Abstract:
This invention relates to a method of controlling pathogens, by use of oxalate-producing enzyme, alone or in combination with toxic protein may be applied directly to the plant or produced thereon by microorganisms or by genetically modifying the plant to produce the enzyme, and to genes, microorganisms, and plants useful in that method. In one aspect this invention relates to a method of controlling insects, including lepidopterans and boll weevils, by use of oxalate-producing enzyme, alone or in combination with a crystal protein from  Bacillus thuringiensis  or cholesterol oxidase which may be applied directly to the plant or produced thereon by microorganisms or by genetically modifying the plant to produce the enzyme, and to genes, microorganisms, and plants useful in that method.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of Patent Provisional application Ser. No. 60/587,080, filed Jul. 13, 2004 which claims the benefit of Patent Provisional application Ser. No. 60/561,897, filed Apr. 14, 2004 and Patent Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/564,207, filed Apr. 22, 2004 by the present inventor of this application. The entire content of these patent provisional applications are incorporated herein by a reference. 
     
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH  
       [0002]     Not Applicable  
       SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM  
       [0003]     Not Applicable  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     This invention relates to a method of controlling pathogens, by use of oxalate-producing enzyme, alone or in combination with toxic protein may be applied directly to the plant or produced thereon by microorganisms or by genetically modifying the plant to produce the enzyme, and to genes, microorganisms, and plants useful in that method. In one aspect this invention relates to a method of controlling insects, including lepidopterans and boll weevils, by use of oxalate-producing enzyme, alone or in combination with a crystal protein from  Bacillus thuringiensis  or cholesterol oxidase which may be applied directly to the plant or produced thereon by microorganisms or by genetically modifying the plant to produce the enzyme, and to genes, microorganisms, and plants useful in that method.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     The information provided below is not admitted to be prior art to the present invention, but is provided solely to assist the understanding of the reader.  
         [0006]     The introduction of synthetic organic pesticides following World War II brought inestimable benefits to humanity and agricultural economic profitability. The widescale deployment of DDT resulted in the complete riddance, from entire countries, of serious public pests such as malaria mosquitoes. The use of DDT, other organochlorines, and, later, organophosphorus and carbamate materials was enthusiastically adopted into control programs despite occasional warnings about the hazard of unilateral approaches to pest control.  
         [0007]     The development of new pesticides and the increasing amounts of pesticides used for pest control are closely correlated with the development of pest resistance to chemicals. The number of pesticide resistant species has greatly increased since the adoption of DDT in 1948. As a result, by the 1980s, the number of reports of pesticide resistance for arthropod pests was listed as 281, for plant pathogens 67, and for weeds 17. These numbers have steadily increased to the present day. Thus, the need for biological control agents, especially those with broadbase activity is especially important.  
         [0008]     Problems with pesticide use: 
        intensive and prolonged use creates a high selection pressure against pests. As such, insect species may rapidly evolve resistance and the pesticides become useless.     secondary outbreaks—pests come back much stronger than the original infestation, due increased resistance.     environmental effects—pollution and effects on non-target species        
 
         [0012]     In agricultural biotechnology, insect resistance, is a prime research area that has the potential to greatly improve agricultural productivity. Other agronomic traits to which biotechnology is being applied include viral, bacterial, and fungal resistance, herbicide tolerance, and stress tolerance.  
         [0013]     Plants that have been transformed to produce a protein which confers upon expression resistance against insects (e.g., Bt protein) include potatoes, cotton, and corn, broccoli, tobacco, sweet potato, tomato, rice, rutabaga, soybean, walnut, poplar, larch, and apple and many other plant species. This is important in the light of the fact that some insects such as Colorado potato beetle is very resistant to all classes of classical pesticides. The benefits of the transgenic potato plants that express Bt protein that it provides excellent larvae control—there are essentially no survivors—and it also inhibits reproduction in the adult beetles. Similar benefits were obtained against European corn borer in corn and most lepidopterous insects and the boll weevil in cotton.  
         [0014]     Cotton is one of the most heavily treated (with insecticides) crops in the U.S. The pests are mostly lepidopterous insects and the boll weevil. With transgenic cotton that express Bt protein, the larvae die before they reach the 2nd instar. To produce Bt cotton, the Bt gene is developed and introduced into a cotton plant. The lines with the best resistance are identified. This sometimes takes hundreds or thousands of transformants to get effective expression levels with appropriate and acceptable agronomics. With a plant like cotton, an extensive backcrossing program is necessary to get high yielding cotton lines of interest. There is also lots of regulatory input. In the field the transgenic cotton plant provides excellent bollworm and budworm control—equivalent to or better than currrent chemical insecticide programs. The transgenic cotton also provides yields equivalent to the best insecticide treatments, and sometimes better.  
         [0015]     According to experts at the National Cotton Council of America (NCCA) it has been reported that  Helicoverpa armigera  (Cotton Bollworm) have developed resistance to Bt. The study suggests that populations of  H. armigera  were resistant to both Bt and transgenic cotton expressing the Bt toxin. According to NCCA: “The risk of development of resistance in Bt cotton crops is probably greater than that for Bt pesticide formulations due to continuous and extensive expression of the delta-endotoxin in the plant tissues (Report of an Expert Panel on Biotechnology in Cotton—International Cotton Advisory Committee—November 2000). Therefore, new strategies are needed to maximize the durability and utility of GE (genetically engineered) cotton and other GE plant species. In that respect, there is a need for additional proteins which control insects for which B.t. provides control in order to manage any development of resistance in the population. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide proteins capable of controlling insects, such as boll weevil and lepidopterans, and genes useful in producing such proteins. It is a further object of the present invention to provide genetic constructs for and methods of inserting such genetic material into microorganisms and plant cells. It is another object of the present invention to provide transformed microorganisms and plants containing such genetic material.  
         [0016]     Thus, there is a long-felt but unfulfilled need for a novel method which would permit one to effectively work out a solution for many of these problems. Several advantages of the present invention are discussed below, but numerous others will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the arts.  
       OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     Before the subject invention is described further, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described below, as variations of the particular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present invention will be established by the appended claims.  
         [0018]     In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.  
         [0019]     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range, and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.  
         [0020]     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods, devices and materials are now described.  
         [0021]     All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the subject components of the invention that are described in the publications, which components might be used in connection with the presently described invention.  
         [0022]     The information provided below is not admitted to be prior art to the present invention, but is provided solely to assist the understanding of the reader.  
         [0023]     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.  
         [0024]     The present invention concerns a method for combating the attack and spread of pathogens in plants, which method comprises combining a chemical and genetic means to control pathogens wherein the chemical is an oxalate.  
         [0025]     The present invention concerns a method for combating the attack and spread of insect in plants, which method comprises combining a chemical and genetic means to control insect pathogens wherein the chemical is an oxalate.  
         [0026]     The present invention concerns a method for combating the attack and spread of a fungus in plants, which method comprises combining a chemical and genetic means to control a fungus pathogens wherein the chemical is an oxalate.  
         [0027]     The present invention concerns a method for combating the attack and spread of a nematode in plants, which method comprises combining a chemical and genetic means to control a nematode pathogens wherein the chemical is an oxalate.  
         [0028]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a composition, or as part of a composition.  
         [0029]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a chemical composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botanicals, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a chemical composition, or as part of a chemical composition.  
         [0030]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide an insecticide composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a composition, or as part of a composition.  
         [0031]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide fungicide composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a fungicide composition, or as part of a fungicide composition.  
         [0032]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a nematicide composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a nematicide composition, or as part of a composition.  
         [0033]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a fertilizing composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a fertilizing composition, or as part of a fertilizing composition.  
         [0034]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a herbicide composition which contains an oxalate for application to various plant life including lawns, plants, and botancials, wherein the oxalate may be added alone, as a mixture in a fertilizing composition, or as part of a herbicide composition.  
         [0035]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing an oxalate-generating enzyme and a  Bacillus thuringiensis  protein in an insecticidally effective amount for ingestion by the insect A method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing an oxalate-generating enzyme and a CrylA  Bacillus thuringiensis  protein in an insecticidally effective amount for ingestion by the insect where the insect is identified as a lepidopteran.  
         [0036]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling insect infestation of plants comprising providing an oxalate-generating enzyme and a  Bacillus thuringiensis  protein in an insecticidally effective amount for ingestion by the insect where the insect is identified as a lepidopteran. In one aspect of the invention that the insect is in a larval stage. In one aspect of this invention, the CryIA is CryIA(c) or CryIA(b). In one aspect of this invention, the insect is tobacco budworm, beet armyworm, European corn borer, black cutworm or fall armyworm, cotton bollworm or corn earworm. In one aspect of this invention, the insecticidally effective amount is between about 8 and about 20 ppm.  
         [0037]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a recombinant expression vector comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding and oxalate genetrating enzyme and a CryIA protein or a 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase, each sequence operatively linked to a promoter to express separately or in tandem said nucleic acid sequences to produce said oxalate and CryIA protein or said oxalate and 3-hydroxysteroid in a plant cell. The vector wherein the plant cell is identified as a cotton cell.  
         [0038]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of producing a genetically transformed plant which produces an insecticidally effective amount of an oxalate and a CryIA protein or oxalate and a 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase, comprising inserting into the genome of a plant cell a recombinant vector comprising: 
    a) a sequence encoding an oxalat-generating enzyme;     b) a sequence encoding a CryIA protein or 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase and,     c) at least one promoter that functions in a plant cell which promoter is heterologous with respect to said coding sequences operatively linked to effect expression of said coding sequences to produce the oxalate and CrylA protein or the eoxalate and the 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase in an insecticidally effective amount in a genetically transformed plant obtained from the plant cell. In one aspect of this invention, the CryIA protein is identified as a CryIA(b) protein and the CryIA protein is identified as a CryIA(c) protein.    
 
