Abstract:
A system controlling use of a communication channel in a communication network. The system comprising a network including service nodes. The service nodes comprising one or snore sets having one or snore nodes adapted to provide service functions in response to messages in the network. At least one of the sets comprising a member node having ace for communication with a remote to final, and a user interface process coupled with the interface to include a user of the remote terminal in the network. At least one of the sets comprising a member node having an interface to the communication network, and a process coupled to the interface to control establishment of the communication channel for the user.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to the field of communications networks. In particular, the invention relates to a system for controlling the use of a communication channel in a communication network. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0002]    Communications systems are comprised of several distinct networks. The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is one example. Others include the facsimile network. Although facsimile machines typically transmit facsimiles using the PSTN, facsimile machines do not interoperate with the voice content of the PSTN. In that sense, facsimile machines from a distinct network of communications devices that are not easily linked with the PSTN. Similarly, pagers form a network of devices. Other networks include data transmission networks such as the Internet and private networks. Also, voice over IP is becoming more common and that forms other network. 
         [0003]    Each network operates on a different set of protocols and it is difficult for a user of one network to communicate with a user on another network using the network of their choice. It can also be difficult for individual users of a single network to communicate with multiple people on the same network simultaneously. 
         [0004]    Accordingly, what is needed is a system for allowing users of different communications networks to communicate with one or more users through a single interface that will control the communications channels used. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    A system for controlling the use of communication channel in a communication network is described. The system includes a network such as Ethernet, a private Intranet, a subnetwork of the public Internet, or some other type of network. The network has service nodes that are grouped into multiple sets. Each set may have one or more service nodes of the same type. For example, one set of service nodes might provide billing functions. There might be four service nodes in the billing function set. 
         [0006]    One of the sets has a member node with an interface for communicating a remote terminal. The interface is coupled to a user interface process to include a of a remote terminal in the network. The user interface process may be the Rendezvous™Routing Daemon or some other interface that allows the user at the remote terminal to contact the network and send messages to the service nodes. One of the sets has a member node with an interface to the communication network. This might be a switch controller. The switch controller has a process coupled to the interface that controls the establishment of a communication channel for the user. 
         [0007]    The system may include logic to receive requests to contact one or more people from the remote terminal, forward messages into the network, respond to requests and forward messages in the network concerning the requests to the remote terminal. For example, a user might request a conference call between herself/himself and three other people. A message would be sent from the remote terminal to the user interface process and then be forwarded into the network. Messages concerning the status, routing, and other aspect of the conference call are forwarded from the network to the remote terminal. 
         [0008]    In one embodiment, each guest is assigned a unique transaction identifier. In one embodiment once a transaction identifier has been assigned, it is included with all messages concerning that transaction in the network. 
         [0009]    In one embodiment, each of the sets of service nodes i part of a distributed queue. The distributed queue enables the requests for service functions to be distributed amongst all of the service nodes performing like functions. 
         [0010]    In one embodiment, the service nodes use the multicast protocol to send messages to one another. In another embodiment, the user datagram protocol is used to send messages. In another embodiment, the transmission control protocol over Internet Protocol (IP) is used to send messages. 
         [0011]    In one embodiment, the service nodes of the system are mated in a private subnetwork. 
         [0012]    The communication network may be the public switched telephone network, a voice over IP network, or some other type of communication network. 
         [0013]    The communication channel may comprise a voice channel, a data channel, a voice conference channel, or some other type of channel in the communication network. 
         [0014]    One of the service functions may be to act as a service manager. The service manager acts as an intermediary between messages from the remote terminal and the rest of the system. The service manager receives user requests for communication channels, requests validation of the account information in the requests, and forwards the requests to a switch controller in response to the validation. 
         [0015]    One of the service functions is a billing function. The billing function receives requests for the use of communication channels, validates account information in the requests and stores information about the use of communication channels. The billing function may also charge credit cards for the use of communication channels and communication services. 
         [0016]    Another service function is a logging function. The logging function includes the ability to monitor the messages in the network and to store messages matching predefined criteria. The logger function also includes the ability to retrieve stored messages and generate a representation of the status of the system. 
         [0017]    One of the service functions is a notifier. The notifier responds to messages matching predefined criteria with a specified action. The notifier may respond to error conditions by contacting operator of the system using the communication network. The notifier may also store user request for use of communication channels and until a specified time and then forward the request into the network at the specified time. 
         [0018]    Another service function is the switch controller. The switch controller receives requests for use of communication channels and forwards the requests into the communication network. The switch controller receives status information about the communication channels and the communication network. The switch controller forwards status information to the remote terminal. The switch controller also monitors the remaining credit available for the user and requests additional credit when the available credit falls below a predetermined amount. The switch controller can terminate the use of a communication channel when the available credit reaches zero. 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, the system is embodied on a computer program product on a computer usable medium such as CD-ROM or floppy diskette. The computer usable medium has computer readable program code for causing a computer to control communication session. The computer program has instructions that receive requests from a use o communicate with a person. The program has instructions for composing a message to a communication server, such as the above system, requesting communication session. The program has instructions for monitoring the status of the communication session and for controlling the communication session. 
         [0020]    The computer program has instructions for identifying the current location of the user and the current phone number at that location for the user. The program also has instructions for identifying the user account information and for requesting phone number or determining a phone number for the person being called. 
         [0021]    The computer program includes instructions for generating a message including a phone number for the user and a phone number for each person being contacted together with the account number for the user. The computer program includes instructions for sending a message over the network to the communication server. 
         [0022]    The computer program has instructions for inserting a time for the communication session into the message and communicating that to the communication server. This can be used to setup a conference call at a designated time. 
         [0023]    The computer program includes instructions to receive status messages from the communication server. The status messages can indicate the on-hook, off-hook, and ringing status of all of the parties to the call. The computer program can update the computer display to reflect the status of the parties to the communication session. In one embodiment, icons are used to show a ringing phone, a phone off-hook and a phone on-hook response to the status of each phone. 
         [0024]    The computer program includes instructions for adding people to the communication session, removing people from the communication session, muting a participant&#39;s ability to speak, and placing a caller on hold during the communication session. The computer program also includes instructions for indicating that the communication session should end. 
         [0025]    When multiple participants to the communication session using the communication server, the computer program supports messaging over a data network to other users of the communication. 
         [0026]    The computer program includes instructions for locating a person and requesting status information from the communication server about the person. The status information might indicate the current phone number of the person and whether or not the person is on the phone. 
