Abstract:
Conventional computer systems include numerous application programs which by default store files, or documents, in folders containing the application program that creates them. For example, wordprocessing documents are stored by default in the folder with the wordprocessing application program, and so forth. Thus, users who choose not to organize their documents according to subject matter or other criteria end up having their documents dispersed across numerous application-program folders, sometimes making them difficult to find. Accordingly, the inventors devised a computer operating system that defines a common default document folder for application programs. Moreover, to promote use of the default document folder, one embodiment of the operating system includes a graphical user interface which provides links, that is, one-button access to the common default folder, at file access points, such as in file-open and file-save dialog boxes accessed by the application programs.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention concerns computers, particularly the file management aspects of computer operating systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Personal computers allow users to do an almost unlimited number of tasks. Examples of typical tasks include drafting term papers, resumes, and letters, organizing recipes and addresses, tracking personal checking accounts and stock portfolios, communicating via electronic mail with other computer users, generating blueprints for home improvements, and even making electronic photo albums. To accomplish these and other tasks, the typical computer system includes application programs—specific sets of instructions—that work with other components of the computer system to provide specific functions, such as word processing. Application programs are often called software to distinguish from the physical equipment, or hardware, of the computer system. 
     More particularly, the typical computer includes a central processing unit, a memory, a set of user-interface devices, and a display. The processing unit generally performs the computations and other data manipulations for performing, or executing, the instructions of application programs. The memory, which may take a variety forms such as a memory chip or a floppy disk, stores the application programs as well as data generated using the programs. User-interface devices, such as the keyboard and mouse, allow the user to input information into the application programs. For example, a user may input words or commands into the application program by typing on a keyboard, or select options from menus using a mouse or other pointing device. The display, sometimes called a monitor, not only provides a visible representation of application program operations, but also cooperates with the keyboard and mouse to provide a graphical user interface for intuitively interacting with and controlling application programs. 
     The typical computer system also includes an operating system—a special kind of software that coordinates or facilitates execution of application programs. Application programs logically combine functions or services of the operating system with those of the central processor to achieve more complex functions, such as word processing. Examples of typical operating-system functions include transferring data between the central processing unit and the memory, initial processing of inputs from the keyboard and mouse, managing the storage and retrieval of files in memory, and displaying graphical-user-interface menus and dialog windows. Operating-system functions relating to file storage and retrieval are generally said to constitute a file, or document, management system. In one sense, the file management system is the heart of the computer system, since a great majority of the tasks that users use computers for involve creating, storing, and retrieving documents of various types from memory. (The terms file and document are used interchangeably throughout this patent to broadly encompass any form of electronically stored information.) 
     The file management system usually organizes the memory of the computer system as a file cabinet comprising a number of folders, with each folder comprising one or more documents. Each application program typically has its own folder which stores the application program itself and the documents created using the application program. The file management system includes features which allow users to define their own folders and to logically group documents according to subject matter, date-of-creation, indeed any criteria they choose. However, because using these features requires extra effort and attention, a great many users allow the application programs to store their documents in the folders containing the applications used to create them. For example, many users allow the word processing application to store their documents in the word processing folder, the photograph-editing application to store its documents in the photo-editing folder, and so forth. 
     This approach of allowing separate application programs to store documents in their own folders ultimately scatters the users documents across numerous folders. Many of these folders have abbreviated and hard-to-remember names which at times make it difficult for users, who forget which application programs were used to create which documents, to find specific documents without considerable frustration and effort. 
     One partial solution to this problem entailed programming a family of four application programs, to store, or save, their documents to a common folder, unless users specified otherwise. In other words, the suite of four application programs were programmed to use a common default folder, instead of the four different folders containing the application programs. A commercial example of this approach is the Office 95 (tm) family of business software from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. This software family included application programs for word processing, spread sheeting, desktop publishing, and information management, all of which were programmed to save documents by default, that is, unless otherwise instructed, to a folder named My Documents. 
     However, this approach to default document storage applied only to application programs in the software family, not to the many other application programs that a typical computer system includes. Moreover, it did nothing to provide users with more convenient, straightforward access to the default folder, which can be difficult to find among a large number of folders. Accordingly, there is a need not only for a more general approach to default document storage, but also for more convenient ways of accessing the default folder. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To address these and other problems, the inventors devised an operating system which, rather than relying on application programs to set a common folder for default document storage, provides a common default folder to all application programs using the operating system. Moreover, for convenient access to the common default folder, some forms of the operating system include a graphical user interface which provides one-button access to the default folder at the highest level of the interface, eliminating the need for users to search through a hierarchical list of folders for the default folder. Additionally, other versions of the operating system includes a service that not only provide a list of most-recently-used documents but also one-button access to the common default folder. And still other versions of the operating system include a document sending feature that allows users to send any document, for example, an electronic mail message, to the default folder, and a document finding feature that allows users to focus computerized, document-searching efforts on the default document directory to save time. 
