Abstract:
Disclosed in certain embodiments are systems and methods for prolonging the shelf life of produce. The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of the present disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the disclosure, nor delineate any scope of the particular embodiments of the disclosure or any scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

Description:
CROSS—REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/046,667, filed Sep. 5, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Losses in quantity and quality affect fresh fruit, vegetables, flowers, bulbs, seeds and nuts, corms, rhizomes, tubers, and other types of produce between harvest and consumption. The magnitude of postharvest losses in fresh produce is an estimated 5-50% depending on location, commodity, cultivar, and handling conditions. Senescence is the final stage of the development of plant organs, during which a series of irreversible events leads to the breakdown and death of the plant cells. During the senescence process, the horticultural commodity is in the process of anaerobic respiration consuming oxygen and stored organic materials while releasing carbon dioxide, water vapor, ethylene, and other volatile compounds (esters, ketones, jasmonate, etc.). 
         [0003]    To reduce losses associated with senescence, the biological and environmental factors involved in deterioration should be understood in order to apply postharvest techniques (e.g., storage techniques) that delay senescence and maintain the best possible quality of produce. 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0004]    The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of the present disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the disclosure, nor delineate any scope of the particular embodiments of the disclosure or any scope of the claims. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
         [0005]    In one aspect of the present disclosure, a food storage system includes a container; and an adsorbent material in which a Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 500 m 2 /g, and an average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is at least about 0.3 nm. 
         [0006]    In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 700 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 900 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1100 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1500 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1700 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 2000 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 2500 m 2 /g. 
         [0007]    In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 10 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 2 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 0.7 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.9 nm and about 1.5 nm. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has a C 2 H 4  adsorption capacity of at least about 50 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has a CO 2  adsorption capacity of at least about 40 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. 
         [0008]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has an O 2  adsorption capacity of at least about 8 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. 
         [0009]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has an H 2 O adsorption capacity that is at least about 15% of a total weight of the adsorbent material when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. In certain embodiments the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is at least about 75%. In certain embodiments the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is between about 80% and about 90%. In certain embodiments, the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is greater than 90%. 
         [0010]    In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 40° C., and wherein the pressure range is between about 500 mmHg and about 1000 mmHg. In certain embodiments the food storage system of claim  13 , wherein the pressure range is between about 800 mmHg and about 1000 mmHg. In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 30° C. In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 10° C. 
         [0011]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed within the container. In certain embodiments the container is a sealed produce package. In certain embodiments the sealed produce package includes at least one of polypropylene, polypropylene fibers, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, polyester, flash-spun high-density polyethylene, molded fiber, aluminum, nylon polyamide, pressed paperboard, or biodegradable versions thereof. In certain embodiments the container is a shipping container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is dispersed within the container. 
         [0012]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed within a sachet within the container. In certain embodiments the sachet is perforated. 
         [0013]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed along an interior surface of the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is integrally formed or extruded with at least one interior surface of the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed or dispersed within a multi-layered film. 
         [0014]    In certain embodiments the container contains one or more of produce, seeds, or nuts. In certain embodiments the container contains produce, and the produce includes one or more of fruits, vegetables, herbs, flowers, or plants, and may include one or more of bananas, strawberries, mangos, watermelons, oranges, pineapples, grapes, apples, peaches, cherries, kiwis, raspberries, blueberries, pomegranates, lemons, pears, passion fruit, plums, apricots, blackberries, tangerines, dragon fruit, grapefruits, limes, cantaloupes, nectarines, avocados, tomatoes, coconuts, potatoes, alfalfa sprouts, corn, carrots, onions, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage, kale, arugula, peas, garlic, cucumbers, green beans, mushrooms, sweet potatoes, peppers, spinach, asparagus, olives, celery, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, squash, zucchini, eggplant, pumpkins, beets, lima beans, radishes, parsnips, cilantro, or basil. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed at least partially on the produce. 
         [0015]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes at least one of metal organic framework (MOF), zeolite, activated carbon, or potassium permanganate. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes MOF. In certain embodiments the MOF is in a form of a powder, pellets, extrudates, granulates, or a free-standing film. In certain embodiments the MOF is in the form of MOF particles. In certain embodiments the MOF particles have an average particle diameter of at least about 5 micrometers. In certain embodiments the MOF particles have an average particle diameter of at least about 1 micrometer. In certain embodiments the MOF particles have an average particle diameter between about 5 micrometers and about 100 micrometers. 
         [0017]    In certain embodiments the MOF particles include a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Mg, Ca, Sc, Y, Zr, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, B, Al, and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the MOF particles include a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Zn, Cu, Zr, and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the MOF particles include a moiety selected from the group consisting of a phenyl moiety, an alkane moiety, an alkyne moiety, an imidazole moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrazole moiety, an oxole moiety, and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments the MOF particles include at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid, formic acid, 2-methylimidazole, and trimesic acid. 
         [0018]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes a zeolite. In certain embodiments a chemical formula of the zeolite is of a form of M x/n [(AlO 2 ) x (SiO 2 ) y ]·mH 2 O, where x, y, m, and n are integers greater than or equal to 0, and M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Na and K. 
         [0019]    In other embodiments the adsorbent material is a zeolitic material having a framework structure composed of YO 2  and X 2 O 3 , in which Y is a tetravalent element and X is a trivalent element. In one embodiment Y is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment Y is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment Y is Si and/or Sn. In one embodiment Y is Si. In one embodiment X is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, In, Ga, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment X is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, In, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment X is Al and/or B. In one embodiment X is Al. 
         [0020]    In certain embodiments the zeolite is in a form of particles, pellets, extrudates, granulates, a powder, or a free-standing film. In certain embodiments the zeolite is in a form of zeolite particles. In certain embodiments the zeolite particles have an average particle diameter of at least about 1 micrometer. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the zeolite particles is between about 500 m 2 /g and about 700 m 2 /g. 
         [0021]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is a composite material including a MOF material and a non-MOF material. In certain embodiments a ratio of a mass of the MOF material to a total mass of the adsorbent material is greater than 0.5. In certain embodiments the non-MOF material is a material selected from the group consisting of a biodegradable polymer, a non-biodegradable polymer, a zeolite, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments a morphology of the adsorbent material is selected from the group consisting of a homogenous mixture, a lamellar structure, a core-shell structure, a graduated material structure, spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within a matrix, fibers or rods embedded within a matrix, woven or non-woven fiber fabric, and interpenetrating network. In certain embodiments the morphology of the adsorbent material is a lamellar structure, wherein one or more layers of the MOF material are separated by one or more layers of the non-MOF material. 
         [0022]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes a first adsorbent composition and a second adsorbent composition. In certain embodiments the first adsorbent composition includes a first plurality of MOF particles including aluminum and fumaric acid, and wherein the second adsorbent composition includes a second plurality of MOF particles including zinc and 2-methylimidazole. In certain embodiments a mass ratio of the first adsorbent composition to the second adsorbent composition at least about 1. In certain embodiments the first adsorbent composition includes a first plurality of MOF particles including aluminum and fumaric acid, and wherein the second adsorbent composition includes a second plurality of zeolite particles including aluminum oxide and silicon oxide. In certain embodiments a mass ratio of the first adsorbent composition to the second adsorbent composition is at least about 3. In certain embodiments a total mass of the adsorbent material is at least about 500 mg. In certain embodiments, the total mass of the adsorbent material is at least about 250 mg. In certain embodiments, the total mass of the adsorbent material is at least about 100 mg. In certain embodiments, the total mass of the adsorbent material is at least about 50 mg. 