         [0027]    The computer program includes instructions for requesting billing information about services used. 
         [0028]    One embodiment supports anonymous communication between two people over the public switched telephone network. The method begins with the provision of each person&#39;s phone number to a computer rather than to each other. The computer then calls the first person and the second person on a conference channel in the public switched telephone network. The two parties are able to communicate without giving away their phone numbers. In one embodiment a link is included on a web page to allow someone viewing a web page to communicate anonymously with another party. In another embodiment, a link is included in a chat room to allow two participants of the chat room to have an anonymous conversation. 
         [0029]    One embodiment a computer library provides a set of message definitions and service function interfaces. The message definitions include account message definitions, member message definitions, and call message definitions. The service function interfaces include interfaces for a service manager, a billing manager, a notifier, a logger and switch controller. The interfaces describe the program calls that the service functions must implement. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a communication server. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing how one embodiment of the communication commerce server can control communications channels between a sub fiber and a non-subscriber. 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of embodiment of a communication commerce server. 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a phone switch. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 5A-B  are process flow diagrams demonstrating a method for setting up a telephone  11  in one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a user interface for controlling the communication server. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 
       [0036]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a communication commerce server. A communication commerce server can be used to 
         [0037]    This paragraph lists the elements of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  includes a set of communication networks  100 , a user  102 , a user  104 , a user  106 , and a communication server  110 . The set of communication network  100  comprises a pager network  132 , a voice over Internet Protocol (IP) network  134 , a phone network  136 , a data network  138 , and a facsimile network  140 . The user  102  has a cell phone  112 , an office phone  114 , a home phone  116 , an office facsimile machine  118 , a personal digital assistant (PDA)  120 , and an office computer  122 . The user  104  has a computer  124  and a home phone  126 . The user  106  has a home phone  128  and a facsimile machine  130 . 
         [0038]    This paragraph describes the interconnections between the elements of  FIG. 1 . The cell phone  112 , the home phone  116 , the home phone  126 , and the home phone  128  are coupled in communication with the phone network  136 . The office phone  114  is coupled in communication with the voice over IP network  134 . The office facsimile machine  118  and the facsimile machine  130  are coupled in communication with the fax network  140 . The PDA  120  is coupled in communication with the pager network  132 . The office computer  122  and the computer  124  are coupled in communication with the data network  138 . The PDA  120 , the office computer  122  and the computer  124  are coupled in communication with the communication server  110 . The communication server  110  is coupled in communication with each of the networks in the set of communication networks  100 . 
         [0039]    Each of the elements of  FIG. 1  will now be described. The set of communications networks  100  is a collection of different communication networks. In one embodiment, the set of communications networks includes the phone network  136  and the voice over IP network  134 . The phone network  136 , sometimes referred to as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), addresses each station according to a numbering plan. In North America, the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is used and each phone line has a ten-digit phone number in the form of a three-digit area code followed by a seven-digit number. Numbers are assigned to phone lines, not individuals. Consequently, a single person may have multiple phone numbers. In contrast, the IP network uses an IP address where under the IPv4 standard, each address is four bytes. The IP address is linked to a specific station, not with a user, so a single person may have multiple IP addresses. Therefore, users of the phone network  136  can contact each other by using the ten-digit number and users of the voice over IP network  134  can contact each other by using the IP address. However, users solely on the two different networks cannot contact each other without some additional bridge. 
         [0040]    The facsimile network  140  has typically been thought of as a subset of the phone network  136 . This is because most facsimile machines communicate over the PSTN. However, facsimiles may be sent over data networks such as the Internet or the data network  138 . Similarly, facsimile machines can operate over networks such as the voice over IP network  134 . Typically, facsimile stations are addressed according to the NANP. The facsimile network  140  is distinct from the phone network  138  because a user solely on the two different networks cannot contact the other without some additional bridge. For example, a user with solely a traditional phone cannot send a facsimile to a facsimile machine without some additional bridge. Additionally, a facsimile machine coupled to the data network  138  may not be able to communicate with a facsimile machine coupled to the phone network  136 . 
         [0041]    The pager network  132  is typically addressed according to the NANP. However, many pagers can also be addressed over data networks such as the Internet or the data network  138 . Although pagers can be contacted by users of the phone network  136 , that is solely because the paging companies install specialized bridging software that receives the telephone call and decodes the dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals to send a message to the pager over the paging network. 
         [0042]    The data network  138  is a data network such as the Internet, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or some other type of data network. 
         [0043]    The data network may operate over other networks such as the phone network  136 . Data networks are typically not designed for voice communication. However, protocols such as voice over IP do allow voice communication over the data network  138 . Users of the data network  138  cannot communicate by voice with users of the phone network  136  without some additional bridge. 
         [0044]    The communication server  110  serves to bridge the different networks in the set of communications networks  100 . The communication server  110  also provides a uniform mechanism for allowing users to contact other people. The communication server  110  also provides a unified billing mechanism for the multitude of communication services used by a user. 
         [0045]    The user  102 , the user  104 , and the user  106  are individuals. The user  102  and the user  104  are users of the communication server  110 . The user  106  is an individual who does not use the communication server  110 . The users  102 - 106  have a number of different contact points and mechanist as shown by  FIG. 1 . For example, the user  102  has six different ways she/he can be contacted: the cell phone  112 , the office phone  114 , the home phone  116 , the office facsimile machine  118 , the PDA  120 , and the office computer  122 . 
         [0046]    When the user  106 , who is not a subscriber to the communication server  110 , wants to contact the user  102 , the user  106  must perform a number of steps. The user  106  must select a communication network. The user  1   06  must find the address for the user  102  in that communication network and the user  106  must provide the address for the use  102  in that communication network to their communication device. If the user  106  is not sure whether the user  102  is at her/his home or office, the user  106  may not know which phone number to dial to contact the user. 
         [0047]    In contrast, the communication server  110  facilitates easier communication between the user  102  and her/his contacts. The user  102  accesses the communication server  110  and identifies her/his present location. Then, the user  102  identifies a person to contact, the person need not be a subscriber to the communication server  110 . The communication server  110  then controls the communications channels between the user  102  and the other person or persons. 
         [0048]    The communication server  110  may be composed of a variety of service nodes. The service nodes the service nodes may each run a variety of programs to provide service functions. It is also possible for a single service node to provide multiple service functions. The service nodes may be located in a single location or distributed in different locations. Typically the service nodes that provide control over telecommunications network equipment will be located in proximity to the network equipment. Consequently, the service nodes may he distributed in multiple locations and connected by a private network. 