     The present invention encompasses systems, operating systems, computers, methods, and computer-readable media of varying scope. In addition to the aspects and advantages of the present invention described in this summary, further aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent in view of the drawings and detailed description that follows. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system  10  embodying the invention; 
     FIG. 1B is a partial block diagram of operating system  35  in computer system  10 ; 
     FIG. 2A is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of the present invention, in which operating system  35  of system  20  defines a folder named My Documents folder as the common default folder for application programs  36  in system  10 ; 
     FIG. 2B is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary algorithm used with the method of FIG. 2A; 
     FIG. 3A is an illustration of a file menu displayed during execution of the FIG. 2A method; 
     FIG. 3B is an illustration of a file-open dialog window displayed during execution of the FIG. 2A method; 
     FIG. 3C is an illustration of a file-save dialog window displayed during execution of the FIG. 2A method; 
     FIG. 4A is an illustration of a desktop in a graphical user interface of operating system  35 , including a link to the default file-storage container named My Document; 
     FIG. 4B is an illustration of file-open dialog window including a link to the desktop of the graphical user interface; 
     FIG. 4C is an illustration of a dialog window for a file find service of operating system  35 , presenting several search options including to search for files or folders; 
     FIG. 4D is an illustration of a file menu in the graphical user interface, including a list of most-recently-used files and a link to the default file-storage container My Documents; and 
     FIG. 4E is an illustration of a file menu with a file send function and an associated submenu with a link to the My Documents default file-storage container. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following detailed description, which references and incorporates FIGS. 1A-4E, describes and illustrates one or more exemplary embodiments of the invention. These embodiments, offered not to limit but only to exemplify and teach the invention, are shown and described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Thus, where appropriate to avoid obscuring the invention, the description may omit certain information known to those of skill in the art. 
     Overview 
     In the context of a computer system, the invention concerns document-management interactions among an operating system, one or more application programs, and a user-interface which allows users to view and enter data into the computer system. More particularly, the operating system takes advantage of normal interactions with application programs during access to basic file open and file save functions to present a common default storage folder called My Documents to the application programs. In addition, the operating system promotes further use of the My Documents folder at other file-access points in its graphical user interface. Another set of inventive features relate to using the My Documents folder in a network environment to facilitate the sharing of documents between users of different computer system. 
     Exemplary Computer System Embodying the Invention 
     FIG. 1A shows an exemplary computer system  10  which embodies the invention. The following description of system  10  is intended to provide a brief, general description of suitable computer hardware and a suitable computing environment in which the invention can be implemented. Although not required, the invention is described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer, such as a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. 
     Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCS, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     More particularly, computer system  10  includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer  20 , including a processing unit  21 , a system memory  22 , and a system bus  23  that operatively couples various system components including the system memory to processing unit  21 . There may be only one or there may be more than one processing unit  21 , such that the processor of computer  20  comprises a single central-processing unit (CPU), or a plurality of processing units, commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. Computer  20  may be a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer. Thus, the invention is not limited to a particular computer. 
     System bus  23  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory, which may also be referred to as simply the memory, includes a read only memory (ROM)  24 ,and a random access memory (RAM)  25 . ROM  24  stores a basic input/output system (BIOS)  26  containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  20 , such as during start-up. Computer  20  further includes a hard disk drive  27  for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive  28  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  29 , and an optical disk drive  30  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  31  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. 
     Hard disk drive  27 , magnetic disk drive  28 , and optical disk drive  30  are connected to system bus  23  by a hard disk drive interface  32 , a magnetic disk drive interface  33 , and an optical disk drive interface  34 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for computer  20 . It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any type of computer-readable media which can store data accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
     A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  29 , optical disk  31 , ROM  24 , or RAM  25 , including an operating system  35 , one or more application programs  36 , other program modules  37 , and program data  38 . Operating system  35  provides numerous basic functions and services to application programs  36  stored by system memory  22 , hard-disk drive  27 , and/or hard-disk drive  50 . The invention, however, is not limited to a particular operating-system type or architecture. Indeed, the invention can be incorporated in any number of existing operating systems, such as the Microsoft Windows 95 operating system, the Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 operating system, the IBM OS/2 operating system, and the Apple Computer MacOS operating system. 
