Abstract:
An equipment article and method of illuminating equipment articles in low light conditions. The equipment article includes a rotatable element and a photoluminescent application to a surface of the rotatable element. The photoluminescent application includes a plurality of strontium aluminate phosphor crystals. The photoluminescent application exhibits a luminance of greater than or equal to 0.05 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m 2 ) for a period of at least 4000 minutes. The method of illuminating equipment articles in low light conditions illuminates the articles by the exhibited luminance.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/411,858 filed Apr. 27, 2006, entitled “PHOTOLUMINESCENT (PL) APPLICATIONS ON MOVEABLE EQUIPMENT,” and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/675,865, filed Apr. 29, 2005, the entire contents of each application are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to photoluminescence, and more particularly, to photoluminescent applications to moveable equipment. 
         [0004]    2. Related Art 
         [0005]    Ground support personnel, potentially distracted by high tempo operations, are often injured, and are sometimes killed when working with or around support equipment, especially during night and low light level operations as well as during times of low visibility. This problem is not limited to a specific industry. Accidents occur every year throughout the country with any military or commercial operation. Three types of warning signals have generally been used to enhance awareness of support equipment: audible warning signal, electronic warning signals, and visual warning signals. 
         [0006]    Given the fact that most maintenance and operational personnel working in high-noise environments wear hearing protection because of noise, audible warnings are not practical solutions. Electronic signaling devices, worn by personnel working in the proximity of support equipment and activated by a low-range signal emitted by the operation of said equipment are seemingly attractive options. However, such electronic signaling devices have their own drawbacks, such as: complexity, reliability, electromagnetic interference (EMI), high cost and maintenance burdens, etc. 
         [0007]    As such, there is a need for better methods and systems for improving the situational awareness (SA) of persons in the vicinity of support equipment during darkened or low-light conditions so as to minimize the risk of injury or damage to persons and/or equipment. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    According to a first broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided an equipment article including a rotatable element and a photoluminescent application to a surface of the rotatable element, the photoluminescent application comprising a plurality of strontium aluminate phosphor crystals, wherein the photoluminescent application exhibits a luminance of greater than or equal to 0.05 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m 2 ) for a period of at least 4000 minutes. 
         [0009]    According to a second broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a method to improve visibility in low light conditions of equipment. The method applies a photoluminescent material to a rotatable element of the equipment. The photoluminescent material has a plurality of strontium aluminate phosphor crystals, and the application of the photoluminescent material exhibits a luminance of greater than or equal to 0.05 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m 2 ) for a period of at least 4000 minutes. 
         [0010]    According to a third broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a marker for passive illumination of an object. The marker includes a photoluminescent application applied to a surface of the object. The photoluminescent application exhibits a luminance between 0.05 and 10 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m 2 ) for a period of at least 4000 minutes after charging under the ASTM E 2073-00 standard. 
         [0011]    According to a fourth broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a marker for passive illumination of an object. The marker includes a photoluminescent application applied to a surface of the object. The photoluminescent application exhibits a luminance less than 8000 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m 2 ) and greater than 2,480 mcd/m 2  for a period of at least 1 minute after charging under the ASTM E 2073-00 standard. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary piece of moveable equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates a close-up cross sectional view of a photoluminescent adhesive film system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary method for application of a photoluminescent adhesive film system to equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary piece of moveable equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  illustrates a close-up cross sectional view of photoluminescent paint system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary method for application of a photoluminescent paint system to equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary deck of an aircraft carrier including ground support equipment to which photoluminescent materials have been applied, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary airfield including ground support equipment to which photoluminescent materials have been applied, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary chart illustrating the luminance performance of an exemplary SrAl material in comparison to an exemplary zinc sulfide material, in accordance with an aspect of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    It is advantageous to define several terms before describing the invention. It should be appreciated that the following definitions are used throughout this application. 
       Definitions 
       [0023]    Where the definition of terms departs from the commonly used meaning of the term, applicant intends to utilize the definitions provided below, unless specifically indicated. 
         [0024]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “ground support equipment” refers to any moveable piece of equipment for use in supporting an operation. Examples of ground support equipment include: wheel chocks, turnbuckles, chains, come-alongs, tugs, tow bars, work stands, cranes, power carts, starting units (e.g., for starting an air craft&#39;s turbine engine, such as, Huffers), firefighting equipment, ordinance stands for carrying weapons, tractors, trucks, other powered and unpowered wheeled vehicles, ladders, scaffolding, air compressors, air &amp; electrical extension cords, jacks, creepers, etc. 
