Abstract:
In order to achieve reproducible operating parameters of the shaping process of an I.S. glassware forming machine, a central control of all blowing and cooling air flows is proposed, in which in accordance with sections a volume flow of the cooling air including the inlet-side and outlet-side temperatures thereof are measured by means of a measuring device ( 51, 52 ) and a heat loss which is associated with the section is ascertained. The heat thus removed in sections is compared with standard values, wherein in the event that tolerance zones are exceeded a variation of the volume flow is initiated by the actuation of restrictors ( 53, 54 ). All of the sections of the glassware forming machine which are intended for passage of cooling air are monitored in this way, namely on the basis of a determinable heat loss, so that uniform cooling conditions, which are adapted to a mathematical model, and in this respect a reproducible product quality are achieved.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling blowing air and/or cooling air in an I.S. glassware forming machine. 
     Control of blowing air during the production of hollow glass articles is significant for the rate of shaping and cooling and, associated with this, for the mechanical stability of the articles in the individual stages of the production process. In this case, it is a question of achieving a reproducible article quality in the face of external, but also internal, disruptive influences caused, e.g., by wear. 
     Patent document GB 2 297 548 A discloses a method and an apparatus for controlling the blowing pressure of a glassware forming machine, in which a line intended for supplying blowing air, a line intended for discharging blowing air and a line intended for measuring pressure issue in the blowing head which closes a blow mold at the top side. The lines used for the supply and discharge of blowing air are fitted with proportional valves which are connected to a computer-aided control device just like a pressure measuring device disposed at one end of the line used for measuring pressure. The intention is to achieve control of the pressure and the duration of the introduction of blowing air into the blow mold with the aim of producing in the blow mold a blowing and cooling effect which is adapted to the properties of the molten glass. In this case, consideration is to be given to the low mechanical stability due to the temperature of the produced hollow glass articles during and immediately after shaping, and to the low thermal conductivity of the glass. The control device forms a part of a control loop which acts upon the shaping process in the blow mold on the basis of the pressure measurement and optimum stored values, which can be changed where required, of other parameters by means of the proportional valves. 
     EP 1 894 894 A1 discloses a blow mold of an I.S. glassware forming machine, in which the blowing pressure is controlled with the condition that in a first phase only a relatively low pressure, which is sufficient to stabilize the hollow space of the parison, is developed in the latter, and in particular during the time of reheating, in which edge regions are reheated. This low pressure is such that still no shaping takes place. It is only in a second subsequent phase that blowing air, which is under high pressure, i.e., a pressure intended for actual shaping, is introduced into the said hollow space. Therefore, this document deals merely with the avoidance of deformations as a result of cooling air, which has entered into the blow mold, after reheating has been effected. 
     EP 1 318 111 B1 describes a method for controlling the blowing air pressure, in which stretching of the parison under the influence of reheating to the bottom of the blow mold is measured by a thermocouple and then, after an adjustable delay has lapsed, blowing air is introduced into the parison at a pressure sufficient to deform the parison to form the finished hollow glass article. 
     In the method disclosed in DE 601 10 139 T2, the pressure of the blowing air, to which a parison mold and a blow mold of an I.S. glassware forming machine are subjected during the shaping process, is determined in accordance with a stored time profile. For this purpose, proportional valves are disposed in the air supply lines to the parison mold and the blow mold and serve to provide a pressure progression which is characterized over time by stages, wherein a distinction is made between a blowing phase and a cooling phase. 
     Finally, it is known from document DE 601 08 548 T2 to effect control of the blowing air and the cooling air for the neck region of a hollow glass article in the blow mold of a glassware forming machine in each case with the cooperation of a solenoid valve which can be switched on and off and whose switching times are arranged in accordance with the operation cycle specified by a central controller, wherein the switching states of the valves and the input-side pressure of the blowing air and cooling air, as provided by the switching positions of said valves, upstream of the blow head are recorded and compared with the specified machine timing, and wherein in the case of deviations a trouble signal is generated. 
