Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a terminal device including a photodetector, amplitude detecting circuit, light source, drive circuit, and control circuit. The photodetector receives a first optical signal. The amplitude detecting circuit detects the amplitude of an output from the photodetector. The drive circuit supplies a drive current to the light source so that the light source outputs a second optical signal. The control circuit decreases and increases the drive current according to an increase and decrease in the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit, respectively. In the case that this terminal device is used with another terminal device to construct a network, the dynamic range of the other terminal device can be reduced. Accordingly, the use of this terminal device can improve the extensibility of the network.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to an optical transmission system suitable for bidirectional transmission, and also to a terminal device applicable to this system.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    The international standard specifications of an ATM-PON (Asynchronous Transfer Mode-Passive Optical Network) system are defined in ITU-T: G983.1. This system includes a plurality of ONUs (Optical Network Units) as subscriber terminals, an OLT (Optical Line Terminal) as an office terminal device, and an optical star coupler for connecting the ONUs to the OLT so that bidirectional transmission is allowed between each ONU and the OLT.  
           [0005]    In general, the transmitting power of each ONU is constant. Accordingly, the receiving power of the OLT is attenuated by losses in optical fiber transmission lines for connecting each ONU and the OLT, and the dynamic range in a receiving section of the OLT reflects a difference in the losses between the optical fiber transmission lines. Accordingly, a circuit in the receiving section of the OLT is required to instantaneously discriminate between “0” and “1” in a burst data sequence having a large dynamic range, so that the configuration of the circuit becomes complex. Further, in the case that there arises a requirement for expansion of a network, such as a requirement for relocation of a certain one of the ONUs from an original position to a far position or to a near position or a requirement for increase in the number of subscribers, it is required that the transmitting power of each ONU reaching the OLT falls within a receivable level range of the OLT, causing a difficulty of flexible expansion of the network.  
           [0006]    As measures against such a problem, it is effective to detect a transmission line loss from the receiving power of each ONU, control the transmitting power of each ONU according to the result of this detection, and reduce the dynamic range in the receiving section of the OLT. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 4-269023 discloses an optical transmission system having means provided in the OLT for outputting an optical signal at a substantially constant level, means provided in each ONU for detecting a transmission line loss from the level of a received optical signal, and means provided in each ONU for adjusting the level of an optical signal to be transmitted from each ONU according to the result of this detection of the transmission line loss so that the OLT can receive an optical signal at a substantially constant level. However, the purpose of reducing the dynamic range in the receiving section of the OLT in this prior art system is to facilitate the design of a circuit in the receiving section, and there is no mention about a method for increasing the dynamic range in a transmitting section, which becomes important in aiming at the extension of a network. Accordingly, the effect of the extension of a network by the prior art system is low.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an optical transmission system improved in the extensibility of a network.  
           [0008]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a terminal device applicable to such an optical transmission system.  
           [0009]    Other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description.  
           [0010]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system including a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and an optical fiber transmission line for connecting the first and second terminal devices. The first terminal device includes a first light source for outputting a first optical signal to the optical fiber transmission line. The second terminal device includes a second light source, a drive circuit for supplying a drive current to the second light source so that the second light source outputs a second optical signal to the optical fiber transmission line, a photodetector for receiving the first optical signal from the optical fiber transmission line, an amplitude detecting circuit for detecting the amplitude of an output from the photodetector, and a control circuit for decreasing and increasing the drive current according to an increase and decrease in the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit.  
           [0011]    Preferably, the second terminal device further includes a prebias circuit for adding a bias current to the drive current so that the oscillation delay jitter of the second optical signal decreases.  
           [0012]    The second optical signal may be a burst signal, for example. In this case, the prebias circuit may output the bias current immediately before the first bit of the burst signal is generated.  
           [0013]    Preferably, the second terminal device further includes a circuit for controlling the second light source so that the duty of the second optical signal is maintained constant, according to the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit.  
           [0014]    The second terminal device includes a plurality of subscriber terminals. In this case, a star coupler for connecting the plurality of subscriber terminals to the first terminal device is used.  