         [0025]    For the purpose of the present invention, the term “operation” refers to any commercial and/or military action, campaign, mission, task, or job. Examples of operations include: nautical operations (e.g., naval operations or ocean-going cargo transportation), construction of a structure (e.g., building construction), aviation (i.e., flight) operations (e.g., in support of an airport), transportation of goods or people (e.g., via rail or truck), drilling operations (e.g., drilling for oil, water, gas or explosives), mining operations, oil processing (refinery) operations etc. 
         [0026]    For the purpose of the present invention, the term “passively charged” refers to the charging of non-radioactive photoluminescent materials by exposure to natural or artificial light sources. An example of passively charging a photoluminescent material using natural or artificial light is described below. 
         [0027]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “photoluminescent material” refers to any item exhibiting photoluminescent characteristics. Examples of photoluminescent materials include paint, film, and powder coatings 
         [0028]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “photoluminescent characteristics” refers to an items ability to absorb light and later emit light, such as for example, during low light or darkened conditions. 
         [0029]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “photoluminescent paint” refers to any paint exhibiting photoluminescent characteristics. Examples of photoluminescent paint include paints comprising a phosphor, such as a strontium aluminate phosphor. 
         [0030]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “photoluminescent film” refers to thin coating, covering, membrane, sheet, etc. exhibiting photoluminescent characteristics. Examples of photoluminescent film include films comprising a phosphor, such as a strontium aluminate phosphor. 
         [0031]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “photoluminescent powder coating” refers to a powder coating exhibiting photoluminescent characteristics. Examples of photoluminescent powder coatings include powder coatings comprising a phosphor, such as a strontium aluminate phosphor. 
         [0032]    For the purposes of the present invention, the term “cast mold” or injection mold” refers to a method or item manufactured by placing a material into a mold and allowing it to cure thus resulting in an item in a desired shape. Exemplary materials that may be placed in the mold include, for example, acrylics or urethanes, such as for example, urethane comprising a photoluminescent. Exemplary shapes include wheel chocks, turnbuckles, letters, numbers, etc. 
       Description 
       [0033]    Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
         [0034]    An aspect of the present invention is directed to Photoluminescent (PL) applications to ground support equipment. This application of photoluminescent materials to ground support equipment provides a mechanism to visually identify potentially hazardous ground support equipment at night or during periods of low light and thus improve safety for those in the area. 
         [0035]    The below described PL applications may be applied to ground support equipment that, for example, is either located in a dark location or a location during which there are periods of poor visibility. Further, these locations may include locations in which there are large, heavy and/or dangerous moving or movable objects that must be avoided by personnel working in the vicinity during the darkness or periods of poor visibility. Examples of ground support equipment include: supporting an operation. Examples of ground support equipment include: wheel chocks, turnbuckles, chains, come-alongs, tugs, tow bars, work stands, cranes, power carts, starting units (e.g., for starting an air craft&#39;s turbine engine, such as, Huffers) firefighting equipment, ordinance stands for carrying weapons, tractors, trucks, ladders, scaffolding, air compressors, air &amp; electrical extension cords, jacks, creepers, etc. Exemplary operations include: nautical operations (e.g., Naval operations or ocean-going cargo transportation), construction of a structure (e.g., building construction), aviation (i.e., flight) operations (e.g., in support of an airport), transportation of goods (e.g., via rail or truck), drilling operations (e.g., drilling for oil, water, gas or explosives), mining operations, oil processing (refinery) operations etc. 
         [0036]    In one embodiment, the photoluminescent material applied to the ground support equipment may be a passively charged Low Light Level Illuminator (LLLI) photoluminescent material. In one embodiment, the photoluminescent material is a material comprising Strontium Aluminate (referred to herein as “SrAl”) based materials. SrAl is a combination of Strontium, Aluminum, and Oxygen. For example, in an embodiment the photoluminescent material comprises SrAl 2 O 4  phosphor crystals Further, in an embodiment, the SrAl 2 O 4  crystals are doped with rare earth elements, such as, for example, lanthanides (e.g., Europium). Europium doped SrAl 2 O 4  emits a green light with a wavelength of approximately 520 nm. In another embodiment, the photoluminescent material may be an alumina silicate based material. These materials are but some exemplary phosphors that may be used in accordance with the invention and any other currently know or later developed photoluminescent material may be used without departing from the invention. 
