Abstract:
The present invention is in the field of fructan producing plants. Furthermore the present invention is directed to the production of at least 3 degree of polymermization. Additionally, the present invention is more specifically directed to non fructan producing plant which are transformed or crossed to contain at least two genes of the three fructosyltransferase.

Description:
FIELD OF TIE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention is in the field of fructan producing plants. Furthermore the present invention is directed to the production of at least 3 degree of polyermization. Additionally, the present invention is more specifically directed to non fructan producing plant which are transformed or crossed to contain at east two genes of the three fructosyltransferase  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    In early part of biotechnology there were numerous companies interested in fructosyltransferase. There was a particular push to develop transgenics that would artifically produce fructosyltransferase There has been a number of fructoslytransferase applications filed. This is due to the desire of the sugar industry to develop a sugar substitute that is sweet to taste and not hydrolysed in the human stomach or samll intestine with good organoleptic properties. This sugar substitute would-effectively not be degraded and absorbed in to the body and would provide a significantly lower energy value than glucose, fructose or sucrose which are absorbed by the body.  
           [0003]    Fructans are a nonstructural storage carbohydrates. This fructan polymer consists mostly of repeating fructose units. Fructans occur in Monocots such as Poaceae, Liliaceae and in some dicots such as Compositae.  
           [0004]    Fructans have not been very commercially useful due to the limited species it occurs in and the low levels of accumulation in those species. Additionally the function of a fructan is determined by the length of the fructan chain, and the degree of polymerization (DP) of the monosaccharide. A DP value of 3 would mean that there are three monosacharides.(G m  F n ) G−F=sucrose and G equals glucose and F-fructose. The glyocsidic linkage which interconnects the fructose units can be a 2-1 or a 2-6 type depending on the fructoslytransferase. The fructans functionality depends on this backbone, the DP and the degree of branching.  
           [0005]    Many of the flied fructan related applications are designed to produce a low calorie, sweeteners in plants that normally do not produce fructans. A number of applications purport to produce transformants with differing degrees of polyermization of the total amount of fructosly and glycosly residues.  
           [0006]    In bacteria fructans are catalysed by only one enzyme levansucrase (Dedonder R). (1966) Levansucrase from  Bacillus subtilus.  Methods in Enzymology 8, 500-505. Bacterial sequences encoding FTF in  S. mutans  and levansucrase in  B. subtilus  are described by Sato and Kurimaitsu,) (1986). Isolation and characterisation of a fructosyltransferase gene from  Streptococcus mutans  GS-5. (1986). Bacterial genes were transformed into host plants with the ability to synthesis fructans according to Van der Meer et al. (1994). In one article fructans are described as a new carbohydrate sink in transgenic potato plants Plant Cell 6, 561-570. Use of the levansucrase gene for enhancing tomatoes was attempted in WO89/12386. In WO94/14970 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,280 (the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,280 is hereby incorporated by reference) the patent teaches using the Levansucrase encoding ftf gene from  S. mutans  and the levansucrase encoding SacB gene from  B. subtilus  and the 6-SFT gene from barley and the FFT gene from Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus  L) to produce oligosaccharides wherein the glucose is 0 or 1 and the fructose is 2-8 but preferably 2 or 3.  
           [0007]    WO96/21023 describes transforming 1-SST and 1-FFT plant genes individually into petunias and potatoes. This application describes 1-SST and 1-FFT coded enzymes, the fructosyltransferase, as having essentially different enzymatic properties. 1-FFT is not able to catalyse the initial step of fructan synthesis whereas 1-SST is not able to catalyse the formation of fructan polymers with a degree of polymerisation higher then 5. So by employing 1-SST activity alone it is only possible to synthesis oligofructans from sucrose with a degree of polymerization of up to 5. This application did not synthesis fructans with a higher degree of polymerization and when using sucrose as a substrate. Though WO96/21023 indicates that both 1-SST and 1-FFT are needed for higher degree of polymerization. According to WO96/21023 with 1-FFT activity alone it is not possible to synthesize fructans from sucrose.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    Therefore there remains a need for transformants, formed from various plants that do not in the wildtype produce fructans, which when transformed accumulate higher DP fructans by the elongation of the isokestose produced by the 1-SST and/or the sucrose. There is a need for the action of not one but two enzymes which results in the formation of a mixture of fructan molecules with different chain lengths.  
           [0009]    The present invention provides a plant with fructan molecules which may protect the plant from environmental stress.  
           [0010]    Anothe objective of the present invention is to produce a transgenic plant such as maize or sugar beet that accumulates fructans that are formed by at least two fructsyltransferases.  
           [0011]    The present invention includes a method of forming low caloric sweeteners in plants that are not degraded during harvest because the host plant does not have enzymes adapted to degrade fructans.  
