Abstract:
In an apparatus at a spinning preparation machine, especially a card, having a clothed roller, at least machine element located opposite the roller clothing and spaced radially therefrom, and having two fixed lateral holding devices on which work elements are mounted, first and second measuring elements, connected to a control device are provided for detecting variables linked to the dimensions of the roller. The first measuring element comprises a temperature probe for the temperature of the roller surface. The second measuring element comprises a rotational speed sensor for the roller speed. To allow an actual carding nip to be determined, permitting a comparison with a preset carding nip, a third measuring element for the temperature of the holding devices is provided and the control device determines the actual spacing for the roller and the side panels.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims priority from German Patent Application No. 10 2005 038 401.3 dated Aug. 12, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to an apparatus at a spinning preparation machine, especially a flat card, roller card or the like, having a roller, for example a cylinder, which has a cylindrical clothed peripheral surface having at least one clothed and/or unclothed movable or stationary machine element located opposite the roller clothing and spaced radially therefrom, and having two fixed side panels, on which work elements, e.g. sliding bends for revolving flat bars, stationary carding elements, roller coverings, are mounted. 
   In a known apparatus, at least two measuring elements for detecting variables linked to the dimensions of the roller are provided, the measuring elements being connected to an electronic open-loop and closed-loop control device and a first measuring element being in the form of a temperature probe for the temperature of the roller surface and a second measuring element being in the form of a rotational speed sensor for the speed of the roller. 
   The effective spacing of the tips of a clothing from a machine element located opposite the clothing is called the carding nip. The latter element can also have a clothing, but could instead be formed by a casing segment having a guiding surface. The carding nip is a determining factor for the quality of carding. The size (width) of the carding nip is a fundamental machine parameter, which shapes both the technology (the fibre processing) and also the running performance of the machine. The carding nip is set to be as narrow as possible, (it is measured in tenths of a millimeter), without running the risk of a “collision” between the work elements. To ensure that the fibres are processed evenly, the gap must be as uniform as possible across the entire working width of the machine. 
   The carding nip is influenced particularly by the machine settings on the one hand and by the condition of the clothing on the other hand. The most important carding nip of the revolving flat card is located in the main carding zone, i.e. between the cylinder and the revolving flat assembly. At least one of the clothings adjoining the work spacing is in motion, more often than not both. In order to increase the production of the carding machine, efforts are made to select the operating speed of rotation and the operating speed of the moving elements as high as the technology of fibre processing will allow. The work spacing changes in dependence on the operating conditions. The change takes place in the radial direction (starting from the axis of rotation) of the cylinder. 
   In carding, ever larger amounts of fibre material are being processed per unit of time, which involves higher speeds of the work elements and higher installed capacities. With the work surface remaining constant, increasing throughput of fibre material (production) leads to greater generation of heat owing to the mechanical work. At the same time, however, the technological carding result (sliver uniformity, degree of cleaning, reduction of neps etc.) is continually being improved, which requires more active surfaces engaged in carding, and settings of these active surfaces closer to the cylinder (tambour). The proportion of synthetic fibres to be processed is continually increasing, with more heat, compared with cotton, being produced as a result of friction from contact with the work surfaces of the machine. The work elements of high-performance carding machines are today fully enclosed all round in order to comply with the high safety standards, prevent particle emission into the spinning works environment and minimise the need for maintenance of the machines. Gratings or even open, material-guiding surfaces that allow exchange of air belong to the past. The circumstances described appreciably increase the input of heat into the machine, whereas there is a marked decrease in the discharge of heat by means of convection. The resulting increased heating of high-performance carding machines leads to greater thermoelastic deformations, which have an influence on the set spacings of the active surfaces owing to the uneven distribution of the temperature field: the distances between cylinder and card top, doffer, fixed card tops and separation points decrease. In an extreme case the set nip between the active surfaces can close up completely as a result of thermal expansion, so that components moving relative to one another collide. The high-performance card concerned suffers considerable damage. Moreover, in particular the generation of heat in the working region of the card can lead to different thermal expansions when the temperature differences between components are too large. 
   Owing to the heat input under production conditions, the cylinder heats up more than the side panel. By using different materials for cylinder and side panel, the change in carding nip under production conditions can be substantially compensated. This is the case, for example, when the warming ΔT of the cylinder is approximately double the value of the warming ΔT of the side panel. When using different materials, a problem arises in particular when there are temperature differences that act on the machine from the outside, and the warming of the cylinder no longer corresponds to the calculated value of the side panel, e.g. double the value. Large changes in the carding nip are the result in particular of fluctuating external temperatures, because these act in equal measure on the cylinder and the side panel and then the carding nips change owing to the different coefficients of expansion of the materials used. Especially when the machine is at a standstill, big differences can occur during set-up operations as a function of the ambient temperature. For the machine operator, these changes of distance are imperceptible and the outcome of the set-up can consequently vary considerably. Even during operation of the machine, different ambient temperatures can lead to different carding nips and hence to different results in the product. Since the adjustments to the drive elements around the cylinder are performed substantially manually, the times from adjustment to start-up of the machine or to a quality evaluation are in some cases considerably far apart. Extreme temperature differences can thus lead both to dangerously narrow and to large carding nips, with the corresponding disadvantages. 
   In the case of a known apparatus (DE 29 48 825C), the diameter of the cylinder in the unreformed state (i.e. in practice before start-up of the machine and at room temperature) is designated D, whilst the diameter (indicated by a dot-dash line) of the cylinder in a state deformed by the influence of centrifugal force and/or the effect of heat is designated D+ΔD. On the basis of the increase in diameter ΔD, the distance between the cylinder surfaces in the underformed state, provided that a co-operating cylinder is not deformed, would be reduced by 
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢   D     2     ⁢     :           
an assumption that in many cases represents a good approximation. If the distance a in the underformed state of the cylinder were selected to be optimum, the distance
 
