Abstract:
A method and apparatus removes carbon monoxide from hydrogen rich fuel by means of a catalytic material that preferentially adsorbs with carbon monoxide. The catalytic material is regenerated by an oxidizing agent that reacts with the carbon monoxide absorbed by the catalytic material. The reaction is initiated by an electrical current is generated either galvanically or electrolytically through the catalytic material.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/100,990, filed Sep. 18, 1998. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to carbon monoxide removal from a hydrocarbon reformate fuel. More specifically, it relates to apparatus and methods that use a catalytic material to adsorb carbon monoxide and an electrical current to initiate a chemical reaction between an oxidizing agent and carbon monoxide that has been adsorbed by the catalytic material, thereby regenerating the material. 
     The internal combustion engine found in most cars and trucks burns a hydrocarbon fuel such as diesel or gasoline to drive pistons or rotary mechanisms by the force of the expanding gas. Many electrical power plants burn fossil fuel to produce electrical energy through combustion turbines. These processes suffer from a number of limitations. They are inefficient because of the intrinsic limit of the thermodynamic principles involved. Burning of fossil fuel is oftentimes incomplete and produces harmful byproducts such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and various hydrocarbons in the emissions, which have resulted in environmental pollution. In addition, there is a growing awareness that we are rapidly depleting the non-renewable energy resources on this planet. This, in turn, has led to concerns about the reduction of energy consumption by increasing efficiency and utilizing renewable energy resources. 
     Fuel cells convert the chemical energy in the fuel directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. Because they do not operate on the principle of gas expansion through combustion, they do not suffer the same limitations of thermodynamic efficiency commonly found in automobile engines and steam turbines. Accordingly, it is possible for fuel cells to achieve a level of efficiency far greater than that seen in most traditional industrial processes. Additionally, fuel cells make it possible for fuel processors to use renewable forms of energy such as methanol and ethanol, thereby conserving the limited fossil fuel resources of the planet. Moreover, because of the operating environment of a fuel processor and fuel cell, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions are negligible, approaching a zero emission state. 
     While there are several types of fuel cells existing in practice, this invention is targeted mainly for applications in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) which are also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A very efficient PEFC uses pure hydrogen for fuel and oxygen for an oxidant. Pure hydrogen, however, has traditionally been difficult to handle and relatively expensive to store and distribute. Consequently, attempts have been made to use hydrogen rich gas mixtures obtained from reforming of various hydrocarbon fuels. To obtain a convenient and safe source of hydrogen for the fuel cells, on-board reforming of hydrocarbon based fuels, such as gasoline and methanol, is expected to be utilized. However, these fuels usually contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and low levels of carbon monoxide in the range from 100&#39;s of ppm to a few percent. While the presence of carbon dioxide generally has little effect on the efficient operation of a fuel cell, even relatively low concentrations of carbon monoxide can degrade fuel cell performance. The degradation results from the carbon monoxide chemically adsorbing over the active sites in the electrode of the fuel cell. Thus, the removal of carbon monoxide from fuel has become a major concern in the advancement of PEFC technology. 
     Prior attempts to remove carbon monoxide from a gas mixture include a pressure swing adsorption method disclosed in Nishida et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,276. They disclose a method for selectively absorbing carbon monoxide by means of Cu(l) disposed on a zeolite support, including the step of adiabatically compressing a gas mixture in the pressure range of 0.5 kg/cm 2  to 7 kg/cm 2 . Golden et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,809 disclose a vacuum swing method as a variation of the pressure swing method disclosed in Nishida. A solid absorbent is selected which physically absorbs carbon monoxide under pressure. When the pressure is reduced to the range of approximately 20 to 100 torr, the carbon monoxide is released from the solid absorbent. By cyclically repeating this process, carbon monoxide may be removed from a gas. 
     There are, however, multiple limitations to applying the pressure swing adsorption method to fuel cell applications. Firstly, bulky and expensive pressure resistant tanks, as well as pressure and vacuum pump apparatus, are required to carry out the process. The parasitic weight and volume of these devices make it extremely difficult to apply the pressure swing adsorption method for transportation applications such as a fuel cell power plant for an automobile. A second disadvantage of this approach is the significant power expenditure necessary to cycle the pressurization and depressurization steps. This additional power consumption will result in the reduction of overall efficiency of the fuel cell system. Yet another disadvantage of this process is that the toxic carbon monoxide released from desorption has to be converted to carbon dioxide with additional process steps and equipment. 
     Another prior art process has been referred to as preferential catalytic oxidation (PROX) of carbon monoxide which was documented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,916 by Vanderborgh et. al. In the PROX process, a small amount of pure oxygen or air is mixed into the reformate fuel before it enters a one—or multiple stage catalytic reactor. The catalyst in the reactor, which usually contains dispersed precious metals such as platinum, ruthenium, iridium, etc., preferentially reacts with carbon monoxide and oxygen to convert them to carbon dioxide. Due to the limited selectivity, however, more than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen is needed to reduce carbon monoxide to an acceptable level. Also, the excess oxygen will oxidize the hydrogen in the reformate fuel. Even with the PROX process, the concentration of CO in the reformate stream is often still significantly higher than the desirable level for sustainable PEFC operation. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide in the reformate may be converted to carbon monoxide through a reversed water-gas shift reaction inside of the fuel cell. 