     The prior art listed above demonstrates that the actual object of the shaping process, the hollow glass articles to be produced, namely the state thereof, is taken into account at the utmost indirectly or only partially. The temperature of the article in its entirety is not measured in the individual stations of the process which, however, is of considerable importance for the deformation behavior and equally the mechanical stability of the article. The blowing air used for shaping both in the parison mold and in the blow mold always exerts not only a shaping effect but also a cooling effect and definitively determines the temperature to which the article is subjected. However, this temperature is subjected to numerous influences which are caused inter alia also by the environment. However, to achieve a reproducible product quality, it is necessary to produce uniform deformation conditions which is achieved only in partial aspects by this prior art. 
     In order to improve the quality of the hollow glass article and to accelerate the production time, it is known from document DE 10 2004 041 282 B1 to equip a blow head of a glassware forming machine with a blow pipe which can be lowered into the hollow glass article in a motor-driven manner, in this case by means of a piston-cylinder unit. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to develop a method of the type set forth in the introduction in such a manner that the conditions of the deformation process, in particular relating to the deformation behavior of the hollow glass article to be produced are more extensively measured and utilized, and in particular with the aim of harmonizing them. In the case of a method such as this, this object is achieved by the features of the invention whereby cooling air flow is controlled on the basis of a volume flow (volume flow rate) of the cooling air which passes through the cooling section of the glassware forming machine. The temperature of the cooling air is measured on the inlet side and outlet side in relation to the section being cooled, wherein the heat loss relating to the section is measured and, in accordance with a comparison of this loss with desired values, the volume flow is varied. 
     It is important for control of the cooling air flows that the control is effected according to sections of the glassware forming machine which are to be cooled and which are in thermal contact with the cooling air, wherein the heat loss occurring between the inlet and outlet of the section is measured, is compared to a desired value or tolerance zone and used as a basis for varying the volume flow of the cooling air. In sections, a heat loss is thus measured and compared to standard values, on the basis of which the volume flow used for cooling purposes is changed where required, and moreover with the aim of achieving a desired heat loss in the respective section. This principle is applied consistently for all sections to be cooled and provides a way of ensuring that the temperature of the hollow glass articles to be produced, starting with the parison produced in the parison mold through to the finished hollow glass article to be placed on a dead plate, is kept stable against external influences, so that with regard to the temperature uniform reproducible conditions are achieved which affect both the deformation behavior and the mechanical stability of the article which is transferred from the dead plate to a lehr by means of a conveyor belt. 
     This method can also be used to identify sources of flaws in the form of e.g. defective tubes, valves etc. and differences in the individual stations of an I.S. glassware forming machine, to compensate for temperature differences and to signal the departure from tolerance ranges. 
     It is important for control of the blowing air flows both in the parison mold and the blow mold that in accordance with the features of another embodiment of the invention, the blowing and/or suction work applied to shaping is ascertained with the aid of a volume flow of the blowing air and of the pressure and is used in accordance with desired values to ascertain the end of the shaping procedure. In order to vary the applied blowing and/or suction work, the pressure, time and/or volume flow can be varied in order to achieve a defined deformation rate in the parison mold or blow mold. It is also important that after this first phase, which is used mainly for shaping purposes, there follows a second phase which is intended for cooling purposes and which in turn is based upon a measurement of the heat loss and adapts same where required according to desired values by varying the volume flow of the air. 
     At this juncture, it should be already noted that the entire energy balance, of which the blowing or suction work makes up only a portion and plays a role only in the said first phase, is of considerable importance. However, the heat extracted from the hollow glass article in the individual production stations beginning with the parison mold and ending on the dead plate is of more crucial importance. 
     In accordance with the features of another embodiment of the invention, a mathematical model is proposed which measures all blowing and cooling procedures and describes sections of the process for producing hollow glass articles in terms of controlling and conditioning of blowing and cooling air flows with the aid of desired values relating to heat losses, temperatures, volume flows and pressures and which forms the basis for a central control and serves to provide stable operating parameters beginning with the parison mold and ending on the dead plate. The heat losses measured in sections allow conclusions to be drawn relating to the current temperature of the article to be formed. 
