Abstract:
A content addressable memory (CAM) cell is disclosed having a split word line scheme and having binary and ternary storage capability. The cell comprises a pair of storage devices, a comparing circuit, a pair of memory access devices having gates controlled by respective word lines, a pair of bit lines for writing to and reading from the storage devices, or pair of search lines. Furthermore, the dynamic CAM cell utilizes a folded bit line architecture with a single sense amplifier sensing inputs from the pair of bit lines.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to content addressable memory (CAM). More specifically, the present invention relates to a ternary CAM architecture implementing a split word line scheme and a folded bit line architecture.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    A content addressable memory (CAM) is a memory device that accelerates any application requiring fast searches of a database, list, or pattern, such as in database machines, image or voice recognition, or computer and communication networks. CAMs provide benefits over other memory search algorithms by simultaneously comparing the desired information (i.e., data being stored within a given memory location) against the entire list of pre-stored entries. As a result of their unique searching algorithm, CAM devices are frequently employed in network equipment, particularly routers and switches, computer systems and other devices that require rapid content searching.  
           [0003]    In order to perform a memory search in the above-identified manner, CAMs are organized differently than other memory devices (e.g., random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), etc.). For example, data is stored in a RAM in a particular location, called an address. During a memory access, the user supplies an address and reads into or gets back the data at the specified address.  
           [0004]    In a CAM, however, data is stored in locations in a somewhat random fashion. The locations can be selected by an address bus, or the data can be written into the first empty memory location. Every location has a pair of status bits that keep track of whether the location is storing valid information in it or is empty and available for writing.  
           [0005]    Once information is stored in a memory location, it is found by comparing every bit in memory with data placed in a match detection circuit. When the content stored in the CAM memory location does not match the data placed in the match detection circuit, the CAM device returns a no match indication. When the content stored in the CAM memory location matches the data placed in the match detection circuit, the CAM device returns a match indication. In addition, the CAM may return the identification of the address location in which the desired data is stored. Thus, with a CAM, the user supplies the data and gets back the address if there is a match found in memory.  
           [0006]    Generally, CAM includes an array of CAM cells arranged in row and column lines. Each CAM cell stores one bit of digital data and includes a circuit to allow comparing the stored data with the externally provided search data. One or more bits of information in a row constitute a word. A CAM compares a search word with a row of words stored within the CAM. During a search and compare operation, an indicator associated with each stored word produces a comparison result indicating whether or not the search word matches the stored word.  
           [0007]    The CAM structure can be made more powerful and useful by incorporating additional logic whereby a “don&#39;t care” state can be presented in addition to the “0” state and “1” state. A “don&#39;t care” state can be stored which allows certain bits of data to be skipped from search operations. The “don&#39;t care” state can be stored by having similar charges on the two storage capacitors. In addition, additional flexibility results from the ability to store the “don&#39;t care” state in the memory itself. The use of the “don&#39;t care” state means that the CAM device has “ternary” storage capabilities.  
           [0008]    Some of the prior art CAM cells use static storage while others use a dynamic storage element. Dynamic storage elements occupy a smaller area and are therefore preferable to obtain a large memory capacity on a single integrated circuit chip. In addition, a dynamic storage cell is more efficient for ternary storage as described above.  
           [0009]    A dynamic CAM is cell suitable for constructing relatively high-speed and large capacity CAM arrays, having binary and ternary storage capacity. Furthermore, the CAM cell also provides a relatively stable voltage level at the match line and a relatively stable capacitance at the bit lines.  
           [0010]    A conventional CAM cell  10  is illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown in this figure, the CAM cell  10  includes first and second storage device(s) C 1 , C 2  in the form of capacitors. Each storage device C 1 , C 2  is capable of storing a charge representing a binary ‘1’ or a ‘0’. In a binary configuration, the CAM cell  10  stores a binary bit of digital information as ‘0’ on C 1  and ‘1’ on C 2  or ‘1’ on C 1  and ‘0’ on C 2 . Furthermore, in a ternary configuration, the CAM cell  10  attains an additional “don&#39;t care” state when both storage devices C 1 , C 2  store a ‘0’. Further shown in FIG. 1 are the first and second cell nodes N 1 , N 2  which carry signal levels corresponding to the data stored in the CAM cell  10 . The two cell nodes N 1 , N 2  are accessible for write and read operations via first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2 , respectively. The remaining two terminals of the storage device C 1 , C 2  are connected to the cell plate voltage terminal V CP . The source terminals of the access transistors T 1 , T 2  are connected to the nodes N 1 , N 2  whereas their drain terminals are connected to the first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2 . The first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2  are responsive to and have their gate terminals connected to a word line WL.  
