Abstract:
Microorganism of the genus  Eubacterium , and its obtainment and use, which is suitable in pure culture, DSM 11798, and/or mixed culture with the strain  Enterococcus casseliflavus , DSM 11799, or in mixed culture with other anaerobic microorganisms for the detoxification of trichothecenes. 
     A feedstuff additive for the inactivation of trichothecenes in feedstuffs or in the digestive tract of animals contains a pure and/or mixed culture of the microorganism (DSM 11798 or DSM 11799) or a mixed culture with other anaerobic microorganisms in an amount from 0.2 to 3 kg, in particular 0.5 to 2.5 kg, per 1000 kg of feedstuff. The feedstuff additive containing DSM 11798 achieves probiotic effect on an animal and maintains or improves fertility performance of an animal subject to fusariotoxin-contaminated feed.

Description:
The present application a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/606,401, filed Jun. 29, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,175, which is a continuation application of PCT/AT98/00316, filed Dec. 21, 1998. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a microorganism of the genus  Eubacterium , which is suitable in pure culture or mixed culture for the detoxification of trichothecenes, and to a process for the isolation thereof, its production and formulation and its use and a feedstuff additive comprising the microorganism. 
   2. Description of the Prior Art 
   Trichothecenes which belong to the mycotoxins class are contained in numerous animal feedstuffs, where they are customarily introduced into the feedstuffs via mould fungi found on cereals or grasses. As a result of the undesired administration of mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, to animals, both their productivity and, for example, the growth of the animals is inhibited, an increased consumption of feed-stuff together with a simultaneously poorer feedstuff utilization rate occurring in addition to damage to the health of the animals. To eliminate the adverse effects of mycotoxins, numerous processes for binding or adsorbing these toxins have already been disclosed. 
   Thus, in WO 91/13555, for example, a feedstuff additive and a process for the inactivation of mycotoxins is described, where particles of a phyllosilicate mineral are added to the feed in order to inactivate the mycotoxins. To increase the effect of these phyllosilicates, the particles are coated with a sequestering agent in order to accelerate the effect. A feedstuff is furthermore known, for example, from WO 92/05706 in which montmorillonite clay is contained as a feedstuff additive. These natural clay minerals having large internal surface areas should bind the mycotoxins to the surface on account of their porosity and immobilize them in this manner. 
   Furthermore, a feedstuff additive has been disclosed in the Austrian Utility Model AT-U 504 in which an enzyme preparation is used which is capable of forming epoxidases and lactonases and degrading mycotoxins chemically both in the feedstuff and in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. According to AT-U 504, the action of this enzyme preparation can be increased by the addition of zeolites and the like. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention now aims at making available a specific microorganism or a defined mixed culture isolated from a natural habitat, with which it is possible to convert mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, in a controlled manner into substances which are physiologically harmless and which are harmless, in particular in animal breeding, by biochemical degradation. 
   To solve this object, a microorganism of the genus  Eubacterium  was isolated which is suitable for the detoxification of trichothecenes in pure culture, DSM 11798, or mixed culture with the strain  Enterococcus casseliflavus , DSM 11799, or other anaerobic microorganisms. According to a novel refinement of the invention, the microorganism is suitable for the detoxification of trichothecenes in mixed culture with other anaerobic microorganisms, in particular from the genus  Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus  or  Lactobacillus.    
   The microorganism of the genus  Eubacterium , which is also called  Eubacterium  sp. on account of its association with the genus  Eubacterium , and which was deposited in pure culture in the Collection of German Microorganisms under the number DSM 11798, or in mixed culture with the strain  Enterococcus casseliflavus , which was deposited in the Collection of German Microorganisms under the number DSM 11799, is in particular suitable according to the invention for the detoxification of, in particular, deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, trichodermol, verrucarin, rorodin, acetyldeoxynivalenol, isotrichodermin, hydroxyisotrichodermin, calonectrin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, deacetylneosolaniol, neosolaniol, acetylneosolaniol, sporotrichiol, trichotriol, sambucinol and culmorin. The microorganism according to the invention detoxifies the trichothecenes by reductive biotransformation of the epoxide group contained in the molecule, which epoxide group is responsible for the toxicity of the mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes. In the trichothecenes corresponding to the following formula, the degradation of the epoxide group is carried out by reductive cleavage of the toxic 12,13-epoxy ring: 
   
     
               
       
           
           
       
    
   
