Abstract:
New compounds and methods for the preparation of combinatorial libraries of potentially biologically active compounds are based on monosaccharides of formula I being a derivative of a furanose or pyranose form of a monosaccharide,

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates to new compounds and methods for the preparation of combinatorial libraries of potentially biologically active compounds based on natural and unnatural monosaccharides.  
         [0002]     These compounds are functionalized, with a view to varying lipid solubility, size, function and other properties, with the particular aim of discovering novel drug or drug-like compounds, or compounds with useful properties. The invention provides intermediates, processes and synthetic strategies for the solution or solid phase synthesis of monosaccharides, variously functionalised about the sugar ring, including the addition of aromaticity and charge, the addition of pharmacophoric groups and the placement of amino acid and peptide side chain units or isosteres thereof.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     In the field of drug discovery there is a constant need for novel scaffolds that enable the rational design of potentially bioactive molecules. Carbohydrates have recently come under scrutiny as offering a source of scaffolds that allow for a high degree of substitution, and offer access to both functional and structural diversity. The nature of monosaccharide molecules is such that there are numerous different stereoisomers available that can provide access to a greater degree of molecular space than do the scaffolds presently employed in drug discovery.  
         [0004]     Carbohydrate monomers predominantly contain hydroxyl groups but also may contain other functionalities such as an amino and/or carboxylate function. In essence, the concepts involved in drug discovery through carbohydrate based molecular and structural diversity, are twofold: (1) The primary concept involves the exploitation of the high functional density found around the carbohydrate ring to display several different moieties of biological relevance. There is a dual significance to this substitution in that (i) the substituents relative position around the ring may be varied in relation to each other and, (ii) each individual moiety may be substituted for a class of such moieties and therefore themselves may be varied (by example: an arginine mimetic may be substituted at position 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 around a ring in relation to other peptidomimetics, by the same token the arginine mimetic may represent a class of different arginine bioisosteres which may all be similarly substituted). (2) The second concept involves exploiting the structural diversity inherent in carbohydrate isomers. Each of the substituents around a carbohydrate ring may theoretically be presented in either an axial or equatorial configuration allowing access to hugely diverse molecular space. Many monosaccharides are naturally occurring, which aside from being useful in their own right, present themselves as cheap starting materials to access more exotic configurations.  
         [0005]     There are other factors that promote carbohydrates as useful building blocks for drug discovery, for example the relative positions of the functional groups on the sugar rings are conveniently spaced such that they can effectively enable mimicry of (for example), peptide motifs such as peptidic turns and loops, as well as cyclic peptides.  
         [0006]     The major difficulty encountered in attempts to employ monosaccharides as scaffolds, is associated with monosaccharide chemistry. In the past carbohydrate chemistry was considered arduous, protracted and not cost effective. Particularly, the degree of orthogonal protection group chemistry required to allow free access to any one of a monosaccharide&#39;s functional groups (usually five) was deemed too high to ever be effected in a commercially viable manner. As a corollary, the more easily effected peptide synthesis only requires a maximum three orthogonal protecting groups, additionally the conditions required for peptide synthesis are often milder, thus peptide synthesis has so far been able to be effected more easily than carbohydrate synthesis. Fortunately, recent developments in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry have begun to allow regular access to carbohydrates as molecular scaffolds. In a recent patent application (PCT AU00100025) we disclosed a range of orthogonally protected building blocks suitable for oligosaccharide synthesis. The building blocks presented in this application are also suitable for use as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of the present invention, and represent compounds and methods which define the state of the art.  
         [0007]     A large number of Carbohydrate based templates and scaffolds has now been published in the scientific literature. A review of the major contributions by Gruner et. al., (Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, p 491-514) highlights this activity. Within the general literature, there are two distinct types of carbohydrate templates (i) sugar amino acids and (ii) carbohydrate scaffolds.  
         [0008]     Sugar amino acids are carbohydrates which contain both an amine function and a carboxylic acid function, and are used in place of amino acids in peptide type syntheses. The synthesis of monosaccharides for this purpose is exemplified by the work of Fleet (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, p 10711; Tetrahedron Assym., 1996, 7, p 387; Tetrahedron Assym., 1996, 7, p 157) and Le Merrer (Tet. Lett., 1995, 36, p 6887) for furanoid sugars, and by Dondoni (J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, p 6404), Vogel (J. Carbohyd. Chem., 1994, 13, p 37) and Kessler (see chem rev. above) for pyranoid sugars.  
         [0009]     Sugar amino acids have been used in peptide synthesis, and in the formation of linear oligomers for various biological purposes (see chem reviews above). Importantly, all of these compounds contain an amino function and a carboxylate function directly attached to the carbohydrate ring, and these functional groups are involved in amide bond forming processes which is the central concept in their use. The compounds of this type are distinctly different from the compounds of the present invention.  
         [0010]     Carbohydrate scaffolds have also received considerable attention in the scientific literature, at least by way of desideratum. In concept, these compounds provide a chiral scaffold on which pharmaceutically active moieties are presented. This is the field of the present invention which adds to and is distinct from the state of the art.  
         [0011]     The use of carbohydrates as scaffolds was promulgated by Hirschmann and co workers (Hirschmann et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 9217-9218, 1992) who employed this concept to develop a potent NK-1 receptor antagonist (Hirschmann et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 12550-12568, 1993), (Hirschmann et. al., J. Med. Chem., 39, 2441-2448, 1996). The fundamentals of this work have also been patented by Hirschmann et. al. (PCT/US1994/012233).  
         [0012]     In a similar manner, Papageorgiou et al, have applied the concept to furanoid structures, developing weak somatostatin inhibitors in the process (Papageorgiou et. al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2, 135-140, 1992).  
         [0013]     Weak inhibitors of integrin receptors and endothelin receptors have also been developed by applying this concept (Nicolaou, K. C., et. al, Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, p 8751; Moitessier, N., et. al., Lett. Pep. Sci., 1998, 5, p 75; Moitessier, N., et. al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2001, 9, p 511.).  
         [0014]     A number of other research groups have developed libraries of compounds based on this scaffold principle, and these groups are referred to in Gruner&#39;s review (vide supra). Despite the plethora of work to date, the compounds disclosed above have three common features which distinguish them from the current work: (i) all of the substituents are attached to the scaffold through an oxygen linkage, (ii) the anomeric position is always an O glycoside, and (iii) all of the available hydroxyl positions are substituted.  
         [0015]     These features, when taken together, place significant limitations on the utility of the compounds. For example, ether linkages provide considerable rotational freedom and it is generally accepted that rotational freedom often results in diminished biological activity (Murphy et. al., J. Org. Chem., 68, 5692-5704, 2003). To this end, the present invention is directed to carbohydrate templates which have one or two amines directly attached to the carbohydrate ring, allowing the introduction of, for example, amide linked, sulfonamide linked, urea linked and carbamoyl linked moieties with significantly reduced rotational freedom and often better physical properties.  
         [0016]     In a similar manner, the requisite for all of the positions to be substituted can lead to compounds of higher lipophillicity, higher molecular weight and lower solubility without imparting greater biological activity. In the present invention we disclose compounds with one or two hydroxyl positions unsubstituted, allowing generally improved solubility characteristics and lower molecular weights that would be expected for the corresponding fully substituted molecules.  
         [0017]     These two features represent significant improvements over compounds described in the literature and are the result of considerable new method developments by the inventors.  
         [0018]     Of all the carbohydrate scaffold work reported in the scientific and patent literature to date, we have found few examples of amine containing scaffolds outside the sugar amino acid class. Kunz et. al. (WO 99/07718) have claimed 2-deoxy 2-amino sugars as scaffolds for drug discovery. This citation does not teach or exemplify a compound with an amine group directly attached to the ring in the two position or any other position.  
         [0019]     The disclosures in Kunz&#39;s relate specifically to the use of glucose, galactose and mannose as scaffolds and the methods described are not generally applicable to other monosaccharide scaffolds. In contrast, the compounds of the present invention are all O glycosides which are further limited by a narrow range of unsubstituted substituents dictated by the low reactivity of the sugar hydroxyls under the synthetic conditions disclosed. It is apparent that this technology displays significant disadvantages to the present invention; the efficiencies of conversion, the range of potential substituents, the various inversion chemistries that introduce both alternate oxy and amino stereochemical orientations, and the versatile alkylative chemistries of the present invention represent significant improvements over the methods of Kunz&#39;s application. Particularly, the present invention provides stereoisomers of monosaccharides that have a nitrogen or a carbon atom attached to the ring in positions 3,4,5 and 6 of a monosaccharide or tetrahydrofurano/pyrano ring system. Of particular interest to the medicinal chemist is the inclusion of linking functionalities that are likely to be stable to physiological conditions thus allowing the drug to reach the desired target intact, or in an active form.  
         [0020]     Despite the general paucity of amine containing carbohydrate scaffolds in the literature, there are many examples of monosaccharide building blocks and protected aminosugars employed for oligosaccharide synthesis. By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,816 discloses a compound 1-methyl-2-carbobenzyloxy,3-benzyl glucosamine, a monosaccharide building block used in the synthesis of synthetic heparinoid oligomers. The compounds of the present invention represent a significant departure from the simple building block type aminosugars, both in the diversity and complexity which is achievable. In order, to further distinguish the compounds of the present invention from the prior art, the use of standard amine protecting groups in carbohydrate synthesis is specifically excluded.  
         [0021]     Sabesan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,008) discloses a series of higher oligosaccharides as inhibitors on influenza. Within the claims of this patent, a partially protected monosaccharide (structure IV) is also disclosed. The compounds of this structure are protected monosaccharides for oligosaccharide synthesis which are known in the art and do not represent compounds for drug discovery.  
         [0022]     Similarly, Alchemia Pty Ltd has disclosed in PCT/AU01/01307 building blocks, methods of syntheses, and final products relating to the employment of monosaccharide compounds as drug like molecules. The compounds of PCT/AU01/01307 are specifically directed at inhibitors of the muramyl cascade of enzymes and are hereby excluded from specification by the incorporation of this reference. A number of other publications relating to muramyl type compounds have appeared in the literature. Liu et. al. ( Biorg. Med Chem Lett., 10, 2000, 1361-1363) present a series of compounds containing a benzyl glycoside at the anomeric position, an acetate at C-2 and a peptide homologated lactate at C-3 of a glucosamine scaffold. These compounds and those disclosed by Xiao (Peptides: Biol and Chem., Proc. 5 th  lnt. Chinese Peptide Symp., 1998 CA: 134:178795) represent compounds and methods which help define the art of carbohydrate chemistry but are not directly relevant to the present invention.  
         [0023]     It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.  
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]     In a first aspect, the invention comprises a compound of formula I being a derivative of a furanose or pyranose form of a monosaccharide,  
                         