           [0015]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a terminal device including a photodetector for receiving a first optical signal, an amplitude detecting circuit for detecting the amplitude of an output from the photodetector, a light source, a drive circuit for supplying a drive current to the light source so that the light source outputs a second optical signal and a control circuit for decreasing and increasing the drive current according to an increase and decrease in the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit. 
       
    
    
       [0016]    The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention and the manner of realizing them will become more apparent, and the invention itself will best be understood from a study of the following description and appended claims with reference to the attached drawings showing some preferred embodiments of the invention.  
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the terminal device according to the present invention;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing modulation characteristics of a laser diode in the cases that no bias is applied and that a prebias is applied, respectively.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between oscillation delay jitter and LD drive current;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4A is a block diagram of a system in the prior art;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4B is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the system according to the present invention;  
         [0022]    FIGS.  5 A( a ) to  5 C( b ) are block diagrams for illustrating the extensibility of a network;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a drive current control circuit shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relation between LD drive current and received signal amplitude;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a duty compensating circuit shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relation between bias current Id and drive current Ip for a laser diode;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram for obtaining the relation shown in FIG. 9;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 11 is a graph showing an experimental result of the relation between oscillation delay jitter and LD drive current Ip; and  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 12 is a graph showing an experimental result of optical power control by the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0030]    Some preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals denote like or corresponding parts.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the terminal device according to the present invention. This device may be used as each ONU in an ATM-PON system. This terminal device includes a main circuit  10  and a WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) coupler  12  optically connected to the main circuit  10 . The main circuit  10  includes a receiving section  2  for receiving an optical signal having a wavelength λ1 (e.g., 1.5 μm), a current control circuit  4 , a transmitting section  6  for transmitting an optical signal having a wavelength λ2 (e.g., 1.3 μm), and a prebias circuit  8 . The WDM coupler  12  couples the optical input having the wavelength λ1 relating to the receiving section  2  and the optical output having the wavelength λ2 relating to the transmitting section  6  to the same optical path  14 .  
         [0032]    The receiving section  2  includes a photodetector (PD)  16  for converting the optical signal having the wavelength λ1 into a current signal, a preamplifier  18  for converting the current signal output from the photodetector  16  into a voltage signal, and a main amplifier  20  for amplifying the output from the preamplifier  18  to obtain a data output.  
         [0033]    The transmitting section  6  includes a laser diode (LD)  22  as a light source for outputting the optical signal having the wavelength λ2, and an LD driver  24  for driving the laser diode  22  according to a data input.  
         [0034]    The current control circuit  4  includes an amplitude detecting circuit  26  for detecting a value corresponding to the amplitude of the optical signal having the wavelength λ1 according to a signal from the receiving section  2 , a drive current control circuit  28  for decreasing and increasing a drive current for the laser diode  22  according to an increase and decrease in the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit  26 , respectively, and a duty compensating circuit  30  for compensating for the duty of the optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  according to the amplitude detected by the amplitude detecting circuit  26 . For example, the compensating circuit  30  controls the drive current to be supplied from the LD driver  24  to the laser diode  22  so that the duty of the optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  is maintained constant.  
         [0035]    The prebias circuit  8  adds a bias current to the drive current to be supplied from the LD driver  24  to the laser diode  22  so that the oscillation delay jitter of the optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  is decreased, for example. The optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  is a burst signal in this preferred embodiment. In this case, the prebias circuit  8  outputs the bias current immediately before the first bit of the burst signal is generated.  
         [0036]    It is important to increase the dynamic range in the transmitting section  6  from the viewpoint that the extensibility of a network is to be raised. The upper limit of the transmitting power is determined by a maximum rated value in the laser diode  22 , but the lower limit of the transmitting power is an issue to be considered. In the prior art, there is no consideration as to the degree of power reduction that can be attained, and a satisfactory variable range of power cannot be obtained from the viewpoint of the extensibility of a network.  