     It is also the object of the invention to design an apparatus for carrying out the method in accordance with the features of the above described embodiments, which allows the state of the hollow glass article to be formed to be considered in a way which is differentiated with respect to the prior art. In the case of an apparatus such as this, this object is achieved by the features of an apparatus as described below. 
     Accordingly, it is essential to the invention that the cooling air passage is divided into individual sections which are each equipped with measuring devices for measuring a volume flow and for measuring inlet-side and outlet-side temperatures, a control device and means for varying the volume flow as an actuating variable. The temperature profile of the articles to be formed can be reproduced in this way along the sections. 
     In accordance with the features of another embodiment of an apparatus, each blowing and cooling air passage comprises a measuring device for measuring a volume flow, measuring devices for measuring inlet-side and outlet-side temperatures, a measuring device for measuring the pressure, a control device and means for varying the volume flow and the pressure of the blowing and cooling air. In this manner, all of the parameters which describe the deformation procedure are measured and can be utilized in a control. 
     In accordance with the features of another embodiment, all of the sections of a blowing and/or cooling air passage, in particular the control devices thereof, are connected to a superordinate machine controller which serves to coordinate the controls allocated in each case to the individual sections. 
     In accordance with the features of yet another embodiment of an apparatus, each blow head has a valve provided therein which is closed during the said first phase, permitting a build-up of pressure within the article to be formed, and which is opened during the said second phase, in order to develop a cooling effect. The valve is actuated by means of the control device allocated to the section, as soon as an end of the shaping procedure is signaled. 
     The features of still further embodiments of the apparatus are directed to a pipe section intended to introduce cooling air, a blow pipe which protrudes into the hollow glass article and can be fixed in an axially displaceable manner to the blow head. In the cooling phase, this permits effective internal cooling of the hollow glass article, in particular the lower regions thereof adjacent to a floor. 
     The features of additional embodiments of the apparatus are directed to means which function as actuating variables for varying a volume flow and the pressure of the blowing and cooling air flow. 
     It is apparent from the statements above that by means of the inventive method or the apparatus presented, manual interventions in the operation of a glassware forming machine can be minimized. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       An apparatus intended to carry out the method in accordance with the invention is explained in greater detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate in each case sections of the blowing and cooling air passage. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for pre-blowing in the parison mold; 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for plunger cooling in the parison mold; 
         FIG. 3  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for mold cooling in the parison mold; 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for mold cooling in the blow mold; 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for neck cooling of the blow mold; 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for base cooling of the blow mold; 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for applying a vacuum to the blow mold; and 
         FIG. 8  shows a schematic diagram of the cooling air passage for dead plate cooling. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In  FIG. 1 , the parison mold of an I.S. glassware forming machine which is formed so as to be divided along an axial plane and consists of two mold halves is designated by the reference numeral  1  and is located in the closed position and is closed at the top side by means of a pre-floor  2 . Located inside the mold space  3  after the shaping process is completed is the parison  4  whose neck opening  6  facing towards the underside  5  is confronted by a plunger  8  which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction  7 . 
       FIG. 1  shows the plunger  8  in a position which uncovers an annular flow cross-section  9  in the region of the neck opening  6 , via which cross-section blowing air can be introduced, starting from a plunger cylinder upper part  10 , into the mold space  3  of the parison  4 . 
       FIG. 1  shows the procedure of pre-blowing which is used only when the process is conducted in the manner of a blow-and-blow process which is known per se. 
     Blowing air is supplied to the plunger cylinder upper part  10  starting from a proportional valve  11  via a line  12 , in the course of which there is disposed a measuring device  13  which serves to measure the measurement value describing the volume flow (flow rate) and one describing the temperature thereof. The proportional valve  11  is connected to a compressed air source in a manner not illustrated in the drawings. In terms of its functional principle, the measuring device  13  can be of almost any type, as long as it is suitable for generating an electrical measurement value which describes the volume flow and the temperature thereof. 
     The measuring device  13  is connected via a line  14 —it can also be a group of lines—to a control device  15  which for its part is connected via a line  16  to a superordinate machine controller  17  and via further lines  18  to the proportional valve  11 . 
