Abstract:
Device converting thermal energy into kinetic energy, related to the group of machines based on four-phase basic thermodynamic cycles. It uses rarefied gas in a novel three-phase cycle, of which the first phase is a spontaneous isothermal gas aggregation ( 0  - - -  1 ), equivalent to an ideal isothermal compression, followed by an adiabatic expansion ( 1  - - -  2 ), with work produced at the expense of the internal thermal energy of the gas via a gas turbine ( 5 ), and by an isobaric expansion ( 2  - - -  0 )), where the expanded gas is reheated via a heat exchanger ( 6 ), while cooling the ambient air ( 7 ). 
     The spontaneous aggregation ( 0  - - -  1 ) is accomplished when the gas passes through numerous special microscopic holes, like slot ( 26 ) and cone ( 27 ) with diverging inner surfaces, cavity ( 28 ) with concave spherical surfaces, where the molecular layer adsorbed upon the inner walls of the holes, slightly diverts the (normally) uniform rebound of the molecules to directions inclining towards the perpendiculars to the reflecting surfaces, with the result that a small amount of gas is passing through the holes spontaneously achieving the aggregated output.

Description:
[0001]    My invention is a device converting thermal energy into kinetic one, related to the group of machines using four-phase basic thermodynamic processes like Carnot or Otto cycles. These devices need, for their operation, some kind of available outside heat source to be converted into kinetic energy. They consist of continuously lubricated moving parts, working in high temperatures, with quality deteriorating by usage and with noise emission. 
         [0002]    My invention uses rarefied gas in a novel three-phase thermodynamic cycle, as shown in  FIG. 1  (p,v diagram), of which the first phase is a spontaneous isothermal gas aggregation ( 0  - - -  1 ), equivalent to an ideal isothermal compression, the second phase is an adiabatic expansion ( 1  - - -  2 ), with work produced via an expander and the third one is an isobaric expansion ( 2  - - -  0 ) where, by means of an exchanger, the cooled gas is reheated again (q 2 ) by cooling the ambient air. The shaded area below the adiabatic path ( 1  - - -  2 ) represents the work done at the expense of the internal thermal energy of the gas(lso). The first phase arises when the gas passes through numerous special microscopic holes, with sizes comparable to the mean free path of the molecules, so that the latter do not collide with each other but only with the walls. The solid lines with the arrows show the central paths of the swarms of molecules. I have thought up smart geometric shapes for these holes, like slot ( FIG. 2 ) and cone ( FIG. 3 ) with diverging inner surfaces, cavity ( FIG. 4 ) with segments of spherical inner surfaces, in order that the molecules may take advantage of a phenomenon (to be discussed further down the text), with the result that, during successive rebounds upon the inner walls, they tend to move forward, forming a small but discrete net flow from the input(i) to the output (o). Under these special conditions the gas comes out of the holes spontaneously and isothermally, entering a room with increased density. Obviously, there result five advantages by the use of my invention, ie (1) energy production at the expense of the internal thermal energy of the gas, which then is reheated by the ambient air, (2) refrigeration for any domestic appliances, (3) no moving parts (except the expander), (4) high quality operation and (5) no noise. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0003]      FIG. 5  (parallel view and cross section S-S) shows the device, consisting of a vacuum glassvessel ( 1 ) divided into two rooms ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) by a region ( 4 ) containing the microscopic holes&#39; assembly and consisting of a great number of holes grouped into standard small modules (m), all arranged in a parallel layout as regards the gas flow. The closed circuit of the gas flow is supplemented with an adiabatic expander ( 5 ), within room ( 3 ), and a heat exchanger ( 6 ) in the return path of the gas from ( 3 ) to ( 2 ), transferring heat from the ambient air ( 7 ) to the gas with the help of ventilator ( 8 ). With suitable pressure difference between ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) an optimum flow is established, so that the device is continuously performing work, eg by means of a generator ( 9 ), coupled to the expander through a magnetic clutch ( 10 ) and a speed reduction gear ( 11 ) (if needed), and at the same time it offers cooling possibilities. 
       The Phenomenon. 
       [0004]    The operation of the device is based on a phenomenon observed at the time of the experimental research and evaluation of the external friction of gases [1], where it was shown that the molecules in a rarefied gas, rebounded from the inner walls of the container, under suitable vacuum pressure, do not exactly obey the so called cosine-law (uniform rebound to all directions) [2, p. 27], but, due to the existence of a molecular layer, adsorbed upon the walls, their path directions tend to slightly incline towards the perpendiculars to the walls, provided that the inner surfaces are quite smooth and the size of the container comparable with the mean free path of the molecules. Both of these properties are very important. The surface smoothness inside the holes must be perfect enough for the adsorption layer to cover the surface irregularities completely, otherwise the layer action is cancelled and the cosine-law prevails again. Fortunately, nowadays a state-of-the-art value of surface roughness has been realized down to 1 nm, rms and even better [3], while in earlier decades values of less than 20 nm apparently had not been reached [4, p. 622]. With regard to the size, I have taken the fundamental dimension of the holes l=10 μm, which size is relatively easily realizable, happily in accordance with the technological progress of these days on Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) [5, p. 56] and which is conveniently adaptable to the selected mean free path λ=10 μm, as well as to the corresponding pressure [6, p. 24], within the range of a well developed molecular layer. Finally, I consider worth mentioning that this peculiar behaviour of the molecular layers offers a natural explanation of the repulsive forces between adjacent corpuscles in the Brownien motion phenomenon and also in the expansion of dust in the air [1, p. 331]. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0005]    The device has not been realized and tested experimentally. Nevertheless, its successful working ability is indeed proved indirectly, because it is based on the experimental and theoretical work mentioned in [1] as well as on a simulation method, assisted by electronic computer programs, to be described quantitavely as follows. 
       The Simulation Method. 
       [0006]    In order to evaluate the amount of flow through the microscopic holes, it is necessary first to calculate the number of molecules emitted from any point A of the inner walls and fallen on any other point B as a function of the geometric parameters (dimensions, angles) of the holes. 
         [0007]    Following the computer symbolism, let 
         [0000]    AB[m]=distance between two points A and B located anywhere on the inner walls of a hole.
 