     To further eliminate residual carbon monoxide that escapes from the pretreatment or forms from the reversed water-gas-shift reaction inside of the fuel cell, a direct oxygen injection to fuel cell method was developed. For example, Gottesfeld, U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,099 discloses a method of injecting a stream of oxygen or air into the hydrogen fuel so as to oxidize the carbon monoxide. Pow et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,747 disclose a similar means of eliminating carbon monoxide directly by introducing pure oxygen or an oxygen containing gas along the latter portion of a reaction chamber in an isothermal reactor in the presence of a catalyst that enhances the oxidation of the carbon monoxide. Wilkinson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,680 disclose the removal of carbon monoxide from a hydrogen fuel for a fuel cell by means of introducing a hydrogen rich reactant stream into a passageway having an inlet, an outlet and a catalyst that enhances the oxidation of carbon monoxide; introducing a first oxygen containing gas stream into the hydrogen rich reactant stream through a first port along the passage way, thereby oxidizing some of the carbon monoxide within the reactant stream; and introducing a second oxygen containing gas at a subsequent point, further oxidizing the remaining carbon monoxide. Wilkinson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,021 similarly oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by means of an oxygen containing gas introduced into a hydrogen rich reactant stream in the presence of an unspecified catalyst. 
     There are several significant limitations for the PROX process and oxygen injection process. One of these limitations is the parasitic consumption of hydrogen. Due to the limited selectivity, the oxidant injected into a hydrogen rich fuel is always higher than the stoichiometric amount necessary for oxidizing the carbon monoxide. The unreacted oxygen will consume hydrogen in the stream to therefore reduce the overall fuel efficiency. Another significant limitation of these methods is their poor tolerance towards the variation of CO input level in the reformate. To minimize the parasitic hydrogen loss, the oxygen to CO ratio has to be kept at a relatively low level in both approaches. Yet, the CO input level often varies as the result of change of the fuel cell power output and, thus, the reformate throughput. It is difficult to constantly match the CO input level with the oxygen level in a dynamic environment. Consequently, unreacted CO will exceed the fuel cell tolerance level, leading to poor performance. Yet another limitation of these two approaches is the concern over safety. The oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the mixture has to be strictly controlled below the explosion threshold. 
     Another prior art process for removing carbon monoxide involves membrane separation, whereby the hydrogen in the reformate can be separated by a metallic membrane. For example, R. E. Buxbaum, U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,729 discloses a palladium based metallic membrane which provides the selectivity for hydrogen separation up to 100%. Therefore, it could remove carbon monoxide and other components from hydrogen which is the fuel for the PEFC. Although highly selective, the process has several disadvantages. Since it uses precious metal as membrane material, it is expensive. Furthermore, the reformate has to be pressurized to facilitate the separation process which results in parasitic power loss and equipment complexity. 
     Methanization is another prior art process to remove carbon monoxide through the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen to form methane. An example of this method is given by Fleming et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,884,838. Methane does not have a detrimental impact and is regarded as non-reactive in the fuel cell. The methanation reaction, however, requires hydrogen as a reactant and, therefore, increases the parasitic consumption of the fuel for the fuel cell. Furthermore, under the methanation condition, not only carbon monoxide but also carbon dioxide participates in the reactions. The reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen generates carbon monoxide through chemical equilibrium. It is therefore difficult to reduce the carbon monoxide level to the desirable limit for PEFC operation. 
     Because of the sensitive nature of fuel cells, it is vital that carbon monoxide removal approaches 100% efficiency. In addition to the process limitations, such as cost, excess volume and weight, system complexity and high parasitic hydrogen consumption for the above mentioned methods, there is another common shortcoming, i. e., slow response during the cold start of the fuel cell power plant. Most of these approaches need the system to reach a certain temperature before they are operable, which often represents an undesirable delay between start-up and normal operation. 
     Therefore, there is a need for a method of removing carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon reformate that is highly efficient, displays enhanced tolerance to carbon monoxide concentration swings, reduces parasitic hydrogen consumption, eliminates venting of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere, can be operated simply and economically, and can operate at the temperature and pressures of a fuel cell, as well as during the start-up mode. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In the present invention, an electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) processor for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon reformate comprises a cell containing a electrode catalytic material that preferentially adsorbs and reacts with carbon monoxide. An oxidizing agent that reacts with the carbon monoxide absorbed by the catalytic material, typically converting the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, regenerates an adsorption capacity of that catalytic material. Electrical leads disposed on opposite sides of a proton permeable membrane electrode assembly form a circuit capable of discharging a current through the catalytic material, thereby triggering the regeneration process. The circuit may be galvanic in nature, or comprised of a separate D.C. power supply. 
     A carbon monoxide removal system according to the present invention comprises a fuel processor that processes a hydrocarbon fuel containing carbon monoxide; an electrocatalytic oxidation processor downstream of the fuel processor which is capable of removing carbon monoxide from the fuel by means of a catalytic material that preferentially adsorbs carbon monoxide; and an electrical circuit that produces an electrical current through the catalytic material, thereby converting the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide through electro-catalytic oxidation and regenerating the catalytic material. 
     A method for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon reformate according to this invention comprises the steps of humidifying the reformate; moving the humidified reformate across an electrode catalytic material that preferentially adsorbs carbon monoxide; and producing an electrical current through the catalytic material which triggers a reaction between the adsorbed water as well as the oxidizing species formed from water during the electrochemical process with the carbon monoxide, thereby converting the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and regenerating the catalytic material. 
