Abstract:
An energy absorber is controlled in an overload event to absorb potentially damaging energy. The energy absorber acts between a receiving unit for receiving objects for transporting and a carrier device that connects to a transporter. An absorber force can be influenced by an electrically controlled magnetic field unit. Measurement values of loads acting on the loading unit are captured sequentially and an overload event is determined if a measure derived from the measurement values exceeds a predetermined threshold value. After the onset of an overload event a prognosticated load curve of the loading unit is assessed from a multitude of measurement values captured from the onset of the overload event. A planned power flow curve for the magnetic field unit is determined and the load curve is damped time-dependent so that a planned load curve ensues which remains beneath a predetermined load limit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method for energy absorption respectively dissipation of energy for damping loads acting in a single overload event in particular on a loading unit for transporting objects, to protect the objects transported such as persons or items from damage. Such a single overload event involving energy input occurs with the explosion of a mine. 
     A variety of methods have been disclosed for energy absorption to reduce loads in overload cases, such as and in particular in the case of explosions beneath armoured vehicles to protect the transported objects and in particular persons and delicate instruments. For protection, mechanical systems are typically employed which absorb energy by reshaping or tearing open so as to absorb energy in an overload event and protect the passengers accordingly. 
     The drawback is that these systems do not allow controlling the energy absorption in an overload event with unknown pulse strength and unknown pulse curves. The pulse strength and pulse length of mine explosions are unpredictable prior to an explosion since the type and strength of the mine, the location, the precise position, depth in the ground, and the material surrounding the mine is not previously known in a real overload event. Monitoring and evaluating the vehicle speed or other parameters preceding the onset of the overload event, i.e. the explosion of a mine, do not allow to estimate the strength of an explosion. Therefore an overload event in the sense of the present invention does not allow exact planning of the energy absorption curve before the onset of the overload event. 
     WO 2011/141164 A1 has disclosed a regulating method for an energy absorber of a steering column where a sensor obtains the relative speeds of the energy absorber components which are movable relative to one another. Thereafter the energy absorber is controlled so that the deceleration assumes the most constant and lowest value possible so that at the end of the travel of the movable energy absorber parts their relative speed approximates 0. Furthermore this document also points out the conceivable use of such an energy absorber with safety belt devices, mine protection seats, in bumpers, machine tools, arresting gear for landing aircraft on aircraft carriers, damping systems for helicopters, and damping systems in footwear. This method of controlling the energy absorber so that at the end of travel of the energy absorber components movable relative to one another the relative motion is decelerated to 0, can be carried out only if the boundary parameters are known. If a vehicle traveling on a road drives into the back of a car in front, then the relative speed is directly known and the entire stroke length can be optimally utilized for controlled decelerating of the relative motion. The same applies to the arresting gear for landing aircraft on aircraft carriers and even to a helicopter crash where the height and velocity of fall are previously known. 
     In all applications the maximum travel is employed to its optimum to achieve the lowest possible load e.g. in a car crash so that the driver is subjected to the lowest possible loads upon impact on the steering column. This system is functional with regulating the energy absorber on steering columns or in other applications where the velocities and thus the loads occurring are known and the available travel can be correlated with the given relative speed. 
     Given an application e.g. in mine protection seats involving an unknown strength of an explosion in an overload event such as a mine exploding beneath an armoured vehicle, such regulating achieves the desired results in the case of a suitable explosion. The forces occurring can be transmitted dampened to the body of a person sitting on the mine protection seat. The loads can be considerably reduced. The deceleration respectively the relative velocity is set so that a constantly low load is given over the travelled distance. 
     This method requires known initial conditions and boundary conditions. External influences whose strength and duration are first unknown may lead to unexpected results so that damping may be too low or too high. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a method and an assembly for damping which allow better control of overload events which occur while all the data required for optimal control are not available at the onset of the overload event. 
     This object is solved by a method having the features as claimed and by an assembly having the features as claimed. Preferred specific embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims. Further advantages and features can be taken from the general description and the description of the exemplary embodiments. 
     A method according to the invention serves to control an energy absorber on a loading unit at least in an overload event to reduce loads acting on an object that is transported on a loading unit. The energy absorber acts between a receiving unit for receiving objects for transporting and a carrier device for connection with a transporter such as a vehicle or the like. An absorber force of the energy absorber can be influenced by means of an electrically controlled magnetic field unit. 
     The energy absorber is in particular suitable to absorb energy in a single overload event involving energy input that is so high that absent an energy absorber, damage to an object transported on the loading unit is highly probable, so as to reduce loads acting on the transported object in the overload event by way of energy absorption by means of the energy absorber. 
     The method according to the invention provides for the steps indicated below in particular in this or else in any other expedient sequence:
         Measurement values of loads acting on the loading unit are captured sequentially in particular by means of a sensor device. The measurement values may directly show loads on the loading unit. Or else the measurement values may be captured at the transporter or an object and thus they are characteristic of loads on the loading unit or an object.   An overload event is determined or detected if a measure derived from the measurement values exceeds a predetermined threshold value.   After onset of an overload event, a prognosticated load curve (for future loads) of the loading unit is assessed from a plurality of measurement values substantially captured from the onset of the overload event.   (Thereafter) a planned power flow curve for the magnetic field unit is determined by means of which the prognosticated load curve is dampened time-dependent so that a planned load curve results which remains beneath a predetermined load limit. This allows in particular to prevent the occurrence of damage where damage to the objects is feared respectively expected.   The power flow through the magnetic field unit is controlled time-dependent according to the planned power flow curve.       