 
         [0025]     Wherein, n is 0 or 1;  
         [0026]     R1 is XR wherein,  
         [0027]     X is selected from O S; S═O and SO 2 ,  
         [0028]     R is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C9 alkyl, C1 to C15 alkenyl, C1 to C15 alkynyl, C1 to C15 heteroalkyl, C6 to C15 aryl, C6 to C15 heteroaryl, C6 to C15 arylalkyl or C6 to C15 heteroarylalkyl which is optionally substituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched and/or linear,  
         [0029]     The groups R2 to R5 are selected from OH, OR and N(Y)Z such that:  
         [0030]     At least one of the groups R2 to R5 and not more than two of the groups R2 to R5 are OH,  
         [0031]     At least one of the groups R2 to R5 and not more than two of the groups R2 to R5 are OR, where R is defined above, with the proviso that when two of the groups R2 to R5 are OR, the R groups may not both be methyl or unsubstituted benzyl,  
         [0032]     At least one of the groups R2 to R5 and not more than two of the groups R2 to R5 are N(Y)Z, where Z is selected from hydrogen or R and Y is selected from the following, where G denotes the point of connection to the nitrogen atom in N(Y)Z, the N(Y)Z moieties may not be the same;  
                         
 
 and the groups Q and W are independently selected from hydrogen or R as is defined above, and Q and W may combine to form a cycle, The groups Z and Y may combine to form a cycle, and The groups R1 to R5 may not combine together to form a cycle. 
 