         [0037]    As is known to those of skill in the art, the basic principle behind photoluminescence is as follows: electrons orbiting the phosphor atoms or molecules absorb energy through collision with photons during excitation. The excitation source is electromagnetic radiation (primarily UV)—absorbed from visible and invisible light. When the excitation source is extinguished, phosphorescent materials release the stored energy in the form of visible light. It is this light, called afterglow, which we perceive as a self-luminous source. The afterglow decreases over time, exhibiting a hyperbolic decay. The duration and the intensity of the afterglow is a function of several variables including: type of phosphor; intensity of the activation source; type of activation source; and duration of activation exposure. LLLI photoluminescent materials have several advantages over warning systems for support equipment. These advantages include: they can be applied easily, they do not require an external power source (i.e., they are a passive system), they are not hazardous (e.g., non-radioactive), they are reusable and sustainable technology, they are durable and relatively maintenance-free, they have high reliability (i.e. that have utility even when damaged), they are technology that is readily available, they are relatively cheap to use, and they may be easily and quickly used to replace or improve existing warning systems for support equipment. 
         [0038]    As will be discussed in more detail below, the photoluminescent material may applied to the ground support equipment using a variety of means, such as, for example, by using paint, adhesives, or a powder-coating application. Furthermore, the photoluminescent material may in certain implementations incorporate, for example, a non-skid texture for safety and/or glass beads for reflectivity. Furthermore, implementations, such as adhesive applications, may included be a combination photoluminescent material and reflective material in one. 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary piece of moveable equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As illustrated, in this example equipment  102  is a wheel chock to which a photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  has been applied. This photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  may be applied in a variety of ways without departing from the scope of the invention. An exemplary method for application of photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  will be discussed in more detail below. Although photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  is illustrated as a rectangle, other geometries may be used without departing from the invention. For example, photoluminescent film system  104  may be applied to an entire side (or all sides) of the ground support equipment. Or, for example, photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  may be in the shape of circle, triangle, cross, letter, or number. Or, for example, photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  may be in the shape of a symbol that, for example, identifies the type of ground support equipment  102  (e.g., in the shape of runway tug). 
         [0040]      FIG. 2  illustrates a close-up cross sectional view of photoluminescent adhesive film system  104 . As illustrated, photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  includes three parts: a photoluminescent film  112 , an edge sealer  114  and an adhesive film  116 . 
         [0041]    The photoluminescent film of the present invention may be any type of photoluminescent film, such as, for example, a photoluminescent nylon resin-based film co-extruded with a white reflective backing and a fluoropolymer film co-extruded with a white reflective backing. In one embodiment, the photoluminescent film of the present invention may be 6-22 mils thick, more preferably approximately 12-14 mils thick to help provide superior wear resistance. Both the nylon resin based film and the fluoropolymer film offer the advantages of uniform thickness, repeatability and ease of application. A nylon photoluminescent film may provide exceptional erosion resistance and, as such, may be preferable in outdoor environments where the ground support equipment is exposed to rain and sun and/or saltwater. A fluoropolymer material is however, more pliable, and as such more easily adheres to non-flat surfaces or surfaces that move, such as those of a turnbuckle. As such, a fluoropolymer material may be more desirable in these environments. 
         [0042]    An adhesive film of the present invention may used to apply the photoluminescent films onto the equipment (e.g., wheel chock  102  of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ). Any type of adhesive film, such as those commercially available may be used for adhering a photoluminescent film to a piece of ground support equipment without departing from the invention. For example, the adhesive film may be a high performance pressure sensitive thin double-sided adhesive film such as, for example, the 747 or 7325 adhesive films available from Adchem Corp. or the 9469 or 9500PC films available from 3M, Inc. In some embodiments, the adhesive film is able to cold flow between the photoluminescent film and the ground support equipment during curing to thereby create a high-strength permanent bond. In one embodiment, the adhesive film is preferably an approximately 2-5 mil thick, high initial tack, soft acrylic permanent pressure sensitive film that adheres to a large variety of substrates and laminates. As is known to those of skill in the art, high initial tack refers to adhesives that, when applied, they stick immediately to the surface to which they are applied. 
