Abstract:
An electronically phase-controlled group antenna is calibrated in radio communications systems, using a reference point shared by all the reference signals. In the downlink, reference signals which can be distinguished from one another are simultaneously transmitted by individual antenna elements of the group antenna and are suitably separated after reception at the shared reference point.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based on and hereby claims priority to PCT application Ser. No. PCT/DE00/03756 filed on Oct. 24, 2000 and German Application No. 199 51 525.5 filed Oct. 25, 1999, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates a method for calibrating an electronically phase-controlled group antenna, using a reference point shared by all the reference signals, in radio communications systems and to an arrangement for this. 
     By the use of electronically phase-controlled group antennas, known as intelligent antennas, in radio communications systems, such as for example digital mobile radio systems, a directional selectivity of a mobile radio channel that exists in spite of multipath propagation can be advantageously used for the radio communication. 
     Intelligent antennas form a radiation pattern by corresponding phase-directed activation of the individual antenna elements of the antenna array. The beam forming can therefore be used to transmit a message from a base station to a subscriber station specifically in the direction of the latter. As a result, on the one hand the sensitivity to interferences in the particular radio cell of the base station can be reduced and on the other hand co-channel interferences in neighboring radio cells can be reduced. Moreover, the range of a base station which is providing a specific mobile station with radio resources increases significantly for the same transmit power. In addition, as a consequence of the spatial separation, physical channels within a radio cell served by a base station can be reused and the antenna lobes, as they are known, of the directional diagram can be adaptively corrected when subscriber stations move. 
     To achieve a desired beam formation, the original transmission signal is sent via a plurality of antenna elements, usually with different, but defined phase angles. The corresponding phase angle is ascertained for each antenna element by a digital signal processing (DSP). 
     Unforeseeable phase errors and time delays generally occur when setting the phase angle in the analog area between digital/analog converters and antenna elements. As a result, the transmission signals are not sent with the desired phase angles and the beam formation is falsified or even impossible. To counteract this unfavorable property of the analog area of beam formation, what is known as antenna calibration is necessary. Antenna calibration eliminates the influence of the entire analog signal chain on the errors described above. 
     To use beam formation, firstly the direction of the base station in relation to the mobile station must be established. The direction is established by evaluation of the various phase angles of the received signal at each antenna element of the antenna array. Therefore, an antenna calibration in the base station is necessary not only for the downlink to the subscriber station but also for the uplink from the subscriber station to the base station. 
     In a TD-SCDMA system (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access System), using intelligent antennas, an additional antenna, known as a reference antenna, is used for the antenna calibration. For the case of an uplink calibration, a reference signal is sent via the reference antenna to all the antenna elements of the antenna array. At the individual antenna elements, a specific delay time and a specific phase position, depending on the distance from the reference antenna, are expected on account of the finite propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves. The difference between the expected setpoint value and the actually measured actual value is ascertained and stored as a correction factor. The correction factor is then included in the normal signal processing process, whereby the antenna is calibrated. 
     For the downlink calibration, the reference antenna receives at a specific point in time a reference signal from an antenna element of the antenna array, and the correction factor is determined. To counteract the distortion of the measurement results on account of different antenna elements of the antenna array, they must not transmit a signal at this point in time. Subsequently, at a second point in time, the reference antenna receives a reference signal from a second antenna element of the antenna array, and the correction factor for this second antenna element is determined, and so on. For the calibration of n antenna elements of the antenna array, accordingly n time slots must be used when supporting a TDMA subscriber separation method (Time Division Multiple Access). 
     The error in the delay time is often only a fraction of a chip (chip=CDMA code element). To take such a small delay time into account in the signal processing, an oversampling of the received signal and transmission signal is necessary. However, oversampling makes the data rates to be transmitted considerably greater. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is based on the object of significantly shortening the time for the calibration of intelligent antennas in the downlink. 
     A further object is to perform a correction of the analog error without the necessity of calculating a correction factor for each antenna element and without oversampling and the associated higher data rates. 
     A further object is to keep down the load on the transmission capacity of physical channels caused by an antenna calibration. 
