Abstract:
The disclosure relates to sunscreen compositions having a synergistic combination of titanium dioxide filtering agents that provide a high sun protection factor (SPF). Compositions according to the disclosure have high SPF values without requiring high overall amounts of titanium dioxide filtering agents. Also, the sunscreen compositions are less opaque and white than traditional sunscreens making them aesthetically appealing to consumers. Finally, the disclosure relates to methods of using the described compositions for protecting keratinous substances such as skin and hair from UV radiation.

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to sunscreen compositions comprising a synergistic combination of titanium dioxide ultra violet (“UV”) filters, and to methods of using the combination of UV filters to protect keratinous substrates such as skin and hair from UV radiation. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The negative effects of exposure to ultraviolet (“UV”) light are well-known. Prolonged exposure to sunlight causes damage such as sunburn to the skin and dries out hair making it brittle. When skin is exposed to UV light having a wavelength of from about 290 nm to about 400 nm, long term damage can lead to serious conditions such as skin cancer. 
     UV light also contributes to aging by causing free radicals to form in the skin. Free radicals include, for example, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion, nitric oxide and hydrogen radicals. Free radicals attack DNA, membrane lipids and proteins, generating carbon radicals. These in turn react with oxygen to produce a peroxyl radical that can attack adjacent fatty acids to generate new carbon radicals. This cascade leads to a chain reaction producing lipid peroxidation products. Damage to the cell membrane results in loss of cell permeability, increased intercellular ionic concentration, and decreased ability to excrete or detoxify waste products. The end result is a loss of skin elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles. This process is commonly referred to as photo-aging. 
     Sunscreens can be used to protect against UV damage and delay the signs of aging. The degree of UV protection afforded by a sunscreen composition is directly related to the amount and type of UV filters contained therein. The higher the amount of UV filters, the greater the degree of UV protection. Nevertheless, it is desirable to achieve the best photo protection efficacy with the lowest amount of UV filters. The inventors of the instant disclosure discovered ways to attain SPFs that were not previously attainable with such low amounts of overall UV filters. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to sunscreen compositions that have low amounts of titanium dioxide UV filters yet excellent Sun Protection Factors (SPF). The sunscreen compositions are surprisingly less opaque (white) than typical sunscreens containing similar amounts of titanium dioxide. Typically, the more titanium dioxide UV filters included in a sunscreen composition the higher the SPF and the greater the opacity (whiteness). The inventors discovered that when certain titanium dioxide UV filters are combined in particular ratios, they interact synergistically to exhibit a surprisingly effective SPF with less “whiteness” than it typically encountered when titanium dioxide is used in sunscreen compositions. Thus, the discovery allows for the use of less UV filters while achieving sufficient SPF and a nice aesthetic look and feel. 
     The present disclosure relates to a sunscreen composition comprising a combination of the UV filters set forth in the table below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Commercial  
                   
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 USA INCI Name 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 MT-100TV 
                 Titanium Dioxide (and) 
                 Titanium dioxide (at least 78%; 
               
               
                 (Available  
                 Aluminum Hydroxide 
                 typically about 83%) coated with 
               
               
                 from Tayca) 
                 (and) Stearic Acid 
                 aluminum hydroxide (about 9%) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and Stearic acid (about 8%) having 
               
               
                   
                   
                 a diameter from 10 to 50 nm. Rutile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 crystal structure. Typically, the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 average particle size is about 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 nm, and the specific surface area is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 about 50 to 70 m 2 /g. 
               
               
                 Eusolex T- 
                 Titanium dioxide (and) 
                 Titanium dioxide (75-82%) having a 
               
               
                 AVO 
                 Silica 
                 silica coating (13-20%). Rutile 
               
               
                 (Available 
                   
                 crystal structure. Typically, the 
               
               
                 from Merck) 
                   
                 average particle size is about 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                 nm, and the specific surface area is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 about 40-90 m 2 /g. 
               
               
                 MT100-AQ 
                 Titanium dioxide (and) 
                 Titanium dioxide (at least 70%; 
               
               
                 (Available  
                 Silica (and) Aluminum 
                 typically about 74%) coated with 
               
               
                 from Tayca) 
                 Hydroxide (and)  
                 silica (about 11%), aluminum 
               
               
                   
                 Alginic Acid 
                 hydroxide (about 9%), and Alginic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acid (about 6%). Rutile crystal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 structure. Typically, the average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particle size is about 15 nm, and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the specific surface area is about 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70-110 m 2 /g. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In a broad sense, the present disclosure relates to a sunscreen compositions comprising:
         A. titanium dioxide having an aluminum hydroxide and stearic acid coating (e.g., MT-100TV);   B. titanium dioxide having a silica coating (e.g., Eusolex-T-AVO); and   C. titanium dioxide having a silica, aluminum hydroxide, and alginic acid coating (e.g., MT100-AQ).       