         [0043]    Edge sealer  114  may be any type edge sealer such as, for example, the Scotch-Weld 2216 B/A and Scotch-Weld 3532 B/A edge sealers commercially available from 3M Corporation. In some embodiments, edge sealer  114  exhibits resistance to environmental conditions including humidity and salt spray as well as resistance to a number of industrial solvents, lubricating oils and fuels. It should be appreciated that the above-identified adhesives and edge sealers are exemplary, and other adhesives and edge sealers are considered within the scope of the invention. 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary method for application of the photoluminescent adhesive film system  104  of  FIG. 2 . First, ground support equipment  102  is cleaned (S 302 ). This may be accomplished using an alcohol-based solution by wiping down the area with a clean rag, applying the solvent, and re-wiping. Next, adhesive film  116  is applied in the desired area (S 304 ). If adhesive film  116  is a dual-sided adhesive film (i.e., adhesive on both sides), then prior to application, adhesive film  116  has a release paper on both sides to protect the adhesive. As such, adhesive film  116  may be applied by peeling off the release paper from one side of the adhesive film  116  and sticking the now exposed adhesive to the surface of ground support equipment  102  using hand pressure. After which, photoluminescent film  112  is applied to adhesive film  116  (S 306 ). This may be accomplished, for example, by peeling off the release paper from the second side of adhesive film  116  and sticking photoluminescent film  112  to the now exposed adhesive. Then, if desired, edge sealer  114  is applied over photoluminescent film  112  (S 308 ). This may be accomplished, for example, by brushing edge sealer  114  on photoluminescent film  112  and adhesive film  116  and allowing edge sealer  114  to dry. However, in typical applications an edge sealer need not be used. 
         [0045]    In an alternative embodiment, rather than applying multiple layers such as discussed above with reference to  FIG. 3 , in another embodiment photoluminescent adhesive film system may be a peel and stick adhesive. For example, the photoluminescent adhesive film system may initially be manufactured with the photoluminescent film and the adhesive film already combined with a release paper covering the adhesive on the opposite side of the photoluminescent film Then, to apply the photoluminescent adhesive film system, the release paper is peeled off to expose the adhesive film and the photoluminescent adhesive film system is applied to the ground support equipment by sticking the photoluminescent adhesive film system to the ground support equipment. After application of the photoluminescent adhesive film system, an edge sealer may be applied. 
         [0046]    It should be noted that although an edge sealer is applied in the above-described embodiments, an edge sealer is optional and in other embodiments need not be used. It should also be noted that these are but exemplary methods for applying a photoluminescent film and other methods and systems may be used without departing from the invention. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary piece of moveable equipment, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, in this example, ground support equipment  402  is a wheel chock that has been painted with a photoluminescent paint system  404 . 
         [0048]    Photoluminescent paint system  404  may be applied in a variety of ways without departing from the scope of the invention and exemplary methods for application will be discussed in more detail below. Also, although photoluminescent paint system  404  of  FIG. 4  is a rectangle, other geometries may be used without departing from the invention. For example, the photoluminescent paint system may be applied to an entire side (or all sides) of the ground support equipment. Or, for example, photoluminescent paint system may be in the shape of circle, triangle, cross, letter, or number. Or, for example, the photoluminescent paint system may be in the shape of a symbol that, for example, identifies the type of ground support equipment (e.g., in the shape of tug). 
         [0049]      FIG. 5  illustrates a close-up cross sectional view of photoluminescent paint system  404 . As illustrated, photoluminescent paint system  404  comprises three parts: a white paint  504 ; photoluminescent paint  506 ; and an optional sealer  508 , applied to ground support equipment  402 . These paints may be, for example, two-part urethane paints; however, other types of paints may be used (e.g., acrylic or lacquer paints) depending, for example, on the equipment and environment in which it will be used. White paint  504  is preferably a white reflective base coat type paint that is applied to a thickness of approximately 4.0-5.5 mils. Photoluminescent paint  506 , which is described in more detail below, is preferably applied to a thickness of 12.5-13.0 mils. Sealer  508 , when used, provides a clear protective topcoat and is preferably applied to a thickness of 1.9-2.5 mils. 
         [0050]    In an embodiment, photoluminescent paint  504  uses a polyester resin as a carrier and is loaded with SrAl phosphor crystals that occupy interspatial sites in the resin polymer structure. Depending on the specific properties desired for photoluminescent paint  506 , the specific composition of the paint may be varied. For example, the concentration of SrAl crystals in the resin polymer carrier and/or the size of the SrAl crystals may be varied to achieve different results. In general, increasing the concentration of SrAl crystals, their size, or both results in both increased luminance performance and increased texture (i.e., a rougher texture) of the resulting photoluminescent paint. However, it also generally increases costs. Additionally various additives may be added to the composition to achieve different results, such as to accelerate cure time, enhance durability, maximize clarity, improve pigment suspension, increase anti-sag characteristics, increase solvent resistance, and modify the flexibility of the resulting paint. For example, in an embodiment, Europium doped SrAl 2 O 4  may be used for providing photoluminescent characteristics to photoluminescent paint  506 . 