         [0033]     In a more particular form the invention resides in a compound as described above with the proviso that where two groups in the compound of formula I are N(Y)Z, these groups are different, with the further proviso that when either R2 or R5 is N(Y)Z, N(Y)Z may not be azido, acetyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl,with the further proviso that when R2 is N(Y)Z, N(Y)Z may not be phthalimido, 4-[N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclo-hexylidene)-3-methylbutyl3-amino}benzyl ester (ODmab), N-1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc), 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or a 5-Acyl-1,3dimethylbarbiturate type protecting group (DTPM) and with the further proviso that when the scaffold is of the 2-deoxy-2-aminoglucose configuration and R5 and R4 are both hydroxyl, R3 may not be a glycolate [—CH 2 —CO 2 H] or lactate ether [—CH(CH 3 )—CO 2 H] or an ester or amide derivative thereof.  
         [0034]     Suitably,the compound is a derivative of a furanose form of a monosaccharide, and wherein n is 0.  
         [0035]     Suitably, the compound is a derivative of a furanose form of a monosaccharide, and wherein n is 0.  
         [0036]     Suitably, the compound has n=1, at least one of the groups R2 to R5 and not more than two of the groups R2 to R5 are N(Y)Z, where Z is selected from hydrogen or R and Y is selected from the following, where G denotes the point of connection to the nitrogen atom in N(Y)Z, the N(Y)Z moieties may not be the same;  
                         
 
         [0037]     And the groups Q and W are independently selected from hydrogen or R as is defined above, with the proviso that Y and Z may not both be hydrogen and where two groups in the compound of formula I are N(Y)Z, these groups are different, the groups Z and Y may combine to form a cycle, the groups R1 to R5 may not combine together to form a cycle, with the proviso that where two groups in the compound of formula I are N(Y)Z, these groups are different, with the further proviso that when either R2 or R5 is N(Y)Z, N(Y)Z may not be azido, acetyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl, with the further proviso that when R2 is N(Y)Z, N(Y)Z may not be phthalimido, 4[N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclo-hexylidene)-3-methylbutyl]-amino}benzyl ester (ODmab), N-1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc), 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or a 5-Acyl-1,3-dimethylbarbiturate type protecting group (DTPM) with the further proviso that when the scaffold is of the 2deoxy-2-aminoglucose configuration and R5 and R4 are both hydroxyl, R3 may not be a glycolate [—CH 2 —CO 2 H] or lactate ether [—CH(CH 3 )—CO 2 H] or an ester or amide derivative thereof.  
         [0038]     Suitably the heteroarylalkyl is substituted by a moiety from the group consisting of OH, NO, NO 2 , NH 2 , N 3 , halogen, CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, aminoalkyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl or thioheteroaryl, which may be further substituted, with the proviso that the group R may not be or contain another saccharide moiety, a peptide, protein or amino acid.  
         [0039]     The compound may be immobilized to a support. The support may be soluble or insoluble. Non-limiting examples of insoluble supports include derivatised polystyrene, tentagel, wang resin, MBHA resin, aminomethylpolystyrene, rink amide resin etc. Non-limiting examples of soluble supports include DOX-mpeg, polyethylene glycol etc. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0040]     Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following examples. Where appropriate, the following abbreviations are used. 
    Ac Acetyl     DTPM 5-Acyl-1,3-dimethylbarbiturate     Ph Phenyl     TBDMS t-Butyldimethylsilyl     TBDPS t-Butyldiphenylsilyl     Bn benzyl     Bz benzoyl     Me methyl     DCE 1,2-dichloroethane     DCM dichloromethane, methylene chloride     Tf trifluoromethanesulfonyl     Ts 4-methylphenylsulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl     DMF N,N-dimethylformamide     DMAP N,N-dimethylaminopyridine     □.□-DMT □,□-dimethoxytoluene, benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal     DMSO dimethylsulfoxide     DTT dithiothreitol     DMTST Dimethyl(methylthio)sulphoniumtrifluoro-methanesulphonate     TBAF tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride 
 
 Part A: Preparation of Building Blocks: 
   