     A quality of the instant compositions is that they typically have a critical wavelength of about 370 nm or greater. 
     In one embodiment, the titanium dioxide UV filters are in particular ration to one another. For example the ratio of A to B may be from about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. The ratio of C to B may be from about 1:1 to about 4:1. Additionally, the ratio of the UV filters A, B, and C may be about 1:1:2. 
     In some embodiments, A may comprise about 83% titanium dioxide, about 9% aluminum hydroxide, and about 8% stearic acid. Likewise, B may comprise about 80% titanium dioxide and about 20% silica; and C may comprise about 74% titanium dioxide, 11% silica, 9% aluminum hydroxide, and 5% alginic acid. 
     The amount of components A, B, and C can vary, and are based on the total weight of sunscreen compositions. For example, the sunscreen compositions may include from about 1 to about 10 wt. % of A; from about 1 to about 10 wt. % of B; and from about 5 to about 25 wt. % of C. Furthermore, the sunscreen composition may comprise about 3 wt. % of A; about 3 wt. % of B; and about 6 wt. % of C. 
     In one embodiment, component A of the sunscreen composition has an average particle size of about 15 nm and a specific surface area of about 50 to 70 m 2 /g; component B has an average particle size of about 20 nm and a specific surface are of about 40-90 m 2 /g; and component C has an average particle size of about 20 nm and a specific surface area of about 70-110 m 2 /g. Furthermore, in another embodiment, Component A comprises at least 78% titanium dioxide, about 9% aluminum hydroxide, and about 8% stearic acid; component B comprises at least 75% titanium dioxide and at least 13% silica; and component C comprises at least 70% titanium dioxide, about 11% silica, about 9% aluminum hydroxide, and about 6% alginic acid. 
     The present disclosure is also directed to methods of protecting a keratinous substrate from ultraviolet radiation and to methods of absorbing ultraviolet light. Such methods encompass applying a sunscreen composition to a keratinous substrate and subjecting the keratinous substrate to ultraviolet radiation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1 : compares the SPF, critical wavelength, and the whitening properties of a sample according to the instant disclosure with two comparative samples. 
         FIG. 2 : compares the whitening properties of a composition according to the instant disclosure with commercially available compositions having the same SPF (SPF 50+). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Where the following terms are used in this specification, they are used as defined below. 
     The terms “comprising,” “having,” and “including” are used in their open, non-limiting sense. 
     The terms “a” and “the” are understood to encompass the plural as well as the singular. 
     As used herein, the expression “at least one” means one or more and thus includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations. 
     “Cosmetically acceptable” means that the item in question is compatible with any keratinous substrate. For example, “cosmetically acceptable carrier” means a carrier that is compatible with any keratinous substrate. 
     A “physiologically acceptable medium” means a medium which is not toxic and can be applied to the skin, lips, hair, scalp, lashes, brows, nails or any other cutaneous region of the body. The composition of the instant disclosure may especially constitute a cosmetic or dermatological composition. 
     The phrase “essentially free” refers to less than or equal to 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 or 0.01 wt. %. 
     The phrase “stable emulsion” refers to a composition that does not undergo phase separation up to a temperature of 45° C. for at least two weeks. 
     The present disclosure relates to a sunscreen compositions comprising a combination of titanium dioxide UV filters. In one embodiment, the sunscreen compositions comprising the following three titanium dioxide UV Filters:
         A. titanium dioxide having an aluminum hydroxide and stearic acid coating (e.g., MT-100TV);   B. titanium dioxide having a silica coating (e.g., Eusolex-T-AVO); and   C. titanium dioxide having a silica, aluminum hydroxide, and alginic acid coating (e.g., MT100-AQ).       