           [0012]    Broadly then the present invention addresses a method for producing fructans having a range of degrees of polymerization, comprising the steps of:  
           [0013]    (a) selecting two different nucleic DNA that code respectively for two fructosyltransferase enzymes, which convert at least one substrate into a fructan having a range of degrees of polymerization;  
           [0014]    (b) linking the DNA to suitable transcription-initiation and transcription-termination signals to provide an expression construct;  
           [0015]    (c) transforming a suitable host plant with the expression construct regenerating a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell,  
           [0016]    (d) cultivating the transgenic plant under conditions enabling the expression of the two fructosyltransferase enzymes during biosynthesis of the fructan,  
           [0017]    (e) isolating the fructan from the transgenic plant.  
           [0018]    This method is useful in host plants that do not biosynthesis fructans in their wildtype.  
           [0019]    The method also includes producing in the plant fructans having a low degree of polymerisation (DP) such that the isolated carbohydrate has a DP of 3 or above.  
           [0020]    Additionally the carbohydrate can be formed at least in part from isokestose produced by a 1-SST gene.  
           [0021]    This carbohydrate may be formed at least in part from a fructan biosynthesis based on a 1-kestose substrate.  
           [0022]    In a narrower scope of this invention the selected nucleic DNA maybe a 1-SST gene or a 6-SFT gene, or a 6G-FFT gene.  
           [0023]    Broadly, bacterial genes encoding fructosyltransferase produce higher levels of polymerisation relative to plant genes, which encode fructosyltransferase.  
           [0024]    Another way to describe this invention as a method for producing seeds of transgenic plants, which accumulate fructans having a degree of polymerisation at or above DP3, comprises the steps of:  
           [0025]    (a) selecting two different nucleic DNA that code respectively for two fructosyltransferase enzymes that mediate the biosynthesis of a fructan having a low degree of polymerization;  
           [0026]    (b) linking the DNA to suitable transcription-initiation and transcription-termination signals to provide an expression construct;  
           [0027]    (c) transforming a suitable plant cell with the expression construct regenerating a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell,  
           [0028]    (d) cultivating the transgenic plant under conditions enabling the expression of the two fructosyltransferase enzymes  
           [0029]    (e) producing seed of transgenic plants, which express the two-fructosyltransferase enzymes.  
           [0030]    Additional added steps can include selecting or screening or testing seed from the seed of said transgenic plant adapted for producing progeny. The crossing of progeny to produce a 1-SST, 6-SFT and 6G-FFT genes within the same plant and producing seed therefrom are also within the scope of this invention.  
           [0031]    Not only is the invention concerned with a method it is also directed to a product. The invention broadly covers a transgenic plant which accumulates fructans having a fructosyltransferase activity as a percentage of the degree of polymerization at or above DP2 comprising: two different nucleic DNA operatively linked to a suitable transcription-initiation and transcription-termination signal to provide an expression which code respectively for two fructosyltransferase enzymes which convert at least one substrate into a fructan having at least a DP2.  
           [0032]    The present invention has an embodiment that can be described as a transgenic plant which accumulates a range of carbohydrates as fructans which is made from a host plant that when in the wildtype does not accumulate fructans said plant comprising: the degree of fructosyltransferase activity determined as the percentage of the degree of polymerisation at DP2 and having a degree of fructosyltransferase activity determined as the percentage of the degree of polymerisation at DP3, and having a degree of fructosyltransferase activity determined as the percentage of the degree of polymerisation at DP4, and having a degree of fructosyltransferase activity determined as the percentage of the degree of polymerisation at DP5, wherein at least two different nucleic acids encoding fructosyltransferase present: in the transgenic plant are not present in the wildtype host plant.  
           [0033]    This plant may have has a larger percentage of DP2 than DP3 or a larger percentage of DP3 than DP2 or a larger percentage of DP3 than DP4.  
           [0034]    More simply the present invention encompasses a transgenic plant comprising at least two genes that encode fructoslytransferase wherein the fructoslytransferase activity has at least one degree of polymerization above DP 2.  
           [0035]    The present invention can be formed in a plant which is a dicot that is non fructan accumulating more specifically in a sugar beet.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0036]    [0036]FIG. 1 the construction of the transformation vector pS76  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 2 the construction of the transformation vector pS77  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 3 shows the levels DP2, DP3, DP4 and DP5 for SSF34 and SSF37.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 4 shows the levels DP2, DP3, DP4 and DP5 for SSG2, SSG39 and SSG188.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5 is a Dionex pattern of SSF34 displaying the presence of longer fructan chains  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 6 is a Dionex patterns of SSG2, displaying the presence of longer fructan chains 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0042]    Application  
         [0043]    There is a growing interest in fructans as functional food ingredients. As fructans cannot be digested by human enzymes, they reach the colon and serve as a substrate for enterobacterial growth. The bifisobacteria ferment fructans to short-chain fatty acids that have a positive effect on systemic lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the non-digestibility of fructans makes them dietary fibers that, because of their bland flavor and fat-like texture, are interesting bulking agents in the production of low calorie food and low calorie sweeteners. There is also some evidence that fructans could be valuable in animal nutrition. It can therefore be expected that transgenic plants synthesizing fructans would improve animal performance.  