     These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following drawings, description and claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 discloses a block diagram of a method and apparatus for removing carbon monoxide from a fuel according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 a  depicts a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of an electro-catalytic oxidation (ECO) processor according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 b  depicts a bipolar plate that can be used on anode and cathode sides of the MEA shown in FIG. 2 a;    
     FIG. 3 is a graph of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations at the exit of an ECO device versus time according to a first galvanic embodiment of a method of the present invention wherein carbon monoxide is present at about 1014 ppm at the inlet and the ECO processor utilizes platinum-ruthenium (Pt—Ru) as a catalyst; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph of carbon monoxide concentration at the exit of an ECO device versus time according to a first electrolytic embodiment of a method of the present invention wherein carbon monoxide is present at about 120 ppm at the inlet and the ECO processor utilizes a rhodium (Rh) electrode catalyst; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations at the exit of an ECO device versus time according to a second galvanic embodiment of a method of the present invention wherein the ECO processor utilizes ruthenium (Ru) as a catalyst; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations at the exit of an ECO device versus time according to a first electrolytic embodiment of a method of the present invention wherein the ECO processor utilizes Ru as a catalyst. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram disclosing the various component parts of one embodiment of a method and a power generation system  10  for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon fuel and producing D.C. power according to the present invention. In general, a hydrocarbon fuel source  26 , such as gasoline, natural gas or methanol, is introduced into a fuel processor  27 . In the fuel processor  27 , the hydrocarbons can react with air or water through partial oxidation or steam reforming to form a reformate mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water and other minor components. The reformate mixture usually undergoes additional steps of catalytic reactions, such as a water-gas-shift reaction, to further promote the reaction between steam and CO to form hydrogen and CO 2 . 
     Upon exiting the fuel processor  27 , a hydrogen rich reformate  28  containing a small amount of carbon monoxide (usually less than a few percent) enters an electro-catalytic oxidation (ECO) cell or processor  29  where carbon monoxide is removed from the reformate  28 . A carbon monoxide free reformate  32  exits from the ECO processor  29  and enters a fuel cell assembly or stack  33  where the hydrogen in reformate  32  is electrochemically oxidized at an anode by air or oxygen at a cathode to produce a D.C. power output  34 . The operation of the fuel processor  27 , the ECO processor  29  and the fuel cell stack  33  can be controlled by a central subsystem  11  which manages the necessary air, water and heat, as well as the operation commands for each stage or step in FIG.  1 . 
     More specifically, the fuel processor  27  converts the hydrocarbon fuel  26  to the reformate  28  through multiple steps. These steps consist of fuel reforming which includes steam reforming or partial oxidation, high temperature water-gas-shift reaction, low temperature water-gas-shift reaction, as well as reformate conditioning such as humidification and temperature control through a heat transfer process. 
     In the steam reforming stage, the hydrocarbon fuel  26  reacts with a water steam  12  over a reforming catalyst at an elevated temperature to form a mixture containing mainly hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and others. This process is endothermic but energy efficient. In place of the steam reforming, a partial oxidation process can be used in which the hydrocarbon fuel  26  reacts with a small amount of oxygen or air  13  to form a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and others. This process is exothermic and self-sustaining but nonetheless less energy efficient. 
     Following the steam reforming or partial oxidation stage, the gas mixture undergoes high temperature (i.e., about 350 to 550° C.) and low temperature (i.e., about 200 to 300° C.) water-gas shift reactions in which the carbon monoxide reacts further with additional steam  12  to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide over the water-gas shift catalysts. In the present invention, the water-gas-shift reactions not only improve the overall yield of hydrogen in the fuel processor  27 , it also reduces the carbon monoxide concentration to typically less than a few percent in the reformate output  28 . 
     The above fuel reforming and water-gas shift reaction are well known in the art and described, for example, in “Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice” by Charles N. Satterfield, Chapter 10, page 419-465, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Following the water-gas shift reaction, the reformate undergoes a conditioning process during which the humidity and temperature of the reformate output  28  is adjusted to be suitable for PEFC application. The humidity adjustment is accomplished by mixing water steam and the temperature adjustment is accomplished by thermal transfer through a heat exchanger. In a preferred operating condition, the temperature of the reformate output  28  should be in the range of about 70 to 100° C. and the humidity should be close to 100% relative humidity (RH) at the corresponding temperature. 
     The fuel processor  27  is preferably controlled by the central management subsystem  11  as a result of operational data  14  being transmitted therebetween. The central management subsystem  11  may control any number of operational parameters, such as a water vapor flow  12 , an air flow  13 , and a coolant flow  15  to the fuel processor  27 . In a preferred embodiment, a single integrated electronic management subsystem  11  controls not only the fuel processor  27 , but also the ECO processor  29  and the fuel cell (or fuel cell stack)  33 , both of which are further described below. It is, however, envisioned to control these components with separate management subsystems. 
     Sensing devices (not pictured) well known in the art can be installed in the fuel processor  27 , the ECO processor  29 , as well as the fuel cell stack  33 . These sensors monitor the overall system  10  performance by measuring the parameters which include, but are not limited to, the pressure, temperature, carbon monoxide concentration, output voltage/current, etc. This data will be part of the operational data  14 ,  16 ,  19  which will be directed to the management subsystem  11  and receive feedback from the management subsystem  11  for the control of each operation of the unit. Particularly relevant to this invention is the carbon monoxide data collected as part of each operation data  14 ,  16 ,  19 . To generate the operational data with respect to carbon monoxide levels, the sensing device according to one embodiment of the present invention is a broad-band infrared absorption-detector, although other similar devices can also be used. 
