Abstract:
Methods and compositions for inhibiting or preventing the growth of microorganisms in aqueous systems wherein the growth is inhibited or prevented by the presence of an effective amount of an α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid ester.

Description:
THE INVENTION 
     A number of aqueous systems are susceptible to antimicrobial growth. Among these are cosmetics, latex paints, polymer emulsions, oil in water emulsions used in industry (e.g., metal working fluids, textile lubricants, etc.), adhesives, water used in industrial cooling towers, white water in the paper mills and the like. The growth of bacteria and fungi in such systems can be a serious problem if not properly controlled. For example, industrial aqueous systems are susceptible to slime formation which, if unchecked, can cause severe maintenance and production problems. Similarly, consumer products such as cosmetics can be damaged by the growth of bacteria, fungi or algae. 
     There is, consequently, a continuing need to provide effective and economical antimicrobial agents which protect these systems. The finding of this invention is that compositions and methods utilizing α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters provide effective control of such microbial growth. These esters are effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria including gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and molds. The breadth of their activity is illustrated in the examples. 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters may be prepared from the corresponding β-aminocrotonic acid esters by reacting them with the appropriate hypohalite. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters may be added to the aqueous systems or formulations undiluted or dissolved in organic solvents such as alcohols, acetone, dimethylformamide and the like. They may be added alone or in combination with other biocides and/or functional compounds such as antioxidants, anticorrosive agents, surfactants, etc. 
     Concentrations from below 0.005 to above 0.3% are effective. Use of larger concentrations, while feasible, is recommended only for unusual applications. It is preferred to use concentrations from about 0.01% to about 0.2%. 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters can be used as preservatives for oil in water emulsions such as metal working fluids, textile lubricants and the like. A number of oil in water emulsions are used in industry, for example in the high speed metal working and textile industries, for their cooling, lubricating, antistatic and anticorrosive properties. Unless adequately protected by an effective preservative, such systems are susceptible to bacterial decomposition producing obnoxious odors and potential health hazards. [Detailed descriptions of these systems, their microbiological problems and difficulties in their preservation can be found in: Bennet, E. O., Soap Chem. Specialties, 32, 46 (1956). Fabian, F. W. &amp; Pivnick, H., Applied Microbiology, 1 (1953)]. 
     In practicing the invention, the α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters may be added directly by dissolving in the oil portion which is later mixed with water to form the water oil emulsion. Alternatively it may be added to the final emulsion either undiluted or dissolved in a solvent such as dimethylformanide, alcohol, acetone, etc. Similar methods known in the art for adding preservatives to such water and oil emulsions may also be used. 
     There can be used as little as about 0.005%. Although amounts greater than 0.3% are operable, they are recommended only for unusual applications. It is preferred to use amounts in the range of from about 0.01% to about 0.20%, with amounts in the range of about 0.02% to 0.10% being especailly preferred. 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters are particularly effective as cosmetic preservatives [Problems encountered in the preservation of cosmetics are described by Dunnigan, A. P., Drug and Cosmetic Industries, 103, 43, (1968)]. 
     The compounds may be added to the finished cosmetic product directly or dissolved in suitable solvents such as alcohol, acetone, dimethyl formamide, etc. Alternatively the compounds may be dissolved in the oils or other raw materials used in the formula and then formulated in the final product. 
     In cosmetic preparations, concentrations as low as 0.01% are found to be operable. Concentrations greater than 0.30%, while operable, are recommended only for unusual applications. Concentrations in the range of from about 0.01% to about 0.20% are preferred with concentrations of about 0.05% to 0.10% being especially preferred. 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters are particularly effective as slimicides. For example it can be used to protect so-called white water systems utilized in paper manufacture from the formation of slimes and the like which are known to affect these systems. 
     In controlling slime formation, concentrations as low as 0.005% are found to be operable. Concentrations greater than 0.20%, while operable, are recommended only for unusual applications. Concentrations in the range of from about 0.010% to about 0.10% are preferred with concentrations of about 0.02% to about 0.05% being especially preferred. 
     While the compound is effective when added directly, it is preferred to add it dissolved in a suitable solvent such as diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol in polethylene glycol and the like. Other methods known in the art for adding preservatives to such aqueous systems may also be used. 
     ILLUSTRATION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A number of examples are provided herein to illustrate the preferred embodiments of this invention. The examples provided are included for the sole purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments and should not be construed as limiting. They are intended to embrace any equivalents or obvious extensions which are known or should be known to a person skilled in the art. 
     It is preferred to use the lower α-chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid esters, e.g., the methyl through butyl esters since these are more easily obtainable. It is especially preferred to use the methyl and ethyl esters. 
    
