Abstract:
Sterilizing apparatus and method of sterilizing and/or desorbing gas from articles, in which a fluid-tight chamber 10 has an access opening and a closure therefor. A fluidtight seal 13 is provided for the closure. An injector unit 25 introduces a sterilizing gas or vapor into the chamber. Apparatus 23, 29 extracts the gas or vapor when required, and radiation generators 32-34 generate or radiate high frequency electromagnetic radiation in or into the chamber 10. A radiation trap or seal 9 limits or prevents unwanted escape of or discharge of the radiated energy.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/893,544, filed as PCT/GB85/00509 on Nov. 8, 1985, and now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the sterilising of articles to kill or destroy bacteria or other unwanted or toxic bodies. The invention is of particular utility in the sterilising of equipment used for medical or surgical purposes, but may have other applications, for example in industry. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is of course well-known to sterilise metal surgical instruments by steam and it has also been common practice to sterilise various articles in sterilising liquids. High temperature steam sterilising is simple and effective for certain metal objects, but has limitations and disadvantages, for example it is inefficient in sterilising any object within a sealed package, and the high temperatures involved may cause degradation of plastic articles. The use of sterilising liquids also has limitations, for example air bubbles may be trapped within the object thus preventing full effectiveness, and it may be difficult or impossible to remove all trace of the liquid afterwards. 
     It has also been common practice to sterilise medical or surgical equipment by means of a toxic gas and many existing sterilisers in hospital use, for example, involve contacting the articles with Ethylene Oxide in a sealed sterilising chamber. Ethylene Oxide is an extremely effective bactericide, and is effective not only for metal objects such as surgical implements, but also relatively delicate instruments and equipment, including synthetic plastics. The gas is effective at medium or low temperatures and thus the effects of high temperatures on degrading materials can be avoided. The gas penetrates or permeates plastic wrappings and can thus be used to sterilise pre-packaged objects. 
     Ethylene Oxide is, however, extremely toxic to human beings and after its use for sterilising it is important that steps be taken to remove all traces, as far as possible. To this end it is known to flush out the interior of the sterilising chamber or autoclave with fresh air after the sterilising gas has been extracted. It, has also been proposed to &#34;pulse&#34; or vary the pressure of the flushing air during the flushing operation. 
     One of the problems involved is that the Ethylene Oxide is absorbed into a number of typical plastic materials which may need to be sterilised, and to &#34;desorb&#34; the gas from the plastics appears to be extremely difficult. Even after the sterilising chamber has been flushed the desorption of the gas from the objects may result in contaminating the atmosphere of the laboratory or other workroom to a concentration of, say, 5 ppm or more which is an unacceptable health hazard. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is based on the discovery that microwave energy has important and surprising advantages in the sterilising field. As will be explained more fully it has a valuable effect in aiding the desorption of a gas such as ethylene oxide, and it also has a valuable synergistic effect in the actual sterilising process when used in conjunction with ethylene oxide. More particularly the invention is based in part on the discovery that microwave energy exerts a non-thermal as well as a thermal effect upon materials, and the synergistic use of microwave radiation in conjunction with ethylene oxide gas for sterilization is far more effective than use of either agent alone. This is believed to follow from two allied but different reasons. 
     Non-thermal effects result directly from the interaction of the electromagnetic field with molecules. When polar molecules are subjected to a strong alternating electromagnetic field their tendency to orientate with the applied field causes a degree of molecular disturbance. Thermal effects, on the other hand, are a consequence of &#34;dielectric loss&#34; in which part of the applied field voltage is resolved as Joule heating due to the inability of the molecular dipole to align with the field with absolute fidelity, i.e. the molecular orientations are slightly out of phase with the applied field due to hindered movement. It has been found that microwaves exert a biocidal effect distinct from that of thermal energy, and it is believed that this may result from their effect on metabolic chemistry, possibly by causing alternations in cell membrane permeability, or by altering the pH (acidity) of the cellular environment, or by modifying weak chemical bonds between cellular macro molecules. Importantly also it is believed that a very advantageous non-thermal biocidal effect of microwaves lies in the degree of absorption of microwave energy by key molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). For these reasons it is believed that microwave irradiated micro-organisms are less viable and more susceptible to destruction by ethylene oxide gas. A mode of action involving direct effect upon cellular DNA particularly favours the synergistic use with ethylene oxide gas, which also exerts a direct effect upon DNA. 