     The method according to the invention has many advantages. The method permits suitable controlling of the energy absorber in an overload event wherein all the boundary conditions and initial conditions do not need to be previously known. Thus, a prognosticated load curve (future load curve) is derived from the measurement values captured after the onset of the overload event as it is probable on the basis of the given measurement values. This assessment or prognosis of a future load curve may for example be supported on empirical values. Thus, highly probable conclusions about the future curve of the overload event can be made from the curve of the preceding measurement values during the overload event. 
     The magnetic field unit is controlled in dependence on the prognosticated load curve so that the load on a transported object is reduced and damage is excluded with a high degree of probability. A risk of damage in a certain range of e.g. 1% or 5% or 10% or even more may be tolerated. 
     The method absorbs or converts the impulse respectively its energy acting in the overload event to reduce the resulting load on a or the protected object and to avoid damage to the protected object by way of energy absorption or dissipation of energy or conversion of energy by means of the energy absorber in the overload event. 
     The planned power flow curve is determined by way of the prognosticated load curve. This means that the planned power flow curve can be computed time-dependent or else a time-dependent power flow curve is retrieved from a memory by way of characteristic values. The curves may be selected from those curves stored in a memory. 
     A “curve” (load curve, power flow curve etc.) always means a time curve and time-dependent curve of the respective quantity. 
     The method serves to transport objects wherein each object is provided for separate transport at a time. It is also possible to transport multiple or a plurality of objects at a time. At any rate, multiple objects may be transported successively. 
     The method allows for the load unit respectively the energy absorber of the loading unit to comprise multiple magnetic field units wherein each of the magnetic field units may be provided with one or more electric coils. 
     In simple cases the prognosticated load curve may be interpreted in the sense of the present invention to be the load curve adjoining the non-dampened side of the assembly. In a correctly prognosticated load curve it would approximately ensue on the non-dampened side of the assembly. The pertaining planned load curve is then interpreted in this sense as the load curve adjoining the dampened side of the assembly. The actual load curve is influenced by the action of the energy absorber. 
     A prognosticated load curve is understood to mean a passive load curve assessed for the future which is anticipated without control of the magnetic field unit. In the overload event a prognosticated load curve is first determined or estimated. This prognosticated and passive load curve may be determined without control of the power flow. It is also possible to determine the prognosticated load curve without current. This means that there is not only a change of the control of the power flow but a zero-current state of the energy absorber is assumed for the prognosticated load curve. It is also possible to determine the prognosticated load curve without any action of the magnetic field. For example permanent magnets may be provided which supply a specific magnetic field at the magnetic field unit. 
     In all the cases the energy absorber acts as a device for energy dissipation and in particular for converting kinetic energy to heat. A reduction of energy input is in particular caused. The energy absorber may act as a damper device and in particular as a one-off damper device so as to keep damage from the object in single (extreme) overload cases. The energy absorber is preferably connected both with the receiving unit and with the carrier device. Both the receiving unit and the carrier unit are components of the loading unit. The energy absorber permits relative motion between the receiving unit and the carrier device at least in an overload event. The energy absorber is preferably provided on an assembly which together with the receiving unit and the carrier device forms the load unit. 
     Damage to an object in the sense of the present application is understood to mean a state in which the object is at least temporarily changed in a way considered to be disadvantageous and undesirable. Such damage may be a temporary damage. Or else such damage may be permanent or even irreparable and resulting in permanent impairment or a total wreck. 
     Where the transported objects are persons, damage to a person is impairment of the person&#39;s health. Permanent damage in a person means at least a long-term and severe impairment of their well-being. Or else it is possible that damage results in a permanent health impairment or even in the death of the person. 
     The planned power flow curve is preferably determined so that a DRI value in the planned load curve does not exceed a predetermined level. 
     Damage to an object that is an item or instrument may be temporary so that for example the function of the instrument is compromised or else fails for a specific or indetermined period. Such damage is in particular long-term and may be, or result in, a permanent defect. For example a component on a printed circuit board may break or a microdefect or misalignment of the instrument may occur so that the instrument can only be used again following a complex readjustment which may only be possible in a workshop. 
     In all the cases damage is expected if the probability for damage exceeds a specific level. Damage must be expected in particular if the probability exceeds e.g. 1%, 5%, 10% or even 25%. 
     In a preferred specific embodiment a damage is prognosticated if within the prognosticated time period a prognosticated load acting on an object and/or a receiving unit exceeds a predetermined magnitude. The predetermined magnitude of the load may be dependent on the type of the transported object. The load may for example be dependent on whether a person and which person is transported. The predetermined load magnitude is also dependent on whether an animal, an instrument and what kind of instrument is transported. Absent any details or information about the nature of the transported objects, a standardised object may be used as a basis and thus the load acting on the loading unit is used as a basis. 