         [0042]     In one aspect of this invention the plant is a cotton plant. The plants and the seeds are also encompassed by this invention. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent with reference to the following detailed description.  
         [0043]     In one aspect of the invention, the oxalate can be added as emulsifiable concentrates, coatable pastes, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts, granulates or microcapsules. Such formulations are described, for example, in WO 97/34485, pages 9 to 13. The formulations are prepared in known manner, conveniently by homogeneously mixing and/or grinding the active ingredients with liquid or solid formulation assistants, typically solvents or solid carriers. Surface-active compounds (surfactants) may additionally be used for preparing the formulations. Suitable solvents and solid carriers for this purpose are also described in said WO 97/34485, page 6. Suitable surface-active compounds are nonionic, cationic and/or anionic surfactants and surfactant mixtures having good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties. Examples of suitable anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants are listed for example in said WO 97/34485, pages 7 to 8. Also the surfactants customarily for the art of formulation and described, inter alia, in “Mc Cutcheon&#39;s Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood N.J., 1981, Stache, H., “Tensid-Taschenbuch” (Handbook of Surfactants), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/Vienna, 1981, and M. and J. Ash, “Encyclopedia of Surfactants”, Vol I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81 are suitable for manufacture of the compositions according to the invention.  
         [0044]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a composition which comprises, in variable quantities, a pesticidal effective amount of an oxalate.  
         [0045]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a pesticidal composition which comprises, in variable quantities, a pesticidal effective amount of an oxalate and an additional pesticidally active compound.  
         [0046]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a pesticidal composition which comprises, in variable quantities, an oxalate and a pesticidally active compound in free form or in the form of an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof.  
         [0047]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a pesticidal composition which comprises, in variable quantities, an oxalate and a pesticidally active compound in free form or in the form of an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one auxiliary or carrier material.  
         [0048]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling pests, which comprises applying a composition as described to the pests or to their environment.  
         [0049]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a fertilizing composition which comprises, in variable quantities, an oxalate alone or in combination with a compound in free form or in the form of an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof.  
         [0050]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a selectively herbicidal composition which, in addition to comprising formulation adjuvants, comprises as active ingredient a mixture of a) a herbicidally effective amount and b) an amount, effective oxalate.  
         [0051]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling pests in crops of transgenic plants, where a pesticidal composition comprising an oxalate, in free form or in agrochemically useful salt form and at least one auxiliary or suitable carrier material, is applied to the pests or their environment, wherein the oxalate compound produces synergistic results with said transgenic plants. The methods and products of this invention are also applicable to not transformed plants or non transgenic plants.  
         [0052]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method where the transgenic plant is treated. Another primary object of the present invention to provide a method of the invention where the propagation material of the transgenic plant is treated.  
         [0053]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for introducing and/or improving plant resistance to attack and/or spread of a pathogen, said method comprising applying at least one compound to a plant or plant part, wherein said compound enhances said plant resistance to a pathogen wherein said compound is an oxalate.  
         [0054]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for introducing and/or improving plant resistance to attack and/or spread of a pathogen, said method comprising applying at least one compound to a plant or plant part, wherein said compound synergistically enhances said plant resistance to a pathogen wherein said compound is an oxalate.  
         [0055]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for introducing and/or improving plant resistance to attack and/or spread of a pathogen, said method comprising applying at least one compound to a plant or plant part genetically modified to express at least one agent able to trigger a hypersensitive response in a plant, wherein said compound synergistically enhances said plant resistance wherein said compound is an oxalate.  
         [0056]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a pesticidal composition for treating infectious or pathogenic pest in a plant comprising:  
         [0057]     a pesticidal composition including an effective amount of at least one effective pesticidal form of oxalate and at least one pesticide, wherein said effective amount is a lethal dosage of oxalate and wherein said pesticide composition is adapted to be administered to a plant on a periodic basis in a lethal dosage to a pest. The pesticidal composition as recited in the invention, wherein said effective pesticidal form of at least one of oxalate is selected from the group of oxalic acid in a free acid, ester, lactone and salt form. The pesticidal composition as recited in this invention, wherein said effective pesticidal form of oxalate is selected from the group of fungi, natural foods, for processed foods, beverages, liquids, and juices, containing at least one of oxalic acid and oxalate. The pesticidal composition as recited in this invention, wherein the composition is at least a therapeutic quantity of oxalate from a natural source. The pesticidal composition as recited in this invention, wherein the said composition is oxalic acid dihydrate and the at least one carrier and/or diluent. The pesticidal composition as recited in the invention, wherein said at least one of carrier and/or diluent. It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of producing the therapeutic composition as recited in the invention comprising the steps of mixing a dilute concentration of at least one therapeutically effective form of oxalate with a solvent. The method as recited in recited in the invention, wherein said therapeutically effective biocidal form of at least one of oxalic acid and oxalate is selected from the group of oxalic acid in a free acid, ester, lactone or salt form.  
         [0058]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for treating infectious or pathogenic microbial disease, in a plant, comprising the steps of adding effective biocidal form of oxalate, wherein the plant is a transgenic or not transgenic.  
         [0059]     It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for treating infectious or pathogenic microbial, bacterial, or viral wherein the method comprises the use of an oxalic acid or one or more of its derivatives. It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a veterinary method for treating infectious or pathogenic microbial, bacterial, or viral wherein the method comprises the use of an oxalic acid or one or more of its derivatives.  
         [0060]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is used to control from a parasite, insect, fungi, worm or mite infestation.  
         [0061]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied to a surface of the foliage of the plant.  
         [0062]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied to substantially all surfaces of the plant foliage.  
         [0063]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied by a spray technique.  
         [0064]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied to the plant at a rate of 10-300 ml per m2.  
         [0065]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied at a rate of 30-50 ml per m2.  
         [0066]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied to the plant in more than one application.  
         [0067]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied according to different stages of plant growth and disease progression.  
         [0068]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied in three treatment stages identified as pre-infection, maintenance and post-infection treatments.  
         [0069]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied in the pre-infection treatment at intervals of 1 to 10 days.  
         [0070]     In aspect one the invention, the oxalate with or without pesticide is applied twice during the pre-infection treatment at about a 4-day interval.  
         [0071]     In aspect one the invention, the maintenance treatment is applied 2 to 10 weeks after the pre-infection treatment.  
         [0072]     In aspect one the invention, the maintenance treatment is applied 4-5 weeks after the pre-infection treatment and optionally reapplied at 2 to 8 week intervals or 4-5 week intervals.  
         [0073]     In aspect one the invention, a first post-infection treatment is applied upon the appearance of signs of pest infection. In a more preferred part of the invention, a further post-infection treatment is applied. In a most preferred part of the invention, the further post-infection treatment is carried out 3 to 6 weeks after the first post-infection treatment.  
         [0074]     In amost preferred part of the invention, the further post-infection treatment is carried out 4 to S weeks after the first post-infection treatment. In amost preferred part of this invention, the two pre-infection treatments are carried out at an interval of 4 days, followed by a first maintenance treatment 4 to 5 weeks after the last pre-infection treatment, and a further maintenance treatment 4 to 5 weeks after the first maintenance treatment.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0075]     The present invention relates to a method of insect control for plants. This method involves applying an oxalate (oxalic acid) to plants or plant seeds under conditions effective to control insects on the plants or plants grown from the plant seeds.  
         [0076]     As an alternative to applying an oxalate to plants or plant seeds in order to control insects on plants or plants grown from the seeds, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized. When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that can mediates the production of oxalate and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to control insects. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that mediates the production of oxalate (e.g., oxaloacetate hydrolase—not limited to this example) can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to control insects. Genes which encode proteins that help in increasing the production of oxalic acid such as, but not limited to, isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), together with oxaloacetase (EC 3.7.1.1), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), lactate dehydrogenase, gylcolate oxidase, oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase are also part of this invention.  
         [0077]     As an alternative to applying an oxalate to plants or plant seeds in order to control insects on plants or plants grown from the seeds, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized.  
         [0078]     When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that can mediates the production of hydrogen peroxide (e.g., oxalic acid oxidase, glucose oxidase . . . ) and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to control insects. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that mediates the production of hydrogen peroxide can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to control insects. In one aspect of the invention transgenic plants that express BT protein can be transformed with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that mediates the production of hydrogen peroxide. In one aspect of the invention, transgenic plants that express BT protein may be crossed with a transgenic plants that express with a DNA molecule encoding polypeptide or protein that mediates the production of hydrogen peroxide. In one aspect of the invention, to further enhance the resistance to an insect, transgenic or non transgenic plant of the invention can be treated with a composition comprising an oxalate.  
         [0079]     The present invention is directed to effecting any form of insect control for plants. For example, insect control according to the present invention encompasses preventing insects from contacting plants to which the oxalate has been applied, preventing direct insect damage to plants by feeding injury, causing insects to depart from such plants, killing insects proximate to such plants, interfering with insect larval feeding on such plants, preventing insects from colonizing host plants, preventing colonizing insects from releasing phytotoxins, etc. The present invention also prevents subsequent disease damage to plants resulting from insect infection. In that respect, oxalate will control lepidopteran insects and boll weevils. Oxlate is lethal to boll weevil larvae and will interrupt the reproductive cycle of adults. Oxalate will cause mortality and stunting of larvae of lepidopteran insects. The oxalate may be applied directly to plants or introduced in other ways such as through the application of plant-colonizing microorganisms or by the plants themselves, which have been transformed to produce the enzymes. Preparations of enzymes from several different sources are available from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.  
         [0080]     New genes that control the expression of oxalate been isolated and sequenced (e., lactate dehydrogenese (e.g., Evolutionary relationships of lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) from mammals, birds, an amphibian, fish, barley, and bacteria: LDH cDNA sequences from  Xenopus , pig, and rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994 Sep. 27; 91(20):9392-9396), glycolate oxidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate acetylhydrolyase . . . .). These new genes or genes from other known producers of oxalate may be inserted into a transformation vector cassette which is used to transform plant-colonizing microorganisms which when applied to plants express the genes producing an oxalate, thereby providing control of lepidopterans and boll weevil. Alternatively, genes which function in plants and encode the subject enzymes may be inserted into transformation vector cassettes which may be incorporated into the genome of the plant, which then protects itself from attack by expressing the gene and producing oxalate. Additionally, the plant may also be transformed to co-express other genes (e.g., B.t. genes) which express proteins for the control of other insects. Examples of plants transformed to express B.t. genes are disclosed in European Patent Publication No. 0385 962, [Fischhoff et al.], which is incorporated herein by reference. Other genes that control the expression of oxalate are parrt of the inventions. Examples of these genes which control the expression of oxalate, but not limited to are found in Homles. Journal of Nephrology. Vol. 11 S-1-1998/32-35, Microbiology. 1999. Vol. 145. 2569-2576, Keates et al. Oxalate biosynthesis from analogs of ascorbic acid in the pathogenic fungus  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Abstarct Number: 151. American Society of Plant Physiology annual meeting.  
         [0081]     In accomplishing the foregoing, there is provided, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of controlling insect infestation of plants by applying to the plant environment or plant seed an insecticidally effective amount of oxalate for ingestion by the insect, comprising providing oxalate for ingestion by the insect or by providing by admixture or in tandem an insecticidally effective amount of oxalate and a protein (e.g., cholesterol oxidase choM, a B.t crystal, CryIA(b) and CryIA(c)).  
         [0082]     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant, double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in operative sequence: 
    a) a promoter which functions in plant cells to cause the production of an RNA sequence; and     b) a structural coding sequence that encodes an oxalate-producing enzyme;     c) a 3′ non-translated region which functions in plant cells to cause the addition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA sequence, wherein said promoter is heterologous with respect to the structural coding sequence and wherein said promoter is operatively linked with said structural coding sequence, which is in turn operably linked with said non-translated region.    
 
         [0086]     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing genetically transformed plants which express an effective amount of oxalate, comprising the steps of: 
    a) inserting into the genome of a plant cell a recombinant, double-stranded DNA molecule comprising     (i) a promoter which functions in plant cells to cause the production of an RNA sequence;     (ii) a structural coding sequence that encodes for an oxalate-producing enzyme; and     (iii) a 3′ non-translated region which functions in said plant cells to cause the addition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA sequence, wherein said promoter is heterologous with respect to the structural coding sequence and wherein said promoter is operatively linked with said structural coding sequence, which is in turn operably linked with said non-translated region;     b) obtaining transformed plant cells; and     c) regenerating from the transformed plant cells genetically transformed plants which express an insecticidally effective amount of oxalate.    
 