     A quality of the instant compositions is that they typically have a critical wavelength of at least 360, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, or 370 nm. 
     In one embodiment, the titanium dioxide UV filters are in particular ration to one another. For example the ratio of A to B may be from about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. Additionally, the ratio of A to B may be from about 0.7:1 to about 1.5:1; or from about 0.8:1 to about 1.2:1; or about 1:1. 
     The ratio of C to B may be from about 1:1 to about 4:1. Additionally, the ratio of C to B may be from about 1.5:1 to about 3:1; or from about 1.7:1 to about 2.5:1; or about 2:1. 
     In another embodiment, the ratio of (A+B) to C is from about 0.5:1 to about 2:1. Additionally, the ratio of (A+B) to C may be from about 0.7:1 to about 1.5:1; or from about 0.8:1 to about 1.2:1; or about 1:1. 
     In one embodiment, the ratio of the UV filters A, B, and C may be about 1:1:2. 
     In one embodiment, component A comprises about 75 wt. % to about 90 wt. % titanium dioxide; or about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % titanium dioxide; or about 80 wt. % to about 86 wt. % titanium dioxide; or about 83 wt. % titanium dioxide. Component A also typically comprises about 5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide; or about 6 wt. % to about 12 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide; or about 7 wt. % to about 11 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide; or about 9 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide. 
     In one embodiment, component B comprises about 70 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of titanium dioxide; about 75 wt. % to about 85 wt. % titanium dioxide; about 78 wt. % to about 82 wt. % of titanium dioxide; or about 80 wt. % titanium dioxide. Component B also typically includes about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of silica; about 15 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of silica; about 18 wt. % to about 22 wt. % silica; or about 20 wt. % silica. 
     In one embodiment, component C comprises about 64 wt. % to about 84 wt. % of titanium dioxide; or about 68 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of titanium dioxide; or about 72 wt. % to about 76 wt. % of titanium dioxide; or about 74 wt. % of titanium dioxide. Component C also typically includes about 5 wt. % to about 18 wt. % silica; about 7 wt. % to about 15 wt. % silica; about 9 wt. % to about 13 wt. % silica; or about 11% silica. Component C also typically includes about 5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide; about 6 wt. % to about 14 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide; about 7 wt. % to about 11 wt. % aluminum hydroxide; or about 9 wt. % of aluminum hydroxide. Component C also typically includes about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of alginic acid; about 3 wt. % to about 8 wt. % alginic acid; about 3 wt. % to about 7 wt. % alginic acid; or about 5 wt. % alginic acid. 
     The amount of components A, B, and C in the sunscreen compositions can vary, and are based on the total weight of sunscreen compositions. For example, the sunscreen compositions may include from about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 wt. % to about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 18, 19, or 20 wt. % of component. A. The sunscreen compositions may include from about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 wt. % to about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 18, 19, or 20 wt. % of component. B. The sunscreen composition may include from about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wt. % to about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 wt. % of component C. In one embodiment, the sunscreen composition may comprise about 3 wt. % of A; about 3 wt. % of B; and about 6 wt. % of C. 
     In one embodiment, component A of the sunscreen composition has an average particle size of about 15 nm and a specific surface area of about 50 to 70 m 2 /g; component B has an average particle size of about 20 nm and a specific surface are of about 40-90 m 2 /g; and component C has an average particle size of about 20 nm and a specific surface area of about 70-110 m 2 /g. Furthermore, in another embodiment, Component A comprises at least 78% titanium dioxide, about 9% aluminum hydroxide, and about 8% stearic acid; component B comprises at least 75% titanium dioxide and at least 13% silica; and component C comprises at least 70% titanium dioxide, about 11% silica, about 9% aluminum hydroxide, and about 6% alginic acid. 
     The total amount of the combination of UV filters can vary depending on the desired SPF and overall UV filtering strength of a final sunscreen composition. In one aspect, the total amount of the combination of UV filters in a sunscreen combination is about 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt. % or less. In another aspect, the sunscreen formulation can have an SPF value that is at least about 2, 3, 3.5, 4, or 5 times the total weight percent of the combination of UV filters (combination of A+B+C) of the sunscreen compositions. For example, it is possible for a composition comprising about 12 wt. % of a total combination of UV filters to exhibit an SPF of 43, as shown in Example 1 below (the SPF is about 3.5 times higher than the total amount of the combination of UV filters used in the composition). 
     The present disclosure makes it possible to achieve the described SPFs in sunscreen compositions without the use of boosters, or essentially free of boosters, e.g., sorbeth-2-hexaoleate. Although boosters may be included in the sunscreen compositions of the instant disclosure, they are not required. 
     Sunscreen compositions according to the present disclosure can be formulated to achieve a variety of different SPFs. For example, the sunscreen formulations can have an SPF of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 or higher. 
     The present disclosure is also directed to methods for protecting a keratinous substrate from ultraviolet radiation and to methods of absorbing ultraviolet light. Such methods encompass applying a sunscreen composition to a keratinous substrate and subjecting the keratinous substrate to ultraviolet radiation. 
     Oils/Emollients 
     Examples of oils/emollients that may be included in the sunscreen compositions include: hydrocarbon-based oils of plant origin, such as liquid triglycerides of fatty acids containing from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, for instance heptanoic or octanoic acid triglycerides, or alternatively, for example, sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, marrow oil, grapeseed oil, sesameseed oil, hazelnut oil, apricot oil, macadamia oil, arara oil, coriander oil, castor oil, avocado oil, caprylic/capric acid triglycerides, for instance those sold by the company Stearineries Dubois or those sold under the names Miglyol 810, 812 and 818 by the company Dynamit Nobel, jojoba oil, shea butter oil and caprylyl glycol; synthetic esters and ethers, especially of fatty acids, for instance Purcellin oil, 2-octyldodecyl stearate, 2-octyldodecyl erucate, isostearyl isostearate; hydroxylated esters, for instance isostearyl lactate, octyl hydroxystearate, octyldodecyl hydroxystearate, diisostearyl malate or triisocetyl citrate; fatty alcohol heptanoates, octanoates or decanoates; polyol esters, for instance propylene glycol dioctanoate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate and diethylene glycol diisononanoate; and pentaerythritol esters, for instance pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate, or isopropyl lauroyl sarcosinate, sold especially under the trade name Eldew SL 205 by the company Ajinomoto; linear or branched hydrocarbons, of mineral or synthetic origin, such as volatile or non-volatile liquid paraffins, and derivatives thereof, petroleum jelly, polydecenes, isohexadecane, isododecane, hydrogenated polyisobutene such as Parleam oil, or the mixture of n-undecane (C 11 ) and of n-tridecane (C 13 ) sold under the reference Cetiol UT by the company Cognis; fluoro oils that are partially hydrocarbon-based and/or silicone-based, for instance those described in document JP-A-2 295 912; silicone oils, for instance volatile or non-volatile polymethylsiloxanes (PDMS) with a linear or cyclic silicone chain, which are liquid or pasty at room temperature, in particular volatile silicone oils, especially cyclopolydimethylsiloxanes (cyclomethicones) such as cyclohexadimethylsiloxane and cyclopentadimethylsiloxane; polydimethylsiloxanes comprising alkyl, alkoxy or phenyl groups, which are pendent or at the end of a silicone chain, these groups containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms; phenyl silicones, for instance phenyl trimethicones, phenyl dimethicones, phenyltrimethylsiloxydiphenylsiloxanes, diphenyl dimethicones, diphenylmethyldiphenyltrisiloxanes or 2-phenylethyl trimethylsiloxy silicates, and polymethylphenylsiloxanes; mixtures thereof. 
     Additional examples include benzoic acid esters of C 9 -C 15  alcohols, isononyl iso-nonanoate, C 12 -C 15  alkyl benzoate, or any combinations thereof. 
     Specific examples of oils/emollients include cocoglyceride, cyclomethicone, dimethicone, dicapryl maleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, isopropyl myristate, octyl stearate, isostearyl linoleate, lanolin oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, olive oil, avocado oil, aloe extracts, jojoba oil, castor oil, fatty acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, fatty alcohol, cetyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, diisopropyl adipate, hydroxybenzoate esters, benzoic acid esters of C 9 -C 15  alcohols, isononyl iso-nonanoate, alkanes, mineral oil, silicone, dimethyl polysiloxane, ether, polyoxypropylene butyl ether, polyoxypropylene cetyl ether, C 12 -C 15  alkyl benzoate, aryl alkyl benzoate, Isopropyl Lauroyl sarcosinate, and any combinations thereof. 
     Examples of hydrophilic organic solvents that may be included in the sunscreen compositions include:
         monohydric C 1 -C 8  alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol, isobutanol;   Polyethylene glycols from 6 to 80 ethylene oxides such as propylene glycol, isoprene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol;   mono or di-alkyl isosorbides such as dimethyl isosorbide;       

