Abstract:
A radiant oven including multiple wire-mesh elements and a method of heating with the same is described. The radiant oven including: a cooking cavity configured to receive a cooking load; a circuit configured to current supplied by one or more stored energy devices; and a main heater comprising a multiple of wire mesh heating elements to be driven by the current, the multiple wire mesh heating elements being sized and positioned to heat the cooking load, and a gap between each of the multiple wire mesh heating elements.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    A method for heating involves the use of Nichrome wire. Nichrome wire is commonly used in appliances such as hair dryers and toasters as well as used in embedded ceramic heaters. The wire has a high tensile strength and can easily operate at temperatures as high as 1250 degrees Celsius. Nichrome has the following physical properties (Standard ambient temperature and pressure used unless otherwise noted): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Material property 
                 Value 
                 Units 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tensile Strength 
                  2.8 × 10 8   
                 Pa 
               
               
                   
                 Modulus of elasticity 
                  2.2 × 10 11   
                 Pa 
               
               
                   
                 Specific gravity 
                   8.4 
                 None 
               
               
                   
                 Density 
                 8400 
                 kg/m 3   
               
               
                   
                 Melting point 
                 1400 
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Electrical resistivity at room  
                 1.08 × 10 −6[1]   
                 Ω · m 
               
               
                   
                 temperature 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Specific heat 
                  450 
                 J/kg° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Thermal conductivity 
                  11.3 
                 W/m/° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Thermal expansion 
                   14 × 10 -6   
                 m/m/° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention disclose a radiant oven including: a cooking cavity configured to receive a cooking load; a circuit configured to current supplied by one or more stored energy devices; and a main heater comprising a multiple of wire mesh heating elements to be driven by the current, the multiple wire mesh heating elements being sized and positioned to heat the cooking load, and a gap between each of the multiple wire mesh heating elements. 
         [0003]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention disclose a heating method including: locating a cooking load into a heating cavity including multiple wire mesh heaters; and discharging current from a stored energy source through the one or more wire mesh heaters. 
         [0004]    It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0005]    The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
           [0006]      FIG. 1  is a graph illustrating the radiative area of a mesh element as a function of the center to center spacing of the mesh strands. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating the electrical resistance of a mesh element as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing. 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating the ramp up time of a two sided 125 mm×250 mm mesh element oven as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing and power drain of 20 KW. 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  is a composite graph of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , indicating the regions applicable for high speed oven cooking with a De Luca Element Ratio close to 0.11 ohms/m2. 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  illustrates a 24V oven comprising a mesh system. 
           [0011]      FIG. 6  is an isometric view of the high speed oven including a conveyor belt and multiple wire mesh heating elements. 
           [0012]      FIG. 7  is an isometric view of a 4-stack of high speed oven. 
           [0013]      FIG. 8  is an isometric view of a 4-stack of high speed oven without a covering. 
           [0014]      FIG. 9  is a table of energies consumed by various mesh wire segments of a high speed stored energy. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    The invention is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure is thorough, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that for the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” can be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more items X, Y, and Z (e.g., XYZ, XZ, XYY, YZ, ZZ). Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals are understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity. 
         [0016]    The terminology used herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. does not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denotes the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The use of the terms “first,” “second,” and the like does not imply any particular order, but they are included to identify individual elements. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. does not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Although some features may be described with respect to individual exemplary embodiments, aspects need not be limited thereto such that features from one or more exemplary embodiments may be combinable with other features from one or more exemplary embodiments. 
         [0017]    Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of a radiant oven and a method of heating using multiple wire-mesh elements will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0018]    When considering the use of Nichrome within an oven it is important to consider not only the resistive characteristics but also the black body emission of the element when hot. 
         [0019]    With Regard to the General Characterization of Resistive Elements, the resistance is proportional to the length and resistivity, and inversely proportional to the area of the conductor. 
         [0000]        R=L/A·ρ=L/A·ρ   0 (α( T−T   0 )+1)  Eq.1
 
