nishiyama et al.; Journal of Bacteriology 183(8): 2431–2438 (2001)   Accession No.: AE000166   ahpF gene:   Description: F52a subunit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; detoxification of hydroperoxides   Reference: Ferrante et al.; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92(17): 7617–7621 (1995) Poole and Ellis; Biochemistry 35(1): 56–64 (1996) Poole et al.; European Journal of Biochemistry 267(20): 6126–6133 (2000)   Accession No.: AE000166   

     The nucleic acid sequences can be found in the databanks of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md., USA), the nucleotide sequence databank of the European Molecular Biologies Laboratories (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany or Cambridge, UK) or the DNA databank of Japan (DDBJ, Mishima, Japan). 
     Alleles of at least one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpC and ahpF which result from the degeneracy of the genetic code or due to “sense mutations” of neutral function can furthermore be used. 
     To achieve an enhancement, for example, expression of the genes or the catalytic properties of the proteins can be increased. The two measures can optionally be combined. 
     To achieve an over-expression, the number of copies of the corresponding genes can be increased, or the promoter and regulation region or the ribosome binding site upstream of the structural gene can be mutated. Expression cassettes which are incorporated upstream of the structural gene act in the same way. By inducible promoters, it is additionally possible to increase the expression in the course of fermentative L-threonine production. The expression is likewise improved by measures to prolong the life of the m-RNA. Furthermore, the enzyme activity is also enhanced by preventing the degradation of the enzyme protein. The genes or gene constructs can either be present in plasmids with a varying number of copies, or can be integrated and amplified in the chromosome. Alternatively, an over-expression of the genes in question can furthermore be achieved by changing the composition of the media and the culture procedure. 
     Instructions in this context can be found by the expert, inter alia, in Chang and Cohen (Journal of Bacteriology 134: 1141–1156 (1978)), in Hartley and Gregori (Gene 13: 347–353 (1981)), in Amann and Brosius (Gene 40: 183–190 (1985).), in de Broer et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80: 21–25 (1983)), in LaVallie et al. (BIO/TECHNOLOGY 11: 187–193 (1993)), in PCT/US97/13359, in Llosa et al. (Plasmid 26: 222–224 (1991)), in Quandt and Klipp (Gene 80: 161–169 (1989)), in Hamilton (Journal of Bacteriology 171: 4617–4622 (1989)), in Jensen and Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58: 191–195 (1998)) and in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology. 
     Plasmid vectors which are capable of replication in Enterobacteriaceae, such as e.g. cloning vectors derived from pACYC184 (Bartolomé et al.; Gene 102: 75–78 (1991)), pTrc99A (Amann et al.; Gene 69: 301–315 (1988)) or pSC101 derivatives (Vocke and Bastia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80(21): 6557–6561 (1983)) can be used. A strain transformed with a plasmid vector, wherein the plasmid vector carries at least one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpc and ahpF or nucleotide sequences which code for them, can be employed in a process according to the invention. 
     It is also possible to transfer mutations which affect the expression of the particular gene into various strains by sequence exchange (Hamilton et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 171: 4617–4622 (1989)), conjugation or transduction. 
     It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, with strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family to enhance one or more enzymes of the known threonine biosynthesis pathway or enzymes of anaplerotic metabolism or enzymes for the production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, in addition to the enhancement of one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpC and ahpF. 
     Thus, for example, one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of
         the thrABC operon which codes for aspartate kinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765),   the pyc gene which codes for pyruvate carboxylase (DE-A-19 831 609)   the pps gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate synthase (Molecular and General Genetics 231(2): 332–336 (1992)),   the ppc gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Gene 31: 279–283 (1984)),   the pnta and pntB genes which code for transhydrogenase (European Journal of Biochemistry 158: 647–653 (1986)),   the rhtB gene which imparts homoserine resistance (EP-A-0 994 190),   the mqo gene which codes for malate:quinone oxidoreductase (WO 02/06459),   the rhtC gene which imparts threonine resistance (EP-A-1 013 765),   the thrE gene of  Corynebacterium glutamicum  which codes for the threonine export protein (WO 01/92545),   the gdhA gene which codes for glutamate dehydrogenase (Nucleic Acids Research 11: 5257–5266 (1983); Gene 23: 199–209 (1983)),   the dps gene which codes for the global regulator Dps (Genes &amp; Development 6(12B): 2646–2654 (1992), Accession No. AE000183),   the hns gene which codes for the DNA-binding protein HLP-II (Molecular and General Genetics 212(2): 199–202 (1988), Accession No. AE000222),   the lrp gene which codes for the regulator of the leucine Lrp regulon and high-affinity transport systems of branched-chain amino acids (Journal of Biological Chemistry 266(17): 10768–10774 (1991), Accession No. AE000191),   the pgm gene which codes for phosphoglucomutase (Journal of Bacteriology 176: 5847–5851 (1994), Accession No. AE000172),   the fba gene which codes for fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Biochemical Journal 257: 529–534 (1989), Accession No. AE000376),   the ptsG gene which codes for the glucose-specific IIBC component of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 261(35): 16398–16403 (1986), Accession No. AE000210),   the ptsH gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for the phosphohistidine protein hexose phosphotransferase of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262(33): 16241–16253 (1987), Accession No. AE000329),   the ptsI gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262(33): 16241–16253 (1987), Accession No. AE000329),   the crr gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for the glucose-specific IIA component of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262(33): 16241–16253 (1987), Accession No. AE000329),   the mopB gene which codes for chaperone GroES (Journal of Biological Chemistry 261(26): 12414–12419 (1986), Accession No. AE000487), can be enhanced, in particular over-expressed.       