         [0023]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to maintain a C 2 H 4  concentration within the container below about 0.1% when produce is present in the container. In certain embodiments the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container is maintained below about 0.1% for at least 5 days after the produce is introduced into the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to maintain the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container below about 0.05% when produce is present in the container. In certain embodiments the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container is maintained below about 0.05% for at least 5 days after the produce is introduced into the container. 
         [0024]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes at least one porous MOF material, the at least one porous MOF material including at least one bidentate organic compound coordinated to at least one metal ion. 
         [0025]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to adsorb organic chemical species. In certain embodiments the organic chemical species include volatile organic compounds. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to adsorb chemical species including at least one ketone, aldehyde, ester, phenol, quinone, alcohols, or combinations thereof. 
         [0026]    In certain embodiments, the food storage system further includes a refrigeration unit for maintaining a temperature of the food storage system between about 273 K and about 283 K. 
         [0027]    In another aspect of the present disclosure, a food storage system includes a container, an adsorbent material disposed within the container, and produce disposed within the container, in which the produce generates C 2 H 4 , and the adsorbent material is adapted to maintain a C 2 H 4  concentration within the container. 
         [0028]    In another aspect of the present disclosure, a food storage system includes a container, a plurality of MOF particles dispersed within the container, and produce disposed within the container. 
         [0029]    In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for extending a shelf life of produce includes dispersing plurality of MOF particles within a container, placing the produce within the container, and sealing the container. In one embodiment a quality characteristic of the produce is maintained for a time duration. In one embodiment the quality characteristic includes at least one of color or texture. In one embodiment the time duration is at least about 15 days. In one embodiment the time duration is at least about 20 days. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  illustrates the flow of chemical species in an illustrative produce container according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  is a plot of ethylene adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  is a plot of carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is a plot of oxygen adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  is a plot of water adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a plot of water adsorption/desorption behavior for several adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  shows different films covered with a film of an adsorbent material printed on a support according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0038]      FIG. 8A  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with adsorbent materials in glass vessels according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0039]      FIG. 8B  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with adsorbent materials in a sealed polyethylene bags according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0040]      FIG. 9A  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with different mixtures of adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0041]      FIG. 9B  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with different mixtures of adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0042]      FIG. 9C  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with different mixtures of adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0043]      FIG. 10  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce for different types of adsorbent materials within standard packaging materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0044]      FIG. 11A  shows an exemplary batch of sachets prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0045]      FIG. 11A  shows another exemplary batch of sachets prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0046]      FIG. 12  is a plot of water uptake kinetics for different sachets prepared according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
           [0047]      FIG. 13  shows an example adsorbent film system for incorporation into a produce package or container according to an embodiment of the disclosure 
           [0048]      FIG. 14  is a plot of water uptake kinetics for adsorbent films prepared according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
           [0049]      FIG. 15  is a plot of water adsorption/desorption isotherms comparing the water uptake of a powdered adsorbent to that of a free-standing film of the adsorbent prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0050]      FIG. 16  is a plot of water uptake kinetics comparing the water uptake of a powdered adsorbent to water uptake of adsorbent films prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure; 
           [0051]      FIG. 17  is a plot of water uptake kinetics for films with protective layers having different degrees of perforation prepared according to embodiments of the disclosure; and 
           [0052]      FIG. 18  is a plot of a water adsorption isotherm comparing a MOF powder to a MOF coating prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0053]    Managing the biological factors involved in senescence can significantly extend the postharvest shelf-life and quality of stored or packaged horticultural commodity. During storage and handling (bulk and consumer packaging), ethylene can cause accelerated senescence, high carbon dioxide can cause cosmetic and physiological injury, depleted oxygen can cause anaerobic respiration rending the commodity un-marketable, and high water vapor loss can cause wilting, marketable weight loss, and high water vapor in packaging and storage can cause accumulation of free-water which can favor microbial growth leading to food safety issues or commodity losses. 
         [0054]    Today there are several shelf-life extending technologies available for use in storage, handling, packaging, and transit for fresh horticultural commodities. These include, controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, and water vapor), ethylene and carbon dioxide scrubbing, and postharvest fungicides and biocides. Adsorbent materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to replace, complement, or improve any of the above listed shelf-life extending technologies. Specific strategies to extend the shelf-life of fresh-cut and whole horticultural commodities/produce using MOFs include managing gas exchange and/or storage environment atmosphere carbon dioxide, oxygen, ethylene, water vapor (relative humidity), and other plant related volatiles either singularly, combined, or combinations by absorption/desorption within (1) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) either incorporating the adsorbent material into packaging film, or package insert or applied to commodity directly; (2) consumer packaging either incorporating the adsorbent material into packaging material or package insert or applied to the product directly; (3) commercial bulk handling bins/containers (disposable or reusable), in corporating the adsorbent material in bulk bin and container liners, bulk bin and container inserts or covers, or applied to the commodity directly; (4) controlled atmosphere (CA) or regular atmosphere (RA) storage, ship cargo containers, semi-truck containers, rail cars, or consumer, retail, or wholesale refrigerator displays; and (5) ethylene and carbon dioxide scrubbing, oxygen removal or delivery, other volatile organic compound (VOC) delivery or scrubbing (fragrances, esters, ketones) materials. 
         [0055]    Various advantages provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, (1) extending shelf-life of horticultural commodities either whole, fresh-cut, potted plants, or flowers; (2) MOF delivery systems to ripen horticultural commodities either in storage or transit; (3) MOF scrubbing system for horticultural commodity storage environments; (4) protection of horticultural commodities from physiological disorders associated with toxic storage environments; and (5) MOF systems for storage and management of compounds that have the potential to be reused or recycled, i.e., carbon dioxide, oxygen, ethylene, fragrance or flavor VOCs. 
         [0056]    MOF materials are typically in particle form and essentially consist of two types of building units: metal ions (e.g., zinc, aluminum) and organic compounds. Each of the organic compounds can attach to at least two metal ions (at least bidentate), serving as a linker for them. In this way a three dimensional, regular framework is spread apart, containing empty pores and channels, with the size of which being defined by the size of the organic linker. 
         [0057]    As used herein, the term “adsorbent material” refers to a material (e.g., adsorbent particles) that can adhere gas molecules within its structure for subsequent use in an application. Specific materials include, but are not limited to, MOF, activated alumina, silica gel, activated carbon, molecular sieve carbon, zeolites (e.g., molecular sieve zeolites), polymers, resins and clays. 
         [0058]    As used herein, the term “adsorption capacity” refers to a maximum amount of a chemical species under equilibrium conditions that an adsorbent material can adsorb under a specific temperature and pressure. The units of adsorption capacity, when given in cm 3 /g, correspond to an amount of the chemical species under standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions. 
         [0059]    Also as used herein, the term “activation” refers to the treatment of adsorption materials (e.g., MOF) in a manner to increase their storage capacity. Typically, the treatment results in removal of contaminants (e.g., water, non-aqueous solvent, sulfur compounds and higher hydrocarbons) from adsorption sites in order to increase the capacity of the materials for their intended purpose. 