           a   -       Δ   ⁢           ⁢   D     2           
obtaining while the cylinder is in its deformed state, would lie below the admissible limit, which would be very dangerous. It is proposed that both the influence of the rotational speed of the cylinder and the influence of warming are taken into account. For that purpose, a rotational speed sensor, which detects the rotational speed of the axle of the tambour, and a temperature sensor, which detects the temperature of the surface of the cylinder, are provided. These elements are connected by corresponding leads to the control device for actuating means, the control device being pre-programmed both in respect of the direct correlation between the diameter D of the tambour and its rotational speed and the direct correlation between the diameter and the temperature of the surface of the tambour casing. Allowances are thus made for both influences by the control device, which supplies electrical signals to the actuating means, which enlarge the spacing between the cylinders. The drawback is that only the changes in the diameter of the roller can be calculated. A further disadvantage is that the changes in diameter of just the one roller can be calculated, and not of the counter-element adjoining the carding nip.
 
   It is an aim of the invention to produce an apparatus of the kind mentioned at the beginning, which avoids or mitigates the said disadvantages, which in particular allows an actual carding nip to be determined at any desired point in time and permits a comparison with a preset carding nip (reference value). A further objective is to adjust the carding nip as a function of temperature and rotational speed measurements to a desired value. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention provides an apparatus at a spinning preparation machine, having a clothed roller, at least one machine element located opposite the clothed roller and radially spaced therefrom, and lateral holding devices upon which at least one said machine element is supported, the apparatus comprising
         at least one temperature probe for the temperature of the roller surface;   at least one rotational speed sensor for the speed of the roller;   at least one temperature probe for the temperature of the holding devices; and   a control device to which said speed sensor(s)   and temperature probes are connected;   wherein the control device is arranged for determining the spacing between the roller and a said machine element at the measured temperatures of the roller surface and the holding devices.       

   The inventive measures enable an actual distance, e.g. carding nip, to be determined at any time and compared with an adjusted distance (setting value). A particular advantage is that the difference between the actual distance at actual room temperature and the setting distance at a reference temperature can be determined if the roller and the side panels have different expansion behaviours in a radial direction. With the measured temperature differences at the relevant components (cylinder, side panels) of the card, the associated expansion coefficients of the materials used and the speed of rotation of the cylinder, it is possible to calculate the carding nip change in an advantageous manner. A particular advantage is that the carding nip can be set or re-set to a predetermined optimum, especially narrow, size (desired spacing), whereby the proportion of neps in the card sliver is substantially reduced. 
   Advantageously, the control device is capable of determining the difference between the actual spacing and a predetermined reference spacing. Advantageously, the control device is capable of determining the difference between the actual spacing at the actual temperatures for the roller and the holding devices (which are preferably side panels of the machine), and the reference spacing at the setting temperatures for the roller and the side panels (reference temperatures). Advantageously, a memory device is connected to the control device. Preferably, the memory device is manually activatable. Preferably, the memory device is resettable (reset module). Advantageously, the set temperatures for the roller and the side panels (reference temperatures) are enterable or storable in the memory device. Advantageously, the setting temperatures for the roller and the side panels correspond to the ambient temperature (room temperature). Advantageously, a further measuring element is in the form of a temperature probe for the ambient temperatures (room temperature). Advantageously, the measuring element for the temperature of the roller surface and the measuring element for the temperature of the side panels are connected to the memory device. Advantageously, the measuring element for the temperature of the roller surface and the measuring element for the temperature of the side panels are connected to the control device. Advantageously, the measuring element for the speed (n) of the roller is connected to the control device. An input device, for example, a keyboard may be connected to the control device. Advantageously, the functions of the dependency of the spacing change between the actual spacing and a setting spacing on the temperature-induced change in radius of the roller, the temperature-induced change in radius of the side panels and the speed-induced change in radius of the roller are enterable and storable in the control device. Functions which may advantageously be stored include one or more:
 
Δα=Δ r   2   −Δr   1T   −Δr   1n  
 
Δ r   1T =α 1   ·ΔT   1  
 
Δ r   2 =α 2   ·ΔT   2  
 
Δ r   1n   =f ( n )
 