         [0049]    The term communication server can refer to all of the service nodes and service functions, but also used to refer to a subset of the service nodes and service functions that includes all of the service nodes other than the switch controller nodes and switch controller functions. This terminology is used because a carrier can set up multiple switch groups based on capacity and demand in various locations see  FIG. 3 ). 
       B. PLACING CALLS 
       [0050]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing ho one embodiment of the invention can control a communications channel between a subscriber and a non-subscriber.  FIG. 2  also demonstrates how the communication server  110  serves as a bridge between different communications networks and how the communication server  110  selects and controls a communication channel. 
         [0051]    This paragraph lists the elements of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  includes the user  104 , the user  106 , the communication server  110 , the phone network  136 , the data network  138 , a switch controller  210 , and a phone switch  212 . The communication server  110  is comprised of a service manager  202 , a billing engine  204 , a logger  206 , and a notifier  208 . 
         [0052]    This paragraph describes the interconnections between the elements of  FIG. 2 . The computer  124  is coupled in communication with the data network  138 . The data network  138  is coupled in communication with the communication server  110 . The communication server  110  is coupled in communication with the switch controller  210 . The switch controller  210  is coupled in communication with the phone switch  212 . The phone switch  212  is coupled in communication with the phone network  136 . The phone network  136  is coupled in communication with the home phone  126  and the home phone  128 . 
         [0053]    Each element of  FIG. 2  will now be described. The user  104  connects to the communication server  110  over the data network  138  using the computer  124 . The computer  124  can program for communicating with the communication server  110  or the communication server  110  can be contacted using a web browser program over the World Wide Web (WWW). Once the user  104  identifies herself/himself and her/his location to the communication server  110 , the user  104  can contact individuals using the interface with the communication server  110 . The  104  can signal that she/he wants to contact the user  106  by selecting the user  106  from a list or by some other means. If the user  106  has multiple contact locations and is not a subscriber to the communication serve  110 , then the user  104  will be prompted to select a contact location. However, if the user  104  wanted to contact the user  102 , a subscriber to the communication server  110 , the communication server  110  can determine the correct contact location for user  102  without additional prompting because the user  102  would also have identified her/his location to the communication server  110  when she/he identified herself/himself to the communication server most recently. 
         [0054]    Once the contact number has been selected, here the home phone  128  for the user  106 , the client program on the computer  124  sends a message over the data network  138  to the communication server to initiate a call. The message may be encrypted. The communication server  110  receives the message in the service manager  202 . 
         [0055]    The service manager  202  may perform some basic checks and verification on the message and then sends the message to the billing engine  204 . The billing engine  204  validates the request. The validation process includes checking the account of the requesting user and authorizing the call. The validation process can also include charging the credit card associated with the account of the user  104 . The billing engine  204  sends a message to the service manager  202  to initiate the call once the account information has been validated. Upon receiving the validation from the billing engine, the s ice  202  will instruct the switch controller  210  to initiate the call. 
         [0056]    The switch controller  2   0  is able to control the phone switch  212 . The phone switch  212  then calls both the initiating party, here the user  104 , and the receiving party, here the user  106 . As the phone switch  212  calls the parties, messages are sent back through the switch controller  210  to the client program on the computer  124  to display the ringing and call status of the phone lines of the participants to the call. The display on the computer  124  can be updated to reflect the ringing d on-off hook status of the phone lines for each participant in response to the messages from the switch controller  210 . 
         [0057]    Throughout the call, the switch controller  210  will monitor the remaining credit on the account. If more credit is needed, the credit card associated with the account of the user  104  can be charged while the call is in progress. This is done by the switch controller  210  sending a message to the billing engine  204  to request more credit. The communication server  110  also supports conference calls where each party pays for her/his leg of the call. 
         [0058]    The client program on the computer  124  allows the user  104  to add other parties to a phone call. The program also allows the user  104  to selectively limit the ability of individual participants to speak during the phone call. The program also allows the  104  to selective!y limit the ability of an individual participant to listen and speak during the phone call. For example, if the user  104  were to signal on the computer  124  that a third party, say the user  102  should be added, the user  104  could then control which of the other participants could speak and listen with the client program. 
         [0059]    The communication server  110  also allows the client programs on the computers such as the computer  124  to send messages to other users that are coupled in communication with the communication server  110 . During conference calls with other subscribers to the communication server  110  this provides a second channel of communication in addition to the voice channels and conference channels being used. 
         [0060]    The communication server  110  and the client program on the compute  124  alleviate the need for the user  104  to decide how to route her/his call. Furthermore, the communication server  110  supports bridging a variety of technologies. For example, the phone switch  212  could be coupled to a voice over IP router and allow communication with the office phone  114  belonging to the user  102  which is coupled in communication with the voice over IP network  134 . The user  104  only needs to indicate who she/he wants to contact, the communication server  110  handles the other details and provides a single, unified, bill for the communications services used. 
         [0061]    The logger  206  serves to log the messages transmitted in the network and to store them. The logger  206  provides useful support for monitoring network status and maintaining network operations. 
         [0062]    The notifier  208  serves to provide business rule specific responses to messages. For example, the notifier  208  can be programmed to listen for error messages in the network. The notifier  208  can then process the error messages through business rules provided by the operator of the communication server  110  and take appropriate actions. Action might include paging the network supervisor, contacting multiple staff hers by telephone, sending electronic mail messages, shutting down parts of the system such as a faulty switch, or some other actions. 
         [0063]    The notifier  208  also supports scheduled conference call notifications. The user  104  can schedule a conference call for a specific time and the notifier  208  can trigger actions to the conference participants at the scheduled time. 
       C. DETAILED VIEW OF COMMUNICATION SERVER 
       [0064]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an embodiment of a communication server together with multiple switch controllers.  FIG. 3  demonstrates the scalable and distributed nature of the communication server. 
         [0065]    The communication server  110  need not run on a single computer or even on a single subnetwork or network. In one embodiment, the components of the communication server  110  are modules that communicate using TIB®/Rendezvous™ messaging over an Internet protocol (IP) network. TIB®/Rendezvous™ supplied by Tibco, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. The messages can be in user datagram protocol (UDP), multicast protocol, or transmission control protocol (TCP). The Rendezvous routing daemon enables the components to be distributed throughout different networks and handles protocol conversions as necessary to enable the components to communicate. The messaging architecture is disclosed in “Apparatus and Method for Providing Decoupling of Data Exchange Details for Providing High Performance Communication Between Software Processes,” Marion a Skeen, et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,798, filed Dec. 21, 1990. 
