Abstract:
A method, circuit and system arrangement is described for providing rapid de-energization for safety reasons of conductors having a DC power source at both ends. The invention is particularly envisaged for use in solar energy systems in which a battery is charged by solar power from a photovoltaic array, the invention comprising controlling the array to interrupt charge current flow and then isolating the battery from the conductors to be de-energized in a fail-safe manner.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to photovoltaic energy systems. 
         [0002]    A photovoltaic energy installation comprises solar panels for generating electricity which may typically be installed high up on the roof of a building out of the way of shadowing. In some systems, the DC generated by the solar panels may be used to charge a battery so that the energy can be used at different time than when it was collected. Batteries are heavy and would generally be installed in a suitably ventilated utility room on a lower floor of a building. Wires carry the DC from the solar panels to the battery and various forms of charge controller may be used to control the amount of solar energy pumped into the battery. 
         [0003]    The US National Electrical Code (the NEC) dated 2014 includes a requirement to be able to de-energize DC wiring more than 10 feet from the solar panels in the event of an emergency such as fire. The means to effect such de-energization shall be simple and accessible. The code was written to apply to the then most common solar energy installations, which are of the “grid tied” type, and did not involve a battery. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/103,070 to current Applicant, filed May 8, 2011, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,937,822 describes a remote-controlled solar combiner having the ability to disconnect the solar panels at source. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/512,417 and 14/749,339 to current Applicant claim priority from the above &#39;822 patent and claim remote-controlled photovoltaic combiners having a remote controlled disconnect capability to de-energize wiring in accordance with the 2014 NEC from excitation by the solar panel-derived electricity. The above &#39;070, &#39;417 and &#39;339 Applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
         [0004]    When solar electricity is used to charge a battery under the control of a charge controller, the charge controllers may not intrinsically have the property of preventing potential back feed to isolate the battery from the wiring between the battery or charge controller and the solar panels. The issue to be solved in that case therefore is the de-energization of wiring having a power source at both ends. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    A solar array comprising strings of solar panels is connected to a solar combiner which performs the function of combining the strings in parallel, preferably using blocking diodes to prevent a shadowed panel or string robbing current from more strongly illuminated panels or strings and also performs the function of disconnecting under remote control the solar strings from the photovoltaic output conductors that carry the combined solar output current to charge a battery. 
         [0006]    At the location of the battery, a combination of an overcurrent protection device (OCPD) and a unidirectional conducting device is placed in series with at least one of the photovoltaic output circuit conductors, thereby serving the dual purpose of preventing back-energization of the conductors from the battery and protecting the conductors from the double fault condition of a short circuit between the photovoltaic output conductors and a short-circuit failure of the unidirectional conducting device. In addition, a normally closed crowbar switch is used to apply a deliberate short circuit between the photovoltaic output conductors whenever the solar combiner is remote controlled to disconnect all solar panel strings from the photovoltaic output circuit. 
         [0007]    In one implementation, the unidirectional conducting device is a diode, while in an other implementation the unidirectional conducting device is a MOSFET having an intrinsic drain-source diode, the MOSFET being controlled simultaneously with the crowbar switch such that the MOSFET is OFF when the crowbar switch is short circuit. The crowbar switch may be located alternatively in the solar combiner or at the battery location. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  shows a grid-tied solar system 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  shows a solar system having a solar-charged battery 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  shows a remote-controlled solar combiner and DC disconnect 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  shows one implementation of the invention 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  shows a second implementation of the invention using a P-type MOSFET series switch 
           [0013]      FIG. 6  shows a second implementation using an N-type MOSFET series switch 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  shows an implementation using a series relay switch 
           [0015]      FIG. 8  shows an arrangement for switch sequence timing 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]      FIG. 1  shows a grid-tied solar energy system as described in the above-incorporated &#39;822 patent. Solar combiner ( 700 ) combines selected strings of solar panels from array ( 1500 ) to produce a combined photovoltaic output current in photovoltaic output conductors ( 401 , 402 ) which, according to current National Electrical Code requirements, shall be contained in metallic conduit ( 400 ). 
