Abstract:
In seismic exploration, seismic reflections from subsurface formations are recorded in the form of a time-distance array of seismic traces. This array is transformed into a frequency-distance domain. Frequencies at which coherent noise resides within the frequency-distance domain are determined. Wavenumbers corresponding to such frequenices are removed by filtering. The wavenumber-filtered, frequency-distance domain of seismic traces are then transformed back into a time-distance array of seismic traces.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to seismic exploration and more particularly to a method of filtering for removing coherent noise from seismic traces. In seismic exploration, it is common practice to deploy a large array of geophones on the surface of the earth and to record the vibrations of the earth at each geophone location to obtain a collection of seismic traces. The traces are sampled and recorded for further processing. When the vibrations so recorded are caused by a seismic source activated at a known time and location, the recorded data can be processed by a computer in known ways to produce an image of the subsurface. The image thus produced is commonly interpreted by geophysicists to detect the possible presence of valuable hydrocarbons. 
     Seismograms are commonly recorded as digital samples representing the amplitude of a received seismic signal as a function of time. Since seismograms are usually obtained along a line of exploration on the surface of the earth, the digital samples can be formed into an array (t-x) with each sample in the array representing the amplitude of the seismic signal as a function of time (t) and horizontal distance (x). When such arrays are visually reproduced, by plotting or the like, seismic sections are produced. A seismic section depicts the subsurface layering of a section of the earth. It is the principal tool which the geophysicist studies to determine the nature of the earth&#39;s subsurface formation. Before an array of seismic samples or traces can be converted into a seismic section for interpretation by geophysicists, however, the array must be extensively processed to remove noise and make reflection events discernable. 
     In the processing of seismograms, t-x arrays are sometimes transformed into arrays of complex numbers as a function of frequency (f) and wavenumber (k). This is commonly referred to as a &#34;frequency-wavenumber&#34; or &#34;f-k&#34; transformation. The f-k transformation has been used as a tool to study and filter seismic data. F-k transforms are routinely used to represent data collected by large arrays of sensors, including seismic data. Usually the f-k representations are computed by fast Fourier transforms. The resulting data representations are parameterized by frequencies, wavenumbers (spatial frequencies), amplitudes, and phases. In particular, for each frequency there is a collection of wavenumbers, and for each frequency-wavenumber pair there is a complex number (an amplitude and a phase). Among various applications of this representation are spectrum analysis (displaying the amplitude squared as a function of frequency and wavenumber) and filtering in the frequency-wavenumber domain. F-k spectrum analysis and filtering are particularly important when seismic data are contaminated by large amplitude coherent noise which obscures geologically significant signals. Frequently the coherent noise occupies a different part of the f-k spectrum than the signals. In such cases f-k filtering can potentially be used to attenuate the coherent noise thus revealing the signals for interpretation. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,765 to Kinkade, seismic traces are transformed to an f-k array and filtering is performed on the traces in the f-k domain. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,059 to Ruehle, multiple reflections are filtered from seismograms by transforming them into an f-k array representing amplitude as function of frequency and wavenumber. In Ruehle, the f-k array of the seismograms is filtered by weighting all samples with the inverse of the f-k transform of the multiple reflections. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,693 to Pann et al, seismic trace interpolation is carried out by inserting zero amplitude traces between the seismic traces in a section where spatial aliasing is a problem. The traces are then transformed into an f-k array. The f-k array is filtered to reject samples in a region of frequency and wavenumber which exhibits aliasing. The filtered f-k array is then transformed back into a seismic section representing amplitude as a function of time and distance. While f-k filtering is a very effective means of attenuating coherent noise from seismic traces, it is not the most optimal method in the sense of optimally preserving signal and rejecting noise. Taper zones between the noise and signal in the f-k domain have to be chosen by the geophysicist. If the taper zone is too small sidelobes will appear in the filtered seismic traces. If the taper zone is too large signal may be removed as well as the coherent noise or the coherent noise will not be significantly removed. 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide for a new and improved method of filtering seismic traces to remove coherent noise that overcomes limitations present in f-k filtering methods. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method of filtering which removes coherent noise from seismic traces and operates in the frequency-distance (f-x) domain. In the f-x method each trace is Fourier transformed into the frequency-distance (f-x) domain. For each frequency the data now consists of complex spatial samples. A complex filter operator is then designed to remove a particular wavenumber associated with the noise at each frequency. The complex operator is then convolved with the complex spatial sequence. The particular wavenumber where the noise lies can either be directly computed from the phase velocity when removing linear noise or from a digitized curve when removing dispersive noise. After all the frequency components have been filtered the data is transformed back to the time-distance domain by inverse Fourier transforming each trace. 