           [0011]    Also shown in FIG. 1 is a comparing circuit having first and second pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2 . The first pull-down circuit PD 1  consists of third and fourth pull-down transistors T 3 , T 4  respectively connected in series between a match line ML and a discharge line DL. The drain terminal of the third pull-down transistor T 3  is connected to the source terminal of the fourth pull-down transistor T 4 . The third pull-down transistor T 3  is responsive to the first cell node N 1  by having its gate connected to node N 1 . The gate of the fourth pull down transistor T 4  is connected to a first search line SL 1 . Similarly, the second pull-down circuit PD 2  consists of fifth and sixth pull-down transistors T 5 , T 6  respectively connected between the match line ML and the discharge line DL. The drain terminal of the fifth pull-down transistor T 5  is connected to the source terminal of the sixth pull-down transistor T 6 . The gate terminal of the fifth pull-down transistor T 5  is connected to the second node N 2  and the gate of the sixth pull-down transistor T 6  is connected to a second search line SL 2 . The combination of the first and second pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  provides a comparison between complementary data bits stored in the storage devices C 1 , C 2  and complementary search bits carried on SL 1  and SL 2 . The result of such comparison is reflected in the match line ML being discharged by the first or the second pull-down circuit PD 1 , PD 2  if there is a data mismatch (as will be further described below).  
           [0012]    A CAM device performs three distinct operations, a write operation, read operation and search and compare operation. The conventional CAM cell  10  has two storage devices C 1 , C 2  for storing two data bits which have independent values from each other. The storage devices C 1 , C 2  are each connected to bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  through access transistors T 1 , T 2 , respectively. The bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  allow for data to be independently written to the corresponding storage devices C 1 , C 2 . The two search lines SL 1 , SL 2  connected to the pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  are used for distinct search and compare operations. A search operation consists of comparing the search bits carried on the search lines SL 1 , SL 2  to data bits stored in the first and second storage devices C 1 , C 2 . The comparing circuit couples the match line ML to the discharge line DL if a mismatch occurs between the first and second search bits and the respective first and second data bits, and when the first and second data bits have complementary values.  
           [0013]    Furthermore, FIG. 1 discloses a CAM cell  10  with an open bit line architecture. Each bit line shown in FIG. 1 of the conventional CAM cell  10  is connected to a separate sense amplifier SA 1 , SA 2 . Furthermore, each storage device C 1 , C 2  is coupled to respective bit lines by access transistors T 1 , T 2  which have their gates connected to the same word line WL. The circuit in FIG. 1 has a sense amplifier for each bit line in the CAM array architecture.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    The present invention provides a ternary CAM architecture which implements a split word line scheme and a folded bit line architecture. The split word line scheme and folded bit line array architecture provides improved noise immunity and consistency with commodity DRAM architectures. Furthermore, the present invention reduces the high sense amplifier count typically associated with a ternary CAM memory array.  
           [0015]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a CAM cell for storing and accessing ternary data which comprises a split word line scheme. The present invention reduces the number of sense amplifiers by at least half by allowing one sense amplifier to sense the data from multiple storage devices. This is accomplished by using a split word line to access the storage devices independently of each other as well as improving the sensed signal in array CAMs by reducing noise.  