         [0017]    The combined solar current is applied to DC to AC converter ( 2200 ) to generate a pure sinewave current at the grid frequency (e.g. 60 Hz) which is fed back to the grid through breaker ( 4040 ) to offset power consumption consumed from the grid. Assuming that DC-to-AC converter is configured to disallow grid power from being synchronously rectified and fed back up the photovoltaic output conductors towards combiner ( 700 ), there is only one source of power, that is the solar array. For the purpose of de-energizing the photovoltaic output conductors ( 401 , 402 ) when emergency service personnel are attending an incident at the property, this is guaranteed by switching off converter ( 2200 ), which in turn will operate the remote DC disconnect facility of combiner ( 700 ) by means of the control cable running between converter ( 2200 ) and control port  1  of combiner ( 700 ). The above operation is described and claimed in the above-incorporated Applications. 
         [0018]      FIG. 2  shows an alternative solar installation in which solar energy is used to change a battery ( 500 ). Energy stored in the battery maybe extracted later or at the same time as charging to be converted to AC power by DC to AC converter ( 1000 ). DC to AC converter ( 1000 ) has the capability to power loads directly and so can power a home not connected to the grid, or when the grid is in outage. 
         [0019]    Converter ( 1000 ) also preferably acts as a battery charge controller by monitoring battery state and controlling solar combiner ( 700 ) via the control cable to connect more or fewer solar strings through to charge the battery. 
         [0020]      FIG. 3  illustrates the principle of combiner ( 700 ). The connector ( 711 ) for Control port  1  carries current to the coils of relays ( 706 ), of which there is one per string to be combined. The return path for the current is through switch ( 709 ). Switch ( 709 ) may be located on the combiner and accessible for manual operation, or may be a microswitch which opens of the front panel of the combiner is opened. When switch ( 709 ) is opened, all relays ( 706 ) and ( 7070 ) are de-energized so that no string is connected through either to photovoltaic output  1  ( 722 ) or output  2  ( 721 ). The same effect may be had by interrupting the relay coil return path at the converter, or by controlling all relays to be de-energized. If the converter supplies power to the relay coils only when operating, then switching off the converter will automatically de-energize the relays and thus de-energize the associated photovoltaic output circuit ( 721  or  722 ). Thus the means to prevent the photovoltaic output circuit being energized by the solar panels is provided by the remote-controlled solar combiner ( 700 ). In  FIG. 2  however, the battery can still energize the photovoltaic output circuit conductors leading from the battery ( 500 ) to the combiner ( 700 ). To disable this source of energization also, additional components may be associated with the battery according to this invention, as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0021]      FIG. 4  shows a battery ( 501 ) contained in a battery enclosure ( 500 ). The battery enclosure ( 500 ) shall be vented to the outside air to prevent build up of hydrogen and battery odors. In  FIG. 4 , the connection from the battery to the load (DC to AC converter  1000 ) is through circuit breaker ( 551 ) as opposed to the alternative of fuses ( 550 ) shown in  FIG. 2 . Either overcurrent protection method is acceptable, but the use of a circuit breaker provides a more convenient manual means to disconnect the battery from the inverter that unplugging fuses. When the DC supply to converter ( 1000 ) is bipolar or floating, breaker ( 551 ) may be two-pole breaker (as illustrated), or may be a single pole breaker if one side of the DC is grounded. Fuses ( 550 ) are still used in  FIG. 4  as in  FIG. 2  to protect the DC conductors ( 401 , 402 ) from overcurrent. 
         [0022]    The first additional component that is evident in  FIG. 4  compared to  FIG. 2  is diode ( 553 ). This prevents reverse current flow from the battery towards combiner ( 700 ) should anything unintentionally contact conductors ( 401 , 402 ). Thus in principle, operating the remote disconnect facility of combiner ( 700 ) by means of appropriate signals on control cable ( 570 ) now de-energizes conductors ( 401 , 402 ) from both power power sources, the solar array and the battery. Moreover, diode ( 553 ) if properly functioning ensures that fuses ( 55 ) should never blow, as reverse current cannot flow. However, semiconductor devices are known to fail in the short circuit condition and thus cannot be totally relied upon for overcurrent protection; hence fuses ( 550 ) are still included. 