     The reference numeral  19  designates a valve which is located in the neck region of the parison mold  1  and whose function will be explained in greater detail hereinafter. The reference numeral  20  designates a measuring sensor, by means of which the temperature of the blowing air discharged via the valve in its open position can be measured at this location. 
     The valve  19  which is formed e.g. as a solenoid valve and is controlled in a synchronized fashion by means of the machine controller  17  is closed during a first phase, which serves to shape the parison  4 , and is only opened after shaping is terminated. The second phase which follows is a cooling phase, during which cooling air flows via the line  12 , the flow cross-section  9 , the mold space  3  and the valve  19 . The end of the blowing procedure is identified in a manner still to be described hereinafter, wherein with the aid of the inlet-side and outlet-side measurement of the temperature of the cooling air the extraction of heat of the parison  4  is ascertained and is utilized in a manner to be described hereinafter for control purposes. 
     The air passage shown in  FIG. 1  is the air required for shaping in the manner of a blow-and-blow process in the parison mold  1  as part of a pre-blowing procedure. 
       FIG. 2  shows an air passage intended for plunger cooling on the parison mold side, in which the neck mold has been omitted from the illustration in the drawings. 
     In the case of this method which is used in the press-and-blow process for shaping the parison, the parison is removed from the mold by means of a plunger  21  which is introduced via a neck mold. 
     The plunger  21  is guided in a longitudinally displaceable manner in a cylinder  22  and consists of a hollow mold part  23  which forms a mold profile and is fixedly connected to a piston  25  by means of a pipe element  24  which extends in an axial manner inside the cylinder  22 . Extending inside the mold part  23 , and in particular with an intermediate space  26  being left, is a hollow hub  27 , whose walls are provided with cut-outs  28  and whose inner space  29  is continuously connected directly to the pipe element  24 . For its part, the intermediate space  29  is connected to an outlet opening  33  via an opening  30 , an annular space  31  surrounding the pipe element  24  and a line  32  extending partially inside the wall of the cylinder  22 . 
     The annular space  31  extends inside the cylinder  22  and is axially delimited by means of a fixedly disposed intermediate wall  34  of the cylinder  22  and two half shells  35 ,  35 , also referred to as “split rings”, which are intended to connect the plunger  21  to the pipe element  24  in a positive-locking manner and which enclose a hollow space which is continuously connected to the intermediate space  26  via the said opening  30 ′ and is continuously connected to the annular space  31  via at least one opening  30 ′. 
     The reference numeral  36  designates a further pipe element which is fixedly disposed inside the cylinder  22 , extends on the peripheral side in a sealing manner into the pipe element  24  and is connected to a valve  40  via a line  37 , in the course of which there are disposed a measuring device  38  and an electrically pilot-controlled restrictor  39 , said valve being connected to a pressure source, not illustrated in the drawings. 
     A control device  41  is connected to the machine controller  17  as well as to the measuring device  38 , which is arranged for measuring a volume flow and the temperature thereof, and to the restrictor  39 . 
     Located in the outlet opening  33  is a measuring sensor which is intended to measure the temperature of the air flow exiting at this location. 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 2  serves to cool the plunger  21  of the parison mold  1  shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air which are obtained on the inlet side and outlet side a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
       FIG. 3  shows a further air passage which is allocated to the mold cooling and the neck cooling of the parison mold  1 . 
     For this purpose, passing through the mold wall of the parison mold  1  is at least one line, preferably a group of lines  42  which extend in an axially parallel manner with respect to the approximately rotationally symmetrical parison mold  1  and are continued in lines  43  of the cooling base  10 ′. The cooling base  10 ′ serves as a connection part and transfer point for the neck cooling air and mold cooling air. 
     Disposed inside the cooling base  10 ′ is a further line  44 —it can also be group of lines  44 —which has/have an outlet opening  45  in immediate proximity to the neck region of the parison mold, so that the cooling air exiting via this opening exerts a cooling effect upon the neck region. 
     The end  46  of the line  43  remote from the parison mold and the end  47  of the line  44  remote from the parison mold  1  are connected to a valve assembly  50  via respective lines  48 ,  49 , wherein a measuring device  51 ,  52  and a pilot-controlled restrictor  53 ,  54  are each disposed in the course of these lines  48 ,  49 . 