na[sw/m 3 ]=swarm of molecules per unit volume (volume density) around A
 
dna[sw/(m 2 *s)]=swarm of molecules per unit area per unit time rebounded from A within an infinitesimal stereo-angle dΩ[sr] towards B.
 
v[m/s]=arithmetic mean velocity of the molecules
 
cfa, cfb=cosines of angles φ A ,φ B  between AB and the perpendiculars on the respective infinitesimal facets dsa and dsb at A and B.
 
na*v/4[sw/(m 2 *s)]=molecules per unit area per unit time (surface density) re-bounded from A to the inner hemisphere.
 
         [0008]    Then, in the absence of the adsorbed layer the cosine-law is expressed as follows [2, p. 27], (Pi means π): 
         [0000]    dna=na*v/(4*Pi)*cfa*dΩ=na*v/4*cfa*cfb/(Pi*AB 2 )*dsb
 
Or, in reduced form (divided by no*v/4 and multiplied by dsa/dsb)
 
         [0000]        dna*dsa /( no*v/ 4 *dsb )= wa*cfa*cfb /( Pi*AB   2 )* dsa   (1) 
         [0000]    where wa=(na*v/4)/(no*v/4)=relative surface density on A, wo=no*v/4=input surface density. On integration of dΩ over the inner hemisphere we obtain the basic quantity na*v/4. The factor cfa expresses the cosine-law. 
         [0009]    Now, in the presence of the adsorbed layer the cosine-law is to be modified, ie the factor cfa should be substituted by [1, p. 325] {[1−⅔*f(p)]*cfa+f(p)*cfa 2 }, where f(p) is an increasing function with the pressure and with f(p) max = 3/2, occurring at p=I, 918 mmHg, which corresponds to ( 3/2*cfa 2 ) as a substitute of cfa. In that case 
         [0000]        dna*dsa /( no*v/ 4 *dsb )= wa*  3/2* cfa   2   *cfb /( Pi*AB   2 )* dsa   (2) 
         [0010]    This formula may be used at least also for pressures above 1.918[mmHg], up to 23,2 mmHg, which corresponds to the maximum thickness of the layer and beyond, given that it does not drop quickly after the maximum [1, p. 305, Table]. The forms of the holes are selected to possess some kind of symmetry so that the inner walls, as reflecting surfaces, may be divided into a large number (n) of strips (for the slots) and rings (for the cones and cavities), as shown in ( 12 ) of FIGS.  2 , 3 , 4 . The same thing may be done on the input (i) and output (o) surfaces. Then, the relative density wa is constant along a strip or a ring I have to remark that wa, when referred to the walls is an unknown, while when referred to the input surface it is known and equal to 1, and when referred to the output surface it is equal to the compression factor k between input and output. So, for each point B we are allowed to integrate (sum up) equations (1) and (2) over each strip or ring, having previously expressed these equations as functions of the geometric parameters of the holes. After integration (addition) and by putting i for A i(=1,2,3, . . . n)  and j for B j(=1,2,3, . . . ) , I rewrite equations (1) and (2) in a new form 
         [0000]        sw   ij   =w   i   *fbbp   ij (layer absent)| 
         [0000]        sw   ijij   =w   i   *fbbp   ij (layer present)|  (3) 
         [0000]    where sw ij =swarm of molecules per strip or ring per unit time, rebounded from the strip or ring containing A i  to B j , per unit area for B. 
         [0011]    fbbp ij =transmission coefficients from a strip or ring i to point j, that are calculated as functions of the geometric parameters. In order to find the n unknown densities, I express, in the form of equation, the following equality which, under steady-state conditions, takes place between the number of molecules fallen on any reflecting point j and the number w j  rebounded from the same point. 
         [0000]      Σ i(=1,2,3, . . . n)   sw   ij [reflecting surface]+Σ i(=1,2,3, . . . n)   sw   ij [input surface]+ k*Σ   i(=1,2,3, . . . n)   sw   ij [output surface]= w   j   (4) 
         [0012]    The first sum includes the unknown variables w i . The second and third sums are known. In terms of equations (3) this equality, appropriately rearranged, becomes an n-variable linear equation for point j: 
         [0000]      Σ 1(=1,2,3, . . . j−1)   fbbp   ij   *w   i +( fbbp   ij −1)* w   j +Σ i(=j+1,j+2, . . . n)   fbbp   ij   *w   i =−Σ i(=1,2,3, . . . n)   fbbp   ij (input)− k*Σ   i(=1,2,3, . . . n)   fbbp   ij (output)  (5) 
         [0000]    Finally, we have a system of n n-variable linear equations, which may be solved with the help of Gauss algorithm [7, p. 44-28]. 
       Three Examples. 
       [0013]    Having established the numerical values of the n variables (densities), both for layer absence and layer presence conditions, it is easy to calculate the algebraic sum Fl(k) of flows of molecules through the input or output (it is the same), including all the path combinations. This net overall flow Fl(k) is a linear function of k, reduced to the unit of input surface density no*v/4 and to the unit of area l o   2  (slots and cones) [FIGS.  2 , 3 ] and r 2  (cavities) [ FIG. 4 ], (l o =2*l, r=l). Under layer absence and for k=1 we have Fl(l)=0, which complies with the cosine-law. Under layer presence sad for k=1 we have Fl(l)=Flm(maximum) and for k=km(maximum) the flow stops, ie Fl(km)=0. Under layer presence 
         [0000]        Fl ( k )= Flm *( km−k )/( km− 1)  (6) 
         [0014]    Flm and km are also functions of the geometric parameters of the holes, ie li,ω for slots and cones (FIGS.  2 , 3 ) and ac0, bd0 for cavities ( FIG. 4 ). Optimum values: 
         [0000]                                                                          Geometric parameters   slot   cone   cavity                                        li(=li/lo)   0.4   0.5               ω[rad]   1.4   0.8           ac0 = bd0[rad]           0.7227           Overall flow Flm   0.052   0.0218   0.1600           Compression factor km   1.1100   1.2500   1.2000                        
km is found by the trial-and-error method or directly with the formula:
 