   DSM 11798 and DSM 11799 were deposited with DSMZ-DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VON MIKROOGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124, Braumschweig, Germany, on Sep. 17, 1997. 
   The morphology of the microorganism according to the invention shows preferably that it is an anaerobic gram-positive, rod-like, non-spore-forming bacterium, in particular 0.1 to 3 μm long, which occurs both individually, in pairs or in long chains, in particular up to approximately 150 μm. Phylogenetic analysis of the microorganism according to the invention has in particular shown a 16S RNA sequence, namely 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                  1 CCTGGCTCAG GATGAACGCT GGCGGCGTGC TTAACACATG CAAGTCGAAC GGATAACCCG 
                 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 61 CCTCCGGGCG GTTATAGAGT GGCGAACGGG TGAGTAACAC GTGACCAACC TACCTCCCAC 
             
             
                 
             
             
                121 TCCGGGATAA CCCAGGGAAA CCTGCGCTAA TACCGGATAC TCCGGGGCCC CCGCATGGGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                181 GCGCCGGGAA AGCCCCGACG GTGGGAGATG GGGTCGCGGC CTATTAGGTA GTCGGCGGGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                241 TAACGGCCCA CCGAGCCCGC GATAGGTAGC CGGGTTGAGA GACCGATCGG CCACATTGGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                301 ACTGAGATAC GGCCCAGACT CCTACGGGAG GCAGCAGTGG GGAATTTTGC GCAATGGGGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                361 AAACCCTGAC GCAGCAACGC CGCGTGCGGG ACGAAGGCCT TCGGGTTGTA AACCGCTTTC 
             
             
                 
             
             
                421 AGCAGGGAAG AAGTTGACGG TACCTGCAGA AGAAGCTCCG GCTAACTACG TGCCAGCAGC 
             
             
                 
             
             
                481 CGCGGTAATA CGTAGGGAGC GAGCGTTATC CGGATTTATT GGGCGTAAAG CGCGCGTAGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                541 CGGGCGCTTA AGCGGAATCT CTAATCTGAG GGCTCAACCC CCAGCCGGAT TCCGAACTGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                601 GCGCCTCGAG TTCGGTAGAG GAAGACGGAA TTCCCAGTGT AGCGGTGAAA TGCGCAGATA 
             
             
                 
             
             
                661 TTGGGAAGAA CACCGATGGC GAAGGCAGTC TTCTGGGCCG TAACTGACGC TGAGGTGCGA 
             
             
                 
             
             
                721 AAGCTAGGGG AGCGAACAGG ATTAGATACC CTGGTAGTCC TAGCCGTAAA CGATGGGCAC 
             
             
                 
             
             
                781 TAGGTGTGGG GGGGAATGCC CCTCCGTGCC GCAGCTAACG CATTAAGTGC CCCGCCTGGG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                841 GAGTACGGCC GCAAGGCTAA AACTCAAAGG AATTGACGGG GGCCCGCACA AGCAGCGGAG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                901 CATGTGGCTT AATTCGAAGC AACGCGAAGA ACCTTACCAG GGCTTGACAT GCAGGTGAAG 
             
             
                 
             
             
                961 CGGCGGAAAC GCCGTGGCCG AGAGGAGCCT GCACAGGTGG TGCATGGCTG TCGTCAGCTC 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1021 GTGTCGTGAG ATGTTGGGTT AAGTCCCGCA ACGAGCGCAA CCCCTGTCGT ATGTTGCCAT 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1081 CATTCAGTTG GGGACTCGTA CGAGACTGCC GGCGTCAAGC CGGAGGAAGG TGGGGACGAC 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1141 GTCAAGTCAT CATGCCCTTT ATGCCCTGGG CTGCACACGT GCTACAATGG CCGGTACAAC 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1201 GGGCTGCGAG CCAGCGATGG CGAGCGAATC CCTCAAAACC GGTCCCAGTT CGGATCGGAG 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1261 GCTGCAACCC GCCTCCGTGA AGTCGGAGTT GCTAGTAATC GCGGATCAGC ATGCCGCGGT 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1321 GAATACGTTC CCGGGCCTTG TACACACCGC CCGTCACACC ACCCGAGTTG TCTGCACCCG 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1381 AAGTCGACGG CCCAACCCGC GAGGGGGGAG TCGCCGAAGG TGTGGGGAGT AAGGGGGGTG 
             
             
                 
             
             
