Abstract:
A unique frequency doubler circuit is utilized which requires only a handful of standard components such as operational amplifier, logic gates, resistors, capacitors and switches. In contrast to certain prior art frequency doublers, frequency doublers constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention do not require the use of a phase lock loop, thereby resulting in a substantial simplification of circuit construction. Furthermore, frequency doublers constructed in accordance with this invention utilize a feedback technique which assures that the duty cycle of the output signal will be 50%, or any other predefined value.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to electronic circuits for providing an output signal having a frequency twice that of the input signal. 
     Frequency doublers are known in the prior art and are used to provide an output signal which has a frequency having twice the frequency of an input signal. Frequency doublers have long been used in radio frequency work; for example, to provide a high-frequency signal which is generated from a crystal or other oscillator having a lower frequency. These require components whose values and tolerances are not readily reproducible in silicon MOS technology. 
     Frequency doublers can also be constructed utilizing phase lock loops. Use of phase lock loops requires complex circuitry which requires large areas on silicon and results in jitter (i.e., slight, but undesirable, shifts in frequency) in the final output signal. Frequency doublers using phase lock loop are described, for example, in &#34;Phase Lock Techniques&#34; p.78, F. M. Gardner, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1966, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with the teachings of this invention, a unique frequency doubler circuit is utilized which requires only a handful of standard components such as operational amplifiers, logic gates, resistors, capacitors and switches. In contrast to certain prior art frequency doublers, frequency doublers constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention do not require the use of a phase lock loop, thereby resulting in a substantial simplification of circuit construction. Furthermore, frequency doublers constructed in accordance with this invention utilize a feedback technique which assures that the duty cycle of the output signal will be 50%, or any other predefined value. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a frequency doubler constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the input signal V in  applied to the frequency doubler shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the voltage V49 provided at node 49 of the frequency doubler shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the voltage V50 provided at node 50 of the circuit of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the voltage V51 provided at node 51 of the circuit in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the output voltage V out  provided by the circuit of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7 is one embodiment of a delay means 12 shown in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 8 is one embodiment of an integrator which allows the frequency doubler of this invention to provide an output signal of other than 50% duty cycle. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One embodiment of a frequency doubler constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention is shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 1. Frequency doubler 10 includes input terminal 11 for receiving an input signal V in  having a frequency f. Frequency doubler 10 also includes output terminal 24 for providing an output voltage V out  having a frequency 2f, double the frequency of the input voltage V in . The input signal V in  is shown in graphical form in FIG. 2, and is typically within the range of approximately 500 Hz to 3 KHz and has a duty cycle within the range of approximately 30% to 70%. Input signals having higher frequencies can be used, and thus higher frequency output signals provided, if desired. The input signal V in  is directly applied to one input lead of exclusive OR gate 13. Input voltage V in  is also applied to the input lead 12a of delay means 12, whose output lead 12b is connected to the other input lead of exclusive OR gate 13. Delay means 12 may comprise any suitable delay means, including a chain of inverters with capacitive loading on their output, as is shown in FIG. 7. In one embodiment of this invention, delay means 12 delays the input signal V in  by a few microseconds prior to applying the delayed input signal to the second input lead of exclusive OR gate 13. It is generally desired that the delay provided by delay means 12 be sufficient to allow NOR gate 14 to charge its output lead to the negative supply voltage in order to provide a logical zero output signal. 
     Exclusive OR gate 13 thus provides an output voltage V49 (as shown in FIG. 3) on output node 49. As can be seen from FIG. 3, V49 goes high for a short period of time (approximately equal to the time delay provided by delay means 12) in response to each rising and falling edge of input signal V in . Thus, signal V49 has a frequency 2f, twice the frequency of input voltage V in . However, signal V49 generally does not have a 50% duty cycle, as is often desired, but has a duty cycle of 
     