Δ T   1   =T   1   −T   1E  
 
Δ T   2   =T   2   −T   2E  
 
   in which Δr 1T  is the temperature-induced change in radius of the roller, and the other parameters are as defined hereafter. 
   Advantageously, a display device, for example a monitor, printer or the like, is connected to the control device. The display device is advantageously capable of displaying the difference between the actual spacing and the reference spacing. Advantageously, the displayed differences are storable. Advantageously, a warning device, for example an optical or acoustic warning device, is connected to the control device. Advantageously, the reference spacing and the setting temperature for the roller and the side panels (reference temperature) are enterable in the memory with the machine switched off and/or without current. Advantageously, the temperature of the roller surface, the temperature of the side panels and the speed of the roller are enterable in the control device with the machine switched off and/or without current. Advantageously, the difference between the actual spacing and the reference spacing is determinable with the machine switched off and/or without current. Advantageously, the difference between the actual spacing and the reference spacing can be displayed with the machine switched off and/or without current. Preferably, a separate voltage source, for example a battery, is connected to the control device. Advantageously, a device for adjusting the desired spacing is provided. Advantageously, the device comprises an actuating means for changing the spacing. The actuating means is advantageously connected to a drive element, for example a drive means. The drive element is preferably connected to the control device. Preferably, the actuating means is capable of adjusting the desired spacing automatically. Preferably, the automatic adjustment of the desired spacing is effected in dependence on the determined spacing difference. Advantageously, the actuating means is controllable in dependence on the detected variables temperature of the roller surface, temperature of the side panels and speed of the roller. Preferably, the roller is the cylinder of a flat card or roller card. Preferably, the cylinder is enclosed. In one preferred embodiment, the cylinder is made at least in part of steel. In another preferred embodiment, the cylinder is made at least in part of fibre-reinforced plastics material. The machine element may be clothed and are, preferably, revolving flats. The clothed machine elements may be stationary flats. Advantageously, the machine elements is a roller, for example a doffer and/or licker-in. The machine elements may be unclothed and may be covering elements, for example covering plates. Other elements that may be present as unclothed machine elements include separating blades. The stationary holding devices are preferably the side panels located opposite the cylinder. The removal of heat from the cylinder may be different to that from the side panels. Advantageously, the side panels are made of a cast material, for example grey cast iron, aluminium. Advantageously, the spacing is influenced by the roller and by the at least one machine element. Advantageously, the spacing is influenced by the holding device (side panels) for the at least one machine element. Advantageously, the roller and the holding devices (side panels) consist of different materials. Advantageously, the material for the roller and for the holding devices (side panels) have different thermal expansion coefficients. Advantageously, more than one measuring element for the temperature of the roller surface is associated with the cylinder. Advantageously, the measuring element for the temperature of the roller surface is arranged on a covering element. Advantageously, the covering element is arranged in the wedge-shaped area between the cylinder and a roller. For example, the covering element may be arranged in a wedge-shaped area between the cylinder and the doffer. Advantageously, more than one measuring element for the temperature of the side panels is associated with the side panels. Advantageously, a measuring element for the temperature of the side panels is associated with each lateral side panel. Advantageously, the measuring element for the temperature of the side panels is arranged on fixing elements of the work members. Advantageously, the measuring element for the temperature of the side panels is arranged on the extension bend. Advantageously, the temperature of the roller surface is measurable inside the cylinder. In that case, the temperature from the interior of the cylinder is advantageously transmittable by radio to the memory and/or to the control device. The measuring element for the temperature is advantageously arranged in the vicinity of the periphery. Preferably, the adjustment of the desired spacing is effected by iteration. Expediently, during the warm-up phase of the equipment, the production rate of the card is less than during the operating phase. 
   The invention also provides an apparatus at a spinning preparation machine, especially a flat card, roller card or the like, having a roller, for example a cylinder, which has a cylindrical clothed peripheral  1  surface, having at least one clothed and/or non-clothed movable or stationary machine element located opposite the roller clothing and spaced radially distance therefrom and two fixed lateral holding devices (side panels), on which work elements, e.g. sliding bends for revolving flat bars, stationary carding elements, roller coverings are mounted, in which at least two measuring elements for detecting variables linked to the dimensions of the roller are provided, the measuring elements being connected to an electronic open-loop and 2closed-loop control device and a first measuring element being in the form of a temperature probe for the temperature of the roller surface and a second measuring element being in the form of a rotational speed sensor for the speed of the roller, wherein a third measuring element is in the form of a temperature probe for the temperature of the holding devices (side panels) and the electronic control and regulating device is capable of determining the actual spacing at the actual temperatures for the roller and the side panels. 
   The invention further provides a method of determining a spacing between a roller and a counter-element in a spinning preparation machine comprising determining the temperature of the roller surface, determining the speed of rotation of the roller, determining the temperature of a holding device for the counter-element and using said determined temperatures and speed to determine the actual spacing. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic side view of a card with an apparatus according to the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a side view of the card of  FIG. 1  showing flat bars of the revolving flat and a segment of a slideway, a flexible bend, a side panel and the cylinder as well as the carding nip between the clothings of the flat bars and the cylinder clothing; 
       FIG. 3  is a section I-I through the slideway shown in  FIG. 2  with flexible bends and side panels as well as an element for measuring the temperature of a side panel; 
       FIG. 4  shows a covering element in the wedge-shaped area between the cylinder and the doffer with an element for measuring the temperature of the cylinder surface; 
       FIG. 5  shows in side view a side panel with flexible bend, cylinder, extension bend, stationary carding element and revolving flat bars as well as an element for measuring the temperature at the side panel and an element for measuring the temperature of the cylinder surface; 
       FIG. 6   a  shows a side view of the flexible bend and the revolving flat with slideway displaced in direction E and flat bars shifted radially in direction G; 
       FIG. 6   b  shows a motor-driven displacement device for the slideway; 
