Abstract:
A semiconductor device includes a low dielectric constant insulating film exhibiting an Si—H Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity. A method of producing such a semiconductor device includes depositing a dielectric layer over a substrate and treating the dielectric layer in a hydrogen containing plasma such that the dielectric layer exhibits an Si—H Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/942,933, filed Aug. 31. 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,247, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/914,204, filed Feb. 20, 2002 which is the U.S. National Phase of International Application No. PCT/GB00/00671, filed Feb. 24, 2000, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention generally relates to dielectric films having a polymer layer, such as a short chain polymer layer, including Si—C bonds, and in particular to low dielectric constant films of the type, for example, that are used as insulating layers on semiconductor wafers, and methods of producing such insulating layers. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   The desire to produce semiconductor wafers with high device densities and high speeds has led to a search for low dielectric constant (low k value) films for use as insulating layers in semiconductor devices. Such a dielectric film can be either spun on or deposited using, for example, a chemical vapor deposition process. The dielectric film is then usually heated to harden it. Recent work has been particularly directed to films consisting of polymer layers including Si—C bonds and the Applicants&#39; International Patent Application WO 98/08249 describes, by way of example, such a process for depositing such a film. 
   The reduction in dielectric constant in such films seems to derive from a decreased density of the film, possibly due to a disruption of the lattice by the carbon atoms present in the film. 
   The dielectric material is formed or deposited upon the wafer as a short chain polymer that is further polymerized and hardened by heating to between 400° C. and 500° C., typically in a nitrogen atmosphere of between 30 mTorr and 20 Torr, and more generally in the absence of oxygen at any convenient pressure. 
   It has become apparent, however, that at least some dielectric films of this sort are susceptible to cracking, particularly at the wafer edge. Typically such cracking begins to occur at a nominal film thickness of about 5000-6000 Å. The cause seems in part to be due to a dramatic increase in film thickness within 1 mm of the wafer edge. The cracking appears only to occur following exposure to atmosphere and aggressively travels in towards the center over a period of about 24 hours. The rate of cracking can be delayed by keeping the wafers in vacuum, but eventually they do crack when exposed to atmosphere. 
   It has also become apparent that the dielectric constant (k value) of some dielectric films formed in this manner increases significantly from its initial value after a period of time. For example, experiments on two samples of dielectric films formed in this manner exhibited initial k values of approximately 2.84 and 2.88, but after 48 hours the k values of the samples had increased to approximately 2.92 and 2.99 respectively. 
   Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a semiconductor device having a dielectric film with a low dielectric constant (k value). It would also be advantageous to provide such a device including a low k value dielectric film that is less susceptible to cracking, and methods of producing such dielectric films. Other and further objects and advantages will appear hereinafter. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention comprises a semiconductor device having a low k value dielectric layer and a method of making such a semiconductor device and dielectric layer. 
   In one aspect of the invention, a semiconductor device includes a dielectric layer having a methyl group and exhibiting an Si—H Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a semiconductor device includes a dielectric layer having a methyl group and exhibiting a C—H FTIR peak, an Si—CH 3  FTIR peak, and an Si—H FTIR doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity. 
   In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of treating a dielectric layer comprises exposing the dielectric layer to a hydrogen-containing plasma such that a ratio between a higher wave number peak to a lower wave number peak of a Si—H FTIR doublet is changed from less than unity to greater than unity. 
   In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprises depositing a dielectric layer over a substrate and treating the dielectric layer in a hydrogen containing plasma such that the dielectric layer exhibits an Si—H FTIR doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity. 
   In still another aspect of the invention, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprises depositing a dielectric layer over a substrate and treating the dielectric layer in a hydrogen containing plasma such that the dielectric layer exhibits a C—H Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) peak, an Si—CH 3  FTIR peak, and an Si—H FTIR doublet defined by a first and a second peak, wherein the first peak is located at a higher wave number than the second peak, and wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is greater than unity. 
   Other and further objects and advantages will appear hereinafter. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, briefly described below. 
       FIG. 1  shows Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data for a sample dielectric film prepared in accordance with a first set of process conditions. 
       FIG. 2  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared in accordance with a second set of process conditions. 
       FIG. 3  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared in accordance with a third set of process conditions. 
       FIG. 4  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared in accordance with a fourth set of process conditions. 
       FIG. 5  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared in accordance with a fifth set of process conditions. 
       FIG. 6  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric layer prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 7  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with low temperature deposition, prior to thermal cure. 
       FIG. 8  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with low temperature deposition, after thermal cure. 
       FIG. 9  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with low temperature deposition, after 1 minute of hydrogen plasma treatment. 
       FIG. 10  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with low temperature deposition, after 5 minutes of hydrogen plasma treatment. 
       FIG. 11  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with low temperature deposition, after 30 minutes of hydrogen plasma treatment. 
       FIG. 12  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with high temperature deposition, prior to thermal cure. 
       FIG. 13  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with high temperature deposition, after thermal cure. 
       FIG. 14  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric film prepared with high temperature deposition, after a hydrogen plasma treatment. 
       FIG. 15  shows the FTIR spectra of the etch-stop film deposited from a tetramethylsilane and nitrogen based process after a vacuum thermal cure. 
       FIG. 16  shows the FTIR spectra of the etch-stop film deposited from a tetramethylsilane and nitrogen based process after a hydrogen plasma treatment. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates how H 2  plasma may react with surplus methyl groups to form C—H 2  chains. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Experiments were run to monitor k (dielectric constant) values and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of insulating layers, or films, produced under a variety of process conditions. The k values were measured on low resistivity silicon MOS structures. 
     FIGS. 1  to  5  show the FTIR spectra of short-chain polymer insulating layers deposited under the corresponding process conditions shown in Table 1, below. The deposition of the insulating layers onto silicon wafers was carried out in a standard chemical vapor deposition process. In each case, after deposition, the thus deposited short-chain polymer layer was subjected to a standard vacuum thermal cure at approximately 450° C. for 5 minutes. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               MeSiH 3   
               Platen 
               Showerhead 
                 