 
         [0060]     In order to fully enable the invention, we detail below methods for the preparation of certain building blocks used in the preparation of the compounds of the invention. The building blocks described are suitable for both solution and solid phase synthesis of the compounds of the invention.  
       EXAMPLE A  
     Synthesis of a 2,4 dinitrogen containing Galactopyranoside Building Block  
       [0061]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0062]     Conditions: (i) □.□-dimethoxytoluene (□.□-DMT), p-toluenesulphonic acid (TsOH), acetonitrile (MeCN), 76° C., 85%; (ii) Benzoylchloride (BzCl), triethylamine; DCM, 99%; (iii) methanol (MeOH)/MeCN/water, TsOH, 75° C., 98%; (iv) t-butyldiphenylsilylchloride (TBDPS-Cl), imidazole, pyridine, 120° C., 99%; (v) Tf 2 O, pyridine, DCM, 0° C., 100%;(b) NaN 3 , DMF, 16hr, RT, 99%.  
       EXAMPLE B  
     Synthesis of a 3nitrogen containing Gulopyranoside Building Block  
       [0063]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0064]     Conditions: (i) (a) trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf 2 O), pyridine, −20° C., dichloromethane (DCM), 1 hour, 100%, (b) sodium azide (NaN 3 ), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 50° C., 5 hours, quantitative; (ii) TsOH, MeCN/MeOH/water (12:3:1), 90° C., 6 hours, 88% (iii) TBDPSCl, DMAP, pyridine, 120° C., 12 hours, 93%  
       EXAMPLE C  
     Synthesis of a 2.6dinitrogen substituted Glucopyranoside Building Block  
       [0065]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0066]     Conditions: (i) (a) Tosylchlodride, pyridine, RT, 24 hours, 33% (b) NaN 3 , DMF, RT, 168 hours.  
       EXAMPLE D  
     Synthesis of a 2-nitrogen containing Tallopyranoside Building Block  
       [0067]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0068]     Conditions: (i) TBDPSCl, imidazole, 1,2-DCE, reflux; (ii) NaOMe/MeOH; (iii) (a) Tf 2 O, pyridine, −20° C., DCM, 1 hour, (b) NaN 3 , DMF, 50° C., 5 hours; (iv) TsOH, MeCN/MeOH/water; (v) benzoylchloride, DMAP, 1,2-DCE, −20° C.  
       EXAMPLE E  
     Synthesis of two 3-nitrogen containing Altropyranoside Building Block  
       [0069]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0070]     Conditions: (i) cyclohexanone dimethylacetal, TsOH, MeCN; (ii) p methoxybenzaldehyde dimethylacetal, TsOH, MeCN; (iii) DIBAL, −78° C., diethyl ether; (iv) (a) Tf 2 O, pyridine, −20° C., DCM, 1 hour, (b) NaN 3 , DMF, 50° C., 5 hours; (v) TsOH, MeCN/MeOH/water; (vi) TBDPSCl, DMAP, 1,2-DCE; (vii) (a) CAN, (b) BzCl, DMAP, 1,2-DCE, (c) TsOH, MeCN/MeOH/water, (viii) TBDPSCl, DMAP, 1,2-DCE.  
       EXAMPLE F  
     Synthesis of a 2-nitrogen containing GlucoPyranoside Building  
       [0071]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0072]     Conditions: (i) □.□-DMT, TsOH, MeCN; (ii) 1,2-DCE, BzCl, DMAP; (iii) TsOH, MeOH/MeCN; (iv) TBDPS-Cl, DMAP, 1,2-DCE.  
                         
