Abstract:
A digital exciter is presented herein for use in RF broadcasting and wherein the exciter employs pilot signal compensation. This includes an input digital circuit for receiving a modulated digital data at an input sample rate for RF broadcasting at a desired RF frequency. The pilot frequency may be displaced from a desired location at the frequency band because of an error in the input sample rate. A digital compensator determines whether the pilot frequency is displaced and provides a digital correction signal in accordance therewith. A digital correction circuit corrects the pilot frequency in accordance with the correction signal.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to RF broadcasting and, more particularly, to a digital exciter for RF broadcasting having pilot frequency compensation. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0004]    In proposed digital television (DTV) systems, a digital signal bearing both video and audio data may be sent from a signal source, such as a television studio, to an RF-transmission site that may not be co-located with the studio. Thus, the video and audio data are transmitted from the studio using conventional communication techniques, such as microwave links. This signal, often referred to as the transport signal, may contain both the data and the clock for the data. The transmission site may use the clock for the purpose of recovering the data. If the clock is inaccurate or drifts, inaccuracies work into the signal that is broadcast from the transmission site. Given the importance of maintaining accurate broadcast frequency, frequency errors caused by inaccurate clocks may be unacceptably high. 
         [0005]    The Advanced Television Standards Committee (ATSC) requires that a frequency known as the pilot frequency be controlled in accordance with various Federal Communications (FCC) requirements. The typical frequency band with digital television is on the order of 6 MHz. A pilot signal should be at a particular location, such as at a band edge. The pilot signal may be displaced from the band edge because of a frequency error caused by an error in the input sample rate. 
         [0006]    The prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,935 (Twitchell). This patent discloses an analog solution to pilot frequency alignment. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    In accordance with the present invention, a digital exciter is provided for use in RF broadcasting and it employs pilot signal compensation. This exciter includes an input digital circuit for receiving digital data at an input sample rate. This is used for RF broadcasting at a desired RF frequency. The pilot frequency may be displaced from a desired location, such as at a band edge because of an error in the input sample rate. The invention includes a digital compensator that determines whether the pilot frequency is displaced and provides a digital correction signal. A digital correction circuit corrects the pilot frequency in accordance with information provided by the correction signal. 
         [0008]    In accordance with a more limited aspect of the present invention, a frequency conversion circuit converts the frequency to a higher digital intermediate frequency. 
         [0009]    In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, the compensator includes a digital counter for counting clock pulses from a clock source to provide a count used to indicate any displacement of the pilot frequency. 
         [0010]    In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, a computer is programmed to receive the count and determine the extent of any displacement frequency error as a function of the count. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The foregoing and other features of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art to which the present invention relates upon consideration of the following description of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1A  is an amplitude versus frequency plot for a digital signal and illustrating a displaced pilot signal; 
           [0013]      FIG. 1B  is an amplitude versus frequency plot similar to that of  FIG. 1A , but showing an ideal bandwidth with the pilot signal being at the correct RF frequency; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an exciter employing pilot compensation in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    This invention is directed to a digital exciter for use in RF broadcast. The exciter provides pilot signal compensation to compensate for pilot frequency displacement from a desired location within the broadcast frequency band. The displacement may be the result of an error in the input sample rate of the data supplied to the exciter. The exciter provides an output signal which is placed at the desired RF frequency by mixing the modulated signal at an intermediate frequency (IF) with output from a local oscillator (LO). The LO frequency is actively controlled by using a phase locked loop (PLL) with precision input reference. The intermediate frequency (IF), in this embodiment, is nominally at 140 MHz and is exact if the input sample data rate has no error. The modulated signal is output at the intermediate frequency from a digital to analog converter (DAC). The pilot signal, in the absence of an error, should be on the band edge. 
         [0016]    The forgoing is illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B .  FIG. 1A  is an amplitude versus frequency showing a pilot frequency that is offset from the band edge, as is indicated by ΔF pilot .  FIG. 1B  illustrates a similar showing but with the pilot frequency correctly located at the band edge. It uses the compensation that is provided by this invention to maintain the pilot at the band edge, as in  FIG. 1B . 