         [0000]        km =( A−Flm )/ A  (A=program under layer presence, k=1, zero input)  (7). 
         [0015]    Because of the great number of holes needed to achieve a somewhat remarkable result, I have organized the construction of the device in a form of small modules, as shown in  FIG. 6 , consisting of a certain number (s) of parallel very thin panels, say xe(=0.3 cm)*ye(=2.1 cm), each perforated with a number of holes (( 13 ) for parallel slots of length all the way of the module&#39;s y-dimension, ( 14 ) for cones and cavities) and arranged in a pile ( 15 ) of height 
         [0000]        H ( s )= s*h+ 2 *d   (8) 
         [0000]    where h(=0.2 cm)=distance between successive panels, d(=1 cm)=input or output air ducts. The arrows show the path of the molecules. Suitable supporting rods (( 4 ), solid lines) fix the panels in place. Along z we have (s) holes in series and the molecule compression factor is k s  (=k 1 *k 2 * . . . *k s ),(k 1 =k 2 = . . . =k s =k). The number Nmod(=ax*ay) of holes per panel or of piles of holes per module is estimated to 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Slot 
                 Cone 
                 Cavity 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nmod = ax * ay = 
                 80 * (2 cm/lo) 
                 100 * 400 
                 66 * 400 
                 (9) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0016]    Two gases, Helium and Hydrogen, have been chosen as the most suitable for use with the device. The present examples will work with Hydrogen (mass g[kg]=0.3347/10 26 , arithmetic mean velocity v[m/s]=1693 [6, p. 323]). 
         [0017]    Now,  FIG. 7  (not in scale) shows a possible arrangement ( 18 ) of these modules (m) within apart O=0.04241 m 3  (W=0.054 m) of a space ( 17 ) with dimensions X=1 m and D(diameter)−1 m, which will contain the device of  FIG. 5  (modules&#39; assembly and expander). I have taken a limited value of O in order to accommodate a heat exchanger of reasonable size for the device. The arrows indicate the gas flow directions (i=input, o=output). Then, the number v(s) of modules contained in O and the whole number Np(s) of piles of holes is, 
         [0000]        v ( s )= O /( xe*ye*H ( s )) and  Np ( s )= Nmod*v ( s )  (10) 
         [0018]    With regard to  FIG. 1 : Work done per cycle(shaded area) [8, p. 244] 
         [0000]        ls [J/kg]= R[ J/(kg* K )]* To [K]/( n− 1)*{1−(1 /k   s ) ((n−1)/n) }  (11) 
       R[4, p. 872]=4124, n[4, p. 872]=1.409 
       [0019]    To[K]=253 for slots, 273 for cones and cavities (see next paragraph). 
         [0020]    In order to maximize the output power, the following expression a(k), which is a product of three factors in Eqs (6), (8), (11), contained in the power output formula, must be maximized with respect to (k) and with (s) as a parameter, given that (s) may not exceed a limit (so), where the mean free path still remains “free” within the last holes, 
         [0000]        a ( k )=( km−k )/( km− 1)/( s*h+ 2 *d )*{1−(1 /k   s ) ((n−1)/n) }  (12), 
         [0000]    to find k=ko, s=so. Computed values of ko, so, Fl(ko), H(so), v(so), Np(so), lso follow: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 slot 
                 cone 
                 cavity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ko 
                 1.05225 
                 1.106 
                 1.085 
               
               
                 so 
                 17 
                 9 
                 11 
               
               
                 Fl(ko) 
                 0.0273 
                 0.01256 
                 0.0920 
               
               
                 H(so)[cm] 
                 5.4 
                 3.8 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 v(so) 
                 12465 
                 17715 
                 16028 
               
               
                 Np(so)/10 6   
                 997.2 
                 708.6 
                 423.1 
               