     The use of endogenous genes is in general preferred. 
     It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in addition to the enhancement of one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpC and ahpF, for one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of
         the tdh gene which codes for threonine dehydrogenase (Journal of Bacteriology 169: 4716–4721 (1987)),   the mdh gene which codes. for malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) (Archives in Microbiology 149: 36–42 (1987)),   the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) yjfA (Accession Number AAC77180 of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA)),   the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) ytfP (Accession Number AAC77179 of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA)),   the pckA gene which codes for the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (Journal of Bacteriology 172: 7151–7156 (1990)),   the poxB gene which codes for pyruvate oxidase (Nucleic Acids. Research 14(13): 5449–5460 (1986)),   the aceA gene which codes for the enzyme isocitrate lyase (Journal of Bacteriology 170: 4528–4536 (1988)),   the dgsA gene which codes for the DgsA regulator of the phosphotransferase system (Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59: 256–251 (1995)) and is also known under the name of the mlc gene,   the fruR gene which codes for the fructose repressor (Molecular and General Genetics 226: 332–336 (1991)) and is also known under the name of the cra gene, and   the rpoS gene which codes for the sigma 38  factor (WO 01/05939) and is also known under the name of the katF gene,
 
to be attenuated, in particular eliminated or for the expression thereof to be reduced.
       