     The biocidal efficacy of ethylene oxide is a consequence of its electrophilic and lipophillic nature and the reactivity of the epoxide ring. It combines very readily with nucleophilic centres on nucleic acids and proteins. The mechanism of DNA alkylation by ethylene oxide is principally at the site of the N 7  - atom of the base guanine leading to N 7  - (2-hydroxyethyl) guanine. It is believed that the interaction of the applied microwave electric field with the bonding electrons in molecules of ethylene oxide may induce further significant polarization of bonds, thus enhancing the electrophilic reactivity of the molecule. 
     For sterilisation purposes ethylene oxide gas has sometimes been mixed with freon or carbon dioxide in the proportion of for example 12% E.O. and 88% freon or CO 2 . In performing the present invention it is possible to use the gas to transfer heat from the material to be sterilised by recycling and compressing the gas (as in a conventional refrigeration process). This may permit a much greater input of microwave energy into the materials thereby enhancing the non-thermal effects whilst maintaining materials at an acceptable temperature. 
     Accordingly it is an object of the invention to provide an improved procedure and equipment for sterilising and/or &#34;desorbing&#34; objects and reducing or limiting some of the problems outlined above. 
     Broadly stated from one aspect the invention consists in sterilising apparatus comprising a chamber having an access opening and a closure therefore, fluid-tight sealing means for the closure, means for introducing a controlled gas into the chamber and for extracting the gas when required, means for generating or radiating very high frequency electro-magnetic radiation in or into the chamber, and means to limit or prevent unwanted escape or discharge of the radiated energy. 
     Preferably the closure seal is also provided with means to restrict or prevent escape of electro-magnetic radiation and the apparatus also preferably includes a movable support for objects to be sterilised within the chamber, and drive means operable from outside the chamber for actuating the support. The drive means may include a drive coupling between the interior and exterior of the chamber, the coupling being arranged to maintain the positive fluid and radiation seals. 
     According to another preferred feature of the invention the apparatus includes means to locate a sealed container for the gas or liquid within the chamber and means to discharge the fluid from the container within the chamber, the actuating means being operable from outside the chamber without disturbing the gas or radiation seals. 
     The radiation generated may be a microwave heating system arranged to create or introduce microwave radiation into the chamber through a sealed wall, &#34;transparent&#34; to the microwave radiation, and the generator may also include means for varying the level of radiation. 
     Preferably the apparatus includes means for varying or controlling the pressure within the chamber, e.g. above or below atmospheric. 
     From another aspect the invention consists in a method of sterilising an article in which the article is placed in a sealed chamber, sterilising gas is introduced into the chamber and later withdrawn, high frequency electro-magnetic radiation is created or introduced into the chamber to cause internal heating of the article and/or any adsorbed gas, and hence desorption of the gas, and the article is then withdrawn from the chamber. 
     The article is conveniently introduced into and withdrawn from the chamber through a closure which includes a fluid-tight seal and a radiation seal. 
     The gas is conveniently Ethylene Oxide, which is extremely toxic to human beings and preferably the sterilising gas, or liquid, is initially contained in a sealed capsule or container placed within the chamber, and the gas is released from the container by an actuator operated externally of the chamber. 
     Conventional thermometers are not effective in a microwave field and according to another preferred feature of the invention the temperature within the chamber, or of the article, is sensed from outside the chamber by an infra-red pyrometer or other remote thermal sensor unaffected by the radiation. 
     The microwave radiation will normally be created in the chamber after the sterilising gas has been withdrawn so as to encourage desorption of the gas into the surrounding air or other atmosphere. It may, however, in some cases be of advantage to introduce or create the radiation in the chamber while the sterilising gas is within the chamber and this may assist the sterilising process. 
     In any case the article to be sterilised is preferably moved or rotated within the chamber during exposure to the gas and/or the radiation by means of a motivating system actuated externally. 
     The invention may also be applied as an additional feature to existing sterilising equipment and procedures. Thus from another aspect the invention also counts in gas desorbing apparatus for use in conjunction with gas sterilising apparatus, comprising a fluid tight chamber having an access opening and a closure and fluid tight sealing means for the closure, means for introducing a cleansing or flushing gas such as air into the chamber and for extracting the said gas, means for generating or radiating high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in or into the chamber, and means to limit or prevent unwanted escape or discharge of the radiated energy. 