     The decision respectively determination of whether damage is prognosticated takes into account in particular the level and/or duration of an acting load. When determining or calculating a load, an acting acceleration and/or acting force is in particular taken into account. Acceleration may be directly captured through an acceleration sensor. It is also possible to use one or more displacement sensors which are read out at fixed or variable time intervals. The captured data allow to compute acceleration values. Or else it is possible to use force sensors or weight sensors which obtain for example the weight of a transported object. Capturing the weight allows to take into account the weight of the object so that for example in the case of a large, heavy man a different damping is used than for a relatively small, lightweight woman. 
     In all the configurations it is particularly preferred to estimate the prognosticated load curve from a plurality of measurement values which are at least substantially captured from the onset of the overload event. In all the cases it is possible to supplementarily base the prognosis on measurement values preceding the onset of the overload event. Preferably, multiple or a plurality of preceding measurement values is used during the overload event to improve the precision and significance of a prognosis. For example if a pressure sensor is disposed on the floor of a transporter that is an armoured troop carrier and if a mine detonates beneath the troop carrier, then the air pressure at the floor of the transporter will increase very rapidly and dramatically. At a certain point in time when the pressure acting on the vehicle floor is already high, a soldier sitting on a loading unit will not yet feel the effect of the explosion. The steep curve of the pressure increase and the time curve and the absolute level of the already reached air pressure allow to make a feasible prognosis how the explosion will further affect the troop carrier on the whole and a loading unit. In this case the advantage is utilized that the air pressure sensor disposed on the vehicle floor detects the loads of the explosion at an earlier time than will be felt farther above in the vehicle interior. Then however, the overload event has already begun and the measurement values have been measured after the onset of the overload event. 
     It is also possible to use at least one measurement value or multiple or a plurality of preceding measurement values at the onset or even preceding the onset of the overload event, for example the weight of a person or another object. 
     In all the cases the planned power flow curve is determined so that the prognosticated load curve is dampened time-dependent so that within the planned load curve a predetermined load limit is not exceeded and in particular there will be no damage. This means that the planned power flow curve effects a damping so that the prognosticated load curve is dampened at all times so that the presumed load lies beneath the permissible limit load (load limit). The planned power flow curve ensues in a planned load curve that is obtained time-dependent by way of the planned power flow curve. Other than influencing the magnetic field unit, the basic damping of the energy absorber is taken into account as well. 
     For example a permanent magnet may generate a basic field. Moreover the energy absorber is preferably operated with a magnetorheological absorber fluid wherein the absorber fluid passes from a first compartment of an absorber chamber through a valve into a second compartment. Thus, a hydraulic flow resistance is present which contributes to the basic damping of the energy absorber. 
     Measurements continue during an overload event. The current measurement values are preferably used to obtain the current load and the current power flow is adapted so that the planned load curve is achieved. The current load can be checked for current measurement values with each new measurement value. It is also possible to newly obtain the current load at predetermined or selected time intervals. It is also possible to provide for the time interval between two new captures to be dependent on the last current load to enable higher time resolution in higher loads. 
     When a current load is obtained that deviates from the planned load curve, then the current power flow is increased or decreased accordingly so as to achieve the planned load curve. 
     In all the configurations it is possible to obtain respectively detect an overload event if at least one measurement value exceeds a predetermined value. It is also possible and preferred to obtain a characteristic prognosis value from the measurement values and to detect an overload event if the characteristic prognosis value exceeds a predetermined characteristic value. This is the case for example if multiple successive measurement values are evaluated and it is determined from the measurement values that for example a linear or square or exponential increase of the measurement values is given. Then it is highly probable that the measurement values continue to rise at least for a specific time period so that a characteristic prognosis value can be obtained which takes into account the anticipated future development of the measurement values. 
     This method is particularly advantageous since it is not necessary to first reach high and potentially dangerous measurement values but the likely development of the situation is pre-estimated and corresponding response is possible. 
     In preferred specific embodiments the magnetic field unit comprises at least one permanent magnet. The permanent magnet generates a magnetic basic field which is modulated by way of the magnetic field of an electric coil of the magnetic field unit. This allows the permanent supply of a specific basic damping requiring no electric power for damping. When higher damping is required, the magnetic field of an electric coil can boost the acting magnetic field. When lower damping is required, the magnetic basic field of the permanent magnet can be attenuated accordingly. The or at least one electric coil is preferably dimensioned so that it is functional only for the duration of an overload event (event) lasting e.g. 100 ms. This allows a thinner, more lightweight and more cost effective configuration of the electric coil, the power supply wiring and other components. This allows a more economic realization of the assembly respectively the actuator. In the case of extended power application the electric coil would be overloaded and might burn out. 