               
                 lso[J/kg] 
                 566933 
                 637950 
                 630466 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0021]    With plenty of margin (h) between successive panels and ample input-output air ducts (d), the speed of flow outside the holes is kept within a few meters per second, practically eliminating friction losses and noise. 
       Expander and Heat Exchanger 
       [0022]    The expander [9, p. 449] is a single-stage reaction gas turbine, accommodated within the device ( FIG. 5 . ( 5 )). Its main features of interest here are the wheel diameter (D), the revolving speed (n) and the efficiency factor βexp=0.825 [9, p. 271]. 
         [0023]    The exchanger [4, p. 470-472] is constituted of 30 glasstubes ( FIG. 5 , ( 6 )) in parallel, 0.05 m in diameter, 1 m of length, situated along and around the device. The gas H 2  passes(in laminar flow) through the tubes, while air ( FIG. 5 , ( 7 )) is forced (in turbulent flow) around them, in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows, by means of the ventilator ( FIG. 5 , ( 8 )), with velocities 2 to 5 m/s. In order to realize such a reasonable size of this component, it was necessary to let a greater temperature drop between warm air and cool H 2 (40° C. for slots, 20° C. for cones and cavities).  FIG. 8  shows schematically [9, p. 271] the heat exchanger and the corresponding flow diagram. The horizontal and slanted arrows show air- and H 2 -flow, vertical arrows show heat-flow. The (computed) pressure drop, in the H 2 -flow is too small to be taken into consideration. Calculated values of (D), (n), and the working pressures and temperatures are as follows (c v [kcal/(kg*K)]=2.41 [4, p. 871], e[kcal/J]=0.2388/10 3 ): 
         [0000]                                                                                                                                                      Slot   Cone   Cavity                                    EXPANDER D[m]-n[rev/min]   0.60-3630   0.41-3630   0.44-3630                Pressure   input p 1  = po * ko{circumflex over ( )}so   1020 * 2.377   1121 * 2.48   1121 * 2.45           output po[Pa]   1020   1121   1121            Temperatue input To(=Td)   253   273   273       Output Tc = To − βexp * lso * e/c v     206.7   220.8   221.5       EXCHANGER Input air tempTa   293   293   293            Output air temp.   Tb   246.7(−26.3° C.)   240.8(−32.2° C.)   241.5(−31.5° C.)       Input H 2  temp.   Tc   206.7   220.8   221.5       Output H 2  temp.   Td(=To)   253   273   273            Ta − Tb = Td − Tc   46.3   52.2   51.5       Air flow rate[m 3 /s]   0.95   0.66   0.77       Ventilator Power Ivent.[w]   190   120   140                    
Hydorgen re-heating thermal energy (FIG.  1 )[8,p.235]:q 2 =c p   8 (To−Tc)
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Slot 
                 Cone 
                 Cavity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 q 2 [kcal/kg] 
                 157.42 
                 177.48 
                 175.10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       NumerIcal Results. 
       [0024]    Finally, I proceed to calculate all the factors which determine the output power: Loschimdt number[6,p.17](p=1,02*10 5 Pa,T=273k)=. =2,687*10 25 molecules/m 3    
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Slot 
                 Cone 
                 Cavity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Input pressure 
                 po[Pa] 
                 1020 
                 1121 
                 1121 
               
               
                   
                 po[mmHg] 
                 7.68 
                 8.41 
                 8.41 
               
               
                 Input Temperatue 
                 To[K] 
                 253 
                 273 
                 273 
               
               
                 Input Vol.Density 
                 no[sw/m 3 ]/10 23   
                 2.900 
                 2.950 
                 2.950 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Velocity 
                 v[m/s] 
                 1630 
                 1693 
                 1693 
               
               
                 Input Surf.Density: 
               
               
                 wo = (no * v/4)[sw/ 
                   
                 1182 
                 1249 
                 1249 
               
               
                 (m 2  * s]/10 23   
               
               
                 lo[m] = 20/10 6   
                 r[m] = 10/10 6   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    Mass flow-rate per hole:
       Slots and Cones gf[kg/s]=g*Fl(ko)*wo*lo 2      Cavities gf[kg/s]=g*Fl(ko)*wo*r 2      Total flow rate G[kg/s]=gf*Np(so)   Power output of expander Iexp[watt]=βexp*lso*G:   Power output (pract.) Ipr[watt]=Iexp−Ivent       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Slots 
                 Cones 
                 Cavities 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fl(ko) 
                 0.0273 
                 0.01256 
                 0.0920 
               