       FIG. 7   a  shows a stationary carding segment, a segment of a side panel with space between the carding segment clothing and cylinder clothing; 
       FIG. 7   b  shows a front view of the carding segment according to  FIG. 7   a , in which on both sides in the region of the end parts or the supports there are co-operating oblique faces, wherein the carding element, on becoming warm, is slidable axially parallel to the cylinder and displaceable radially with respect to the cylinder by means of a set-screw; 
       FIG. 8  shows schematically a block diagram with an open-loop and closed-loop control device, memory device, measuring elements in the form of a temperature probe for the roller surface, the roller rotational speed and a temperature probe for the side panels, output and display device, input device and actuating means; 
       FIG. 9  shows the dependence of the difference Δa on the time and a diagram of the optimisation of the carding nip at the working point of the machine, and 
       FIG. 10  shows the dependence of the difference Δa on the time and a diagram of the controlled warming of the machine. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  shows a card, for example, a card TC 03 (Trademark), made by Trützschler GmbH &amp; Co. KG of Mönchengladbach, Germany, with feed roller  1 , feed table  2 , licker-ins  3   a ,  3   b ,  3   c , cylinder  4 , doffer  5 , stripping roller  6 , squeezing rollers  7 ,  8 , web-guide element  9 , web funnel  10 , take-off rollers  11 ,  12 , revolving flat  13  with flat guide rollers  13   a ,  13   b  and flat bars  14 ,  14 ′,  14 ″, can  15  and can coiler  16 . The directions of rotation of the rollers are shown by respective curved arrows. The letter M denotes the midpoint (axis) of the cylinder  4 . The reference numeral  4   a  denotes the clothing and reference numeral  4   b  denotes the direction of rotation of the cylinder  4 . The letter B denotes the direction of rotation of the revolving flat  13  in the carding position and the letter C denotes the reverse transport direction of the flat bars  14 ;  30 ′,  30 ″ denote stationary carding elements and  41  denotes a cover underneath the cylinder  4 . The letter A denotes the work direction. 
   In accordance with  FIG. 2 , on each side of the card a flexible bend  17  having several adjusting screws is secured by screws laterally to the side panel  19   a ,  19   b  (see  FIG. 3 ). The flexible bend  17  has a convex outer surface  17   a  and a lower surface  17   b . Above the flexible bend  17 , there is a slideway  20 , for example, of low-friction plastics material, which had a convex outer surface  20   a  and a concave inner surface  20   b . The concave inner surface  20   b  lies on top of the convex outer surface  17   a  and is able to slide on this in the direction of the arrows D, E. Each flat bar  14  comprises a heel part  14   a  and a carrier member  14   b . Each flat bar  14  has at both ends a respective flat head, each of which comprises two steel pins  14   1 ,  14   2 . The parts of the steel pins  14   1 ,  14   2  projecting beyond the end faces of the carrier member  14   b  slide on the convex outer surface  20   a  of the slideway  20  in the direction of arrow B. A clothing  18  is mounted on the lower surface of the carrier member  14   b . The reference numeral  21  denotes the tip circle of the card flat clothings  18 . On its circumference, the cylinder  4  has a cylinder clothing  4   a , for example, a saw-tooth clothing. The tooth height of the saw-teeth is, for example, h=2 mm. The reference numeral  22  denotes the tip circle of the cylinder clothing  4   a . The spacing (carding nip) between the tip circle  21  and the tip circle  22  is denoted by the letter a, and is, for example, 3/1000″. The spacing between the convex outer surface  20   a  and the tip circle  22  is denoted by the letter b. The spacing between the convex outer surface  20   a  and the tip circle  21  is denoted by the letter c. The radius of the convex outer surface  20   a  is denoted by r 3  and the radius of the tip circle  22  is denoted by r 1 . The radii r 1  and r 3  intersect at the mid-point M of the cylinder  4 . The reference numeral  19  denotes the side panel. 
     FIG. 3  shows a part of the cylinder  4  with a cylindrical surface  4   f  of the casing  4   e  and cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d  (radial supporting elements). The surface  4   f  is provided with a clothing  4   a , which in this example is in the form of wire with saw-teeth. The saw-tooth wire is drawn onto the cylinder  4 , i.e. is wound round in tightly adjacent turns between side flanges (not shown) in order to form a cylindrical work surface equipped with tips. 
   Fibres are intended to be processed as evenly as possible on the work surface (clothing). 
   The carding work is carried out between the clothings  18  and  4   a  located opposite one another. It is influenced substantially by the position of the one clothing with respect to the other and by the clothing spacing a between the tips of the teeth of the two clothings  18  and  4   a . The working width of the cylinder  4  is a determining factor for all other work elements of the card, especially for the revolving flats  14  or stationary flats  30 ′,  30 ″, which, together with the cylinder  4 , card the fibres evenly across the entire working width. In order to be able to perform even carding work across the entire working width, the settings of the work elements (including those of additional elements) across this working width must be maintained. The cylinder  4  itself, however, can be deformed as a result of drawing-on the clothing wire, by centrifugal force or by the heat generated by the carding process. The shaft journals  23   a ,  23   b  of the cylinder  4  are mounted in bearings  25   a ,  25   b , which are attached to the stationary machine frame  24   a ,  24   b . The diameter, for example 1250 mm, of the cylindrical surface  4   f , that is to say twice the radius r 4 , is an important dimension of the machine, and it becomes larger during operation as a result of the heat of work. The side panels  19   a ,  19   b  are secured to the two machine frames  24   a  and  24   b  respectively. The flexible bends  17   a ,  17   b  are secured to the side panels  19   a ,  19   b  respectively. Furthermore, the temperature probe  29  for measuring the temperatures (T 2E  and T 2 ) is arranged on the outside of the side panel  19   a . The circumferential speed of the cylinder  4  is, for example, 35 m/sec. 
   When heat is generated in use in the carding nip a between the clothings  18  (or in the carding nip d between the clothings  38   a ,  38   b ) and the cylinder clothing  4   a  by carding work, especially at a high production rate and/or when processing synthetic fibres or cotton-synthetic fibre blends, the cylinder casing  4   e  undergoes expansion, that is to say the radius r 4  increases and the carding nip a or d decreases. The heat is directed via the cylinder casing  4   e  into the radial supporting elements and the cylinder end discs  4   c  and  4   d . The cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d  consequently also undergo expansion, that is to say their radius increases. The cylinder  4  is virtually completely encased (enclosed) on all sides: in a radial direction by the elements  14 ,  30 ′,  30 ″,  41  (see  FIG. 1 ) and towards both sides of the card by the elements  17   a ,  17   b ,  19   a ,  19   b ,  24   a ,  24   b . Scarcely any heat from the cylinder  4  is therefore radiated to the outside (to the atmosphere). Nevertheless, in particular the heat of the large-area cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d  is transmitted by radiation to the large-area side panels  19   a ,  19   b  to a considerable extent, from where the heat is