         [0066]    The components of the communication server  110  are each computer programs, applications, applets, or some other type of program that are coupled in communication with one another. They may be located on a single computer with multiple processors or on multiple computers in different physical locations. In one embodiment, the components of the communication server  110  are located on multiple computers in a single physical facility with two or more IP subnetworks coupled in communication. This configuration supports fault tolerance, redundancy, and load balancing. 
         [0067]    In one embodiment, load balancing, fault tolerance, and redundancy are also supported by using a distributed queue architect supplied by the TIB®/Rendezvous™ system. For example, the communication server  110  might have four service managers  202 A-D. Each service manager belongs to a single distributed queue, the distributed service manager queue  300 . Similarly, there might be four billing engines  204 A-D. Each billing engine belongs to a single distributed queue, the distributed billing engine queue  302 . The communication server  110  might have fewer loggers. Here, only two loggers are supplied, the loggers  206 A-B. Again, each logger belongs to a single distributed queue, the distributed logger queue  304 . The distributed queue architecture is extremely flexible. For example, the communication server  110  has only a single notifier currently operating, the notifier  208 A. Nonetheless, it belongs to the distributed notifier queue  306 . This permits more computer resources to be brought to bear as needed. If an additional notifier is needed, another notifier program can be run, a new computer added, a new network site brought on line, etc., and the distributed queue architecture will enable the load balancing between the multiple notifiers. In one embodiment, at least one of each service is running on each of the two IP subnetworks at the physical site of the communication server  110 . This allows a failure of a IP subnetwork while allowing the communication server  110  to continue o function. 
         [0068]    A distributed queue also can couple devices that are remotely located as shown by the distributed switch controller queue  308 . In this example, there are two carrier switch groups  330 A-B. The carrier switch group  330 A might be in New York while the carrier switch group  330 B might be in Los Angeles. The distributed switch controller queue  308  might be located in San Francisco along with the other components of the communication server  110 . 
         [0069]    Each carrier switch group has multiple switch controllers  210 A-F and multiple phone switches  212 A-D. There is no fixed number of switch controllers or phone switches that make up a carrier switch group. Each carrier switch group can have any number of resources based on the switching capacity needed for the carrier switch group. If a user has only purchased time with a single carrier, the billing engines  204 A-D and the distributed switch controller queue  308  will ensure that calls are only placed over the carrier networks for which the user has privileges. 
         [0070]    The switch controllers  210 A-F may be running on UNIX workstations such as a Sun™ Sparestation™ or a Windows™ NT workstation. Products such as Marathon Endurance® from Marathon Technologies of Boxborough, Mass., can be used to provide additional fault tolerance under Windows™ NT. Marathon Endurance® allows a multiprocessor workstation to have a processor failure and continue to function. 
         [0071]    The distributed queues can schedule based on a number of operator defined criteria. The distributed service manager queue  300  primarily uses round robin scheduling based on current call load. The service managers  202 A-D each have a capacity. These managers  202 A-C might have a capacity of 1000 while the service manager  202 D might have a capacity of 2000. When the distributed service manager queue assigns a call request to a service manager, it assigns it to the service manager with the highest remaining capacity. Thus, the first 1000 calls will go to the service manager  202 D until the load of all of the service managers is 1000. Each time a call is assigned to a service manager, the capacity is reduced by 1. Once the call is completed, the service manager will increase its capacity by 1. This ensures a relatively distribution of call load among the service managers it also ensures that when a new service manager is brought on line, the load is quickly equalized. 
         [0072]    The distributed billing engine queue  302  operates in a similar fashion. However, the distributed billing engine queue  302  also ensures that selected messages are received by each billing engine individually. This supports redundancy because the billing information is on all of the billing engines. The distributed logger queue  304  and the distributed notifier queue  306  perform in the same fashion as the billing engine queue. 
         [0073]    The distributed switch controller queue implements a scheduling algorithm that allows switches to be easily allocated and also allows the deployment of new technology easily. A scheduling algorithm has been developed for the distributed switch controller queue  308  that allows load balancing. Each switch is assigned a weight and a capacity. The weight corresponds to the general reliability of the phone switch. For example, a new voice over IP phone switch might be assigned a weight of  250  and have a capacity for 1000 channels. The Summa™ 4 switch might be given a weight of 1000 and have a capacity for 4000 channels. 
       D. DETAILED VIEWS OF PHONE SWITCH 
       [0074]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a phone switch.  FIG. 4  shows ho the communication server  110  is able to communicate with the phone network  136  and other networks. 
         [0075]    The communication server  110  is coupled in communication with the switch controller  210  which is in turn coupled in communication with the phone switch  212 . The phone switch  212  includes conference calling resource  402 , voice resource  404 , resource card  406 , primary rate interface (PRI)  408 , and PRI  410 . The PRI  408  is coupled to a voice over IP router  412  which is coupled in communication with the voice over IP network  134 . The PRI  410  is coupled to a class 4 switch  414  which is coupled in communication with the phone network  136 . 
         [0076]    The phone switch  212  can be a programmable phone switch such as the Summa™ 4, a class 5 switch, or some other type of phone switch. The phone switch  212  is responsive o switch requests and provides switch responses to those requests. The switch controller  210  serves to translate communications services requests from the communication server  110  into switch requests for the phone switch  212 . The switch controller  210  also translates the switch responses from the phone switch  212  into communication services responses for the communication server  110 . The switch controller  210  has a device specific control knowledge. If a new type of phone switch is being deployed, only the switch controller  210  needs additional programming. 
         [0077]    The phone switch  212  is equipped to provide conference calling via the conference calling resource  402 . The voice resource  404  enables the phone switch  212  to generate audio prompts. The audio prompts can be announcements like, “Extension Four-One-Three please,” or some other spoken text. The audio prompts enable the phone switch  212  to complete calls to called persons who have a human operated switchboard. The voice resource  404  also can be used to generate prompts such as if credit is running low during a conference call, a message could be played indicating that the call will end in a designated time. The phone switch  212  is also capable of generating and decoding DTMF signals. This enables the phone switch  212  to complete calls to called persons who have a DTMF reachable extension. It can also be used to contact pagers over the pager network  132 . Facsimile resources can be added to the phone switch  212  to support facsimile transmission. The resource card  406  is used by the phone switch  212  to track and monitor the available resources. The resource card  406  is used by the Summa™ 4 switch but may not be used by other phone switches. 