         [0060]    Also as used herein, the term “particles” when referring to adsorbent materials such as MOF refers to a collection of discrete portions of a material each having a largest dimension ranging from 0.1 μm to 50 mm. The morphology of particles may be crystalline, semi-crystalline, or amorphous. The term “particle” may also encompass powders down to 1 nm in radius. The size ranges disclosed herein can be mean or median size. It is noted also that particles need not be spherical, but may be in a form of cubes, cylinders, discs, or any other suitable shape as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0061]    Also as used herein, the term “monolith” when referring to absorbent materials refers to a single block of the material. The single block can be in the form of, e.g., a brick, a disk or a rod and can contain channels for increased gas flow/distribution. In certain embodiments, multiple monoliths can be arranged together to form a desired shape. 
         [0062]    Also as used herein, the term “surface area” refers to an active surface area for the adsorption of chemical species. Unless otherwise specified, “surface area” refers to a Langmuir surface area of the material. 
         [0063]      FIG. 1  illustrates the flow of chemical species in an illustrative produce container according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As depicted, produce may consume oxygen (O 2 ) and produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), and water (H 2 O) vapors. 
         [0064]    In certain embodiments, the adsorbent material (e.g., MOF particles in pellet or powder form) may be contained within a sachet. The adsorbent material may help to control the gas atmosphere and humidity in the container (e.g., packaging) to prevent damage to the produce due to, for example, low levels of O 2  (which may cause anaerobic respiration) or high levels of CO 2 . The adsorbent material may adsorb ethylene and other species that may contribute to off-flavor of the produce. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to adsorb organic chemical species. In certain embodiments the organic chemical species include volatile organic compounds. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to adsorb chemical species including at least one ketone, aldehyde, ester, phenol, quinone, or combinations thereof. 
         [0065]    In one aspect of the present disclosure, a food storage system includes a container and an adsorbent. The adsorbent material may be composed of one or more types of adsorbent materials. Table 1 provides data for several exemplary materials that may be utilized as or as part of the adsorbent material in accordance with the embodiments described herein. It is noted that that these materials are for illustrative purposes, and that the embodiments described herein are not limited to these materials. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary Adsorbent Materials 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Pore 
                 Langmuir 
                 Particle 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Surface Area 
                 Size 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Metal 
                 Organic Linker 
                 (Å) 
                 (m 2 /g) 
                 (μm) 
                 Property 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Basolite ™ 
                 Aluminum 
                 Fumaric acid 
                 11.5 
                 1300 
                 20-100 
                 hydrophilic 
               
               
                 A520 
               
               
                 Basosive ™ 
                 Magnesium 
                 Formic acid 
                 3.4 
                 1800 
                 20-100 
                 hydrophilic 
               
               
                 M050 
               
               
                 Basolite ™ 
                 Zinc 
                 2- 
                 7.5 
                 500 
                 5-80 
                 hydrophobic 
               
               
                 Z1200 
                   
                 Methylimidazole 
               
               
                 Zeolite 13X 
                 AlO 4 /SiO 4   
                 — 
                 8 
                 570 
                 1-4  
                 hydrophilic 
               
               
                 Basolite ™ 
                 Copper 
                 Trimesic acid 
                 two types: 
                 2000 
                 20-100 
                 hydrophilic 
               
               
                 C300 
                   
                   
                 9, 3.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    The surface area of the material may be determined by the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method according to DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 (which is a revised version of DIN 66131). The specific surface area is determined by a multipoint BET measurement in the relative pressure range from 0.05-0.3 p/p 0 . 
         [0067]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has a Langmuir surface area of at least about 500 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 700 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 900 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1100 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1500 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 1700 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 2000 m 2 /g. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the adsorbent material is at least about 2500 m 2 /g. 
         [0068]    In certain embodiments, an average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is at least about 0.3 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 10 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 2 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.3 nm and about 0.7 nm. In certain embodiments the average pore diameter of the adsorbent material is between about 0.9 nm and about 1.5 nm. 
         [0069]      FIG. 2  is a plot of ethylene adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials (from Table 1) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has a C 2 H 4  adsorption capacity of at least about 50 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to maintain a C 2 H 4  concentration within the container below about 0.1% when produce is present in the container. In certain embodiments the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container is maintained below about 0.1% for at least 5 days after the produce is introduced into the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is adapted to maintain the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container below about 0.05% when produce is present in the container. In certain embodiments the C 2 H 4  concentration within the container is maintained below about 0.05% for at least 5 days after the produce is introduced into the container. 
         [0070]      FIG. 3  is a plot of carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials (from Table 1) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has a CO 2  adsorption capacity of at least about 40 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. 
         [0071]      FIG. 4  is a plot of oxygen adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials (from Table 1) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, in a synthetic air environment (e.g., 20% O 2  and 80% N 2 ) the adsorbent material has an O 2  adsorption capacity of at least about 8 cm 3 /g when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. 
         [0072]      FIG. 5  is a plot of water adsorption isotherms for several adsorbent materials (from Table 1) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material has an H 2 O adsorption capacity that is at least about 15% of a total weight of the adsorbent material when a temperature within the container is within a temperature range and an air pressure within the container is within a pressure range. 
         [0073]      FIG. 6  is a plot of water adsorption/desorption behavior for several adsorbent materials (from Table 1) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In certain embodiments the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is at least about 75%. In certain embodiments the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is between about 80% and about 90%. In certain embodiments, the H 2 O adsorption capacity is at least about 15% of the total weight of the adsorbent material when a relative humidity within the container is greater than 90%. 
         [0074]    In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 40° C., and wherein the pressure range is between about 500 mmHg and about 1000 mmHg. In certain embodiments the food storage system of claim  13 , wherein the pressure range is between about 800 mmHg and about 1000 mmHg. In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 30° C. In certain embodiments the temperature range is between about 0° C. and about 10° C. 
         [0075]      FIG. 7  shows different films covered with a film of an adsorbent material printed on a support according to an embodiment of the disclosure. For example, a MOF material (e.g., Basolite™ A520) is shown as a film printed on a surface of an oriented polypropylene (OPP) film, which may be disposed along an interior surface of the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is integrally formed with at least one interior surface of the container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed within a multi-layered film. For example, an adsorbent material film may be printed on multiple layers of a multi-layered film. 
         [0076]    The film may be disposed within a produce container (e.g., a sealed produce package). In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed within the container. In certain embodiments the container is a sealed produce package. In certain embodiments the sealed produce package includes at least one of polypropylene, polypropylene fibers, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, polyester, flash-spun high-density polyethylene fibers, molded fiber, aluminum, nylon polyamide, dressed paperboard, or biodegradable versions thereof. In certain embodiments the container is a shipping container. In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is dispersed within the container (e.g., randomly distributed within the container or on the produce). 
         [0077]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is disposed within a sachet within the container (e.g., as illustrated in  FIG. 1 ). In certain embodiments the sachet is perforated. 
         [0078]    In certain embodiments, the adsorbent material can be incorporated into a matrix material and thereafter introduced into a container. The matrix may be a plastic material in any suitable form such as a sheet which can be formed, e.g., by extrusion. The material can be optionally corrugated. The material can be rolled or otherwise manipulated and incorporated into a container. Prior to introduction into a container, the material can be bound by polymer fibers. 
         [0079]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes at least one of MOF, zeolite, activated carbon, or potassium permanganate. 