     Examples of amphiphilic organic solvents include: polypropylene glycol (PPG) like propylene glycol alkyl ester or alkyl ether of PPG like PPG-23 oleyl ether and PPG-36 oleate. 
     The above lists are only examples and not limiting. 
     The total amount of oils/emollient present in the compositions is typically about 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5 wt. % to about 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, or 30 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. 
     Film Formers 
     Film-formers are often incorporated into sunscreen compositions to ensure even coverage of the UV filters and can be used to render the composition water resistant. The film former is typically a hydrophobic material that imparts film forming and/or waterproofing characteristics. One such agent is polyethylene, which is available from New Phase Technologies as Performalene® 400, a polyethylene having a molecular weight of 400. Another suitable film former is polyethylene 2000 (molecular weight of 2000), which is available from New Phase Technologies as Performalene®. Yet, another suitable film former is synthetic wax, also available from New Phase Technologies as Performa® V-825. Other typical film-formers include acrylates/acrylamide copolymer, acrylates copolymer, acrylates/C 12 -C 22  alkylmethacrylate copolymer, polyethylene, waxes, VP/dimethiconylacrylate/polycarbamylpolyglycol ester, butylated PVP, PVP/hexadecene copolymer, octadecene/MA copolymer, PVP/eicosene copolymer, tricontanyl PVP, Brassica Campestris/Aleuritis Fordi Oil copolymer, decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (and) trimethylsiloxysilicate, and mixtures thereof. In some cases, the film former is acrylates/C 12 -C 22  alkylmethacrylate copolymer sold under the tradename Allianz OPT® by ISP. 
     Many of the common film-forming polymers included in sunscreen compositions are not soluble in ethanol (such as PVP/Eicosene copolymer). A common film-former employed in ethanol based sunscreen products is Dermacryl LT or Dermacryl 79 marketed by Akzo Nobel (INCI Name: acrylates/octylacrylamide copolymner). Dermacryl LT (CAS Number: 80570-62-3) is a hydrophobic, high molecular weight carboxylated acrylic copolymer. It functions as a film-former in a broad range of cosmetic formulations, imparting waterproofing, increased occlusivity and decreased rub-off of actives. 
     The above lists are only examples and not limiting. 
     The total amount of film-formers present in the compositions is typically in an amount of about 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5 wt. % to about 5, 10, 20, or 25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     Emulsifiers 
     The sunscreen compositions typically include at least one emulsifier such as an amphoteric, anionic, cationic or nonionic emulsifier, used alone or as a mixture, and optionally a co-emulsifier. The emulsifiers are chosen in an appropriate manner according to the emulsion to be obtained (W/O or O/W). The emulsifier and the co-emulsifier are generally present in the composition in a proportion ranging from 0.3% to 30% by weight and preferably from 0.5% to 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. 
     For W/O emulsions, examples of emulsifiers that may be mentioned include dimethicone copolyols, such as the mixture of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol sold under the trade name DC 5225 C by the company Dow Corning, and alkyl dimethicone copolyols such as the lauryl dimethicone copolyol sold under the name Dow Corning 5200 Formulation Aid by the company Dow Corning, and the cetyl dimethicone copolyol sold under the name Abil EM 90™ by the company Goldschmidt. A crosslinked elastomeric solid organopolysiloxane comprising at least one oxyalkylene group, such as those obtained according to the procedure of Examples 3, 4 and 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,004 and of the examples of U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,487, especially the product of Example 3 (synthesis example) of U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,004, such as the product sold under the reference KSG 21 by the company Shin-Etsu, may also be used as surfactants for W/0 emulsions. 
     For O/W emulsions, examples of emulsifiers that may be mentioned include nonionic emulsifiers such as oxyalkylenated (more particularly polyoxyethylenated) fatty acid esters of glycerol; oxyalkylenated fatty acid esters of sorbitan; oxyalkylenated (oxyethylenated and/or oxypropylenated) fatty acid esters; oxyalkylenated (oxyethylenated and/or oxypropylenated) fatty alcohol ethers; sugar esters such as sucrose stearate; and mixtures thereof. 
     The fatty acid esters of a sugar that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic lipids can be chosen in particular from the group comprising esters or mixtures of esters of a C 8 -C 22  fatty acid and of sucrose, of maltose, of glucose or of fructose, and esters or mixtures of esters of a C 14 -C 22  fatty acid and of methylglucose. 
     The C 8 -C 22  or C 14 -C 22  fatty acids forming the fatty unit of the esters that can be used in the emulsion comprise a saturated or unsaturated linear alkyl chain having, respectively, from 8 to 22 or from 14 to 22 carbon atoms. The fatty unit of the esters can be chosen in particular from stearates, behenates, arachidonates, palmitates, myristates, laurates, caprates and mixtures thereof. 
     By way of example of esters or of mixtures of esters of a fatty acid and of sucrose, of maltose, of glucose or of fructose, mention may be made of sucrose monostearte, sucrose distearate, sucrose tristearate and mixtures thereof, such as the products sold by the company Croda under the name Crodesta F50, F70, F110 and F160 having, respectively, an HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) of 5, 7, 11 and 16; and, by way of example of esters or of mixtures of esters of a fatty acid and of methylglucose, mention may be made of the disearate of methylglucose and of polyglycerol-3, sold by the company Goldschmidt under the name Tego-care 450. Mention may also be made of glucose monoesters or maltose monoesters, such as methyl O-hexadecanoyl-6-D-glucoside and O-hexadecanoyl-6-D-maltoside. 
     The fatty alcohol ethers of a sugar that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic lipids can be chosen in particular form the group comprising ethers or mixtures of ethers of a C 8 -C 22  fatty alcohol and of glucose, of maltose, of sucrose or of fructose, and ethers or mixtures of ethers of a C 14 -C 22  fatty alcohol and of methylglucose. They are in particular alkylpolyglucosides. 
     The C 8 -C 22  or C 14 -C 22  fatty alcohols forming the fatty unit of the ethers that can be used in the emulsion of the instant disclosure comprise a saturated or unsaturated linear alkyl chain having, respectively, from 8 to 22 or from 14 to 22 carbon atoms. The fatty unit of the ethers can be chosen in particular from decyl, cetyl, behenyl, arachidyl, stearyl, palmityl, myristyl, lauryl, capryl and hexadecanoyl units, and mixtures thereof such as cetearyl. 
     By way of example of fatty alcohol ethers of a sugar, mention may be made of alkylpolyglucosides, such as decylglucoside and laurylglucoside sold, for example, by the company Henkel under the respective names Plantaren 2000 and Plantaren 1200, cetostearylglucoside, optionally as a mixture with cetostearyl alcohol, sold, for example, under the name Montanov 68 by the company Seppic, under the name Tego-care CG90 by the company Goldschmidt and under the name Emulgade KE3302 by the company Henkel, and also arachidylglucoside, for example in the form of the mixture of arachidyl and behenyl alcohols and of arachidylglucoside sold under the name Montanov 202 by the company Seppic. 
     Use is more particularly made, as nonionic amphiphilic lipid of this type, of sucrose monostearate, sucrose distearate, sucrose tristearate and mixtures thereof, the distearate of methylglucose and of polyglycerol-3, and alkylpolyglucosides. 
     The glycerol fatty esters that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic lipids can be chosen in particular from the group comprising the esters formed from at least one acid comprising a saturated linear alkyl chain having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, and from 1 to 10 glycerol units. Use may be made of one or more of these glycerol fatty esters in the emulsion of the instant disclosure. 
     These esters may be chosen in particular from stearates, behenates, arachidates, palmitates and mixtures thereof. Stearates and palmitates are preferably used. 
     By way of example of a surfactant that can be used in the emulsion of the instant disclosure, mention may be made of decaglycerol monostearate, distearate, tristearate and pentastearate (10 glycerol units) (CTFA names: polyglyceryl-10 stearate, polyglyceryl-10 distearate, polyglyceryl-10 tristearate, polyglyceryl-10 pentastearate), such as the products sold under the respective names Nikkol Decaglyn 1-S, 2-S, 3-S and 5-S by the company Nikko, and diglyceryl monostearate (CTFA name: polyglyceryl-2 stearate) such as the product sold by the company Nikko under the name Nikkol DGMS. 
     The sorbitan fatty esters that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic lipids chosen in particular from the group comprising esters of a C 16 -C 22  fatty acid and of sorbitan and oxyethylenated esters of a C 16 -C 22  fatty acid and of sorbitan. They are formed from at least one fatty acid comprising at least one saturated linear alkyl chain, having, respectively, from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, and from sorbitol or from ethoxylated sorbitol. The oxyethylenated esters generally comprise from 1 to 100 ethylene oxide units, and preferably from 2 to 40 ethylene oxide (EO) units. 
     These esters can be chosen in particular from stearates, behenates, arachidates, palmitates and mixtures thereof. Stearates and palmitates are preferably used. 
     By way of example of sorbitan fatty ester and of an oxyethylenated sorbitan fatty ester, mention may be made of sorbitan monostearate (CTFA name: sorbitan stearate) sold by the company ICI under the name Span 60, sorbitan monopalmitate (CTFA name: sorbitan palmitate) sold by the company ICI under the name Span 40, or sorbitan 20 EO tristearate (CTFA name: polysorbate 65) sold by the company ICI under the name Tween 65. 
     The ethoxylated fatty ethers are typically ethers made up of 1 to 100 ethylene oxide units and of at least one fatty alcohol chain having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. The fatty chain of the ethers can be chosen in particular from behenyl, arachidyl, stearyl and cetyl units, and mixtures thereof, such as cetearyl. By way of example of ethoxylated fatty ethers, mention may be made of ethers of behenyl alcohol comprising 5, 10, 20 and 30 ethylene oxide units (CTFA names: beheneth-5, beheneth-10, beheneth-20 and beheneth-30), such as the products sold under the names Nikkol BB5, BB10, BB20 and BB30 by the company Nikko, and the ether of stearyl alcohol comprising 2 ethylene oxide units (CTFA name: steareth-2), such as the product sold under the name Brij 72 by the company ICI. 
     The ethoxylated fatty esters that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic lipids are esters made up of 1 to 100 ethylene oxide units and of at least one fatty acid chain comprising from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. The fatty chain of the esters can be chosen in particular from stearate, behenate, arachidate and palmitate units, and mixtures thereof. By way of example of ethoxylated fatty esters, mention may be made of the ester of stearic acid comprising 40 ethylene oxide units, such as the product sold under the name Myrj 52 (CTFA name: PEG-40 stearate) by the company ICI, and the ester of behenic acid comprising 8 ethylene oxide units (CTFA name: PEG-8 behenate), such as the product sold under the name Compritol HD5 ATO by the company Gattefosse. 
     The block copolymers of ethylene oxide and of propylene oxide that can be used as nonionic amphiphilic can be chosen in particular from poloxamers and in particular from Poloxamer 231, such as the product sold by the company ICI under the name Pluronic L81 of formula (V) with x=z=6, y=39 (HLB 2); Poloxamer 282, such as the product sold by the company ICI under the name Pluronic L92 of formula (V) with x=z=10, y=47 (HLB 6); and Poloxamer 124, such as the product sold by the company ICI under the name Pluronic L44 of formula (V) with x=z=11, y=21 (HLB 16). 
     As nonionic amphiphilic lipids, mention may also be made of the mixtures of nonionic surfactants described in document EP-A-705593, incorporated herein for reference. 
     Suitable hydrophobically-modified emulsifiers include, for example, inulin lauryl carbamate, commercially available from Beneo Orafti under the tradename Inutec SP1. 
     The above lists are only examples and not limiting. 
     The total amount of emulsifier present in the compositions is typically in an amount of about 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 wt. % to about 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, or 7.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     Gelling Agent 
     Gelling agents may also be included in the sunscreen compositions. Examples of suitable hydrophilic gelling agents include carboxyvinyl polymers such as the Carbopol products (carbomers) and the Pemulen products (acrylate/C10-C30-alkylacrylate copolymer); polyacrylamides, for instance the crosslinked copolymers sold under the names Sepigel 305 (CTFA name: polyacrylamide/C13-14 isoparaffin/Laureth 7) or Simulgel 600 (CTFA name: acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate copolymer/isohexadecane/polysorbate 80) by the company SEPPIC; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid polymers and copolymers, which are optionally crosslinked and/or neutralized, for instance the poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (CTFA name: ammonium polyacryldimethyltauramide); cellulose-based derivatives such as hydroxyethyl-cellulose; polysaccharides and especially gums such as xanthan gum; and mixtures thereof. 
     Lipophilic gelling agents (thickeners) that may be mentioned include modified clays such as hectorite and its derivatives, for instance the products sold under the name bentone. 
     In some instances, the gelling agent is ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/steareth-25 methacrylate crosspolymer, commercially available from Clariant under the tradename Aristoflex HMS. 
     The above lists are only examples and not limiting. 
     The gelling agent is typically used in an amount of about 0.05 to about 1.5% by weight, from about 0.08 to about 1.0% by weight, or about 0.1 to about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     Additional Sunscreen Filters (Protective Agents) 
     The sunscreen compositions can include additional sunscreen filters such as, for example, mineral UV filters. Examples of mineral UV filters include pigments and nanopigments (mean size of the primary particles is generally is from 5 nm to 100 nm or from 10 nm to 50 nm) of treated or untreated metal oxides such as, for example, nanopigments of titanium oxide (amorphous or crystallized in rutile and/or anatase form), of iron oxide, of zinc oxide, of zirconium oxide or of cerium oxide. The treated nanopigments are pigments that have undergone one or more surface treatments of chemical, electronic, mechanochemical and/or mechanical nature with compounds as described, for example, in Cosmetics &amp; Toiletries, February 1990, Vol. 105, pp. 53-64, such as amino acids, beeswax, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, anionic surfactants, lecithins, sodium, potassium, zinc, iron or aluminium salts of fatty acids, metal (titanium or aluminium) alkoxides, polyethylene, silicones, proteins (collagen or elastin), alkanolamines, silicon oxides, metal oxides, sodium hexametaphosphate, alumina or glycerol. The treated nanopigments may more particularly be titanium oxides treated with:
         silica and alumina, such as the products “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 500 SA” and “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 100 SA” from the company Tayca, and the products “Tioveil Fin”, “Tioveil OP”, “Tioveil MOTG” and “Tioveil IPM” from the company Tioxide;   alumina and aluminium stearate, such as the product “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 100 T” from the company Tayca;   alumina and aluminium laurate, such as the product “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 100 S” from the company Tayca;   iron oxides and iron stearate, such as the product “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 100 F” from the company Tayca;   silica, alumina and silicone, such as the products “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 100 SAS”, “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 600 SAS” and “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 500 SAS” from the company Tayca;   sodium hexametaphosphate, such as the product “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 150 W” from the company Tayca;   octyltrimethoxysilane, such as the product “T-805” from the company Degussa;   alumina and stearic acid, such as the product “UVT-M160” from the company Kemira;   alumina and glycerol, such as the product “UVT-M212” from the company Kemira;   alumina and silicone, such as the product “UVT-M262” from the company Kemira.       