               1441 AAGTCGTAAC AAGGTAGCCG TACCGGAAGG TGCGGCT, 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The sequence data of the microorganism being compared with known 16S RNA gene sequences of representative microorganisms which are part of the domain of bacteria. This comparison analysis showed the greatest correspondence to bacteria of the genus  Eubacterium . However, it was not possible to find any gene sequence corresponding sufficiently to a known microorganism, from which it results that the microorganism according to the invention is a microorganism within the genus  Eubacterium  which has still not been isolated and classified to date. Physiological investigations, such as, for example, fermentation spectra, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, also clearly showed the association with the genus  Eubacterium.    
   A further object of the present invention is to make available a process for obtaining both a pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798 and its mixed culture with the strain  Enterococcus casseliflavus , DSM 11799, and other anaerobic microorganisms, an optimization of yield both in the economical and in the quantitative respect being aimed at in particular. 
   To achieve this object, the process according to the invention is carried out in such a way that a mixed culture DSM 11799 is obtained from the microorganism and  Enterococcus casseliflavus  from bovine rumen by culturing or fermenting at least twice in dilution series and anaerobic culturing conditions. To obtain both the mixed culture and the pure culture of the microorganism according to the invention, culturing and/or fermenting in dilution series at least twice has proved favourable, since in this manner an ensured purity of the desired products and, in particular, a removal of interfering by-products or contaminations with undesired microorganisms can be achieved. To maintain the anaerobic conditions, the culturing and/or fermentation according to the invention was preferably performed in a gas atmosphere of H 2  and CO 2 , the gas atmosphere having a ratio of H 2 :CO 2  of 10:90 to 90:10, in particular approximately 80:20, being particularly preferably selected. For the growth of the microorganism according to the invention, anaerobic conditions with a low redox potential are important, it surprisingly only being possible to achieve a sufficiently rapid growth in the presence of H 2 . 
   An even more rapid growth of the microorganism according to the invention can be achieved by carrying out the culturing and/or fermentation at an overpressure of 0.2 to 3 bar, in particular 0.5 to 1 bar, as this corresponds to a further preferred embodiment. It was possible to achieve further improved growth of the microorganism DSM 11798 according to the invention by preferably carrying out the culturing and/or fermentation at a temperature of 35 to 42° C., in particular approximately 37° C. The pH optimum for the culturing or fermentation in the process according to the invention was preferably a pH of between 6 and 8 and in particular between 7 and 7.5. Under these conditions, it is possible to obtain both a pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798 and its mixed culture (DSM 11799) described above in as short a time as possible and using relatively few dilution series. Optimal results can be achieved with the process according to the invention by preferably carrying out the culturing and/or fermentation in a media preparation comprising components selected from: arginine, citrulline, peptone, yeast extract, fatty acid mixture(s), mineral solution(s), glucose, haemin solution, menadione, vitamin solution, trace elements and reducing agents. 
   The components contained in a media preparation are in this case partially exchangeable, it being possible, for example, by addition of glucose to achieve a shift of the equilibrium in the mixed culture in the direction of  Enterococcus casseliflavus  or corresponding other anaerobic microorganisms, it being possible to control the process specifically depending on the amount of glucose added. According to a particularly preferred aspect of the invention, at the start of the culturing and/or fermentation 0.1 to 0.5% by weight, in particular 0.2% by weight, of glucose is added. By addition of 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of glucose, the growth of  Enterococcus casseliflavus  is promoted at the start of the culturing and/or fermentation, which leads to a fall in the redox potential. By lowering the redox potential, optimum growth conditions for the microorganism according to the invention were created, so that, for example, chemicals, such as cysteine, in the media preparation can be dispensed with by means of a controlled addition of glucose. 
   In order to achieve the detoxification of mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, to other advantageous effect with the microorganisms and/or mixed culture according to the invention, enzyme preparation of the active, trichothecene-detoxifying microorganism and/or other anaerobic microorganisms can preferably also be added according to the invention. 
   To obtain a pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798, the process according to the invention is preferably carried out such that the pure culture of the microorganism DMS 11798 is obtained from the culture or fermentation solution DSM 11799 by at least two further dilution series in the media preparation, in particular with addition of L-arginine as a growth stimulator. By carrying out two further dilution series in the media preparation from the culture or fermentation solution, the microorganism DMS 11798 can be obtained completely pure from the mixed culture with  Enterococcus casseliflavus , the addition of the growth stimulator L-arginine advantageously shifting the equilibrium in the direction of the pure culture of the microorganism. In this connection, the growth of the bacterium according to the invention is promoted the higher the concentration of L-arginine. 
   In order to lower the redox potential of the media preparation further, a procedure is preferably used according to the invention in which, for the fermentation of the pure culture of the media preparation, 1 to 4% by weight of a reducing agent, in particular of a mixture of cysteine/sodium sulphide/sodium carbonate solution, is added. Particularly for reasons of economy, according to the invention the addition of the reducing agent is kept as low as possible, it having been shown in the course of comparison experiments that an increase in the concentration of the reducing agent beyond 4% by weight causes no further acceleration of the growth of the microorganism. 