         [0000]    where ρ is the resistivity: 
         [0000]      ρ=1/σ.,
 
         [0020]    L is the length of the conductor, A is its cross-sectional area, T is its temperature, T0 is a reference temperature (usually room temperature), ρ0 is the resistivity at T0, and α is the change in resistivity per unit of temperature as a percentage of ρ0. In the above expression, it is assumed that L and A remain unchanged within the temperature range. Also note that ρ0 and α are constants that depend on the conductor being considered. For Nichrome, ρ0 is the resistivity at 20 degrees C. or 1.10×10-6 and α=0.0004. From above, the increase in radius of a resistive element by a factor of two will decrease the resistance by a factor of four; the converse is also true. 
         [0021]    Regarding the power dissipated from a resistive element, where, I is the current and R is the resistance in ohms, v is the voltage across the element, from Ohm&#39;s law it can be seen that, since v=iR, 
         [0000]    
       
      
       P=i 
       2 
       R  
      
     
         [0022]    In the case of an element with a constant voltage electrical source, such as a battery, the current passing through the element is a function of its resistance. Replacing R from above, and using ohms law, 
         [0000]        P=v   2   /R=v   2   A/ρ   0   L   Eq. 2
 
         [0023]    In the case of a resistive element such as a nichrome wire the heat generated within the element quickly dissipates as radiation cooling the entire element. 
         [0024]    Now, Considering the Blackbody Characterization of the Element: Assuming the element behaves as a blackbody, the Stefan-Boltzmann equation characterizes the power dissipated as radiation: 
         [0000]        W=σ·A·T   4   Eq. 3
 
         [0025]    Further, the wavelength λ, for which the emission intensity is highest, is given by Wien&#39;s Law as: 
         [0000]      λ max   =b/T   Eq. 4
 
       Where, 
       [0026]    σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant of 5.670×10 −8  W·m −2 ·K −4  and, 
         [0027]    b is the Wien&#39;s displacement constant of 2.897×10-3 m·K. 
         [0028]    In an application such as a cooking oven, requiring a preferred operating wavelength of 2 microns (2×10E-6) for maximum efficiency, the temperature of the element based on Wein&#39;s Law should approach 1400 degrees K. or 1127 degrees C. From the Stefan-Boltzmann equation, a small oven with two heating sides would have an operating surface area of approximately 4×0.25 m×0.25 m or 0.25 m2. Thus, W should approach 20,000 Watts for the oven. 
         [0029]    In the case of creating a safe high power toaster or oven it is necessary for the system to operate at a low voltage of no more than 24 volts. Thus, using Eq. 2 with 20,000 W, the element will have a resistance of approximately 0.041 ohms, if 100% efficient at the operating temperature. Based on Eq. 1, a decrease in operating temperature to room temperature (from 1400 to 293 k) represents an approximate decrease in the resistivity of the element by about 1.44 times, and therefore an element whose resistance at room temperature is 0.0284 ohms is required. 
         [0030]    Now, Considering the Relationship of the Resistance of the Element and the Characterization of the Element as a Blackbody: 
         [0031]    The ratio of the resistance of the heater to the black body raditive area of the same heater becomes the critical design constraint for the oven; herein termed the De Luca Element Ratio. The ideal oven for foods operating over a 0.25 square meter area at 2 micron wavelength has a De Luca Element Ratio (at room temperature), of 0.1137 ohms/m2 (0.0284 ohms/0.25 m2). The De Luca Element Ratio is dependent solely on the resistance of the material and the radiative surface area but is independent of the voltage the system is operated. In addition, for wire, the length of the wire will not change the ratio. 
         [0032]    Table 1 lists the resistance per meter of several common nichrome wire sizes as well as the De Luca Element Ratio for these elements. It is important to note that all these wires have a De Luca Element Ratio far greater than the 0.1137 required for an oven operated at 1400K, 24V, and over 0.25 m2. Clearly the use of a single wire with a voltage placed from end-to-end in order to achieve the power requirement is not feasible. 
         [0033]    In contrast, a household pop-toaster, operated at 120V and 1500 W, over a smaller 0.338 m2 area at 500K would require a De Luca Element Ratio of 35.5. Thus a 1 meter nichrome wire of 0.001 m radius with a 120V placed across it would work appropriately. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 De Luca 
                 Time To 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resistance  
                   