     The humidified reformate  28  enters an anode side  36  of the ECO cell  29  (FIG. 2 a ) through a flow field  50  of a bipolar plate  48  (described below). It passes across an electrode catalytic material  47  which includes a catalyst metal component  41  and a catalyst support  42  further described below. Thereby, the catalytic metal component  41  chemisorbs the carbon monoxide in the reformate  28 . The reference to “chemisorbs” herein is intended to refer to chemical adsorption where the electronic interaction between CO and the active site in the catalytic metal  41  occurs to form a quasi-chemical bond. Subsequent references herein to “adsorb” and “chemisorb” are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified, such as “physi-adsorption.” The chemisorption of carbon monoxide occurs preferentially over hydrogen. This preferential adsorption is due to a significant difference in the Gibbs energies of adsorption between carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the catalytic sites. Consequently, the catalytic metal component  41  preferentially absorbs carbon monoxide despite the composition of the hydrocarbon reformate typically comprising far greater percentages of hydrogen. 
     Over time and in the process of adsorbing carbon monoxide, the catalytic metal component  41  eventually approaches a point of carbon monoxide saturation, thereby reducing or altogether eliminating its adsorption capacity to adsorb more carbon monoxide from the reformate  28 . To maintain an efficient removal of carbon monoxide from the reformate  28 , the catalytic metal component  41 , and specifically its adsorption capacity, should be regenerated. The regeneration preferably occurs prior to the time the catalytic metal component  41  reaches carbon monoxide saturation and, more preferably, before there is any substantial degradation of the ability of the catalytic metal component  41  to adsorb carbon monoxide. 
     Regeneration can occur by removing the carbon monoxide from the catalytic metal component  41  via an oxidizing agent such as water vapor  12 . Specifically, the water vapor  12  provides transient species such as a hydroxyl radical, a hydrogen peroxide radical, etc. formed during an electrochemical process (described below) when the water  12  is adsorbed over the surface of the catalytic metal  41 . Thus, when an oxidizing agent from the activated water vapor  12  chemically reacts with the carbon monoxide that had been adsorbed by the catalytic metal component  41 , carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide that is generally not harmful to the performance of the fuel cell  33 . The carbon dioxide produced from the oxidation reaction has only weak physi-adsorption (i.e., adsorption due to van der Waals interaction). Therefore, it is easily released by the catalytic metal component  41  and swept away by the continuing flow of reformate  28 . With the adsorbed carbon monoxide now removed, the catalytic metal component  41  is again able to adsorb additional carbon monoxide. Accordingly, the adsorption capacity of the catalytic metal component  41  has been regenerated. 
     To initiate the catalytic oxidation reaction between the oxidizing agent  12  and the carbon monoxide, a current is discharged through the area containing the electrode catalytic material  47  and, specifically, the catalytic metal component  41 . The current will initiate an electrochemical process which transforms the water vapor  12  adsorbed on the surface of the catalytic metal  41  to highly reactive oxidizing species. Such current discharge can occur in one of two manners. As further described below, the two manners of current discharge are referred to herein as galvanic and electrolytic. Irrespective of the manner of current discharge, during the regeneration period, the catalyzed oxidation reaction produces the carbon dioxide described above. 
     The present invention also includes an adsorption cycle which is distinguished from the regeneration cycle by an absence of electrical current flow and thus an absence of catalytic oxidation reactions. Preferably, a regeneration period or cycle alternates with an adsorption period or cycle as the level of carbon monoxide adsorbed to the catalyst metal component  41  rises and falls. In other words, and for example, during the adsorption cycle, the amount of adsorbed carbon monoxide rises towards the maximum adsorption capacity of the catalytic metal component  41 . Before or upon the catalytic metal component  41  reaching saturation, the adsorption cycle stops and the regeneration cycle commences, during which time the amount of adsorbed carbon monoxide falls. As can be appreciated, the alternation of regeneration and adsorption can theoretically continue indefinitely. 
     Thus, for example, the adsorption cycle is initiated by precluding an electrical current from being developed across the area of catalytic metal component  41 . But upon partial or full carbon monoxide saturation of the catalytic metal component  41 , an electric current can be discharged through the area of the catalytic metal component  41  to initiate the regeneration cycle. Consequently, during the adsorption cycle, essentially no protons flow across a proton permeable membrane  35  of the ECO processor  29 , as further described below. But such proton flow does occur during the regeneration cycle. 
     Accordingly, no hydrogen consumption takes place during the adsorption period. During the regeneration process, however, a residual amount of hydrogen chemisorbed on the surface of an anode  36  (further described below) of the ECO processor  29 , as well as in the gas phase in the ECO processor  29 , will participate in electrochemical oxidation reactions on the anode  36 . The electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen competes with the electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide and water, which are adsorbed on the catalytic metal  41 . The electro-oxidation of hydrogen results in the formation of protons. The protons migrate across the proton permeable membrane  35  to cathode  37  of the ECO processor  29  and react with reduced oxygen to form water. Since the electrochemical process occurring during the regeneration period is usually much faster than the cumulative adsorption process, the adsorption period generally comprises a major portion of the overall ECO operation cycle. 