           [0016]    The foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 illustrates a circuit diagram of a conventional dynamic CAM cell;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit diagram of a dynamic CAM cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIGS. 3A, 3B and  3 C illustrate the signals and timing of a write sequence for the dynamic CAM cell of FIG. 2;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4 illustrates signals and timing of a search sequence for the dynamic CAM cell of FIG. 2;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate signals and timing of a read sequence for the dynamic CAM cell of FIG. 2;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a processor system utilizing a CAM constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a network router utilizing a CAM constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]    A dynamic CAM cell  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. The CAM cell  100  includes first and second storage devices C 1 , C 2  in the form of capacitors. Each storage device C 1 , C 2  is capable of storing a ‘1’ or a ‘0’ value. A ‘1’ value corresponds to a stored voltage in the capacitor that is high relative to V CP  and a ‘0’ value corresponds to a stored voltage in the capacitor that is low relative to V CP . In a binary configuration, the CAM cell stores a binary bit of digital information as ‘0’ on the first storage device C 1  and ‘1’ on the second storage device C 2 , or ‘1’ on the first storage device C 1  and ‘0’ on the second storage device C 2 . Furthermore, in a ternary configuration the CAM cell  100  attains an additional “don&#39;t care” state when both storage devices C 1 , C 2  store a ‘0’ in both capacitors. These storage devices C 1 , C 2  are fabricated as part of the integrated circuit implementation of the entire CAM cell array.  
         [0025]    For the CAM cell  100  shown in FIG. 2, a number of voltage terminals are used to supply different voltage levels to different parts of the cell  100 . The voltage terminals are (1) a higher voltage power supply terminal V DD , (2) a lower voltage, e.g., ground terminal V SS , (3) a cell plate voltage terminal V CP  having a voltage level lying between V DD  and V SS , (4) a low voltage terminal Vg having a voltage level lying between VD DD , and V SS . Typical values of V DD , V CP , and V SS are 3.3V, 1.65V and 0V respectively.  
         [0026]    In one embodiment of the invention, the discharge line DL is coupled directly to the ground terminal V ss . In an alternative embodiment, the discharge line DL is coupled indirectly to the ground terminal V SS  through a current limiter transistor T 7  that has its gate terminal connected to the power supply terminal V DD . This transistor T 7 , which is connected to the discharge line, acts to limit the current flowing to ground from all CAM cells where a mismatch exists.  
         [0027]    The first and second storage devices C 1 , C 2  have first and second cell nodes N 1 , N 2 , respectively, which carry signal levels corresponding to the data stored in the CAM cell  100 , either a ‘0’ or ‘1’. These two cell nodes N 1 , N 2  are accessible for write and read operations via first and second access transistor(s) T 1 , T 2 , respectively. The remaining terminals of the two storage devices C 1 , C 2  are connected to the cell plate voltage terminal V CP .  
         [0028]    The source terminals of the transistors access T 1 , T 2  are connected to the nodes N 1 , N 2 , respectively, whereas their drain terminals are connected to first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2 , respectively. The first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2  have their gate terminals connected to first and second word lines WLA, WLB, respectively. Data to be written to the storage devices C 1 , C 2  is placed on the first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  while activating the first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2  through their gate terminals. To activate the first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2 , the voltage level is raised on the word lines WLA, WLB, respectively, to a voltage V PP  which may be greater than or equal to V DD . The data stored in storage devices C 1 , C 2  can be read at the first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  by also activating the first and second access transistors T 1 , T 2  through the respective word lines WLA, WLB.  
         [0029]    The CAM cell  100  includes a comparing circuit having two pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2 . The first pull-down circuit PD 1  contains third and fourth pull-down transistors T 3 , T 4  connected in series between a match line ML and the discharge line DL. The drain terminal of transistor T 3  is connected to the source terminal of transistor T 4  as shown in FIG. 2. The third pull-down transistor T 3  is responsive to the first cell node N 1  by having its gate connected to N 1 . The gate of transistor T 4  is connected to a first search line SL 1 . Likewise, the second pull-down circuit PD 2  contains fifth and sixth pull-down transistors T 5 , T 6  connected between the match line ML and the discharge line DL. The drain terminal of transistor T 5  is connected to the source terminal of transistor T 6 . The gate terminal of transistor T 5  is connected to node N 2 . The gate of transistor T 6  is connected to the second search line SL 2 .  