         [0080]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes MOF. In certain embodiments the MOF is in a form of a powder, pellets, extrudates, granulates, or a free-standing film. In certain embodiments the MOF is in the form of MOF particles. In certain embodiments the MOF particles have an average particle diameter of at least about 5 micrometers. In certain embodiments the MOF particles have an average particle diameter between about 5 micrometers and about 100 micrometers (see Table 1 for examples). 
         [0081]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material includes a zeolite. In certain embodiments a chemical formula of the zeolite is of a form of M x/n [(AlO 2 ) x (SiO 2 ) y ]·mH 2 O, where x, y, m, and n are integers greater than or equal to 0, and M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Na and K. 
         [0082]    In other embodiments the adsorbent material is a zeolitic material in which the framework structure is composed of YO 2  and X 2 O 3 , in which Y is a tetravalent element and X is a trivalent element. In one embodiment Y is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment Y is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment Y is Si and/or Sn. In one embodiment Y is Si. In one embodiment X is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, In, Ga, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment X is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, In, and combinations of two or more thereof. In one embodiment X is Al and/or B. In one embodiment X is Al. 
         [0083]    In certain embodiments the zeolite is in a form of a powder, particles, pellets, extrudates, granulates, or a free-standing film. In certain embodiments the zeolite is in a form of particles. In certain embodiments the zeolite particles have an average particle diameter of at least about 1 micrometer. In certain embodiments the Langmuir surface area of the zeolite particles is between about 500 m 2 /g and about 700 m 2 /g (see Table 1 for an example). 
       Metal Organic Framework Chemistry 
       [0084]    In certain embodiments, the MOF includes a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Mg, Ca, Sc, Y, Zr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ti and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the MOF includes a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Zn, Cu, Zr, and a combination thereof. 
         [0085]    In certain embodiments, the bidentate organic linker has at least two atoms which are selected independently from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen via which an organic compound can coordinate to the metal. These atoms can be part of the skeleton of the organic compound or be functional groups. In certain embodiments, the MOF includes a moiety selected from the group consisting of a phenyl moiety, an imidazole moiety, an alkane moiety, an alkyne moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrazole moiety, an oxole moiety, and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the MOF includes at least one moiety selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid, formic acid, 2-methylimidazole, and trimesic acid. 
         [0086]    As functional groups through which the abovementioned coordinate bonds can be formed, mention may be made by way of example of, in particular: —OH, —SH, —NH 2 , —NH(—R—H), —N(R—H) 2 , —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 SH, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 NH(—R—H), —CH 2 N(—R—H) 2 , —CO 2 H, COSH, —CS 2 H, —NO 2 , —B(OH) 2 , —SO 3 H, —Si(OH) 3 , —Ge(OH) 3 , —Sn(OH) 3 , —Si(SH) 4 , —Ge(SH) 4 , —Sn(SH) 3 , —PO 3 H 2 , —AsO 3 H, —AsO 4 H, —P(SH) 3 , —As(SH) 3 , —CH(RSH) 2 , —C(RSH) 3 , —CH(RNH 2 ) 2 , —C(RNH 2 ) 3 , —CH(ROH) 2 , —C(ROH) 3 , —CH(RCN) 2 , or —C(RCN) 3 , where R may be, for example, an alkylene group having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms, for example a methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, tert-butylene or n-pentylene group, or an aryl group having 1 or 2 aromatic rings, for example 2 C 6  rings, which may, if appropriate, be fused and may, independently of one another, be appropriately substituted by, in each case, at least one substituent and/or may, independently of one another, include, in each case, at least one heteroatom, for example N, O and/or S. In likewise embodiments, mention may be made of functional groups in which the abovementioned radical R is not present. In this regard, mention may be made of, inter alia, —CH(SH) 2 , —C(SH) 3 , —CH(NH 2 ) 2 , —CH(NH(R—H)) 2 , —CH(N(R—H) 2 ) 2 , —C(NH(R—H)) 3 , —C(N(R—H) 2 ) 3 , —C(NH 2 ) 3 , —CH(OH) 2 , —C(OH) 3 , —CH(CN) 2 , —C(CN) 3 . 
         [0087]    The at least two functional groups can in principle be bound to any suitable organic compound as long as it is ensured that the organic compound including these functional groups is capable of forming the coordinate bond and of producing the framework. 
         [0088]    The organic compounds which include the at least two functional groups are derived from a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compound or an aromatic compound or a both aliphatic and aromatic compound. 
         [0089]    The aliphatic compound or the aliphatic part of the both aliphatic and aromatic compound can be linear and/or branched and/or cyclic, with a plurality of rings per compound also being possible. The aliphatic compound or the aliphatic part of the both aliphatic and aromatic compound may include from 1 to 18, 1 to 14, 1 to 13, 1 to 12, 1 to 11, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms. For example, certain embodiments may include, inter alia, methane, adamantane, acetylene, ethylene or butadiene. 
         [0090]    The aromatic compound or the aromatic part of the both aromatic and aliphatic compound can have one or more rings, for example two, three, four or five rings, with the rings being able to be present separately from one another and/or at least two rings being able to be present in fused form. The aromatic compound or the aromatic part of the both aliphatic and aromatic compound may have one, two, or three rings. Furthermore, each ring of the compound can include, independently of one another, at least one heteroatom such as N, O, S, B, P, or Si. The aromatic compound or the aromatic part of the both aromatic and aliphatic compound may include one or two C 6  rings; in the case of two rings, they can be present either separately from one another or in fused form. Aromatic compounds of which particular mention may be made are benzene, naphthalene and/or biphenyl and/or bipyridyl and/or pyridyl. 
         [0091]    The at least bidentate organic compound may be derived from a dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acid or a sulfur analogue thereof. Sulfur analogues are the functional groups —C(═O)SH and its tautomer and —C(═S)SH, which can be used in place of one or more carboxylic acid groups. 
         [0092]    For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “derived” means that the at least bidentate organic compound can be present in partly deprotonated or completely deprotonated form in a MOF subunit or MOF-based material. Furthermore, the at least bidentate organic compound can include further substituents such as —OH, —NH 2 , —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —NH(CH 3 ), —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —CN, and halides. In certain embodiments, the at least bidentate organic compound may be an aliphatic or aromatic acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon which has from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and, in addition, has exclusively at least two carboxy groups as functional groups. 