     Other titanium oxide nanopigments treated with a silicone are TiO 2  treated with octyltrimethylsilane and for which the mean size of the elementary particles is between 25 and 40 nm, such as the product sold under the trade name “T805” by the company Degussa Silices, TiO 2  treated with a polydimethylsiloxane and for which the mean size of the elementary particles is 21 nm, such as the product sold under the trade name “70250 Cardre UF TiO2SI3” by the company Cardre, anatase/rutile TiO 2  treated with a polydimethylhydrogenosiloxane and for which the mean size of the elementary particles is 25 nm, such as the product sold under the trade name “Microtitanium Dioxide USP Grade Hydrophobic” by the company Color Techniques. 
     Uncoated titanium oxide nanopigments are sold, for example, by the company Tayca under the trade names “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 500 B” or “Microtitanium Dioxide MT 600 B”, by the company Degussa under the name “P 25”, by the company Wackher under the name “Oxyde de titane transparent PW”, by the company Myoshi Kasei under the name “UFTR”, by the company Tomen under the name “ITS” and by the company Tioxide under the name “Tioveil AQ”. 
     The uncoated zinc oxide nanopigments are, for example:
         those sold under the name “Z-Cote” by the company Sunsmart;   those sold under the name “Nanox” by the company Elementis; and   those sold under the name “Nanogard WCD 2025” by the company Nanophase Technologies.       