             
             
                 
               Pressure 
               Peroxide Flow 
               Flow 
               Temp 
               Temp 
               K 
             
             
               FIG. 
               (mTorr) 
               (g/min.) 
               (sccm) 
               (° C.) 
               (° C.) 
               value 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               1 
               1000 
               0.75 
               120  
               0 
               100  
               2.7 
             
             
               2 
               1600 
               0.4 
               80 
               5 
               80 
               2.55 
             
             
               3 
               1400 
               0.4 
               80 
               0 
               80 
               2.51 
             
             
               4 
               1700 
               0.255 
               60 
               0 
               80 
               2.49 
             
             
               5 
               1700 
               0.3 
               60 
               1 
               80 
               2.41 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   As can be seen from  FIGS. 1-5 , in each of these cases where the standard vacuum thermal cure was employed, the FTIR spectra exhibits the following characteristics: a C—H FTIR peak  105  at approximately 2900 cm −1 ; two Si—H FTIR peaks (a Si—H doublet)  110 ,  115  at approximately 2250 cm −1  and 2125 cm −1  respectively; a Si—CH 3  FTIR peak  120  at approx. 1250 cm −1 ; and an Si—O FTIR peak  125  at approximately 1100 cm −1 . In the case of the Si—H doublet, the magnitude of the peak  115  for the lower wave number is greater than the magnitude of the peak  110  for the higher wave number. 
     FIG. 6  shows the FTIR spectra of an insulating layer deposited under the process conditions of Table 2, below, wherein the thus deposited short-chain polymer layer was then subjected to a heat treatment, but this time with a coincident plasma applied via an inductively coupled electrode. The plasma processing conditions are given in Table 3, below. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               MeSiH 3   
               Platen 
               Showerhead 
                 
             
             
                 
               Pressure 
               Peroxide Flow 
               Flow 
               Temp 
               Temp 
               K 
             
             
               FIG. 
               (mTorr) 
               (g/min.) 
               (sccm) 
               (° C.) 
               (° C.) 
               value 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               6 
               1000 
               0.5 
               100 
               2 
               100 
               2.4 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 3 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Electrode 
             