     As an overload event is detected, measurement values are preferably captured periodically. A current prognosticated load curve for a future load on the loading unit is periodically estimated therefrom. This means that a prognosis can be made not only once at the onset but that new prognoses keep being made even during the process to adapt the process flow to what is the current development. Again, passive prerequisites are assumed for the current prognosticated load curve so that the current damping is then added to what is the currently measured load to obtain a current, passive load that is present in a passive basic state. 
     The current prognosticated load curve is preferably used to periodically obtain a current planned power flow curve. In this way the current planned power flow curve is adapted to the currently prognosticated load curve. 
     Accordingly the currently prognosticated load curve is then used to determine whether damage is prognosticated respectively whether damage must be expected to the objects transported on the loading unit. When it is determined that no more damage is anticipated, the process may continue correspondingly. When it is determined that damage is anticipated, corresponding countermeasures are then taken. 
     Preferably a currently planned load curve is determined and the pertaining current planned power flow curve is derived wherein the prognosticated load curve is dampened time-dependent so that as far as possible there is no more damage within the planned load curve. 
     In all the configurations measurement values may be captured from 2 or more sensors. For example air pressure sensors may be provided on the floor or in another spot of the transporter. Or else, acceleration sensors may be provided on the floor of the transporter or else at the loading unit or the carrier device or the receiving unit of the loading unit. Sensor may also be provided at the objects. Then it is preferred to utilize data from two or more optionally different sensors. 
     In advantageous configurations measurement values are obtained via loads on the loading unit, the carrier device, the transporter, the effective acceleration, effective force, or the air pressure. Vertical acceleration values are in particular taken into account. 
     The energy absorber on the loading unit employed in the process preferably comprises an absorber chamber that is at least partially filled with a magnetorheological fluid and at least one electric coil which forms the entirety or a substantial portion of the magnetic field unit. The power flow through the electric coil controls the absorber unit accordingly. 
     A loading unit according to the invention comprises a receiving unit for receiving objects intended for transport and a carrier device for connection with a transporter and at least one energy absorber disposed between the loading unit and the carrier device. The energy absorber is provided to dampen loads acting in an overload event. 
     The energy absorber is in particular suitable and set up to absorb energy in a single overload event involving energy input that is so high that absent an energy absorber, damage to an object provided for transport on the loading unit is highly probable, so as to reduce loads acting on the transported object in the overload event by way of energy absorption by means of the energy absorber. 
     An absorber force of the energy absorber can be influenced by means of at least one electrically controlled magnetic field unit. A control device is provided wherein at least one sensor device is provided to capture measurement values of a load on the loading unit. The control device is set up and configured to determine an overload event if a measure derived from the measurement values exceeds a predetermined threshold value. 
     The control device is set up and configured to estimate a prognosticated load curve of the loading unit upon the onset of an overload event, from a multitude of measurement values substantially captured from the onset of the overload event. The control device is set up and configured to determine a planned power flow curve for the magnetic field unit where the prognosticated load curve is dampened time-dependent so that a planned load curve ensues which remains beneath a predetermined limit value. The control device is set up and configured for time-dependent control of the power flow through the magnetic field unit according to the planned power flow curve. 
     The absorber is adapted for a single load. In an explosion or the like the absorber dissipates or absorbs energy to reduce the load acting on an object. 
     It is possible to provide the loading unit with a shearing device which shears off as the load acting on the loading unit exceeds a predetermined level. It is possible for the control device to detect an overload event as a shearing sensor of the shearing device detects that the shearing device shears off. 
     In all the cases it is preferred to specify a permissible limit load for a standard person. Sensor values from a sensor unit attached to a person may likewise be taken into account. 
     It is possible to integrate a comfort function to dampen weak shocks beneath an overload event. 
     In all the cases it is possible to estimate the evaluation of a risk of injury to the spine of a person representing the object by deriving the Dynamic Response Index (DRI) which evaluates vertical shocks e.g. in ejector seats based on the acceleration. A formula for computing the DRI according to the NATO standard can be found at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_response_index). Accordingly, given a DRI of 17.7 the probability of severe injury is 10%. 
     Regulating is also possible by the spine force and in particular the force in the lower lumbar region (lumbar spine) by way of another magnitude corresponding to this force. 
     Since the spine force cannot be measured directly, conclusions should be made based on other magnitudes. It is for example possible to measure force/pressure/torque on a mine protection seat or the seat frame or a cushion placed on the mine protection seat. Using a sensor mat similar to those showing local resolution of pressure/force is also conceivable. 
     It is also conceivable to only control the power specification: one can obtain (over an extended period) the passenger weights and corresponding characteristic values can be precalculated. The suitable characteristic curve is then selected e.g. by means of acceleration sensors. 
     The invention also enables responses to explosions which are more powerful than expected. The process is adapted to the currently prevailing conditions so as to optimally utilize travelled distances. 
