Abstract:
A specimen for atom probe analysis is prepared by providing a slab of material from which the specimen will be taken; defining a plurality of posts in the slab by in the slab; removing at least one post from the slab; and mounting the post. The post is shaped to a tip shape suitable for use in the atom probe, such as by focused ion beam milling the post to a tip shape. Grooves are cross cut into the slab. If needed, each groove is filled with a supporting material prior to cutting a parallel or intersecting groove thereto. The invention is also defined as a source of specimens for use in atom probe sampling comprising a slab of material from which the specimen will be taken, which has been defined into a plurality of posts and from which slab at least one post is removed from the slab and mounted.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial No. 60/401,428, filed on Aug. 5, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference and to which priority is claimed pursuant to 35 USC 119. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention relates to the field of atom probe field ion microscopy and in particular for application to materials that can not be prepared for atom probe field ion microscopy using electropolishing.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0005]    The frontiers of geology and material science are constantly pushing the limits of detection of elemental distributions to ever finer scales. Atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) is a highly attractive technique in these fields despite the inherent difficulties in analyzing semiconducting and insulating materials. The local electrode atom probe (LEAP) shows potential for overcoming some of the difficulties in analyzing low conductivity samples. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is developing a prototype miniature local electrode atom probe (Mini-LEAP) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for in-situ implementation in remote and extraterrestrial environments.  
           [0006]    In conjunction with the development of the Mini-LEAP, a conventional APFIM study of several poorly conducting materials, has been initiated. Previous attempts to study rutile (TiO2) and magnetite (Fe3O4) have shown how difficult samples of poorly conducting materials are to prepare for APFIM analysis.  
           [0007]    Sharp APFIM specimens are generally produced using straightforward electropolishing methods. However, metallic multilayered samples and samples with specific geometries are much more difficult to prepare using electropolishing. The focused ion beam (FIB) was first used by Larsen et. al. in 1998 to trim multilayered metallic samples for APFIM using line milling at low angles to the axis of the specimen. Later, in 1999 an annular milling pattern centered on the axis of the specimen was used by Larsen to mill sharp, cylindrical specimens of these metallic multilayers.  
           [0008]    Camus, Melmed and Banfield introduced the method of sharp shards (MSS) in 1991 for preparing samples that are not amenable to chemical etching. Sharp shards alone proved insufficient for successful APFM and the technique was abandoned. Kuhlman, et al. (2001) took advantage of the advances in FIB milling in combination with the MSS to produce successful APFIM specimens of poorly conducting magnetite (Fe3O4). The current work takes advantage of advances in microelectronics fabrication to more precisely shape and sharpen poorly conducting materials into APFIM specimens. These specimens require far less FIB milling, a time-intensive and expensive procedure.  
           [0009]    The prior method is called the method of sharp shards because it involves crushing the material of interest and selecting microscopic sharp shards of the material for use as specimens. Each selected shard is oriented with its sharp tip facing away from the tip of a stainless-steel pin and is glued to the tip of the pin by use of silver epoxy. The MSS method is extended by use of a focused ion beam (FIB) to make the shard very thin (relative to its length) and to make its tip cylindrical and even sharper. The method of sharp shards is extremely time-consuming because the selection of shards must be performed with the help of a microscope, the shards must be positioned on the pins by use of micromanipulators, and the irregularity of size and shape necessitates days of FIB milling to sharpen each shard.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    The invention is a method of preparation of specimens of nonelectropolishable materials for analysis by atom probes which is a superior alternative to the prior methods. In comparison with the prior method, the present method involves less processing time. Also, whereas the prior method yields irregularly shaped and sized specimens, the present developmental method offers the potential to prepare specimens of regular shape and size.  
           [0011]    The invention is a method for the preparation of a specimen for atom probe sampling comprising the steps of providing a slab of material from which the specimen will be taken; defining a plurality of posts in the slab by in the slab; removing at least one post from the slab; and mounting the post.  