     FIG. 1B, a partial block diagram, shows that exemplary operating system  35  includes three modules  35   a ,  35   b , and  35   c  which perform the primary functions of the invention, that is to define and promote a common default storage container for application programs  36 . The embodiment of FIG. 1B specifically contemplates versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, such as Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT operating systems. Module  35   a  provides shell, or interface, functions between the application programs and various portions of operating system  35 . Module  35   a  is a standard part of versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, according to one embodiment of the invention, and embodiments of the invention utilizing this module modify the module to provide functionality that is described in later sections of the detailed description. Module  35   b  includes most of the program instructions related specifically to promoting the My Documents folder as a default document storage container. And, module  35   c  defines and controls common dialog windows, such as the file-open and file-save dialog windows typically accessed by application programs. Module  35   c  is also a standard part of versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, according to one embodiment of the invention, and embodiments of the invention utilizing this module also modify the module to provide functionality that is described in later sections of the detailed description. However, the invention is not limited to any particular division of functions. 
     Additionally, the invention is not limited any particular set or number of application programs  36 . Examples of some applications the invention can be used with include the Microsoft Word word processing software, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software, Microsoft Outlook information management software, Microsoft Publisher desktop-publishing software, and Microsoft Internet Explorer to name a few. These are available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Other exemplary application programs include the Quarterdeck drawing program HijaakPro and Micrografx drawing programs: ABC Flowcharter, Designer, and Picture Publisher. 
     A user may enter commands and information into personal computer  20  through input devices such as a keyboard  40  and pointing device  42 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to processing unit  21  through a serial port interface  46  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  47  or other type of display device is also connected to system bus  23  via an interface, such as a video adapter  48 . In addition to the monitor, computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. 
     Computer  20  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer  49 . These logical connections are achieved by a communication device coupled to or a part of the computer  20 . However, the invention is not limited to a particular type of communications device. Remote computer  49 , which may be another computer, a server, a router, a network personal computer (PC), a client, a peer device or other common network node, typically includes many or all of the elements of computer  20 , although FIG. 1 only shows a memory storage device  50 . The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local-area network (LAN)  51  and a wide-area network (WAN)  52 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN-networking environment, computer  20  is connected to the local network  51  through a network interface or adapter  53 , which is one type of communications device. When used in a WAN-networking environment, computer  20  typically includes a modem  54 , a type of communications device, or any other type of communications device for establishing communications over wide area network  52 , such as the Internet. Modem  54 , which may be internal or external, is connected to system bus  23  via serial port interface  46 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to personal computer  20 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It is appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of and communications devices for establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. 
     The exemplary computer may be a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer, since the invention is not limited to any particular computer. A distributed computer typically includes one or more processing units as its processor, and a computer-readable medium such as a memory. The computer may also include a communications device such as a network adapter or a modem, so that it is able to communicatively couple with other computers to form a computer network. 
     Operation of the Exemplary Computer System 
     This embodiment of the invention primarily concerns interactions among operating system  35 , application programs  36 , mouse  42 , and monitor  47 , particularly document management aspects of operating system  35 . In general, operating system  35  provides a common default folder (or directory)—named My Documents—to application programs  36  and thus makes it easy for a user to consolidate document storage for these application program into a single folder, rather than in the numerous folders which contain the application programs. The embodiment of the invention described in this section of the detailed description relates specifically to versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system; however, the invention is not so limited. 
     FIG. 2A shows an exemplary method of operating computer system  10 . In particular, the method begins at step  60  with a user starting one of application programs  36 , for example the Microsoft Paint application program. Step  60  occurs under the assumption that computer system  10  has already been appropriately booted and so forth. 
     In step  62 , the user selects a file command menu  100  and file open option  100   a  as shown in FIG.  3 A. In this exemplary embodiment, the user selects the file open option using mouse  42  to highlight and click on field  100   a , which is labeled Open. In response, operating system  35 , namely module  35   c  which generally defines common dialog windows (or boxes), presents a file-open dialog window  102  as shown in FIG.  3 B. FIG. 3B illustrates one example of the unlimited number of forms that file-open dialog window  102  can take. File-open dialog window  102  includes a look-in field  102   a  which by default specifies the My Documents folder. 