     Likewise the invention also consists in a method of desorbing gas absorbed into an article for sterilisation, in which the article is placed in a sealed desorbing chamber, high-frequency electromagnetic radiation is created in or introduced into the chamber to cause internal heating of the article and/or any absorbed gas, and hence desorption of the gas, and the article is then removed from the chamber. 
     According to a preferred feature of the invention the apparatus may include automatic or semi-automatic systems for controlling the cycle, comprising one or more sensers for detecting selected parameters of the operating conditions such as chamber pressure, or temperature, radiation level, concentration of gas, and physical state of actuating elements, together with a programmed controller, and automatic control function elements actuated by the controller for performing selected steps in the cycle. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention may be performed in various ways and one specific embodiment will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side elevation of a gas sterilising apparatus according to the invention, 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic plan view of the apparatus, 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic side elevation on an enlarged scale illustrating the drive mechanism and coupling for rotating the internal support basket, 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating two components of the drive coupling, 
     FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic side elevation on an enlarged scale illustrating the sealed internal gas release device, 
     FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic end view illustrating the housing for the capsule puncturing needle, 
     FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a microwave spectrometer for detecting Ethylene Oxide in the equipment, 
     FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating components of a microwave spectrometer system for use in performing the invention, and 
     FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a general automatic control system for a sterilising/desorbing cycle. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring first to the essential elements of the apparatus illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the equipment comprises a sterilising chamber 10 having a stainless steel cylindrical side wall designed to withstand internal pressures, for example of up to five atmospheres, or a partial vacuum. The top of the chamber is closed by a circular lid or cap 11, which is hinged to the side wall at 12 and provided with a circumferential O-ring or other fluid seal 13, and a metallic knit-mesh microwave seal 9. The lid can be held closed by a hinged clamp 14 provided with a tightening screw 15. The lid may also have a rupturable pressure relief disc valve 16, to prevent build up of excessive internal pressures. 
     On the side of the chamber 10 is an air entry 23 which may be connected to a source of supply for a controlled selected gas, or atmosphere, as required. The side wall of the chamber is also provided with another port 29 intended to act as an air outlet, and this may be connected to a special vent duct with a filter, or to atmosphere, as required. The filter conveniently includes a mass of high molecular weight polymeric material designed to adsorb Ethylene Oxide, from which the gas can later be reclaimed for disposal or recycling. The wall of the chamber is also provided with a microwave spectrometer 24, as illustrated in FIG. 7, and at another part of the side wall is a special sealed injector unit 25 for admitting controlled quantities of Ethylene Oxide when required. This is illustrated in greater detail in FIGS. 5 and 6. 
     Within the chamber is a rotary basket 27 for equipment to be sterilised, the basket being supported by bearings 28 mounted on the side wall of a chamber and a special drive system 30 for causing rotation of the basket is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. The bottom wall 31 of the chamber is formed of a material such as Polypropylene which is capable of transmitting electromagnetic radiation and acts as a microwave window, and below the chamber are located three microwave generators 32,33,34 associated with launching &#34;horns&#34; 35,36 and a &#34;mode stirrer&#34; 38 driven by a motor 37. Means are provided to vary the output of the generator 33 and to augment this as required by one or both of the generators 32,34 so as to provide for variation over all three ranges. 
     The drive mechanism for the basket 27, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, is arranged to provide for effective drive coupling without disturbing the microwave and fluid seals. As illustrated, the basket 27 has an upper rim 40 which is supported on the free bearing rollers 28 and at one point on a driven roller 41 within the chamber wall 10. This roller 41 is connected to a pinion 42 coupled to a smaller pinion 43 on a shaft 44 which passes through an opening in a metallic mesh microwave screen 48, and through an aperture in the wall 45, and is supported by bearings 46,47. Also mounted on the shaft 44 is a magnetic driven rotor 50 which is closely associated with a driving magnet 51, but sealed therefrom totally by an intervening wall 52 which acts as a positive fluid seal or enclosure and is in permanent static contact with a cylindrical extension 53 of the chamber wall 10. The magnet 51 is mounted on a drive shaft 55 supported in bearings and secured to a gear 56 forming part of a worm drive coupled to a driving motor 57. FIG. 4 illustrates cross-sections through the coupling unit on the lines A--A and B--B in FIG. 3. 
     Thus it will be seen that control movements imparted by the motor 57 cause rotation of the magnet 51 and hence of the driven rotor 50 and the basket drive roller 41. In this way the basket with its contents can be moved continuously or in intervals as required for optimum sterilisation. 