     During both the regeneration and adsorption cycles, a substantial amount of carbon monoxide is removed from the reformate  32  exiting the ECO processor  29 . However, it can be appreciated that during the adsorption cycle, the amount of carbon monoxide in the exit reformate  32  will be rising as the adsorption capacity of the catalytic metal component  41  decreases. To prevent the leakage of carbon monoxide in the exit reformate  32 , the ECO processor  29  is preferably regenerated so that the adsorption capacity of catalytic metal component  41  can be restored in a timely fashion. In any event, the carbon monoxide-free reformate  32  can then enter the fuel cell stack  33 , which can be of any well known design in the art. In the fuel cell stack  33 , the reformate  32  can react with an oxidant, such as air  17 , through an electrochemical process which produces a D.C. electrical power  34 . The fuel cell byproducts that include an oxygen-depleted air  21  and a hydrogen-depleted reformate  22  can then be exhausted by the management subsystem  11  in the form of an exhaust  23 . 
     As mentioned above, FIG. 2 a  depicts the internal structure of a membrane electrode assembly of an ECO processor  29 . FIG. 2 b  depicts a bipolar plate  48  that is used on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly of FIG. 2 a.  Thereby, the ECO processor  29  is generally constructed in a fashion similar to well known proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Such PEM cells, including the construction of bipolar plates and membrane electrode assemblies, are described in the article “Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells” by S. Gottesfeld and T. A. Zawodzinsk in ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, R. C. Alkire, H Gerischer, D. M Kolb and C. W. Tobias eds., Volume 5, page 195-302, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1997 and incorporated herein by reference. The ECO processor  29  will be typically operated between ambient temperature to about 180° C. and at about 1 to 5 atmospheres of pressure. The ECO cell  29  includes a first portion and a second portion—namely, the anode  36  and the cathode  37 —together with the proton exchange membrane  35  therebetween. Various proton permeable membrane materials which are well known in the art can be used as the proton exchange membrane  35 , such as perflourinated polymers like NAFION®. 
     The carbon monoxide adsorption and electrochemical oxidation occurs on the anode side of the ECO device  29 . The anode side consists of the anode  36  and the bipolar plate  48  with the conducting flow field  50 . As shown in FIG. 2 a,  the electrode catalytic material  47  includes the catalyst metal component  41  dispersed over a conductive high surface area support  42 . On one side of the electrode catalytic material  47 , and in close contact therewith, is the proton exchange membrane  35 . On the other side of the electrode catalytic material  47  is a porous conductive gas diffusion backing material  44 . The backing material  44  provides reformate  28  supply to the anode  36  and can be made of conductive materials with a gas diffusion property such as carbon cloths or porous carbon papers. An example of a commercial backing material  44  is ELAT™ made by E-TEK, Inc. The side of the gas diffusion backing material  44  opposite the catalytic material  47  is in close contact with the bipolar plate  48  which is connected to a first conductive lead  24  (not shown). Through the bipolar plate  48  and the first conductive lead  24 , electrons are transferred between the anode  36  and an external circuit  40 . The backing material  44  can be coated with a hydrophobic coating  45  to prevent local flooding by water from the electrochemical process and from the humidified reformate  28 . An example of the hydrophobic material is fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). 
     In operation, the reformate  28  containing carbon monoxide enters the ECO device  29  through an inlet  49  of the bipolar plate  48 . The reformate  28  follows the flow path or feed channel  50  across a conductive surface  51  and to an outlet or exhaust  52 . During the process, the reformate  28  will also pass through the gas diffusion backing material  44  and interact with the catalyst metal component  41 . As it was mentioned earlier, the carbon monoxide in the reformate  28  will be selectively chemisorbed over the catalyst metal component  41 . The majority of the carbon monoxide at the outlet  49  of the bipolar plate  48  is therefore being removed from the reformate  28 . 
     To facilitate the proton transfer process during the regeneration cycle, the catalyst metal material  41  and support  42  are bound to the proton exchange membrane  35  in a matrix of proton conductive ionomer composite  43 . The ionomer composite  43  is generally recasted from the perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer particles. An example would be NAFION® particles. Alternatively, the catalyst metal material  41  and support  42  can be bound to the backing material  44  through the matrix of proton conductive ionomer composite  43  and collectively pressed against the proton exchange membrane  35  upon assembling of the ECO processor  29 . 
     The cathode  37  is preferably of design similar to the anode  36  to insure that an oxidant such as oxygen is channeled to interact with the protons traversing the membrane  35 . 
     The catalytic metal component  41  comprises noble and/or transition metals in a highly dispersed form upon the support  42 . The support  42  is generally characterized as being electrically conductive, chemically inert, and having a high surface area. The conductivity of the support  42  may vary, but is generally comparable to that of carbon. The need for the suppport  42  to be chemically inert is to avoid reactions between the reformate  28  and the support  42  during both adsorption and regeneration cycles and to maintain the structural stability of the anode  36  during long term ECO process operation. In this embodiment, the surface area of support  42  may range from about 5 to 1500 m 2 /g and, more preferably, range from about 150 to 300 m 2 /g. Some examples of suitable materials for the support  42  include carbon black, metal nitride and metal carbide such as titanium nitride, tungsten carbide, etc. 