         [0023]    It is also desired to ensure that conductors ( 401 , 402 ) are able to be de-energized to a safe level even if diode ( 553 ) has failed short circuit or become leaky. Thus the second new component in  FIG. 4  as compared to  FIG. 2  is controlled crowbar switch ( 552 ). Switch ( 552 ) can for example comprise a pair of normally closed relay contacts that apply a short circuit between conductors ( 401 , 402 ) unless the relay is energized to open the contacts. The same control signal that energizes the relays in combiner ( 700 ) to apply power to conductors ( 401 , 402 ) can be used to energize switch ( 552 ) to open its contacts. In the absence of that control signal, combiner  700  will not supply array power to conductors ( 401 , 402 ) and control switch ( 552 ) will remain closed. If diode ( 553 ) has failed short circuit, one or both of fuses ( 550 ) will blow when switch ( 552 ) is closed. Since this only happens when diode ( 553 ) is faulty, and that is expected to be a rare event, it is not expected that a high incidence of fuses ( 550 ) blowing will be encountered in service. Moreover, since diode ( 553 ) failing and fuses ( 550 ) blowing will always occur together, they can be packaged together as a replaceable sub-assembly. 
         [0024]    In  FIG. 4 , controlled crowbar switch ( 552 ) is shown located at the battery. However, it could alternatively be located in solar combiner ( 700 ), or in both places. 
         [0025]    Diode ( 553 ) passes all the of the solar array power, perhaps 40 amps at 125 volts in the case of a 5 KW system. The voltage drop of the diode lies in the 0.6 to 1 volt range, which represents a fractional power loss of 0.5% to 0.8%, but more significantly, involves heat dissipation of between 24 and 40 watts. To reduce the power loss and heat dissipation, an alternative to using diode ( 553 ) alone is to use a MOSFET transistor having an intrinsic drain-source diode, the transistor being turned on to short out the diode drop under normal circumstances. Such a circuit is shown in  FIG. 5  as second implementation. P-type MOSFET  553  intrinsically comprises the diode  553  of  FIG. 4 . However, switch  552  is now a SPDT relay that applies the negative of the battery through potential divided R 1 ,R 2  to the gate of MOSFET  553  when switch  552  is activated to remove the short from between conductors ( 401 , 402 ). This turns MOSFET  553  on, thereby passing current from the solar array to the battery with a voltage drop less than that of the diode alone. For example, 10 P-type MOSFET chips type FDMS86263P in parallel will provide an ON resistance of about 5 milliohms, giving 200 mV drop at 40 amps, and 8 watts of heat to be dissipated. 
         [0026]    Since P-type MOSFETs do not have characteristics as good as N-type MOSFETs,  FIG. 6  shows a version of the invention using an N-type MOSFET as the series switch. To derive  FIG. 6  from  FIG. 5 , it was merely necessary to interchange the polarity of the battery terminals and associated connections to the array and the inverter, and to select an N-type MOSFET for series switch  553 , the intrinsic diode of which is now facing the other way. Three N-type MOSFETs type FDP075N15A in parallel now provide an ON resistance of about 2.5 milliohms and thus about 100 mv voltage drop at 40 amps, reducing the heat loss to 4 watts. 
         [0027]    Of course if it is considered necessary to isolate both poles of the battery, a P-type series MOSFET switch can be placed in the positive lead as per  FIG. 5 , while an N-type series MOSFET switch is used in the negative lead, as per  FIG. 6 . 
         [0028]    The lowest voltage drop of all would likely be achieved by using a high current relay as a series switch in place of diode or diode/MOSFET combination  553 . This is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0029]    In  FIG. 7 , the high-current relay ( 554 ) can be of a lower cost type providing it is not required to open with current flowing through it. This may be ensured by timing the solar disconnect within solar combiner ( 700 ) to occur before relay ( 554 ) is commanded to open. Another timing requirement is that switch ( 552 ) should not close before relay ( 554 ) is open, and it must open before relay ( 554 ) closes. A control circuit is therefore required to ensure these relative timings. An advantage of the simple diode circuit of  FIG. 5  is that no such timing constraints are required. In  FIG. 6 , the timing constraints are likewise simple, as MOSFET series switch ( 553 ) is synchronized to switch ( 552 ) by the Normally Open contact of switch ( 552 ). However, for  FIG. 7 , more discussion of how to arrange for proper timing is required, which is explained with the aid of  FIG. 8 . 
         [0030]    In  FIG. 8 , crowbar switch  552  is a high current MOSFET (Q 1 ). The requirements on Q 1  dot not include very low loss resistance, unlike if it was used as a series switch. The requirement is merely that it should pass enough current to blow one of fuses ( 550 ) should it inadvertently be placed into conduction with switch  554  closed. The latter condition however is to be avoided by ensuring proper timing of the opening of switch ( 554 ) before switch ( 552 ) closes. Moreover, switch ( 554 ) should not open before switches  706  or  707  (as also depicted in  FIG. 3 ) have opened. 