     Both measuring devices  51 ,  52  are arranged for measuring measurement values relating to the volume flow and the temperature thereof, wherein these measurement values are provided as electrically convertible measurement values. These temperatures thus represent the inlet temperatures of the respective cooling air flows. Located in the outlet opening  45  of the line  44  and likewise in the outlet opening  55  of the line  42  are respective measuring sensors, by means of which the temperatures of the cooling air exiting at these locations can be measured. 
     The valve assembly  50  consists of two valves  56 ,  57  which are disposed in each case upstream of the lines  48 ,  49  and are connected to a compressed air source, not illustrated in the drawings. They are pneumatically pilot-controlled valves, wherein the reference numeral  58  designates the pilot valve allocated thereto. 
     The measuring devices  51 ,  52  are connected to a control device  59 . The same applies to the restrictors  53 ,  54  which are formed as electrically pilot-controlled restrictors. For its part, the control device  59  is connected to the superordinate machine controller  17 . 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 3  serves to cool the parison mold  1  and the neck region thereof, wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air which are obtained on the inlet side and outlet side a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
     In  FIG. 4 , the reference numeral  60  designates a blow mold, in which a finally formed hollow glass article  61  is located. The blow mold  60  is divided along a vertical mold parting line, which includes the axis thereof, into two mold halves which are closed on the underside by a base  62 . Extending inside the mold halves is a line  63  which is continued outside the blow mold in a line  64  and is connected to a valve  65 . This valve is connected to a compressed air source, not illustrated in the drawings, and can be actuated by means of a pilot valve  66 . 
     Located in the course of the line  64  is a measuring device  67  for measuring the volume flow of the air therethrough and the temperature thereof, and an electrically pilot-controlled restrictor  68 . The measuring device  67  and the restrictor  68  are connected to a control device  69  which for its part is connected in turn to the machine controller  17 . Actuation of the pilot valve  66  is effected via the machine controller  17 . 
     Disposed in an outlet opening  70  of the line  63  inside the blow mold wall is a measuring sensor, by means of which the temperature of the air exiting at this location is measured. 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 4  serves to cool the blow mold  60 , wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air which are obtained on the inlet side and outlet side a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
       FIG. 5  shows the blow head  71  of the blow mold  60  which is connected via a blow head holder  72  to a line  73  which is connected to a proportional valve  74 . The proportional valve  74  is connected to a compressed air source, not illustrated in the drawings. Located in the course of the line  73  is a measuring device  75  which is arranged for measuring the volume flow and the temperature of the air flowing in the line  73 . The blow head  71  is provided with an outlet opening  76  which is provided with a measuring sensor  77  for measuring the temperature of the air flowing out at this location. The reference numeral  78  indicates a valve which is intended and arranged for opening or uncovering the outlet opening  76 . 
     The blow head  71  is provided with an annular space  79  which directly surrounds the mouth of the hollow glass article and to which a line  80  is connected, in the course of which there is located a measuring device  81  which is arranged for measuring the volume flow and the temperature of the air flowing in the line  80  and which is connected to a valve  82  which is connected to a compressed air source in a manner not illustrated in the drawings. 
     Both measuring devices  75 ,  81 , the proportional valve  74  and the valve  82  are connected to a control device  83  which for its part is connected to the machine controller  17 . 
     The reference numeral  79 ′ designates an outlet opening which is allocated to the annular space  79  and in which there is disposed a measuring sensor for measuring the temperature of the air flowing out at this location. The air is the neck cooling air. 
     The valve  78  is closed during a first phase used for shaping the hollow glass article  61  in the blow mold  60  starting from the parison  4 , and is only opened after shaping is terminated. The second phase which follows is a cooling phase, during which cooling air flows via the line  73 , the blow head holder  72 , a pipe section  84  or a blow pipe and the valve  78 . The end of the blowing procedure is identified in a manner still to be described hereinafter, wherein with the aid of the inlet-side and outlet-side measurement of the temperature of the cooling air the heat extraction of the hollow glass article  61  is ascertained and utilized for control purposes in a manner which is still to be described hereinafter. 