             
               H 2  Flow 
               Pressure 
               RF Power 
               RF Frequency 
               Platen Temp 
               Spacing 
             
             
               (sccm) 
               (Torr) 
               (mTorr) 
               (MHz) 
               (° C.) 
               (mm) 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               1000 
               4 
               1 kW 
               13.56 
               400 
               6 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   In general, the plasma mode may comprise the following: 1) Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) mode; (2) Diode (capacitively coupled electrode) mode; (3) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mode; or (4) ICP and RIE in combination. However, preferably mode (2) or (3) is employed, i.e., the best results have been obtained where a plasma is present directly at the dielectric layer but is not sustained by powering the substrate platen. Beneficially, a hydrogen plasma is employed which is devoid of nitrogen and oxygen. 
   Significantly, it will be seen from  FIG. 6  that in comparison to the FTIR spectra of  FIGS. 1-5  the two Si—H FTIR peaks (the Si—H doublet)  110 ,  115  of the hydrogen plasma treated dielectric layer are modified. Namely, the Si—H doublet changes upon exposure to the H 2  plasma treatment with the lower wave number FTIR peak  115  centered at approximately 2125 cm −1  being significantly reduced, while the higher wave number peak FTIR  110  at approximately 2250 cm −1  is gradually increased upon increased exposure to the plasma. In the case of the Si—H doublet as shown in  FIG. 6 , the magnitude of the peak  115  for the lower wave number (approx. 2125 cm −1 ) becomes less than the magnitude of the peak  110  for the higher wave number (approx. 2250 cm −1 ). Meanwhile, the hydrogen plasma treated dielectric layer has substantially improved characteristics such as a much reduced wet etch rate, increased hardness and crack resistance, and there is no significant reduction in k value. 
   Also, in the example shown in  FIG. 6 , it is noted that the C—H FTIR peak  105  and the Si—CH 3  FTIR peak  120  of the plasma-treated insulating dielectric layer are each suppressed with respect to the corresponding peaks in  FIGS. 1-5 . Moreover, the peak area ratio of all of these FTIR peaks is reduced. 
   It has been determined that hydrogen plasma treatment is effective to varying depths dependent on the time of the process and the composition of the dielectric layer. In general the lower the k value the greater the depth of treatment. Thus for a k=2.7 dielectric layer, the treatment penetrated to a depth of 3,000 Å, while with a k=2.4 dielectric layer the depth of treatment was 5,700 Å. Both tests were carried out under the conditions of Table 4, below. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 4 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Electrode 
             
             
               H 2  Flow 
               Pressure 
               RF Power 
               RF Frequency 
               Platen Temp 
               Spacing 
             
             
               (sccm) 
               (Torr) 
               (mTorr) 
               (MHz) 
               (° C.) 
               (mm) 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               1000 
               4 
               1 kW 
               13.56 
               400 
               6 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   It has been found that increasing the power level or changing the electrode spacing does not significantly increase the effective depth of the plasma treatment, but increasing the treatment time to 600 seconds increases the depth of treatment on the k=2.7 dielectric layer from 3000 Å to 6000 Å (i.e. twice the time, twice the depth). 
     FIG. 7  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric layer prepared with low temperature plasma deposition (typically&lt;60° C.) using a tetramethylsilane (4MS) and O 2  reaction, prior to thermal cure. As deposited, the “cold wafer” dielectric layer is not functionally useful because it has a very high k value due to the abundance of water present in the dielectric layer. As can be seen from  FIG. 7 , as deposited the dielectric layer has weak, if any, Si—H peaks. Slight modifications in deposition parameters can influence the presence of the Si—H peaks. 
   Table 5 summarizes key characteristics for low-temperature deposited 4MS/O 2  dielectric layer under different post-deposition processes which are described below. A few examples are given for the same process conditions to show a representative range of k values produced. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 5 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               Refractive 
               FTIR 
               FTIR 
               FTIR 
             
             
               FIG. 
               Process 
               k 
               Index 
               Si—CH 3 /Si—O 
               Si—H/Si—O 
               CH 3 /Si—O 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                8 
               450° C. for 5 minutes 
               2.746  
               1.3890 
               0.0524 
               0.0075 
               0.032  
             
