Abstract:
In a PWM space vector modulation inverter motor drive system, PWM cycles are modified to permit motor phase currents to be reconstructed as observable on the DC bus link. The PWM cycles are modified near sector boundaries so that measurements taken at the DC bus link correspond to actual motor phase currents. With this technique, a single DC bus current measure can be used to reconstruct all motor phase currents, while also providing fault protection.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application is based on and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/441,370, filed Jan. 20, 2003, entitled Method and Apparatus for Reconstructing Motor Current from DC Bus Current, to which a claim of priority is hereby made. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates generally to motor current feedback detection, and relates more particularly to reconstructing motor currents from DC bus currents. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Motor drives that switch DC power to control single or multiple phase motors are well known. A typical application involves switching DC bus current or power to different phases of a three phase AC motor. In controlling the AC motor, it is desirable to accurately measure motor phase current over a wide range of operating parameters. 
   It is known to measure motor phase current through current transformers or Hall effect sensors that are directly coupled to the motor phase lines that carry the current between the switches and the motor. However, these current sensors are typically large and costly, often making up a large percentage of the overall cost of the motor drive. In addition, the sensors are susceptible to non-linear operation and variations over time and with changing environmental properties, such as temperature. It would be desirable to obtain a measure of the motor phase currents without having to measure the current of each phase individually. 
   A popular control technique for controlling switching of the motor drive involves the use of space vector modulation. In space vector modulation, a rotating vector represents the motor shaft angle. The rotating vector is broken down into component vectors that represent individual switching states for controlling current to the motor. In this type of motor control, it is possible to measure motor phase current by measuring the DC bus current when non-zero basic vectors are used in the space vector modulation.  FIG. 1  shows a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter drive system, in which each basic vector is assigned a specific time in a PWM cycle to generate a command voltage vector. A space vector diagram is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , showing the various switching states and quadrants for space vector control. Each switching state represents ON and OFF switch conditions for each pole of the inverter A, B and C. For example,  FIG. 3  illustrates the switch conditions for state [ 100 ] according to the vector VI of the space vector diagram. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the shaded areas of the space vector diagram illustrate non-observable regions near the sector borders, with the corresponding PWM waveforms.  FIG. 5  illustrates non-observable regions in the case of a low modulation index, with the corresponding PWM signals. There are two zero vectors not illustrated in the above diagrams, which can be viewed in the abstract as coming out of the center of the vector diagram or going into the page, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . With a PWM induction motor drive, the six active inverter states have a DC link current that is directly related to the current in one of the motor lines. In the zero vector state, the DC link current disappears because all motor currents are free wheeling within the inverter. The voltage vector and related DC link currents are illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
   When switching between sector boundaries, it is difficult to determine the motor phase current because of the brief interval of the switching state, as illustrated by the shaded areas in  FIG. 4 . The lack of observability of the motor phase current in these boundary conditions reduces the capacity of the dynamic control of the motor, and prevents proper reconstruction of the motor phase currents. It would be desirable to improve the observability of motor phase currents in the boundary areas, while reducing the requirements of current sensors used to measure motor current. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for reconstructing an electrical AC motor phase current by measuring DC bus current. Motor phase currents are reconstructed by measuring the DC bus current in the DC bus feeding a switching DC-AC converter. The PWM value is modified near the sector boundaries in the space vector modulation control, so that the desired result in voltage vector has an average of two or more vectors. The two vectors are chosen such that the current can be measured and the phase currents reconstructed. 
   Advantageously, the present invention provides a technique to handle the sector boundary problem when using a single shunt current sense resistor. The inventive technique may also be used to improve drive operation at the sector boundaries, regardless of the current sense technique used. 