               
                 gf[kg/s] * 10 12   
                 4.32 
                 2.10 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 G[kg/s] * 10 3   
                 4.308 
                 1.487 
                 1.629 
               
               
                 lso[J/kg] 
                 566933 
                 637950 
                 630466 
               
               
                 Iexp[watt] 
                 2015 
                 783 
                 849 
               
               
                 Ivent[watt] 
                 190 
                 120 
                 140 
               
               
                 Ipract[watt] 
                 1825 
                 663 
                 709 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Construction Hints. 
       [0031]    Mass production can be achieved by the method of pressing [10, p. 8-1], not excluding any other competent method. As construction material I would propose glass, ceramic, silicon or the like, used in semiconductor technology.  FIG. 9  shows a slot panel ie an arrangement of parallel triangular rods ( 19 ), forming slots (s) in between, lying on supporting rods ( 20 ) (cross-section T 1 -T 1 ) at suitable intervals. Cross-section T 2 -T 2  of rods ( 1 ). The distance between successive panels is h=0.2 cm. Both forms of rods can easily be manufactured in mass production with the active surface (b) made very smooth by advanced polishing processes [5, p. 56]. 
         [0032]    The slot solution presents evident advantages over the other two solutions in (a) manufacture (b) greater output power per unit volume. 
         [0033]      FIG. 10  shows a cone panel ( 21 ) with cones (c) (cross-section T 2 -T 2 ), arranged in series along x, lying on supporting rods ( 22 ) (cross-section T 1 -T 1 ), which are placed between adjacent cone series. Intervals between successive panels are equal to h=0.2 cm. The cone active surface (b) is made very smooth.  FIG. 11  shows a possible scheme for cone panel fabrication, with the help of molds ( 2   a , cylinders), ( 2   b ) and (p) as pressing means. 
         [0034]    Finally,  FIG. 12  shows a cavity panel ( 23 ), carrying the holes with the active spherical surfaces (b) and the supporting rods ( 24 ) (cross-sections (T 1 -T 1 ,T 2 -T 2 )), carrying the active spherical surfaces (c). At suitable intervals along the rods ( 24 ), a contact rod ( 25 ) is made in place of the corresponding active surface (c), with elimination of the opposite side hole, in order that the panel is rigidly supported.  FIGS. 13 and 14  show the forming of the active surfaces (b) and (c) of the cavity respectively, with the help of molds ( 3   a ),( 3   b ),( 3   c , cylinders), (p) for  FIG. 13  and ( 4   a ),( 4   b ),(p) for  FIG. 14 . To achieve the exact spherical surface the molds should be equipped with tiny balls s (dia. 20 μm), with smooth spherical shape, like those used in miniature ball-bearings [11]. 
       Computer Programs. 
       [0035]    A 3½ in floppy disc is available, containing the programs (written in Q-basic) of the present invention. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         [1] Annalen der Physik, W. Gaede, 41, S.289-336, 1913 
         [2] Physik und Technik des Hochvacuums, A. Goetz, F. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1926. 
         [3] Optical Surfices Ltd, Godstone Road Kenley Surrey, England CR8 5AA (correspondance). 
         [4] Dubbel, Taschenbuch fur den Machinenbau I, Springer-Verlag, 13. Auflage, 1974. 
         [5] IEEE Spectrum, January 1999. 
         [6] Fundamentals of Vacuum Techniques, A. Pipko et al., MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1984 
         [7] Reference Data for Radio Engineers, H. W. Sams and Co, Inc. (ITT), 1969. 
         [8] Engineering Thermodynamics, V. A. Kirillin et al., MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1976. 
         [9] Principles of Jet Propulsion and Gas Turbines, M. J. Zucrow, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, 1948. 
         [10] Glass Engineering Handbook, G. W. McLelland, E. B. Shand McGraw Hill, Inc., 1984. 
         [11] Myonic GmbH, Miniature Bearings Division, Biel-Bienne, Swingerland.