         [0044]    At this time the most agronomically acceptable crop for fructan production is chicory however, the function of the fructan isolated from chicory is limited because of the degradation of long fructan chains by fructan exohydrolase upon harvesting. Transformation of fructosyltransferase into agronomically important crops, such as sugarbeet, shows that such crops have great potential as fructan sources and that it may soon be possible to produce a range of structurally different fructan molecules.  
         [0045]    Fructan accumulation in plants that normally do not produce them may contribute to protection from water and cold stress in these plants.  
         [0046]    The genes for the present invention can be synthetic and/or modified or altered or the actual gene founded in bacterium or plant material. The present invention is adapted to employ for example genes of vegetative origin, examples of such genes are found in Poaceae, Liliaceae and Asteracea. Starting from the known vegetable fructosyltransferase the genes can be isolated and manufactured by known methods.  
         [0047]    Standard methods for cloning including methods related to the formation of vectors useful in yeast, bacterium, and plants, methods for isolation, and amplification of DNA, as well suitable plasmids, selection markers, media and the like are described for instance in the handbook of Molecular cloning; a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) (1996).  
         [0048]    Most plants can be transformed routinely with these cloned vectors and/or DNA constructs, by a number of methods such as polyethylene glycol method for protoplasts (Krens et al. (1982), Nature 296, 72; Negrutiu et al. (1987), Plant Mol. Biol. 8, 363, electroporation of protoplasts (Shillito et al. (1985) Bio/Technol. 3, 1099), microinjection into plant material (Crossway et al. (1986), Mol. Gen. Genet. 202), particle bombardment of various plant material (Klein et al. (1987), Nature 327, 70,  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  mediated DNA transfer, transformation of mature pollen or microspores (EP 0 301 316), whiskers U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,765; 5,302,523 and the like. Transformation of lettuce, Lattuca sativa cv. Evola is described by Curtis et al. (1994) J. Exp. Bot. 45 1441. Transformation of  Arabidopsis thaliana  may be preformed either by the method described by Clarke et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 10, 178 or by the method described by Valvekens et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 5536. Transformation of Sugar beet is described by D&#39; Halluin et al. Biotechnology 10, 309-314(1992). Transformation of the potato was described by Visser Plant Tissue Culture Manual b5, 1-9 Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991. Transformation of  Brassica Napus  L. is taught by Block et al. Plant Physiol. 91, 694-701 (1989).  
         [0049]    Most plants are amenable to transformation and fertile transgenic plants can be regenerated from transformed cells such as microspores, calli, or embryos, explants or suspension cells, or other plant material. These transformation systems for these crops enable the application of the present invention to both monocots and dicots. The means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants. Usually, shoots are developed from callus via organogenesis or embryogenesis and subsequently rooted. After plant regeneration, the traits can be transferred by sexual crossing. Standard breeding techniques can be used to move the trait into other plants.  
         [0050]    DNA sequences associated or operatively linked to the trait producing genes (including marker genes), such as transcriptional initiation regions, targeting sequences, enhancers, leader sequences, introns, translational enhancers signals such as Alfalfa Mosaic Virus RNA4, may be added to obtain the desired expression. Any number of types of promoters can be employed for example constitutive promoters (rice actin promoter), inducible promoters, or promoters otherwise regulated in their expression pattern, e.g. developmentally or cell-type specific, may be used to control expression of the expressible genes according to the invention; examples include, 35 S Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Promoter (CaMV), TR7, polyubitquitin promoter, or sink specific promoters such as patatine promoter, sporamine promoter of sweet potato. The fructosyltransferase regulatory plant sequences can be employed also.  
         [0051]    A marker gene linked to the plant expressible gene may also be transferred to a plant cell. Use of markers for selection of transformants is within the scope of the ordinarily skilled person in the art. Routinely used marker genes are herbicide resistance genes (antibiotic markers are not presently favoured) for example the gene encoding a 5-enolshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) conferring tolerance to glyphosate, glutamine synthase gene resistant to glutamine synthetase inhibitors like phosphinothricin (WO 87/05327), the acetyl transferase gene from  Streptomyces viridochromogenes  conferring resistance to the selective agent phosphinothricin (EP-A 275 957), the bar gene conferring resistance against Bialaphos (e.g. WO 91/02071).  
         [0052]    In an embodiment of the invention the construct comprises a targeting sequence for directing the fructosyltransferase activity to a selected cellular region, for example the targeting sequence of carboxypeptidase Y (cpy) gene including the signal sequence and the vacuolar targeting sequence can be employed to target the vacuole. Person with ordinary skill in the art may also select a apoplastic signal and targeting sequence, or targeting the mitochondria, or targeting a plastid, a cell wall targeting sequence or a cytoplasmic sequence etc.  