     The choice of using the f-x domain for filtering is based on the coherent noise characteristic as observed in the f-k domain. When the frequency of the noise characteristic is changing rapidly with wavenumber (high phase velocity) the f-x filtering method is particularly useful 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates, in flow chart form, the method of removing coherent noise from seismic data. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a t-x domain shot record produced by conventional seismic exploration. The shot record contains coherent linear noise and reflection signals. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an f-k spectrum of the t-x domain shot record in FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the t-x domain shot record in FIG. 2 after the coherent linear noise has been removed in accordance with the method of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the f-k spectrum of the t-x domain filtered shot record in FIG. 4. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring first to FIG. 1 the method of removing coherent noise from a series of seismic traces is described. The method commences at step 100 with the acquisition of seismic data using any one of numerous well-known seismic exploration techniques. For example, an artificial disturbance may be generated along the earth by the use of dynamite or the like. The resulting acoustic waves travel downwardly in the earth and are reflected upward from subsurface reflecting interfaces. The reflected waves are received at geophones or other detectors located along the surface and recorded in reproducible form as seismograms. Often surface waves traveling from the shot to the geophones are also recorded along with the reflected waves. These surface waves are considered coherent noise and would have to be removed to observe the reflected waves. Seismic traces which would be acquired by a typical seismic survey may be seen by reference to FIG. 2. The seismic traces depicted in FIG. 2 represent the amplitude of seismic energy as a function of time and distance along a line of exploration in the x direction of the earth&#39;s surface. These traces have been gathered into a t-x array commonly referred to as a &#34;seismic record&#34; or &#34;shot record&#34;. 
     Use of the method of f-x filtering depends on the structure of the coherent noise in the f-k domain. If the noise has a high velocity (high slope in the f-k domain) the f-x filtering method is particularly useful. A typical f-k spectrum of a shot record is shown in FIG. 3. Reflection signals occur along the wavenumber k=0. The coherent noise in the form of linear surface waves occurs as high amplitude constant velocity energy between 25 Hz and 60 Hz. Because the coherent noise has, in this case, a high slope in the f-k domain, the f-x method of filtering should be chosen. 
     Proceeding to step 120 the gathered seismic data d(t,x) is transformed into the f-x domain D(f,x) using a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU1## where d(t,x) are the seismic traces in the t-x domain for x=1...n; n is the number of seismic traces; t=0,...,j; j is the number of time samples; D(f,x) are the seismic traces in the f-x domain; f=0 ... j. 
     At step 130 a frequency between a lower frequency and an upper frequency where the noise resides is selected. This frequency range depends on the bandwidth of the coherent noise. For example, in FIG. 3 the coherent noise resides between the frequencies 25 Hz and 60 Hz. The filtering method would select all frequencies between 25 Hz and 60 Hz to perform the filtering operation. 
     At step 140 the method of determining what wavenumber of the noise to remove is selected. If the coherent noise is curved in the f-k domain (dispersive) the method proceeds to step 150, where the wavenumber corresponding to the coherent noise at frequency f is chosen from a stored table of wavenumbers k(f). A table k(f) following the trend of the noise will have been previously digitized from the f-k spectrum of the seismic record. If the coherent noise is linear in the f-k domain (has a constant. velocity) the method proceeds to step 160, where the wavenumber would be calculated from the formula k=f/v where k is the wavenumber, f is the frequency and v is the velocity of the coherent noise. For example, in FIG. 2 the linear coherent noise has a velocity of 8500 ft/sec. 
     Proceeding to step 170 the least squares filter a(m) is designed to remove the wavenumber k from the frequency series D(f,x) in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU2## where * means complex conjugate, R(m)=e i2 πkmΔx for m=0...p-1; σ 2  is a random noise term added to the diagonals; σ 2  governs how deep the wavenumber notch will be (for small σ 2  the notch will be deep and for a larger σ 2  the notch will be shallow); and the width of the notch is controlled by the number (p) of coefficients generated. Details of this step are given in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,903 to Linville, Shirley and Griffith, 1989, the teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     At step 180 the filter, a(m), is convolved with the data D(f,x) in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU3## where D&#39;(f,x) is the filtered data and n is the number of traces. 
     Proceeding to step 190, if the bandlimit of the coherent noise is not reached the method goes back to step 130 where the next frequency is selected. If the bandlimit of the data has been reached the method proceeds to step 200. 
     At step 200 each of the filtered traces, D&#39;(f,x), is inverse Fourier transformed back to the t-x domain, d&#39;(t,x), using an inverse fast Fourier transform represented by the following equation: ##EQU4## where d&#39;(t,x) represents the data after coherent noise removal. In FIG. 4 the shot record in FIG. 2 has been filtered to remove the linear energy in both the left and right quadrants of the f-k spectrum. After this step the method proceeds to step 210 where it terminates. In FIG. 5 the f-k spectrum of the filtered shot record in FIG. 4 shows that the linear coherent noise has been removed. 
     Thus, there has been described and illustrated herein a method for removing coherent noise from seismic data by computing f-x representations of the data and removing selected frequencies from the seismic data corresponding to either constant velocity or dispersive coherent noise. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations besides those specifically set forth may be made in the techniques described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.