   By modifying PWM cycles, an appropriate current is delivered to the motor, while the DC bus link current sensor can accurately measure the appropriate motor phase current. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is described in greater detail below, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows a conventional inverter drive; 
       FIG. 2  shows a state vector diagram; 
       FIG. 3  shows an inverter switching state associated with a state vector; 
       FIG. 4  shows a state diagram and gate signals illustrating non-observable areas near sector boundaries; 
       FIG. 5  shows a state diagram and gate signals illustrating non-observable areas with a low modulation index; 
       FIG. 6  shows an inverter motor drive system with DC link currents for various switching state vectors; 
       FIG. 7  is a circuit block diagram of an inverter drive system according to the present invention; and 
       FIG. 8  shows a state diagram illustrating modification of PWM cycles to improve motor phase current observability; and 
       FIGS. 9–12  show timing diagrams for gate signals during different control sectors that are modified to obtain a DC bus current measurement to reconstruct motor phase currents according to the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a motor drive system according to the present invention is illustrated generally as system  10 . System  10  includes an inverter  12  with MOSgated switches for directing current to motor M. Inverter  12  is composed of switches Q 1 –Q 6 , that are driven in complementary pairs. Thus, Q 1  and Q 2  in pole A are switched on and off as each other&#39;s complement, as are switches Q 3  and Q 4  in pole B, and switches Q 5  and Q 6  in pole C. That is, when switch Q 1  is switched on, switch Q 2  is switched off, and vice versa, and similarly for switches Q 3  and Q 4  and switches Q 5  and Q 6 . This switching scheme avoids current shoot through which can occur when a pair of complementary switches are on at the same time. When switches Q 1  and Q 2  change states, for example, a certain amount of dead time is inserted between switching gate signals to avoid current shoot through. This dead time, in addition to the turn on and turn off times for the switches, coupled with the time delay in reading the bus current, all contribute to increasing the non-observable time surrounding the sector boundaries of the state diagram. Gate drives  14 – 16  control switches Q 1 –Q 6  to insert an appropriate dead time, and handle normal switching functions for the MOSgated switches. 
   In accordance with the present invention, a high or low side current sense device may be used on either the positive or negative side of the DC bus, respectively. Only one current sense device is needed to realize the present invention. The control signals supplied to gate drivers  14 – 16  are PWM signals U, V and W, which correspond to the waveforms in  FIGS. 9–12  described below. 
   In motor driver system  10 , controller  11  obtains feedback from position sensor  13 , which may be an encoder or the like attached to the shaft of motor M. Controller  11  also receives feedback from one or more current sensors  17 ,  18 , coupled to the high or low side DC bus. Controller  11  also generates PWM signals U, V and W used to signal gate drivers  14 – 16 , which supply the appropriate signals to switches Q 1 –Q 6 . Switches Q 1 –Q 6  in turn direct current through the different phases to produce currents IU, IV and IW supplied to motor M. 
   The present invention uses a single DC link current sensor, i.e., current sensor  17  or  18 , to measure DC bus current and reconstruct motor phase currents IU, IV and IW. The difficulty in the reconstruction of the motor phase currents occurs near vector sector boundaries, i.e., every 60° in the vector state diagram. In accordance with the present invention, the PWM values are modified near the sector boundaries so that the resultant vector is produced as an average of two or more observable vectors. The two or more observable vectors are chosen so that the current can be measured by current sensors  17  or  18 , permitting reconstruction of the motor phase currents. Current samples I 1 , I 2 , I 3  and I 4  are taken from bus current sensing device  17  or  18  to reconstruct motor phase currents IU, IV and IW. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 8 , the vector sector boundary problem occurs when |σ|MOD  60 &lt;α. 
   The value of α depends on the dead time compensation in the sector boundary encountered when the PWM cycles are adjusted. In  FIG. 4 , for example, sector boundaries  100 ,  110 ,  010 ,  011 ,  001  and  101  correspond to the  0 - 5 ,  0 - 1 ,  1 - 2 ,  2 - 3 ,  3 - 4  and  4 - 5  sector boundary transitions in  FIG. 8 . For the sake of illustration, the reconstruction of motor currents is shown for the  0 - 5  sector boundary. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a solution to the sector boundary problem is illustrated by the modification of two PWM cycles so that the current can be measured. In the sector  0 - 5  transition, similar to sector transitions  1 - 2  and  3 - 4  σ is less than α, i.e., near sector  0 - 5  boundary. In this situation, the current reconstruction is given by the following equations.
 