    
     In each of the examples below the utility is illustrated using the α-chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     General Antimicrobial Activity 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters are active against a wide variety of microorganisms as illustrated below: 
     A 6% soltuion of α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid ester in dimethyl formamide was prepared. The 6% solution was then 5-fold serially diluted in test tubes to give the desired concentrations when mixed with agar and poured into sterile Petri dishes. For instance, 0.8 ml of a 6% stock solution plus 24.2 ml of agar gives a test concentration of 1920 mcg/ml, the highest level tested. Tryptone glucose extract agar is used for the bacterial testing; mildew glucose agar for the fungal testing. The bacterial plates were spot inoculated with 24-hour nutrient broth cultures and incubated at 37° C. for 48 hours. The fungal plates were spot inoculated with spore suspensions and incubated at 28° C. for seven days. At the end of the incubation periods, all plates were examined for growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each organism is expressed in Table I. In the ranges presented, growth is observed only at the lower concentration. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________       Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.sup.a______________________________________BacteriaStaphylococcus aureus         76.8 mcg/ml   384 mcg/mlEscherichia coli         76.8 mcg/ml   384 mcg/mlPseudomonas aeruginosa         76.8 mcg/ml   384 mcg/mlProteus vulgaris         15.8 mcg/ml   76.8 mcg/mlBacillus subtilis         76.8 mcg/ml   384 mcg/mlFungiAspergillus niger         15 mcg/ml      76 mcg/mlAspergillis oryzae         15 mcg/ml      mcg/mlPencillium piscarium         76 mcg/ml     384 mcg/mlAureobasidium pullulans         15 mcg/ml      76 mcg/ml______________________________________ .sup.a For α-chloroβ-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester 
    
     EXAMPLE II 
     Utility as a Cosmetic Preservative 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters are effective cosmetic preservatives. Two-fold serial dilutions of 6% solutions of the α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters in dimethylformamide were added to a cosmetic lotion of the following formulation: 
     
         ______________________________________Stearic acid            1.4 gMineral Oil             2.3 gArlacel 60 (Sorbitan monostearate)          0.7 gTween 20      Polyoxyethylene (20)                             1.6 g         sorbitan monostearateDistilled water         94.0 g______________________________________ 
    
     The lotions were inoculated with both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger and incubated at 28° C. At weekly intervals, the lotions were examined for microorganisms by conventional streak-plate methods or by macroscopic observation. The lotions were then reinoculated with the test organisms and reincubated. Table II shows the minimum inhibitory concentration that was effective in preventing microbial growth for the four week period. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________  Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Range.sup.a  (micrograms/milliliter)Week     Pseudomonas aeruginosa                     Aspergillus niger______________________________________1        &lt;125 mcg/ml      &lt;125 mcg/ml2        &lt;125 mcg/ml      &lt;125 mgl/ml3        &lt;125 mcg/ml      1,000-2,000 mcg/ml4        &lt;125 mcg/ml      &gt;2,000 mcg/ml______________________________________ .sup.a α-Chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester. 
    