     The Ethylene Oxide injector illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 is arranged to be totally sealed within the chamber 10 but can be actuated externally. The wall 10 of the chamber has an extension 60 to which is positively attached in a fluid tight manner a cylindrical housing 61 and between the two is located a sleeve 62 having a sharp pointed hollow needle 63 at its inner end arranged when required to perforate a sealed capsule 64 containing liquid Ethylene Oxide. When punctured the liquid contents pass through the needle, impinge upon a baffle plate 59, and are rapidly vapourised into the interior of the chamber. The capsule is forced against the needle by means of an abutment plate 72 which is urged towards the outer end of the capsule by a metal bellows 75 expanded by the pressure of atmospheric air entering the internal void of the bellows via a port 78. The injector unit is permanently sealed off from the atmosphere by the bellows which is closed at its inner end and positively sealed at its outer end to an annulus 77 secured within the cylindrical housing 61. The abutment 72 is provided with a shaft 70 which passes through the void within the bellows and thence through the annulus and the end of the housing 61. The shaft is provided with a manual locking lever 73 which can be pulled outwards and rotated to lock the shaft thus holding the bellows in the contracted position. Evacuation of the main chamber causes the bellows to experience a pressure equal to the difference between atmospheric pressure and chamber pressure. When the shaft is released the pressure differential causes air to enter the internal void of the bellows via the port 78 extending the bellows and driving the abutment plate inwards. For safety reasons this arrangement provides a means of puncturing the Ethylene Oxide canisters which will only operate when the chamber pressure is reduced below atmospheric pressure. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a microwave molecular rotational spectrometer attached to the chamber 10 for detecting the presence and concentration level of Ethylene Oxide and other gases. Molecular rotational microwave spectrometry is a fundamental analytical technique. Operating on the principle of quantized absorption of electromagnetic radiation, a molecular dipole in the gas phase will exhibit promotion of its rotational state to one of many available energy levels resulting in a highly characteristic narrow bandwidth (absorption) spectrum unique to that molecular species; reflecting as it does properties of the entire molecule rather than those of just the nucleus or constituent atoms or groups. Furthermore the magnitude of absorption maxima at resonant frequencies is related to the molecular concentration of the analyte and at low pressures when molecular interactions are at a minimum a linear concentration relationship is established. Absorption &#34;peaks&#34; for many compounds may be detected at frequencies between 10 Gigahertz and 40 Gigahertz. The spectrometer illustrated in FIG. 7 is comprised of a rectangular wave guide tube 81 defining a sensing chamber 84 and having a Klystron, Gunn diode or other suitable low power monochromatic microwave generator 80 at the lower end and a microwave detector 83 at the upper end. The interior of the tube is connected to and communicates with the interior of the main chamber 10 via two rigid welded branch tubes 82 each equipped with a microwave choke to prevent the escape of microwave energy while permitting the free diffusion of gases and vapours via suitable permeable septa. Within the tube 81 is a thin insulated metal strip electrode positioned centrally along the major axis of the tube. This electrode is connected to an external alternating square wave voltage source 85 such that a potential difference arises between the electrode and the tube during every half of the alternating voltage cycle giving rise to &#34;Stark&#34; splitting of the angular momentum of the molecular dipoles and a corresponding shift in the frequency of the microwave absorption for the particular molecular rotational transition under observation. The microwave detector passes signals to a detector amplifier which incorporates a phase sensitive discriminator operating synchronously with the &#34;Stark&#34; modulated voltage. The detector amplifier output thus reflects microwave energy absorption occurring each half cycle during zero electrode potential. This arrangement improves sensitivity by improving the signal to noise ratio. According to another preferred feature where greater spectrometer sensitivity is required the waveguide tube 81 may be replaced by a microwave resonant cavity of high quality (Q) factor connected to and communicating with the interior of the main chamber as previously described and having a monochromatic microwave generator and a microwave detector at appropriate positions and a central electrode with which to employ the &#34;Stark&#34; effect. 
     The pressure of the gas sample in the spectrometer is approximately 20 millitorr maintained by a high vacuum pump. Gas molecules diffuse into the spectrometer through permeable septa. 