         [0017]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 . The exciter receives digital data which may originate as from a television or radio studio and transported as by microwave to the exciter. The exciter may be located at a transmitter station which may be several miles from the studio. The data is referred to herein as ASI in and it is received at a receiver  10  and is then supplied to a modulator-field programmable gate array (FPGA)  12 . The input sample rate F S  by the way of a multiplexer or MUX  14  is taken from an input SMPTE  16 . The nominal input data rate is the SMPTE 310M rate of 19.393 Mbps. This is supplied to an ATSC modulator  20  at a clock rate of 10.76 MHz from the clock to be discussed hereinafter. The data is also supplied at the input sample rate to a programmed microcomputer C. 
         [0018]    A 54 MHz oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO)  22  is disciplined to the input sample rate by comparison of input data buffer fullness against a water mark level. The error in buffer level is input to a control loop that includes a register  24  that drives a pulse width modulator (PWM)  26  for purposes of controlling the rate of the oscillator  22 . This is by way of an amplifier  28  and a control circuit  30 . The data read from the buffer is controlled by the 54 MHz clock and thus will match the input data rate. 
         [0019]    The output signal from the modulator  20  is supplied to a digital up converter (DUC) field programmable gate array (FPGA)  40 . This is clocked in at a DUC sample clock F S . The sample clock F S  is obtained from a phase-locked loop arrangement which includes a phase-locked loop  42  that receives a precise 10.0 MHz signal (to be described below). The output of loop  42  is supplied to a crystal oscillator  44  that outputs a signal F DAC  which is equal to 430.49 MHz and this is supplied as a clock to a digital-to-analog converter DAC. This signal, F DAC , is divided by a factor of four by a divider circuit  46  to provide a sample clock F S , at 107.6 MHz, and this is supplied to the programmable gate array  40 . The sample clock F S  is divided by a factor of 10 by a divider  50  and is supplied at 10.76 MHz to the modulator  20  for running thy modulator. A second phase lock circuit  52  also receives the precise 10.0 MHz clock and supplies this to another crystal oscillator  54  that produces the RF LO supplied to a multiplier  60 . 
         [0020]    The circuitry also includes a discipline loop  62  that receives a precision reference signal to an additional crystal oscillator OCXO (this is an oven-controlled crystal oscillator)  64 . This oscillator provides the precise 10.0 MHz reference signal that is supplied to the phase lock loop  42 . 
         [0021]    An NCO register  70  receives a digital correction signal from the microcomputer C and controls an NCO oscillator  71  to produce an output signal IF−F S  which is supplied to a multiplier  72  to beat against the baseband signal. This circuit, including computer C, is a digital correction compensator that supplies a digital correction signal to a digital circuit that includes register  70 , NCO  71  and multiplier  60 . The result is supplied to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) which then supplies the intermediate frequency IF at 140 MHz to the multiplier  60  which produces the desired output signal. This is supplied to a suitable amplifier  80  and is broadcast as with a suitable antenna  82 . 
         [0022]    From the foregoing, it is to be noted that a signal is placed at the intermediate frequency IF of approximately 140 MHz as a result of oversampling by the DAC and offset in the digital up converter (DUC) field programmable gate array (FPGA). The DAC oversamples and places an image of the input at multiples of the DUC sample clock F S . The DUC sample clock F S  is ¼ DAC clock F DAC . The digital signal is offset by a value equal to 140 MHz MF S  so that the desired image outward from the DAC is at 140 MHz−F S +F S =140 MHz. The numerical controlled oscillator  71  creates a complex exponential which multiplies the baseband signal from the FDGA  40  and shifts the signal by the desired frequency offset. 
         [0023]    The error in the buffer level modulator  12  is supplied to the microcomputer C and this signal is input to a control loop that drives a pulse width modulator  26  that controls the rate of the oscillator  22 . The rate that data is read from the buffer  12  is controlled by the 54 MHz clock and thus will match the input data rate. 
         [0024]    The 54 MHz clock is used as a reference into a phase locked loop that provides an oversampled DAC clock F DAC  of 430.49 MHz nominal. This clock is divided by 4 to provide a DAC sample clock F S , which in turn, is divided by 10 to provide a baseband sample clock of 10.76 MHz. 
         [0025]    The 54 MHz clock applied to a counter  90  and the count is registered in a register  92  which is clocked at a rate of 1 PPS from a divider  94  that receives a precise clock of 10.0 MHz. 
         [0026]    A digital compensator determines whether the pilot frequency is displaced and, if so, if the error is in counter  92 . The error in the 54 MHz oscillator is calculated by counting the cycles in a one second interval. The precise 10 MHz oscillator is divided by 10,000,000 to regenerate the one pulse per second (1 PPS) signal. The counter  90  is driven by the 54.0 MHz clock and the count value is sampled at each one pulse per second occurrence. The difference from the ideal count of 54,000,000 is the error (F error ) in hertz. 
         [0000]        F error=Cycles in 1 pps−54000000
 