     In another embodiment of this invention, the catalytic metal component  41  can be small metal crystallite powder without a supporting material  42 . These metal crystallites are generally highly dispersed with particle dimensions ranging from 10 nm to &gt;1000 nm. The benefit of using an unsupported metal crystallite is eliminating the requirement and limitation of the support  42 . The unsupported metal crystallite, however, generally provides less available surface area than that of supported catalytic metal component  41 . 
     The noble metals that are suitable for use as the catalyst metal component  41  include, but are not limited to, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, gold, silver, etc. The useful transition metals include, but are not limited to, molybdenum, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, tin, tungsten, etc. The present invention contemplates that two and three noble or transition metals can be used in any combination as the catalytic metal component  41  in the form of a multiple metallic alloy. However, it is preferred that one or two noble metals and/or one or two transition metals be utilized in any form of combinations as a bimetallic alloy, which are demonstrated by the examples below. 
     Although the catalyst metal component  41  in the anode  36  and the cathode  37  can be the same, catalyst metal component  41  at the cathode  37  is preferably different from that at the anode  36 . The preferred catalyst metal component  41  at the cathode  37  include platinum and platinum-transition metal alloys such as Pt—Co, Pt—Cr. The preferred catalyst metal component  41  at the anode  36  is ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum and their corresponding transition metal alloys. 
     The performance of ECO processor  29  depends on the amount of catalyst metal component  41  used in the membrane electrode assembly which is normally represented by the weight of the catalyst metal per unit MEA surface area. In this invention, the preferred amount of catalyst metal component  41  for the anode  36  ranges from about 0.1 to 5 mg/cm 2 . The preferred amount of catalyst metal component  41  for the cathode  37  ranges from about 0.1 to 5 mg/cm 2 . 
     For the catalyst material  47 , the amount of catalyst metal component  41  loading in the support  42  can also affect the performance of the ECO processor  29 . For a noble metal based catalytic metal component  41 , the metal loading over the support  42  preferably ranges from about 2 to 70 wt. %. More preferably, the loading is from about 20 to 50 wt. %. Below about 2 wt. %, the net amount of catalyst needed for constructing the anode  36  maybe too high to fully utilize the metal in an electrochemical process where the proton transfer needs to be connected throughout the anode  36 . Above 70 wt. % , it is difficult to achieve high metal dispersion which results in lower metal utilization because of the relatively lower surface metal atom to overall metal atom ratio. It is generally believed that the surface metal atoms of the catalyst metal component  41  are the active sites during a catalytic or an electro-catalytic reaction. For a transition metal based catalyst metal component  41 , the metal loading preferably ranges from about 0 to 40 wt. % and, more preferably, from about 3 to 30 wt. %. Loading outside such range tends to result in similar types of performance degradation described above for noble metals. 
     As noted above, the catalyst metal component  41  is dispersed on the substrate  42  with a high dispersion coefficient. The dispersion coefficient is defined as the ratio of the number of surface atoms of an active catalyst metal to the total number of atoms of the metal particles in the catalyst. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the catalyst metal component  41  be characterized by a dispersion coefficient between about 5 to 100% and, more preferably between about 30 to 90%. If below about 15%, the catalyst surface area provided by the catalyst metal component  41  can be too low to utilize the catalyst metal efficiently. The low utilization of the catalyst metal can result in a higher amount of the catalyst metal needed for the anode  36 , hence leading to a higher cost of the ECO processor  29 . 
     As mentioned above, the regeneration cycle is initiated by a discharge of electrical current through the anode  36  or cathode  37  of the ECO processor  29 . Without intending to be limited by any electro-catalysis theory, it is believed that the following chemical and electrochemical processes occur during the adsorption and the regeneration cycles. During the adsorption stage, the carbon monoxide in the gas phase will chemisorb over the active site of catalyst metal component  41 , designated as M, to form a chemisorbed CO species, CO/M, through the reaction: 
     
       
         CO+M→CO/M  (1) 
       
     
     Meanwhile, the hydrogen in the gas phase will also participate in a dissociative adsorption over the active site M through the reaction: 
     
       
         H 2 +2M→2H/M  (2) 
       
     
     Due to the significant difference in the heat of adsorption, the surface concentration of CO/M is higher than that of H/M through the cumulative adsorption of CO. The water vapor in the humidified reformate  28  will also be adsorbed over the surface of the anode  36  to form H 2 O ads . The surface on which the water adsorbs includes, but is not limited to, the surface of active site M through the following equation: 
     
       
         H 2 O(gas)→H 2 O ads   (3) 
       
     
     During the regeneration stage, the following electro-oxidation reactions occur on the surface of the anode  36 : 
     
       
         H/M→M+H +   +e   (4) 
       
     
     and 
      H 2 O ads →OH ads +H +   +e   (5) 
     OH ads  is the hydroxyl group chemisorbed over the surface of the anode  36  and which is highly reactive and can oxidize the chemisorbed CO/M through the following electro-catalytic reaction: 
     
       
         CO/M+OH ads →M+CO 2 +H +   +e   (6) 
       
     
     or through the direct catalytic reaction: 
     
       
         CO/M+2OH ads →M+CO 2 +H 2 O  (7) 
       
     
     Another way to express the electro-catalytic oxidation of chemisorbed carbon monoxide by water is by the following equation: 
     
       
         CO/M+H 2 O ads →M+CO 2 +2H + +2 e   (8) 
       
     
     The carbon dioxide formed through the equations (6) to (8) has a weak interaction with the anode  36  surface and, therefore, will be swept out of the anode  36  after the regeneration. 