                   
                 Element 
                 Reach 
               
               
                   
                 Cross 
                 Per Meter 
                 Surface Area  
                 Weight  
                 Ratio  
                 1400K  
               
               
                 Wire  
                 Sectional 
                 Length 
                 of 1 meter 
                 Per  
                 (at room 
                 At 20 kw  
               
               
                 Radius (m) 
                 Area (m2) 
                 (ohms) 
                 length (m2) 
                 Meter (g) 
                 temp) 
                 (sec) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                  3.14E−04 
                 0.0034 
                 0.0628 
                 2637 
                 0.1 
                 65.4 
               
               
                 0.0015 
                  7.06E−06 
                 0.15 
                 0.00942 
                 59.3 
                 16.2 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 0.001 
                  3.14E−06 
                 0.30 
                 .00628 
                 26.3 
                 47.7 
                 0.654 
               
               
                 .0005 
                  7.85E−07 
                 1.38 
                 .00314 
                 6.6 
                 438 
                 0.163 
               
               
                 0.000191 
                 1.139E−07 
                 11.60 
                 0.00120 
                 0.957 
                 9670 
                 0.024 
               
               
                 0.000127 
                 5.064E−08 
                 24.61 
                 0.00079 
                 0.425 
                 30856 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 0.000022 
                 1.551E−09 
                 771.21 
                 0.000138 
                 0.013 
                 5580486 
                 0.0003 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0034]    Clearly a lower resistance or a higher surface area is required to achieve a De Luca Element Ratio of close to 0.1137. 
         [0035]    One way to achieve the De Luca Ratio of 0.1137 would be to use a large element of 2 cm radius. The problem with this relates to the inherent heat capacity of the element. Note from Table 1 that to raise the temperature to 1400K from room temperature would require 65.4 seconds and thus about 0.36 KWH of energy. 
         [0036]    This Calculation is Derived from the Equation Relating Heat Energy to Specific Heat Capacity, where the Unit Quantity is in Terms of Mass is: 
         [0000]      Δ Q=mcΔT  
 
         [0037]    where ΔQ is the heat energy put into or taken out of the element (where P×time=ΔQ), m is the mass of the element, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the temperature differential where the initial temperature is subtracted from the final temperature. 
         [0038]    Thus, the time required to heat the element would be extraordinarily long and not achieve the goal of quick cooking times. 
         [0039]    Another way for lowering the resistance is to place multiple resistors in parallel. Kirkoffs law&#39;s predict the cumulative result of resistors placed in parallel. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     1 
                     
                       R 
                       total 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     … 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                     + 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         R 
                         n 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   5 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0040]    The following Table 2 lists the number of conductors for each of the elements in Table 1, as derived using equation 5, that would need to be placed in parallel in order to achieve a De Luca Element Ratio of 0.1137. Clearly placing and distributing these elements evenly across the surface would be extremely difficult and impossible for manufacture. Also note that the required time to heat the combined mass of the elements to 1400K from room temperature at 20 KW for elements with a radius of greater than 0.0002 meters is too large with respect to an overall cooking time of several seconds. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 De Luca  
                 Number of 
                   
                 Time To Reach 
               
               
                   
                 Element 
                 Parallel Elements 
                 Total 
                 1400K At 20  
               
               
                 Wire  
                 Ratio for single 
                 Required to 
                 Weight/ 
                 kw (sec) From  
               
               
                 Radius 
                 element (@ 
                 Achieve De Luca 
                 Meter  
                 Room 
               
               
                 (m) 
                 Room Temp) 
                 Ratio of 0.1137 
                 (g) 
                 Temp 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.01 
                 0.1 
                 1 
                 2637 
                 65.4 
               
               
                 0.0015 
                 16.2 
                 12 
                 711 
                 17.6 
               
               
                 0.001 
                 47.7 
                 22 
                 579 
                 14.4 
               
               
                 .0005 
                 438 
                 63 
                 415 
                 10.3 
               
