Abstract:
A housing for electronic circuits designed, illustratively, for use in cable television networks includes a specialized electrically conductive grounding clip that establishes grounding contact between an exterior surface of a first housing element and an interior surface of a second housing element, the first housing element being positionable within an opening in the second housing element such that the interior and exterior surfaces are substantially aligned. The grounding deice includes an intermediate section defining a first end and a second end and a through opening, with an arcuate spring biased grounding clip extending along the through opening. First and second integral flange sections extend from the first and second ends of the intermediate section, respectively, and are dimensioned and arranged to apply retention forces, to substantially opposing surfaces of one of the housing elements so that the ground clip is held in place without the need for a mechanical fastener or adhesive. This allows, for example, the first housing element to be simply and easily inserted into the second housing element and later secured thereto with a repeatable and reliable grounding that does not rely upon the skill of the factory assembler or field maintenance personnel.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The preset invention relates generally to the packaging of electronic equipment, and more particularly, to the reliable grounding of electronic components mounted within a housing. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An illustrative application in which the grounding structure and technique of the present invention is especially useful is in the packaging of certain cable television (CATV) equipment. Conventional broadband coaxial CATV systems, for example, have typically been designed with a system architecture known as “trunk and feeder”. The function of a trunk coaxial cable is to deliver broadband television signals from a reception center, or headend, over the shortest distance with the least amount of amplification to a plurality of distribution points. The distribution points en are connected to feeder coaxial cables which emanate from the trunk coaxial cable and contain subscriber tap off devices. At the distribution points, the feeders connect to the trunk at locations commonly termed trunk/ridger stations. Each trunk/bridger station generally includes a trunk amplifier for maintaining sufficient signal level through the trunk coaxial cable and a bridger amplifier for tapping off a portion of the trunk signal and distributing it to the feeders emanating from the trunk/bridger station. Because they are at the same location, the trunk amplifier and bridger amplifier have generally been contained within the same environmental housing. 
     In the course of routine maintenance as well as to perform emergency repairs, it is occasionally necessary to remove the aforementioned amplifier equipment from its housing and install a replacement. Because a large number of subscribers may potentially be affected by such an operation, and because of the substantial quantity of these devices in the typical CATV network, it is highly desirable that the replacement be performed quickly and efficiently. For this reason, a need exists for an amplifier and signal splitting package that is configured as a single, integral assembly. A further need exists for a reliable grounding technique by which adequate and repeatable grounding connections may be made between such a package and the housing in which it is mounted. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The aforementioned need is addressed, and an advance is made in the art, by a grounding device for use in establishing grounding contact between an electrically conductive surface of a first housing element and an electrically conductive surface of a second housing element, the first housing element being positionable within an opening in the second housing element such that the respective electrically conductive surfaces of each housing element are substantially aligned. In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the electrically conductive surfaces face one another and the grounding device is interposed therebetween. 
     A grounding device constructed in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention comprises an intermediate section defining a first end and a second end and a through opening. First and second integral flange sections extend from the first and second ends of the intermediate section, respectively, and these flange sections are dimensioned and arranged to apply retention forces to substantially opposing surfaces of one of the first and second housing elements. By way of illustration, the opposing surfaces may be defined on the first housing element such that they are contiguous with the electrically conductive surface thereof. Such an arrangement maintains alignment of the intermediate section with the electrically conductive surface of the first housing element, such that the first housing element may be readily inserted into the second housing element without the risk of the grounding device becoming dislodged, loosened, or improperly positioned and without the need for mechanical fasteners or electrically conductive adhesives. An arcuate spring clip section extends along the through opening, the spring clip section being free to flex and being dimensioned and arranged to provide grounding contact with the electrically conductive of the second housing element when the first housing element is disposed within the opening of the second housing element. 
     A modular electronics package constructed in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention comprises, in combination, an electronics module comprising a first housing element positionable with an opening in a housing such that an electrically conductive exterior surface of the first housing element faces is aligned with an electrically conductive interior surface of the second housing element. The electronics package further includes a printed circuit board electrically coupled to the first housing element, the printed circuit board having at least one electronic component disposed thereon adapted to operate only when the electrically conductive exterior surface of the first housing element is properly connected to ground. 