         2T.sub.1 /T.sub.2 
    
     where 
     T 1  =the delay provided by delay means 12; and 
     T 2  =1/f=the period of V in . 
     The remainder of the circuit shown in FIG. 1 serves to provide an output signal V out  having a frequency of 2f, and which has a 50% duty cycle. 
     Terminal 15 is connected to a positive supply voltage Vdd (typically 5 volts). Switches 16 and 18, together with capacitor 20, serve as a switched capacitor resistor equivalent. In the embodiment of this invention shown in FIG. 1, switches 16 and 18 are N channel MOS transistors being controlled by clock signals φ and φ, respectively. Switched capacitor resistor equivalents are well known in the prior art and thus will not be described in detail in this application. A more complete description of the Q operation of a switched capacitor resistor equivalent is given by B. J. Hostica, R. W. Brodersen, P. R. Gray, in &#34;MOS Sampled Data Recursive Filters Using Switched Capacitor Integrators&#34;, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, December 1977, pps. 600-609, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Clock signals φ and φ preferably have a frequency fφ within the range of approximately 10 KHz to 500 KHz where the input signal has a frequency within the range of approximately 1 KHz to 50 KHz. The switched capacitor resistor equivalent formed by switches 16 and 18 and capacitor 20 serves to charge capacitor 21 to supply voltage Vdd with time constant (C21/C20) fφ. 
     where 
     C21 is the capacitance of capacitor 21 (typically approximately 20 picofarads); 
     C20 is the capacitance of capacitor 20 (typically approximately 1 picofarad); and 
     fφ is the frequency of clocks φ and φ. 
     In one embodiment of this invention, a resistor is used in place of switches 17, 19 and capacitor 20. This embodiment requires more area and provides less yield due to greater variations in resistance (where the circuit is implemented using MOS technology) and thus greater variations in the resulting time constant. 
     The voltage V50 thus generated on terminal 50 is shown in FIG. 4. Capacitor 21 is discharged when NOR gate 14 provides a logical zero output signal which occurs in one instance in response to a logical one output signal from exclusive OR gate 13. Thus, when V49 goes high, the output signal of NOR gate 14 goes low and voltage V50 follows this and is discharged as shown in FIG. 4. 
     Voltage comparator 22 has its inverting input lead connected to node 50 and its noninverting input lead connected to the output lead of operational amplifier 27. The output signal V51 from comparator 22, which appears on node 51, is positive (logical 1) when V50 is discharged to a value less than the voltage which is provided on the output lead of operational amplifier 27. The output lead of operational amplifier 22 is connected to the input lead of inverter 23, whose output lead is connected to output terminal 24 to provide the output signal V out  and, through resistor 25, to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 27. Capacitor 26 is connected between the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 27 and ground. Resistor 28 is connected between ground and the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 27, and resistor 29 is connected between the inverting input lead of operational amplifier 27 and the output lead of operational amplifier 27, thereby causing operational amplifier 27 to have a closed loop gain of 
     
         G=1+(R29/R28) 
    
     where 
     G=the closed loop gain of operational amplifier 27 (typically 1 to 10); 
     R28=the resistance of resistor 28; and 
     R29=the resistance of resistor 29. 
     Capacitor 26 integrates the output voltage V out , and operational amplifier 27 provides an amplified signal equal to G∫V out  dt to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 22. 
     For stability, the voltage on the output lead of operational amplifier 27 should be relatively constant. This requires that the result of the integration V out  dt when V out  is high equal the result of the integration of V out  dt when V out  is low. If this were not so, net current would flow into the integrator and change the output voltage. By providing the negative feedback through operational amplifier 27, the output signal V out  maintains a 50% duty cycle. For example, if the output signal V out  has a duty cycle less than 50% such that during each cycle V out  remains a logical 0 longer than it remains a logical 1, the voltage stored on capacitor 26 will be less than when the duty cycle of V out  is 50%. With this decreased voltage applied to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 27, operational amplifier 27 provides a decreased output voltage to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 22. The output signal V51 from operational amplifier 22 is a logical 0 when the voltage V50 is greater than the output voltage of operational amplifier 27, thereby causing V51 to have a logical 0 value for a greater period of time, which in turn causes the output signal V out  to have a logical 1 output signal for an increased period of time. Conversely, if the output signal V out  has a duty cycle greater than 50% such that during each cycle V out  remains a logical 1 longer than it remains a logical 0, the voltage stored on capacitor 26 will be greater than when the duty cycle of V out  is 50%. With this increased voltage applied to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 27, operational amplifier 27 provides an increased output voltage to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 22. The output signal V51 from operational amplifier 22 is a logical 0 when the voltage V50 is greater than the output voltage of operational amplifier 27, thereby causing V51 to have a logical 0 value for a greater period of time, which in turn causes the output signal V out  to have a logical 1 output signal for a increased period of time. 
     In this manner, the feedback provided by operational amplifier 27 provides output signal V out  with a 50% duty cycle. 
     In an alternative embodiment of my invention, it is desired to provide an output signal V out  having other than a 50% duty cycle. In this embodiment of my invention integrator 127 (FIG. 1) is replaced with integrator 227 of FIG. 8. Integrator 227 of FIG. 8 is the same as integrator 127 of FIG. 1, with the addition of inverter 29 and buffer 30. Inverter 29 is an inverter receiving as its input lead the output signal from operational amplifier 27. Buffer 30 is an inverter receiving on its input lead the output signal from inverter 29, and which provides an output signal on output lead 27-1 to the noninverting input lead of operational amplifier 22 (FIG. 1). Buffer 30 is powered by a positive reference voltage +Vref and a negative reference voltage -Vref which are generated in any one of a number of ways well known in the prior art. The magnitudes of +Vref and -Vref are selected to provide the desired duty cycle of the output signal V out  provided on output lead 24 (FIG. 1). Thus, the duty cycle is defined as: 
     
         D=(+Vref)/(|+Vref|+|-Vref|) 
    
     Thus, if a 60% duty cycle is desired, the magnitude of Vref must be 1.5 times the magnitude of -Vref. Conversely, if a 25% duty cycle is desired, the magnitude of +Vref must be one-third the magnitude of -Vref. 
     The specific embodiments of this invention described in this specification are intended to serve by way of example and are not a limitation on the scope of my invention. Numerous other embodiments of this invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this specification.