         [0093]     There is also provided, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, bacterial and transformed plant cells that contain DNA comprised of the above-mentioned elements (i), (ii), and (iii).  
         [0094]     Yet another aspect of the invention is the discovery of a synergistic effect of  Bacillus thuringiensis  proteins and oxalate against lepidopteran pests. More particularly, combinations of CryIA(c) or CryIA(b) and oxalate are more effective against lepidoptera larvae than the crystal protein administered alone. Yet another aspect of the invention is the discovery of a synergistic effect of  Bacillus thuringiensis  proteins and hydrogen peroxide against lepidopteran pests. In one aspect of this inventions transgenic plants that express  Bacillus thuringiensis  proteins are crossed with plants that express hydrogen peroxide generating enzymes such as oxalate oxidase, glucose oxidase and others that are know to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one aspect of this invention, plants or transgenic plants that express  Bacillus thuringiensis  proteins are transformed with a structural coding sequence that encodes for hydrogen-generating enzymes.  
         [0095]     As a result, the present invention provides significant economic benefit to growers. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0096]     As used herein, the term “controlling insect infestation” means reducing the number of insects which cause reduced yield, either through mortality, retardation of larval development (stunting), or reduced reproductive efficiency.  
         [0097]     As used herein, the term “structural coding sequence” means a DNA sequence which encodes for a polypeptide, which may be made by a cell following transcription of the DNA to mRNA, followed by translation to the desired polypeptide.  
         [0098]     As used herein, the term “plant-colonizing microorganism” means a microorganism capable of colonizing a “plant environment” and expressing the oxalate in the plant environment such that the microorganisms can exist in a symbiotic or non-detrimental relationship with the plant. Examples of such plant-colonizing microorganisms are provided below.  
         [0099]     As used herein, the term “plant environment” means the surface of the plant, e.g. leaf, stem, buds, stalk, floral parts, root surface, the “rhizosphere”, i.e. the soil which surrounds and may be influenced by the roots of the plant., and/or extracellular areas within the plant itself, i.e. the plant vasculature.  
         [0100]     Oxalic acid is a strong acid, and is corrosive to tissue. Oxalic acid may combine with calcium, iron, sodium, magnesium, or potassium to form less soluble salts known as oxalates. When ingested, oxalic acid removes calcium from the blood. Kidney damage can be expected as the calcium is removed from the blood in the form of calcium oxalate.  
         [0101]     The calcium oxalate then obstructs the kidney tubules.  
         [0102]     The present invention relates to a method of insect control for plants. This method involves applying an oxalate in any form to all or part of a plant or a plant seed under conditions to control insects on plants or plants grown from the plant seed. Alternatively, the oxalate can be applied to plants such that seeds recovered from such plants are themselves effective to control insects.  
         [0103]     As an alternative to applying an oxalate to plants or plant seeds in order to control insects on the plants or plants grown from the seeds, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized. When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide or protein which mediates oxalate production in a plant and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to control insects. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide or protein that mediates oxalate production can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to control insects.  
         [0104]     The oxalate utilized in the present invention can correspond to oxalate derived from a wide variety of sources such as, but not limited to, plants and fungal pathogens as well as others. Examples of suitable fungal sources sources of oxalate Scleortinia.  
         [0105]     The embodiment of the present invention where the oxalate is applied to the plant or plant seed can be carried out in a number of ways, including: 1) application of an oxalate; 2) application of a pathogen (e.g., fungus) which do not cause disease and are transformed with genes encoding a protein or a polypeptide which mediates the production of an oxalate. In addition, seeds in accordance with the present invention can be recovered from plants which have been treated with an oxalate in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0106]     In one embodiment of the present invention, the oxalate can be isolated from their corresponding organisms and applied to plants or plant seeds.  
         [0107]     In other embodiments of the present invention, the oxalate of the present invention can be applied to plants or plant seeds by applying a pathogen (e.g., fungus) containing genes encoding a protein which mediates the production of oxalate. Such pathogen must be capable of secreting or exporting the oxalate so that the oxalate can contact plant or plant seeds cells.  
         [0108]     The method of the present invention can be utilized to treat a wide variety of plants or their seeds to control insects. Suitable plants include, but not limited to, dicots and monocots as well as gymenosperm. More particularly, useful crop plants can include: alfalfa, rice, wheat, barley, rye, cotton, sunflower, peanut, corn, potato, sweet potato, bean, pea, chicory, lettuce, endive, cabbage, brussel sprout, beet, parsnip, turnip, cauliflower, broccoli, turnip, radish, spinach, onion, garlic, eggplant, pepper, celery, carrot, squash, pumpkin, zucchini, cucumber, apple, pear, melon, citrus, strawberry, grape, raspberry, pineapple, soybean, tobacco, tomato, sorghum, and sugarcane. Examples of suitable ornamental plants, but not limited to, are roses,  Arabidopsis thaliana, Saintpaulia , petunia, pelargonium, poinsettia, chrysanthemum, carnation, and zinnia.  
         [0109]     The present invention is effective against a wide variety of insects. Example of these insects, but not limited to, are insects (Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta) also encompasses Phylum Mollusca (snails and slugs represented by the spotted garden slug, banded slug, marsh slug, and gray garden slug), Class Arachnida (mites), and Phylum Nematoda (roundworms or nematodes). The host range for some of these pests is extensive. For example, the European corn borer is a major pest of corn (dent and sweet corn) but also feeds on over 200 plants species including green, wax, and lima beans and edible soybeans, peppers, potato, and tomato plus many weed species. Additional insect larvae and adult feeding pests which feed on and damage a wide variety of vegetables and small fruits include the following: Vegetables—seed corn maggot, rice armyworm, alfalfa leafhopper, aster leafhopper, beet armyworm, cabbage looper, cabbage root maggot, Colorado potato beetle, corn earworm, cotton or melon aphid, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, flea beetles (various adult species feed on cabbage, mustard, and other crucifiers, cucumber, eggplant, tobacco, potato, melon, and spinach), green peach aphid, onion maggot, onion thrips, pepper maggot, pickleworm (melon worm), potato leafhopper, potato stem borer, potato and corn stalk borer, striped cucumber beetle, spotted cucumber beetle, northern and western corn root worm, thrips, tarnish plant bug, tobacco aphid, tomato pinworm, tomato mole cricket, and rootknot nematode; Small fruits—meadow spittlebug, strawberry bud weevil, strawberry root weevil, tarnish plant bug, and strawberry spider mites; Grapes—grape berry moth, grape cane gallmaker, climbing cutworms, grape leafhoppers (three species), and grape cane girdler. Collectively this group of insects and allied species represents the most economically important group of pests for vegetables, small fruit, cotton and grape production worldwide.  
         [0110]     The present invention is effective against a wide variety of plant pathogens of economic importance include, but not limited to, the pathogens in the genera  Agaricus, Alternaria, Anisogramma, Anthracoidea, Antrodia, Apiognomonia, Apiosporina, Armillaria, Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Bjerkandera, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Ceratobasidium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Cercosporidium, Cerotelium, Cerrena, Chondrostereum, Chryphonectria, Chrysomyxa, Cladosporium, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Coleosporium, Colletotrichium, Colletotrichum, Corticium, Corynespora, Cronartium, Cryphonectria, Cryptosphaeria, Cyathus, Cymadothea, Cytospora, Daedaleopsis, Diaporthe, Didymella, Diplocarpon, Diplodia, Discohainesia, Discula, Dothistroma, Drechslera, Echinodontium, Elsinoe, Endocronartium, Endothia, Entyloma, Epichloe, Erysiphe, Exobasidium, Exserohilum, Fomes, Fomitopsis, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Ganoderma, Gibberella, Gloeocercospora, Gloeophyllum, Gloeoporus, Glomerella, Gnomoniella, Guignardia, Gymnosporangium, Helminthosporium, Herpotrichia, Heterobasidion, Hirschioporus, Hypodermella, Inonotus, Irpex, Kabatiella, Kabatina, Laetiporus, Laetisaria, Lasiodiplodia, Laxitextum, Leptographium, Leptosphaeria, Leptosphaerulina, Leucytospora, Linospora, Lophodermella, Lophodermium, Macrophomina, Magnaporthe, Marssonina, Melampsora, Melampsorella, Meria, Microdochium, Microsphaera, Monilinia, Monochaetia, Morchella, Mycosphaerella, Myrothecium, Nectria, Nigrospora, Ophiosphaerella, Ophiostoma, Penicillium, Perenniporia, Peridermium, Pestalotia, Phaeocryptopus, Phaeolus, Phakopsora, Phellinus, Phialophora, Phoma, Phomopsis, Phragmidium, Phyllachora, Phyllactinia, Phyllosticta, Phymatotrichopsis, Pleospora, Podosphaera, Pseudopeziza, Pseudoseptoria, Puccinia, Pucciniastrum, Pyricularia, Rhabdocline, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rhizosphaera, Rhynchosporium, Rhytisma, Schizophyllum, Schizopora, Scirrhia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Scytinostroma, Septoria, Setosphaera, Sirococcus, Spaerotheca, Sphaeropsis, Sphaerotheca, Sporisorium, Stagonospora, Stemphylium, Stenocarpella, Stereum, Taphrina, Thielaviopsis, Tilletia, Trametes, Tranzschelia, Trichoderma, Tubakia, Typhula, Uncinula, Urocystis, Uromyces, Ustilago, Valsa, Venturia, Verticillium, Xylaria, and others. Related organisms in the classification, oomycetes, that include the genera Albugo, Aphanomyces, Bremia, Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmodiophora, Plasmopara, Pseudoperonospora, Pythium, Sclerophthora , and others are also significant plant pathogens and are sometimes classified along with the true fungi. Human diseases that are caused by filamentous fungi include life-threatening lung and disseminated diseases, often a result of infections by  Aspergillus fumigatus . Other fungal diseases in animals are caused by fungi in the genera,  Fusarium, Blastomyces, Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Candida, Histoplamsa, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus , other  Aspergilli , and others.  
         [0111]     The present invention is effective against a wide variety of nematodes, bacteria, virus and other pathogen that are know to those of ordinary skill in the art. Some of these pathogens are listed in plant pathogen book that was authord by Agrios (George N. Agrios, University of Florida, Plant Pathology. Academic Press) where its entire content is incorporated herein by a reference.  
         [0112]     The method of the present invention involving application of the oxalate can be carried out through a variety of procedures when all or part of the plant is treated, including leaves, stems, roots, etc. This may (but need not) involve infiltration of the oxalate into the plant. Suitable application methods include high or low pressure spraying, injection, dusting, and leaf abrasion proximate to when oxalate application takes place. When treating plant seeds, in accordance with the application embodiment of the present invention, the oxalate can be applied by low or high pressure spraying, coating, immersion, dusting, or injection. Other suitable application procedures can be envisioned by those skilled in the art provided they are able to effect contact of the oxalate with cells of the plant or plant seed. Once treated with the oxalate of the present invention, the seeds can be planted in natural or artificial soil and cultivated using conventional procedures to produce plants. After plants have been propagated from seeds treated in accordance with the present invention, the plants may be treated with one or more applications of the oxalate to control a pathogen (e.g., insects) on the plants. Such propagated plants may, in turn, be useful in producing seeds or propagules (e.g., cuttings) that produce plants capable of insect control.  
         [0113]     The oxalate can be applied to plants or plant seeds in accordance with the present invention alone or in a mixture with other materials. Alternatively, the oxalate can be applied separately to plants with other materials being applied at different times.  
         [0114]     A composition suitable for treating plants or plant seeds in accordance with the application embodiment of the present invention contains an oxalate in a carrier. Suitable carriers include water, aqueous solutions, slurries, or dry powders.  
         [0115]     Although not required, this composition may contain additional additives including fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, nematacide, herbicide, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0116]     Other suitable additives include buffering agents, wetting agents, coating agents, and abrading agents. These materials can be used to facilitate the process of the present invention. In addition, the oxalate can be applied to plant seeds with other conventional seed formulation and treatment materials, including clays and polysaccharides.  
         [0117]     In the alternative embodiment of the present invention involving the use of transgenic plants and transgenic seeds, an oxalate needs not be applied topically to the plants or seeds. Instead, transgenic plants transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide or protein which mediates oxalate production in a plant are produced according to procedures well known in the art, such as by biolistics or  Agrobacterium  mediated transformation. Examples of the gene that can be used in the transformation, but not limited to, are Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, oxaloacetase (EC 3.7.1.1), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), lactate dehydrogenase, gylcolate oxidase, oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase.  
         [0118]     Once transgenic plants of this type are produced, the plants themselves can be cultivated in accordance with conventional procedure with the presence of the gene encoding the protein which mediates the oxalate production resulting in control of insects on the plant. Alternatively, transgenic seeds are recovered from the transgenic plants. These seeds can then be planted in the soil and cultivated using conventional procedures to produce transgenic plants. The transgenic plants are propagated from the planted transgenic seeds under conditions effective to control insects. While not wishing to be bound by theory, such growth enhancement may be RNA mediated or may result from expression of the polypeptide or protein which mediates oxalate production in a plant.  
         [0119]     When transgenic plants and plant seeds are used in accordance with the present invention, they additionally can be treated with the same materials as are used to treat the plants and seeds to which an oxalate is applied. These other materials, including oxalate, can be applied to the transgenic plants and plant seeds by the above-noted procedures, including high or low pressure spraying, injection, coating, dusting, and immersion. Similarly, after plants have been propagated from the transgenic plant seeds, the plants may be treated with one or more applications of the oxalate to control insects. Such plants may also be treated with conventional plant treatment agents (e.g., insecticides, fertilizers, etc.). The transgenic plants of the present invention are useful in producing seeds or propagules (e.g., cuttings) from which plants capable of insect control would be produced.  
         [0120]     The method of the present invention can be utilized with a pestiscide. Examples of these pesticide groups are listed herein. Members of these pesticide groups are also encompassed by this invention. Combination of oxalate with other pesticides that are not listed herein is also a part of this inventions.  
                                           Acaricides   Algicides   Antifeedants       Avicides   Bactericides   Bird repellents       Chemosterilants   Fungicides   Herbicide safeners       Herbicides   Insect attractants   Insect repellents       Insecticides   Mammal repellents   Mating disrupters       Molluscicides   Nematicides   Plant activators       Plant growth regulators   Rodenticides   Synergists       Virucides                  
 
         [0121]     According to one of the embodiment of this invention, oxalate may be used alone or in combination with in one or more of the chemical classes: 
    acylalanine fungicides     acylamino acid fungicides     aliphatic amide organothiophosphate insecticides     aliphatic nitrogen fungicides     aliphatic organothiophosphate insecticides     amide fungicides     amide herbicides     anilide fungicides     anilide herbicides     antiauxins     antibiotic acaricides     antibiotic fungicides     antibiotic herbicides     antibiotic insecticides     antibiotic nematicides     aromatic acid herbicides     aromatic fungicides     arsenical herbicides     arsenical insecticides     arylalanine herbicides     aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides     auxins     avermectin acaricides     avermectin insecticides     benzamide fungicides     benzanilide fungicides     benzimidazole fungicides     benzimidazole precursor fungicides     benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicides     benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides     benzofuranyl methylcarbamate insecticides     benzoic acid herbicides     benzothiazole fungicides     benzothiopyran organothiophosphate insecticides     benzotriazine organothiophosphate insecticides     benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides     bipyridylium herbicides     botanical insecticides     botanical rodenticides     bridged diphenyl acaricides     bridged diphenyl fungicides     carbamate acaricides     carbamate fungicides     carbamate herbicides     carbamate insecticides     carbamate nematicides     carbanilate fungicides     carbanilate herbicides     chitin synthesis inhibitors     chloroacetanilide herbicides     chloronicotinyl insecticides     chloropyridine herbicides see http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/class_herbicides.html—    pyridine_herbicides     chlorotriazine herbicides     conazole fungicides     copper fungicides     coumarin rodenticides     cyclic dithiocarbamate fungicides     cyclodiene insecticides     cyclohexene oxime herbicides     cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides     cytokinins     defoliants     diacylhydrazine insecticides     dicarboximide fungicides     dicarboximide herbicides     dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicides     dimethylcarbamate insecticides     dinitroaniline herbicides     dinitrophenol acaricides     dinitrophenol fungicides     dinitrophenol herbicides     dinitrophenol insecticides     diphenyl ether herbicides     dithiocarbamate fungicides     dithiocarbamate herbicides     ethylene releasers     fluorine insecticides     formamidine acaricides     formamidine insecticides     fumigant insecticides     furamide fungicides     furanilide fungicides     gibberellins     growth inhibitors     growth retardants     growth stimulators     halogenated aliphatic herbicides     heterocyclic organothiophosphate insecticides     imidazole fungicides     imidazolinone herbicides     indandione rodenticides     inorganic fungicides     inorganic herbicides     inorganic insecticides     inorganic mercury fungicides     inorganic rodenticides     insect growth regulators     isoindole organothiophosphate insecticides     isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticides     juvenile hormone mimics     juvenile hormones     macrocyclic lactone acaricides     macrocyclic lactone insecticides     mercury fungicides     methoxytriazine herbicides     methylthiotriazine herbicides     milbemycin acaricides     milbemycin insecticides     mite growth regulators     morphactins     morpholine fungicides     moulting hormone agonists     moulting hormones     moulting inhibitors     nereistoxin analogue insecticides     nicotinoid insecticides     nitrile herbicides     nitroguanidine insecticides     nitromethylene insecticides     nitrophenyl ether herbicides     organochlorine acaricides     organochlorine insecticides     organochlorine rodenticides     organomercury fungicides     organophosphate acaricides     organophosphate insecticides     organophosphate nematicides     organophosphorus acaricides     organophosphorus fungicides     organophosphorus herbicides     organophosphorus insecticides     organophosphorus nematicides     organophosphorus rodenticides     organothiophosphate acaricides     organothiophosphate insecticides     organothiophosphate nematicides     organotin acaricides     organotin fungicides     oxadiazine insecticides     oxathiin fungicides     oxazole fungicides     oxime carbamate acaricides     oxime carbamate insecticides     oxime carbamate nematicides     oxime organothiophosphate insecticides     phenoxy herbicides     phenoxyacetic herbicides     phenoxybutyric herbicides     phenoxypropionic herbicides     phenyl ethylphosphonothioate insecticides     phenyl methylcarbamate insecticides     phenyl organothiophosphate insecticides     phenyl phenylphosphonothioate insecticides     phenylenediamine herbicides     phenylsulfamide acaricides     phenylsulfamide fungicides     phenylurea herbicides     phosphonate acaricides     phosphonate insecticides     phosphonothioate insecticides     phosphoramidate insecticides     phosphoramidothioate acaricides     phosphoramidothioate insecticides     phosphorodiamide acaricides     phosphorodiamide insecticides     phthalic acid herbicides     phthalimide acaricides     phthalimide fungides     phthalimide insecticides     picolinic acid herbicides     polymeric dithiocarbamate fungicides     polysulfide fungicides     precocenes     pyrazole acaricides     pyrazole fungicides     pyrazole insecticides     pyrazolopyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides     pyrazolyloxyacetophenone herbicides     pyrazolylphenyl herbicides     pyrethroid acaricides     pyrethroid ester acaricides     pyrethroid ester insecticides     pyrethroid ether acaricides     pyrethroid ether insecticides     pyrethroid insecticides     pyridazine herbicides     pyridazinone herbicides     pyridine fungicides     pyridine herbicides     pyridine organothiophosphate insecticides     pyridylmethylamine insecticides     pyrimidinamine acaricides     pyrimidinamine insecticides     pyrimidinamine rodenticides     pyrimidine fungicides     pyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides     pyrimidinediamine herbicides     pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides     pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides     pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides     pyrrole acaricides     pyrrole fungicides     pyrrole insecticides     quaternary ammonium herbicides     quinoline fungicides     quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides     quinone fungicides     quinoxaline acaricides     quinoxaline fungicides     quinoxaline organothiophosphate insecticides     strobilurin fungicides     sulfite ester acaricides     sulfonanilide fungicides     sulfonanilide herbicides     sulfonylurea herbicides     tetrazine acaricides     tetronic acid acaricides     tetronic acid insecticides     thiadiazole organothiophosphate insecticides     thiadiazolylurea herbicides     thiazole fungicides     thiocarbamate acaricides     thiocarbamate fungicides     thiocarbamate herbicides     thiocarbonate herbicides     thiophene fungicides     thiourea acaricides     thiourea herbicides     thiourea rodenticides     triazine fungicides     triazine herbicides     triazinone herbicides     triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides     triazole fungicides     triazole herbicides     triazole organothiophosphate insecticides     triazolone herbicides     triazolopyrimidine herbicides     uracil herbicides     urea fungicides     urea herbicides     urea insecticides     urea rodenticides     valinamide fungicides     xylylalanine fungicides 
 