         [0093]    For the purposes of the present disclosure, mention may be made by way of example of dicarboxylic acids, as may be used to realize any of the embodiments disclosed herein, such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-butenedicarboxylic acid, 4-oxopyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, 1,8-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,9-heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-butadiene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, p-benzenedicarboxylic acid, imidazole-2,4-dicarboxyolic acid, 2-methylquinoline-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, quinoxaline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 6-chloroquinoxaline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diaminophenylmethane-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid, quinoline-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-2,8-dicarboxylic acid, diimidedicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, 2-methylimidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, thiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2-isopropylimidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, tetrahydropyran-4,4-dicarboxylic acid, perylene-3,9-dicarboxylic acid, perylenedicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 200-dicarboxylic acid, 3,6-dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, octadicarboxylic acid, pentane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diamino-1,1′-biphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid, benzidine-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis(phenylamino)benzene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1,1′-binaphthyldicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-8-methylquinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1-anilinoanthraquinone-2,4′-dicarboxylic acid, polytetrahydrofuran-250-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloroquinoline-3,8-dicarboxylic acid, 1-(4-carboxy)phenyl-3-(4-chloro)phenylpyrazoline-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, phenylindane-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 2-benzoylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-dibenzyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4,5-cis-dicarboxylic acid, 2,2′-biquinoline-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedicarboxylic acid, hydroxybenzophenonedicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 300-dicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 400-dicarboxylic acid, Pluriol E 600-dicarboxylic acid, pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, 5,6-dimethyl-2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, (bis(4-aminophenyl) ether)diimidedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethanediimidedicarboxylic acid, (bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone)diimidedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid, 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 8-methoxy-2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 8-nitro-2,3-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, 8-sulfo-2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, anthracene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2′,3′-diphenyl-p-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylic acid, (diphenyl ether)-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4(1H)-oxothiochromene-2,8-dicarboxylic acid, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 7,8-quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, hexatriacontanedicarboxylic acid, tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,7-heptadicarboxylic acid, 5-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 1-nonene-6,9-dicarboxylic acid, eicosenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid, 1-amino-4-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2,9-dichlorofluorubin-4,11-dicarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-3-methylquinoline-6,8-dicarboxylic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzophenone-2′,5′-dicarboxylic acid, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1-methylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 1-benzyl-1H-pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, anthraquinone-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, 2-nitrobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, heptane-1,7-dicarboxylic acid, cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 5,6-dehydronorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 5-ethyl-2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or camphordicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acids such as 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 7-chloro-2,3,8-quinolinetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid, 2-phosphono-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-F]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylic acid, 5-acetyl-3-amino-6-methylbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 3-amino-5-benzoyl-6-methylbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid or aurintricarboxylic acid, or tetracarboxylic acids such as 1,1-dioxidoperylo[1,12-BCD]thiophene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, perylenetetracarboxylic acids such as perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid or (perylene 1,12-sulfone)-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid, butanetetracarboxylic acids such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or meso-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, decane-2,4,6,8-tetracarboxylic acid, 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,11,12-dodecanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,5,6-hexanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,9,10-decanetetracarboxylic acid, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acid or cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acids such as cyclopentane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid. 
         [0094]    Certain embodiments may use at least monosubstituted aromatic dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acids which have one, two, three, four or more rings and in which each of the rings can include at least one heteroatom, with two or more rings being able to include identical or different heteroatoms. For example, certain embodiments may use one-ring dicarboxylic acids, one-ring tricarboxylic acids, one-ring tetracarboxylic acids, two-ring dicarboxylic acids, two-ring tricarboxylic acids, two-ring tetracarboxylic acids, three-ring dicarboxylic acids, three-ring tricarboxylic acids, three-ring tetracarboxylic acids, four-ring dicarboxylic acids, four-ring tricarboxylic acids and/or four-ring tetracarboxylic acids. Suitable heteroatoms are, for example, N, O, S, B, and/or P. Suitable substituents which may be mentioned in this respect are, inter alia, —OH, a nitro group, an amino group or an alkyl or alkoxy group. 
         [0095]    In certain embodiments, the linker may include a moiety selected from the group consisting of a phenyl moiety, an imidazole moiety, an alkane moiety, an alkyne moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrazole moiety, an oxole moiety and a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the linker may be a moiety selected from any of the moieties illustrated in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Linker Moieties 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moiety 1 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Moiety 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0096]    The MOF can be in any form, such as, e.g., pellets, extrudates, beads, powders, monoliths, or any other defined or irregular shape. The particles can be any size, e.g., from about 0.0001 mm to about 10 mm, from about 0.001 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.01 mm to about 3 mm, or from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm 
       Activation of Adsorbent Material 
       [0097]    In order to increase capacity of the adsorbent materials utilized in the embodiments of the present disclosure, the adsorbent materials can be activated. The activation may include subjecting the adsorbent material to various conditions including, but not limited to, ambient temperature, vacuum, an inert gas flow, or any combination thereof, for a sufficient time to activate the adsorbent material. 
         [0098]    In certain embodiments, the activation includes the removal of water molecules from the adsorption sites. In other embodiments, the activation includes the removal of non-aqueous solvent molecules from the adsorption sites that are residual from the manufacture of the adsorbent material. In still further embodiments, the activation includes the removal of sulfur compounds or higher hydrocarbons from the adsorption sites. In embodiments utilizing an inert gas purge in the activation process, a subsequent solvent recovery step is also contemplated. In certain embodiments, the contaminants (e.g., water, non-aqueous solvents, sulfur compounds or higher hydrocarbons) are removed from the adsorption material at a molecular level. 
         [0099]    In a particular embodiment, the activation includes the removal of water molecules from the surface area of the adsorbent material. After activation, the adsorbent material may have a moisture content of less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.3% or less than about 0.1% by weight of the adsorbent material. Alternatively, the available surface area of the adsorption material for adsorption of the intended gas is greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95% or greater than about 98% of the accepted value (i.e., the theoretical surface area free of adsorbed contaminants). The surface area of the material may be determined as described earlier. 
         [0100]    In certain embodiments, activation can occur before or after the adsorbent material is disposed within a produce container. Activating the adsorbent material outside of the container may be beneficial in certain circumstances as the produce container may have temperature limitations that may impede the activation process. The external process may also result in a shorter activation time due to the ability to apply a higher temperature to the adsorbent material outside of produce container. 
         [0101]    Certain embodiments are directed to the activation of adsorbent materials such as MOFs (including MOF particles, composite MOF materials, etc.), zeolites (including zeolite particles, composite zeolite materials, etc.), etc. of the present disclosure. The adsorbent material can be subject to a suitable temperature for removal of contaminants (e.g., water, non-aqueous solvents, sulfur compounds and higher hydrocarbons) from adsorption sites. The activation may include exposure of the adsorbent material to a temperature, e.g., above about 40° C., above about 60° C., above about 100° C., above about 150° C., above about 250° C., or above about 350° C. In other embodiments, the temperature may be between about 40° C. and about 400° C., between about 60° C. and about 250° C., between about 100° C. and about 200° C., between about 60° C. and about 200° C., between about 60° C. and about 180° C., between about 60° C. and about 170° C., between about 60° C. and about 160° C., between about 150° C. and about 200° C. or between about 150° C. and about 180° C. 
         [0102]    The activation of the adsorbent material may be subject to a vacuum in order to remove contaminants (e.g., water, non-aqueous solvents, sulfur compounds and higher hydrocarbons) from adsorption sites. The vacuum may be, e.g., from about 10% to about 80% below atmospheric pressure, from about 10% to about 50% below atmospheric pressure, from about 10% to about 20% below atmospheric pressure, from about 20% to about 30% below atmospheric pressure or from about 30% to about 40% below atmospheric pressure. 
         [0103]    The activation of the adsorbent material can also include flowing inert gas through the material to remove contaminants (e.g., water, non-aqueous solvents, sulfur compounds and higher hydrocarbons). The inert gas flow can include nitrogen or a noble gas. The total amount of inert gas used in the purge can be any suitable amount to activate the adsorbent material. In a particular embodiment, the amount of gas is at least the volume of a container holding the adsorbent material (e.g., particles). In other embodiments, the amount of gas is at least 2 times the container volume or at least 3 times the container volume. The inert gas can be flowed through the adsorbent material for any suitable time, such as at least about 1 hour, at least about 6 hours, at least about 8 hours, at least about 16 hours, at least about 24 hours or at least about 48 hours. Alternatively, the time can be from about 10 minutes to about 48 hours, from about 10 minutes to about 28 hours, from about 10 minutes to about 16 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 48 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 24 hours, from about 30 minutes to about 16 hours, from about 1 hour to about 48 hours, from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, from about 1 hour to about 16 hours, from about 10 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 2 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 4 hours to about 16 hours. In some embodiments, the time can be from at least about 5 minutes. 