             
                8 
               450° C. for 5 minutes 
               2.5748 
               1.3889 
               0.0507 
               0.0053 
               0.0299 
             
             
                9 
               H 2  plasma for 1 minute 
               2.6458 
               1.3880 
               0.0342 
               0.0082 
               0.0359 
             
             
               10 
               H 2  plasma for 5 minutes 
               2.2738 
                1.43415 
               0.0217 
               0.0168 
               0.0291 
             
             
               10 
               H 2  plasma for 5 minutes 
               2.3608 
               1.4189 
               0.0232 
               0.0145 
               0.0253 
             
             
               — 
               450° C. for 5 mins. followed 
               2.53  
               1.4197 
               0.0257 
               0.0189 
               0.022  
             
             
                 
               by 
             
             
                 
               H 2  plasma for 5 minutes 
             
             
               — 
               H 2  plasma for 10 minutes 
               2.0608 
               1.4601 
               0.0290 
               0.0163 
               0.0229 
             
             
               — 
               H 2  plasma for 10 minutes 
               2.15  
               1.4702 
               0.0162 
               0.0198 
               0.0246 
             
             
               11 
               H 2  plasma for 30 minutes 
               1.7938 
               1.5435 
               0.0174 
               0.0174 
               0.0166 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
     FIG. 8  shows FTIR data for the sample low-temperature plasma deposited dielectric layer after it was subjected to a standard vacuum thermal cure at approximately 450° C. for 5 minutes. As can be seen, the Si—H FTIR peaks  110 ,  115  are weak. The dielectric constant k is given in Table 5, above, for two different values indicating a range of experimental results. 
     FIGS. 9-11  show the FTIR data for the low-temperature deposited sample dielectric layer when the standard vacuum thermal cure was replaced with hydrogen plasma processing for 1 minute (FIG.  9 ), 5 minutes (FIG.  10 ), and 30 minutes (FIG.  11 ). In each case, the plasma process conditions were as set forth in Table 3, above. As before, the best results have been obtained where a plasma is present directly at the dielectric layer but is not sustained by powering the substrate platen. As can be seen from Table 5, these cold deposited dielectric layers react to the hydrogen plasma treatment to yield dielectric constant (k) reductions, compared to the standard vacuum thermal cure. Increasing the H 2  plasma treatment time yields lower dielectric constant (k) values. 
   Significantly, with increasing H 2  plasma time, the relative ratio of the 2250/2125 Si—H FTIR peaks  110 ,  115  increases. In the case of the Si—H doublet as shown in  FIG. 11 , the magnitude of the FTIR peak  115  for the lower wave number (approximately 2125 cm −1 ) is less than the magnitude of the FTIR peak  110  for the higher wave number (approximately 2250 cm −1 ). Also, the magnitudes of the C—H FTIR peak  105  and the Si—CH 3  FTIR peak  120  are reduced with reference to the thermally cured dielectric layer. 
   Some broad structure is also observed around the C—H FTIR peak  105 . At the present time, it is believed that this is associated with (C—H 2 )n bonds being formed. This gradual effect with increasing exposure is as a result of the treatment starting at the surface and gradually passing through the layer thickness, as described above and evidenced by wet etch rates, the plasma treated dielectric layer etching much more slowly. 
   As can be seen from Table 5 above, the hydrogen plasma treatment is more effective (lower k value) if the dielectric layer has not already been heat treated. Also, longer vacuum heat treatments do not significantly reduce k values. These dielectric layers were examined in a transmission electron microscope and to the limits of the microscope&#39;s resolution (approximately 5-6 Å), there were no voids. 
   The dielectric layers as further processed have typical percentage concentrations; carbon 14.5%, silicon 20.5%, oxygen 31% and hydrogen 34%. 