     In all the cases the loading unit is in particular configured as a seat device of a vehicle or motor vehicle. The seat device comprises a receiving unit configured as a seat and a carrier device configured as a seat frame. The energy absorber is disposed between the seat and the seat frame. 
     In the sense of the present invention a single overload event is preferably considered to be the explosion of a mine. Other single overload events involving energy input in the sense of the present invention may in particular be those where a pulse strength and pulse length cannot be estimated in particular from preceding measurement values. Such a single overload event occurs e.g. in a run-off-road single vehicle accident for example if the driver loses control and the vehicle makes an unanticipated and unpredictable fall down a bank or the like and experiences a hard impact landing in a spot deeper down. In these accidents the strength of the energy input in the overload event cannot be derived from the vehicle speed but it depends on the height of the fall which, however, cannot be derived e.g. from the speed of the vehicle. 
     Therefore it is possible and preferred with the present invention to protect, or to reduce loads on, the passengers in motor vehicles in so-called run off-road accidents which e.g. in the USA are responsible for ca. 50% of fatal traffic accidents. 
     Road vehicles such as cars, SUVs, trucks etc. running off paved roads into rough terrain due to distraction, tiredness, and bad weather is particularly frequent. Vehicles showing an assembly according to this invention are preferably equipped with a seat construction with a seat and a seat frame where the previously described energy absorber absorbs the majority of the impact energy which in particular involves vertical or substantially vertical effects. To prevent dangerous spine injuries to passengers, there is therefore provided between the seat and the seat frame, at least one energy absorber to cushion the vertical forces and/or the forces parallel to the seat backrest and/or the forces perpendicular to the seat area. These forces build up in a hard (at least partially vertical) impact of the vehicle off the roadway. In these overload events the impact energy that must be absorbed acts largely or substantially or nearly completely in the vertical direction. 
     The invention is primarily not provided to absorb energy in head-on collisions. For head-on collisions on flat roads, motor vehicles are provided with crumpling zones or airbags. 
     The strength of loads acting in the vertical in overload events and road-off accidents or the strength of the vertical loads in mine explosions cannot be derived from parameters preceding the overload event since they cannot be estimated or measured. 
     In all the cases the energy absorber can be installed in the vertical, the horizontal or else inclined. 
     In the prior art, a sensor in motor vehicles detects whether the vehicle is getting off the road and activates pertaining safety systems such as seat-belt tensioners. However, this does not allow to derive the seriousness of accidents and optimal load reduction resulting therefrom. What is significant is what happens to the vehicle after it gets off the road, where and how it lands or what kind of ground it makes contact with and what spatial orientation the vehicle has upon impact. The method according to the invention provides responses to this relevant impact/impulse as it has been and will be described above respectively below, which results in substantial optimizing and reduction of injuries over the prior art. 
     In all the specific embodiments, configurations and exemplary embodiments the object transported on a loading unit can be indirectly or directly attached to and/or coupled with and/or disposed on, the loading unit. The connection may be fixed and/or detachable. Or the object is positioned on the loading unit and held in place by way of the weight force and/or lateral boundaries. 
     Further advantages and properties of the present invention can be taken from the description of the exemplary embodiments which will be discussed below with reference to the enclosed figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       The figures show in: 
         FIG. 1  a schematic perspective view of an inventive assembly; 
         FIG. 2  a front view of the assembly of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  a sectional side view of the assembly according to  FIG. 1  in the damping state; 
         FIG. 4  a sectional front view of the assembly according to  FIG. 1  in the idle state; 
         FIG. 5  a vehicle with inventive assemblies to protect passengers in explosions; 
         FIG. 6  time curves of a load and the power curves in an overload event. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic perspective view of an inventive assembly  1 . The assembly comprises an absorber cylinder provided at one of its ends with a fastener  3  and at the other of its ends, with a holding device  4 . The holding device  4  and the fastener  3  each comprise two laterally protruding arms where one biasing spring  43  each of a biasing device  38  is disposed for transferring the assembly  1  back to the idle state  40  following an incident  63 , which is also shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The assembly  1  serves for energy absorption or damping of relative motions between the fastener  3  and the holding device  4 . The holding device  4  is connected with the piston device  6  of the energy absorber  2  while the fastener  3  is fixedly connected with the absorber cylinder  5 . At the upper end one can see an end cover  39  which closes off and defines the second chamber, which is presently hidden in the interior, of the absorber chamber  9 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a front view of the assembly  1 . An axis of symmetry  15 , through which the section according to  FIG. 3  runs, extends in the centre through the absorber cylinder  5 . 
       FIG. 3  shows the section according to  FIG. 2  in a damping state  41 . Also shown is a seat device  21  with a seat area  21   a  on which a person such as a soldier can sit in a troop carrier. 
     In the interior of the absorber cylinder  5  one can recognize a section of the absorber piston  7  connected with the piston rod  8  of the piston device  6 . The absorber piston  7  subdivides the absorber chamber  9  in the interior of the absorber cylinder  5  into a first chamber  10  and a second chamber  11 . The second chamber  11  is outwardly defined by the end cover  39  and in this case, sealed airtight. 