         [0030]    The combination of the first and second pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  provides a comparison between complementary data bits stored in the storage devices C 1 , C 2  and complementary search bits carried on SL 1 , SL 2 . The results of such comparison is reflected on the match line ML. For example, the match line ML is discharged by the first or the second pull-down circuit PD 1 , PD 2  if there is a data mismatch (described below in more detail). The order of the series connection of transistors T 3  and T 4  and of transistors T 5  and T 6  can be reversed without affecting the comparison operation.  
         [0031]    The CAM cell  100  performs write, read and search and compare operations. The CAM cell  100  performs these operations by imposing binary signal levels (high or low) at different points of the circuit. The initial step in a write, read or a search and compare operation is to pre-charge the match line ML to a predetermined level.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIGS. 3A, 3B and  3 C illustrate three write sequences for the dynamic CAM cell  100  of FIG. 2. As shown in these figures a write sequence consists of the following steps. The match line ML is held at its predetermined level (i.e. pre-charged), while the first and second search lines SL 1 , SL 2  are held at a low level. Binary signal levels (logic high and low) corresponding to data to be written to the CAM cell are placed on the first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2 . Both word lines WLA, WLB, are raised to V PP  level (higher than V DD ) so that the first storage capacitor C 1  is charged causing the first cell node N 1  to attain the signal level at BL 1  and the second storage capacitor C 2  is charged causing the second cell node N 2  to attain the signal level on BL 2 . The signal level at both word lines WLA, WLB are then lowered to V SS  and the signal levels attained at the first and second nodes N 1 , N 2  are stored on the first and second capacitors C 1 , C 2  respectively.  
         [0033]    The sequences shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B relate to the writing of a binary bit represented by a complementary pair of low (0) and high (1) signals placed on the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2 . The solid lines for the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2 , and nodes N 1 , N 2  illustrate one complementary pair of signals whereas the dotted lines illustrate another complementary pair opposite to what is shown by the solid lines. FIG. 3A relates to a write sequence beginning with the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  at an intermediate level which falls between high and low. The intermediate level is typically half V DD  relative to V SS . FIG. 3B relates to a write sequence beginning with the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  at other than the intermediate level. This occurs when the write sequence is immediately preceded by a previous write sequence and the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  did not have sufficient time to return to their intermediate level.  
         [0034]    With reference to FIG. 3C, a ternary data write example is illustrated. In this sequence, both bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  carry a ‘0’ which is to be written into the nodes N 1 , N 2  respectively. The steps involved in the ternary data write sequence are the same as those involved with a normal binary write sequence. That is, the match line ML is held at its precharge level, while the first and second search lines SL 1 , SL 2  are held at low level. Low logic level signals ‘0’ are placed on the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  respectively. Both word lines WLA, WLB are raised to V PP  so that the access transistors T 1 , T 2  conduct fully and pass the bit line data onto the nodes N 1 , N 2 , respectively. The word lines WLA, WLB are lowered to V SS  and the ‘0’ data on nodes N 1 , N 2  is stored on the storage devices C 1 , C 2 , respectively.  
         [0035]    Since both nodes N 1 , N 2  are logic low or ‘0’, neither one of the pull-down transistors T 3 , T 5  will be enabled. As a result, any search data presented during a search and compare operation to the gates of the pull-down transistors T 4 , T 6  will effectively be ignored and cannot create a path between the match line ML and the discharge line DL. Hence this data ‘0’ stored on both nodes N 1 , N 2  represents the “don&#39;t care” state of the CAM cell.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIGS. 2 and 4 illustrate an exemplary search and compare sequence for the dynamic CAM cell  100 . The illustrated sequence comprises the following steps. During the entire search and compare sequence, both word lines WLA, WLB are held at low level, whereas the first and second bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  may be held at their predetermined level or may be driven to ‘0’ or ‘1’. The bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  may also be floating. The match line ML begins at its predetermined level at V DD  or slightly below V DD . Binary signal levels corresponding to the search data to be compared with the data stored in the CAM cell  100 , are placed on the first and second search lines SL 1 , SL 2 . In the illustrated example, SL 1 =‘1’, SL 2 =‘0’.  