     According to one aspect of the invention, all the antenna elements of an intelligent antenna in the downlink are calibrated in only one step. For this purpose, reference signals which can be distinguished from one another are simultaneously sent by the individual antenna elements of the antenna array and are separated again after reception at a reference point shared by all the reference signals. 
     An advantageous refinement provides a separation of the reference signals using a CDMA method (CDMA=Code Division Multiple Access), which is based on a separation of signals by individual spread-spectrum codes. 
     In a further refinement, conventional spread-spectrum code techniques, such as correlation, in which the common reference point is synchronized to the respective reference code channel of the antenna elements and the reference signals are again reduced to their original bandwidth, are used for the separation of the reference signals. 
     According to a further refinement, in this case the reference signals are orthogonally coded, in order that the interferences remain minimal in spite of simultaneous transmission. 
     The calibration factor can be obtained from the result of the correlation in a digital signal processor. 
     Another advantageous form of the invention is to use an optimized amount of reference signals, which allows an impartial estimate of the calibration factor. 
     The generation of such an optimized amount of reference signals and of the estimated value can be performed in an advantageous way by methods which are described in: Bernd Steiner, Paul Walter Baier: “Low Cost channel Estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems”, Frequenz 47 (1983), pages 292-298. 
     According to a further form, the correction of the delay time, phase error and/or amplitude of the transmission signals can be performed directly within a digital UP-conversion/down-conversion, whereby no correction factor has to be included and no oversampling of the received signal and transmission signal is necessary to eliminate delay errors. 
     For this purpose, tuning of the numerically controled oscillator (NCO) of the digital UP-converter (DUC) and of the digital down-converter (DDC) takes place. 
     In a further development, in a TDD system the calibration is carried out in the delay time without transmission between the uplink and downlink time slots. 
     In a further refinement, the downlink calibration may take place at the beginning of the delay time and the uplink calibration may take place at the end of the delay time. 
     In a further refinement, a reference antenna is used as the shared reference point for the reference signals from and to the antenna elements. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: 
     FIG. 1 schematically shows a radio communications system using intelligent antennas, 
     FIG. 2 schematically shows the signal flow in an uplink synchronization of an intelligent antenna to be calibrated, 
     FIG. 3 schematically shows the signal flow in a downlink synchronization of an intelligent antenna to be calibrated, and 
     FIG. 4 schematically shows the signaling for an antenna calibration in a delay interval between the uplink and downlink in the TTD mode. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     FIG. 1 shows a base station BS, which has, by way of example, established communication in the area of its served radio cell Z with three mobile stations MS. For an undisturbed connection from and to the mobile stations MS, a channel separation by a time division duplex method TDD is provided. For the separation of the connections between the individual mobile stations MS, the hybrid multiple access method TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchron Code Division Multiple Access), a form of TD-CDMA (Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access) may be used by way of example. TD-CDMA is a combination of the multiple access components TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and is characterized by the degrees of freedom frequency, time slot and code. TD-SCDMA differs from TD-CDMA by the use of a highly accurate synchronization of the received signals in the uplink. As a result, the orthogonality of the received signals is retained to the greatest extent, resulting in turn in an improvement in the detection properties. 
     A precondition for a TD-SCDMA system or a comparable radio communications system with intelligent antennas is to have antennas with which a directional selectivity of the transmission signals transmitted from a base station BS can be achieved. With intelligent antennas, electronically steerable, highly focusing propagation diagrams can be produced. Consequently, intelligent antennas reduce the angles of incidence for detours caused by the surroundings in the path of the transmission signals to the mobile stations, whereby the interference is reduced. From the same base station BS, it is consequently possible for different antenna lobes, which are steered in different directions, to use simultaneously the same frequency channel within a cell Z. What is more, the range of a base station BS increases for the same transmit power. 
     In FIG. 1, the intelligent antenna of the base station BS detects the directions from which the mobile stations MS are sending and forms corresponding antenna lobes in their direction. 