           [0012]    The method further comprises the step or multiple steps of shaping the post to a tip shape suitable for use in the atom probe, such as by focus-ion-beam milling the post to a tip shape.  
           [0013]    In the illustrated embodiment the step of defining a plurality of posts in the slab comprises cross cutting grooves into the slab, such as by cutting intersecting grooves with a saw. If needed, the method includes the step of filling each groove with a supporting material prior to cutting a parallel or intersecting groove thereto.  
           [0014]    In general, the step of defining a plurality of posts in the slab comprises forming a plurality of regularly shaped posts in the slab by uniformly removing material around each post to isolate each post from each other post in the plurality of posts, such as removing the material by mechanical, electrical or chemical means. The illustrated embodiment removes the material with a dicing saw. Electrical means include electrostatic discharge machining, chemical means include electrolytic and acid etching, and laser means include laser ablation.  
           [0015]    The step of removing at least one post from the slab comprises fracturing a single post from the slab or a section can be separated from the slab, which section includes more than one post connected to the section.  
           [0016]    The invention can also be defined as a source of specimens for use in atom probe sampling comprising a slab of material from which the specimen will be taken, which has been defined into a plurality of posts and from which slab at least one post is removed from the slab and mounted. The post has been shaped to a tip suitable for use in the atom probe, such as by cross cutting grooves into the slab. The shaped post is focus-ion-beam milled to a tip shape.  
           [0017]    The source includes material having a geological composition in which case the slab has a flattened polished surface into which the posts are defined. In this manner a plurality of uniformly shaped specimens are made available in a cost effective and efficient manner. However, this is not to say that the surface of the slab may be left in an irregular form and specimens have an irregular tip end surface and varied length may be produced.  
           [0018]    While the apparatus and method has or will be described for the sake of grammatical fluidity with functional explanations, it is to be expressly understood that the claims, unless expressly formulated under 35 USC 112, are not to be construed as necessarily limited in any way by the construction of “means” or “steps” limitations, but are to be accorded the full scope of the meaning and equivalents of the definition provided by the claims under the judicial doctrine of equivalents, and in the case where the claims are expressly formulated under 35 USC 112 are to be accorded full statutory equivalents under 35 USC 112. The invention can be better visualized by turning now to the following drawings wherein like elements are referenced by like numerals. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is a simplified perspective diagram of a slab of material being cut by a saw with a plurality of parallel grooves to define a plurality of parallel ridges.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 is a simplified perspective diagram of a slab of the material of FIG. 1 being cut with a plurality of parallel grooves at right angles to the first set of grooves to define a plurality of posts.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3 is a simplified perspective diagram of a slab of material in which a single post is removed and in which a subplurality of posts have been removed as a unit.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a microphotograph of a focus ion beam milled Si post of sawn from a slab as shown in FIG. 3 mounted on a pin on which post a grain of lunar regolith has been mounted.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 5 is a micrograph of a diced or sawn sample after more extensive focused ion beam milling.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 6 is a focused ion beam electron image of magnetite sample taken from a shard according to the prior art with a Pt deposition at the base to improve electrical connection to the pin.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 7 is a transmission electron micrograph of the shard sample of FIG. 6 after extensive focus ion beam milling illustrating the smooth shank of the tip.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 8 is a transmission electron micrograph of the shard sample of FIG. 7 after analysis in the energy compensated position sensitive atom probe (ECOPoSAP) showing a slight roughness at the tip.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 9 is a scanning electron microphotograph of a single post sawn from a slab according to the invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 10 is an enlarged scanning electron microphotograph of the end or tip of the single post of FIG. 9.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 11 is a side view enlargement of three pins, each with a diced post mounted on its tip.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 12 is a side view enlargement of one of the pins of FIG. 11 with a diced Si post mounted on its tip a grain of lunar regolith mounted on the Si post.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a microphotograph of an array of posts defined by dicing a semiconductor device.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 14 is an enlargement of the perspective view of the microphotograph of the array of posts of FIG. 13.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the end of one of the posts of the array of FIGS. 13 and 14 showing the structure of the semiconductor device.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a microphotograph of an array of posts defined by laser ablation.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 17 is an enlarged perspective view of one of the posts of the array defined by laser ablation in FIG. 16. 