         [0037]    The result of comparing the search data with the stored data is indicated by the ensuing signal level on the match line ML. If the search data is the same as the stored data, i.e. if there is a match, then the match line ML remains at its precharge level. This occurs because neither of the first or second pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  has its transistors conducting and thus, does not pull the ML down. If the search data is different from the stored data, i.e., if there is a mismatch, then one of the two pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  will be activated since both of its transistors will be conducting, allowing current to flow to the discharge line DL, which pulls down the match line ML to a signal level below its precharged level. For example, if SL 1 =‘1’ and SL 2 =‘0’ and N 1 =‘1’, there would be a mismatch and transistors T 3 , T 4  would conduct, thereby pulling the match line ML away from its precharge level as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 4.  
         [0038]    It should be noted that the first and second pull-down circuits PD 1 , PD 2  perform the comparison of the search data carried on the first and second search lines SL 1 , SL 2 , with the stored data present at the first and second nodes N 1 , N 2 . When there is a match, neither the first nor the second pull-down circuit PD 1 , PD 2  conduct. When there is a mismatch, either of the first or the second pull-down circuit conducts. In FIG. 4, the solid lines relate to the case where the search data match the stored data, whereas the dotted lines relate to the case where the search data mismatch the stored data.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate exemplary read sequences for the dynamic CAM cell  100  of FIG. 2. The read sequences comprise the following steps:  
         [0040]    (a) During the entire read sequence, the match line ML is held at its precharge level, whereas the search lines SL 1 , SL 2  are held at a low level.  
         [0041]    (b) The bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  are initially precharged to their intermediate level (V DD /2).  
         [0042]    (c) The first word line WLA is raised to the V PP  level to permit charge sharing between the first bit line BL 1  and the first capacitor C 1  so that voltage levels at the first bit line BL 1  begin to deviate from the initial precharge level to track the data stored in the first capacitor C 1  (FIG. 5A).  
         [0043]    (d) The differences of the deviated signal level at the first bit line BL 1  from its precharge level are sensed and amplified by a bit line sense amplifier SA (FIG. 2) to provide an output of the read sequence.  
         [0044]    (e) The voltage level of the bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  are equalized with each other to a precharged level.  
         [0045]    (f) The amplified output of the read sequence is used to restore the data originally stored in the CAM cell by recharging the first capacitor C 1  to its state just prior to the read sequence.  
         [0046]    (g) The second word line WLB is raised to the V PP , level to permit charge sharing between the second bit line BL 2  and the second capacitor C 2  so that voltage levels at the second bit line BL 2  begin to deviate from the initial precharge level to track the data stored in the second capacitor C 2  (FIG. 5B).  
         [0047]    (h) The differences of the deviated signal level at the second bit line BL 2  from its precharge level are sensed and amplified by the same bit line sense amplifier SA (FIG. 2) to provide an output of the read sequence.  
         [0048]    (i) The amplified output of the read sequence is used to restore the data originally stored in the CAM cell by recharging the second capacitor C 2  to its state just prior to the read sequence.  
         [0049]    It is important to note that unlike the prior art circuits, the embodiment of the present invention described above has a folded bit line architecture and a split word line scheme. A folded bit line architecture comprises an array of CAM cells including differential sense amplifiers each connected to two different rows of memory cells, wherein the two rows of memory cells connected to a specific sense amplifier lie adjacent and parallel to each other on the same side of the sense amplifier. Furthermore, the present invention reduces the amount of sense amplifiers by at least one-half the count over the prior art.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary processing system  900  which may utilize a memory device  800  constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. That is, the memory device  800  may be a CAM device that utilizes the CAM cell  100  illustrated in FIG. 2.  
         [0051]    The processing system  900  includes one or more processors  901  coupled to a local bus  904 . A memory controller  902  and a primary bus bridge  903  are also coupled the local bus  904 . The processing system  900  may include multiple memory controllers  902  and/or multiple primary bus bridges  903 . The memory controller  902  and the primary bus bridge  903  may be integrated as a single device  906 .  