     In a particularly advantageous manner, the pipe section  84  or the blow pipe can be disposed so as to be extendible vertically into the hollow glass article, so that its neck opening is located in the lower region of the hollow glass article and a particularly intensive cooling effect is developed in the lower region thereof. 
       FIG. 6  shows an air passage which is intended for cooling the base  62  of the blow mold  60 . For this purpose, the base  62  is provided with a line  85  which passes through it and is connected via an axially parallel bore  86  to an external line  87 , in the course of which there is disposed a measuring device  88  arranged for measuring the volume flow and the temperature of the air flowing in the line  87 . The end of the line  87  remote from the bore  86  is in turn connected to a compressed air source with a valve, not illustrated in the drawings, positioned therebetween. Instead of the one line  87 , it is also possible to provide a network of lines which pass uniformly through the base  62 . 
     The reference numeral  89  designates a restrictor which is likewise disposed in the course of the line  87  and is electrically pilot-controlled by means of a control device  90 . Furthermore, the control device  90  is connected to the measuring device  88  and the machine controller  17 . 
     The reference numeral  91  designates an outlet opening in the base  62  which is fitted with a measuring sensor for measuring the temperature of the air flowing out at this location. 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 6  serves to cool the base of the blow mold  60 , wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air which are obtained on the inlet side and outlet side a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an additional type of cooling air passage which affects the blow mold  60 . For this purpose, a line  92 —it can also be a network of lines—is provided inside the mold walls and is connected to the ambient atmosphere in a manner not illustrated in the drawings. This line  92  is guided via intermediate sections  93  through the base  62  and issues into a ring-like vacuum chamber  94  which extends coaxially with respect to the axis of the hollow glass article  61  and is connected to a vacuum source, not illustrated in the drawings, via a line  95 , in the course of which there are disposed a measuring device  96  and an electrically pilot-controlled restrictor  97 . The measuring device  96  is arranged for measuring a volume flow—passing through the line  95 —and the temperature thereof and is connected like the restrictor  97  to a control device  98  which for its part is connected to the machine controller  17 . 
     Not illustrated in the drawings is a measuring sensor which is arranged for measuring the temperature of the ambient air entering into the line  92  under the influence of the vacuum. The temperature of the exiting air in the line  95  is measured by the measuring device  95 . 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 7  serves to cool the mold walls of the blow mold  60 , wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air which are obtained on the inlet side and outlet side a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
     This type of air passage shown in  FIG. 7  can also be provided in addition to the air passage presented in  FIG. 4 . This air passage can be used for shaping and also for cooling, i.e., can run in parallel with blow mold blowing air, blow mold neck cooling air, with blow mold base cooling etc. and can always be active. 
       FIG. 8  shows an air passage intended for cooling a dead plate  99 . In this case, the reference numeral  100  designates a substructure of the dead plate  99  which serves to distribute a cooling air flow to three chambers  101 ,  102 ,  103  arranged immediately below the dead plate  99 , and in particular starting from an inlet chamber  104 . However, instead of three chambers it is also possible to provide more or less than three such chambers depending on the gobs to be processed in the station. Disposed between the inlet chamber  104  and the individual chambers  101 ,  102 ,  103  are valves which render it possible to subject the chambers to cooling air to different extents, so that zones having a correspondingly different cooling effect can be arranged on the dead plate  99 . 
     A cooling effect is to be exerted in each case upon hollow glass articles  61  which in accordance with a specifiable time period are initially held above the dead plate  99  and then placed thereon. 
     The inlet chamber  104  is connected via a line  105  to a chamber  106  which is connected in a manner not illustrated in the drawings to a compressed air source, e.g. a fan. In the course of the line  105  there are located a measuring device  107 , which is intended to measure the volume flow—flowing through the line—and the temperature thereof, and an electrically pilot-controlled restrictor  108  which are connected to a control device  109  which for its part is connected to the machine controller  17 . 
     Not illustrated in the drawings is at least one measuring device which is arranged for measuring the temperature of the warmed air flowing off from the hollow glass articles  61 . 