         [0078]    The PRI&#39;s  408  and  410  supply the phone lines. Each PRI supports fifteen analog phone lines. Alternatively, other resources could be used to support phone lines. Depending on the need and the capacity, the phone switch  212  can have more PRI&#39;s, conference calling resources  402  and other resources. The PRI  410  handles plain old telephone service (POTS). A class 4 phone switch such as a Nortel DMS 250 or an AT&amp;T 5ESS is used to carry the call from the PRI  410  onto the phone network  136 . Alternative configurations are possible, and any programmable phone switch could be used. Or, if at some point, the phone network  136  is modified to allow class 5 switches to carry calls onto the phone network  136  directly, a Summa™ 4 could directly bring the call from the PRI  410  onto the phone network  136 . The PRI  408  is coupled to a voice over IP router  412 . The voice over IP router  412  enables the phone switch  212  to communicate with the voice over IP network  134 . 
       E. DETAILED CALL SETUP FLOW 
       [0079]      FIGS. 5A-B  are process flow diagrams demonstrating a method for setting up a telephone call in one embodiment of the invention.  FIGS. 5A-B  show the flexible nature of the communication server  110 . 
         [0080]    1. Subject Based Messaging 
         [0081]    In order to understand the process of  FIGS. 5A-B , it is helpful to understand subject based messaging used by the components of the communication server  110  in one embodiment of the invention. Although subject based messaging is one messaging technique that can be used in the invention, other messaging systems or other communications architectures may be used. The TIB®/Rendezvous™ messaging system offers publish/subscribe messaging and request/reply messaging. 
         [0082]    Publish/subscribe messaging allows a single message to be published on a subject name a single time. Those components interested in a particular subject name subscribe to the subject name. The TIB®/Rendezvous™ software efficiently handles the reliable routing of the messages based on the subject name. Certified message delivery is also supported. 
         [0083]    Request/reply messaging is demand driven. Typically it is used by a client to request an individual reply from a server. For example, the service manager can request a reply from the billing engine as to the validity of an account. Again the TIB®/Rendezvous™ software handles the routing of the messages based on subject name. 
         [0084]    Subject names in the TIB® system are comprised of multiple components. A full subject is written out by placing a period between each component of the subject name. Thus, the inessage “TS.CM.STARTCALL” is a single subject name comprised of three components. The components become import t because software modules using the TIB® system can subscribe to wildcard subject s. For example, the logger right subscribe to TS.&gt;” where the “&gt;” wildcard operator matches if the subject name contains the literal component plus at least one additional subject name component. Messages hat would be snatched include “TS.CM.STARTCALL”, “TS.SM.VALIDATE”, “TS.{transitID}.ERROR”, etc. 
         [0085]    In describing subject names, sometimes a subject n e component is written surrounded by braces, e.g. {transID} in “TS.{transID}.ERROR”. This convention is used to sad ate hat the subject n e of he message has e current value of the identifier filled in, e.g. for the transaction identifier  945 , the subject name would be “TS.945.ERROR”. 
         [0086]    2. Messages 
         [0087]    The subject based addressing provides a meth for transmitting messages among components of the communication server. There are several common message types that are used by the communication server. 
         [0088]    The messages used by the communication server can all depend off a single base class of messages for service messages. The service messages class is then further divided into subclasses for phone calls, facsimiles, pagers, and other services. The subclasses provide methods and instance variables for network specific functionality. The messages for phone calls will be considered here in detail. 
         [0089]    a. Call Message 
         [0090]    The call message is used to provide information about call set ups. A call message is comprised of a collection of call specific information together with a collection of member messages. The call message will have one member message for each leg of the conference call. The call message can include the following: a conference call name, a conference call password, a start time, an end time, a transaction identifier, a switch identifier, a login identifier, a time to start the call, and other fields. These fields are not all filled in at once. Throughout the description of the call process, the usage of the fields will be described. 
         [0091]    b. Member Message 
         [0092]    Member messages are used to provide information about the people to be contacted. Member messages are typically encapsulated with call messages but, are also sent on their own. In the case of a call message, each leg has a leg identifier, or legID, the legID 0 is the call originator who can control the call and who is typically billed for all legs of the call. 
         [0093]    The member message includes contact information for contacting the person called. The message include a name, a number, an extension, information about how the extension is reached, a status message, a leg identifier, an account message, different phone numbers and contact point information, the start and end time for the leg, and other fields. These fields are not all filled in at once. Throughout the description of the call process, the usage of the fields will be described. 
         [0094]    c. Account Message 
         [0095]    Account messages are used to provide account information and authorization. Account messages typically contain an account number, a password, the current amount of available edit, and other fields. The password may he encrypted. The message also has afield to indicate when the account has been verified. These fields are not all filled in at once. Throughout the description of the all process, the usage of the fields will be described. 
         [0096]    3. Call Setup Phase 
         [0097]    At step  500 , the process starts. The process is shown in parallel, but the steps need not o cur in parallel. 
         [0098]    At step  502 , the service manager subscribes to “TS.CM.STARTCALL”. The service manager could be the service manager  202 . This is the subject name that the client will use to request the start of a call. If there are multiple service managers, they belong to a distributed queue that will receive the message and then sign one of the service managers to handle the message. 
         [0099]    At step  504 , the switch controller subscribes to “TS.SM.STARTCALL”. The switch controller could be the switch controller  210 . The switch controller  210  is programmed to verify that the message published on “TS.SM.STARTCALL” comes from the service manager. This ensures that the client cannot bypass the billing system. 
         [0100]    At step  506 , the billing engine subscribes to “TS.SM.VALIDATE”. The billing engine could be the billing engine  204 . 
         [0101]    Next, at step  508 , the client publishes a message on the subject “TS.CM.STARTCALL”. This is subject name used to start a phone call. The client could be using a WWW interface to the communication server  110  or could be using a program designed to communicate with the communication server  110 . The message contents may be encrypted for transmission. The message published is a call message comprised of the call message fields and one member message for each participant including the call originator. The ember message for the originator will include an account message. Initially, the client program will fill in a name for the conference, if desired, and a p d for the conference, if desired. Neither of those fields is necessary. However, they do allow non-subscribers to join the conference via the conference name over the WWW by the conference call&#39;s name. There is a field in the call message that lists the number of current members in the call. That field provides information about how many member messages are part of the call message. A member message will have filled in the name of the person being called, or if it&#39;s the originator he name of the originator, then, the phone number there that person is currently and if necessary, their extension and the extension type at that location. The originator&#39;s member e age will include an account message having user&#39;s ID and password filled in. Later, that account message will be validated by the billing engine and the credit available will be filled in. 