         [0052]    The memory controller  902  is also coupled to one or more memory buses  907 . Each memory bus accepts memory components  908  which include at least one memory device  800  of the present invention. The memory components  908  may be a memory card or a memory module. The memory components  908  may include one or more additional devices  909 . The memory controller  902  may also be coupled to a cache memory  905 . The cache memory  905  may be the only cache memory in the processing system. Alternatively, other devices, for example, processors  901  may also include cache memories, which may form a cache hierarchy with cache memory  905 . If the processing system  900  include peripherals or controllers which are bus masters or which support direct memory access (DMA), the memory controller  902  may implement a cache coherency protocol. If the memory controller  902  is coupled to a plurality of memory buses  907 , each memory bus  907  may be operated in parallel, or different address ranges may be mapped to different memory buses  907 .  
         [0053]    The primary bus bridge  903  is coupled to at least one peripheral bus  910 . Various devices, such as peripherals or additional bus bridges may be coupled to the peripheral bus  910 . These devices may include a storage controller  911 , an miscellaneous I/O device  914 , a secondary bus bridge  915 , a multimedia processor  918 , and an legacy device interface  920 . The primary bus bridge  903  may also coupled to one or more special purpose high speed ports  922 . In a personal computer, for example, the special purpose port might be the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), used to couple a high performance video card to the processing system  900 .  
         [0054]    The storage controller  911  couples one or more storage devices  913 , via a storage bus  912 , to the peripheral bus  910 . For example, the storage controller  911  may be a SCSI controller and storage devices  913  may be SCSI discs. The I/O device  914  may be any sort of peripheral. For example, the I/O device  914  may be an local area network interface, such as an Ethernet card. The secondary bus bridge may be used to interface additional devices via another bus to the processing system. For example, the secondary bus bridge may be an universal serial port (USB) controller used to couple USB devices  917  via to the processing system  900 . The multimedia processor  918  may be a sound card, a video capture card, or any other type of media interface, which may also be coupled to one additional devices such as speakers  919 . The legacy device interface  920  is used to couple legacy devices, for example, older styled keyboards and mice, to the processing system  900 .  
         [0055]    The processing system  900  illustrated in FIG. 6 is only an exemplary processing system with which the invention may be used. While FIG. 6 illustrates a processing architecture especially suitable for a general purpose computer, such as a personal computer or a workstation, it should be recognized that well known modifications can be made to configure the processing system  900  to become more suitable for use in a variety of applications. For example, many electronic devices which require processing may be implemented using a simpler architecture which relies on a CPU  901  coupled to memory components  908  and/or memory devices  800 . These electronic devices may include, but are not limited to audio/video processors and recorders, gaming consoles, digital television sets, wired or wireless telephones, navigation devices (including system based on the global positioning system (GPS) and/or inertial navigation), network routers or switches, and digital cameras and/or recorders. The modifications may include, for example, elimination of unnecessary components, addition of specialized devices or circuits, and/or integration of a plurality of devices.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of a router  950  as may be used in a communications network, such as, e.g., part of the Internet backbone. The router  950  contains a plurality of input lines and a plurality of output lines. When data is transmitted from one location to another, it is sent in a form known as a packet. Oftentimes, prior to the packet reaching its final destination, that packet is first received by a router, or some other device. The router  950  then decodes that part of the data identifying the ultimate destination and decides which output line and what forwarding instructions are required for the packet.  
         [0057]    Generally, CAMs are very useful in router applications because historical routing information for packets received from a particular source and going to a particular destination is stored in the CAM of the router. As a result, when a packet is received by the router  950 , the router already has the forwarding information stored within its CAM. Therefore, only that portion of the packet that identifies the sender and recipient need be decoded in order to perform a search of the CAM to identify which output line and instructions are required to pass the packet onto a next node of its journey.  
         [0058]    Still referring to FIG. 7, router  950  contains the added benefit of employing a semiconductor memory chip containing a CAM device  800 , such as the CAM devices constructed and operated in accordance with FIGS.  2 - 5 .  
         [0059]    Although the invention has been described with reference to using storage devices which are dynamic, e.g. capacitors, the invention has equal applicability using static storage devices, such as flip flops or other static memory elements or devices.  
         [0060]    The above description and accompanying drawings are only illustrative of exemplary embodiments, which can achieve the features and advantages of the present invention. It is not intended that the invention be limited to the embodiments shown and described in detail herein. The invention can also be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is only limited by the scope of the following claims.