   To obtain a storable finished product, the process according to the invention is preferably continued by working up the culture or fermentation solution by concentrating, in particular centrifuging or filtering and/or stabilization, in particular by freeze- or spray-drying or encapsulating. In this connection, for example, the culture or fermentation solution is concentrated in a first step by removing liquid by centrifuging or filtering, and/or carrying out the stabilization directly from the fermentation solution, preferably with addition of a filler or carrier material, such as aluminium silicates, kieselguhrs, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, starches, milk and whey powder, protein hydrolysates, yeasts and PVPP. By addition of these carriers or fillers, it is possible in the following stabilization step, in particular the freeze-drying, spray-drying, encapsulation of pelletization step, to obtain a solid product in which the pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798 or its mixed culture with the strain  Enterococcus casseliflavus , DSM 11799, or other anaerobic microorganisms, in particular from the genus  Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus  or  Lactobacillus , which are suitable for the detoxification of trichothecenes, is deposited directly on a carrier, as a result of which a particularly easily manageable and storable as well as metabolically favourable product is obtained. By depositing the microorganism or its mixed culture on a substance having a large internal surface area, such as argillaceous earths, aluminium silicates, zeolites and the like, the intended degradation according to the invention of trichothecenes is further facilitated, since these are bound physically to the substance having a large internal surface area, whereupon the biochemical attack with the microorganism according to the invention is distinctly facilitated. 
   According to the invention, the microorganism is further used in pure and/or mixed culture (DSM 11798, DSM 11799) for the production of a feedstuff additive. A particularly preferred use according to the invention essentially results in that the pure and/or mixed culture (DSM 11798 and DSM 11799) is employed as a freeze- or spray-dried and/or encapsulated or pelleted immobilizate, if appropriate with addition of a carrier material. Both the pure and/or mixed culture of the microorganism according to the invention and the spray-dried immobilizate can be used directly as a feedstuff additive, it even being possible to admix the feedstuff additive to the feedstuff directly during preparation and/or to mix it into the feedstuff either in solid or in liquid form during feeding to the animals. 
   In order to achieve an as complete as possible degradation or chemical conversion of the trichothecenes into physiologically acceptable substances, a feedstuff additive according to the invention for the inactivation of trichothecenes in feedstuffs or in the digestive tract of animals is essentially characterized in that the feedstuff additive contains a pure and/or mixed culture of a microorganism according to the invention or of a microorganism prepared according to the invention in an amount from 10 5  to 10 12  cells/kg, in particular 10 7  to 10 9  cells/kg, per 1000 kg of feedstuff. By use of 10 5  to 10 12  cells/kg, in particular 10 7  to 10 9  cells/kg, of the microorganism according to the invention or of the mixed culture according to the invention of the microorganism and  Enterococcus casseliflavus  or other anaerobic microorganisms, in particular of the genus  Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus  or  Lactobacillus , which are suitable for the detoxification of trichothecenes, it is possible to convert high concentrations of trichothecenes, in particular of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, trichodermol, verrucarin, rorodin, acetyldeoxy-nivalenol, isotrichodermin, hydroxyisotrichodermin, calonectrin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, deacetyl-neosolaniol, neosolaniol, acetylneosolaniol, sporotrichiol, trichotriol, sambucinol and culmorin in feedstuffs into chemically harmless substances, such as the deepoxy metabolite of deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), so that, using the feedstuff additive according to the invention, both an increase in productivity of the animals and, on account of the reduced toxicity, an improved feedstuff conversion rate can be achieved. 
   In order to further facilitate the biochemical degradation of the mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, according to the invention a carrier material and/or filler can preferably be additionally contained in the feedstuff additive in an amount of 0.5 to 8 kg/1000 kg, in particular 0.7 to 4 kg/1000 kg, of the feedstuff. By means of the addition of carrier materials and/or fillers, it is possible, if desired, to bind the mycotoxins and also other harmful substances to be degraded which can be contained in the feedstuff, physically to the substances, as a result of which they are no longer available for metabolization. 
   In this case, in particular, aluminium silicates, kieselguhrs, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, starch, milk and whey powder, protein hydrolysates, yeasts and/or PVPP are employed as a carrier material and/or filler, these carrier materials and/or fillers having proved to be particularly advantageous for the binding of toxins, in particular trichotoxins. 
   A particularly preferred feedstuff additive is characterized in that the feedstuff additive consists of a mixture of 1 to 65% by weight, in particular 5 to 50% by weight, of the spray- or freeze-dried immobilizate of the microorganism and 99 to 35% by weight, in particular 95 to 50% by weight, of carrier material and/or filler. Feedstuff additives of this type are suitable, in particular, for the inactivation of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, trichodermol, verrucarin, rorodin, acetyldeoxy-nivalenol, isotrichodermin, hydroxyisotrichodermin, calonectrin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, deacetyl-neosolaniol, neosolaniol, acetylneosolaniol, sporo-trichiol, trichotriol, sambucinol and culmorin both in the feedstuff and in the digestive tract of animals. 
   In addition, the present invention discloses a method of using a feedstuff additive containing a biologically pure culture of a strain of the genus  Eubacterium , DSM 11798, to achieve probiotic effect on an animal and maintain or improve fertility performance of an animal subject to fusariotoxin-contaminated feed comprising the step of adding said feedstuff additive to the feedstuff or orally administering said feedstuff to said animal. 