     The coated zinc oxide nanopigments are, for example:
         those sold under the name “Zinc Oxide CS-5” by the company Toshibi (ZnO coated with polymethylhydrogenosiloxane);   those sold under the name “Nanogard Zinc Oxide FN” by the company Nanophase Technologies (as a 40% dispersion in Finsolv TN, C 12 -C 15  alkyl benzoate);   those sold under the name “Daitopersion ZN-30” and “Daitopersion ZN-50” by the company Daito (dispersions in cyclopolymethylsiloxane/oxyethylenated polydimethylsiloxane, containing 30% or 50% of nanozinc oxides coated with silica and polymethylhydrogenosiloxane);   those sold under the name “NFD Ultrafine ZNO” by the company Daikin (ZnO coated with perfluoroalkyl phosphate and copolymer based on perfluoroalkylethyl as a dispersion in cyclopentasiloxane);   those sold under the name “SPD-Z1” by the company Shin-Etsu (ZnO coated with silicone-grafted acrylic polymer, dispersed in cyclodimethylsiloxane);   those sold under the name “Escalol Z100” by the company ISP (alumina-treated ZnO dispersed in an ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate/PVP-hexadecene/methicone copolymer mixture);   those sold under the name “Fuji ZNO-SMS-10” by the company Fuji Pigment (ZnO coated with silica and polymethylsilsesquioxane); and   those sold under the name “Nanox Gel TN” by the company Elementis (ZnO dispersed at a concentration of 55% in C 12 -C 15  alkyl benzoate with hydroxystearic acid polycondensate).       