radiated outwards to the colder atmosphere. This radiation causes the side panels  19   a ,  19   b  to expand less than the cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d , which leads to a reduction in the carding nip a ( FIG. 2 ) and in the carding nip d (see  FIG. 7   a ) ranging from undesirable (as regards the carding result) to dangerous. The carding elements (flat bars  14 ) are mounted on the flexible bends  17   a ,  17   b  and the stationary carding elements  30  are mounted on the extension bends  32   a ,  32   b  (See  FIG. 7   b ), which in turn are fixed to the side panels  19   a ,  19   b . On being heated, the lifting of the flexible bends  17   a ,  17   b —and hence of the clothings  18  of the flat bars  14 —increases less than the expansion of the radius r 4  of the cylinder casing  4   e —and hence of the clothing  4   a  of the cylinder  4 —which results in narrowing of the carding nip a. The cylinder casing  4   e  and the cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d  are made of steel, for example St  37 , having a longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient α=11.5·10 −6  [1/° K]. In order to compensate for the relatively different expansion of the cylinder end discs  4   c ,  4   d  and the cylinder casing  4   e , on the one hand, and of the side panels  19   a ,  19   b  (due to impeded radiation into the atmosphere because of encasing of the cylinder  4  and due to free radiation into the atmosphere from the side panels) on the other hand, the side panels consist, for example, of aluminium having a longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient α=23.8·10 −6 [ 1/° K]. According to a different construction, the cylinder  4  can also consist of glass fibre-reinforced plastics material and the side panels  19  can consist, for example, of grey cast iron GG having a longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient α=10.5·10 −6  [1/° K]. In both cases, the radial expansion of the side panels  19   a ,  19   b  is greater than the radial expansion of the cylinder  4 . By that means, the expansion of the cylinder  4  remains the same, but the machine elements, e.g. flat bars and/or carding bars, are displaced or lifted radially outwards. The undesirable reduction in the carding nip a owing to thermal influences is thereby considerably lessened or reduced. 
   In the arrangement shown in  FIG. 4 , in the wedge-shaped area between the cylinder  4  and the doffer  5  there is a covering element  26  (extruded aluminium element), in the inner space  26   a  of which there is a temperature probe  28  for measuring the temperatures (T 1E ) and (T 1 ) of the surface of the cylinder  4 . The temperature probe  28  is secured to the wall face  26   b  opposing the cylinder clothing  4   a , to be precise, on the side of the wall face  26   b  remote from the cylinder clothing  4   a . The doffer  5  includes a doffer clothing  5   a  and a working direction  5   b.    
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , three non-moving stationary carding elements  30   a ,  30   b ,  30   c  and three unclothed cylinder casing elements  31   a ,  31   b ,  31   c  are provided between the licker-in  3  and flat guide roller  213   a . The stationary carding elements  30  have a clothing  38   a ,  38   b , in accordance with  FIG. 7   a , which lies opposite the cylinder clothing  4   a . The carding nip between the clothing  38   a ,  38   b  and the cylinder clothing  4   a  is denoted by the letter d. The stationary carding elements  31   a  to  31   c  are mounted by means of screws and the cover elements  30   a  to  30   c  are mounted by means of screws (not illustrated) on an extension bend  32   a  (only the extension bend  32   a  on one side of the card is shown in  FIG. 5 ), which in turn is fastened by means of screws  3  to the card side panel  19   a ,  19   b  (only  19   a  is shown in  FIG. 5 ) on each side of the card. The flexible bends  17   a ,  17   b  (only  17   a  is shown in  FIG. 5 ) are fastened by means of screws  37  (see  FIG. 6   b ) to the side panel  19 ,  19   b  respectively. The temperature probe  29  for the temperatures (T 2E  and T 2 ) of the side panel  19   a  is fastened to the outside of the side panel  19   a.    
   In  FIG. 6   a , the displacement of the slideway  20   a  on the flexible bend  17   a  in the direction of arrow E is shown. As a result of the displacement, for example, by 50 mm, the spacing a between the flat clothings  18   a  and  18   c , that is to say the spacing between the tip circles, is increased. Because the slideway  20  is displaced in direction E, the flat bars  14  are raised in direction G. The flat bars  14  are moved slowly in direction B between the flat guide roller  13   a  and the flat guide roller  13   b  by a drive belt (not shown), are then diverted and returned again on the opposite side. 
   In accordance with  FIG. 6   b , on the slideway  20  there is mounted a driver element  33  that is connected to a toothed rack  34  which is engaged by a gearwheel  35  rotatable in the directions  0 , P, which is driven by a drive means  36 , for example a reversing motor, whereby the slideway  20  is displaceable in the direction of the arrows D, E. Connected to the drive means  36  is a setpoint entry means (not shown), with which a desired narrowest carding nip (a 3 ), for example 3/1000″ can be preset (setpoint). The adjustment can also be effected by an electronic open-loop and closed-loop control device  44  (see  FIG. 8 ), with a setpoint memory, which controls the servomotor  36 . 
   The setting means according to  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b  can be a Trützschler Precision Flat Setting System (PFS). Setting can be effected manually or by motor (motor  36 ). 
   Using the setting means according to  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b , a setpoint (a 3 ) for the carding nip can be adjusted after the heat-induced expansion of the cylinder  4 . 
   In accordance with  FIG. 7   a , on each side of the card an approximately semi-circular, rigid side panel  19   a  is fixed laterally to the machine frame  24   a ; a curved, rigid supporting element  32   a  is integrally cast on the outside of the side panel in the region of the periphery thereof, and has a convex outer surface  32 ′ as its support surface and an underside  31 ′ and  31 ″. 
   At their two ends, stationary carding elements  30  (see  FIG. 1 ) have bearing surfaces, which are located on the convex outer surface  32   I  of the supporting element  32   a . Carding clothings  38   a ,  38   b  are mounted on the undersurface of the carding segment  30 . The reference numeral  22  denotes the tip circle of the clothings  38   a ,  38   b . On its circumference the cylinder  4  has a cylinder clothing  4   a , for example, a saw-tooth clothing. The reference numeral  22  denotes the tip circle of the cylinder clothing  4   a . The spacing between the tip circle  39  and the tip circle  22  is denoted by the letter d, and is, for example, 0.20 mm. The radius of the convex outer surface  32   I  is denoted by r 5  and the radius of the tip circle  22  is denoted by r 1 . The radii r 1  and r 5  intersect at the mid-point M (see  FIG. 1 ) of the cylinder  4 . 
   The stationary carding element  30  shown in  FIG. 7   a  consists of a support  40  and two carding elements, which are arranged one behind in the other in the direction of rotation (arrow  4   b ) of the cylinder, the clothings  38   a ,  38   b  of the carding elements and the clothing  4   a  of the cylinder  4  being located opposite one another. The wedge-shaped setting means shown in  FIG. 7   b  effects the displacement of the support  4   a  in an axially parallel direction (arrow H, I) in relation to the cylinder axis M, the result being that on displacement the carding segment  30  is shifted in the direction of the arrows F, G. The spacing d between the clothings  39   a ,  38   b  of the carding elements and the cylinder clothing  4   a  is consequently simply and precisely adjustable. 