         [0051]    It should be noted that the thicknesses of the three layers of the present discussed photoluminescent system are exemplary and may be modified depending on the specific properties desired for the photoluminescent system. For example if greater luminance performance is desired, the photoluminescent paint may be applied more thickly. Or, if less luminance performance is desired, the photoluminescent paint may be applied more thinly. Likewise, if greater protection against solvents, erosion, etc. is desired, a clear protective topcoat sealer may be applied more thickly. Or alternatively, clear protective topcoat sealer need not be used in other implementations. 
         [0052]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary method for application of a photoluminescent paint system to ground support equipment, in accordance with an aspect of the invention. First, the surface of the ground support equipment that will be painted is prepared (S 602 ). This surface preparation may comprise creating a 1-2 mil surface profile through the use of a mild abrasive followed by a solvent wipe. Next, a white paint  504  is applied (S 604 ). As noted above, paint  504  may be a white reflective base coat type paint. This paint, as with all other paint layers may be applied with brush, roller, or spray methods. When applying with a spray gun, paint  504  may be mixed with a reducer, for example in a 3:1 paint to reducer ratio. 
         [0053]    After paint  504  dries, photoluminescent paint  506  is applied on top of white paint  504  (S 606 ). If applied via a spray gun, photoluminescent paint  506  may be mixed with a reducer in a 3:1 paint to reducer ratio. Photoluminescent paint  504  then is allowed to dry. 
         [0054]    The above description provides exemplary methods and systems for imparting photoluminescent characteristics to a piece of equipment, and other methods and systems may be used without departing from the invention. For example, in other embodiments a photoluminescent application may be used similar to those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/623,186 to Thomas Martin Buckingham entitled “Low Light Level Illumination,” which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In that application, a photoluminescent application was applied to helicopter rotors or industrial applications such as fans, belt drive mechanisms with wheels or spoke pulleys, rotary grinders, pulpers, crushers or mixers, cutting operations such as with circular saw blades or bandsaw blades, or similar equipment that has as a feature of a dangerous rotating element. Further, the thicknesses of the various materials discussed above in terms of mils are exemplary only and other thicknesses may be used without departing from the invention. 
         [0055]    TABLE 2 of the &#39;186 application shows (as reproduced below) the luminance values for the photoluminescent markings of the &#39;186 application after charging under the ASTM E2073 standard: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ASTM E2073 Test Method for Photopic Luminance  
               
               
                 of Photoluminescent Markings 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Time 
                 LLLI Luminance Results 
               
               
                   
                 (Minutes) 
                 (mcd/m 2  ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 2,480 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 262 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 320 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    In another embodiment, rather than applying a white paint and a photoluminescent paint by painting, one or more of these layers may be replaced by a powder coat. As is known to those of skill in the art, powder coating is a dry finishing process, using finely ground particles of pigment and resin, which are electrostatically charged and sprayed onto a part to be coated. The charged particles adhere to the parts until melted and fused into a tough, even coating through the application of heat and energy. As such, in an embodiment in which the photoluminescent layer is applied by powder coating, SrAl particles may be used in the powder coating process in place of the pigment. 
         [0057]    In yet another embodiment, a cast mold or injection molding technique may be used. For example, a urethane or acylic material comprising photoluminescent phosphor crystals (e.g., SrAl particles) may be mixed and placed into a mold where it is allowed to cure. In such an example, the mold may be, for example, in the shape of a wheel chock or part of a turnbuckle. Thus, when removed from the mold, the resulting item (e.g., a wheel chock, part of a turnbuckle, etc.) will accordingly have photoluminescent characteristics. In other words, such a cast mold or injection molded technique may be used to manufacture a piece of ground support equipment (e.g., a wheel chock, turnbuckle, etc.) with photoluminescent characteristics. In one example, a polyester urethane or acrylic loaded with Europium doped SrAl 2 O 4  particles is used in this exemplary cast mold or injection molded technique to create the desired item. In other examples, a cast or injection mold technique, such as presently described, may be used to manufacture a shape (e.g., a letter, number, figure, etc.) with photoluminescent characteristics that may then be adhered to a piece of ground equipment using, for example, a two-sided adhesive film, such as described above. It should be noted that these are but exemplary cast mold or injection molded techniques for forming items with photoluminescent characteristics, and other techniques and materials may be used without departing from the invention. 