     The uncoated cerium oxide nanopigments are sold under the name “Colloidal Cerium Oxide” by the company Rhone-Poulenc. The uncoated iron oxide nanopigments are sold, for example, by the company Arnaud under the names “Nanogard WCD 2002 (FE 45B)”, “Nanogard Iron FE 45 BL AQ”, “Nanogard FE 45R AQ” and “Nanogard WCD 2006 (FE 45R)” or by the company Mitsubishi under the name “TY-220”. The coated iron oxide nanopigments are sold, for example, by the company Arnaud under the names “Nanogard WCD 2008 (FE 45B FN)”, “Nanogard WCD 2009 (FE 45B 556)”, “Nanogard FE 45 BL 345” and “Nanogard FE 45 BL” or by the company BASF under the name “Transparent Iron Oxide”. 
     Mixtures of metal oxides may also be used, especially of titanium dioxide and of cerium dioxide, including the silica-coated equal-weight mixture of titanium dioxide and of cerium dioxide, sold by the company Ikeda under the name “Sunveil A”, and also the alumina, silica and silicone-coated mixture of titanium dioxide and of zinc dioxide, such as the product “M 261” sold by the company Kemira, or the alumina, silica and glycerol-coated mixture of titanium dioxide and of zinc dioxide, such as the product “M 211” sold by the company Kemira. 
     The above lists are only examples and not limiting. 
     The compositions according to the instant disclosure may be prepared according to techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art, in particular those intended for the preparation of emulsions of oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. They may be in particular in the form of a simple or complex emulsion (O/W, W/O, O/W/O or W/O/W emulsion) such as a cream or a milk, in the form of a gel or a cream-gel, or in the form of a lotion. 
     The instant disclosure will be better understood from the examples that follow, all of which are intended for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the instant disclosure in any way. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Three samples were prepared that differed only in the amount and types of titanium dioxide filters included. The samples were prepared as a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, each having the same base formula. The samples were tested for SPF, Critical Wavelength, and whitening. SPF and critical wavelength were tested in vitro by the Labsphere UV-2000. The results are presented in the table below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 MT- 
                 Eusolex- 
                 MT- 
                   