     FIG. 7   a  shows the position of the carding element  30  with the carrier member  40  and the clothings as well as the cylinder  4  at a relatively low temperature. The length of the carrier member  40  is denoted by  1   1  and the carding spacing between the clothings  38   a ,  38   b  and the cylinder clothing  4   a  is denoted by the letter d. When heat is generated in use in the carding nip d between the clothings  38   a ,  38   b  and the cylinder clothing  4   a  by carding work, especially at a high production rate and/or when processing synthetic fibres or cotton-synthetic fibre blends, the cylinder casing undergoes expansion, that is to say the radius r 1  (see  FIG. 7   a ) increases and the carding nip d decreases. The heat is directed via the cylinder casing into the radial supporting elements, the cylinder end discs. The cylinder end discs consequently also undergo expansion, that is to say their radius increases. The cylinder  4  is virtually completely encased (enclosed) on all sides: in a radial direction by the elements  14 ,  30 ′,  30 ″,  41  (see  FIG. 1 ) and towards both sides of the card by the elements  17   a ,  17   b ,  19   a ,  19   b ,  24   a ,  24   b . Scarcely any heat from the cylinder  4  is therefore radiated to the outside (to the atmosphere). The cylinder casing and the cylinder end discs are made of steel, for example St  37 , having a longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient α=11.5·10 −6  [1/° K]. In addition, the aluminium carrier member  40  likewise expands radially, which results in a further narrowing of the carding nip d. The carrier member  40  is made of aluminium having a longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient of α=23.8·10 −6  [1/° K]. Owing to this high longitudinal thermal expansion coefficient, the carrier member  40  expands substantially in the direction of the arrow I, that is to say, in the longitudinal direction. 
     FIG. 7   b  shows the position of the carding element  30  with the carrier member  40  as well as the cylinder  4  at a relatively high temperature. The length of the carrier member  40  has increased in value. Owing to the lengthwise thermal expansion of the carrier member  40  in the direction of arrows H, I, on both sides actuators are actively displaced outwards (arrows) and upwards with their oblique surfaces on the oblique surfaces of co-operating actuators by means of the set-screw  42 . Displacement of the carding element  30  in the direction of the arrow G is effected against the pressure of the springs. By this means, the expansions of the cylinder  4  and of the carrier member  40  in a radial direction are compensated, such that the carding nip d remains the same. By means of the set-screw  42  a desired value for the carding nip d can be set after the thermal expansion. A positioning motor (not shown) can be connected to the set-screw  42 , whereby the adjustment is effected by motor. Such a motor can be connected to the control and regulating device  45  (see  FIG. 8 ). 
   In accordance with  FIG. 8 , an electronic open loop and closed-loop control device  44 , for example a microcomputer with microprocessor, is provided, which can be the machine control of the card ( FIG. 1 ). A rotary speed sensor  27  (see  FIGS. 3 and 5 ) for the speed of the cylinder  4 , a temperature probe  28  (see  FIGS. 4 and 5 ) for the temperature (T 1 ) of the casing the cylinder  4  and a temperature sensor  29  (see  FIGS. 3 and 5 ) for the temperature (T 2 ) of the side panel  19  are connected to the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44  by way of electrical leads  48 ,  49  and  50  respectively. The temperature probes  28  and  29  and the leads  49  and  50  are connected to a memory  43  via branch leads  51 ,  52 . The memory  43  is connected via leads  53  and  54  to the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44 . Furthermore, a display means  45 , for example, a monitor, an input device  46  and an actuating means  47 , for example a motor  36 , are connected to the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44  via leads  56 ,  57  and  55  respectively. 
   Detecting the temperature of components of a card can be achieved simply and robustly. Rotational speed measurement is a fixed element of the machine control. Four parameters are recorded online: 
   The temperature (T 1 ) of the cylinder  4  (represented by a cover profile on the doffer side) 
   The temperature (T 2 ) of the cylinder side panel  19   
   Ambient temperature (T) 
   Rotational speed (n) of the cylinder  4 . 
   The cylinder temperature (T 1 ) is recorded to calculate the linear expansion Δr of the cylinder  4 . The starting point is the temperature (T 1E ) when setting up the machine. 
   The side panel temperature (T 2 ) is recorded to calculate the linear expansion of the side panel  19 . The starting point is the temperature (T 2E ) when setting up the machine. 
   The rotational speed of the cylinder n is recorded to calculate the dynamic widening (Δr) of the cylinder  4  under the selected operating speed. 
   The ambient temperature (T) is registered to dispense with manual inputs. The ambient temperature is accepted to be the set-up temperature, since this is relatively constant during the operation of spinning works. The ambient temperature (T) may be measured by temperature probe  58  and connected by lead lines  59  and  60  to memory  43  and the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44 , respectively. If a starting point is stored after setting the machine (if possible in the cold state), measurement of the ambient temperature is not necessary. 
   From the parameters (T 1E , T 2E , T 1 , T 2 ) a change (Δa) in the carding nip a can be calculated. The dynamic cylinder widening (Δr) is proportional to the measured speed n and decreases the carding nip a as the speed n increases. The relative expansion of the cylinder  4  and side panels  19  can be calculated simply using the detected temperature. 
   In operation, the phases are as follows: 
   a) Setting-Up Phase 
   The machine is off. 
   The reference temperature (T 1E ) for the cylinder  4  and reference character (T 2E ) for the side panel  19  are determined using the temperature probes  28  and  29  respectively and entered in the memory  43 , for example, reset module. In addition, a reference spacing a 1  for the carding nip, for example 5/1000″, is set. The measurement of the carding nip a 1  is entered in the memory  43  and/or via the input device  46  into a memory of the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44 . The memory  43  and the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44  are connected to a separate voltage source, for example a battery, in order to store temperatures (T 1E , T 2E ) and spacing a 1 . 
   b) Operating Phase 
   The machine is switched on and, after a certain time, the warm-up phase gives way to the operating phase. 
   In the operating phase, at specific times (permanently or cyclically) the following are measured and entered: 
   The actual speed n is measured with the speed sensor  27  and entered in the open-loop and closed loop control device  44 . 
   The actual temperatures (T 1E , T 2E ) are measured with the temperature probes  28  and  29  respectively and entered in memory  43  and in the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44 . 
   The following calculation steps are carried out:
         1. In the open-loop and closed-loop control device  44  the speed-induced change in spacing (Δa n ), the change in cylinder temperature (ΔT 1 ), and the change in the side panel temperature (ΔT 2 ) are calculated:
           Δa n =speed-induced change in spacing   Δa n =f(n)
 