 Examples of Acaricides: 
    antibiotic acaricides     nikkomycins     thuringiensin 
        macrocyclic lactone acaricides     tetranactin 
            avermectin acaricides     abamectin     doramectin     eprinomectin     ivermectin     selamectin     milbemycin acaricides     milbemectin     milbemycin oxime     moxidectin    
            bridged diphenyl acaricides     azobenzene     benzoximate     benzyl benzoate     bromopropylate     chlorbenside     chlorfenethol     chlorfenson     chlorfensulphide     chlorobenzilate     chloropropylate     DDT     dicofol     diphenyl sulfone     dofenapyn     fenson     fentrifanil     fluorbenside     proclonol     tetradifon     tetrasul     carbamate acaricides     benomyl     carbanolate carbaryl     carbofuran     methiocarb     metolcarb     promacyl     propoxur 
            oxime carbamate acaricides     aldicarb     butocarboxim     oxamyl     thiocarboxime     thiofanox    
            dinitrophenol acaricides     binapacryl     dinex     dinobuton     dinocap     dinocap-4     dinocap-6     dinocton     dinopenton     dinosulfon     dinoterbon     DNOC     formamidine acaricides     amitraz     chlordimeform     chloromebuform     formetanate     formparanate     mite growth regulators     clofentezine     diflovidazin     dofenapyn     fluazuron     flubenzimine     flucycloxuron     flufenoxuron     hexythiazox     organochlorine acaricides     bromocyclen     cam phechlor     DDT     dienochlor     endosulfan     lindane     organophosphorus acaricides 
            organophosphate acaricides     chlorfenvinphos     crotoxyphos     dichlorvos     heptenophos     mevinphos     monocrotophos     naled     schradan     TEPP     tetrachlorvinphos     organothiophosphate acaricides     amidithion     amiton     azinphos-ethyl     azinphos-methyl     azothoate     benoxafos     bromophos     bromophos-ethyl     carbophenothion     chlorpyrifos     chlorthiophos     coumaphos     cyanthoate     demeton     demeton-O     demeton-S     demeton-methyl     demeton-O-methyl demeton-S-methyl     demeton-S-methylsulphon     dialifos     diazinon     dimethoate     dioxathion     disulfoton     endothion     ethion     ethoate-methyl     formothion     malathion     mecarbam     methacrifos     omethoate     oxydeprofos     oxydisulfoton     parathion     phenkapton     phorate     phosalone     phosmet     phoxim     pirimiphos-methyl prothidathion     prothoate     pyrimitate     quinalphos     quintiofos     sophamide     sulfotep     thiometon     triazophos     trifenofos     vamidothion     phosphonate acaricides     trichlorfon     phosphoramidothioate acaricides     isocarbophos     methamidophos     propetamphos     phosphorodiamide acaricides     dimefox     mipafox    
            organotin acaricides     azocyclotin     cyhexatin     fenbutatin oxide     phenylsulfamide acaricides     dichlofluanid     phthalimide acaricides     dialifos     phosmet     pyrazole acaricides     acetoprole     fipronil     tebufenpyrad     vaniliprole     pyrethroid acaricides 
            pyrethroid ester acaricides     acrinathrin     bifenthrin     cyhalothrin     cypermethrin     alpha-cypermethrin     fenpropathrin     fenvalerate     flucythrinate     flumethrin     fluvalinate     tau-fluvalinate     permethrin     pyrethroid ether acaricides     halfenprox    
            pyrimidinamine acaricides     pyrimidifen     pyrrole acaricides     chlorfenapyr     quinoxaline acaricides     chinomethionat     thioquinox     sulfite ester acaricides     propargite     tetrazine acaricides     clofentezine     diflovidazin     tetronic acid acaricides     spirodiclofen     thiocarbamate acaricides     fenothiocarb     thiourea acaricides     chloromethiuron     diafenthiuron     unclassified acaricides     acequinocyl     amidoflumet     arsenous oxide     bifenazate     closantel     crotamiton     disulfiram     etoxazole     fenazaflor     fenazaquin     fenpyroximate     fluacrypyrim     fluenetil     mesulfen     MNAF     nifluridide     pyridaben     sulfiram     sulfluramid     sulfur     triarathene 
 
 Examples of Algicides 
   
        bethoxazin     copper sulfate     cybutryne     dichlone     dichlorophen     endothal     fentin     hydrated lime     nabam     quinoclamine     quinonamid     simazine 
 
 Antifeedants 
    chlordimeform     fentin     guazatine     pymetrozine 
 
 Avicides 
    4-aminopyridine     chloralose     endrin     fenthion     strychnine 
 
 Examples of Avicides: 
   
 
         [0617]     4-aminopyridine 
    chloralose     endrin     fenthion     strychnine 
 
 Examples of Bactericides: 
    bronopol     copper hydroxide     cresol     dichlorophen     dipyrithione     dodicin     fenaminosulf     formaldehyde     hydrargaphen     8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate     kasugamycin     nitrapyrin     octhilinone     oxolinic acid     oxytetracycline     probenazole     streptomycin     tecloftalam     thiomersal 
 
 Examples of Bird Repellents: 
    anthraquinone     chloralose     copper oxychloride     diazinon     guazatine     methiocarb     thiram     trimethacarb     ziram 
 
 Chemosterilants 
    apholate     bisazir     busulfan     diflubenzuron     dimatif     hemel     hempa     metepa     methiotepa     methyl apholate     morzid     penfluron     tepa     thiohempa     thiotepa     tretamine     uredepa 
 
 Fungicides 
        aliphatic nitrogen fungicides     butylamine     cymoxanil     dodicin     dodine     guazatine     iminoctadine     amide fungicides     carpropamid     chloraniformethan     cyazofamid     cyflufenamid     diclocymet     ethaboxam     fenoxanil     flumetover     furametpyr     penthiopyrad     prochloraz     quinazamid     silthiofam     triforine 
            acylamino acid fungicides     benalaxyl     benalaxyl-M     furalaxyl     metalaxyl     metalaxyl-M     pefurazoate     benzamide fungicides     benzohydroxamic acid     fluopicolide     tioxymid     trichlamide     zarilamid     zoxamide     furamide fungicides     cyclafuramid     furmecyclox     phenylsulfamide fungicides     dichlofluanid     tolylfluanid     valinamide fungicides     benthiavalicarb     iprovalicarb     anilide fungicides     benalaxyl     benalaxyl-M     boscalid     carboxin     fenhexamid     metalaxyl     metalaxyl-M     metsulfovax     ofurace     oxadixyl     oxycarboxin     pyracarbolid     thifluzamide     tiadinil 
                benzanilide fungicides     benodanil     flutolanil     mebenil     mepronil     salicylanilide     tecloftalam     furanilide fungicides     fenfuram     furalaxyl     furcarbanil     methfuroxam     sulfonanilide fungicides     flusulfamide    
               
            antibiotic fungicides aureofungin     blasticidin-S     cycloheximide     griseofulvin     kasugamycin     natamycin     polyoxins     polyoxorim     streptomycin     validamycin 
            strobilurin fungicides     azoxystrobin     dimoxystrobin     fluoxastrobin     kresoxim-methyl     metominostrobin     orysastrobin     picoxystrobin     pyraclostrobin     trifloxystrobin    
            aromatic fungicides     biphenyl     chlorodinitronaphthalene     chloroneb     chlorothalonil     cresol     dicloran     hexachlorobenzene     pentachlorophenol     quintozene     sodium pentachlorophenoxide     tecnazene     benzimidazole fungicides     benomyl     carbendazim     chlorfenazole     cypendazole     debacarb     fuberidazole     mecarbinzid     rabenzazole     thiabendazole     benzimidazole precursor fungicides     furophanate     thiophanate     thiophanate-methyl     benzothiazole fungicides     bentaluron     chlobenthiazone     TCMTB     bridged diphenyl fungicides     bithionol     dichlorophen     diphenylamine     carbamate fungicides     benthiavalicarb     furophanate     iprovalicarb     propamocarb     thiophanate     thiophanate-methyl 
            benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicides     benomyl     carbendazim     cypendazole     debacarb     mecarbinzid     carbanilate fungicides     diethofencarb    
            conazole fungicides 
            conazole fungicides (imidazoles)     climbazole     clotrimazole     imazalil     oxpoconazole     prochloraz     triflumizole     see also imidazole fungicides     conazole fungicides (triazoles)     azaconazole     bromuconazole     cyproconazole     diclobutrazol     difenoconazole     diniconazole     diniconazole-M     epoxiconazole     etaconazole fenbuconazole     fluquinconazole     flusilazole     flutriafol     furconazole     furconazole-cis     hexaconazole     imibenconazole     ipconazole     metconazole     myclobutanil     penconazole     propiconazole     prothioconazole     quinconazole     simeconazole     tebuconazole     tetraconazole     triadimefon     triadimenol     triticonazole     uniconazole     uniconazole-P     see also triazole fungicides    
            copper fungicides     Bordeaux mixture     Burgundy mixture     Cheshunt mixture     copper acetate     copper carbonate, basic     copper hydroxide     copper naphthenate     copper oleate     copper oxychloride     copper sulfate     copper sulfate, basic     copper zinc chromate     cufraneb     cuprobam     cuprous oxide     mancopper     oxine copper     dicarboximide fungicides     famoxadone     fluoroimide 
            dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicides     chlozolinate     dichlozoline     iprodione     isovaledione     myclozolin     procymidone     vinclozolin     phthalimide fungicides     captafol     captan     ditalimfos     folpet     thiochlorfenphim    
            dinitrophenol fungicides     binapacryl     dinobuton     dinocap     dinocap-4     dinocap-6     dinocton     dinopenton     dinosulfon     dinoterbon     DNOC     dithiocarbamate fungicides     azithiram     carbamorph     cufraneb     cuprobam     disulfiram     ferbam     metam     nabam     tecoram     thiram     ziram 
            cyclic dithiocarbamate fungicides     dazomet     etem     milneb     polymeric dithiocarbamate fungicides     mancopper     mancozeb     maneb     metiram     polycarbamate     propineb     zineb imidazole fungicides    
            cyazofamid     fenamidone     fenapanil     glyodin     iprodione     isovaledione     pefurazoate     triazoxide     see also conazole fungicides (imidazoles)     inorganic fungicides     potassium azide     potassium thiocyanate     sodium azide     sulfur     see also copper fungicides     see also inorganic mercury fungicides     mercury fungicides 
            norganic mercury fungicides     mercuric chloride     mercuric oxide     mercurous chloride     organomercury fungicides     (3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide     ethylmercury acetate     ethylmercury bromide     ethylmercury chloride     ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide     ethylmercury phosphate     N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulphonanilide     hydrargaphen     2-methoxyethylmercury chloride     methylmercury benzoate     methylmercury dicyandiamide     methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide     8-phenylmercurioxyquinol ine     phenylmercuriurea     phenylmercury acetate     phenylmercury chloride     phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol     phenylmercury nitrate     phenylmercury salicylate     thiomersal     tolylmercury acetate    
            morpholine fungicides     aldimorph     benzamorf     carbamorph     dimethomorph     dodemorph     fenpropimorph     flumorph     tridemorph     organophosphorus fungicides     ampropylfos     ditalimfos     edifenphos     fosetyl     hexylthiofos     iprobenfos     phosdiphen     pyrazophos     tolclofos-methyl     triamiphos     organotin fungicides     decafentin     fentin     tributyltin oxide     oxathiin fungicides     carboxin     oxycarboxin     oxazole fungicides     chlozolinate     dichlozoline     drazoxolon     famoxadone     hymexazol     metazoxolon     myclozolin     oxadixyl     vinclozolin     polysulfide fungicides     barium polysulfide     calcium polysulfide     potassium polysulfide     sodium polysulfide     pyrazole fungicides     furametpyr     penthiopyrad     pyridine fungicides     boscalid     buthiobate     dipyrithione     fluazinam     fluopicolide     pyridinitril     pyrifenox     pyroxychlor     pyroxyfur     pyrimidine fungicides     bupirimate     cyprodinil     diflumetorim     dimethirimol     ethirimol     fenarimol     ferimzone     mepanipyrim     nuarimol     pyrimethanil     triarimol     pyrrole fungicides     fenpiclonil     fludioxonil     fluoroimide     quinoline fungicides     ethoxyquin     halacrinate     8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate     quinacetol     30 quinoxyfen     quinone fungicides     benquinox     chloranil     dichione     dithianon     quinoxaline fungicides     chinomethionat     chlorquinox     thioquinox     thiazole fungicides     ethaboxam     etridiazole     metsulfovax     octhilinone     thiabendazole     thiadifluor     thifluzamide     thiocarbamate fungicides     methasulfocarb     prothiocarb     thiophene fungicides     ethaboxam     silthiofam     triazine fungicides     anilazine     triazole fungicides     bitertanol     fluotrimazole     triazbutil     see also conazole fungicides (triazoles)     urea fungicides     bentaluron     pencycuron     quinazamid     unclassified fungicides     acibenzolar     acypetacs     allyl alcohol     benzalkonium chloride     benzamacril     bethoxazin     carvone     chloropicrin     DBCP     dehydroacetic acid     diclomezine     diethyl pyrocarbonate     fenaminosulf     fenitropan     fenpropidin     formaldehyde     furfural     hexachlorobutadiene     iodomethane     isoprothiolane     methyl bromide     methyl isothiocyanate     metrafenone     nitrostyrene     nitrothal-isopropyl     OCH     2-phenylphenol     phthalide     piperalin     probenazole     proquinazid     pyroquilon     sodium orthophenylphenoxide     spiroxamine     sultropen     thicyofen     tricyclazole     zinc naphthenate    
        Examples Herbicide Safeners:     benoxacor     cloquintocet     cyometrinil     dichlormid     dicyclonon     dietholate     fenchlorazole     fenclorim     flurazole     fluxofenim     furilazole     isoxadifen     mefenpyr     mephenate     naphthalic anhydride     oxabetrinil 
 