         [0053]    The recombinant DNA of this invention can be employed in a transformed host. The present invention will then express the trait in the host organism at a higher level than the level of expression of that trait, if expressed at all, in the wildtype host organism. The invention host organisms can include but are not limited to grasses, flowers, trees, agricultural crops, forage and fruits. Some examples include tobacco, arabidoposis, sugar beet, sugar cane, melons, squash, tomatoes, grasses, maize, white corn, sweet corn, popcorn, oats, barley, rice, Brassicas, wheat, cotton, peanuts, alfalfa, soybeans, roses, petunias, sunflowers, germaniums, lettuce, apple, pear, strawberry; broccoli, carrots, artichoke, onion, barley, sorghum, beans, chicory, and vining peas.  
         [0054]    The transformed host may have other traits present also. These traits may be present due to mutation, transformation or breeding. Such traits which are inserted into the host plant may be, resistance to disease, herbicides, fungus, insects, growth, stress, or drought tolerance, or altered reproductive traits, and the like. The present invention is a plant and the term plant means all plant parts, including seedlings, roots, stems, seeds, oils, husks, kernels, flowers, stamen, anthers, petals, and parts that are on a cellular level like microspores and ovules and the like. Further more this invention includes in plants any plant that has as an ancestor a transformed plant that contains the DNA stably incorporated and the seeds thereof.  
         [0055]    The present invention contains at least two of the fructosyltransferase encoding genes of the three fructosyltransferase, 1-SST, 6-SFT, and 6G-FFT within a transgenic plant that in the wildstate does not form fructans. The invention was formed to make fructans that differed from the physical and chemical properties of other plants or transgenic that carry fructans. Some of these properties changes are due to the altered DP levels.  
         [0056]    The present invention was assembled-in the following manner:  
         [0057]    Genes  
         [0058]    1-SST: sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase, isolated from onion ( Allium cepa ) by Vijn et al, 1998 sequences (as published) See SEQ. ID. No. 1:  
                           1. SST gene cDNA           ATGGAATCCAGAGATATCGAGTCCTCTCCTGCTTTAAATGCTCCTCTTTCTACAAGCCTCCCCTCCCATCAAGAGTAGCAA               ACTAAAAGTTGCTCTTCTTGCTACTTCGACTTCCGTCCTTCTCTTAATCGCGGCATTTTTCGCTGTTAAGTACTCGGTTT               TCGATTCGGGTTCCGGGTTGTTGAAGGATGACCCTCCATCCGACAGCGAGGATTACCCATGGACTAATGAGATGCTCAAA               TGGCAGAGGACTGGGTATCATTTTCAACCCCCTAACCATTTCATGGCCGATCCCAATGCTGCAATGTACTACAAAGGATG               GTACCACTTCTTTCTACCAGTACAATCCAAACGGCTCGGCCTGGGACTACAGCATCTCCTGGGGCCATGCTGTATCCAAGG               ACATGATCCATTGGCTGCATCTGCCTGTCGCCATGGTACCCGACCACTGGTATGACAGCAAGGGGGTCTGGTCCGGGTAT               GCCACCACCCTTCCTGACGGTCGTATCATTGTCCTCTACACCGGAGGCACCGACCAACTCGTGCAGGTCCAGAATCTCGC               CGAGCCCGCTGACCCATCTGACCCCCTCCTTATCGAATGGAAGAAATCCAACGGCAACCCCATCGTCATGCCACCTCCCG               GAGTCGGCCCTCATGACTTCCGTGAcCGnCGTGTCTGGTACAATGAGTCCGATTCCACTTGGCACATGCTTATCGGG               