e.g.: Δ a   n   =n   2   ·k   1   +n·k   2  
   ΔT 1 =change in the cylinder temperature from a manually determined time, e.g. setting time
 
Δ T   1   =T   1   −T   1E  
   ΔT 2 =change in the side panel temperature from a manually determined time, e.g. setting time
 
Δ T   2   =T   2   −T   2E  
   
           2. Subsequently the difference (Δa) between the actual spacing a 2  at the actual temperatures (T 1 , T 2 ) and the reference spacing a 1  at the setting temperatures (T 1E  and T 2E ) (reference temperatures) is calculated:
           Δr 1 =temperature-induced change in cylinder radius   α 1 =longitudinal expansion coefficient for cylinder material
 
Δ r   1 =α 1   ·ΔT   1 .
   Δr 2 =temperature-induced change in the side panel radius r 2  at the bearing surface for, for example, stationary carding elements   α 2 =longitudinal expansion coefficient for side panel material
 
Δ r   2 =α 2   ·ΔT   2  
 
Δ a=Δr   2   −Δr   1   −Δa   n  
   The calculated difference Δa is indicated on the monitor  45 .   
           3. Finally, the reset spacing A, by which the desired spacing (a 3 ) is to be adjusted, is calculated:
 
Δ a=a   2   −a   1  
 
 a   2   =Δa+a   1  
 
 a   3   =A+a   2  
 
 A=a   3   −a   2  
           in which:   Δa=difference between the actual spacing a 2  and the reference spacing a 1      a 3 =desired spacing   A=reset spacing.   A is that spacing by which the actual spacing a 2  is changed in order to set the desired spacing (a 3 ). If at the operating point of the machine the calculated carding nip a 2  varies from the desired carding nip (a 3 ), then the carding nip can be optimised by means of the PFS system (see  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b ).   
               