         [0104]    Any amount of adsorbent material (e.g., MOF particles) disclosed herein may be activated according to the methods described herein. In a particular embodiment, the adsorbent material may be in an amount of at least about 1 g, at least about 500 g, from about 20 g to about 500 g, from about 50 g to about 300 g, from about 100 g to about 200 g, or greater than 500 g. 
         [0105]    In another embodiment, the adsorbent material may be in an amount of at least about 1 kg, at least about 500 kg, from about 20 kg to about 500 kg, from about 50 kg to about 300 kg or from about 100 kg to about 200 kg. 
         [0106]    The time period for the activation of the adsorbent material can be determined by measuring the flow of water or non-aqueous solvent in a vacuum. In a certain embodiment, the flow is terminated when the water or solvent content is less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.3% or less than about 0.1% by weight of the adsorbent material. 
         [0107]    Any suitable means for activating the adsorbent material is compatible with the composite materials and structures described herein. For example, particles may be activated prior to forming a composite material, in situ while the composite material is formed, or after forming the composite material. 
         [0108]    In some embodiments it may be necessary at a point in time after the initial activation to reactivate the adsorbent material. The reactivation can include subjecting the adsorbent material to heat, vacuum and/or inert gas flow for a sufficient time for reactivation. The reactivation can also include washing and/or extraction of the adsorbent material with non-aqueous solvent or water. 
         [0109]    The time period for the activation or reactivation of the adsorbent material can be determined by measuring the flow of water or non-aqueous solvent in a vacuum. In a certain embodiment, the flow is terminated when the water or solvent content is less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 1%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.8%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.3% or less than about 0.1% by weight of the adsorbent material. 
         [0110]    When the adsorbent material is activated outside of the container, it may be necessary to store and/or ship the adsorbent material prior to incorporation into an adsorption container. In certain embodiments, the activated adsorbent material is stored in a plastic receptacle with an optional barrier layer between the receptacle and the adsorbent material. The barrier layer may include, e.g., one or more plastic layers. 
         [0111]    When the adsorbent material is activated by an inert gas flow, the flow may be initiated at an inlet of the container and may be terminated at an outlet of the container at a different location than the inlet. In alternative embodiments, the inert gas flow is initiated and terminated at the same location on the container. 
         [0112]    The inert gas flow may include the utilization of a single tube for introducing and removing the inert gas from the container. In such an embodiment, the tube may include an outer section with at least one opening to allow the inert gas to enter the container and an inner section without openings to allow for the inert gas to be removed from the container. In other embodiments, the flow may include the utilization of a first tube for introducing the inert gas into the container and a second tube to remove the inert gas from the container. 
         [0113]    Disclosure herein is also contemplated to be applicable to other adsorbent materials such as activated alumina, silica gel, activated carbon, molecular sieve carbon, zeolites (e.g., molecular sieve zeolites), polymers, resins, and clays. 
         [0114]    Also, disclosure herein with respect to adsorbent material is also contemplated to be applicable to monoliths of the material where applicable. 
       Composite MOF Materials 
       [0115]    Composite MOF materials, as described herein, may be any structure made from at least two distinct materials, one of which being a MOF. The structures may be in the form of, but not limited to, a particle, film, layer, gel (including hydrogels and aerogels), cross-linked (including chemically or physically cross-linked) material, or any suitable combination thereof. Each structure may have a suitable morphology, including, but not limited to, a homogeneous mixture, a lamellar structure, a core-shell structure, a graduated material structure, spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within a matrix, fibers or rods embedded within a matrix, woven or non-woven fiber fabric, and interpenetrating network. 
         [0116]    In certain embodiments the adsorbent material is a composite material including a MOF material and a non-MOF material. In certain embodiments a ratio of a mass of the MOF material to a total mass of the adsorbent material is greater than 0.5. In certain embodiments the non-MOF material is a material selected from the group consisting of a biodegradable polymer, a non-biodegradable polymer, a zeolite, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments a morphology of the adsorbent material is selected from the group consisting of a homogenous mixture, a lamellar structure, a core-shell structure, a graduated material structure, spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within a matrix, fibers or rods embedded within a matrix, woven or non-woven fiber fabric, and interpenetrating network. In certain embodiments the morphology of the adsorbent material is a lamellar structure, wherein one or more layers of the MOF material are separated by one or more layers of the non-MOF material. 
         [0117]    Non-limiting examples of certain embodiments include particles having a homogeneous mixture morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material, particles having a lamellar structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., alternating layers of the MOF and non-MOF material), particles having a core-shell structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the core and the MOF as the shell, or with the non-MOF material as the shell and the MOF as the core), particles having a graduated material morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with concentrations of one or more of the MOF or non-MOF material varying throughout), particles having a matrix morphology with spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded particles, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded particles and the MOF as the matrix), particles having a matrix morphology with fibers or rods embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded fibers or rods, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded fibers or rods and the MOF as the matrix), particles having a woven or non-woven fabric morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., MOF woven or non-woven with the non-MOF material), and particles having an interpenetrating network morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., a cross-linked or non-crosslinked non-MOF material matrix interpenetrating with a cross-linked or non-cross-linked MOF matrix), or any suitable combination thereof. 
         [0118]    Additional non-limiting examples of certain embodiments include films having a homogeneous mixture morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material, films having a lamellar structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., alternating layers of the MOF and non-MOF material), films embedded with particles having core-shell structure morphologies based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the core and the MOF as the shell, or with the non-MOF material as the shell and the MOF as the core), films having a graduated material morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with concentrations of one or more of the MOF or non-MOF material varying throughout), films having a matrix morphology with spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded particles, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded particles and the MOF as the matrix), films having a matrix morphology with fibers or rods embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded fibers or rods, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded fibers or rods and the MOF as the matrix), films having a woven or non-woven fabric morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., MOF woven or non-woven with the non-MOF material), and films having an interpenetrating network morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., a cross-linked or non-crosslinked non-MOF material matrix interpenetrating with a cross-linked or non-cross-linked MOF matrix), or any suitable combination thereof. 
         [0119]    Additional non-limiting examples of certain embodiments include layers having a homogeneous mixture morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material, layers having a lamellar structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., alternating layers of the MOF and non-MOF material), layers embedded with particles having core-shell structure morphologies based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the core and the MOF as the shell, or with the non-MOF material as the shell and the MOF as the core), layers having a graduated material morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with concentrations of one or more of the MOF or non-MOF material varying throughout), layers having a matrix morphology with spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded particles, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded particles and the MOF as the matrix), layers having a matrix morphology with fibers or rods embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded fibers or rods, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded fibers or rods and the MOF as the matrix), layers having a woven or non-woven fabric morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., MOF woven or non-woven with the non-MOF material), and layers having an interpenetrating network morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., a cross-linked or non-crosslinked non-MOF material matrix interpenetrating with a cross-linked or non-cross-linked MOF matrix), or any suitable combination thereof. 