     However, before actually presenting the My Documents folder as a default document storage option to the user via the graphical user interface, the exemplary embodiment of a operating system  35  determines whether presenting My Documents would override or conflict with another definition of a default document storage folder for the application program. FIG. 2B illustrates an algorithm of module  35   b  which makes this determination. The algorithm begins with step  64  with module  35   b  determining whether the application program specified a folder other than the My Documents folder during selection of the file open dialog window. If the application program specified a folder, then module  35   c  of operating system  35  causes monitor  47  to display an label for that folder in look-in field  102   a  of window  102 . However, if the application program did not specify a different folder, module  35   b  proceeds to step  66 . 
     In step  66 , module  35   b  determines whether the application program has changed the current folder since (the last time) the file-open dialog window was invoked. If the current folder has changed, module  35   b  treats the new current file folder as the default document storage folder for the application program and displays it in look-in field  102   a . However, if there has been no change in the current folder, module  35   b  executes step  68 . 
     In step  68 , module  35   b  determines whether any documents in the current file folder, which is typically the folder containing the application program, meet the document-type requirements of the application program. In the exemplary embodiment this entails scanning the current document folder for documents having particular suffixes, or extensions, appended to their names. (Examples of extensions include “doc,” “txt,” and “bmp”). If any documents in the current document folder match the extension(s) specified by the application program, module  35   b  treats the current folder as the default folder and presents its name in look-in field  102   a . However, if none are found, module  35   b  of operating system  35  proceeds to step  70 , in which it presents My Documents as the default document folder for the application program, by presenting it in look-in field  102   a.    
     In the case of file save for a new document or a saving of a document under a new name, one would invoke save option  100   b  or save-as option  100   c  of file menu  100  in FIG.  3 A. In either case, operating system  35 , specifically module  35   c , would cause monitor  47  to display a file-save dialog window, such as window  104  in FIG. 3C, which presents the My Documents folder as a default document storage container in save-in field  104   a . One should appreciate however that exemplary operating system  35  follows the same procedure outlined in FIG. 2B to avoid contradicting another definition of a default document storage folder for the application program. 
     Although the method described above and illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B is straightforward for those of ordinary skill, one should appreciate that the subtleties of particular operating-system modules and architectures in relation to specific application programs, may require special attention. For example, in the exemplary implementation, it was useful, though not essential, to enhance the shell or other program modules of the Microsoft Windows 95 operating system—as recited in the previous section of the detailed description—to handle some special-case, or non-conforming, application programs. 
     Specifically, it is useful to keep a list of special-case application programs. Such programs include, for example, the Lotus Wordpro program, and the 1995 and 1997 versions of the Microsoft Word, Access, Powerpoint, and Binder programs. In this highly particular implementation of the invention, module  35   b  include instructions to check the window-class name of the calling application program (that is, the application calling for a common file dialog window) against the list of special-case applications. If the calling application program is on the list, module  35   b  returns what would otherwise be incorrect results or data to the application to work around bad assumptions or “bugs” in the application programs, thereby allowing the operating system to specify the My Documents folder as the default document storage container for that application program. 
     Relatedly, the shell is also enhanced in one specific embodiment of the invention to allow a shell extension to be queried for attributes and parsing information which had previously been static declarations in the shell registry. In the prior art, the shell only allows shell extension attributes to be statically specified in the registry. Additionally, for the RegItems listed in the registry, as such items are known within the art, all work for the IShellFolder::GetDisplayNameOf function is done by the shell for the SFGAO_FORPARSING flag. The shell is changed to allow the shell extension to specify not only that it wants to be called for its attributes dynamically, but also that it wants to handle the IShellFolder::GetDisplayNameOf call, as also known in the art. Without these changes, it is generally more difficult to operate this implementation of the invention with the special-case applications. 
     Convenient Access to the My Documents Default Storage Folder 
     Another facet of the invention promotes use of the My Documents folder by presenting it as a user-selectable option at various file access points in the graphical-user-interface of operating system  35 . The embodiments of the invention described in this section of the detailed description also relate specifically to versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system; however, the invention itself is not so limited. As FIG. 4A shows, one way to promote use of the My Documents folders is to insert an icon  106   a  for the My Documents folder at the highest or most visible level of the graphical user interface, that is, on the metaphorical desktop, denoted  106 . Moreover, icon  106   a  has a unique appearance which distinguishes from other folder icons  106   b ,  106   c , and  106   d  on the desktop and throughout the graphical user interface. In particular, icon  106   a  is a perspective view of a partially open file folder with a text-bearing document inside, with the file, document, and text being of different colors. In constrast, conventional folder icons  106   b-d  provide only side views of closed folders. 