         [0058]    As noted above, the ground support equipment to which the photoluminescent characteristics are provided is for use in support of an operation, such as, for example, nautical operations (e.g., naval operations or ocean-going cargo transportation), construction of a structure (e.g., building construction), aviation (i.e., flight) operations (e.g., in support of an airport), transportation of goods (e.g., via rail or truck), drilling operations (e.g., drilling for oil, water, gas or explosives), mining operations, oil processing (refinery) operations, etc. 
         [0059]    Exemplary nautical operations include both marine transportation and naval operations. For example, exemplary ground support equipment provided with photoluminescent materials in accordance with the present invention may include equipment used on the deck of a naval ship, such as an aircraft carrier. 
         [0060]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary deck of an aircraft carrier including ground support equipment to which photoluminescent materials have been applied, in accordance with an aspect of the invention. As illustrated, photoluminescent materials have been applied to the wheels  712  and handle  714  of a pull cart  702 , a runway tug  704 , a tow bar  706 , and a work stand  708  to enhance the equipment&#39;s visibility at night, and provide those working with or in the vicinity of the equipment better Situational Awareness (SA). 
         [0061]    In addition to treatment of ground support equipment on naval vessels, ground support equipment provided with photoluminescent characteristics such as those described herein may also be used in the support of maritime transportation operations. For example, in embodiments of the present invention, ground support equipment used on the deck of a barge or other marine vessel may be provided with photoluminescent characteristics to improve their visibility in low light conditions. Or, for example, ground support equipment used in the loading or unloading of goods (e.g., to/from the marine vessel (e.g., a barge, container ship, etc.) may be provided with photoluminescent materials in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0062]    In addition to nautical operations, embodiments of the present invention may also be used in the support of flight operations, such as for example, on a runway, in a hangar, etc.  FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary airfield including ground support equipment to which photoluminescent materials have been applied, in accordance with an aspect of the invention. As illustrated, photoluminescent materials have been applied to wheel chocks 802 and turnbuckles  804  to enhance the equipment&#39;s visibility at night. 
         [0063]    Embodiments of the present invention may also be used in support of the transportation of goods, such as, for example, railway, truck (including an unpowered trailer), or airship transportation operations. For example, photoluminescent materials may be applied to moveable equipment such as that commonly used in a rail yard for repair of locomotives, boxcars, etc., or, for example, equipment used in the loading or unloading of goods to/from railway cars. Or, for example, moveable equipment used to support trucking operations (i.e., the transportation of goods via ground) may be provided with photoluminescent materials, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Exemplary types of such equipment may include cranes, fork lifts, pallets, wheel chocks, etc. 
         [0064]    Further, embodiments of the present invention may also be used to provide photoluminescent characteristics to moveable equipment used in the construction industry. In such example, ground support equipment provided with photoluminescent characteristics may include, for example, cranes, tractors, work stands, ladders, etc. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0065]      FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary chart illustrating the luminance performance of an exemplary SrAl material in comparison to an exemplary zinc sulfide material. As illustrated, after being fully charged, the SrAl material&#39;s curve  902  is above the minimum luminance level for human visibility  906  (0.05 millicandela per square meter (mcd/m2)) for over 4000 minutes (&gt;60 hours). Further, the luminance for this exemplary SrAl material remains at a level of over 1 mcd/m 2  over a period of 4000 minutes. In contrast, the zinc sulfide material&#39;s curve  904  illustrates that its luminance is only above the illustrated human visual limit for a period of approximately 500 minutes (8 hours). Further, as shown the zinc sulfide drops below a level of 1 mcd/m 2  in approximately 100 minutes (less than 1.5 hours). As such, this exemplary SrAl material exhibits significantly improved luminance performance, and accordingly improved safety, over that of the zinc sulfide material. The curves  902  and  904  were generated in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E 2073-00 standard (i.e., ASTM E 2073-00). In addition to offering nearly four times the luminance performance over zinc sulfide, the SrAl photoluminescent material offers other advantages. For example, unlike zinc sulfide type materials which can turn dark over a period of time, the STAT material does not change color over time and has a far greater service life than that of zinc sulfide materials. 
         [0066]    All documents, patents, journal articles and other materials cited in the present application are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0067]    Although the present invention has been fully described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that various changes and modifications may be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims, unless they depart there from.