         [0120]    Additional non-limiting examples of certain embodiments include gels having a homogeneous mixture morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material, gels having a lamellar structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., alternating gels of the MOF and non-MOF material), gels having core-shell structure morphologies based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the core and the MOF as the shell, or with the non-MOF material as the shell and the MOF as the core), gels having a graduated material morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with concentrations of one or more of the MOF or non-MOF material varying throughout), gels having a matrix morphology with spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded particles, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded particles and the MOF as the matrix), gels having a matrix morphology with fibers or rods embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded fibers or rods, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded fibers or rods and the MOF as the matrix), gels having a woven or non-woven fabric morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., MOF woven or non-woven with the non-MOF material), and gels having an interpenetrating network morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., a cross-linked or non-crosslinked non-MOF material matrix interpenetrating with a cross-linked or non-cross-linked MOF matrix), or any suitable combination thereof. 
         [0121]    Additional non-limiting examples of certain embodiments include cross-linked materials having a homogeneous mixture morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material, gels having a lamellar structure morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., alternating gels of the MOF and non-MOF material in which the layers are cross-linked together), cross-linked materials having core-shell structure morphologies based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the core and the MOF as the shell, or with the non-MOF material as the shell and the MOF as the core), cross-linked materials having a graduated material morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with concentrations of one or more of the MOF or non-MOF material varying throughout), cross-linked materials having a matrix morphology with spherical or non-spherical particles embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded particles, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded particles and the MOF as the matrix), cross-linked materials having a matrix morphology with fibers or rods embedded within the matrix based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., with the non-MOF material as the matrix and the MOF as the embedded fibers or rods, or with the non-MOF material as the embedded fibers or rods and the MOF as the matrix), cross-linked materials having a woven or non-woven fabric morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., MOF woven or non-woven with the non-MOF material), and cross-linked materials having an interpenetrating network morphology based on at least a MOF and a non-MOF material (e.g., a cross-linked or non-crosslinked non-MOF material matrix interpenetrating with a cross-linked or non-cross-linked MOF matrix), or any suitable combination thereof. 
       Shelf Life Evaluation 
       [0122]      FIG. 8A  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with adsorbent materials in glass vessels according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The glass vessels each contained about 90 g of iceberg lettuce and contained MOFs (100 mg) of different compositions/morphologies (A520 and Z1200 of Table 1), which were compared to an untreated control (no MOFs/adsorbent material). The MOF treated lettuce demonstrated improved shelf life over the control after incubating for 20 days between 4-5° C. 
         [0123]      FIG. 8B  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with adsorbent materials in a sealed polyethylene bags according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Each bag was sealed and contained 30 g of iceberg lettuce, with different MOFs (A520 and Z1200) in 10 mg, 100 mg, and 500 mg amounts. Similar conditions described above with respect to  FIG. 8A  were applied to each of the samples and compared to an untreated control. Each sample containing 500 mg of MOF particles resulted in the most improvement in shelf life. 
         [0124]      FIGS. 9A-9C  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce with different mixtures of adsorbent materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The tests were performed in sealed polyethylene bags with similar incubation conditions as described above. Different mixtures of adsorbent materials were used to treat the samples. Of the mixtures of A520 and Z1200 (see  FIG. 9A ), the mixture having a 1:1 ratio of A520 to Z1200 (50 mg of A520 and 50 mg of Z1200) appeared to produce the best results. Of the mixtures of A520 and zeolite 13X (see  FIG. 9B ), the mixture having a 3:1 ratio of A520 and zeolite 13X (75 mg of A520 and 25 mg of zeolite 13X) appeared to produce the best results. Of the mixtures of zeolite 13X and Z1200 (see  FIG. 9C ), none of the mixtures appeared to show improvement over each other but produced better results than the untreated control. 
         [0125]      FIG. 10  shows results of shelf life tests of iceberg lettuce for different types of adsorbent materials within standard packaging materials according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Each adsorbent material was placed in a sachet containing 500 mg of adsorbent material. The sachets were each placed in standard packages containing 150 g of iceberg lettuce, and incubated at 4-5° C. for 17 days. A520 and zeolite 13X appeared to result in the best shelf life enhancement. 
       Adsorbent Containers and Supports 
       [0126]    In certain embodiments, the adsorbent material is contained in a sachet. In certain embodiments, a sachet may be a free-form sachet, sealed, adhered, or incorporated into a multi-layer film as part of a package or lid (e.g., heat-staked or permanently bonded into a hard shell container or bag film). In certain embodiments, the sachet may be made from a biodegradable material (e.g., ecoflex® compostable polymer). In certain embodiments, the sachet may be made from a dry-Teflon® (polytetrafluoroethylene) film. Suitable adhesives for adhering sachet materials together to form a sachet may include, for example, Acronal® acrylic binder. 
         [0127]    The sachet may have one of a variety of shapes, including square, rectangular, hexagonal, triangular, etc., and may range in size (e.g., length/width) from 0.25 inches to 12 inches in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the sachet may have a warning label printed thereon (e.g., a warning not to eat or inhale the contents). 
         [0128]    In some embodiments, the sachet may include perforations that are arranged to manage mass transfer of various gases into and out of the sachet to maximize the adsorption profile of the adsorbent material contained therein. In some embodiments, the perforations may be present from 5 needles/cm 2  to 10 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 8 needles/cm 2 ), from 20 needles/cm 2  to 40 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 30 needles/cm 2 ), or from 50 needles/cm 2  to 70 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 63 needles/cm 2 ). 
         [0129]    Exemplary sachets are now described. A first batch (“Batch 1”) of sachets was prepared, as shown in  FIG. 11A , with each sachet containing 0.84 g to 0.95 g of adsorbent per sachet Basolite™ A520 adsorbent powder per sachet. A second batch (“Batch 2”) of sachets was also prepared, as shown in  FIG. 11B , with each sachet containing 0.91 g to 0.99 g of Basolite™ A520 adsorbent powder per sachet. Some of the sachets of Batch 1 and Batch 2 were used as prepared, while others were activated at 100° C. under vacuum for 10 hours. 
         [0130]      FIG. 12  is a plot of H 2 O uptake kinetics for Batches 1 and 2 at RH 97% and room temperature. H 2 O uptake was calculated based on a total weight of the sachets plus adsorbent contained therein or based on a total weight of the adsorbent alone. Batch 1 demonstrated similar uptake before and after activation, while Batch 2 demonstrated a significant difference in uptake before and after activation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 H 2 O uptake for different sachet batches 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 As Prepared 
                 Activated 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 wt % 
                   
                 wt % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (of sachet + 
                 wt % 
                 (of sachet + 
                 wt % 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 MOF) 
                 (of MOF only) 
                 MOF) 
                 (of MOF only) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Batch 1 
                 31 
                 78 
                 32 
                 78 
               
               
                 Batch 2 
                 29 
                 57 
                 44 
                 77 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0131]    In certain embodiments, the adsorbent material may be incorporated into a film (e.g., a solid-state fibrillated film (SSFF)), such as a dry-Teflon® film. The film may be utilized as an insert, or may be protected by other films or food-approved substrates. In some embodiments, the film may be a free-standing film, sealed, adhered to a package, container, or lid surface, or disposed within a multi-layer film. In some embodiments, the film may be a cast film or a blown film. 