 
         [0073]     Conditions: (i) TBDPSCl, DMAP, pyridine, 120° C., 0.5 hours, 81%; (ii) a. (Bu)2SnO, MeOH; b. Benzoylchloride, RT, 24 hour;  
       EXAMPLE G  
     Synthesis of a 2-nitrogen containing Allopyranoside Building Block  
       [0074]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0075]     Conditions: (i) DCM/pyridine, MsCl, DMAP, 0° C.; (ii) sodium benzoate, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), 140° C.; (iii) TsOH, MeOH/MeCN/water; (iv) TBDPS-Cl, imidazole, DCM, 1 hour, reflux.  
       EXAMPLE H  
     Synthesis of a 3nitrogen containing Allopyranoside Building Block  
       [0076]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0077]     Conditions: (i) Tf 2 O, pyridine, DCM; (b) NaN 3 , DMF; (ii) acetone, H + ; (iii) Ac 2 O, pyridine; (iv) hexamethyldisilazane, I 2 , CH 3 —S—S—CH 3 ; (v) NaOMe/MeOH; (vi) TsOH, □.□-dimethoxytoluene, MeCN; (vii) benzoylchloride, 1,2-DCE, pyridine, DMAP; (viii) TsOH, MeOH, H 2 O, MeCN; (ix) TBDPS-Cl, imidazole, 1,2-DCE.  
       EXAMPLE I  
     Syntheses of two 2-nitrogen containing Tallopyranoside Building Blocks with hydroxyls in the 3 or 4 Positions.  
       [0078]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0079]     Conditions: (i) (a) Tf 2 O/Py, (b) NaN 3 , DMF; (ii) TsOH, MeOH/MeCN/water; (iii) BzCl, DMAP, 1,2-DCE; (iv) (a) phenoxyacetyl-Cl (PACl)/pyridine; (b) Bz 2 O/pyridine; (v) MeNH 2 /THF.  
       EXAMPLE J  
     Synthesis of Nitrogen Containing Furanoside Building Blocks  
       [0080]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0081]     Conditions: (i) (a). 2,2-dimethoxypropane, TsOH, DMF; (b). TBDPSi-Cl, Imidazole, DMF; (ii) (a) Tf 2 O/Py, (b) NaN 3 , DMF; (iii) (a) TsOH, MeOH/MeCN/water; (b) Benzoyl chloride, pyridine, DCM; (iv) 4-methoxybenzyl chloride, NaH, DMF; (v) (a)TBAF, THF; (b) Tf 2 O/Py, (c) NaN 3 , DMF; (d) TsOH, MeOH/MeCN/water; (e) Benzoyl chloride, pyridine, DCM; (vi) (a) TsOH, MeOH/MeCNlwater; (b) Benzoyl chloride, pyridine, DCM; (c) R—OH or R—SH, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, DCM, molecular sieves; (d) Tf 2 O/Py, (e) NaN 3 , DMF;  
       EXAMPLE K  
     Synthesis of a 3-nitrogen containing Gulopyranoside Building Block  
       [0082]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0083]     Conditions: (i) (a) trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf 2 O), pyridine, −20° C., dichloromethane (DCM), 1 hour, 100%, (b) sodium azide (NaN 3 ), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 50° C., 5 hours, quantitative; (ii) NaOH/H2O/THF/MeOH, 99%; (iii) Levulinic acid, N,N′-dicyclohexyldiimide, DMAP, DCM, quantitative; (iv) TsOH, MeCN/MeOH/water (15:15:1), 50° C., 16 hours, 56%; (v) TBDPSCl, DMAP, pyridine, 120° C., 2 hours, 85%; (vi) Benzoylchloride, pyridine, RT, 2 hour, 95%; (vii) hydrazine acetate, DCM.  
         [0000]     Part B: Immobilization to Solid Support and Glycosylation:  
         [0084]     The compounds of the present invention may be conveniently prepared in solution phase or on a solid support. Because a free hydroxyl group is always present in the compounds of the invention, it is convenient to immobilize the building blocks to the solid support through a hydroxy function which will become the free hydroxyl group in the final compounds. Many of the building blocks described above have a free hydroxyl in the 4 position which is suitable for immobilization. Where a free hydroxyl is desired in a different position, a protection/deprotection sequence is first performed.  
       EXAMPLE L  
     Alternative Immobilization Positions  
       [0085]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0086]     Conditions: (i) 4-methoxybenzyl chloride, NaH, DMF, workup with citric acid (ii) NaOMe/MeOH/THF; (iii) TBAF/THF; HOAc to neutral pH  
       EXAMPLE M  
     Glycosylation of Anomeric Position  
       [0087]     In most cases the thiomethyl glycoside building block containing one free hydroxyl group can be used in glycosylation reactions without resorting to protection of the free hydroxyl. An excess of the alcohol acceptor is typically employed. Where a thiol is to be glycosylated, the acceptor alcohol is in short supply or results are not satisfactory, the thiomethyl glycoside donor may first be converted to the bromo sugar or imidate, and these donors used for glycosylation. Alternatively, glycosylation can be effected with the fully protected precursor e.g. K-2, if significant side reaction is observed with the free hydroxy donors e.g. K-3, K4, G4.  
         [0088]     In a typical proceedure, 1 mmol of donor (eg G4, K-2, K-3, K-4, A-, B4, C-1 etc) is dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane 8 mL and an equal weight of dry 4A molecular sieves is added. The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature then 4 mmol of the acceptor alcohol is added followed by addition of DMTST solution (6 equivalents in 12 ml of DCM). The reaction is monitored by t.l.c. When the reaction is complete, triethylamine (1.2 mmol) is added. The mixture is diluted with 100 mL dichloromethane and extracted with sodium bicarbonate (10% aqueous), citric acid (10% aqueous) and sodium chloride (sat. solution), dried over magnesium sulfate and solvents removed in vacuo. The crude material is chromatographed on silica gel prior to immobilisation or in the case of K-2 removal of one of the alcohol protecting groups.  
         [0089]     In an alternative proceedure, 1 mmol of donor in dichloromethane 8 mL is first treated with bromine to yield the crude sugar halide. This solution is washed breifly with 5% sodium thiosulfate, dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvents removed in vacuo. The crude sugar halide is used directly as above with silver triflate as the activating agent in place of DMTST. Both alcohols and thiols are amenable to glycosylation by this method.  
       EXAMPLE N  
     Immobilization Onto Solid Phase  
       [0090]     Wang resin (13.3 g; 0.85 mmol/g, p-Benzyloxybenzyl Alcohol polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin) was dried in the vacuum oven overnight in 500 ml round bottom flask. The flask was place under nitrogen atmosphere then dry DCM (133 ml) and trichloroacetonitrile (20 ml) was added. The mixture was cooled with ice bath while gently stirred. After 15 minutes of cooling DBU (1.3 ml) was added drop wise in 15 minutes, the resulting mixture was stirred for one hour with ice bath cooling. The resin was collected by filtering, washed with DMF, THF and DCM (3× each). The resin was dried in the vacuum oven over P 2 O 5  for 24 hours to afford 15 grams of TriChloroAcetimidate Wang (TCA-Wang) resin. The resin was packed under nitrogen and stored at 4° C.  
         [0091]     Yield 100%; loading ca. 0.754 mmol/g.  
         [0092]     (Alternative resins may be used).  
         [0093]     Glycosylated building blocks containing one free hydroxyl are immobilised onto TCA-Wang resin. In a typical proceedure, TCA Wang resin (3.6 gram) was dried in vacuum oven overnight then washed with anhydrous THF (3x36 ml) under nitrogen atmosphere. Building block (3 equiv.) was added followed by addition of anhydrous DCM (18 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken for 5 minutes (until all alcohol was dissolved), and BF 3 .Et 2 O (0.35 ml, 1 equvalent) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken vigorously for ten minutes and drained; the resin was washed with DCM (3×30 ml), DMF (3×30 ml), THF (3×30 ml) and dried.  