               
                 0.000191 
                 9670 
                 267 
                 255 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 0.000127 
                 30856 
                 493 
                 209 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 0.000022 
                 5580486 
                 6838 
                 88 
                 2.18 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    In summary, the following invention allows for the creation of a high power oven by using a resistive mesh element. The heater element designed so as to allow for the desired wavelength output by modifying both the thickness of the mesh as well as the surface area from which heat radiates. The heater consisting of a single unit mesh that is easily assembled into the oven and having a low mass so as to allow for a very quick heat-up (on the order of less than a few seconds). 
         [0042]    Specifically, the wire mesh cloth design calibrated to have the correct De Luca Element Ratio for a fast response (less than 2 sec) oven application operating at 1400 degrees K. 
         [0043]    According to exemplary embodiments, a mesh design for operating a quick response time oven consisting of a nichrome wire mesh with strand diameter of 0.3 mm, and spacing between strands of 0.3 mm, and operating voltage of 24V. 
         [0044]    In considering the best mesh design, it is important to evaluate the blackbody radiative area as well as the resistance of the element as a function of the following: 
         [0045]    1) The number of strands per unit area of the mesh 
         [0046]    2) The radius of the mesh strands 
         [0047]    3) The mesh strand material 
         [0048]    4) The potential for radiation occlusion between strands. 
         [0049]      FIG. 1  describes the blackbody area as a function of the number of strands and the strand spacing of the mesh. Interestingly, the surface area is independent of the radius of the wire strand if the spacing is made a function of the radius. 
         [0050]    Using equation 5 from above, the resistance of the mesh can be calculated for a specific wire strand radius.  FIG. 2  illustrates the electrical resistance of a nichrome mesh element as a function of the radius of the strand and the mesh spacing. Limitation in Equation 5 become apparent as the number of strands becomes very high and the resistance becomes very low; thus atomic effects associated with random movement of electrons in the metal at room temperature form a minimum resistive threshold. 
         [0051]    Using nichrome as the strand material in the mesh and operating the system at 20 KW, the ramp up time to achieve an operating temperature of 1400 degrees K. is a function of the strand radius and the mesh spacing (note that a nominal mesh size of two times 125 mm×250 mm is used).  FIG. 3  illustrates the region below which a ramp up of less than 2 seconds is achievable (note that wire radius above 0.5 mm are not shown due to the long required ramp up times). 
         [0052]      FIG. 4  is a composite graph of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , indicating the regions applicable for high speed oven cooking with a De Luca Element Ratio close to 0.11 ohms/m2. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  is a photograph of oven  3  with top and bottom wire mesh elements  1  and  2  each 125 mm×230 mm and operated at 24V. Each wire mesh ( 1  and  2 ) has 766-125 mm long filaments woven across 416-230 mm long elements, each element 0.3 mm in diameter. A 24 V battery source is placed across the length of the 766 elements at bus bars  4  and  5 . The wire surface area for a single strand of 0.14 mm diameter wire is 0.000440 m2/m. Thus, a total surface area (for combined top and bottom elements) can be calculated as: 
         [0000]      Total Blackbody Radiating Area=2×0.000440×(416×0.23+766×0.125)=0.168 m2
 
         [0054]    The resistance across bus bars  4  and  5  as well as  6  and  7  was measured at 0.04+/−0.01 ohms. (Note that bars  4  and  6  as well as  5  and  7  are connected by cross bars  8  and  9  respectively.) Thus calculating the De Luca Element Ratio for the elements gives: 
         [0000]      0.02 ohms+/−0.01 ohms/0.168 m 2 =0.119+/−0.06 ohms/m 2  
 