     The cooling air passage as shown in  FIG. 8  serves also to cool the bases of the hollow glass articles located above the dead plate  99 , and the substructure  100 , wherein with the aid of the measurement values of the temperatures of the cooling air flowing off from the hollow glass articles, which measurement values are obtained on the inlet side by means of the measuring device  107  and are obtained on the outlet side by means of the measuring device, not illustrated in the drawings, a heat extraction is measured and utilized in a control which is still to be described hereinafter. 
     The above-described air passages which are used in the case of an I.S. glassware forming machine include those relating to a blow passage, whose purpose resides in shaping and cooling, those e.g. for the parison mold  1  ( FIG. 1 ) and for the blow mold ( FIG. 4 ) and those which are intended merely for cooling purposes, those e.g. relating to mold, neck and plunger cooling of the parison mold ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ), mold cooling of the blow mold ( FIGS. 4 and 7 ), base cooling of the blow mold ( FIG. 6 ) and dead plate cooling ( FIG. 8 ). 
     Each of the air passages intended for shaping and cooling purposes is allocated a control loop whose input variables are produced by means of the volume flow of the blowing air measured by means of the measuring device  13 ,  38 ,  51 , including the inlet temperatures measured thereby and the outlet temperatures of the blowing air measured at the outlet openings  33 ,  45 ,  55 . Each of these control loops is allocated an actuating element in the form of a proportional valve  11  or a pilot-controlled restrictor  39 ,  53 ,  54 , by means of which the volume flow of the blowing and cooling air is continuously variable. 
     Each of the air passages intended for cooling purposes is likewise allocated a control loop whose input variables are produced by the volume flow of the cooling air measured in each case by means of the measuring device  67 ,  75 ,  88 ,  96 ,  107 , including the inlet temperatures measured thereby and the outlet temperatures of the cooling air measured at the outlet openings  70 ,  76 ,  79 ′,  91 . Each of these control loops is allocated an actuating element in the form of a pilot-controlled restrictor  68 ,  86 ,  97 ,  108  or a valve  82  or a proportional valve  74 . 
     The measuring of the respective inlet-side and outlet-side temperatures of these air passages in conjunction with the volume flows guided therein is used to produce a heat flow which is related to the respective air passage or the section allocated thereto, so that the heat loss which the glass to be formed experiences beginning with the forming of the parison  4  and ending on the dead plate  99  is illustrated in a differentiated manner, in particular in sections. This is used in turn to establish the temperature of the product and then to test whether it corresponds to the desired boundary conditions of the respective section e.g. of the parison mold  1 , the blow mold  60  or even the dead plate  99  or whether interventions such as the changing of volume flows are required. 
     In this way, it is possible to develop a mathematical model of glass shaping in the form of desired values, relating to the heat extraction and the temperatures to be tolerated in the individual method sections or interfaces thereof, which model can be used as a basis for a control—adapted to the individual sections—ultimately of the temperature of the articles to be formed, the deformation behavior thereof and finally the mechanical stability thereof. This contributes to the achievement of a reproducible product quality. 
     The machine controller  17  serves to coordinate these individual control loops, so that in this respect a uniform control is provided for all blowing and cooling air passages. The mere distribution of the individual functions of this type of control to the said control devices  15 ,  41 ,  59 ,  69 ,  83 ,  90 ,  98 ,  109  and the machine controller  17  is to be understood merely as an example and can also be presented differently from the description above. 
     As far as the cooling function is concerned, the restrictors  39 ,  53 ,  68 ,  86 ,  97 ,  108  function as actuating variables, optionally in conjunction with the valves  40 ,  56 ,  57 ,  65 ,  82  arranged merely to effect the opening and closing of the respective line. They permit a variation in the volume flow of the cooling air in the respective sections. 
     As far as the cooling function following on from shaping is concerned, the proportional valves  11 ,  74  function as actuating variables and are also arranged to effect opening and closing of the respective line. 