 Examples of Herbicides 
        amide herbicides     allidochlor     beflubutamid     benzadox     benzipram     bromobutide     cafenstrole     CDEA     chlorthiamid     cyprazole     dimethenamid     dimethenamid-P     diphenamid     epronaz     etnipromid     fentrazamide     flupoxam     fomesafen     halosafen     isocarbamid     isoxaben     napropamide     naptalam     penoxsulam     pethoxamid     propyzamide     quinonamid     tebutam 
            anilide herbicides     chloranocryl     cisanilide     clomeprop     cypromid     diflufenican     etobenzanid     fenasulam     flufenacet     flufenican     mefenacet     mefluidide     metamifop     monalide     naproanilide     pentanochlor     picolinafen     propanil 
                arylalanine herbicides     benzoylprop     flamprop     flamprop-M     chloroacetanilide herbicides     acetochlor     alachlor     butachlor     butenachlor     delachlor     diethatyl     dimethachlor     metazachlor     metolachlor     S-metolachlor     pretilachlor     propachlor     propisochlor     prynachlor     terbuchlor     thenylchlor     xylachlor     sulfonanilide herbicides     benzofluor     cloransulam     diclosulam     florasulam     flumetsulam     metosulam     perfluidone     profluazol    
               
            antibiotic herbicides     bilanafos     aromatic acid herbicides 
            benzoic acid herbicides     chloramben     dicamba     2,3,6-TBA     tricamba 
                pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides     bispyribac     pyriminobac     pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides     pyrithiobac    
                phthalic acid herbicides     chlorthal     picolinic acid herbicides     aminopyralid     clopyralid     picloram     quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides     quinclorac     quinmerac    
            arsenical herbicides     cacodylic acid     CMA     DSMA     hexaflurate     MAA     MAMA     MSMA     potassium arsenite     sodium arsenite     benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides     mesotrione     sulcotrione     benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides     benfuresate     ethofumesate     carbamate herbicides     asulam     carboxazole     chlorprocarb     dichlormate     fenasulam     karbutilate     terbucarb     carbanilate herbicides     barban     BCPC     carbasulam     carbetamide     CEPC     chlorbufam     chlorpropham     CPPC     desmedipham     phenisopham     phenmedipham     phenmedipham-ethyl     propham     swep     cyclohexene oxime herbicides     alloxydim     butroxydim     clethodim     cloproxydim     cycloxydim     profoxydim     sethoxydim     tepraloxydim     tralkoxydim     cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides     isoxachlortole     isoxaflutole     dicarboximide herbicides     benzfendizone     cinidon-ethyl     flumezin     flumiclorac     flumioxazin     flumipropyn     dinitroaniline herbicides     benfluralin     butralin     dinitramine     ethalfluralin     fluchloralin     isopropalin     methalpropalin     nitralin     oryzalin     pendimethalin     prodiamine     profluralin     trifluralin     dinitrophenol herbicides     dinofenate     dinoprop     dinosam     dinoseb     dinoterb     DNOC     etinofen     medinoterb     diphenyl ether herbicides     ethoxyfen 
            nitrophenyl ether herbicides     acifluorfen     aclonifen     bifenox     chlomethoxyfen     chlomitrofen     etnipromid     fluorodifen     fluoroglycofen     fluoronitrofen     fomesafen     furyloxyfen     halosafen     lactofen     nitrofen     nitrofluorfen     oxyfluorfen    
            dithiocarbamate herbicides     dazomet     metam     halogenated aliphatic herbicides     alorac     chloropon     dalapon     flupropanate     hexachloroacetone     iodomethane     methyl bromide     monochloroacetic acid     SMA     TCA     imidazolinone herbicides     imazamethabenz     imazamox     imazapic     imazapyr     imazaquin     imazethapyr     inorganic herbicides     ammonium sulfamate     borax     calcium chlorate     copper sulfate     ferrous sulfate     potassium azide     potassium cyanate     sodium azide     sodium chlorate     sulfuric acid     nitrite herbicides     bromobonil     bromoxynil     chloroxynil     dichlobenil     iodobonil     ioxynil     pyraclonil     organophosphorus herbicides     amiprofos-methyl     anilofos     bensulide     bilanafos     butamifos     2,4-DEP     DMPA     EBEP     fosamine     glufosinate     glyphosate     piperophos     phenoxy herbicides     bromofenoxim     clomeprop     2,4-DEB     2,4-DEP     difenopenten     disul     erbon     etnipromid     fenteracol     trifopsime 
            phenoxyacetic herbicides     4-CPA     2,4-D     3,4-DA     MCPA     MCPA-thioethyl     2,4,5-T     phenoxybutyric herbicides     4-CPB     2,4-DB     3,4-DB     MCPB     2,4,5-TB     phenoxypropionic herbicides     cloprop     4-CPP     dichlorprop     dichlorprop-P     3,4-DP     fenoprop     mecoprop     mecoprop-P 
                aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides     chlorazifop     clodinafop     clofop     cyhalofop     diclofop     fenoxaprop     fenoxaprop-P     fenthiaprop     fluazifop     fluazifop-P     haloxyfop     haloxyfop-P     isoxapyrifop     metamifop     propaquizafop     quizalofop     quizalofop-P     trifop    
               
            phenylenediamine herbicides     dinitramine     prodiamine     pyrazolyloxyacetophenone herbicides     benzofenap     pyrazoxyfen     pyrazolylphenyl herbicides     fluazolate     pyraflufen     pyridazine herbicides     credazine     pyridafol     pyridate     pyridazinone herbicides     brompyrazon     chloridazon     dimidazon     flufenpyr     metflurazon     norflurazon     oxapyrazon     pydanon     pyridine herbicides     aminopyralid     cliodinate     clopyralid     dithiopyr     fluroxypyr     haloxydine     picloram     picolinafen     pyriclor     thiazopyr     triclopyr     pyrimidinediamine herbicides     iprymidam     tioclorim     quaternary ammonium herbicides     cyperquat     diethamquat     difenzoquat     diquat     morfamquat     paraquat     thiocarbamate herbicides     butylate     cycloate     di-allate     EPTC     esprocarb     ethiolate     isopolinate     methiobencarb     molinate     orbencarb     pebulate     prosulfocarb     pyributicarb     sulfallate     thiobencarb     tiocarbazil     tri-allate     vernolate     thiocarbonate herbicides     dimexano     EXD     proxan     thiourea herbicides     methiuron     triazine herbicides     dipropetryn     triaziflam     trihydroxytriazine 
            chlorotriazine herbicides     atrazine     chlorazine     cyanazine     cyprazine     eglinazine     ipazine     mesoprazine     procyazine     proglinazine     propazine     sebuthylazine     simazine     terbuthylazine     trietazine     methoxytriazine herbicides     atraton     methometon     prometon     secbumeton     simeton     terbumeton     methylthiotriazine herbicides     ametryn     aziprotryne     cyanatryn     desmetryn     dimethametryn     methoprotryne     prometryn     simetryn     terbutryn    
            triazinone herbicides     ametridione     amibuzin     hexazinone     isomethiozin     metamitron     metribuzin     triazole herbicides     amitrole     cafenstrole     epronaz     flupoxam     triazolone herbicides     amicarbazone     carfentrazone     flucarbazone     propoxycarbazone     sulfentrazone     triazolopyrimidine herbicides     cloransulam     diclosulam     florasulam     flumetsulam     metosulam     penoxsulam     uracil herbicides     butafenacil     bromacil     flupropacil     isocil     lenacil     terbacil     urea herbicides     benzthiazuron     cumyluron     cycluron     dichloralurea     diflufenzopyr     isonoruron     isouron     methabenzthiazuron     monisouron     noruron 
            phenylurea herbicides     anisuron     buturon     chlorbromuron     chloreturon     chlorotoluron     chloroxuron     daimuron     difenoxuron     dimefuron     diuron     fenuron     fluometuron     fluothiuron     isoproturon     linuron     methiuron     methyldymron     metobenzuron     metobromuron     metoxuron     monolinuron     monuron     neburon     parafluron     phenobenzuron     siduron     tetrafluron     thidiazuron     sulfonylurea herbicides 
                pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides     amidosulfuron     azimsulfuron     bensulfuron     chlorimuron     cyclosulfamuron     ethoxysulfuron     flazasulfuron     flucetosulfuron     flupyrsulfuron     foramsulfuron     halosulfuron     imazosulfuron     mesosulfuron     nicosulfuron     oxasulfuron     primisulfuron     pyrazosulfuron     rimsulfuron     sulfometuron     sulfosulfuron     trifloxysulfuron     triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides     chlorsulfuron     cinosulfuron     ethametsulfuron     iodosulfuron     metsulfuron     prosulfuron     thifensulfuron     triasulfuron     tribenuron     triflusulfuron     tritosulfuron    
                thiadiazolylurea herbicides     buthiuron     ethidimuron     tebuthiuron     thiazafluron     thidiazuron    
            unclassified herbicides     acrolein     allyl alcohol     azafenidin     benazolin     bentazone     benzobicyclon     buthidazole     calcium cyanamide     cambendichlor     chlorfenac     chlorfenprop     chlorflurazole     chlorflurenol     cinmethylin     clomazone     CPMF     cresol     ortho-dichlorobenzene     dimepiperate     endothal     fluoromidine     fluridone     flurochloridone     flurtamone     fluthiacet     indanofan     methazole     methyl isothiocyanate     nipyraclofen     OCH     oxadiargyl     oxadiazon     oxaziclomefone     pentachlorophenol     pentoxazone     phenylmercury acetate     pinoxaden     prosulfalin     pyrazolynate     pyribenzoxim     pyriftalid     quinoclamine     rhodethanil     sulglycapin     thidiazimin     tridiphane     trimeturon     tripropindan     tritac 
 
 List of Insect Attractants: 
   
        brevicomin     codlelure     cue-lure     disparlure     dominicalure     eugenol     frontalin     gossyplure     grandlure     hexalure     ipsdienol     ipsenol     japonilure     lineatin     litlure     looplure     medlure     megatomoic acid     methyl eugenol     α-multistriatin     muscalure     orfralure     oryctalure     ostramone     siglure     sulcatol     trimedlure     trunc-call 
 
 Insect Repellents 
    butopyronoxyl     dibutyl phthalate     diethyltoluamide     dimethyl carbate     dimethyl phthalate     ethohexadiol     hexamide     methoquin-butyl     methylneodecanamide     oxamate     picaridin 
 