         [0000]    which is within experimental error to the desired vale for the De Luca Element Ratio providing the most optimal cook time. These experimental values also match closely to the expected values shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0055]    Panels  10  and  11  are reflectors used to help focus the radiation towards the item placed in area  12 . 
         [0056]    According to exemplary embodiments, a mesh is a 0.3 mm×0.3 mm mesh (2×R) using 0.14 mm diameter nichrome wire and operates well at 24V. 
         [0057]    A oven based on using wire mesh segments wherein the item to be cooked is transported on a conveyor between separate segments of wire mesh allowing for a continuous flow process versus an intermittent conveyance. Each wire mesh segment or heating element can be individually controlled for intensity and/or duration. This embodiment can provide the advantage of heating or cooking with a high flow rate. Also, the heating profile for each item can be optimally customized. The customization can be achieved without reconfiguring the hardware of the oven. 
         [0058]    Each length of a wire mesh segment and intervening gaps between lengths of the wire mesh segments can provide the equivalent effect of an on-and-off pulsed oven. This can permit for a continuous process flow, for example, when cooking a food item 
         [0059]    In exemplary embodiments, a conveyance belt runs at a constant speed and an item to be cooked is placed on the belt. In some cases wire mesh segments are disposed to reflect on both the top and bottom surfaces of the belt. In other cases, the wire mesh segments can be disposed on either the top or the bottom surface of the belt. 
         [0060]    As the object or food item to be heated is conveyed forward by the belt, the wire mesh segments can heat the item. A wire mesh segment or heating element may either be already on or may turn on when the item approaches the segment. The item then passes under the wire mesh segment and heats. 
         [0061]    In some embodiments, as the item is conveyed or moves past the wire mesh element, the item can be cooled. A duration of the cool-off period can be achieved with a gap. In a preferred embodiment, the wire mesh element can comprise a nichrome heating element. 
         [0062]    In the absence of an item to be heated, the wire mesh heating element can be turned off. For example, if the normal process using a wire mesh segment desires 4 seconds on time and then 8 seconds off time, for a belt moving at 60″ a minute, a 4″ long element would be followed by an 8″ gap. 
         [0063]    In some embodiments, shielding can be provided to reflect the infrared radiation. 
         [0064]      FIG. 6  is an isometric view of a radiant oven  100  comprising multiple wire mesh heating elements  102 . A gap  104  is disposed between two of the multiple wire mesh heating elements  102 . Buses  108  and  110  supply an electrical current to each of the multiple wire mesh heating elements  102 . A movable belt  114  disposed over rollers/motors  112  is provided. An item to heated, for example, food can be disposed on belt  114 . Some of the multiple wire mesh heating elements  102  can be disposed above the belt  114  in a plane  120 . Some of the multiple wire mesh heating elements  102  can be disposed below the belt  114  in a plane  122 . Radiant oven  100  can be disposed in an enclosure (not shown). An enclosure is visible in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0065]      FIG. 7  is an isometric view a 4-stack  400  of a radiant oven  202   a ,  202   b ,  202   c  and  202   d  disposed in an enclosure. 
         [0066]      FIG. 8  is an isometric view of a 4-stach  300  of a radiant oven  302   a ,  302   b ,  302   c  and  302   d.    
         [0067]      FIG. 9  is a table of energies consumed by various mesh wire segments of a high speed stored energy. The mesh wire segments output heat at a tremendous rate. The food below the wire mesh element needs an off-period or rest period where the heat received by the outer surface of the food item can be conducted to the inner surfaces of the food item. One method of providing a rest period for the food to cycle the wire mesh segments when the food item is static, i.e., not moving, under the heating element. However, with a movable belt on which the food item is disposed, the rest period for a food item can be provided by having a gap substituting for the off-cycle of the wire mesh heating element. 
         [0068]    In exemplary embodiments, a pizza can be cooked in 60 seconds in a static wire mesh oven using the duration times (in seconds) presented in the table below. These durations can be translated into segment lengths for the wire mesh elements and the intervening gaps in a 60″ conveyer belt equipped oven. In the belt equipped oven, the wire mesh heating segments can be deployed in two planes, namely, top and bottom. The table provides exemplary cycle times wire mesh segment lengths in a 60″ oven. The belt oven of the present invention can cut pizza cooking times in half as compared to the prior art belt ovens. In other embodiments, the belt oven of the present invention can cut pizza cooking times in quarter as compared to the prior art belt ovens. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Top On 
                 Top Off  
                 Bottom on 
                 Bottom off 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 3 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 2 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0069]    The examples presented herein are intended to illustrate potential and specific implementations. It can be appreciated that the examples are intended primarily for purposes of illustration for those skilled in the art. The diagrams depicted herein are provided by way of example. There can be variations to these diagrams or the operations described herein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, in certain cases, method steps or operations can be performed in differing order, or operations can be added, deleted or modified.