         [0132]      FIG. 13  shows an example adsorbent film system  1300  for incorporation into a produce package or container according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system  1300  includes an adsorbent film  1302  (e.g., a MOF-Teflon film) encapsulated within a protective film  1304 . In some embodiments, the protective film is a biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film. The adsorbent film  1302  and the protective film  1304  may together be adhered to a release liner  1306  via an adhesive  1306 . In some embodiments, the adhesive is an acrylic binder (e.g., Acronal® acrylic binder), or any other suitable adhesive. In some embodiments, the release liner includes one or more of BOPP, biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET), silicon paper, or any other suitable material. In certain embodiments, the adsorbent film may be packaged between the protective film  1304  and the release liner that  1306  such that, when removed, adsorbent film  1302  and protective layer  1304  may be be applied to an interior surface of a package material or container via the adhesive  1304 . In certain embodiments, the release liner  1306  and protective layer  1304  may contain perforations or a temporary protective layer using water sensitive melt film (i.e. EVOH). Film perforations may be arranged to manage mass transfer of moisture and various gases to maximize the adsorption profile of the adsorbent. In some embodiments, the perforations may be present from 5 needles/cm 2  to 10 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 8 needles/cm 2 ), from 20 needles/cm 2  to 40 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 30 needles/cm 2 ), or from 50 needles/cm 2  to 70 needles/cm 2  (e.g., 63 needles/cm 2 ). 
         [0133]    In some embodiments, an adsorbent film thickness ranges from 1 μm to 1000 μm, from 250 μm to 750 μm, or from 400 μm to 6000 μm (e.g., 500 μm). In some embodiments, length and width of the adsorbent film may each independently range from less than 1 inch to up to 12 inches. A total weight of adsorbent (e.g., MOF) within the adsorbent film may range from 0.1 g up to 1 kg. 
         [0134]      FIG. 14  is a plot of H 2 O uptake kinetics for adsorbent films prepared according to embodiments of the disclosure to evaluate the performance of a BOPP protective layer. The upper plot corresponds to an A520 Teflon film in an activated (i.e., non-solvated) form integrated into sealed package, while the lower plot corresponds to an A520 Teflon film sealed by a BOPP protective layer. A water vapor transmission rate of the BOPP film was determined to range from 0.6 g/(m 2 d) to 1.7 g/(m 2 d) at 23° C., 85% RH. In some embodiments, a water uptake ranged from 5 wt % to 10 wt % at about 14 days. 
         [0135]      FIG. 15  is a plot of water adsorption/desorption isotherms comparing the uptake of an A520 free-standing film (surface area of 1297 m 2 /g) to an A520 powder (surface area of 1200 m 2 /g). In some embodiments, an average surface area of the free-standing film is greater than 1200 m 2 /g, or ranges from 1200 m 2 /g to 1400 m 2 /g.  FIG. 16  is a plot of water uptake kinetics comparing the uptake of an A520 free-standing film (A520 at 90 wt %, surface area of 1069 m 2 /g), a structured A520 free-standing film (A520 at 90 wt %, surface area of 1062 m 2 /g), and an A520 powder (surface area of 1200 m 2 /g). 
         [0136]      FIG. 17  is a plot of water uptake kinetics for films with protective layers having different degrees of perforation prepared according to embodiments of the disclosure. The perforation densities used were 8 needles/cm 2 , 30 needles/cm 2 , and 63 needles/cm 2 . The film with the protective layer having 8 needles/cm 2  perforations demonstrated a lower and slower water uptake than films with protective layers having higher degrees of perforation. The films with protective layers having 30 needles/cm 2  and 63 needles/cm 2  show little difference in the first day, but then saturate to a similar capacity as an A520 teflon film with no protective layer. 
         [0137]    In certain embodiments, MOF may be incorporated into an ink or coating (e.g., a printed ink). In certain embodiments, the ink or coating may include, for example, one or more binder formulations, one or more dispersants, or additional components (e.g., surfactants, such as sugar-based surfactants). Examples of binders include aqueous binder formulations, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder formulations (e.g., 20% wet on OPP and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)), and Joncryl® based binders. 
         [0138]    In certain embodiments, a thickness of the coating may range from 0.01 micrometers to 50 micrometers. In certain embodiments, a surface area of the coating may range from 300 m 2 /g to 700 m 2 /g (e.g., 520 m 2 /g). 
         [0139]    In some embodiments, the film or ink may be present in a package or container at an amount from 0.1 gram to 2 grams. 
         [0140]    In some embodiments, the coating may be a UV-curable coating. For example, MOF could be mixed with polymers (oligomers) and photoinitiators to be applied under an ultraviolet (UV) lamp to provide a rapid curing of the coating. An example of a UV curable coating composition would include A520 MOF (at 1% concentration) mixed with acrylic monomers and N-vinyl compounds (e.g., N-Vinyl caprolactam). 
         [0141]    In some embodiments, adsorbent (e.g., MOF) particles may be present as a uniform distribution within the coating or ink. In some embodiments, the adsorbent particles may be distributed in a non-uniform fashion with a gradient of large particles to small particles (e.g., from one surface of the film to another surface of the film). A gradient distribution may be prepared, for example, by applying different sized particles using a multi-layer deposition process. 
         [0142]      FIG. 18  is a plot of a water adsorption isotherm comparing a MOF powder to a MOF coating prepared according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The powder corresponds to A520 powder having a surface area of 1200 m 2 /g, and the coating corresponds to an A520 printed coating (e.g., 20 wt % wet, 65 wt % dry) on OPP. 
         [0143]    In some embodiments, an adsorbent film may be a co-extruded film, such as a MOF co-extruded film, prepared according to a compounding process (e.g., by direct addition, such as pre-mixed or separate feeds, to a final concentration, or via masterbatch). In some embodiments, a masterbatch may contain from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt % MOF infused with a polymer. Suitable polymers may include, but are not limited to, PP, OPP, PE, LDPE (e.g., Riblene FF29), polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyeurothene, polyamide, polyester, polystyrene, polyurethane, PMMA, chlorinated polymers, halogenated polymers, silicon-based polymers, compostable polymers, and co-polymers and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, one or more co-additives may be included, including, but not limited to, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, fillers, colorants, fibers, processing aids, nucleating agents, conductive and antistatic agents, compatibilizers, dispersing aids, acid scavengers, flame retardants, crosslinking agents, oxo-degrading agents, and combinations thereof. A MOF co-extruded film may be produced from the masterbatch by compounding with additional polymer (e.g., LDPE) on a single or twin screw extruder. Other forms of an adsorbent material or film include continuous shapes such as, for example, cast films (e.g., possibly followed by compression forming or vacuum forming), oriented films (e.g., mono-oriented, bi-oriented), blown films, fibrous films (e.g., woven and non-woven fabrics), and forms produced by grinding (e.g., room temperature grinding, low temperature (cryo) grinding) for subsequent fabrication (e.g., of sintered plates or of wire coating by a fluidized bed process). Other forms of the adsorbent material or film include non-continuous shapes such as, for example, injection molded or blow molded materials/films. 
         [0144]    In the foregoing description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific materials, dimensions, processes parameters, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure. The particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. The words “example” or “exemplary” are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the words “example” or “exemplary” is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X includes A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X includes A; X includes B; or X includes both A and B, then “X includes A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
         [0145]    Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment”, “certain embodiments”, or “one embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “an embodiment”, “certain embodiments”, or “one embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, and such references mean “at least one”.