                 Critical  
                 Whit- 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 AVO 
                 100AQ 
                 SPF 
                 λ 
                 ening 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 1 
                 6 
                 0 
                 6 
                 27 
                 362 
                 Most 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sample 2 
                 0 
                 6 
                 6 
                 32 
                 364 
                 Medium 
               
               
                 (comparative) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sample 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 6 
                 43 
                 371.9 
                 Least 
               
               
                 (inventive) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The inventive sample (Sample 3), which included all three titanium dioxide UV filters exhibited the highest SPF, the highest critical wavelength, and the least amount of whitening. 
     Example 2 
     Commercially available sunscreen formulations were compared with an inventive formulation (Reactive Emulsion) and the critical wavelength and whitening characteristics compared in  FIG. 2 . The X-axis of  FIG. 2  shows the difference in L* value (LAB color space value). A Lab color space is a color-opponent space with dimension L for lightness and “a” and “b” for the color-opponent dimensions, based on nonlinearly compressed CIE XYZ color space coordinates. The following compositions were compared to the Reactive Emulsion (12% TiO 2 ) (according to the invention):
         SKC (6% TiO 2 , 5% ZnO) (Skinceuticals Sheer Physical UV Defense);   LRP Anthelios (11% TiO 2 ) (La Roche Posay Anthelios sunscreen); and   LRP Reno (15% TiO 2 ) (a modified formulation with additional TIO2 based on La Roche Posay base formula).       

     Zinc oxide exhibits much less whitening than titanium dioxide. Therefore, the goal was to use titanium dioxide (without zinc oxide) and achieve the same efficacy and similar whitening to a UV filter combination that includes zinc oxide.  FIG. 2  shows that the 12% TiO 2  formula (composition according to the invention) has little or no significant difference in whitening versus the ZnO/TiO 2  formula (even though the composition according to the invention has 1% more UV filters). The composition according to the invention exhibits less whitening than the commercially available 11% TiO 2  formula (even though the composition according to the invention has 1% more UV filters); and much less whitening than the 15% TiO 2 . The commercially available 11% TiO 2  formula did not pass the critical wavelength test (critical wavelength of 370 nm or greater) but the 15% TiO 2  formula did pass the critical wavelength test. Thus, absent utilization of the instant invention, commercially available sunscreen formulation must incorporate at least 15% TiO 2  in order to achieve a critical wavelength of 370 nm or greater. However, when 15% TiO 2  is incorporated into the sunscreen formulation, the composition exhibits an undesirably high degree of whitening. In other words, the technology according to the instant invention allows one to attain the critical wavelength of 370 nm or greater using a low overall amount of titanium dioxide filters without encountering an undesirable degree of whitening (without the need for zinc oxide).