     In the idle state the first chamber  10  is at least partially and in particular completely filled with absorber fluid  12 . As an incident  63  occurs, the piston rod  8  is pulled out of the absorber cylinder  5  so that the absorber fluid  12  in the first chamber  10  passes through the absorber duct  14  in the absorber piston  7  and into the second chamber  11 . In the idle state the second chamber  11  may already be partially filled with the absorber fluid  12 . Or else, the second chamber  11  when in the idle state may be hardly or not at all filled with absorber fluid  12  but only with air or another compressible gas or medium. 
     It can be clearly seen that the piston rod  8  has a very large diameter so that only a comparatively narrow annular gap around the piston rod remains for the first chamber  10 . Due to this, the extending absorber piston  7  only displaces a comparatively small volume of absorber fluid  12  out of the first chamber  10 . Therefore the flow rates of the absorber fluid  12  in the absorber duct  14  remain low even in the case of incidents  63  caused by explosions so that the length of the absorber piston  7  is sufficient to influence the flow as desired by way of the magnetic field of the electric coil acting as a field generating device  16 . 
     When the flow fluid  12  is made to pass from the first chamber  10  into the second chamber  11 , the absorber fluid  12  is transferred inwardly through the radial flow apertures  44  which extend radially obliquely from the outside to the interior. This means that the flow duct or the absorber duct  14  is disposed radially further inwardly than the first chamber  10 . This enables efficient use of the interior of the absorber piston  7  to generate the required magnetic field, and for the absorber duct  14 . 
     In this case the piston rod  8  is designed considerably thicker than stability requires. Therefore the piston rod  8  is provided with a hollow space  22  which is configured as a blind hole. The blind hole  22  extends from the end  26  opposite the piston into the piston rod  8 . The hollow space  22  may extend up to just in front of the absorber piston  7  so that the length of the hollow space  22  extends over three quarters or more of the length of the piston rod  8  up to the absorber piston  7 . The hollow space  22  can be employed accordingly. The control device  48  and an energy storage device  47  are disposed in the interior of this hollow space  22 . The control device  48  is connected with the electric coil  16  for controlling the same. Furthermore the control device  48  is connected with a sensor device  61  to absorb and handle the loads on the seat device  21 . Other than the sensor device  61 , more sensor units  68  may be provided. 
     The energy storage device  47  ensures that even in case of power failure on board the transporter the assembly  1  will at all times provide sufficient energy for controlling the energy absorber  2 . The energy storage device may be a capacitor or an accumulator. 
     In this case the absorber piston  7  does not only separate the first chamber  10  from the second chamber  11  but it also forms a flow valve  13  which can be controlled by the control device  48 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another cross-section of the assembly  1  with the biasing device  38  again shown in section as a resetting device  43 . For the sake of clarity, the energy storage device  47  and the control device  48  in the hollow space  22  are not shown. The first chamber  10  forms an annular chamber  28  around the piston rod  8 . A radial extension of the annular chamber  28  is less than a wall thickness of the hollow piston rod  8 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a schematic illustration of a transporter  50  such as a troop carrier which is provided with the assemblies  1  according to the invention to protect the passengers in the case of explosions. The transporter  50  has a body  51  to which the mine protection seats  60  representing the assemblies  1  are attached. The vehicle  50  can travel by means of wheels with tires  52 . In an incident  63  such as an explosion the vehicle  50  is thrown up in the air wherein the seat devices  21  of the assemblies  1  are subjected to dampened movement so as to prevent permanent impairment to the persons seated thereon. 
       FIG. 6  shows three simplistic, schematic diagrams of an overload event  63 , the first diagram on top illustrating a prognosticated load curve  70  over time. An additional independent, second prognosticated load curve of another overload event  63 ′ is shown in dash-dotted lines and the onset of a third overload event  63 ″ is illustrated. 
     The centre diagram in  FIG. 6  shows once again the prognosticated load curve  70  (this is an approximate prognosis for the load curve on the non-dampened side of the assembly  1 ) and the pertaining planned load curve  73  (this is approximately the load curve on the dampened side of the assembly  1 ) and the pertaining planned power flow curve  71 . 
     The bottom diagram in  FIG. 6  shows on the same time scale the prognosticated load curve  70  and the actual load curve  75  and the actual power flow curve  74  over time. 
     The schematically illustrated overload cases  63 ,  63 ′ and  63 ″ show measurement values  17  through  20  etc. which are for example periodically captured at short time intervals of one millisecond, 10 milliseconds or other useful time intervals. 
     At the time  0  a first measurement value  17  is captured where the load on the loading unit  100  equals 0. The next measurement value  18  shows a considerably increased load with the measurement value  18  still remaining beneath the threshold value  65  from which an overload event  63  is detected. The third measurement value  19  lies above the threshold value  65  so that an overload event  63  is concluded. Thereafter a prognosticated load curve  70  is computed which is presently determined by way of the measurement values  17 ,  18  and  19 . The measurement values thus far may be extrapolated by way of a linear forward projection. At any rate the measurement values captured after detection of the overload event  63  are included. 
     Or else it is possible to search a memory device  69  for known curves for these overload cases and to assume a suitable load curve for the prognosticated load curve  70 . 