         [0102]    Next, at step  510 , the client subscribes to “TS.SM.STARTCALL.” 
         [0103]    At step  512 , a service manager, via a distributed queue, is assigned to process the message published by the client in step  508  on the subject “TS.CM.STARTCALL”. If the message was encrypted over the public Internet, the message is decrypted. The service manager can perform some preliminary checks on the message contents. Then, the service manager assigns a transaction identifier, or transID, to the call and uses request/reply messaging on the subject “TS.SM.VALIDATE” to have the account information validated by the billing engine. Each account message that is in any of the member messages of the call message, will be validated. The validation includes providing the amount of available credit and validating the account based on the account number and password provided by the client program. 
         [0104]    Next, at step  514 , a billing engine, via a distributed queue. Is assigned to process the request by the service manager in step  512 . The billing engine could be the billing engine  204 . The billing engine is responsible for validating the account information and replying to the ice manager. The billing engine can operate in a number of ways. For example, a custom accounting database can be used as can industry standard products such Portal. Different billing engines operate on different systems either permanently or during transitions between billing systems. 
         [0105]    Next at step  516 , once the account is verified, the billing engine subscribes to “TS.SC.}transID}.&gt;”. This allows the billing engine to listen to the published information from the switch controller about the call such as when the line w picked up, etc. These messages are used to bill the user for all. 
         [0106]    At step  518 , the service manager receives the reply to the “TS.SM.VALIDATE” request and if there are no errors publishes to the subject name “TS.SM.STARTCALL”. At this point the call message has been augmented with the account validation information from the billing engine. Additionally, the service manager has already provided a switch ID, the transaction ID and any other fields that the service manager needs. 
         [0107]    Both the switch controller, via a distributed queue, and the client, are listening for the “TS.SM.STARTCALL” subject. At step  520 , the client receives a message on the subject “TS.SM.STARTCALL” indicating that the call will be started by the switch, in response, control proceeds to step  522  where the client subscribes to messages from the switch controller concerning the call on the subject “TS.SC{transID}.&gt;”. This subject is used by the switch controller to publish messages about the call status. 
         [0108]    At step  524 , the switch controller receives the message on the subject “TS.SM.STARTCALL” indicating that it should initiate the call, in response, control proceeds to stop  526  where the switch controller subscribes to messages from the client concerning the call on the subject “TS.CM.{transID}.&gt;”. These subjects are used by the client program to publish messages to control the call. For example, messages on this subject could be used to add legs to the conference call, drop legs from the conference call, add new participants, make participants listen only and end the conference call. 
         [0109]    Control then proceeds to step  528  where the call setup phase is complete and the call itself will take place. 
         [0110]    4. Call Process Phase 
         [0111]    At step  530 , the switch controller has signaled the phone switch to begin the call and whether or not the call has been connected is checked. Control proceeds at step  532  where the switch controller publishes messages on the subject “TS.SC.{transID}.statusChanged” to indicate call progress. Messages published on that subject include ringing, off hook, and busy. When the original call message requests multiple participants, control proceeds in the loop of steps  530  through  534  until all of the participants are connected. However, once the first participant is connected, they can begin talking to the originator at step  536 . 
         [0112]    At step  534 , the client which is subscribed to all of the switch controller messages on the transaction identifier receives the message on the subject “TS.SC.{transID}.statusChanged” and updates the client display appropriately. 
         [0113]    Control proceeds at step  530  until the call is connected or due to errors, the call cannot be connected. 
         [0114]    Once the call is connected, control proceeds from step  530  to step  536 . At this step, the user of the lien is able to conduct her/his conversation. Because the billing engine has authorized the user for a certain amount of time, or money, with the switch controller, the client can directly communicate with the switch controller. The user can control the conference call through communication with the switch controller on the subjects: “TS.CM.{transID}.ADDLEG”, TS.CM.{transID}.DROPLEG”. “TS.CM.{transID}. MUTE”, “TS .CM.{transID}.LISTENONLY”, and “TS.CM.{transID}.ENDCALL”. The add leg and drop leg subjects are used to add and drop legs from the conference call respectively. The mute subject is used to mute a person from listening and speaking while muted. The listen only subject allow a person to list in only and does not allow them to speak while set to listen only. The end call message is used to signify the completed end of the call by the client. The switch controller handling the conference call receives these messages because it is subscribed to the subject TS.CM.{transID}.&gt;” 
         [0115]    When the call is ended, control proceeds to step  538 , the switch controller generates a service detail record and publishes it on the subject “TS.SC.{transID}.SDR”. The service detail record contains the start and end times for each leg of the call along with any necessary billing information. The start and end times for each leg are filled into the member messages provided to the switch controller. 
         [0116]    At step  540 , the billing engine receives the service detail record because it subscribed to that subject at step  516 . The billing engine enters the details of the legs into the billing database and the billing information can immediately be queried by the client. The client can always see the most current billing information including the most recent call and all of the conference legs and costs. In some embodiments, some details for a call underway are available as well. 
       F. USER INTERFACE VIEW 
       [0117]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a use interface for controlling the communication server. The user interface could be used to control the communication server  110 . 
         [0118]    This paragraph lists the elements of  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  includes a window  600 . The window  600  includes a control buttons and menus pane  602 , an action pane  604 , a status pane  606 , a location selection pane  608 , a contacts button  609 , a groups button  610 , a messages button  612 , an account button  614 , a status display  616 , and a status display  618 . Status display  616  includes status indicator  620  and participant description  622 . Status indicator  618  includes status indicator  624  and participant description  626 . 
         [0119]    Each of the elements of  FIG. 6  will now be described. The user interface window  600  displays buttons, controls and panes for controlling the communication server. The panes can be arranged in a number of layouts and might be frames or table entries in a HTML document or panes in a window of a computer program. 
         [0120]    The control buttons and menus pane  602  contains menus and control buttons for various operations. The buttons and menus can be context sensitive depending on the selection in the action pane  604 , the selection in the status pane  606 , the status of the network and the status of the conference call. The control buttons and menus pane  602  includes buttons for adding and dropping participants to a conference call, muting participants to a conference call, setting a conference call participant to listen only, and ending the conference call. The nu include options for configuring us preferences and the import of contact from various sources. For example, contacts can be imported from programs such as Microsoft&#39;s Outlook™, ACT™, Schedule Plus, and other personal information managers. The imported contact information is stored in a format usable by the client programed stored on the client computer, on a WWW server or some other computer or server. The current list of contacts can be accessed by signaling on contacts button  609 . Additionally, there are control buttons in the control buttons and menus pane  602  that allow contacts to be added and deleted from the client programs contacts list. Other features include the ability to synchronize the contacts list with a contact manager. 