         [0037]    The problem arising in lowering the transmitting power is oscillation delay jitter, and the lower limit of the transmitting power is given by a prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter. The oscillation delay jitter is a phenomenon such that a signal waveform is degraded at the time a bit “1” rises as shown in FIG. 2A. That is, when a bit “1” rises after long continuation of a data sequence of “0”, the bit “1” does not normally rise to cause a degradation in signal waveform, because time is required until a carrier density required for emission from the laser diode  22  is reached. Further, the prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter is a degradation quantity of the pulse width of one bit due to the oscillation delay jitter. If the oscillation delay jitter is lower than this prescribed value, normal transmission can be performed.  
         [0038]    In this respect, the terminal device shown in FIG. 1 employs the prebias circuit  8  to reduce the transmitting power satisfying the prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter as far as possible. As shown in FIG. 2B, the prebias circuit  8  preliminarily supplies a bias current to the LD driver  24  immediately before the burst signal is generated, thereby allowing carrier accumulation and normally raising the first bit of the burst signal.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between the oscillation delay jitter and the LD drive current. As mentioned above, the oscillation delay jitter can be suppressed by providing the prebias circuit  8 . Accordingly, as compared with the case that the prebias circuit  8  is not provided, the curve shown in FIG. 3 can be shifted down, so that a minimum LD drive current satisfying the prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter can be reduced. In the prior art, there are no measures against waveform degradation in reducing the transmitting power at each ONU in the case of system extension, and the dynamic range reducing effect in the receiving section of the OLT is therefore insufficient. In contrast, according to this preferred embodiment, the variable range of the transmitting power at each ONU can be increased, so that the dynamic range reducing effect in the OLT receiving section can be improved to thereby raise the extensibility of a network. Further, a sensitivity demand to the OLT receiving section can be relaxed by utilizing the reduction of the dynamic range, so that the circuit of the OLT receiving section can be easily designed.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 4A is a block diagram of a system in the prior art, and FIG. 4B is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the system according to the present invention. The system shown in FIG. 4B is configured by connecting a plurality of ONUs  32  as subscriber terminals each having the configuration shown in FIG. 1 and a single OLT  34  through a star coupler  36 . The star coupler  36 , each ONU  32 , and the OLT  34  are connected together by optical fiber transmission lines  38 . Each ONU  32  includes a light source for outputting an optical signal having a wavelength λ2 toward the OLT  34 , and the OLT  34  includes a light source for outputting an optical signal having a wavelength &amp;K1 toward each ONU  32 .  
         [0041]    In the prior art shown in FIG. 4A, a plurality of ONUs  32 ′ each not adopting the present invention are provided in place of the ONUs  32 . Each ONU  32 ′ outputs an optical signal toward the OLT  34  with a constant transmitting power. In the case that losses in the optical fiber transmission lines  38  connecting the ONUs  32 ′ and the star coupler  36  are different from each other, the receiving power of the OLT  34  is smaller for the optical fiber transmission line  38  having a higher loss, and is larger for the optical fiber transmission line  38  having a lower loss. As a result, the power reaching the OLT  34  reflects the transmission line loss as it stands, and the dynamic range is large.  
         [0042]    In the system shown in FIG. 4B, the receiving power of each ONU  32  reflects the transmission line loss according to the present invention. By utilizing this feature, the transmitting power of each ONU  32  is increased in the case that the receiving power of each ONU  32  is small, whereas the transmitting power of each ONU  32  is decreased in the case that the receiving power of each ONU  32  is large. Furthermore, the prebias circuit  8  outputs a bias current immediately before the first bit of the burst signal is generated (e.g., within a time period corresponding to two bits). By performing this control, the dynamic range in the receiving section of the OLT  34  can be reduced, and this reduction can be assigned to an increase in the number of subscribers, an increase in transmission distance, or a decrease in transmission distance, for example. This will now be described more specifically.  