     Two approaches can be used during the regeneration cycle. They are galvanic and electrolytic methods. The manner of regeneration is controlled by the management subsystem  11 . For the galvanic approach, the management subsystem  11  sends a control signal which momentarily closes a double-throw switch  30  between conductive leads  24 ,  25 , as shown in FIG.  1 . For the electrolytic approach, the management subsystem  11  sends a control signal which momentarily closes the switch  30  between conductive leads  24 ,  25  and a D.C. power supply  31 . The leads  24 ,  25  are affixed (not shown) to the bipolar plates  48  at both the anode  36  and cathode  37  sides of the ECO cell  29 . The conductive leads  24 ,  25  are preferably connected with the bipolar plates  48  which have an evenly distributed flow field configuration. One such configuration is a serpentine pattern, as is shown in FIG. 2 b.  The bipolar plates have uniform and close contact with the conductive backing material  44  and, therefore, with the anode  36  and cathode  37 . The uniform and close contact results in an even flow of electrical current across the catalytic material  47 , thereby achieving the most efficient degree of regeneration. Although a timed cycle may be used for the frequency needed for regeneration, the preferred embodiment utilizes measurements or calculations of carbon monoxide levels at the exit of fuel processor  27  and ECO processor  29  to initiate the regeneration cycle. 
     In the galvanic embodiment, the current is produced exclusively from a galvanic reaction owing to the transient potential difference between the anode  36  and cathode  37  side of the ECO processor  29 . The circuit  40  established between the anode  36  and the cathode  37  has a very small or zero resistance. The low impedance allows an instantaneous current to pass between the anode  36  and cathode  37  when the switch  30  closes the circuit. Under such a condition, the carbon monoxide electro-oxidation reaction with water at the anode  36  to form carbon dioxide is accelerated according to the equation (8) listed above. As described above, since the carbon dioxide has a relatively weak adhesion to the anode  36  surface, it can be swept away by the reformate  28  that continues to pass through the ECO cell  29 . 
     In the electrolytic embodiment, the above circuit  40  further comprises a separate power supply or D.C. cell  31 , with voltage ranges typically from about 0.1 to 2.0 volts, which applies the external potential and current over the initial discharge of electrical current. When the switch means  30  is closed, the first conductive lead  24  from the anode  36  is operatively connected to a positive terminal of the D.C. cell  31  and the second conductive lead  25  from the cathode  37  is operatively connected to a negative terminal of the DC cell  31 . Upon receiving a “reversed” potential from the power supply  31 , oxidizing species will be produced as a result of reactions similar to that given in equation (5) above. The oxidizing species include but are not limited to hydroxyl groups, hydro-peroxide groups, etc. These oxidizing species can be formed over the surface of catalyst metal component  41  or other parts of the anode  36  and migrate to the catalyst metal component  41 . The oxidizing species can then react with the adsorbed carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide. Like in the galvanic embodiment above, the weakly adsorbed carbon dioxide will be stripped by the flow of reformate  28 , leaving the anode  36  surface “clean.” 
     In both galvanic and electrolytic approaches, the duration of the regeneration is also controlled by the management system  11 . The regeneration duration can be greater than 0 to about 100 seconds. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is from about 0.01 second to 10 seconds. 
     While the above description deals with a single ECO cell  29 , multiple ECO cells  29  can be used to enhance the overall CO removal capacity. These multiple ECO cells  29  can be electrically connected in a series or in a parallel pattern, similar to such well known patterns used in fuel cell stacks. Additionally, and like with fuel cells, the ECO cells  29  can be stacked in a module wherein the individual cells  29  are electrically connected in series; a plurality of modules can then be flow connected in parallel. The regeneration of multiple ECO cells  29  can occur simultaneously or in a sequential manner. However, the sequential manner is preferred. Further, the manner in which the reformate  28  flows into multiple ECO cells  29  can also be in parallel or in series, which is also similar to such flows for fuel cell stacks. The series flow pattern is preferred for more complete carbon monoxide removal. 