     Schematically represented in FIG. 2 is the signal flow in the case of an uplink calibration of an intelligent group antenna, comprising a plurality of antenna elements AE 1  to AEN and a reference antenna AR for the calibration. The arrows illustrate the different transit time of a reference signals from a reference antenna AR to the antenna elements AE 1  to AEN. The reference signals picked up by each antenna element AE 1  to AEN, and amplified if need be, are digitized parallel to one another in analog/digital converters A/D. The digitized values are subsequently handled in parallel in a digital down-converter DDC. From the measuring signals obtained in this way, it is possible for example to ascertain correction factors in a digital signal processor DSP and return the correction values as control information to the digital down-converter DDC of the individual antenna elements AE 1  to AEN. What is more, the reference signals from the signal processor DSP are sent via a digital up-converter DUC and a digital/analog converter D/A to the reference antenna AR, which sends said signals to the antenna elements AE 1  to AEN for the purpose of calibration, etc. 
     Schematically represented in FIG. 3 is the signal flow in the case of a downlink calibration of an intelligent group antenna. The antenna elements AE 1  to AEN each send a reference signal simultaneously to the reference antenna AR, which receives said signals with different reference signal transit times. If need be, the reference antenna AR amplifies the reference signals and converts them back into digital signals in an analog/digital converter A/D. The digitized signals are subsequently handled in a digital down-converter DDC and the measuring signals obtained in this way are fed to the digital signal processor DSP. In the signal processor DSP, correction factors are ascertained, for example, from the measurement results and passed as control information to the digital UP-converters DUC of the antenna elements AE 1  to AEN. What is more, reference signals  1  to N are fed to the digital UP-converters DUC for the purpose of transmission by the antenna elements AE 1  to AEN. 
     Selected below is a computational example for a TD-SCDMA system using an intelligent antenna with 8 antenna elements, a reference antenna and a length of the CDMA code elements (chip) of 0.75 μs. 
     The determination of the calibration factor takes place in a way analogous to channel-estimating methods known from mobile radio technology. The time delay and the phase position of the received reference signals are determined. Since the delay error is very small in comparison with the setpoint delay value, three measurements of channel pulse responses for each antenna element in the time available are adequate for example. Consequently, the signal length for the calibration of all the antenna elements of an intelligent antenna in the downlink is: (8+1) antenna elements*3 measurements*0.75 μs chip length=20.25 μs. 
     The antenna calibration, that is to say the correction of the influence of the analog error over the entire signal chain on the directional pattern of the intelligent group antenna, is carried out directly digitally. No oversampling of the received signal and transmission signal is necessary to eliminate delay errors. 
     In modern base stations, digital UP-conversion and down-conversion is used to compensate for problems caused by IQ phase errors and IQ amplitudes offsets. The correction of the delay time and phase of the transmission signals can be achieved directly by tuning the numerically controled oscillator NCO (Numarical Controled Oscillators) of the digital UP-converter (DUC) and of the digital down-converter (DDC), without a correction factor having to be included in the digital signal processing in the DSP. 
     Digital up-converters DUC and digital down-converters DDC also permit tuning of the amplitude of the transmission signals, since an error-affected amplitude likewise influences the beam formation. 
     On account of the high data rates between the calibration instance and DUC/DDC, the disadvantage of additionally signaling control information to DUC and DDC is negligible. 
     It can be seen from FIG. 4 that, in a TDD system, such as for example TD-SCDMA, a delay time of a certain length is provided between the uplink and downlink for counteracting transit time differences of the signals and data to be transmitted. The calibration measurements preferably take place in this delay time, since at this point in time no further signals can influence the measurements. The downlink calibration is preferably carried out at the beginning of the delay time and the uplink calibration is preferably carried out at the end of this time. 
     In the same way, a time slot TS provided for communication connections can also be reserved for the calibration procedure described. 
     The frequency of the antenna calibration is freely selectable and can be adapted dynamically to the transmission requirements. For example, a calibration may be performed in the downlink and uplink in each delay time between downlink and uplink TDMA frames or else a calibration is performed with a time interval which is a multiple thereof. The frequency of a downlink calibration may also differ from the frequency of an uplink calibration, for example if it is established by the base station that a mobile station is moving only insignificantly or not at all during a communication connection, for example for voice transmission, for data transport or for multimedia transmission. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.