         [0000]     Part C: Library Preparation:  
         [0094]     The compounds of the invention are prepared by sequential deprotection and ligation chemistries either on solid support or in solution phase. The following typical chemistries may be employed as required.  
         [0000]     Removal of a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl:  
         [0095]     The resin bound building block is suspended in dry THF/methanol (20/1 v/v) mixture containing 10 equivalents of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride. The mixture is stirred at 65° C. for 24 hours, drained; the resin is filtered, washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane. In an alternative procedure, TBAF may be conveniently replaced by HF.pyridine and the reaction effected in plastic ware. The TBAF may also be replaced by HF.“proton sponge” complex with good results.  
         [0000]     Removal of a benzoate, D-chlorobenzoate or other ester Protecting Group:  
         [0096]     The resin bound building block is suspended in dry THF and methanol (3/1 v/v) mixture and sodium methoxide (0.5 equivalents) is added. The mixture is shaken for 24 hours, drained and re-treated with fresh reagents for further 24 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Removal of a p-methoxybenzyl group:  
         [0097]     The resin bound building block is suspended in DCM and a small amount of water is added (approx 1%) followed by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (10 equivalents). The mixture is shaken for 3 hours drained and re-treated with fresh reagent for a further 3 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with THF followed by methanol and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Etherification of Hydroxyl Position:  
         [0098]     Resin bound building block which has previously had a hydroxyl group deprotected is washed three times and then suspended in anhydrous DMF and 3 equivalents of potassium t-butoxide added (alternative bases may be employed), shaken and drained after 5 minutes followed by the alkylating agent (3 equivalents) in DMF. The mixture is shaken for 10 minutes, drained and re-treated twice more with fresh reagents as above. The resin is filtered, washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Reduction of an Azide:  
         [0099]     The resin bound building block is suspended in dry DMF; 5 equivalents of DTT (1,4-dithio-DL-threitol) and 3 equivalents of potassium tert-butoxide (alternative bases may be employed) are added. The mixture is agitated under nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours, drained and the resin is washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Removal of a DTPM Group:  
         [0100]     The resin bound building block is suspended in DMF and hydrazine hydrate (50/1 v/v) mixture, agitated 2 hours, drained and the resin is washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane  
         [0000]     Amide Formation:  
         [0101]     A solution of a suitable carboxylic acid (10 equivalents) in dry DMF is treated with HBTU (10 equivalents) and di-isopropylethylamine (10 equivalents) and shaken for 5 minutes. This solution is then added to a suspension of Resin bound building block, which has previously had an amine group deprotected in DMF and the mixture shaken for 30 minutes. After this time the resin is drained and treated once more with fresh reagent for 30 minutes. The resin is filtered, washed with DMF followed by methanol and finally dichloromethane. If desired, quantitative ninhydrin assay may be performed to determine that the reaction is complete. Alternative coupling systems including HOAT, EDC/NHS or anhydrides may be employed to similar effect.  
         [0000]     Urea and Thiourea Formation:  
         [0102]     Isocyanates and thioisocyanates may be purchased or prepared by reaction of the corresponding amine with triphosgene, diphosgene, phosgene or thiophosgene as appropriate according to standard procedures as outlined in “Organic Functional Group Preparation” Vol I, 2 nd  Ed., Sandier and Karo, Academic Press, ISBN:0-126186014 pp 359 to 375.  
         [0103]     Resin bound building block which has previously had an amine group deprotected is suspended in anhydrous THF and 2 equivalents of the isocyanate or thioisocyanate added, followed immediately by triethylamine (1 equivalent). The mixture is shaken for 2 hours and may be exothermic depending on the scale and reactivity of the isocyanate or thioisocyanate used, drained and re-treated with fresh reagents for a further 2 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with THF followed by methanol and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Carbamate Formation:  
         [0104]     Chloroformates and imidoylformates may be purchased or prepared by reaction of the corresponding alcohol with phosgene or carbonylbisimidazole as appropriate according to standard procedures as outlined in “Organic Functional Group Preparation” Vol I, 2 nd  Ed., Sandier and Karo, Academic Press, ISBN:0-12-6186014 pp 359 to 375.  
         [0105]     Resin bound building block which has previously had an amine group deprotected is suspended in anhydrous THF and 2 equivalents of the chloroformate or imidoylformate added, followed immediately by triethylamine (1 equivalent). The mixture is shaken for 2 hours and may be exothermic depending on the scale and reactivity of the isocyanate or thioisocyanate used, drained and retreated with fresh reagents for a further 2 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with THF followed by methanol and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Sulfonamide Formation:  
         [0106]     Resin bound building block which has previously had an amine group deprotected is suspended in anhydrous THF or DMF and 2 equivalents of the sulfonyl chloride added, followed immediately by triethylamine (2 equivalent). The mixture is shaken for 2 hours, drained and retreated with fresh reagents for a further 2 hours. The resin is filtered, washed with THF or DMF followed by methanol and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Removal of Fmoc:  
         [0107]     The resin bound building block is suspended in piperidine/DMF (1/4, v/v) mixture and stirred 1 hours, drained and repeated once more; the resin is filtered, washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Guanidine Formation:  
         [0108]     The resin bound building block is suspended in dry DMF containing 3 equivalents of 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl formamidinium nitrate and 15 equivalents of DIPEA. The mixture is stirred at 65° C. for 24 hours, drained; the resin is filtered, washed with dimethylformamide followed by THF and finally dichloromethane.  
         [0000]     Cleavage of Resin Bound Product:  
         [0109]     The resin bound compound is suspended in dry DCM containing 20% TFA and 20% Et 3 SiH. The mixture is stirred at RT for 3 hours and the aliquot was collected; the resin was washed with dry DCM and all the DCM solutions were combined, evaporated to dryness under reduced vacuo to furnish the desired product.  
         [0110]     Libraries of compounds of the invention have been prepared based on the following scaffolds:  
                         