     The illustrative modular electronics package further includes at least one grounding device electrically coupled and secured to the first housing element without the use of mechanical fasteners or adhesives. By way of illustration, the grounding device may be configured with an intermediate section defining a first end and a second end and a through opening, with first and second integral flange sections extending from the first and second ends of the intermediate section. To retain the intermediate section in position with respect to the electrically conductive surface of the first housing element, the first and second integral flange sections are dimensioned and arranged to apply retention forces to substantially opposing surfaces of the first electrically conductive housing element. An arcuate spring clip section extends along the through opening of the intermediate section, the spring clip section being free to flex and being dimensioned and arranged to provide grounding contact with the electrically conductive interior surface of the second housing element. Depending upon the specific design requirements of a given application, a plurality of grounding elements may be employed so as to establish respective grounding paths between mutually aligned surfaces of the first housing element and second housing element. 
     As will be readily ascertained by those skilled in the art, an installed modular electronics package constructed in accordance with the present invention may be easily installed and easily removed from a second housing element - during factory assembly and testing operations, for example—and a replacement rapidly inserted in its place in the field without the risk of unpredictable or unrepeatable grounding behavior. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The various features and advantages of the subject invention will be better understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which: 
     FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a complete assembly incorporating a package constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention; the cover being opened to reveal an upper surface of the package; 
     FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of the illustrative package of FIG. 1 depicting the arrangement of multiple grounding devices in accordance with the teachings of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a further exploded view of the illustrative package of FIGS. 1 and 2, with greater detail of the grounding devices being visible; 
     FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a single grounding device constructed in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the grounding device of FIG. 4, taken across line IV—IV in FIG. 4; and 
     FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the encircled region B in FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With initial reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a representative example of a completed assembly  10  that incorporates a modular electronics package constructed in accordance with the present invention. In the embodiment shown, cover  12  and chassis with housing element  14  (a “second housing element”) collectively form a clamshell housing, with access to the interior compartment housing electronics package  16  being obtained by pivoting the hinged cover  12  about hinges  18  in the manner shown. By way of non-limiting example, the completed assembly  10  may be configured as a trunk/bridger station of a cable television network (CATV). Such stations typically include a trunk amplifier (not shown) for maintaining a sufficient signal level through a trunk coaxial cable and a bridger amplifier for tapping off a portion of the trunk signal and distributing it to the feeders emanating from the trunk/bridger station. 
     Of course, as will soon become apparent, the grounding technique and structure of the present invention may be employed in any application where there is a need to provide a reliable ground path between opposing or otherwise aligned, electrically conductive surfaces which are movable relative to one another during assembly. Thus, although the grounding device of the present invention will be described in detail with respect to the particular illustrative environment of a CATV trunk/bridging station, it should be emphasized that such description is for purposes of non-limiting example only. 
     In any event, and with continued reference to the illustrative example FIG. 1, it will be seen that housing element  14  defines an interior compartment having an opening dimensioned and arranged to receive the electronics module  16 , the only visible portion of the latter being a radio frequency (RF) shield  20  designed to protect sensitive electronic components within the compartment. Within the compartment is a substantially planar interior surface  22  (a “fourth electrically conductive surface”) which extends along the entire perimeter of the compartment. For a variety of reasons, including the need for durability and the dissipation of heat, cover  12  and housing element  14  are typically constructed of an electrically conductive metal or alloy such, for example, as aluminum, As such, in the illustrative example of FIG. 1 the entire peripheral surface  22  is electrically conductive such that a grounding connection made in accordance with the present invention may be made at any selected location along the perimeter of the modulereceiving compartment. Should it not be necessary or desirable to fabricate the entirety of housing element  14  from an electrically conductive material, however, it Will suffice to provide localized regions of electrically conductive material to define electrically conductive, grounding contact surfaces. 
     Continuing with the illustrative trunk/bridger amplifier embodiment of a completed assembly depicted in FIG. 1, it will be seen that additional components or circuitry, generally indicated at reference numeral  24 , may be retained within a second compartment defined in cover  12 . Electrical interconnectivity between electronics module  16  and additional components  24  is achieved by an appropriate multiple conductor cable as cable  26 . Several output ports (only two of which, generally indicated at reference numerals  28  and  30 ,are shown) and an RF input port (not shown, opposite port  30 ) are defined in housing element  14  to accommodate appropriate connection to a CATV network. To permit removal and replacement of electronics module  16  without disturbing the external RF connections, the RF ports as ports  28  and  30  may be coupled to the electronics module by appropriate two-piece, right angle connectors (not shown) within the compartment of housing element  14 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, electronics module  16  is shown in greater detail with RF shield  20  removed to reveal the internal construction. In the illustrative embodiment, electronics module  16  comprises a housing element  32  (a “first housing element”) comprised of an electrically conductive material and dimensioned to be received within the compartment of housing element  14  (the “second housing element” discussed above). To this end, housing element  32  defines an electrically conductive peripheral exterior surface  34  (a “second electrically conductive surface”) which corresponds to and is alignable with the electrically conductive, interior surface  22  (the “fourth electrically conductive surface”) of housing element  14 . Accordingly, where as in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 1 the interior surface  22  of housing is substantially planar and oriented in a substantially vertical plane, likewise the exterior surface  34  is also substantially planar and oriented in a substantially vertical plane such that a mating registration with a suitable amount of clearance between mutually opposing surfaces  22  and  34  Is achieved. As will be explained in more detail later, this arrangement permits one or more grounding devices  36  to be secured to a first of the housing elements  12  and  32  at any selected location along a corresponding one of the interior and exterior surfaces  22  and  34 , respectively. 