 Example of Insecticides 
        antibiotic insecticides     allosamidin     thuringiensin 
            macrocyclic lactone insecticides     spinosad 
                avermectin insecticides     abamectin     doramectin     emamectin     eprinomectin     ivermectin     selamectin     milbemycin insecticides     milbemectin     milbemycin oxime     moxidectin    
               
            arsenical insecticides     calcium arsenate     copper acetoarsenite     copper arsenate     lead arsenate     potassium arsenite     sodium arsenite     botanical insecticides     anabasine     azadirachtin     d-limonene     nicotine     pyrethrins     cinerins     cinerin I     cinerin II     jasmolin I     jasmolin II     pyrethrin I     pyrethrin II     quassia     rotenone     ryania     sabadilla     carbamate insecticides     bendiocarb     carbaryl 
            benzofuranyl methylcarbamate insecticides     benfuracarb     carbofuran     carbosulfan     decarbofuran     furathiocarb     dimethylcarbamate insecticides     dimetan     dimetilan     hyquincarb     pirimicarb     oxime carbamate insecticides     alanycarb     aldicarb     aldoxycarb     butocarboxim     butoxycarboxim     methomyl     nitrilacarb     oxamyl     tazimcarb     thiocarboxime     thiodicarb     thiofanox     phenyl methylcarbamate insecticides     allyxycarb     aminocarb     bufencarb     butacarb     carbanolate     cloethocarb     dicresyl     dioxacarb     EMPC     ethiofencarb     fenethacarb     fenobucarb     isoprocarb     methiocarb     metolcarb     mexacarbate     promacyl     promecarb     propoxur     trimethacarb     XMC     xylylcarb    
            dinitrophenol insecticides     dinex     dinoprop     dinosam     DNOC     fluorine insecticides     barium hexafluorosilicate     cryolite     sodium fluoride     sodium hexafluorosilicate     sulfluramid     formamidine insecticides     amitraz     chlordimeform     formetanate     formparanate     fumigant insecticides     acrylonitrile     carbon disulfide     carbon tetrachloride     chloroform     chloropicrin     para-dichlorobenzene     1,2-dichloropropane     ethyl formate     ethylene dibromide     ethylene dichloride     ethylene oxide     hydrogen cyanide     iodomethane     methyl bromide     methylchloroform     methylene chloride     naphthalene     phosphine     sulfuryl fluoride     tetrachloroethane     inorganic insecticides     borax     calcium polysulfide     copper oleate     mercurous chloride     potassium thiocyanate     sodium thiocyanate     see also arsenical insecticides     see also fluorine insecticides     insect growth regulators 
            chitin synthesis inhibitors     bistrifluron     buprofezin     chlorfluazuron     cyromazine     diflubenzuron     flucycloxuron     flufenoxuron     hexaflumuron     lufenuron     novaluron     noviflumuron     penfluron     teflubenzuron     triflumuron     juvenile hormone mimics     epofenonane     fenoxycarb     hydroprene     kinoprene     methoprene     pyriproxyfen     triprene     juvenile hormones     juvenile hormone I     juvenile hormone II     juvenile hormone III     moulting hormone agonists     chromafenozide     halofenozide     methoxyfenozide     tebufenozide     moulting hormones     α-ecdysone     ecdysterone     moulting inhibitors     diofenolan     precocenes     precocene I     precocene II     precocene III     unclassified insect growth regulators     dicyclanil    
            nereistoxin analogue insecticides     bensultap     cartap     thiocyclam     thiosultap     nicotinoid insecticides     flonicamid 
            nitroguanidine insecticides     clothianidin     dinotefuran     imidacloprid     thiamethoxam     nitromethylene insecticides     nitenpyram     nithiazine     pyridylmethylamine insecticides     acetamiprid     imidacloprid     nitenpyram     thiacloprid    
            organochlorine insecticides     bromo-DDT     camphechlor     DDT     pp′-DDT     ethyl-DDD     HCH     gamma-HCH     lindane     methoxychlor     pentachlorophenol     TDE 
            cyclodiene insecticides     aldrin     bromocyclen     chlorbicyclen     chlordane     chlordecone     dieldrin     dilor     endosulfan     endrin     HEOD     heptachlor     HHDN     isobenzan     isodrin     kelevan     mirex    
            organophosphorus insecticides 
            organophosphate insecticides     bromfenvinfos     chlorfenvinphos     crotoxyphos     dichlorvos     dicrotophos     dimethylvinphos     fospirate     heptenophos     methocrotophos     mevinphos     monocrotophos     naled     naftalofos     phosphamidon     propaphos     schradan     TEPP     tetrachlorvinphos     organothiophosphate insecticides     dioxabenzofos     fosmethilan     phenthoate 
                aliphatic organothiophosphate insecticides     acethion     amiton     cadusafos     chlorethoxyfos     chlormephos     demephion     demephion-O     demephion-S     demeton     demeton-O     demeton-S     demeton-methyl     demeton-O-methyl     demeton-S-methyl     demeton-S-methylsulphon     disulfoton     ethion     ethoprophos     IPSP     isothioate     malathion     methacrifos     oxydemeton-methyl     oxydeprofos     oxydisulfoton     phorate     sulfotep     terbufos     thiometon 
                    aliphatic amide organothiophosphate insecticides     amidithion     cyanthoate     dimethoate     ethoate-methyl     formothion     mecarbam     omethoate     prothoate     sophamide     vamidothion     oxime organothiophosphate insecticides     chlorphoxim     phoxim     phoxim-methyl    
                    heterocyclic organothiophosphate insecticides     azamethiphos     coumaphos     coumithoate     dioxathion     endothion     menazon     morphothion     phosalone     pyraclofos     pyridaphenthion     quinothion 
                    benzothiopyran organothiophosphate insecticides     dithicrofos     thicrofos     benzotriazine organothiophosphate insecticides     azinphos-ethyl     azinphos-methyl     isoindole organothiophosphate insecticides     dialifos     phosmet     isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticides     isoxathion     zolaprofos     pyrazolopyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides     chlorprazophos     pyrazophos     pyridine organothiophosphate insecticides     chlorpyrifos     chlorpyrifos-methyl     pyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides     butathiofos     diazinon     etrimfos     lirimfos     pirimiphos-ethyl     pirimiphos-methyl     primidophos     pyrimitate     tebupirimfos     quinoxaline organothiophosphate insecticides     quinalphos     quinalphos-methyl     thiadiazole organothiophosphate insecticides     athidathion     lythidathion     methidathion     prothidathion     triazole organothiophosphate insecticides     isazofos     triazophos    
                    phenyl organothiophosphate insecticides     azothoate     bromophos     bromophos-ethyl     carbophenothion     chlorthiophos     cyanophos     cythioate     dicapthon     dichlofenthion     etaphos     famphur     fenchlorphos     fenitrothion     fensulfothion     fenthion     fenthion-ethyl     heterophos     jodfenphos     mesulfenfos     parathion     parathion-methyl     phenkapton     phosnichlor     profenofos     prothiofos     suiprofos     temephos     trichlormetaphos-3     trifenofos    
                phosphonate insecticides     butonate     trichlorfon     phosphonothioate insecticides     mecarphon 
                phenyl ethylphosphonothioate insecticides     fonofos     trichloronat     phenyl phenylphosphonothioate insecticides     cyanofenphos     EPN     leptophos    
                phosphoramidate insecticides     crufomate     fenamiphos     fosthietan     mephosfolan     phosfolan     pirimetaphos     phosphoramidothioate insecticides     acephate     isocarbophos     isofenphos     methamidophos     propetamphos     phosphorodiamide insecticides     dimefox     mazidox     mipafox    
            oxadiazine insecticides     indoxacarb phthalimide insecticides     dialifos     phosmet     tetramethrin     pyrazole insecticides     acetoprole     ethiprole     fipronil     tebufenpyrad     tolfenpyrad     vaniliprole     pyrethroid insecticides 
            pyrethroid ester insecticides     acrinathrin     allethrin     bioallethrin     barthrin     bifenthrin     bioethanomethrin     cyclethrin     cycloprothrin     cyfluthrin     beta-cyfluthrin     cyhalothrin     gamma-cyhalothrin     lambda-cyhalothrin     cypermethrin     alpha-cypermethrin     beta-cypermethrin     theta-cypermethrin     zeta-cypermethrin     cyphenothrin     deltamethrin     dimefluthrin     dimethrin     empenthrin     fenfluthrin     fenpirithrin     fenpropathrin     fenvalerate     esfenvalerate     flucythrinate     fluvalinate     tau-fluvalinate     furethrin     imiprothrin     metofluthrin     permethrin     biopermethrin     transpermethrin     phenothrin     prallethrin     profluthrin     pyresmethrin     resmethrin     bioresmethrin     cismethrin     tefluthrin     terallethrin     tetramethrin     tralomethrin     transfluthrin     pyrethroid ether insecticides     etofenprox     flufenprox     halfenprox     protrifenbute     silafluofen    
            pyrimidinamine insecticides     flufenerim     pyrimidifen     pyrrole insecticides     chlorfenapyr     tetronic acid insecticides     spiromesifen     thiourea insecticides     diafenthiuron     urea insecticides     flucofuron     sulcofuron     see also chitin synthesis inhibitors     unclassified insecticides     closantel     crotamiton     EXD     fenazaflor     fenoxacrim     hydramethylnon     isoprothiolane     malonoben     metoxadiazone     nifluridide     pyridaben     pyridalyl     rafoxanide     triarathene     triazamate 
 
 List of Mammal Repellents 
   
        copper naphthenate     trimethacarb     zinc naphthenate     ziram 
 
 Mating Disrupters 
    disparlure     gossyplure     grandlure 
 
 List of Molluscicides 
    bromoacetamide     calcium arsenate     cloethocarb     copper acetoarsenite     copper sulfate     fentin     metaldehyde     methiocarb     niclosamide     pentachlorophenol     sodium pentachlorophenoxide     tazimcarb     thiodicarb     tributyltin oxide     trifenmorph     trimethacarb 
 
 Examples of Nematicides 
        antibiotic nematicides     abamectin     carbamate nematicides     benomyl     carbofuran     carbosulfan     cloethocarb 
            oxime carbamate nematicides     alanycarb     aldicarb     aldoxycarb     oxamyl    
            organophosphorus nematicides 
            organophosphate nematicides     diamidafos     fenamiphos     fosthietan     phosphamidon     organothiophosphate nematicides     cadusafos     chlorpyrifos     dichlofenthion     dimethoate     ethoprophos     fensulfothion     fosthiazate     heterophos     isamidofos     isazofos     mecarphon     phorate     phosphocarb     terbufos     thionazin     triazophos    
            unclassified nematicides     acetoprole     benclothiaz     chloropicrin     dazomet     DBCP     DCIP     1,2-dichloropropane     1,3-dichloropropene     furfural     iodomethane     metam     methyl bromide     methyl isothiocyanate     xylenols 
 
 Examples of Plant Activators 
   
        acibenzolar     probenazole 
 
 Examples of Plant Growth Regulators 
        antiauxins     clofibric acid     2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid     auxins     4-CPA     2,4-D     2,4-DB     2,4-DEP     dichlorprop     fenoprop     IAA     IBA     naphthaleneacetamide     α-naphthaleneacetic acid     1-naphthol     naphthoxyacetic acid     potassium naphthenate     sodium naphthenate     2,4,5-T     cytokinins     2iP     benzyladenine     kinetin     zeatin     defoliants     calcium cyanamide     dimethipin     endothal     ethephon     metoxuron     pentachlorophenol     thidiazuron     tribufos     ethylene inhibitors     aviglycine     1-methylcyclopropene     ethylene releasers     ACC     etacelasil     ethephon     glyoxime     gibberellins     gibberellins     gibberellic acid     growth inhibitors     abscisic acid     ancymidol     butralin     carbaryl     chlorphonium     chlorpropham     dikegulac     flumetralin     fluoridamid     fosamine     glyphosine     isopyrimol     jasmonic acid     maleic hydrazide     mepiquat     piproctanyl     prohydrojasmon     propham     2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid 
            morphactins     chlorfluren     chlorflurenol     dichlorflurenol     flurenol    
            growth retardants     chlormequat     daminozide     flurprimidol     mefluidide     paclobutrazol     tetcyclacis     uniconazole     growth stimulators     brassinolide     forchlorfenuron     hymexazol     unclassified plant growth regulators     benzofluor     buminafos     carvone     ciobutide     clofencet     cloxyfonac     cyclanilide     cycloheximide     epocholeone     ethychlozate     ethylene     fenridazon     heptopargil     holosulf     inabenfide     karetazan     lead arsenate     methasulfocarb     prohexadione     pydanon     sintofen     triapenthenol     trinexapac 
 
 Examples of Rodenticides 
    botanical rodenticides     scilliroside     strychnine     coumarin rodenticides     brodifacoum     bromadiolone     coumachlor     coumafuryl     coumatetralyl     difenacoum     difethialone     flocoumafen     warfarin     indandione rodenticides     chlorophacinone     diphacinone     pindone     inorganic rodenticides     arsenous oxide     phosphorus     potassium arsenite     sodium arsenite     thallium sulfate     zinc phosphide     organochlorine rodenticides     gamma-HCH     HCH     lindane     organophosphorus rodenticides     phosacetim     pyrimidinamine rodenticides     crimidine     thiourea rodenticides     antu     urea rodenticides     pyrinuron     unclassified rodenticides     bromethalin     chloralose     α-chlorohydrin     ergocalciferol     fluoroacetamide     flupropadine     hydrogen cyanide     norbormide     sodium fluoroacetate 
 
 Examples of Pesticide Synergists 
   
        piperonyl butoxide     piprotal     propyl isome     sesamex     sesamolin     sulfoxide 
 
 Examples of Virucides 
    imanin     ribavirin    
 
         [2484]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against insects of the following orders: 
    Coleoptera—This is the largest order of insects. They have biting mouthparts and hard forewings.     Collembola—Small insects with no wings and long legs used for jumping. Most live in soil.     Dermaptera—Insects with biting mouthparts and long antennae. Most live in rotting plants.     Dictyoptera—Insects that lay their eggs in enclosed capsules called oothecae.     Diptera—Insects with 2 wings and compound eyes. Their mouthparts may be the sucking kind or the sponge-like absorbing kind.     Ephemeroptera—The most primitive winged insect. They have short antennae. Their nymphs live in fast-flowing water.     Hemiptera—Insects with unusual heads. The head has a snout used for piercing and sucking. The wings are usually hard and held flat against the body. The bottom portion of their wings near their body is leathery, and the tip of their wings is membranous.     Homoptera—Insects with piercing/sucking mouthparts. Their wings are membranous from base to tip. These insects feed exclusively on plants.     Hymenoptera—Insects with 4 wings, long legs, and compound eyes. Their mouthparts may be sponging, sucking, or biting.     Isoptera—The name Isoptera comes from the latin iso which means equal because both the front and hind wings of these insects are about the same size.     Lepidoptera—The name comes from lipido which means scale. The wings of these insects are covered by small, overlapping and often colorful scales. Most have sucking mouthparts.    
 