     As this step is concluded, a prognosticated load curve  70  is established as it is plotted in the top diagram in  FIG. 6 . As can be directly seen, the prognosticated load curve  70  exceeds both the predetermined characteristic value  25  and the load limit  66 , which are presently identical, for objects  103  transported on the receiving unit  101  of the loading unit  100 . This prognosticated time period  72  extends from the point in time to the measurement value  19  until the end (about 10 unit times later). 
     The loading unit  100  in particular serves as a mine protection seat including a seat device  21  whose seat area  21   a  transports a passenger  105  or a person seated thereon. Thus, the loading unit  100  is suited to be used in troop carriers, helicopters, or other vehicles. 
     Since the prognosticated load curve  70  exceeds the load limit  66  from which damage to a transported object  103  must be expected or feared, the control device  48  takes countermeasures to obtain the planned load curve  73 . Thus, the movement of the receiving unit  101  is dampened accordingly. To obtain the desired result and thus the planned load curve  73 , the energy absorber  2  is dampened accordingly. To this end a power flow is applied on the magnetic field unit  16  and in particular the electric coil  16   a  so as to obtain the planned load curve  73  which does not exceed the load limit  66 . 
     It is possible to not determine or compute a prognosticated load curve  70  until for example a shearing device  42  respectively the shearing bolt of a shearing device  42  shears off which is then considered as a start signal for the controlling processes. Or else it is possible to constantly capture measurement values  17  to  20  etc. and to constantly compute prognosticated load curves to be prepared for an overload event  63  at all times. 
     It is also possible and preferred to obtain characteristic prognosis values  24  constantly or under certain conditions where a characteristic prognosis value  24  is determined for the next measurement value  20  for example from the last two or three or more measurement values  17 ,  18  and  19 . If the characteristic prognosis value  24  exceeds a predetermined level  65  or  66 , this the outset of the overload event  63  and a corresponding prognosticated load curve  70  is determined. 
     When obtaining the load curve and the danger level of such a load, one will in particular take into account not only the level of an effective force or effective acceleration, but other than the level  29  of a load, the length  30  of a load is also taken into account. It has been found that short-term high loads can be handled better than somewhat lower loads of a longer duration, at least if the loads rise to a certain level while remaining beneath specific threshold values. 
     In all the cases it is particularly preferred to employ the impulse acting on an object  103  as a basis of the effective load. Other than this, further measurement values may be taken into account. 
     The prognosticated load curves  70 ,  70 ′ and  70 ″ illustrated in the top diagram in  FIG. 6  show differences in the level of the load concerned and also in the length  30  of the load concerned. Thus the overload event  63 ′ shows a considerably shorter length  30 ′ along with a higher amplitude  29 ′ than do the corresponding values in the overload event  63 . 
     The centre diagram in  FIG. 6  shows, other than the load curve  70  first prognosticated as the overload event  63  was detected, also the planned load curve  73  which does not exceed the load limit  66 . Furthermore the actual load curve  75  is plotted in a solid line as it ensues from regulating in operation. Finally the centre diagram in  FIG. 6  illustrates the planned power flow curve  71  which ensues when the prognosticated load curve  70  is dampened so as to result in the planned load curve  73 . At the onset, no power is emitted. After detecting the overload event  63  the power flow is increased so that the planned load curve  73  will remain beneath the load limit  66 . 
     In operation it may happen that the actual load curve  75  deviates from the planned load curve  73 . This is shown by the measured point  32  which is noticeably beneath the planned load value. Regulation will now countercontrol and emit to the magnetic field unit  16  a power flow deviating from the planned power flow curve  71  so that the planned load curve  73  is approximated or obtained once again. 
     During the overload event  63  it may happen that the actual load curve  75  deviates from the prognosticated load curve  70 . In particular it is also possible for the originally prognosticated load curve  70  to deviate more or less from reality. Now the method preferably provides for checking even while executing the process steps whether the most recent measurement values (e.g.  32 ,  33  or  34  to  37 ) result in a changed prognosis for the load curve. Accordingly a new and currently prognosticated load curve  80  can be obtained which deviates more or less from the originally prognosticated load curve  70 . Accordingly the currently planned load curve  82  is adapted which in turn may again clearly differ from the originally planned load curve  73 . 
     The bottom diagram in  FIG. 6  illustrates other than the originally prognosticated load curve  70 , also the actual load curve  75 . Furthermore the actually planned respectively actually realized power flow curve  81  is plotted. Since at the time of the measurement value  32  the actual load is lower than the planned load, the actual power flow  74  is subsequently reduced so that the actual load curve  75  will once again approximate the planned load curve  73 . As a comparison of the curve paths of the originally planned power flow curve  71  against the actual power flow curve  81  will show, deviations from the curve path may show at different times. Now, regulation will keep aiming for the planned load curve  73  or  81 . Then the planned load curve can be updated from time to time or on a regular basis. 
     In all the specific embodiments and configurations in the present application the terms “prognosticated load curve”, “planned load curve”, “planned power flow curve”, “planned load curve”, “actual load curve”, “currently prognosticated load curve”, “currently planned power flow curve” and “currently planned load curve” are defined, fixed terms each of which define curve paths and are distinguished from one another. Likewise the terms “prognosticated time” and “current power flow” are unambiguous definitions of terms. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  1 
                 assembly 
               