         [0043]    FIGS.  5 A( a ) and  5 A( b ) illustrate the case of increasing the number of subscribers. In this case, the number of branches from the star coupler  36  toward the ONUs  32  is increased from 32 to 64. Even when the transmitting power of each ONU  32  is increased by 3 dB, the power reaching the OLT  34  is maintained constant. Thus, the number of subscribers can be increased with the receiving power of the receiving section in the OLT  34  being constant. FIGS.  5 B( a ) and  5 B( b ) illustrate the case of increasing a transmission distance. In this case, a certain one of the ONUs  32  is relocated from an original position shown in FIG. 5B( a ) to a far position shown in FIG. 5B( b ). By increasing the transmitting power of this relocated ONU  32 , the receiving power of the OLT  34  can be maintained constant. FIGS.  5 C( a ) and  5 C( b ) illustrate the case of decreasing a transmission distance. In this case, a certain one of the ONUs  32  is relocated from an original position shown in FIG. 5C( a ) to a near position shown in FIG. 5C( b ). By decreasing the transmitting power of this relocated ONU  32 , the receiving power of the OLT  34  can be maintained constant. In this manner, the extension of a network can be easily realized with the power of an optical signal from each ONU  32  to the receiving section of the OLT  34  being maintained constant.  
         [0044]    Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a circuit diagram of the drive current control circuit  28  shown in FIG. 1. An inverting amplifier is configured by an operational amplifier OP 1  and resistors R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 . A voltage input Vin from the amplitude detecting circuit  26  (see FIG. 1) is supplied through the resistor R 1  to an inverting input port of the operational amplifier OP 1 . A reference voltage Vref is supplied to a noninverting input port of the operational amplifier OP 1 . The noninverting input port is grounded through the resistor R 3 . The inverting input port and an output port of the operational amplifier OP 1  are connected by the resistor R 2 . The gain of this inverting amplifier is given as R 2 /R 1 . By properly setting the values of the resistors R 1  and R 2  and the reference voltage Vref, the transmitting power of each ONU  32  can be made variable in such a manner that when the amplitude of a received signal is small, the LD drive current is made large, whereas when the amplitude of the received signal is large, the LD drive current is made small as shown in FIG. 7.  
         [0045]    The prebias circuit  8  shown in FIG. 1 has a function of decreasing the oscillation delay jitter even when the LD drive current is small. As a result, the dynamic range in the transmitting section  2  of each ONU  32  can be made large. When the amplitude of the received signal is relatively small as shown by a point A in FIG. 7, the LD drive current is set to a value giving the upper limit of the power determined by the rated value of the LD  22 , for example. When the amplitude of the received signal is large as shown by a point B in FIG. 7, the LD drive current is set to a value giving the lower limit of the power determined by the prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter.  
         [0046]    Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a circuit diagram of the duty compensating circuit  30  shown in FIG. 1. An inverting input port of an operational amplifier OP 11  is grounded through a resistor R 11 . An output voltage Vin from the amplitude detecting circuit  26  is supplied to a noninverting input port of the operational amplifier OP 11 . The inverting input port and an output port of the operational amplifier OP 11  are connected by a resistor R 12 . The output port of the operational amplifier  11  is connected through a resistor R 13  to an inverting input port of an operational amplifier OP 12 . A reference voltage Vref′ is supplied through a resistor R 15  to a noninverting input port of the operational amplifier OP 12 . The noninverting input port of the operational amplifier OP 12  is grounded through a resistor R 16 . The inverting input port and an output port of the operational amplifier OP 12  is connected by a resistor R 14 . The output port of the operational amplifier OP 12  is connected to the gate of an FET (field effect transistor) F 1 . The source of the FET F 1  is grounded, and the drain of the FET F 1  is connected through a resistor R 17  to a duty control circuit. The duty control circuit is incorporated in the LD driver  24  shown in FIG. 1, for example.  
         [0047]    A noninverting amplifier is configured by the resistors R 11  and R 12  and the operational amplifier OP 11 . Accordingly, the voltage signal Vin corresponding to the receiving power of each ONU  32  is amplified. An adder is configured by the resistors R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16  and the operational amplifier OP 12 . This adder functions to add the reference voltage Vref′ to a signal amplified by the noninverting amplifier. A resultant signal obtained by the addition is input into the gate of the FET F 1 . Accordingly, a voltage change is converted into a current change, and the duty control circuit is adjusted through a voltage drop at the resistor R 17 . The relation between the gate voltage of the FET F 1  and the duty control circuit is preliminarily measured to obtain a gate voltage corresponding to a duty of 100%. By setting the values of the resistors R 11  and R 12  in conformity with this voltage, the duty of the optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  (see FIG. 1) can be maintained substantially constant, thus allowing duty compensation.  