     EXAMPLE III 
     The utility of α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters in water and oil emulsions is illustrated below using a commercially available cutting oil and a commercially available textile lubricant. 
     A. Utility as a Cutting Oil Preservative 
     The α-chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester is an effective cutting preservative. The data of Table III clearly illustrate its effectiveness. 
     In running these tests, two-fold serial dilutions of 6% solutions of the compound in dimethylformamide was added to 3.3% cutting oil elumsions. The emulsions were prepared by diluting with water a commercially available cutting oil concentrate. The emulsions were inoculated with a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker. At weekly intervals, the emulsions were examined for bacteria by conventional streakplate methods. The emulsions were then reinoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reincubated. 
     
                       TABLE III-A______________________________________       Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Range.sup.a       (micrograms/milliliter)Week        Psuedomonas aeruginosa______________________________________1            &lt;31.3 mcg/ml2           62.5-125 mcg/ml3            125-250 mcg/ml4            250-500 mcg/ml______________________________________ 
    
     B. Utility as a Textile Lubricant Preservative 
     The test run was the same as for the cutting oil above except that a commercial textile lubricant was substituted. 
     
                       TABLE III-B______________________________________   Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Range.sup.a    (micrograms/milliliter)Week      Psuedomonas aeruginosa______________________________________1         62.5-125 mcg/ml2         62.5-125 mcg/ml3         62.5-125 mcg/ml4          125-250 mcg/ml______________________________________ .sup.a α-Chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester. 
    
     EXAMPLE IV 
     The utility of the α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters as a slimicide for pulp and paper mill water systems was demonstrated by the following study. 
     Various quantities of a 6% solution of this compound in dimethylformamide were incorporated into 24 ml of a test substrate composed as follows: 
     8.4 g--Whatman No. 2 powdered cellulose 
     2.6 g--Sodium nitrate 
     1.0 g--Calcium sulfate 
     6.5 g--Maltose 
     1.0 g--Nutrient Broth, Difco 
     10.0 ml--Mersize Rm 70R (Monsanto) 
     2.5 ml--2% Alum 
     990 ml--Distilled water 
     The samples were inoculated with four different organisms and incubated at 28° C. At weekly intervals the samples were examined for the presence of microbial growth and reinoculated during a total incubation period of four weeks. The results, as tabulated in Table IV, show that α-chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester is effective as a slimicide at a concentration of less than 62.5 mcg/ml. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________Effectiveness of α-Chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl esterasa Slimicide. (mcg/ml)   WeeksOrganism  1        2         3______________________________________P. aeruginosa     &lt;62.5    &lt;62.5     &lt;62.5   &lt;62.5E. aerogenes     &lt;62.5    125-250   250-500 250-500A. niger  &lt;62.5    &lt;62.5     &lt;62.5   &lt;62.5P. Piscarium     &lt;62.5    &lt;62.5     &lt;62.5   62.5-125______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE V 
     The α-halo-β-aminocrotonic acid esters were prepared, as illustrated below, by reacting the corresponding β-aminocrotonic acid esters with the appropriate hypohalite. 
     α-Chloro-β-aminocrotonic acid methyl ester 
     A rapidly stirred mixture of methyl 3-aminocrotonate (5.0 g) water (50 ml), and methylene chloride (50 ml) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with aq. sodium hypochlorite (Clorox, 62 ml) by dropwise addition. Stirring was continued for 2 hours after which the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride solutions were combined and dried with sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave 5.1 g (78.5%) of colorless crystals. An analytical sample recrystallized from cyclohexane had mp 68-70°; ir (Nujol) 3450, 3350, 1630, 1530 cm -1  ; nmr 2.15 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H); mass spectrum m/e 118 (100%) and 149 (M + ). 
     Anal. Calcd for C 5  H 8  ClNO 2  : C, 40.15; H, 5.39; Cl, 23.70; N, 9.36. Found: C, 40.29; H, 5.44; Cl, 23.50; N, 9.30.