   Some experiments have been run with trimethylsilane (3MS) and oxygen plasma deposited dielectric layers at low temperature (20° C., platen, 100° C. showerhead) to see if the effects seen with 4MS also take place with 3MS in low temperature deposition. Initial results suggest that the effect of a hydrogen plasma are broadly similar, but with the non optimized 3MS processes, the hydrogen plasma effects are not as pronounced as for 4MS. 
     FIG. 12  shows FTIR data for a sample dielectric layer prepared with high temperature plasma deposition using a trimethylsilane (3MS) and O 2  reaction, prior to thermal cure. 
     FIG. 13  shows FTIR data for the sample high-temperature plasma deposited dielectric layer after it was subjected to a standard vacuum thermal cure at approximately 450° C. for 5 minutes.  FIG. 14  shows the FTIR data for the high-temperature deposited sample dielectric layer when the standard vacuum thermal cure was replaced with hydrogen plasma processing, as described above. Upon H 2  plasma treatment the same trend identified in the cold plasma deposited dielectric layers occurs. A reduction in the magnitude of the C—H FTIR peak  105  and the Si—CH 3  FTIR peak  120 , and development of Si—H FTIR peaks  110 ,  115  occurs. In the case of the Si—H doublet as shown in  FIG. 14 , the magnitude of the FTIR peak  115  for the lower wave number (approximately 2125 cm −1 ) is less than the magnitude of the FTIR peak  110  for the higher wave number (approximately 2250 cm −1 ). Again a broad area is forming around the C—H FTIR peak  105 . 
   These dielectric layers are generally required to be processed by chemical mechanical polishing. It is found that without a hydrogen plasma treatment these dielectric layers did not survive the shear stress of CMP processing, while the hydrogen plasma processing enabled these dielectric layers to survive well. The k value of this material is typically in the range k=2.8-3.2. 
     FIG. 15  shows the FTIR spectra of an etch-stop film deposited from a plasma reaction of tetramethylsilane and nitrogen (4MS/N 2 ) on cold (&lt;60° C.) wafers after a vacuum thermal cure. This is a cold deposition process with N—H observed in the deposited layer (wave number approximately 3400 cm −1 ).  FIG. 16  shows the same film with a hydrogen plasma treatment, as described above, substituted for the thermal cure. 
   These films, while they have a higher dielectric constant than the dielectric layers discussed above, are important for the integration of low k dielectrics into dual damascene structures. Once again the Si—H doublet is observed, and the ratio of the magnitude of the 2250/2125 peaks  110 ,  115  is greater for the H 2  plasma treated film in comparison with the thermally cured film. Again the magnitude of the C—H and Si—CH 3  FTIR peaks  105 ,  120  are reduced in intensity. Again, these cold deposited dielectric layers react to the hydrogen plasma treatment to yield dielectric constant (k) reductions. A 5 minute vacuum thermal process as described above yielded a k value of 2.9, while a 5 minute hydrogen plasma treatment yielded a k value of 2.7. Longer plasma treatments would be expected to reduce this k value even lower. 
   It can be seen, e.g. in Table 5 above, that under the influence of the hydrogen plasma there is a significant reduction in the Si—CH 3 /Si—O ratio and the FTIR spectra (e.g. compare  FIGS. 7 and 11 ) shows a significant reduction in the magnitude of the Si—CH 3  peak  120 . Accordingly, it is believed that the carbon and hydrogen from excess&#39; methyl groups are redistributed into other bonds such as (C—H 2 )n. This process is illustrated in FIG.  17 . 
   At the top of  FIG. 17 , methyl bonded to hydrogenated silicon dioxide is illustrated. S—CH 3 , Si—O, C—H and Si—H bonds are present. Under the influence of the plasma and hydrogen some of the methyl groups are broken away and broken up allowing (C—H 2 )n chains to form and an increase in Si—H bonding as shown at the bottom of FIG.  17 . 
   In general, H 2  plasma treatment reduces the Si—CH 3  FTIR peak  120  and the C—H FTIR peak  105 , while the Si—H stretching vibrational FTIR peaks are significantly modified. Depending on the intensity or the duration of the H 2  plasma, the higher wave number FTIR peak  115  is increased in magnitude relative to the lower wave number FTIR peak  110  of the Si—H doublet. 
   While preferred embodiments are disclosed herein, many variations are possible which remain within the concept and scope of the invention. Such variations would become clear to one of ordinary skill in the art after inspection of the specification, drawings and claims herein. The invention therefore is not to be restricted except within the scope of the appended claims.