     In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, it will be seen that the grounding devices  36  are positioned on housing element  32  so as to overly selected portions of exterior surface  34 . As was mentioned earlier with respect to housing element  14 , housing element  32  need not be configured as a monolithic structure fabricated from an electrically conductive material. Rather, it is merely necessary to provide contact surface portions that are aligned with electrically conductive portions of surface  22 , when the electronics module  16  is inserted into housing element  14 , such that a grounding device interposed between these electrically conductive portions acts as an electrically conductive bridge to provide a ground path between them. In any event, and with continued reference to FIG. 2, it will be seen that housing element  32  defines an interior recess dimensioned and arranged to receive a printed circuit board  38  electrically coupled to housing element  32 . The precise configuration and arrangement of electronic components as components  40  on printed circuit board  38  is not deemed to be an inventive aspect of the present invention and, accordingly, a detailed discussion of the same has been omitted for clarity. 
     Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown an exploded view of electronics module  16  depicting in greater detail the manner in which several grounding devices  36  constructed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be arranged at appropriate locations along the exterior surface  34  of housing element  32 . Additional grounding contact between a bottom surface of housing element  32  and an upwardly facing compartment surface (not shown) of housing element  14  may also be provided by one or more conventional spring ground clips as ground clip  42 . Essentially, ground clip  42  includes a spring clip portion  42   a  engageable with the surface of housing element  14  and a bonding surface portion  42   b  which must be adhesively bonded by a suitable electrically conductive epoxy and/or a mechanical fastener. While a conventional ground clip, as clip  42 , is properly suited for establishing a ground path between electrically conductive surfaces disposed in mutually opposed, horizontal planes, it is not suited for the locations occupied by the inventive grounding device  36 . Specifically, because ground clip  42  is designed to be bonded by an electrically conductive adhesive applied to surface  42   b  or by a mechanical fastener, it is both a labor intensive structure to install and prone to displacement and misalignment during factory testing and subsequent assembly operations. In the case of field repairs, where electronics modules such as module  16  may be stored for prolonged periods (during which they may be subjected to alternating cycles of high and low temperature as well as jarring motions and the like), the likelihood of misalignment due to poor adhesion is even greater. 
     Accordingly, it is a principal objective of the present invention to provide a grounding device which is not subject to the same disadvantages as ground clip  42 , when it is to be interposed between mutually opposing, substantially vertical surfaces that are relatively movable, during initial assembly as well as field replacement. With reference now to FIG. 4, then it will be seen that in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a grounding device  36  constructed in accordance with the present invention is formed from an electrically conductive metal or metal alloy and includes an intermediate section  44  defining a first end  44   a , a second end  44   b , and a through opening  46 . 
     The grounding device further includes first and second integral flange sections, generally indicated at  48  and  50 , respectively, which extend from corresponding ends  44   a  and  44   b  of intermediate section  44 . First and second integral flange sections  48 , and  50 , as well as the portion of intermediate section surrounding through opening  46 , are dimensioned to provide a sufficient area of grounding contact with a surface of one of housing elements  12  and  32  to satisfy the electrical requirements of the given application. In the illustrative embodiment of the present invention depicted in FIGS. 1-6, first and second flange sections  48  and  50 , are dimensioned and arranged to engage with opposing surfaces, indicated generally at  52   a  and  52   b  (FIG. 3) (“first and third electrically conductive surfaces”, respectively) of housing element  32 , these surfaces being contiguous with exterior surface  34  (the “second electrically conductive surface”) such that the portion of intermediate section surrounding through opening  46  overlies and is adapted to make electrical contact with exterior surface  34  FIG.  2 ). Advantageously, first and second flange sections  48  and  50  apply retention forces to surfaces  52   a  and  52   b  to thereby maintain intermediate section  44  in alignment with housing element surface  34 . As such, an electronics module as module  16  (FIGS. 1-3) incorporating one or more grounding devices according to the present invention may by handled during assembly, as web as stored without carefully controlling the ambient environmental conditions, without the substantial risk of ground clip misalignment associated with prior art designs. 