               
                  2 
                 energy absorber 
               
               
                  3 
                 fastener 
               
               
                  4 
                 holding device 
               
               
                  5 
                 absorber cylinder 
               
               
                  6 
                 piston device 
               
               
                  7 
                 absorber piston 
               
               
                  8 
                 piston rod 
               
               
                  9 
                 absorber chamber 
               
               
                 10 
                 first chamber 
               
               
                 11 
                 second chamber 
               
               
                 12 
                 absorber fluid 
               
               
                 13 
                 absorber valve 
               
               
                 14 
                 absorber duct 
               
               
                 15 
                 axis of symmetry 
               
               
                 16 
                 magnetic field unit 
               
               
                  16a 
                 electric coil 
               
               
                  16b 
                 permanent magnet 
               
               
                 17-20 
                 measurement value 
               
               
                 21 
                 seat device 
               
               
                  21a 
                 seat area 
               
               
                 22 
                 hollow space (in 8) 
               
               
                 24 
                 characteristic prognosis value 
               
               
                 25 
                 predetermined characteristic value 
               
               
                 26 
                 end 
               
               
                 28 
                 annular chamber 
               
               
                 29 
                 level 
               
               
                 30 
                 length 
               
               
                 32-37 
                 measurement value 
               
               
                 38 
                 biasing device 
               
               
                 39 
                 end cover 
               
               
                 40 
                 idle state 
               
               
                 41 
                 damping state 
               
               
                 42 
                 shearing device 
               
               
                 43 
                 biasing spring 
               
               
                 44 
                 radial flow aperture 
               
               
                 46 
                 seal 
               
               
                 47 
                 energy storage device 
               
               
                 48 
                 control device 
               
               
                 50 
                 transporter 
               
               
                 51 
                 (vehicle) body 
               
               
                 52 
                 tire 
               
               
                 60 
                 mine protection seat 
               
               
                 61 
                 sensor device 
               
               
                 62 
                 measurement value 
               
               
                 63 
                 overload case 
               
               
                 65 
                 threshold value 
               
               
                 66 
                 load limit 
               
               
                 68 
                 sensor unit 
               
               
                 69 
                 storage device 
               
               
                 70 
                 prognosticated load curve 
               
               
                 71 
                 planned power flow curve 
               
               
                 72 
                 prognosticated time period 
               
               
                 73 
                 planned load curve 
               
               
                 74 
                 current power flow 
               
               
                 75 
                 actual load curve 
               
               
                 80 
                 currently prognosticated load curve 
               
               
                 81 
                 currently planned power flow curve 
               
               
                 82 
                 currently planned load curve 
               
               
                 100  
                 loading unit 
               
               
                 101  
                 receiving unit 
               
               
                 102  
                 carrier device 
               
               
                 103  
                 object 
               
               
                 104  
                 instrument 
               
               
                 105  
                 passenger