         [0121]    The location selection pane  608  displays the current location of the user and allows the user to indicate her/his present location. For example, the location selection pane  608  might indicate “Office”. The communication server  110  is then aware that the user is in her/his office and of the phone number for the user at that location. If the user were to signal on location selection pane  608  and change her/his location to “Home”, then the location selection pane  608  would indicate that the user is at home. When the user&#39;s location changes, the client sends messages to the communication server  110  to update the user&#39;s location. When other users of the communication server  110  want to contact the user. The location information can be used by the communication server  110  to enable them to contact the user without having to selecting the current phone number for the user. 
         [0122]    The status pane  606  displays call progress information, there is one status display for the user, the status display  616 , and one status display for each participant in the phone call. Additionally, the status pane  606  can be customized by the user to show the status of other of the communication server  110 . In this example, the status for a participant in the conference call is shown on the status display  618 . 
         [0123]    Each status display has status indicator and the name and phone number of the person for which the status is being shown. In this example, the status indicator  620  indicates the status of the phone or other communication device for the user of the communication server  110  at heir current location as selected from the location selection pane  608 . The status indicator can be an icon or collection of icons based on the type of communications device. In one embodiment, their are icons for a phone on the hook, a phone ringing, a phone busy, and a phone off the hook. The participant description  622  lists the user&#39;s name and her or his phone number at the current location. Other information can be displayed depending on the situation. For example, the client program right have options o show the amount of time in the conference call next to the participant&#39;s name or other information relevant to the status display. The status indicator  624  indicates the phone status of the participant. The participant description  626  indicates the participant&#39;s name and phone number at the called location. During the call process, the status indicator  624  will change as the participant&#39;s phone rings and then is picked up or determined to be busy. 
         [0124]    The action pane  604  displays different information depending on the selected view. The view can be changed using the four buttons at the bottom of the window  600 . For example, when the contacts button  609  is selected, the action pane  604  displays a list of the current contacts. Under the Windows™ operating system each contact&#39;s name is listed with a “+” expand selector as used in Windows™ Explorer to enable the user to selectively expand and collapse the display of information associated with a contact. Each contact has an expandable entry in the action pane  604 . When expanded, all of the different phone numbers, email address s, pager numbers, facsimile numbers and other numbers for a user are expanded. When collapsed only the contract&#39;s name appears. 
         [0125]    When the groups button  610  is selected user-defined groups of contacts are shown as one coherent entry. Again, expand selectors allow the user to selectively expand the list of contacts within a group. The contracts can then be further expanded to show individual contact information. For example, a user might create a group of contacts for the “Merger Working Group” The group might include contacts at both their user&#39;s company and the communication with which they are planning to merge. A conference call could simply be made by selecting the “Merger Working Group” in the action pane  604  and signaling that a call should be placed. Additionally, the user can expand the “Merger Working Group” and select individual contacts from the group to contact or message. 
         [0126]    When the messages button  612  is selected, the action pane  604  shows a message area for messages received and allows the user to send messages. Messages can be sent by selecting participants from the status pane  606  or from the contact list. The message can then be composed in a message entry pane. Once the message is composed, it can be sent by signaling on a button in the action pane or by some other signal. The messaging system allows a second channel of communication over the data network  138  during a conference call. 
         [0127]    When the account button  614  is selected, the action pane  604  shows user-specific account information including the current bill, up to and including the most recent completed communications transaction. 
         [0128]    During the conference call, the status displays  616 - 618  in the status pane  606  can be selected using standard selection techniques to allow multiple continuous and discontinuous status displays. When one o o of the status displays  616 - 618  are selected, actions from the control buttons and menus pane  602  can affect the selected participants. This allow selective muting, selective listen only, selective drop and selective messaging of participants. 
       G. ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY 
       [0129]    1. Prearranged Conference Calls 
         [0130]    The communication server allows a user to prearrange a conference call. The user cab set a time for a conference call and have the communication server contact all of the participants. The system can contact subscribers to the communication server at the location they have told the system they are presently at. For the other participants to the conference call, the user setting up the conference call would provide the contact phone number. 
         [0131]    2. Named Conference Calls 
         [0132]    It is possible for a user to set up a conference call with a name and optionally a password for others to join. When setting up the call, who will pay the costs for each leg of the call can be controlled by the user. For example, a user could set up a call where each participant pays for her/his own leg of the call. Users would join the call by name in the client software or by entering the name and password of the conference call on a WWW interface to the communication server. The communication server will handle all of the billing for the calls in accordance with the rules set up by the user. 
         [0133]    3. Messaging During Calls 
         [0134]    While a call is taking place the client soft and the WWW interface can support messaging over the data network  138 . The text messaging by selecting one or more people from a list and then typing a text message. Only the selected people receive the text message. This provides a second channel for communication during the phone call without the need for an additional phone call between the parties that want to have an additional private conversation during the conference call. 
         [0135]    The messaging can also take place between any two commerce server users. Further, if a user is not logged on when a message is sent, the message will be held until the user logs in. Messages can also be sent to alphanumeric pagers. 
         [0136]      4 . Public-Private Network Environment 
         [0137]    Because encryption incurs a relatively high computational cost, it is desirable to partition the envirorunent into public and private network segments. Messages sent over the public Internet or other data network  138  such as the messages from the client programs to the communication server  110  or to other client programs can be encrypted, signed, or both. In particular the account information published under the “TS.CM.STARTCALL” subject can be encrypted to prevent unauthorized use of a user&#39;s account. 
         [0138]    The components of the communication server  110  can be placed behind a firewall and isolated from the public Internet or other data network  138 . Therefore, messages on this private network, or subnetwork, need not be encrypted or signed. Similarly, the communication server  110  and the switch controller  210  can be coupled in communication by a private network or a virtual private network. In one embodiment, a frame relay cloud is used to couple the communication server  110  and the switch controller  210 . Therefore, the messages between the communication se  110  and the switch controller need not be encrypted or signed. 
         [0139]    However, any or all of the messages may be encrypted, signed, or both, to enable the communication server  110  to operate in a more public network environment. 