     Grounding contact with the other of the two opposing surfaces of housing elements  12  and  32  (interior surface  22  of housing element  14  in the illustrative example of FIGS. 1-3) is achieved by an arcuate spring clip section  54  which extends along through opening  46 . To this end, spring clip section  54  is free to flex and is sufficiently stiff and resilient to contact surface  22  over a sufficiently wide area and with a sufficient amount of force to satisfy the grounding requirements of the specific application. As noted previously, grounding device  36  is constructed of an electrically conductive metal or metal alloy. Electrically conductive materials which are especially preferred for this purpose are alloys of beryllium copper, an alloy of copper known not only for its properties as an excellent thermal and electrical conductor, but also for its high fatigue strength and formability—it being understood that contact resistance depends on surface material and force, not size. 
     By way of illustrative example, grounding devices according to the present invention have been constructed from heat treatable 25 Alloy BeCu, an alloy of beryllium copper available from Instrument Specialties of Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. Excellent results were achieved with BeCu 25 in a sheet thickness of 0.007″, with grounding devices according to the present invention being formed by a conventional stamping process, followed by half-hardening. Advantageously, mill hardened beryllium copper is more formable than other mill hardened copper alloys of comparable strength, because most of its strength comes from precipitation hardening, not from cold working. Of course, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of other materials may be used in the fabrication of grounding devices according to the present invention. Examples of materials which may be suitable depending upon the amount of available contact area, and clearance between contact surfaces, include phosphor bronze (e.g., C521, H temper) and full or ¾ hardened stainless steel. 
     Depending upon the materials used in the construction of the electrical surfaces in contact with grounding device  36 , it may be necessary to address to protect against galvanic corrosion. In the illustrative example of the structure depicted in FIGS. 1-3, for example, housing elements  12  and  32  are fabricated from cast aluminum. Protection against galvanic corrosion where grounding devices  36  are fabricated from beryllium copper may be achieved, for example, by a 0.0002″ copper flash followed by a 0.0001″/0.0003″ bright acid tin plate treatment. Of course, the necessity for and selection of the precise surface treatment used will ultimately depend upon the specific materials used in the construction of the respective components involved and it is deemed to be within the level of skill of the ordinary artisan to make suitable choices for the particular application. 
     Turning now to FIG. 5, which is a cross sectional view of the structure depicted in FIG. 4, specific details regarding the construction of grounding device  36  can be better seen. The length of intermediate section  44  is indicated generally at d 1  and in all the illustrative example depicted in FIG. 5, d 1  is on the order of about 1.130″, with this distance corresponding to the height of that portion of surface  34  (FIGS. 2 and 3) with which intermediate section  44  will make electrical contact. As such, it will be understood that this dimension will vary in accordance with the amount of surface area available on the target mounting surface. It should also be noted that although each of surfaces  22  and  34  are depicted as being substantially planar throughout the several views, this need not be the case so long as they are adapted for mating registration (with the required amount of clearance) and so long as intermediate section  44  is likewise contoured so as to be capable of being positioned between them. 
     In any event, and with continued reference to FIG. 5, it will be seen that arcuate section  54  projects from intermediate section  44  beginning along an edge located a distance of d 2  (0.125″ in the illustrative example) from end  44   a . From an initial bend  56  having, in the exemplary embodiment, a radius of curvature R 2  of 0.078″, arcuate section  54  extends in a direction away from intermediate section  44  for a distance of d 3 , illustratively 0.25″, whereupon arcuate section  54  bends back toward intermediate section  44  at a bend  57  having a radius of curvature R I  of, say, 0.156″. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 5, bend  57  bisects arcuate section  54  into two segments each traversing a distance of d 4 , 0.30″ in the illustrated embodiment, with respect to through opening  46 . The terminal segment of arcuate section  54  has a final bend  58  with a radius of curvature R 3  of say, 0.050′. 