     The plunger cylinder upper part  10  and the cooling base  10 ′ of the parison mold  1  and the blow head  71  of the blow mold  60  are fitted with pressure sensors, not illustrated in the drawings, by means of which the pressure progression during shaping is measured and represented by an electrical signal which is transmitted via the respective control device  15 ,  41 ,  83  to the machine controller  17 . From the measurement values of a volume flow, of the pressure values measured by means of the respective measuring device  13 ,  38 ,  75  and by means of these pressure sensors it is possible during the course of the integration to ascertain the blowing work and represent it by virtue of a value which renders it possible to identify the end of the blowing or shaping procedure. If this end is reached, a cooling phase follows in which only a cooling function is exerted with the incoming air, and furthermore in accordance with the product temperature desired at the end of the respective section. This means that with the aid of a desired value, which describes the blowing work, the pressurization of the parison mold and of the blow mold is effected over time in accordance with a standardized pattern which is oriented towards a uniform reproducible work result. The actuating variable which can be used in terms of the blowing work can be the pressure which is variable by means of a pressure control valve, not illustrated in the drawings. Furthermore, the pressure is significant particularly during final blowing, since the vertical glass distribution is influenced thereby as is the rate and uniformity, with which cooling occurs. By controlling the pressure of the blowing air in conjunction with the volume flow thereof, it is possible to influence the progress of the blowing procedure over time, in particular a deformation rate. 
     It is apparent from the statements above that the method in accordance with the invention provides a system which controls the blowing and cooling air of all of the sections of an I.S. glassware forming machine in terms of its cooling and shaping function and which renders it possible to achieve reproducible product qualities. This is achieved on the basis of a comparison of the actual heat extraction in the individual stations including the actual blowing work in the parison mold and the blow mold with corresponding standard values which is used for the purpose of adapting machine settings. In contrast to different cooling effects, e.g. during day or night operation, it is possible in this way to make a contribution towards achieving reproducible product qualities. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
           1  parison mold 
           2  pre-floor 
           3  mold space 
           4  parison 
           5  underside 
           6  neck opening 
           7  longitudinal direction 
           8  plunger 
           9  flow cross-section 
           10  plunger cylinder upper part 
           10 ′ cooling base 
           11  proportional valve 
           12  line 
           13  measuring device 
           14  line 
           15  control device 
           16  line 
           17  machine controller 
           18  lines 
           19  valve 
           20  measuring sensor 
           21  plunger 
           22  cylinder 
           23  mold part 
           24  pipe element 
           25  piston 
           26  intermediate space 
           27  hub 
           28  cut-out 
           29  inner space 
           30  opening 
           30 ′ opening 
           31  annular space 
           32  line 
           33  outlet opening 
           34  intermediate wall 
           35  half shell 
           35 ′ half shell 
           36  pipe element 
           37  line 
           38  measuring device 
           39  restrictor 
           40  valve 
           41  control device 
           42  line 
           43  line 
           44  line 
           45  outlet opening 
           46  end 
           47  end 
           48  line 
           49  line 
           50  valve assembly 
           51  measuring device 
           52  measuring device 
           53  restrictor 
           54  restrictor 
           55  outlet opening 
           56  valve 
           57  valve 
           58  pilot valve 
           59  control device 
           60  blow mold 
           61  hollow glass article 
           62  base 
           63  line 
           64  line 
           65  valve 
           66  pilot valve 
           67  measuring device 
           68  restrictor 
           69  control device 
           70  outlet opening 
           71  blow head 
           72  blow head holder 
           73  line 
           74  proportional valve 
           75  measuring device 
           76  outlet opening 
           77  measuring sensor 
           78  valve 
           79  annular space 
           79 ′ outlet opening 
           80  line 
           81  measuring device 
           82  valve 
           83  control device 
           84  pipe section 
           85  line 
           86  bore 
           87  line 
           88  measuring device 
           89  restrictor 
           90  control device 
           91  outlet opening 
           92  line 
           93  intermediate section 
           94  vacuum chamber 
           95  line 
           96  measuring device 
           97  restrictor 
           98  control device 
           99  dead plate 
           100  substructure 
           101  chamber 
           102  chamber 
           103  chamber 
           104  inlet chamber 
           105  line 
           106  chamber 
           107  measuring device 
           108  restrictor 
           109  control device