     
    
       [0036]    The invention and its various embodiments can now be better understood by turning to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are presented as illustrated examples of the invention defined in the claims. It is expressly understood that the invention as defined by the claims may be broader than the illustrated embodiments described below.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0037]    Prior to describing the improvements of the invention, it is best first to understand the details of the prior method improved by the invention. In the prior art, field ion tips were fabricated from samples of metamorphic magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) crystals extracted from a polymetamorphosed, granulite-facies marble with the use of a focused ion beam (FIB) milling system. This particular magnetite was chosen for several reasons. First, magnetite is a common mineral on Earth and Mars. Second, magnetite is one of the more conductive minerals, having a resistivity of 52×10 −4  Ωcm. Finally, this particular magnetite contains disk-shaped precipitates approximately 40 nm in diameter, 1-3 nm thick and about 10 4  platelets/μm 3 . Qualitative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) has shown that manganese is concentrated in these precipitates and aluminum may also be present. However, quantitative analysis has been limited by the thickness of this second phase. The precipitates may also assist in maintaining the mechanical integrity of the samples, mitigating the fracture mechanisms that have made parallel analyses of single-crystal rutile unsuccessful. These considerations make this magnetite particularly attractive for investigating and demonstrating the capabilities of the APFIM for geological materials.  
         [0038]    Note that images in the figures have been taken on one particular sample of magnetite, 031300E, or semiconducting materials to illustrate the process of reducing a macroscopic rock to a field ion specimen suitable for the APFIM analysis. However, it must be expressly understood that the invention is not limited to metamorphic magnetite, but is generally applicable with modifications within the scope of the invention to any kind of material and in particular to geological materials.  
         [0039]    In the prior art the extracted metamorphic magnetite crystals averaged approximately 1-2 mm in diameter and were randomly crushed to make shards or samples  10  less than 200 μm in length. These shards  100  were placed on a glass microscope slide (not shown) and selected based on length and shape with a stereoscopic microscope. The tip of a stainless steel insect pin  102  mounted in a copper tube (not shown) was carefully loaded with a small amount of two-part, conductive silver epoxy  104 . Micromanipulators were used to mount a suitably shaped fragment or sample  100  to the pin tip  102 . The fragment  100  was then carefully straightened as depicted in the microphotograph of FIG. 6 with an electropolished wire probe (not shown) on a micromanipulator. Colinearity of the longitudinal shard axis and the longitudinal pin axis were found to be advantageous for successful analysis in the atom probe due in part to the limited range of motions of the specimen stage in an energy compensated position sensitive atom probe (ECOPoSAP). This colinearity also provides for the fabrication of a longer sample  100 , facilitating resharpening of the tip  106  of shard  100 .  
         [0040]    Coatings have previously been deposited on nonconductive samples  100  for the APFIM analysis to improve the electrical properties of the samples  100 . In the illustrated prior art method sample  10  was sputter-coated with about 50 nm of Cr after fabrication of tip  106 . Analysis of the sample tips  106  after Cr deposition demonstrated a lack of control in achieving a uniform thin coating on a feature with a high aspect ratio. Although Pt is not generally the first choice of coating materials due to its low vapor pressure and high evaporation field, the ion-assisted deposition of Pt traces is easily accomplished in the FIB. Platinum traces were deposited on later samples  100  along the sides of the sample  100  and between the sample  100  and the stainless steel pin  102  in an attempt to improve the conductivity of the sample  100 . The Pt traces were generally several micrometers in width, up to 100 μm in length and about 200 μm thick. Platinum was also deposited to fill in holes and craters created during the fabrication process. It is not clear if the Pt deposition improved the quality of the specimen because of the number of other variables involved in sample failure during atom probe analysis. However, it is thought that nonconductive samples  100  require coating to maintain conduction to the tip  106 . These Pt traces might also improve the mechanical integrity of the samples  100  during analysis.  