TCCAAGGACGATAACCATTACGGCACTGTACTCATCTACACTAbCAAGGACTTTGAAACCTACACGCTTCTTCCGGACAT               TTTTGCATAAGACCAAGGACAGTGTGGGCATGCTCGAGTGTGTGGATCTGTACCCGGTAGCGACGACTGGGAACCAGATCG               GGAACGGGCTTGAAATGAAGGGCGGATCCGGAAAGGGGATCAAGCATGTGCTTAAGGCGAGCATGGACGATGAGAGGCAT               GATTATTATGCAATTGGAACTTTTGATTTTGGAATCGTTTAGCTGGGTTCCGGATGATGATACTATTGACGTTGGTGTCGG               CTTGAGGTACGATTATGGAAAGTTTTATGCTTCGAAGACGTTITATGATCAGGAGAAGAAGAGGAGGATCTTATGGGGTT               ATGTTGGGGAGGTTGATAGTAAAGCCGATGATATTCTTAAGGGATGGGCTTCGGTTCAGAACATTGCCAGAACTATATTG               TTTGATGCGAAGACTAGAAGCAACCTTTTGGTGTGGCCGGTAGAGGAGCTGGATGCACTTAGAACTTCAGGCAAAGAATT               TAATGGAGTTGTTGTCGAACCAGGGTCCACTTACCATCTTGATGTTGGCACTGCAACTCAGCTTGACATTGAAGCAGAGT               TTGAAATAAACAAAGAAGCCGTTGATGCTGTTGTCGAAGCAGATGTGACTTACAATTGCAGCACAAGTGATGGTGCAGCT               CACCGTGGGCTTCTCGGACCATTTGGTTTGTTGGTGCTCGCAAATGAAAAAATGACGGAGAAAACTGCAACATATTTCTA               TGTTAGTAGGAATGTTGATGGTGGTTTGCAGACACACTTTTGCCAGGATGAATTAAGATCGTCCAAAGCTAACGACATCA               CTAAAAGAGTGGTCGGCCACACCGTTCCAGTTCTCCATGGCGAAACATTTTCGTTAAGAATACTAGTTGATCATTCTATT               GTGGAGAGTTTTGCGCAAAAGGGAAGAGCGGTGGCTACATCTCGTGTATATCCGACAGAGGCAATATATGATTCAACGCG               TGTTTTTCTATTTAACAATGCGACTAGTGCTACTGTTACGGCAAAAAGTGTGAAGATATGGCACATGAATTCTACTCATA               ATCATCCATTCCCCGGATTTCCAGCTCCTTGA          
 
         [0059]    6-SFT: sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase, isolated from barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.) by Sprenger et al, 1995 See SEQ. ID. No. 2 
                           2. SFT gene           ATGGGGTCACACGGCAAGCCACCGCTACCGTACGCCTACAAGCCGCTGCCCTCGGACGCCGCCGACGGTAAGCGGACCGG               CTGCATGAGGTGGTCCGCGTGTGCCACCGTGCTGACGGCCTCGGCCATGGCGGTGGTGGTGGTCGGCGCCACGCTCCTGG               CGGGATTGAGGATGGAGCAGGCCGTCGACGAGGAGGCGGCGGCGGGCGGGTTCCCGTGGAGCAACGAGATGCTGCAGTGG               CAGCGCAGCGGTTACCATTFCCAGACGGCCAAGAACTACATGAGCGATCCCAACGGCCTGATGTATTACCGTGGATGGTA               CCACATGTTCTACCAGTACAACCCGGTGGGCACCGACTGGGACGACGGCATGGAGTGGGGCCACGCCGTGTCCCGGAACC               TTGTCCAATGGCGCACCCTCCCTATCGCCATGGTGGCCGACCAGTGGTACGACATCCTCGGAGTCCTCTCGGGCTCCATG               ACGGTGCTACCCAACGGGACGGTCATCATGATCTACACGGGCGCCACCAACGCCTCCGCCGTGGAGGTCCAGTGCATCGC               CACCCCGGCCGACCCCAACGACCCCCTCCTCCGCCGGTGGACCAAGCACCCCGCCAACCCCGTCATCTGGTCGCCGCCGG               GGGTCGGCACCAAGGATTTCCGAGACCCGATGACCGCCTGGTACGACGAGTCCGACGAGACATGGCGCACCCTCCTCGGG               TCCAAGGACGACCACGACGGCCACCACGACGGCATCGCCATGATGTACAAGACCAAGGACTTCCTCAACTACGAGCTCAT               CCCGGGCATCTTGCACCGGGTGGTGCGCACCGGCGAGTGGGAGTGCATCGACTTCTACCCCGTCGGCCGGAGAAGCAGCG               ACAACTCGTCGGAGATGCTGCACGTGTTGAAGGCGAGCATGGACGACGAACGGCACGACTACTACTCGCTGGGCACGTAC               GACTCGGCGGCCAACACGTGGACGCCCATCGACCCGGAGCTCGACflGGGGATCGGGCTGAGATACGACTGGGGAAAGTT               TTATGCGTCCACCTCCTTCTATGATCCGGCCAAGAACCGGCGCGTGCTCATGGGGTACGTCGGCGAGGTCGACTCCAAGC               GGGCTGATGTCGTCAAGGGATGGGCTTCCATTCAGTCAGTTCCTAGGACGGTGGCTCTGGATGAGAAGACCCGGACGAAC               CTCCTGCTCTGGCCCGTTGAGGAGATCGAGACCCTCCGCCTCAATGCCACGGAACTGACCGACGTTACCATTAACACTGG               CTCCGTCATCCATATCCCGCTCCGCCAAGGCACTCAGCTCGACATCGAGGCCTCTTTCCACCTTGATGCTTCCGCCGTGG               