 I   U =( I   2   +I   4 )/2
 
 I   V =(− I   3   +I   1   −I   2 )/2
 
 I   W =(− I   1   +I   3   −I   4 )/2  (1)
 
   PWM cycles  1  and  2  are optional, but cycles  3  and  4  occurs in pairs where current is sampled at times  1 – 4  as indicated in  FIG. 9 . Note the modifications to signals U, V and W during cycles  3  and  4  at points  1 – 4  in  FIG. 9 . The switching period for phase U is modified from τa+τb to ½ V 7 +τa+τb at points  2  and  4 . Phase V is modified from τb to 2τb+V 7  at point  1 , and no pulse is delivered after the pulse at point  1 . In phase W, where previously no pulse was provided, a pulse V 7  at point  3  is supplied. Each of these modifications permits an extension of the PWM cycles to allow observability of the motor switching states in conjunction with the measured DC bus current. That is, samples taken at points  1 – 4  permits reconstruction of the motor phase current, which were not previously available in the unmodified PWM control. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 10 , signal waveforms in sector zero where signal waveforms  60 −β&lt;σ&lt; 60  are shown. That is, near sector  0 - 1  boundary, the current reconstruction is obtained as the U, V and W signals are modified. The reconstructed motor phase currents are obtained according to the following equations.
 
 I   U =( I   2   +I   3   −I   4 )/2
 
 I   V =( I   4   +I   1   −I   2 )/2
 
 I   W =(−I 1   −I   3 )/2  (2)
 
   Note the modifications to the PWM cycles shown in  FIG. 10  for the  0 - 1  boundary transition. For example, phase U is modified from τa+τb to a period of 2τa+τb+V 7  to obtain measuring point  2 , and τb to obtain measuring point  3 . Phase V is modified from τb to τb+V 7  at point  4 . A current measure can be taken to reconstruct phase V at point  1  as well, even though the same PWM waveform is available. Phase W is modified to include a pulse of V 7  to offset the modifications to phases U and V while maintaining the appropriate phase vector control. Again, PWM cycles  1  and  2  are optional, while cycles  3  and  4  occur in pairs. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 11 , the sector  1  reconstruction near the sector  0 - 1  boundary is illustrated where  60 ≦σ&lt; 60 +β. 
   The current reconstruction equations for this sector are as follows.
 
 I   U =( I   4   +I   1   −I   2 )/2
 
 I   V =( I   2   +I   3   −I   4 )/2
 
 I   W =(−I 1   −I   3 )/2.  (2)
 
   Note the modification of PWM phase U from τa to τa+V 7  at measuring point  4  during cycle  4 . Similarly, note the modification of phase V from τa+τb to 2τb+τa+V 7  during cycle  3  to obtain measuring point  2 . Phase V is also modified during cycle  4  to obtain measuring point  3  where the PWM pulse is of length τa. Phase W is modified to have a pulse during cycle  4  of duration V 7  to offset the modifications to the other phases. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 12 , the sector  1  transition near the sector boundary  1 - 2  is illustrated where  120 −α≦σ&lt; 120 . The current reconstruction equations are given as follows.
 
 I   U =(− I   3   +I   1   −I   2 )/2
 
 I   V =( I   2+   I   4 )/2
 
 I   W =(− I   1   +I   3   −I   4 )/2  (4)
 
   Note the modifications to phase U from τa to 2τa+V 7  during cycle  3  to obtain measuring point  1 . Also note the elimination of a pulse during cycle  4  for phase U. Phase V is modified from τa+τb to τa+τb+½ V 7  during cycle  3  to obtain measuring point  2 . Phase V is also modified in the same way during cycle  4  to obtain measuring point  4 . Phase W is also modified during cycle  4  to insert pulse V 7  and obtain measuring point  3 , while offsetting the modifications to phases U and V. Again, PWM cycles  1  and  2  are optional, while cycles  3  and  4  occur in pairs. 
   By modification of the PWM cycles as illustrated in the boundary conditions of  FIGS. 9–12 , motor phase current can be reconstructed from the DC link current measurement with better observability. The reconstructions for sector zero are similar to those for sectors  2  and  4 , while the reconstructions for sector  1  are similar to those for sectors  3  and  5 . 
   Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.