         [0041]    As can now be appreciated, in the prior art method the shaping of the sample  100  is a time-intensive effort. Once the epoxy had cured overnight, the samples  100  were loaded into an FEI 600 FIB capable of 25 keV Ga beam currents up to 4000 pA and equipped with an ion-assisted platinum deposition system. Sample 031300E prior to milling with the FIB is shown in FIG. 6. The sample  100  after the removal of a considerable amount of material is shown in FIG. 7. The shaping was accomplished by gross milling with high beam currents, followed by progressively finer milling with decreasing beam currents near the tip  106 . Some samples  100  have shown evidence of melting due to high beam currents. This observation led to the adoption of smaller beam currents near the tip  106 , increasing the sample preparation time.  
         [0042]    Once the basic shape of the tip  106  had been achieved by a series of cuts, the sample  100  was tilted so that its major axis was parallel to the beam direction. An annular milling pattern was generated based on the diameter of the base of the sample  100  to reduce the amount of cratering around the circumference of the shank  108  of the sample  100  where it is attached to pin  102 . Such cratering introduces potential points for mechanical failure. The initial annular milling was done with a relatively high beam current (about 1000 pA). The interior hole of the pattern, where no milling occurs, was made progressively smaller to carve out a round tip  106 . The beam current was reduced to  16  pA for the final shaping cut. Some circumferential cratering was unavoidable and was minimized by tilting the sample  100  and removing extraneous protrusions while the sample  100  was in profile. FIG. 7 shows the sample  100  after final annular milling. Note that some of the Pt traces remain at the base of the magnetite after milling because the FIB allows for fine control of the beam size and location.  
         [0043]    The prepared samples were examined in the Phillips CM30 transmission electron microscope (TEM) at ORNL operated at 300 keV. FIG. 7 shows sample 031300E after preparation with the FIB was completed. The radius of curvature of the tip  106  is approximately 25 nm. As the tip  106  was fabricated by sputtering the sample with 25 keV Ga +  ions, implantation of Ga is of great concern. An amorphous layer about 10 nm thick at the tip  106  and decreasing in thickness along the shank  108  was created during the FIB milling. However, the sample was sufficiently sharp that this damaged layer was field evaporated prior to the APFIM analysis. After ion milling in the FIB, a sample  100  with suitable geometry as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, could be milled in a dual beam ion mill to resharpen the tip  106  if desired.  
         [0044]    The careful and lengthy sample preparation techniques of the prior art method described above can be significantly reduced by using preformed diced posts  24  described below which are not only uniform, but initially machined to a shape and dimension closer to that ultimately needed in the atom probe tip. The basic finishing methodology described above is also practiced on the posts  24  of the invention, but with a great deal more ease, higher yield, fewer finishing steps and shorter finishing times.  
         [0045]    In the method of the invention, as diagrammatically shown in FIG. 1 a flat slab  10  of the material  16  of interest (e.g., a polished sample of rock or a coated semiconductor wafer) is mounted in the sample holder  12  (not shown) of a dicing saw of the type conventionally used to cut individual integrated circuits out of the wafers on which they are fabricated in batches. A saw blade  14  appropriate to the material  16  of interest is selected. The depth of cut  18  and the distance between successive parallel cuts  18  is made such that the lands  20  which are left after the cuts form a series of thin, parallel ridges on a solid base  22 . For example, in FIG. 1 the depth of cut  18  is approximately 150-300 μm, with a width of cut  18  of 100 μm to several mm. It must be expressly understood that in addition to the diamond saw diagrammatically depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 that any other means used for micromachining may be used such as electrostatic discharge machining, acid etching, saw cutting, and laser micromachining. A scanning electron microphotograph of a single post  24  sawn from magnetite is shown in FIG. 9 with an end view of post  24  in enlarged scale depicted in the scanning electron microphotograph of FIG. 10.  