     FIG. 4B shows a second way. Specifically, FIG. 4B shows a common file-open dialog window  108  which includes a selectable desktop icon  108   a . The figure also illustrates that selecting the icon not only causes operating system  35  to display the icon and the label desktop cause in a look-in field  108   b , but also to display links to desktop-document-storage containers in field  108   c . In addition to a link to the My Documents folder, these include links to the My Computer folder, the Network Neighborhood container, and an On-line Services container. (The invention also encompasses the inclusion of the desktop icon on other common file-access windows, such as file-save window as shown in FIG. 3C.) In one sense, this feature gives users who may at times become disoriented in the graphical user interface a easy way of returning to the familiar territory of the desktop. 
     FIG. 4C shows that a third way of providing convenient access to the My Documents default storage folder integrates the My Documents folder into a file finding feature of operating system  35 . More particularly, FIG. 4C shows a find dialog window  110  which includes a look-in field  110   a  for targeting search to particular containers. Further, window  110  includes a browse button (hidden in this view) and a pull-down options menu  110   b  with predetermined options for look-in field  110   a . Among the options on menu  110   b  is an option for a Document Folders container which includes a link not only to the desktop ( 106  in FIG. 4A) but also a link to the My Documents folder. 
     A fourth way of providing convenient access to the My Documents folder is to provide a link the folder in a list of most-recently-used documents. For example, FIG. 4D shows a Start menu  112  which has been invoked on desktop  106  to show a Documents submenu  112   a . A section  112   b  of the submenu. includes a list of most-recently-used documents which includes a link  112   c  to the My Documents folder. Thus, if the list lacks a particular documents that a user wants to access, the user may easily check the My Documents folder for it. In addition, this most-recently-used documents feature is also included within a file-open dialog window. Those of skill in the art, however, will understand that this augmented most-recently-used documents list may be placed anywhere in the graphical user interface. (An extension to this approach is to supplement or substitute the list of most-recently-used documents with a list of most-recently-accessed document folders.) 
     A fifth way is to incorporate a link to the My Documents folder in a file send feature as shown in FIG.  4 E. This figure shows a Send To menu with an option to send a file to a floppy disk drive, to the desktop, to a mail recipient, or to the My Documents folder. 
     Two Uses of My Documents Default Storage Folder in Network Environments 
     One computer-network application of the My Documents folder allows network administrators more flexibility in maintaining links to document shares for users. Within the prior art, to maintain links to shared documents in a network, a network administrator would has to insert special link files, known as short cuts in versions of the Microsoft Windows operating systems, on all the computers of all the users within a computer network. This is a time consuming process. For example, when a new shared destination is desired for all the users on a project, the network administrator has to manually save shortcuts to this destination on all the users&#39; computers. To overcome this problem, exemplary operating system  35 , specifically module  35   b , looks in the shell registry for these pointers instead of in files. As those of ordinary skill within the art can appreciate, the registry is easily updated remotely, over a network, instead of having to physically go to each person&#39;s computer. 
     Another network aspect of the invention allows a network administrator to set and control the target of the default-storage folder, in other words, the storage device or devices or portions of these devices which actually store the contents of the folder. (These storage devices may be network or local storage devices.) Within the prior art, a short cut file typically specifies the target, or destination folder, such that the link to this folder cannot be easily changed; the administrator may have to physically go to a user&#39;s computer, delete the old short cut file, and create a new short cut file when the destination related to the short cut file changes. 
     One way of overcoming this problem is to store the target of each user&#39;s My Documents folder, or any other destination folder, in the shell registry of the user&#39;s operating system. The network administrator can then update the shell registry two ways: first, by updating a centralized network user registry which is propagated upon log-in to a user&#39;s shell registry; and second by simply “reaching into” and modifying the user&#39;s local shell registry. In both cases, the administrator can easily change or update the target for each user without any user intervention. 
     For example, when the destination folder changes from being on a hard disk drive specified by a drive letter “h:” to another hard disk drive specified by a drive letter “j:,” the administrator only has to use available network administration tools to change the registry of each user&#39;s computer to reflect this change via the My Documents folder, instead of having to manually go to each user&#39;s computer and arranging for a new short cut file. 
     Conclusion 
     In furtherance of the art, the inventors have presented an operating system which provides a common default storage folder for one or more application programs in a computer system. In addition, the inventors provided the operating system with a graphical user interface that includes several conveniently placed links to the common default storage folder. The embodiments described above are intended only to illustrate and teach one or more ways of practicing or implementing the present invention, not to restrict its breadth or scope. The actual scope of the invention, which embraces all ways of practicing or implementing the concepts of the invention, is defined only by the following claims and their equivalents.