         [0027]    An error factor can be expressed as this ratio: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             ErrorFactor 
             = 
             
               
                 Ferror 
                 
                   54 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   MHz 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     Cycles 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     in 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     pps 
                   
                   - 
                   54000000 
                 
                 54000000 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    The 54 MHz clock and derived DAC/FPGA clock have this error factor: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             ClockRatio 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     54 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     MHz 
                   
                   + 
                   Ferror 
                 
                 
                   54 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   MHz 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   cycles 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   in 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   1 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   pps 
                 
                 54000000 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0029]    Calculate the error in pilot distance. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 F 
                 pilot 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   - 
                   1 
                 
                 / 
                 2 
               
               * 
               
                 ( 
                 ErrorFactor 
                 ) 
               
               * 
               
                 1539 
                 
                   2 
                   * 
                   143 
                 
               
                
               MHz 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0030]    Calculate the error in analog intermediate frequency frequency. 
         [0000]        ΔF   IF =ErrorFactor*140 MHz 
         [0031]    Determine from desired RF frequency if spectrum will be inverted at intermediate frequency. 
         [0032]    Calculate a compensation factor from these errors. 
         [0000]      Δ F correction=−Δ F   IF   −ΔF   pilot  
 
         [0033]    The correction must be applied in the DUC FPGA using the NCO. Since the NCO operates at the error clock rate, the correction factor must be compensated to achieve the actual correction. The NCO correction factor is defined by this equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 F 
                 NCO 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Δ 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 Fcorrection 
               
               ClockRatio 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0034]    The final NCO correction can be simplified to this equation (with no spectral inversion). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 F 
                 NCO 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Ferror 
                 * 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       
                         1539 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         MHz 
                       
                       
                         4 
                         * 
                         143 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       140 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       MHZ 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 
                   54 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   MHz 
                 
                 + 
                 Ferror 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0035]    If the spectrum is reversed at intermediate frequency, then the pilot contribution to the error will be reversed. The final NCO correction then would be: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 F 
                 NCO 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Ferror 
                 * 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           - 
                           1539 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         MHz 
                       
                       
                         4 
                         * 
                         143 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       140 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       MHz 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 
                   54 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   MHz 
                 
                 + 
                 Ferror 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0036]    Add the compensation factor from the nominal NCO offset value. 
         [0037]    The resulting pilot location will be correct at RF. 
         [0038]    An enhancement can be made to increase accuracy of this method by using a higher clock rate locked to the 54 MHz clock. The counts are larger which, in effect, gives a more accurate error estimate. 
         [0039]    Another enhancement is to average current and previous 54 MHz counts to improve accuracy of the error estimate. 
         [0040]    Another enhancement is to sample the error count more frequency to reduce errors caused by short term variation of the 54 MHz OCXO. 
         [0041]    Although the invention has been described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment, it is to be appreciated that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.