CTGCCCTCAACGAGGCCGATGTGGGCTACAACTGCAGTAGGAGCGGCGGCGCTGTTAACCGCGGCGCGCTAGGCCCCTTC               GGCCTCCTCGTCCTCGCCGCCGGTGACCGCCGTGGCGAGCAAACGGCGGTCTACTTTCTACGTGTCTAGGGGCCTTGACGG               AGGCCTCCACACCAGCTTCTGCCAAGATGAGCTGAGATCGTCACGAGCCAAGGATGTGACCAAGCGTGTCATCGGGAGCA               CGGTGCCGGTGCTCGACGGTGAGGCTTTGTCAATGAGGGTGCTCGTGGATCACTCCATCGTGCAGGGCTTCGACATGGGC               GGGAGGACCACGATGAOCTCGCGGGTGTACCCGATGGAGTCGTATCAGGAGGCAAGAGTCTACTTGTTTCAACAACGCCAC               CGGTGCCAGCGTGACGGCGGAAAGGCTGGTCGTGCACGAGATGGACTCGGCACACAACCAGCTCTCCAATGAGGACGATG               GCATGTATCTTCATCAAGTTCTTGAATCTCGTCATTAA          
 
         [0060]    6-FFT: fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase, isolated from onion ( Allium cepa ) by Vijn et al, 1997 See SEQ. ID. No. 3  
                           3.GFFT gene           ATGGATGCTCAGGATATTGAGTCCCGTCACCCCCTCATCGGTGCGCGCCCTCGAAGGAGAGCTCTAAGGTCTCTTTTCGAT               TCTTCTGGCCGCTGCTCTTTTGCTCGGTTTTGGTTCTGTTCTATGCTAACGGGACTGGTTCGGGTACGGCCGTGGATCCGG               TACGGGTTGATAACGAGTTTCCATGGACTAACGATATGCTAGCTTGGCAGCGTTTGCGGGTTCCATTTCCGAACTGTCAGA               AATTATATGAACGATCCGAGTGGTCCAATGTATTACAAGGGATGGTACCATTTATTCTACCAACACAACAAAGATTTTGC               ATATTGGGGCAATATTACATGGGGACATGCAGTCTCACGTGACCTTATCAACTGGCAGCACCTCCCCGTTGCAGTTGGAC               CTGACCATTGGTACGACATATCTGGCGTGTGGACAGGGTCCATTATTGTTGTCTCTGAAGATCGAGTTGTGATGCTATTT               ACAGGCGGTACAAAATCATTTGACCAAAGTATAAACCTTGCAGAAGCTGCAGATCCATCAGATCCATTATTGTTTAAAATG               GATCAAGTATGATAATAACCCAATACTCTGGCCGCCTCCTGGCATTGTGAGAGATGAAAACAGAGATCCAAATCCCATTTT               GGTATAATGCATCTGAATCAACATATCACATAGTAGTCGGTTCAAAGAACGACTCTTTACAACATACAGGGATCGCTCTT               GTTTACTTAACAAAAGATTTCAAGAAATTTGATCTCCTCCCTACTGTTCTTCATTCAGTCGACAAAGTTGGTATGTGGGA               ATGTGTTGAGGTCTACCCTGTTGCAACTACAGGCCCATTACTCCACAAGGCTATTGACAATITTTGATGTCGACCGCGTCC               TTGATAGATCCACAGTGAAACATGTGCTTAAAGCAAGCATGAACGATGAGTGGCATGATTACTATGCAATCGGCACCTTT               GATCCAATAGGAAATAAATGGACCCCAGATGATGAAACAGTTGATGTGGGAATAGGATTAAGGTATGACTGGGGTAAGTT               TTATGCTTCAAGGACGTTTTTTGATCCATTGAAGCAGAGGAGAATAATATGGGGGTATATTGGAGAGGTTGACAGTCAAA               AAGCAGATATTGCAAAGGGATGGGCCTCTCTACAGGGTATTCCTCGATCAGTGCTATACGATGTAAAAACAGGTACTAAT               GTTTTGACTTGGCCAATTGAGGAAATGGAGGGCCTTAGAATGGCOAGAAAAGAWCAGTGGCATCAAGATCAAGAAGGG               ATCAACCGTTGAGCTTTCTGACTTFGGCGATGCTTTTTCAGATCGACATAGAAGCTGAATTCACGATAAGTAAAGAAGCAC               TCGAAGCTACAATAGAAGCAGATGTGGGATATAACTGCAGCTCTAGTGGAGGTGCTGCAATACGAGGCACACTCGGACCT               TTTGGTCTTCTTGTTCTCGCAAATCAGGACTTAACTGAAAATACTGCAACTTACTTCTATGTCAGGAAAGGAATCGATGG               CTCTTAATCACTCACTTTTGCCAAGATGAACAAGATCATCAAAGGCTAACGATATCGTTAAAAGGGTGGTAGGAGGCA               CTGTTCCAGTGCTTGACGGTGAAACCTTTGCAGTAAGAATATTGGTCGACCACTCGGTGATTGAAAGCTTTGCCATGGGA               GGTAGGACGAGTGCGACTTCTAGAGCATACCCAACTGAGGCAATAAATTCCGCCGCTAGGGTCTTCCTCTTCAACAACGC               AACCGGCGTAGATGTGATTGCCGAATCTGTGAAGATTTGGCAAATGAACTCCACTTACAATGATTTTTATCATTTTTAA          
 
         [0061]    The ordinarily skilled person in the art could extract similar genes from other fructan producing plants or synthesis genes that would encode the fructosyltransferase provided above.  