     EXAMPLES 
     FIG. 3 graphically discloses test data wherein an ECO cell was constructed with a similar configuration as a typical proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. At the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a carbon supported Pt—Ru bimetallic electrode catalyst with loading of 0.299 mg/cm 2  was attached by the hot-pressed method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,984 and incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, a Pt/C electrode catalyst with Pt loading of 0.303 mg/cm 2  was attached on the cathode side. The MEA had electrode surface area of 5 cm 2  and the ECO device was operated at 80° C. The anode gas mixture was fully humidified nitrogen containing 1014 ppm carbon monoxide. The gas mixture was introduced through the anode side of the ECO cell at a flow rate of 128 sccm. The cathode gas was fully humidified air at a flow rate of 180 sccm. Separate broad-band IR absorption-detectors were used to monitor carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels at the exit of the ECO cell. FIG. 3 shows that, at the beginning of the experiment, the carbon monoxide concentration within the gas mixture at the exit decreased significantly as carbon dioxide concentration increased, indicating the selective carbon monoxide adsorption and catalytic oxidation occurring over the electrode catalyst surface. Upon the saturation of carbon monoxide over the anode, gas phase carbon monoxide concentration returned to the original level. At this point, the galvanic regeneration was initiated by electrically shorting the circuit between the anode and cathode for one second to allow the electrocatalytic oxidation to occur at the anode surface. Following the short-circuiting, the carbon monoxide levels in the gas mixture decreased and the carbon dioxide increased, indicating that adsorbed carbon monoxide was oxidized to carbon dioxide and the electrode surface was cleaned for another adsorption cycle. The process was highly repeatable, as seen in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 4 graphically discloses test data in an ECO device similar to that used in FIG.  3  and at an operating temperature of 80° C. At the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly, a carbon supported rhodium electrode catalyst with Rh loading of 0.270 mg/cm 2  was attached by the hot-pressed method. Similarly, a Pt/C electrode catalyst with Pt loading of 0.330 mg/cm 2  was attached on the cathode side. During the experiment, a mixture of synthetic reformate mixture containing 120 ppm CO, 19.9% CO 2 , 37.0% H 2 , balanced by N 2  was fully humidified and passed through the anode side of the ECO cell with a flow rate of 128 sccm while air at essentially 100% relative humidity was passed through the cathode side at a flow rate of 180 sccm. A broad band IR absorption detector monitored the concentration of carbon monoxide at the exit. At the beginning of the experiment, there was a significant decrease of carbon monoxide concentration in the reformate flow at the exit of the ECO cell, indicating a selective carbon monoxide absorption by the catalytic material within the anode. Upon carbon monoxide saturation of the catalytic material, gas phase carbon monoxide was observed to rise closely to its original level. At this point, the two electrodes of the ECO cell were connected to an external DC power supply with 0.4 volts, with the positive lead of the power supply attached to the anode of the ECO cell and the negative lead attached to the cathode of the ECO cell, thus producing a “reverse voltage potential.” The connection lasted a short period of 1 second to initiate the electrocatalytic oxidation at the anode surface. As seen in FIG. 4, over repeated cycles, the carbon monoxide levels in the reformate were reduced through the electrocatalytic oxidation process in a manner consistent with what would be expected by the regeneration of the catalytic material absorbing the carbon monoxide. 
     FIG. 5 graphically discloses the test results of an experiment with an ECO cell similar in construction to that used in connection with FIG.  3 . The anode electrode catalyst was Ru/C with the ruthenium loading at 0.3 mg/cm 2 . The operating temperature was again 80° C. A fully humidified gas mixture containing 492 ppm carbon monoxide and the balance hydrogen was introduced into the anode side at a flow rate of 128 sccm. At the same time, 100%-humidified air was passed through the cathode side with a flow rate of 180 sccm. Separate broad band IR absorption detectors monitored carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels at the ECO exit. As shown in FIG. 5, at the beginning of the experiment, the carbon monoxide concentration at the exit decreased while the carbon dioxide concentration increased, indicating the selective carbon monoxide adsorption and catalytic oxidation occurred over the electrode catalyst surface. Upon the saturation of the carbon monoxide over the anode, gas phase carbon monoxide concentration returned to the original level. At this point, the two electrodes of the ECO cell were connected for one second to allow the electrocatalytic oxidation to occur at the anode surface. Following this short circuiting, depletion of carbon monoxide and enhancement of carbon dioxide in the reformate was observed, indicating that adsorbed carbon monoxide was oxidized to carbon dioxide and the electrode surface was cleaned for another adsorption cycle. The process was highly repeatable, as shown in FIG.  5 . With an increase of regeneration frequency, such as one second of short circuiting for every 15 seconds of carbon monoxide adsorption, the carbon monoxide level at the exit can be maintained at a constant level, as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 6 graphically discloses the test results with an ECO cell of similar construction and identical chemical concentrations, temperature and humidity as that used to obtain the test results disclosed in FIG.  5 . The only distinction in the equipment producing the results in FIGS. 5 and 6 is the addition of an external DC power supply having a potential of 0.4 volts in the tests represented by FIG.  6 . Upon the saturation of carbon monoxide over the anode, gas phase carbon monoxide concentration returned to the original level. At this point, the two electrodes of the ECO cell were connected to the power supply, with the positive lead of the power supply attached to the anode of the ECO cell and the negative lead attached to the cathode of the ECO cell, thus producing a “reverse voltage potential.” FIG. 6 illustrates that, when the reverse voltage was applied for approximately one second, the adsorbed carbon monoxide was electrochemically oxidized to carbon dioxide, as indicated by the depletion of carbon monoxide and increase of carbon dioxide at the exit of the ECO device. This process was highly repeatable, as shown in FIG.  6 . With an increase of the regeneration frequency, such as one second of applying a “reversed voltage” for every 20 seconds of carbon monoxide adsorption, the carbon monoxide level at the exit can be maintained at a constant level, as shown in FIG.  6 . 
     As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the present invention provides an approach to improve fuel cell operation efficiency by removing carbon monoxide from the hydrogen fuel externally. The present invention provides advantages of a high degree of carbon monoxide removal, simple system configuration, low parasitic hydrogen consumption, increased tolerance to the dynamics of carbon monoxide output from the reformer, and ease of operation. Although a primary application of the invention is to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide with the hydrogen fuel for fuel cell operation, the present invention can have other applications where carbon monoxide removal is necessary. 
     It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing relates to preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.