         [0048]    Alternatively, the duty of the optical signal to be output from the laser diode  22  may be maintained substantially constant by decreasing and increasing the bias current according to an increase and decrease in the amplitude of the drive current for the laser diode  22 , respectively. This will now be described more specifically.  
         [0049]    In general, the oscillation time delay td of a laser diode (semiconductor laser) is given by Eq. (1). 
           td=τln{Ip/[Ip− ( Ith−Ib )]}  (1) 
         [0050]    where τ is the carrier lifetime, and Ip, Ith, and Ib are the drive current, threshold current, and bias current for the laser diode. To make the duty constant, it is sufficient that the antilogarithm in Eq. (1) be constant. In other words, it is sufficient that Eq. (2) hold with the use of a constant k. 
           Ip/[Ip− ( Ith−Ib )]=k  (2) 
         [0051]    Eq. (2) is transformed to obtained Eq. (3). 
           Ib= (1/ k− 1) Ip+Ith   (3) 
         [0052]    The relation between the bias current Ib and the drive current Ip is shown by the graph in FIG. 9 in accordance with Eq. (3). By changing the bias current according to the drive current for the semiconductor laser so that the solid line in the graph is satisfied, the oscillation time delay td can be made constant, thereby obtaining a substantially constant duty.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment for obtaining a constant duty. A converting circuit  40  is provided to determine the bias current Ib according to the drive current Ip so as to satisfy the relation shown in FIG. 9, thereby obtaining a constant duty irrespective of power variations.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 11 is a graph showing an experimental result of the relation between the oscillation delay jitter and the LD drive current Ip obtained in the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1. This graph substantially corresponds to the graph shown in FIG. 3. The measurement was made under the conditions of room temperature, a mark rate of ½, an upstream bit rate of 155.52 Mbps, and a downstream bit rate of 622.08 Mbps. The threshold current Ith was set to 7.6 mA. As a target value (prescribed value) of the oscillation delay jitter, 5% (300 ps) of the pulse width was set. Under these conditions, a minimum value of the drive current Ip satisfying the target value in the case of applying a prebias (Ib=3.5 mA) was compared with that in the case of applying a minute bias (Ip=0.13 mA). As apparent from FIG. 11, the minimum value of the drive current Ip in the case of the prebias is 15 mA, whereas the minimum value of the drive current Ip in the case of the minute bias is 28 mA. This reduction corresponds to a reduction of about 4.5 dB on the basis of optical output power. Thus, the advantage of the prebias was confirmed.  
         [0055]    Further, an optical power control experiment was performed by the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1 on the basis of the result shown in FIG. 11. The result of this experiment is shown in FIG. 12. It was confirmed that the transmitting power of each ONU can be changed from +4.1 dBm to −4.2 dBm with a change in the receiving power of each ONU from −29 dBm to −6 dBm and that the range of duty variations can be suppressed to a substantially constant value by the duty compensating circuit  30 .  
         [0056]    According to the present invention as described above, the transmitting power of the second terminal device (ONU) is controlled according to its receiving power. Accordingly, the dynamic range of the transmitting power of the second terminal device can be increased. Further, the dynamic range in the receiving section of the first terminal device (OLT) can be reduced, and this reduction can be assigned to the extension of a network. In particular, by adopting a prebias circuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transmitting power satisfying a prescribed value of the oscillation delay jitter can be sufficiently reduced. Thus, it is possible to provide an optical transmission path system improved in the characteristics of a network, and it is also possible to provide a terminal device applicable to such an optical transmission system.  
         [0057]    The present invention is not limited to the details of the above described preferred embodiments. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and all changes and modifications as fall within the equivalence of the scope of the claims are therefore to be embraced by the invention.