   In particular, the desired spacing (a 3 ) can be precisely set. A change in the carding nip also always implies a change in the temperatures. This in turn can be accompanied by a change in the carding nip. An iteration for optimisation is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . By using different materials (Al/GG) to compensate for thermal expansion, only very few iteration steps are needed, however. 
   Using the features according to the invention, a specific warming-up of the machine is also controllable. It is normal for machines to be turned off in order to change technological parameters (productions, speeds, spacings, clothing change, carding nip). If the machine is started up again from the cold state, a wrongly selected parameter can lead to clothing contact. This is attributable to a time-staggered warming-up of cylinder  4  and side panel  19 . The cylinder  4  warms up markedly more quickly than the side panel  19 . If now, for example, the production rate, which has the greatest influence on warming, is selected to be very high, the machine can be warmed up from the cold state with a restricted production rate. If the calculated carding nip changes are not critical after the warming-up process, the production can be increased fully automatically to the required level. A controlled warming-up of the machine is represented in  FIG. 10 . 
   The direct measurement of the actual spacing a 2 , spacing changes Δa and the cylinder radius r 1  in the production phase is associated with considerable problems. In accordance with the invention the actual spacing a 2  (carding nip) and the spacing difference Δa 2  can be successfully determined in a simple and accurate manner indirectly at any time by way of the actual temperatures (T 1  and T 2 ), the actual cylinder speed n and the setting temperatures (T 1E  and T 2E ). The particular advantage of this is that an optimum carding nip (a 3 ) that leads to a substantially improved product can be calculated and adjusted. 
   Although the foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of understanding, it will be obvious that changes and modifications may be practised within the scope of the appended claims. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               List of reference numerals 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                1 = 
               feed roller 
             
             
                 
                2 = 
               feed table 
             
             
                 
                3a, b, 3c = 
               licker-ins 
             
             
                 
                4 = 
               cylinder 
             
             
                 
                4a = 
               cylinder clothing 
             
             
                 
                4b = 
               direction of rotation of cylinder 
             
             
                 
                4c, 4d = 
               cylinder end discs 
             
             
                 
                4f = 
               surface 
             
             
                 
                5 = 
               doffer 
             
             
                 
                6 = 
               stripping roller 
             
             
                 
                7, 8 = 
               squeezing rollers 
             
             
                 
                9 = 
               web guide element 
             
             
                 
               10 = 
               web funnel 
             
             
                 
               11, 12 = 
               take-off rollers 
             
             
                 
               13 = 
               revolving flat 
             
             
                 
               14 = 
               flat bars 
             
             
                 
               15 = 
               can 
             
             
                 
               16 = 
               can coiler 
             
             
                 
               17 = 
               flexible bend 
             
             
                 
               18 = 
               flat bar clothing 
             
             
                 
               19a, 19b = 
               side panel 
             
             
                 
               20 = 
               slideway 
             
             
                 
               20a = 
               convex outer surface 
             
             
                 
               20b = 
               concave inner surface 
             
             
                 
               21 = 
               tip circle, flat bar clothings 
             
             
                 
               22 = 
               tip circle, cylinder clothing 
             
             
                 
               23a, 23b = 
               roller journals 
             
             
                 
               24a, 24b = 
               frame walls 
             
             
                 
               25a, 25b = 
               bearings 
             
             
                 
               26 = 
               nip filler element (covering) 
             
             
                 
               26a = 
               inner space, nip filler element 
             
             
                 
               26b = 
               wall surface, nip filler element 
             
             
                 
               27 = 
               rotational speed sensor 
             
             
                 
               28 = 
               temperature probe, cylinder surface 
             
             
                 
               29 = 
               temperature probe, side panel 
             
             
                 
               30a, 30b, 30c = 
               stationary carding elements 
             
             
                 
               31a, 31b, 31c = 
               cylinder casing element (covering) 
             
             
                 
               32a, 32b = 
               extension bends 
             
             
                 
               33 = 
               driver element 
             
             
                 
               34 = 
               toothed rack 
             
             
                 
               35 = 
               gearwheel 
             
             
                 
               36 = 
               drive means 
             
             
                 
               37 = 
               adjusting screw 
             
             
                 
               38a, 38b = 
               carding clothings 
             
             
                 
               39 = 
               tip circle, carding clothings 
             
             
                 
               40 = 
               carriers 
             
             
                 
               41 = 
               cylinder covering 
             
             
                 
               42 = 
               set screw 
             
             
                 
               43 = 
               memory 
             
             
                 
               44 = 
               electronic control and regulating device 
             
             
                 
               45 = 
               output and display device 
             
             
                 
               46 = 
               actuating means 
             
             
                 
               47 = 
               electrical lead 
             
             
                 
               48 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               49 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               50 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               51 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               52 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               53 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               54 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               55 = 
               ″ 
             
             
                 
               56 = 
               ″