 
         [0111]     The following groups are exemplary of moieties in position R1, where the wavey line indicates the point of attachment to the carbohydrate ring:  
                         
                         
                         
 
         [0112]     The following groups are exemplary of ether linked moieties, where the wavey line indicates the point of attachment to an oxygen on the carbohydrate ring:  
                         
                         
                         
 
         [0113]     The following groups are exemplary of amine linked moieties, where the wavey line indicates the point of attachment to a nitrogen on the carbohydrate ring:  
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
                         
 
         [0114]     Exemplary library compounds:  
                                                                                     Compound Number   Scaffold   R1   R2   R3   R4   R5                                1   W6   X1   Z43   Y3   OH   Y21       2   W6   X1   Z44   Y3   OH   Y22       3   W6   X1   Z45   Y3   OH   Y23       4   W6   X1   Z46   Y3   OH   Y24       5   W6   X1   Z47   Y3   OH   Y25       6   W6   X1   Z48   Y3   OH   Y26       7   W6   X1   Z49   Y3   OH   Y27       8   W6   X1   Z50   Y3   OH   Y28       9   W6   X1   Z51   Y3   OH   Y29       10   W6   X1   Z52   Y3   OH   Y30       11   W6   X1   253   Y3   OH   Y21       12   W6   X1   254   Y3   OH   Y22       13   W6   X1   Z55   Y3   OH   Y23       14   W6   X1   Z56   Y3   OH   Y24       15   W6   X1   Z57   Y3   OH   Y25       16   W6   X1   Z58   Y3   OH   Y26       17   W6   X1   Z59   Y3   OH   Y27       18   W6   X1   Z60   Y3   OH   Y28       19   WG   X3   Z12   Y9   OH   Y29       20   W6   X3   Z29   Y9   OH   Y30       21   W6   X3   Z12   Y9   OH   Y12       22   W6   X3   Z29   Y9   OH   Y12       23   W6   X3   Z13   Y9   OH   Y8       24   W6   X3   Z26   Y9   OH   Y8       25   W6   X3   Z13   Y3   OH   Y10       26   W6   X3   Z26   Y3   OH   Y10       27   W6   X4   Z3   Y3   OH   Y8       28   W6   X4   Z17   Y3   OH   Y8       29   W6   X4   Z3   Y3   OH   Y10       30   W6   X4   Z17   Y3   OH   Y10       31   W6   X4   Z12   Y3   OH   Y9       32   W6   X4   Z29   Y3   OH   Y9       33   W6   X4   Z3   Y12   OH   Y8       34   W6   X4   Z17   Y12   OH   Y8       35   W6   X4   Z3   Y12   OH   Y10       36   W6   X4   Z17   Y12   OH   Y10       37   W6   X4   Z12   Y12   OH   Y9       38   W6   X4   Z29   Y12   OH   Y9       39   W6   X4   Z3   Y8   OH   Y3       40   W6   X4   Z17   Y8   OH   Y3       41   W6   X4   Z3   Y8   OH   Y12       42   W6   X4   Z17   Y8   OH   Y12       43   W6   X4   Z13   Y8   OH   Y9       44   W6   X4   Z26   Y8   OH   Y9       45   W6   X4   Z3   Y10   OH   Y3       46   W6   X4   Z17   Y10   OH   Y3       47   W6   X4   Z3   Y10   OH   Y12       48   W6   X4   Z17   Y10   OH   Y12       49   W6   X4   Z13   Y10   OH   Y9       50   W6   X4   Z26   Y10   OH   Y9       51   W6   X4   Z12   Y9   OH   Y3       52   W6   X4   Z29   Y9   OH   Y3       53   W6   X4   Z12   Y9   OH   Y12       54   W6   X4   Z29   Y9   OH   Y12       55   W6   X4   Z13   Y9   OH   Y9       56   W6   X4   Z26   Y9   OH   Y9       57   W6   X4   Z13   Y9   OH   Y10       58   W6   X4   Z26   Y9   OH   Y10       59   W6   X4   Z3   Y2   OH   Y8       60   W6   X4   Z17   Y2   OH   Y8       61   W6   X4   Z3   Y2   OH   Y10       62   W6   X4   Z17   Y2   OH   Y10       63   W6   X4   Z12   Y2   OH   Y9       64   W6   X4   Z29   Y2   OH   Y9       65   W6   X4   Z3   Y8   OH   Y1       66   W6   X10   Z17   Y8   OH   Y1       67   W6   X10   Z3   Y8   OH   Y2       68   W6   X10   Z17   Y8   OH   Y2       69   W6   X10   Z1   Y8   OH   Y9       70   W6   X10   Z4   Y8   OH   Y9       71   W6   X10   Z3   Y10   OH   Y1       72   W6   X10   Z17   Y10   OH   Y1       73   W6   X10   Z3   Y10   OH   Y2       74   W6   X10   Z17   Y10   OH   Y2       75   W6   X10   Z1   Y10   OH   Y9       76   W6   X10   Z4   Y10   OH   Y9       77   W6   X10   Z12   Y9   OH   Y1       78   W6   X10   Z29   Y9   OH   Y1       79   W6   X10   Z12   Y9   OH   Y2       80   W6   X10   Z29   Y9   OH   Y2       81   W6   X10   Z1   Y9   OH   Y9       82   W6   X10   Z4   Y9   OH   Y9       83   W6   X15   Z11   Y1   OH   Y17       84   W6   X15   Z4   Y9   OH   Y10       85   W8   X6   Y8   Z33   OH   Y9       86   W8   X6   Y10   Z24   OH   Y19       87   W8   X6   Y7   Z18   OH   Y12       88   W8   X9   Y9   Z25   OH   Y3       89   W8   X9   Y19   Z1   OH   Y4       90   W8   X9   Y12   Z20   OH   Y13       91   W8   X12   Y3   Z25   OH   Y17       92   W8   X12   Y4   Z20   OH   Y11       93   W8   X12   Y13   Z20   OH   Y18       94   W8   X10   Y17   Z36   OH   Y8       95   W8   X10   Y11   Z42   OH   Y10       96   W8   X10   Y18   Z18   OH   Y13       97   W1   X6   Z33   Y4   Z37   OH       98   W1   X6   Z37   OH   Z33   Y3       99   W1   X6   Z42   OH   Z18   Y3       100   W1   X9   Z33   Y4   Z37   OH       101   W1   X9   Z37   OH   Z33   Y3       102   W1   X9   Z42   OH   Z18   Y3       103   W1   X12   Z33   Y4   Z37   OH       104   W1   X12   Z37   OH   Z33   Y3       105   W1   X12   Z42   OH   Z18   Y3       106   W6   X12   Z11   Y5   OH   Y1       107   W6   X12   Z16   Y5   OH   Y1       108   W6   X12   Z5   Y5   OH   Y1       109   W6   X12   Z11   Y17   OH   Y1       110   W6   X12   Z16   Y17   OH   Y1       111   W6   X12   Z5   Y17   OH   Y1       112   W6   X12   Z11   Y3   OH   Y1       113   W6   X12   Z16   Y3   OH   Y1       114   W6   X12   Z5   Y3   OH   Y1       115   W6   X12   Z11   Y4   OH   Y1       116   W6   X12   Z16   Y4   OH   Y1       117   W6   X12   Z5   Y4   OH   Y1       118   W6   X9   Z11   Y5   OH   Y1       119   W6   X9   Z16   Y5   OH   Y1       120   W6   X9   Z5   Y5   OH   Y1       121   W6   X9   Z11   Y17   OH   Y1       122   W6   X9   Z16   Y17   OH   Y1       123   W6   X9   Z5   Y17   OH   Y1       124   W6   X9   Z11   Y3   OH   Y1       125   W6   X9   Z16   Y3   OH   Y1       126   W6   X9   Z5   Y3   OH   Y1       127   W6   X9   Z11   Y4   OH   Y1       128   W6   X9   Z16   Y4   OH   Y1       129   W6   X9   Z5   Y4   OH   Y1       130   W6   X12   Z11   Y1   OH   Y5       131   W6   X12   Z16   Y1   OH   Y5       132   W6   X12   Z5   Y1   OH   Y5       133   W6   X19   Z28   Y1   OH   Y3       134   W6   X19   Z13   Y1   OH   Y17       135   W6   X19   Z13   Y17   OH   Y1       136   W6   X3   Z29   Y12   OH   Y9       137   W6   X3   Z17   Y8   OH   Y3       138   W6   X3   Z17   Y8   OH   Y12       139   W7   X12   Z11   Y11   OH   Y1       140   W7   X12   Z16   Y15   OH   Y1       141   W7   X12   Z3   Y16   OH   Y1       142   W7   X8   Z11   Y11   OH   Y1       143   W7   X8   Z16   Y15   OH   Y1       145   W7   X8   Z3   Y16   OH   Y1       146   W7   X15   Z11   Y11   OH   Y1       147   W7   X15   Z16   Y15   OH   Y1       148   W7   X15   Z3   Y16   OH   Y1       149   W7   X17   Z17   Y4   OH   Y1       150   W7   X15   Z7   OH   Y4   Y17       151   W6   X15   Z31   OH   Y4   Y17       152   W7   X15   Z9   OH   Y4   Y17       153   W7   X15   Z32   OH   Y4   Y17       154   W6   X15   Z42   Y6   Y1   OH       155   W6   X15   Z37   Y20   Y1   OH       156   W6   X15   Z39   Y2   Y1   OH       157   W6   X14   Z42   Y6   Y8   OH       158   W6   X14   Z37   Y20   Y8   OH       159   W6   X6   Z17   Y8   Y3   OH       160   W2   X8   OH   Z13   Y4   Y1       161   W2   X8   OH   Z16   Y4   Y1       162   W3   X15   Z36   Y4   OH   Z37       163   W3   X5   Z11   Y4   OH   Z33       164   W3   X5   Z8   Y4   OH   Z24       165   W3   X5   Z36   Y4   OH   Z37       166   W3   X1   Z11   OH   OH   Z33       167   W3   X1   Z8   OH   OH   Z24       168   W3   X1   Z36   OH   OH   Z37       169   W3   X15   Z11   Y4   OH   Z33       170   W3   X15   Z8   Y4   OH   Z24       171   W4   X12   Z10   Y4   Y8   OH       172   W4   X12   Z41   Y8   Y3   OH       173   W5   X8   Y17   Z13   Y4   OH       174   W5   X8   Y17   Z16   Y4   OH       175   W9   X22   Y4   Z3   Absent   OH       176   W9   X23   Y5   Z11   Absent   OH       177   W9   X26   Y8   Z3   Absent   OH       178   W9   X21   Y17   Z11   Absent   OH       179   W10   X3   Y6   OH   Absent   Z25       180   W10   X5   Y12   OH   Absent   Z30       181   W10   X10   Y19   OH   Absent   Z40       182   W11   X6   Z25   OH   Absent   Y6       183   W11   X8   Z30   OH   Absent   Y12       184   W11   X10   Z40   OH   Absent   Y19                  
 