     The term “attenuation” in this connection describes the reduction or elimination of the intracellular activity of one or more enzymes (proteins) in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by using a weak promoter or a gene or allele which codes for a corresponding enzyme with a low activity or inactivates the corresponding enzyme (protein) or gene, and optionally combining these measures. 
     By attenuation measures, the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein is in general reduced to 0 to 75%, 0 to 50%, 0 to 25%, 0 to 10% or 0 to 5% of the activity or concentration of the wild-type protein or of the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism. 
     It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in addition to the enhancement of one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of ahpC and ahpF, to eliminate undesirable side reactions (Nakayama: “Breeding of Amino Acid Producing Microorganisms”, in: overproduction of Microbial Products, Krumphanzl, Sikyta, Vanek.(eds.), Academic Press, London, UK, 1982). 
     The microorganisms produced according to the invention can be cultured in the batch process (batch culture), the fed batch (feed process) or the repeated fed batch process (repetitive feed process). A summary of known culture methods is described in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfhrüng in die Bioverfahrenstechnik [Bioprocess Technology 1. Introduction to Bioprocess Technology (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen [Bioreactors and Peripheral Equipment] (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/wiesbaden, 1994)). 
     The culture medium to be used must meet the requirements of the particular strains in a suitable manner. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms are contained in the handbook “Manual of methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981). 
     Sugars and carbohydrates, such as e.g. glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and optionally cellulose, oils and fats, such as e.g. soya oil, sunflower oil, groundnut oil and coconut fat, fatty acids, such as e.g. palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols, such as e.g. glycerol and ethanol, and organic acids, such as e.g. acetic acid, can be used as the source of carbon. These substances can be used individually or as a mixture. 
     Organic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya bean flour and urea, or inorganic compounds, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, can be used as the source of nitrogen. The sources of nitrogen can be used individually or as a mixture. 
     Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as the source of phosphorus. The culture medium must furthermore comprise salts of metals, such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth. Finally, essential growth substances, such as amino acids and vitamins, can be employed in addition to the abovementioned substances. Suitable precursors can moreover be added to the culture medium. The starting substances mentioned can be added to the culture in the form of a single batch, or can be fed in during the culture in a suitable manner. 
     Basic compounds, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or aqueous ammonia, or acid compounds, such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, can be employed in a suitable manner to control the pH of the culture. Antifoams, such as e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be employed to control the development of foam. Suitable substances having a selective action, e.g. antibiotics, can be added to the medium to maintain. the stability of plasmids. To maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, such as e.g. air, are introduced into the culture. The temperature of the culture is usually 25° C. to 45° C., and preferably 30° C. to 40° C. Culturing is continued until a maximum of L-amino acids or L-threonine has formed. This target is usually reached within 10 hours to 160 hours. 
     The analysis of L-amino acids can be carried out by anion exchange chromatography with subsequent ninhydrin derivation, as described by Spackman et al. (Analytical Chemistry 30: 1190–1206 (1958), or it can take place by reversed phase HPLC as described by Lindroth et al. (Analytical Chemistry 51: 1167–1174 (1979)). 
     The process according to the invention is used for the fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, such as, for example, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-homoserine and L-lysine, in particular L-threonine. 
     The present invention is explained in more detail in the following with the aid of embodiment examples. 
     The minimal (M9) and complete media (LB) for  Escherichia coli  used are described by J. H. Miller (A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics (1992), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). The isolation of plasmid DNA from  Escherichia coli  and all techniques of restriction, ligation, Klenow and alkaline phosphatase treatment are carried out by the method of Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory anual (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Unless described otherwise, the transformation of  Escherichia coli  is carried out by the method of Chung et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1989) 86: 2172–2175). 
     The incubation temperature for the preparation of strains and transformants is 37° C. 
     EXAMPLE 1  
     Construction of the Expression Plasmid pTrc99AahpCF 
     The ahpC and ahpF genes from  E. coli  K12 are amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and synthetic oligonucleotides. Starting from the nucleotide sequences of the ahpC and ahpF genes in  E. coli  K12 MG1655 (Accession Number AE000166, Blattner et al. (Science 277: 1453–1462 (1997)), PCR primers are synthesized (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany). The sequences of the primers are modified such that recognition sites for restriction enzymes are formed. The recognition sequence for XbaI is chosen for the ahpCF1 primer and the recognition sequence for HindIII for the ahpCF2 primer, which are marked by underlining in the nucleotide sequence shown below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 ahpCF1: 
                   
                   
               
               
                 5′ - GCA TCTAGA CGATAACACGGAGGAAG - 3′ 
                 (SEQ ID No. 1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ahpCF2: 
               