         [0031]      FIG. 8  shows that switches  706  or  707  (also of  FIG. 3 ) are controlled by a relay driver ( 1100 ) which is envisaged to be part of inverter ( 1000 ), as described in the above-incorporated &#39;822 patent. There is a relay driver output for each relay ( 706  or  707 ) of remote controlled solar combiner ( 700 ), which are controlled as a means to control battery charging.  FIG. 8  is more general however than the envisaged solar application.  FIG. 8  presumes that there is a first power source on the left feeding current to a second power source on the right, and controlled switches ( 706  or  707 ) may be controlled by disabling the relevant relay driver ( 1100  to interrupt the current flow from the first power source to the second power source. It is also presumed that any steps necessary to shield switches ( 706  or  707 ) from sparking upon sudden current interruption have been taken at power source 1 end. 
         [0032]    It may be seen that switches ( 706  or  707 ) are opened by relay driver ( 1100 ) removing the ground return for power supply ( 1100 ) to switches ( 706  or  707 ) while leaving the power supply and ground connections to high current relay ( 554 ) intact. Thus switches ( 706  or  707 ) may be controlled to open while leaving high-current relay ( 554 ) contacts closed, and then controlling power supply ( 1100 ) to be OFF removes the drive to the coil of high relay ( 554 ) so that its contacts open afterwards. It may be appreciated that high current relay ( 554 ) has little electrical stress, as it only ever opens and closes with zero current through its contacts. The only requirement is that it must be able to carry the maximum current from the first source to the second source when the contacts are closed, and it must have sufficient insulation resistance to isolate the conductors ( 401 , 402 ) form the voltage of the second source when the contacts are open. These requirements are typically met by low-cost relays designed for automotive use. 
         [0033]    In  FIG. 8 , choosing high current relay ( 554 ) to be a SPDT relay allows the  235  normally closed contact to function as crowbar switch ( 552 ). Since the relay cannot mechanically close the normally closed contact unless the normally open contact is opened, the probability of both contacts being closed and blowing fuses ( 550 ) is remote. 
         [0034]    In the above-incorporated &#39;882 patent, an inverter is described that uses a floating DC input of 120 volts nominal, and grounds the negative and the positive of the floating source alternately at 60 Hz. When the positive is grounded, the negative conductor of source 1 and 2 will be at −120 volts nominal. In that situation, it is not sufficient to open the positive connection between source 1 and source 2 using switch ( 554 ) to ensure de-energization of the conductors; however, when the inverter as described in the &#39;882 patent is switched off, not only are neither the positive nor the negative of the source not grounded, but also the neutral output of the inverter is opened, as well as the live output, thus floating the inverter circuitry. Thus part of the de-energization of conductors ( 401 , 402 ) in such an installation comprises switching off the inverter, which also switches off the power supply ( 1100  which is incorporated within it. With other loads of unspecified behavior however, a second high current relay similar to relay ( 554 ) can be placed in the negative lead so that both positive and negative conductors leading from the first power to the second power source are broken at both ends. It is also possible to contemplate a transistor such as a MOSFET to function as crowbar switch ( 522 ) if it proves difficult to obtain SPDT relays for switch ( 554 ). It is also possible to envisage a double pole relay ( 554 ) to open both the negative and positive conductors, and being also specially designed to apply a short circuit between the moving contacts when in the de-energized condition. The latter may be done internally so that no external connections are required to the normally closed contacts. If a MOSFET transistor is used as crowbar switch ( 552 ), the switch must be ON when everything else is OFF. Therefore the voltage necessary to turn the gate on must come from an internal source, such as a charged capacitor. It is only necessary for the charge to be sufficient to keep the transistor operating as a crowbar switch long enough to blow fuses  550  if one of the series switches ( 554 ) has failed to open or diode ( 553 ) of  FIG. 4  has failed short circuit. 
         [0035]    It may also be mentioned that fuses ( 55 ) may be replaced by a suitable circuit breaker or any other suitable overcurrent protection device. Resettable circuit breakers are most appropriate if frequent tripping is expected, but if the not the case, then fuses may be the lower cost choice. 
         [0036]    All of the above variations are deemed to fall within the scope and spirit of the invention as described by the attached claims