         [0062]    Fructans (polyfructosylsucrose) consist of polymers of fructose attached to sucrose and serve as an important carbohydrate storage in approximately 15% of flowering plant species (Hendry and Wallace, 1993). The fructans are either linked by a (2-1)□-D-glycosidic bond, as in inulin derived from  Cichorium intybus  L. (Bonnett et al, 1994), or by a (2-6)□-D-glycosidic bond as in levans (Suzuki and Pollock, 1986). In most grasses-branched fructans containing both types of linkages are produced (Carpita et, al., 1989). In plants like onion, a special type of fructan is produced, the inulin neoseries. In this type of fructan the glycosidic moiety of sucrose contains fructosyl residues on both C1 and C6, resulting in a polymer with □(2-1)-D-linked fructosyl chains on either end of the sucrose molecule (Shiomi, 1989).  
         [0063]    1-SST initates de novo fructan synthesis by catalyzing the transfer of a fructosyl residue from sucrose to another sucrose molecule, resulting in the formation of the trisaccharide 1-kestose (G1-2F1-2F), also called isokestose. This molecule serves as donor or acceptor of fructosyl residues for the second enzyme.  
         [0064]    6-SFT is the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of the branched type of fructans. 6-SFT produces 6-kestose (G1-2F6-2F) when only sucrose is present as substrate, but when both sucrose and 1-kestose are available, both bifurcose (G1-2F1(6-2F)-2F) is produced.  
         [0065]    For the production of the inulin neoseries, 6G-FFT is needed. This fructosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of a fructose residue of 1-kestose to C6 of the glycosidic moiety of sucrose, forming neokestose (F2-6G1-2F).  
         [0066]    The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention and are not to be viewed as a limitation of the scope of the invention.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0067]    Constructs  
         [0068]    The structural genes indicated as Seq. Id. No 1-3 of the three fructosyltransferase were inserted into a pUC19 derived vector, between the ubiquitin promoter from  Arabidopsis thaliana  and the polyadenylation signal sequence derived from the nopaline synthase gene of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens.    
         [0069]    For the construction of the transformation vector pS76, the ubiquitin-SST-Nos3′ expression cassette excised as a NotI fragment was inserted into a pIGPD7 derivative where the NcoI site had been modified into a NotI site. The resulting construct, pVDH593, contained the pat and the SST gene with their regulatory elements. As a next step, the ubiquitin-SFT-Nos3′ expression cassette excised as a NotI fragment was inserted into the NotI site of a partially digested pVDH593. This resulted into pS76.  
         [0070]    For the construction of the transformation vector pS77, the pat gene under the transcriptional control of the CaMV 35S promoter and the CaMV 35S polyadenylation signal was excised as an EcoRI fragment. To this fragment, a NotI linker was fused and subcloned into pVDH602, containing in tandem the ubiquitin-SST-Nos3′ and the ubiquitin-GFFT-Nos3′ expression cassettes, partially digested with NotI. This resulted in pS77.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0071]    Transformation of Sugar Beet  
         [0072]    A previously developed protocol (described in document WO 95/10178 incorporated by reference) for the isolation and purification of guard cell protoplasts was followed to obtain large numbers of &gt;90% pure sugar beet guard cell protoplasts. Guard cell protoplast yields are routinely 1-3×10 6 /g leaf material.  
         [0073]    PEG mediated transformations with 50 μg plasmid DNA (pS76 or pS77)/1×10 6  protoplasts were performed. Protoplasts were embedded in Ca ++  alginate (62500/ml and cultured in modified, liquid K8P medium. To select for stably transformed cells, bialaphos was added after seven days at a final concentration of 200 μg/l. The resistant calli, grown out of the alginate, were transferred onto fresh solidified selection medium. The calli were subsequently subcultured on non-selective medium and regeneration occurred via somatic embryogenesis. Finally these somatic embryos were subcultured and they developed into plants. A total number of 105 independent transgenic sugar beet plants were obtained with plasmid pS76 and 223 independent transgenic plants with plasmid pS77.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0074]    Screening of the Ploidy of Transgenic Plants  
         [0075]    The ploidy level of all transgenic plants was determined by flow cytometry. Only diploid material was kept for further analysis. The results are summarised in Table 1.  
                                           TABLE 1                           Ploidy determination of the double fructan transgenic plants            Construct   # independent transgenics   # diploid plants                    pS76   105   69       pS77   223   164                  
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0076]    Analysis of Sugars and Fructans  
         [0077]    The ordinarily skilled person in the art recognizes that there are various means and methods for analyzing sucrose and fructans. For example, sucrose and fructans can be analyzed with a RP-HPLC using a 2.1×220 mm Speri-5 RP 18 column (Brownlee Labs, Santa Clara, USA). Milli Q water maybe used as the eluant at a flow rate of 0.3 cm 3  min −1  at 37° C. Glucose and fructose may quantified on a 6.5×300 mm Shodex SC-1011 column (Millipore B. V., Waters Chromatography Division, The Netherlands). If this is employed, it maybe run at 85° C. with Milli Q water at 0.75 cm 3  min −1 . Sugars are detected for example by a 2142 refraction index detector (RID, Pharmacia). Fructans are compared with retention times of the purified controls and thus Identified according to (Koops and Jonker, 1994).  