     As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is the exterior surface of bend  57  which makes primary contact with the electrically conductive surface of a target housing element. In the arrangement depicted in FIGS. 1-3, bend  57  makes contact with interior surface  22  of housing element  14 . The precise area of electrical contact made with surface  22  is, of course, dependent upon such factors as the radius of curvature R 2 , as well as the clearance between interior surface  22  and exterior surface  34 . Substantial flattening of arcuate element  54  occurs, for example, as housing element  32  is inserted into the compartment defined by housing element  14 . It is the degree of this flattening, and the force at which bend  57  is forced into contact with the electrically conductive surface of housing element  14 , which ultimately determines the contact resistance of the connection. Bend  58  facilitates this flattening by allowing the terminal tip of arcuate section  54  to ride within through opening  46  and along opposing housing element surface  22 . Once housing element  32  comes into the final position suggested in FIG. 1, arcuate section  54  reaches a final position of deflection which, together with the surface area of intermediate section  44  in contact with surface  34 , partially determines the electrical resistance of the ground connection. The remaining portion of the electrical resistance is determined by the degree and force of contact between first and second flange sections,  48  and  50 , and opposing surfaces  52   a  and  52   b  of housing element  32  (FIG.  3 ). 
     With continued reference to FIG. 5, one possible construction of first flange section  48  will now be described in detail. As seen in FIG. 5, first flange section  48  extends inwardly along the lower transverse edge of the end  44   a  of intermediate section  44  and has a continuous bend having a radius of curvature R 4 . The precise dimension of R 4  will, necessarily depend upon the dimension of the corresponding surface  52   b  of housing element  34 . In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 5, a radius of curvature of 0.050″ was employed to correspond with a downwardly facing peripheral lip (not shown) of housing element  32  that defines surface  52   b  and that is contiguous with the lower edge of surface  34 . Such an arrangement allows the grounding device of the present invention to be positioned on the exterior surface  34  of housing element  32  by placing first flange section  48  over curved surface  52   b , pivoting the grounding device such that intermediate section  44  is substantially aligned with and overlies exterior surface  34 , and bringing second flange section  50  into tight fitting engagement with surface  52   a.    
     It should be emphasized that first section  48  need not be configured with a curved surface, and that any appropriate contour may be employed so long as it is adapted to permit manipulation of the device as a whole so that both flange sections may be brought into close fitting registration with opposing surfaces  52   a  and  52   b  of housing element  32 . 
     Turning now to FIG. 6, an exemplary construction of a resilient second flange section  50  constructed in accordance with the present invention will now be described in detail. As seen in FIG. 6, second flange section  50  essentially has an L-shaped configuration, with a first leg  60  extending inwardly across the upper transverse edge of the end  44   b  of intermediate section  44 . As such, the lower surface of leg  60  is adapted to face the upper surface of curved flange section  48  and engage mutually opposing surfaces  52   b  and  52   a , respectively, of housing element  32 . In order to retain grounding device  36  in one of the positions shown in FIG. 2, a second leg  62  depends downwardly from the terminal transverse edge of leg  60 . Essentially, the back surface  62   a  of leg  62  is dimensioned and arranged to contact interior surface portions of housing element  32  contiguous with surfaces  52   a , as interior surface portion  64  shown in FIG.  3 . To allow the second flange section to be manipulated into such a position, an upwardly bent terminal lip  63  extends along the transverse terminal edge of leg  62 . In accordance with the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4 and 5, first leg  60  has a length d 5  of 0.095″ and forms an angle θ 1  of 88° with intermediate section  44 , and an angle θ 2  of 92° with second leg  62 , which has a length d 6  of 0.048″. Terminal lip  63  extends a distance of d 7 , which is approximately 0.030″ in the illustrative embodiment, from the transverse edge of second leg  62  and forms an angle of 180°−θ 3 , which is 135° in the illustrative embodiment. By pressing on end region  44   b  of intermediate section  44 , second flange section  50  can be quickly and easily snap fit into position over the electrically conductive area  52   a  of housing element  32 . If desired, both of flange sections  48  and  50  may be designed using the configuration detail shown in FIG. 6, it being understood that the principal object of the flange sections is to apply retention forces to mutually opposing surfaces, as surfaces  52   a  and  52   b , of the target mounting structure. 
     It should be emphasized that various modifications may be made to grounding device  36 , depending upon such parameters as the surface contours of electrically conductive target surfaces  22  and  34 , as well as the precise amount of electrical resistance required by the connection. Moreover, as suggested by FIGS. 2 and 3, any desired number of grounding devices may be used, the specific number and placement being dependent solely upon the available surface area defined by the interface of the respective electrically conductive surfaces. In any event, having described certain illustrative embodiments of the present invention in connection with an exemplary field of use, it will occur to those skilled in the art that modification and alternatives can be practiced without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is to be limited only by the appended claims.