         [0115]     Exemplary synthesis of compound 85 W6-X15-Z11-Y1-OH-Y17) on solid phase.  
                         
                         
 
         [0116]     Conditions: (i) a. Br 2 , DCM; b. 4-Chlorobenzylalcohol, AgOTf, DCM; (ii) TCA-Wang resin, BF 3 .Et 2 O, DCM, THF; (iii) NaOMe, THF, MeOH; (iv) a. KOBu t , DMF; b. iodomethane, DMF; (v) HF.‘proton sponge’, AcOH, DMF, 65° C.; (vi) a. KOBu t , DMF; b. 2-bromomethyl-naphthalene, DMF; (vii) 1,4-Dithio-DL-threitol, KOBu t , DMF; (viii) HBTU, Fmoc-Gly-OH, DIPEA, DMF; (ix) piperidine/DMF (¼); (x) 3,5dimethylpyrazolyl formamidinium nitrate, DIPEA, DMF; (xi) TFA, Et 3 SiH, DCM.  
         [0117]     LCMS Method:  
                                                                                 Time   water %   acetonitrile %   Flow (ml/min)                                        0.00   95.0   5.0   2.000           1.00   95.0   5.0   2.000           7.00   0.0   100.0   2.000           12.00   0.0   100.0   2.000                      
 
         [0118]     M+H=557.3; Rt=3.98 min 
 
 Exemplary Synthesis of Compound 159 (W-Z1 7-YB-Y3OHA in Solution Phase:  
                         
                         
 
         [0119]     Conditions: (i) 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde dimethylacetal, TsOH, CH 3 CN; (ii) NaH (95%), tert-butyl bromoacetate, DMF; (iii) NaBH 3 CN, TFA, DMF; (iv) KbBu t , BnBr, DMF; (v) a. Zn, NH 4 Cl, MeOH, H 2 O; b. HBTU, 3-Boc-NH-benzoic acid, DIPEA, DMF; (vi) CH 3 CN, H 2 O, TsOH.  
         [0120]     It should be appreciated that various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.