         [0078]    Neutral carbohydrates may be analysed by means of anion exchange chromatography. High preformance anion exchange chromagraphy analyses of oligofructans and fructans with a higher degree of polymerization may also be performed, for example on a Dionex Series 4000 ion chromatograph equipped with 250×4 mm CarboPac PA100 anion exchange column (Dionex, Sunnyvale, Calif. USA) and with a Dionex DX-300 gradient chromatography system coupled to pulsed amperometric detection The applied potential of a pulse is monitored. An internal standard is employed. Fructans retention times are compared with those of fructan standards isolated and purified according to, for instance, the method of Heinze and Praznik in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science: Applied Polymer Symposium 48,207-225 (1991).  
         [0079]    In order to identify the transgenic plants that express the fructosyltransferase, these leaf extracts were analysed by Shodex. Approximately 2 to 3 g leaf material from the in vitro grown plantlets was harvested, freeze dried and grinded. An equal volume of water was added, mixed and incubated at 80-85° C. for 5-10 minutes. After centrifugation at 14000 rpm for 5-10 minutes, the degree of fructosyltransferase activity was determined as the percentage of DP3 (degree of polymerization) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Shodex KS-802, 300×8 mm (Waters) column. Candidates with a DP3 percentage equal or above 0.03% were kept. The results are given in Table 2.  
                                           TABLE 2                           Identification of fructan producing plants            Construct   # plants analysed   # plants with DP3 =&gt; 0.03%                    pS76   69   8       pS77   164   15                  
 
         [0080]    Plantlets which were identified with a DP3 value         0.03% were rooted and transferred to the greenhouse.  
         [0081]    Eight independent transgenic plants containing the SST and SFT genes were encoded SSF34, SSF37, SSF48, SSF60, SSF66, SSF76, SSF100 and SSF104. Fifteen independent transgenic plants containing the SST and GFFT genes were encoded SSG2, SSG25, SSG32, SSG39, SSG100, SSG107, SSG128, SSG134, SSG135; SSG166, SSG171, SSG175, SSG184, SSG188 and SSG190.  
         [0082]    From these plants, two roots were harvested at 3, 4 and a half and 6 months.  
         [0083]    A Shodex analysis confirmed the leaf results indicated above. The analysis clearly indicated that apart from DP3, DP4, DP5 and longer fructan chains were synthesized.  
         [0084]    [0084]FIG. 3 shows the levels DP2, DP3, DP4 and DP5 for SSF34 and SSF37. FIG. 4 shows the levels DP2, DP3, DP4 and DP5 for SSG2, SSG39 and SSG188. FIGS. 5 and 6 are Dionex patterns of SSF34 and SSG2 respectively, displaying the presence of longer fructan chains.  
         [0085]    Double Fructan Beet  
         [0086]    Here we describe the integration and functional expression of a combination of two fructosyltransferase into sugarbeet, a plant that lacks fructans. Sugarbeet is a suitable crop for the introduction of fructan synthesizing enzymes because this plant accumulates a high percentage of sucrose in the vacuole. The first enzyme, 1-SST, initiates the fructan synthesis and produces 1-kestose, which is the substrate for the second enzyme, 6-SFT or 6G-FFT. These latter enzymes, in conjunction with the 1-SST, are responsible for the accumulation of higher DP fructans by the elongation of the isokestose produced by the 1-SST. The action of both enzymes results in the formation of a mixture of fructan molecules with different chain lengths.  
         [0087]    Analysis of the different transgenic beets clearly indicate the presence of 1-kestose (as high levels of DP3). Furthermore, DP4, DP5 and higher fructans demonstrate that the second enzyme is also active. In addition to 1-kestose, 1-SST is able to produce tetra and even pentasaccharides but not long chain fructans. This is also visible in comparison to transgenic plants expressing 1-SST only (data not shown).  
         [0088]    Compared to the SST-beet from Wageningen, these double fructan transformants lead to beet with higher DPs. This is more pronounced in the 1-SST/6G-FFT material than in the 1-SST/6-SFT plants.  
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         [0091]    Hendry G. and Wallace, R. (1993) In M. Suzuki, N J Chatterton, eds, Science and Technology of Fructans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 119-139  
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         [0094]    Suzuki, M. and Pollock, C. (1986) Can. J. Bot. 64: 1884-1887  
         [0095]    Vijn, I., van Dijken, A., Sprenger, N., van Dun, K., Weisbeek, P., Wiemken, A. and Smeekens, S. (1997) Plant J. 11: 387-398  
         [0096]    Vijn, I., van Dijken, A., Lüscher, M., Bos, A., Smeets, E., Weisbeek, P., Wiemken, A. and Smeekens, S. (1998) Plant Physiol. 117: 1507-1513