     According to yet another preferred feature a microwave rotational spectrometer utilising multiple sequential scanning as a means of signal enhancement which obviates the need for Stark modulation voltages may be used. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of such a spectrometer control system for use in controlling the process of ethylene oxide sterilisation. In this system a microprocessor unit 100 is arranged to control automatically the operation of the instrument and analyze the data received from the power measuring devices. An interfacing unit 101 includes electronic circuitry to link the microprocessor data bus 103 to the remainder of the spectrometer components. A Gunn Diode oscillator 102, under the control of the microprocessor is arranged to &#34;search&#34; for a specific absorption peak by sweeping a preselected frequency band. The power output from the oscillator is limited by means of a precision attenuator 104. A directive coupling 106 splits the microwave beam from the Gunn Oscillator into two halves so that the power incident upon the gas filled cavity 110 may be continuously monitored by sensing one half of the beam. A waveguide circulator 112 enables the other half of the microwave beam to be fed into/out of the same cavity orifice. This avoids the possibility of interference between the incident and transmitted beams which would adversely affect the accuracy of measurement. A power absorbing load 114 soaks up any microwave power reflected from the measuring devices. 
     The tunable resonant cavity 110 has its resonant frequency varied electromechanically in order to match it to the frequency of the input radiation. As a result, at resonance the microwave beam will pass through the comparatively small volume of gas very many times, thus greatly increasing the efficiency of the absorption. 
     The necessary minute changes in cavity geometry are achieved with the desired degree of precision by means of a piezoelectric positioning device 116. This converts changes in an applied voltage into changes in mechanical displacement (up to 100 microns). The device 116 is powered by an amplifier 120 controlled from the micro-processor interfacing unit 101, and there are two power measuring devices 122,124 also associated with the interfacing. 
     The equipment also includes an infra-red remote pyrometer, illustrated diagrammatically at 90, on the side wall of the chamber 10, which enables temperature readings to be obtained within the chamber without affecting or being affected by the microwave field. 
     The equipment may also include an internal pressure sensor designed to avoid interference with the microwave field and arranged not to affect the positive sealing of the chamber. 
     The whole equipment is conveniently controlled by an automatic or semi-automatic control system, as illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 9. One possible layout includes a central microprocessor unit 130 having a number of inputs from sensors associated with the equipment, and output functions which may be fully automatic or may be in the form of indicators for use by an operator. Amongst other possible sensors forming part of the control is the spectrometer 80-85, as illustrated in FIG. 7, and in addition the infra-red pyrometer 90, or other temperature sensor, a vacuum gauge or pressure sensor 132 for the interior of the chamber, and a number of safety micro switches, for example switch 134, to indicate that the cover 11 is safely closed and fluid-tight, switch 136 to show that the ethylene oxide injector 25 is also closed, switch 138 to show that the vacuum pump is or is not operating, and switches 140,142 to show that the air vent 29 or the air inlet 23 is open or closed. In addition, there is a multiple function timer 146 providing both a fractional time count for individual steps in the process and an overall time measurement. The microprocessor outputs provide control of solenoid operated valves and other control functions via an interface 150. These automatically controlled function elements include valves or actuators associated with the ethylene oxide injector 25, the air inlet and vent 23,29, the vacuum pump 152, and the microwave generators 32,33,34. 
     The preferred &#34;duty cycle&#34; for the equipment is as follows: 
     (a) Pre-treatment of the objects to be sterilised including partial evacuation of air from the chamber combined with a humidifying step by addition of water vapour to ensure that bacteria spores and vegetative forms are more susceptible to Ethylene Oxide. This may be followed by a flushing out of the chamber with other gases, for example CO 2 . 
     (b) The Sterilising Stage 
     Ethylene Oxide is admitted under sub-atmospheric partial vacuum conditions and sterilisation continues either for a fixed time or until predetermined parameters are reached as determined by the sensors on the equipment. During this sterilisation the internal pressure in the chamber returns nearly to atmospheric as a result of the injection of Ethylene Oxide. 
     (c) Flushing 
     The Ethylene Oxide is pumped out of the chamber and the pressure reduced to a substantial vacuum. Flushing air is then admitted and the chamber again evacuated and pumped down to a lower vacuum. This pulsing may continue through several cycles. 
     (d) With the chamber pressure at some predetermined pressure below atmospheric the microwave generator is actuated and allowed to run for a period of time, which may be set by an automatic timer or determined by readings obtained from the sensors particularly the microwave spectrometer which gives an indication of the Ethylene Oxide remnant in the chamber. At the end of the microwave stage the chamber is again pumped out and there may be a further flushing step with clean air. Provided that the parameters are then within the specified ranges, particularly the reading of the spectrometer, the cycle terminates and the cover is automatically unlocked.