         [2496]     Neuroptera—Insects with large, membranous wings with a dense network of veins.  
         [2497]     Odonata—Insects with 2 pairs of wings and biting mouthparts. Most have thin legs and short antennae. Their heads are small, and their large compound eyes nearly cover their heads. Their nymphs live in water.  
         [2498]     Orthoptera—These insects have a variety of shapes and characteristics. The one thing that they have in common is that they all move with great agility. Their wings fold over their body when not in use. Some of the females in some of the species in this class are wingless.  
         [2499]     Plecoptera—Insects that are flat, with large wings and biting mouthparts. Their larvae live in water.  
         [2500]     Protura—Primitive insects with no eyes, antennae, or wings. They live in soil.  
         [2501]     Psocoptera—Small insects with long antennae and biting mouthparts.  
         [2502]     Siphonaptera—Insects with long legs for jumping and sucking mouth parts.  
         [2503]     Thysanura—Insects with soft, flat bodies. They are colorless. They are called bristletails and have short legs but move very rapidly.  
         [2504]     Trichoptera—Insects with long antennae and legs. They have hairs on the surface of their wings.  
         [2505]     In one of the embodiment of this invention, oxal ate is used in controlling insects that attack cotton such as, but not limited to, those insects that are listed below:  
                                                                 Common Name   Order   Host or Location                                1.   Water springtail   Collembola   Surface of puddles       2.   Silverfish   Thysanura   Trunk, closet       3.   Mayfly   Ephemeroptera   Near water       4.   Green darner   Odonata   Stream       5.   Black-winged   Odonata   Stream           damselfly       6.   Stonefly   Plecoptera   Near water       7.   True katydid   Orthoptera   Trees       8.   Carolina grasshopper   Orthoptera   Pasture       9.   Snowy tree cricket   Orthoptera   Trees       10.   Differential   Orthoptera   Pasture           grasshopper       11.   Long-horned   Orthoptera   Shrubs/grass           grasshopper       12.   Mole cricket   Orthoptera   Sandy soil       13.   German cockroach   Blattaria   Home       14.   American cockroach   Blattaria   Home       15.   Praying mantids   Mantodea   Shrubs, vegetation       16.   Walkingstick   Phasmida   Shrubs, vegetation       17.   Earwig   Dermaptera   Ground trash       18.   Subterranean termite   Isoptera   Wood, stumps       19.   Booklouse   Psocoptera   Libraries, papers,                   books       20.   Barklouse   Psocoptera   Tree trunk       21.   Chicken head louse   Phthiraptera   Poultry               (Mallophaga)       22.   Short-nosed cattle   Phthiraptera   Cattle           louse   (Anoplura)       23.   Human body louse   Phthiraptera   Humans               (Anoplura)       24.   Hog louse   Phthiraptera   Swine               (Anoplura)       25.   Cotton fleahopper   Hemiptera   Cotton       26.   False chinch bug   Hemiptera   Grain sorghum       27.   Large milkweed bug   Hemiptera   Milkweed       28.   Ambush bug   Hemiptera   Flowers       29.   Backswimmer   Hemiptera   Pond       30.   Water striders   Hemiptera   Pond       31.   Water scorpions   Hemiptera   Stream       32.   Water boatman   Hemiptera   Pond       33.   Toad bug   Hemiptera   Shoreline       34.   Green stink bug   Hemiptera   Weeds       35.   Harlequin bug   Hemiptera   Cole crops       36.   Leaffooted bug   Hemiptera   Plants, weeds       37.   Tarnished plant bug   Hemiptera   Plants, weeds       38.   Squash bug   Hemiptera   Squash       39.   Chinch bug   Hemiptera   Grass       40.   Giant water bug   Hemiptera   Water, ponds       41.   Western flower   Thysanoptera   Cotton           thrips       42.   Onion thrips   Thysanoptera   Onions       43.   Leafhopper   Homoptera   Grasses       44.   San Jose scale   Homoptera   Fruit trees       45.   Greenbug   Homoptera   Small grain       46.   Obscure scale   Homoptera   Pecans       47.   Pecan phylloxera   Homoptera   Pecans       48.   Buffalo treehopper   Homoptera   Trees       49.   Spittlebug   Homoptera   Alfalfa       50.   Corn leaf aphid   Homoptera   Corn, sorghum       51.   Cicada   Homoptera   Trees       52.   Mantispid   Neuroptera   Woodlots       53.   Antlion   Neuroptera   Plants       54.   Dobsonfly   Neuroptera   Stream       55.   Green lacewing   Neuroptera   Alfalfa       56.   Carpet beetle   Coleoptera   Wool carpets       57.   Corn or rice weevil   Coleoptera   Stored grain       58.   Pea weevil   Coleoptera   Stored grain       59.   Confused flour   Coleoptera   Stored grain           beetle       60.   Flat grain beetle   Coleoptera   Stored grain       61.   Lesser grain borer   Coleoptera   Stored grain       62.   Sawtoothed grain   Coleoptera   Stored grain           beetle       63.   Alfalfa weevil   Coleoptera   Alfalfa       64.   Striped blister beetle   Coleoptera   Plants, alfalfa,                   weeds       65.   Flat-headed borer   Coleoptera   Trees       66.   Plum curculio   Coleoptera   Peaches       67.   Boll weevil   Coleoptera   Cotton       68.   Tiger beetle   Coleoptera   Shady trails       69.   Carrion beetle   Coleoptera   Dead animals       70.   Carrot beetle   Coleoptera   Sunflowers       71.   Colorado potato   Coleoptera   Potatoes           beetle       72.   Spotted cucumber   Coleoptera   Weeds           beetle       73.   Rhinoceros beetle   Coleoptera   Woodland       74.   Firefly or   Coleoptera   Weeds           lightningbug       75.   May beetle or   Coleoptera   Shrubs           junebug       76.   Lady beetle   Coleoptera   Weeds       77.   Old house borer   Coleoptera   Lumber       78.   Sweet potato weevil   Coleoptera   Sweet potatoes       79.   Flea beetle   Coleoptera   Weeds       80.   Caterpillar hunter   Coleoptera   Woodland       81.   Predaceous diving   Coleoptera   Ponds           beetle       82.   Water scavenger   Coleoptera   Stream           beetle       83.   Whirlygig beetle   Coleoptera   Stream       84.   Unicorn beetle   Coleoptera   Woodland       85.   Locust borer   Coleoptera   Black locust       86.   Soldier beetle   Coleoptera   Flowers       87.   Scorpionfly   Mecoptera   Plants       88.   Caddisfly   Trichoptera   Near stream       89.   Clothes moth   Lepidoptera   Stored woolens       90.   Angoumois grain   Lepidoptera   Stored grain           moth       91.   Tomato hornworm   Lepidoptera   Tomatoes       92.   Cabbage looper   Lepidoptera   General feeder       93.   Bollworm or corn   Lepidoptera   Cotton, corn, other           earworm       crops       94.   Variegated cutworm   Lepidoptera   General feeder       95.   Peach tree borer   Lepidoptera   Peach trees       96.   Fall webworm   Lepidoptera   Pecans       97.   Pecan nut casebearer   Lepidoptera   Pecans       98.   Cotton leafworm   Lepidoptera   Cotton       99.   Armyworm   Lepidoptera   Grasses       100.   Sorghum webworm   Lepidoptera   Grain sorghum       101.   Pink bollworm   Lepidoptera   Cotton       102.   Fall armyworm   Lepidoptera   Grasses       103.   Viceroy   Lepidoptera   Poplar       104.   Buckeye   Lepidoptera   Plantain       105.   Mourningcloak   Lepidoptera   Willow           butterfly       106.   Cabbage butterfly   Lepidoptera   Cole crops       107.   Cecropia   Lepidoptera   Oak       108.   Bagworm   Lepidoptera   Juniper       109.   Leopard moth   Lepidoptera   Weeds       110.   Red admiral   Lepidoptera   Nettles       111.   Question mark   Lepidoptera   Elms       112.   Wood nymph   Lepidoptera   Thick woods       113.   Gray hairstreak   Lepidoptera   Cotton           (Cotton square           borer)       114.   Alfalfa caterpillar   Lepidoptera   Alfalfa       115.   Giant swallowtail   Lepidoptera   Citrus       116.   Black swallowtail   Lepidoptera   Carrots, weeds       117.   Tiger swallowtail   Lepidoptera   Cherry       118.   White-lined sphinx   Lepidoptera   Around lights       119.   Salt-marsh   Lepidoptera   Grasses, weeds           caterpillar       120.   Polyphemus   Lepidoptera   Oaks       121.   Io moth   Lepidoptera   Trees, corn       122.   Underwing moths   Lepidoptera   Trees       123.   Luna moth   Lepidoptera   Oak       124.   Monarch   Lepidoptera   Milkweed       125.   Eastern tent   Lepidoptera   Cherry, plum           caterpillar       126.   Silver-spotted   Lepidoptera   Black locust           skipper       127.   Carpenter moth   Lepidoptera   Trees       128.   Greater wax moth   Lepidoptera   Beehive       129.   Common cattle grub   Diptera   Cattle       130.   Horn fly   Diptera   Cattle       131.   Stable fly   Diptera   Cattle       132.   Screwworm   Diptera   Cattle       133.   Housefly   Diptera   Barn       134.   Sorghum midge   Diptera   Grain sorghum       135.   Bee fly   Diptera   Flowers       136.   Syrphid fly(flower   Diptera   Flowers           fly)       137.   Fruit fly   Diptera   Ripe &amp; rotten fruit       138.   Mydas fly   Diptera   Woodlands       139.   Buffalo gnat   Diptera   Stream       140.   Crane fly   Diptera   Meadow       141.   Horsefly   Diptera   Woodland       142.   Deer fly   Diptera   Woodland       143.   Mosquito   Diptera   Yard and meadow       144.   Cat flea   Siphonaptera   Cat       145.   Red harvester ant   Hymenoptera   Seed plants       146.   Potter wasps   Hymenoptera   Building       147.   Velvet ants   Hymenoptera   Soil       148.   Cicada killer   Hymenoptera   Soil       149.   Baldfaced hornet   Hymenoptera   Woodlands       150.   Leafcutting bee   Hymenoptera   Flowers       151.   Yellowjacket   Hymenoptera   House eaves       152.   Horntail   Hymenoptera   Logs       153.   Carpenter bee   Hymenoptera   Fence post       154.   Honeybee   Hymenoptera   Flowers       155.   Mud dauber   Hymenoptera   Buildings       156.   Bumblebee   Hymenoptera   Meadow       157.   Texas leafcutting ant   Hymenoptera   Woodlands       158.   Lone star tick   Acari   Cattle       159.   Fowl tick (blue bug)   Acari   Poultry       160.   Black widow spider   Araneae   Woodlot       161.   Brown recluse spider   Araneae   Homes       162.   Trapdoor spider   Araneae   Soil       163.   Black and yellow   Araneae   Garden           argiope       164.   Wolfspiders   Araneae   Under rocks       165.   Crab spiders   Araneae   Flowers       166.   Jumping spiders   Araneae   Garden       167.   Scorpion   Scorpionida   Log pile       168.   Sun spiders   Solpugida   Arid regions       169.   Spider mite   Acarina   Plants                  
 