         [0046]    Then the slab  10  is rotated and the pattern of cuts  18  is repeated, leaving behind a square array of square posts 24 5 to 20 μm on a side on the solid base  22  as shown in the diagrammatic depiction of FIG. 2. The posts  24  can be regular, long, and thin, as required for samples for atom probe analysis. For example in the above example, posts  24  are rectangular shapes typically 150-300 μm long and 5-20 μm square. Other shapes can be employed depending on the desired tip size to be fabricated from post  24  and the material brittleness. It is to be expressly understood that the shape of posts  24  is arbitrary as determined by the number and angulation of the cuts made. In the limit that a multiplicy of cuts are made, the posts progress through a multipolygonal cross section tending to a circular or elliptical cylinder.  
         [0047]    Because of their regularity, the amount of FIB-milling time can be much less than that of the method of sharp shards  100  of the prior art. Individual posts  24  can be broken off as shown in FIG. 3 for mounting on pin  102  as shown in FIG. 4 in a manner similar to that of the method of sharp shards  100  and subsequent milling to a sharp tip  26  as depicted in FIG. 5. FIG. 11 is a microphotograph of a side view of three pins  102  onto which sawn posts  24  have been mounted. An enlarged microphotograph of a silicon post  24  on stainless steel pin  102  is shown in side view in FIG. 12. The post processing steps applied to post  24  are identical or similar to those applied to a shard as shown and described above in connection with FIGS.  5 - 9   b . The post processing time is substantially reduced by the method of the invention. For example, whereas it would typically take approximately three days of work to prepare, mount and mill a single shard, the diced post  24  of the invention can be completely prepared, mounted and milled in about 4 hours.  
         [0048]    Alternatively, the posts  24  can be left intact on the base  22  and the base  22  can be cut to a small square  26  (e.g., 3 by 3 mm) suitable for mounting in an atom probe of a design which is capable of accepting multiple-tip specimens. The advantage of multiple tip specimens is the possibility of analyzing many tips without the time consuming interchange of specimens. The cuts  18  in square  26  can be filled between the making of each cut  18  with a sacrificial supporting material, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), to provide structural support for lands  20  and/or posts  24  in the case that their brittleness or fragility prevents multiple cuts  18  from being made. The sacrificial supporting material remaining in cuts  18  can then be removed or chemically etched or dissolved once the last cut  18  has been made.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 13 is an enlarged photograph of a perspective view of an array of square posts  24  cut into a semiconductor device. FIG. 14 is a microphotographic enlargement of the view of FIG. 13 showing a few of the posts  24  of the array. FIG. 15 is an enlarged microphotograph of the end or tip of a single post  24  of FIGS. 13 and 14 showing the printed circuit structure defined into the tip end. Post processing steps can be performed in an automated process on a ion beam mill on each of the posts  24  of the entire array of FIG. 13 without separately mounting each of the posts  24  on a corresponding pin  102  resulting in a considerable decrease in preparation time.  
         [0050]    Furthermore by making the plurality of posts into a sparse array, sufficient distance is allowed between each of the posts  24  in the array such that each post can be used as an atom probe tip without interference from other posts  24  in the array and without disconnecting or removing it from the array and remounting it on a pin. Instead the array itself serves as the mounting stage and multiple samples in a single array can be tested or measured in an atom probe without time consuming repetitious multiple remountings or breaking vacuum in the atom probe.  
         [0051]    While FIGS.  13 - 15  shown a sawn array, FIGS. 16 and 17 show a laser ablation array in which posts  24  have been defined as circular cylinders by laser ablation. Further ablation steps can be practices to remove the interlying material between posts  24 , if desired.  
         [0052]    Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact that the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the invention includes other combinations of fewer, more or different elements, which are disclosed in above even when not initially claimed in such combinations.  
         [0053]    The words used in this specification to describe the invention and its various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself.  
         [0054]    The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims are, therefore, defined in this specification to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.  
         [0055]    Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements.  
         [0056]    The claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptionally equivalent, what can be obviously substituted and also what essentially incorporates the essential idea of the invention.