               
                 5′ - GCT AAGCTT TTGCAGGTGAATC - 3′ 
                 (SEQ ID No. 2) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The chromosomal  E. coli  K12 MG1655 DNA employed for the PCR is isolated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions with “Qiagen Genomic-tips 100/G” (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). A DNA fragment approx. 2400 bp in size can be amplified with the specific primers under standard PCR conditions (Innis et al. (1990) PCR-Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press) with Pfu-DNA polymerase (Promega Corporation, Madison, USA). The PCR product is cleaved with the restriction enzymes xbaI and HindIII and ligated with the vector pTrc99A (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden), which has been digested with the enzymes XbaI and HindIII. The  E. coli  strain XL1-Blue MRF (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) is transformed with the ligation batch and plasmid-carrying cells are selected on LB agar, to which 50 μg/ml ampicillin are added. Successful cloning can be demonstrated after plasmid DNA isolation by control cleavage with the enzymes EcoRI and KuI. The plasmid is called pTrc99AahpCF ( FIG. 1 ). 
     EXAMPLE 2  
     Preparation of L-threonine with the Strain MG442/pTrc99AahpCF 
     The L-threonine-producing  E. coli  strain MG442 is described in the patent specification U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765 and deposited as CMIM B-1628 at the Russian National Collection for Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM, Moscow, Russia). 
     The strain MG442 is. transformed with the expression plasmid pTrc99AahpCF described in. example 1 and with the vector pTrc99A and plasmid-carrying cells are selected on LB agar with 50 μg/ml ampicillin. The strains MG442/pTrc99AabpCF and MG442/pTrc99A are formed in this manner. Selected individual colonies are then multiplied further on minimal medium with the following composition: 3.5 g/l Na 2 HPO 4 *2H 2 O, 1.5 g/l KH 2 PO 4 , 1 g/l NH 4 Cl, 0.1 g/l MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 2 g/l glucose, 20 g/l agar, 50 mg/l ampicillin. The formation of L-threonine is checked in batch cultures of 10 ml contained in 100 ml conical flasks. For this, 10 ml of preculture medium of the following composition: 2 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 1 g/l KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g/l MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 15 g/l CaCO 3 , 20 g/l glucose, 50 mg/l-ampicillin are inoculated and the batch is incubated for 16 hours at 37° C. and 180 rpm on an ESR incubator from Kühner AG (Birsfelden, Switzerland). 
     250 μl portions of this preculture are transinoculated into 10 ml of production medium (25 g/l (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 2 g/l KH 2 PO 4 , 1 g/l MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 0.03 g/l FeSO 4 *7H 2 O, 0.018 g/l MnSO 4 *1H 2 O, 30 g/l CaCO 3 , 20 g/l glucose, 50 mg/l ampicillin) and the batch is incubated for 48 hours at 37° C. The formation of L-threonine by the starting strain MG442 is investigated in the same manner, but no addition of ampicillin to the medium takes place. After the incubation the optical density (OD) of the culture suspension is determined with an LP2W photometer from Dr. Lange (Düsseldorf, Germany) at a measurement wavelength of 660 nm. 
     The concentration of L-threonine formed is then determined in the sterile-filtered culture supernatant with an amino acid analyzer from Eppendorf-BioTronik (Hamburg, Germany) by ion exchange chromatography and post-column reaction with ninhydrin detection. 
     The result of the experiment is shown in table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 OD 
                 L-Threonine 
               
               
                 Strain 
                 (660 nm) 
                 g/l 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 MG442 
                 5.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 MG442/pTrc99A 
                 3.8 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 MG442/pTrc99AahpCF 
                 5.4 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE 
       FIG. 1 : Map of the plasmid pTrc99AahpCF containing the ahpc and ahpF genes. 
     The length data are to be understood as approx. data. The abbreviations and designations used have the following meaning: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Amp: 
                 Ampicillin resistance gene 
               
               
                   
                 lacI: 
                 Gene for the repressor protein of the trc 
               
               
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 Ptrc: 
                 trc promoter region, IPTG-inducible 
               
               
                   
                 ahpC: 
                 Coding region of the ahpC gene 
               
               
                   
                 ahpF: 
                 Coding region of the ahpF gene 
               
               
                   
                 5S: 
                 5S rRNA region 
               
               
                   
                 rrnBT: 
                 rRNA terminator region 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The abbreviations for the restriction enzymes have the following meaning
         EcoRI: Restriction endonuclease from  Escherichia coli  RY13   HindIII: Restriction endonuclease from  Haemophilus influenzae      MluI: Restriction endonuclease from  Hicrococcus luteus  IFO 12992   XbaI: Restriction endonuclease from  Xanthomonas campestris