         [2506]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against fungi of the orders that are listed in Chapter 10 (Plant diseases caused by Fungi) in Plant Pathology book authored by George N. Agrios. Academic Press. A list of these fungi orders are enclosed. The entire content of the book is incorporated herein by a reference.  
         [2507]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against bacteria of the orders that are listed in Chapter 11 (Plant diseases caused by bacteria) in Plant Pathology book authored by George N. Agrios. Academic Press. A list of these bacterial orders are enclosed. The entire content of the book is incorporated herein by a reference.  
         [2508]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against virus of the orders that are listed in Chapter 14 (Plant diseases caused by viruses) in Plant Pathology book authored by George N. Agrios. Academic Press. A list of these plant viruses are enclosed. The entire content of the book is incorporated herein by a reference.  
         [2509]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against a nematode of the orders that are listed in Chapter 15 (Plant diseases caused by nematode) in Plant Pathology book authored by George N. Agrios. Academic Press. A list of various classes of plant-parasitic nematodes is enclosed. The entire content of the book is incorporated herein by a reference.  
         [2510]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered against mycoplasma and mycoplasmalike (Plant diseases caused by mycoplasma organisms).  
         [2511]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, the oxalate compound is administered to the plant or plant part alone or in the form of a composition.  
         [2512]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, oxalate compound may be applied alone to a plant, to a seed of a plant, to the locus of the plant or seed, to soil or to any other growth medium.  
         [2513]     According to a preferred feature of the present invention, oxalate compound may be applied to a plant, to a seed of a plant, to the locus of the plant or seed, to soil or to any other growth medium, in a formulated composition which includes, in addition to the oxalate compound, another chemical such as a pesticide or any other chemical that is within the scope of the invention. In one aspect of the invention, the composition might also comprise a suitable inert diluent or carrier and, optionally, a surface active agent (SFA). SFAs are chemicals able to modify the properties of an interface (for example, liquid/solid, liquid/air or liquid/liquid interfaces) by lowering the interfacial tension and thereby leading to changes in other properties (for example dispersion, emulsification and wetting). It is preferred that all compositions (both solid and liquid formulations) comprise, by weight, 0.0001 to 95%, more preferably 1 to 85%, of an oxalate compound. The composition is applied at a rate of from 0.1 kg to 10 kg per hectare, preferably from 1 g to 6 kg per hectare, more preferably from 1 g to 1 kg per hectare.  
         [2514]     When used in a seed dressing, the oxalate compound is used at a rate of 0.0001 g to 10 g (for example 0.001 g or 0.05 g), preferably 0.005 g to 10 g, more preferably 0.005 g to 4 g, per kilogram of seed.  
         [2515]     The compositions can be chosen from a number of formulation types, including dustable powders (DP), soluble powders (SP), water soluble granules (SG), water dispersible granules (WG), wettable powders (WP), granules (GR) (slow or fast release), soluble concentrates (SL), oil miscible liquids (OL), ultra low volume liquids (UL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), dispersible concentrates (DC), emulsions (both oil in water (EW) and water in oil (EO)), micro-emulsions (ME), suspension concentrates (SC), aerosols, fogging/smoke formulations, capsule suspensions (CS) and seed treatment formulations. The formulation type chosen in any instance will depend upon the particular purpose envisaged and the physical, chemical and biological properties of the anti-fungal compound.  
         [2516]     The following are only a few examples where the invention will likely find application. It should be understood that my invention is not limited to these examples. Other important applications of my invention would be readily recognized by those of ordinary skills in the art. Other uses which are potentially recognizable by those of ordinary skills in the art are also part of my invention.  
         [2517]     The prior art documents mentioned herein are incorporated to the fullest extent permitted by law.  
         [0000]     Bioefficacy Assays  
         [0000]     Boll Weevil Larvae Bioassay  
         [2518]     Assays for activity against boll weevil larvae are carried out by incorporating the test sample into a agar liquid diet similar to that for southern corn rootworm [Marrone P. G., Ferri F. D., Mosley T. R., Meinke L. J., “Improvements in laboratory rearing of the southern corn rootworm,  Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber  (Coleoptera:  Chrysomelidae ) on artificial diet and corn,” Journal of Economic Entomology, 78:290-3, 1985]. The test sample is substituted for the 20% water component. Neonate larvae are allowed to feed on the diet and mortality and growth stunting are evaluated.  
         [2519]     Lepidopteran Larvae Bioassay  
         [2520]     Lepidopteran larvae are tested on artificial diet treated with various amounts of oxalate for a number of days.  
         [0000]     Boll Weevil Reproduction Test  
         [2521]     Oxalate, in addition to lethal effects on larvae, will also affect the reproductive cycle of adult boll weevils that is demonstrated by the following study.  
         [2522]     Preoviposition: Approximately 220 adult boll weevils, collected within 2 days of emergence, are divided into two groups. One is fed standard diet and the other is fed standard diet containing various concentrations of oxalate from Sigma. The adults are allowed to feed and mate for four days at which time mortality is determined.  
         [2523]     Oviposition study: These two groups of adults are then divided into two subgroups and individually placed on artificial, oxalate-containing or control bolls. Artificial bolls are constructed of standard diet, with or without oxalate, and encased in paraffin containing 1% cottonseed oil. After three days at 27% C, the adults are removed and ten bolls from each of the four groups are removed and examined for eggs. The remaining bolls are incubated for an additional 7 days at 27% C to allow development of larvae. The bolls are then dissected and the eggs and larvae, dead and surviving, are counted. 
    Group 1=Control Adults placed on control bolls     Group 2=Control Adults placed on treated bolls     Group 3=oxalate-fed adults placed on control bolls     Group 4=oxalate-fed adults placed on treated bolls 
 
 Mode of Action Studies 
   
 
         [2528]     The following studies are used to show that oxalate has a direct effect on the insect itself. Lepidopteran larvae and boll weevils are most susceptible to oxalate. Oxalic acid causes death in humans and animals due to its corrosive effects. In smaller amounts, oxalic acid causes a variety of pathological disorders, including hyperoxaluria, pyridoxine deficiency, cardiomyopathy, cardiac conductance disorders, calcium oxalate stones and renal failure.  
         [0000]     Cotton Seed Diet Assay  
         [2529]     Two treatment diets are made by mixing 30 g of one of two types of cottonseed flour into 170 mL of a 1.6% agar solution at 50% C, containing 0.13% propionic acid, 0.014% phosphoric acid, and 30 mg each of streptomycin sulfate and chlortetracycline. Before mixing, 10% KOH was used to adjust the pH to 6.2. One test diet utilized raw cottonseed flour (Sigma) as the nutrient source; the other utilized Pharmamedia.™. (Traders Protein), a flour made up of cottonseed embryos. The diets were incubated in a water bath at 40% C. Dilutions of the oxalate are incorporated into the diets as described above. Boll weevil larvae are allowed to feed and mortality rates are determined after six days. The results demonstrate that the enzyme is lethal to boll weevil larvae in the presence of cotton plant components.  
         [0000]     Homogenized Cotton Leaf Tissue Assay  
         [2530]     In order to test oxalate against boll weevil larvae in a host tissue diet environment, a study is conducted in which cotton leaf tissue is the only nutritional component of an agar-based diet. Two cotton leaves (each approx. 5 inches wide) with stems are homogenized at 50% C into 170 mL of a 1.6% agar solution containing 0.13% propionic acid, 0.014% phosphoric acid, and 30 mg each of streptomycin sulfate and chlortetracycline. Before addition of the leaves, 10% KOH is used to adjust the pH of the agar solution to 6.2. The leaf “diet” is allowed to cool to 40% C. Dilutions of oxalate and a water control are incorporated into the leaf “diet”, poured into insect diet trays and allowed to cool. Boll weevil eggs are added to the diet wells. The assay is evaluated six days later. The results will show that the oxalate maintains its insecticidal activity in the presence of cotton leaf tissue. This will illustrate that the oxalate is insecticidal in the presence of intact cotton tissue and cells.  
         [0000]     Spectrum of Insecticidal Activity of Oxalate  
         [2531]     Three other coleopteran species, three other insects, and one mite species are evaluated for susceptibility to oxalate. Bioassays are evaluated after 4 to 7 days to measure acute effects of the oxalate on the insects&#39; growth and survival. Mortality or stunting of larval growth are observed in these short term assays.  
         [0000]     Expression of Oxalate-Generating Enzyme in Plant Colonizing Bacteria  
         [2532]     To control boll weevil, it may be desirable to express oxalate-generating enzyme in plant colonizing bacteria, and then apply this bacteria to the plant. As the boll weevil feeds on the plant, it ingests a toxic dose oxalate-generating enzyme produced by the plant colonizers. Plant colonizers can be either those that inhabit the plant surface, such as  Pseudomonas  or  Agrobacterium  species, or endophytes that inhabit the plant vasculature such as  Clavibacter  species. For surface colonizers, gene coding for oxalate-generating enzyme may be inserted into a broad host range vector capable of replicating in these Gram-negative hosts. Examples of these such vectors are pKT231 of the IncQ incompatibility group [Bagdasarian M., Lurz R., Ruckert B., Franklin F., Bagdasarian M. M., and Timmis K. N, “Specific purpose cloning vectors. II. Broad host range, high copy number RSF 1010-derived vectors and a host vector system for gene cloning in  Pseudomonas ,” Gene, 16:237-47, 1981. Bevan M et al., Nature, 304:184, 1983.] or pVK100 of the IncP group [Knauf V. C. and Nester E, “Wide host range cloning vectors: A cosmid bank of an  Agrobacterium  Ti plasmid,” Plasmid, 8:43-54, 1982.]. For endophytes the gene coding for oxalate-generating enzyme can be inserted into the chromosome by homologous recombination or by incorporation of the gene onto an appropriate transposon capable of chromosomal insertion in these endophytic bacteria.  
         [0000]     Plant Gene Construction  
         [2533]     The expression of a plant gene which exists in double-stranded DNA form involves transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from one strand of the DNA by RNA polymerase enzyme, and the subsequent processing of the mRNA primary transcript inside the nucleus. This processing involves a 3′ non-translated region which adds polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA. Transcription of DNA into mRNA is regulated by a region of DNA usually referred to as the “promoter.” The promoter region contains a sequence of bases that signals RNA polymerase to associate with the DNA and to initiate the transcription of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template to make a corresponding strand of RNA.  
         [2534]     A number of promoters which are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. Such promoters may be obtained from plants or plant viruses and include, but are not limited to, the nopaline synthase (NOS) and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters (which are carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens ), the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S and 35S promoters, the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bis-phos-phate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO, a very abundant plant polypeptide), and the Figwort Mosaic Virus (FMV) 35S promoter. All of these promoters have been used to create various types of DNA constructs which have been expressed in plants (see e.g., PCT publication WO 84/02913).  
         [2535]     The particular promoter selected should be capable of causing sufficient expression of the enzyme coding sequence to result in the production of an effective amount of oxalate. A preferred promoter is a constitutive promoter such as FMV35S. It has been observed to provide more uniform expression of heterologous genes in the flowering portions of plants. Use of such a promoter with a gene coding for oxalate-producing gene enzyme provide greater protection of cotton bolls and squares from boll weevil damage, than other promoters.  
         [2536]     The promoters used in the DNA constructs (i.e. chimeric plant genes) of the present invention may be modified, if desired, to affect their control characteristics. For example, the CaMV35S promoter may be ligated to the portion of the ssRUBISCO gene that represses the expression of ssRUBISCO in the absence of light, to create a promoter which is active in leaves but not in roots. The resulting chimeric promoter may be used as described herein. For purposes of this description, the phrase “CaMV35S” promoter thus includes variations of CaMV35S promoter, e.g., promoters derived by means of ligation with operator regions, random or controlled mutagenesis, etc. Furthermore, the promoters may be altered to contain multiple “enhancer sequences” to assist in elevating gene expression. Examples of such enhancer sequences have been reported by Kay et al. (Kay R. et al., Science, 236:1299-1302, 1987).  
         [2537]     The RNA produced by a DNA construct of the present invention also contains a 5′ non-translated leader sequence. This sequence can be derived from the promoter selected to express the gene, and can be specifically modified so as to increase translation of the mRNA. The 5′ non-translated regions can also be obtained from viral RNA&#39;s, from suitable eukaryotic genes, or from a synthetic gene sequence. The present invention is not limited to constructs wherein the non-translated region is derived from the 5′ non-translated sequence that accompanies the promoter sequence. As shown below, a plant gene leader sequence which is useful in the present invention is the petunia heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) leader. [Winter et al Mol Gen. Genet., 221(2):315-19, 1988.] 
         [2538]     As noted above, the 3′ non-translated region of the chimeric plant genes of the present invention contains a polyadenylation signal which functions in plants to cause the addition of adenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA. Examples of preferred 3′ regions are (1) the 3′ transcribed, non-translated regions containing the polyadenylate signal of  Agrobacterium  tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid genes, such as the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene and (2) plant genes like the soybean 7s storage protein genes and the pea ssRUBISCO E9 gene. [Fischhoff D. A. and Perlak F. J., “Synthetic plant genes and method for preparation.” European Patent Application, Publication Number 0 385 962, 1990].  
         [0000]     Plant Transformation and Expression  
         [2539]     A chimeric plant gene containing a structural coding sequence of the present invention can be inserted into the genome of a cotton plant by any suitable method. Suitable plant transformation vectors include those derived from a Ti plasmid of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens , as well as those disclosed, e.g., by Herrera-Estrella (Herrera-Estrella L. et al., Nature, 303:209, 1983), Bevan (Bevan M et al., Nature, 304:184, 1983), Klee (Klee H. J. et al., Bio/Technology, 3:637-642, 1985.) and EPO publication 0 120 516 (Schilperoort et al.). In addition to plant transformation vectors derived from the Ti or root-inducing (Ri) plasmids of  Agrobacterium , alternative methods can be used to insert the DNA constructs of this invention into plant cells. Such methods may involve, for example, the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake, free DNA delivery via microprojectile bombardment, and transformation using viruses or pollen.  
         [2540]     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described herein. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.  
         [2541]     Reference is made to standard textbooks and other references (e.g., journal articles) that contain definitions and methods and means for carrying out basic techniques, encompassed by the present invention.  
         [0000]     Equivalents  
         [2542]     Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.