         [0140]    5. Facsimile Transmission 
         [0141]    The communication serve  110  supports other messages than the ones described above. For example, facsimile transmission can be handled using the subject name “TS.CM.STARTFAX”. Other communication networks can be similarly added and removed. The subject based messaging offers the flexibility to use the same message contents and techniques for multiple purposes. In the case of facsimiles, the message can include the facsimile itself as part of the tart message or as a separate message once the billing engine has validated the account. 
         [0142]    6. Voice Interface 
         [0143]    The invention supports an interface using the phone network  136  to control the communication server  110 . The phone network interface allows a user such as the user  102  to contact the communication server  110  from her/his home phone number and use the communication server  110 . The user dials into the communication server  110  and identifies herself/himself. The voice resource  404  provides voice prompts to the user  102  for entering their account number account information and password. The user can then have her/his electronic mail read to them if they have configured the communication server  110  with the appropriate information about their electronic mail accounts. This is supported by the voice resource  404  and the ability of the communication server  110  to access the data network  138 . In addition, the communication server  110  can allow the phone network  136  to be used as an ace for setting up conference calls and all of the other features described above. This would allow a user to call into the communication server  110  from an airport or other location, other payphone location and the voice resource  404  can detect and receive signals to allow conference calls and the like to be set up and controlled. 
         [0144]    7. Unified Billing 
         [0145]    Unified billing by the communication s is supported. The billing engine  204  can provide a single bill for all of the communication services that a user has used. For example, conference calls and regular telephone calls would be listed together with facsimile transmissions as well as paging transactions and other communication transactions. This is provides a single source for a user about their communications expenses. The bill is also updated in real time so that as each transaction is completed the bill is available for the user to review. 
         [0146]    8. Operator Controlled Credit Card Charging 
         [0147]    The communication server  110  supports charging a user&#39;s credit card incrementally for billing purposes. The operator of the communication server  110  identifies a charge amount, for example $100. This means that the communication server  110  will request credit in blocks of the charge amount from the user&#39;s credit card. While it is not necessary for accounts to be billed by credit card, this functionality is supported. The operator of the communication server  110  can choose to have their users pay each month or by some other arrangement. 
         [0148]    When the billing engine  204  validates a start call request, the billing engine  204  will fill in the current amount credit available to the user. The available credit is based on what remains from the last block of credit charged to the users less the cost of any calls that were made. The credit available is provided to the switch controller  210  as part of the call message. 
         [0149]    The phone call takes place, the switch control  210  decrements the available credit as it is used. When the remaining credit reaches a threshold set by the operator of the communication  110 , for example $10, the switch controller  210  sends a message to the billing engine  204  to charge another block of credit, here $100. If the billing engine  204  is unable to charge the user&#39;s credit card another block of credit, the switch controller  210  can use the voice resource  404  of the phone switch  212  to indicate to the conference call participants that the call will be ending and terminate the call when the available credit available is too low o support continuing the call. 
         [0150]    If the billing engine  204  is able charge a block of credit, he switch controller  210  will add the block of credit to the credit remaining when it receives the message back from the billing engine  204 . For example, if while the billing engine was processing the request for ore edit, the remaining credit dropped to $ 9 . When the additional $ 100  comes from the billing engine  204  then $ 109  would be available. This process continues as long as the call is in progress and additional credit is needed. 
         [0151]    At the end of the call, the remaining credit is provided back to the billing engine  204  by the switch controller  210  for subsequent use. 
         [0152]    9. LibTSMsg 
         [0153]    LibTSMsg offers a simple way for other devices other servers and other clients to be defined for the communications server. LibTSMsg is a linkable program library such as a shared library or dynamic link library. All of the messages are prototyped in LibTSMsg. Al of the components are prototyped in LibTSMsg. Specifically there is a core prototype for the various types of services. Additionally, for each of the different services, the service manager, the billing engine, the notifier, the logger, and the switch controller, there are derived classes built off the core prototype. Implementers of any of these services need only provide program code that responds to the defined class methods. This allows different versions of the software to coexist, even if different companies provide the software. For example, the default billing engine could be replaced with one designed to work with customized billing software. 
         [0154]    Many of the functions in LibISMsg rely on the TIB®/Rendezvous™ system. The system implements the message passing mechanism used in one embodiment of the communications server. 
         [0155]    10. Integrated LDAP Server 
         [0156]    The lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) is an Internet protocol for directories. The communications server  110  supports integration with an LDAP server. The LDAP server can be used to look up member status, to locate contact numbers for members, and for other purposes. 
         [0157]    The client program or the World Wide Web (WWW) interface allows a user of the communications server  110  to control what information is available on the LDAP server. For example, a user could allow none of their personal information to be published on the LDAP server. Alternatively, the user could allow their n e to be looked up only by people with permission to do so. Another option is to allow anonymous contact only. This would allow people to contact them by entering their name and using the client program or the WWW interface only. This allows the user to be contacted without giving out their phone number. 
         [0158]    The communications server can also be used to support anonymous phone calls. This can be used in chat rooms such as the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) or some other sort of chat room can also be used in a hypertext markup language (HTML) document served over the WWW. This allows a user of the chat server or a viewer of the WWW page to call other user without distributing their phone number. The operator of the chat service or WWW page provides a button or link on the screen at allows two or more users to call each other. Each user would provide their phone number over the chat service connection or the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) connection. The information might be encrypted during transit. The chat server or web server would then communicate the numbers to the communications server and a phone call could be initiated between the parties. 
         [0159]    This is a useful feature in situations where two users do not want to distribute their numbers to each other but do want to communicate with each other. 
         [0160]    12. Software 
         [0161]    In some embodiments, the programs used in the commerce server  110 , the service manager  202 , the billing engine  204 , the logger  206 , the notifier  208 , and the switch controller  210  are included in one or more computer usable media such as CD-ROMs, floppy disks, or other media. 
         [0162]    Some embodiments of the invention are included in an electromagnetic wave form. The electromagnetic wave form comprises information such as the commerce server  110  programs, the service manager  202  programs, the billing engine  204  programs, the logger  206  programs, the notifier  208  programs, and the switch controller  210  programs. The electromagnetic waveform might include the pro accessed over a network. 
       H. CONCLUSION 
       [0163]    The description of various embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and equivalent arrangements will be apparent. Therefore, persons of ordinary skill in this field are to understand that all such equivalent structures are to be included within the scope of the following claims and their legal equivalents.