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The invention is further explained below by means of characterization of the microorganism according to the invention, its growth and activity conditions and the formation of metabolic products of trichothecenes with the aid of the microorganism according to the invention and by means of working examples of feeding tests. 
   The microorganism according to the invention is an active, trichothecene-transforming strain, in particular a deoxynivalenol-transforming strain, and is obtained from bovine rumen by repeated culture in an optimized nutrient medium under anaerobic culturing conditions, namely a CO 2 :H 2  gas atmosphere (20/80 v/v) and an overpressure of 0.5 to 1.5 bar. PYG and PY media were used here as a media preparation, which in each case consisted of differing concentrations of two different mineral solutions, menadione stock solution, haemin solution, yeast extract, peptone, glucose being additionally added to the PYG medium. In order to lower the redox potential, 2 to 4% by weight of a reducing solution consisting of cysteine/Na 2 S/Na 2 CO 3  solution were added both to the PYG and the PY medium and the pH was adjusted to a value of 7 to 7.5 by CO 2  gassing. It is possible with the aid of this media preparation to obtain both a pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798 by carrying out several dilution series, and also, in particular with the PYG medium, to obtain a mixed culture of the microorganism and  Enterococcus casseliflavus  (DSM 11799). The growth of the microorganism is exclusively achieved under strictly anaerobic conditions with a sufficiently low redox potential and the presence of H 2 . The optimum growth of the microorganism can be achieved at approximately 37° C., it also being possible, however, to achieve adequate growth of the microorganism between 35° C. and 38° C. For culturing the pure culture of the microorganism DSM 11798, L-arginine in liquid medium has a stimulating effect. 
   Using the microorganism according to the invention, it is possible, in trichothecenes, to detoxify these by reductive cleavage of the toxic 12,13-epoxy ring. 
   The reaction scheme is subsequently shown here with the aid of the trichothecenes generally and also the specific trichothecene deoxynivalenol. 
   
     
               
       
           
           
       
    
   
   Both the fermentation conditions and useable fermentation processes will subsequently be illustrated by way of example for the fermentation of the microorganism DSM 11798 according to the invention and in coculture with other facultative and anaerobic microorganisms and in mixed culture with  Enterococcus casseliflavus  (DSM 11799). 
   Fermentation Conditions: 
   Fermentation temperature between 35 and 42° C., in particular approximately 37° C.; 
   pH range for the fermentation between 6 and 8, in particular 7.0-7.5; 
   Redox potential: 0-1-350 mV, depending on how the process is carried out; 
   Gas atmosphere: H 2 /CO 2  10:90 to 90:10, in particular 80:20; 
   Fermentation pressure: 0.2-3 bar, in particular 0.5 to 1 bar. 
   Essential media constituents: arginine, citrulline, yeast extract, peptones, haemin and haemin-containing substances, lower fatty acids, mineral solution, carbonate buffer (sodium carbonate+CO 2 ), optionally glucose, trace element solution, vitamin solution and reducing agent. 
   Various ways of carrying out the fermentation process can be selected here 
   1) Batch Fermentation of the Pure Culture DSM 11798: 
   Procedure: sterilization of the medium at 121° C. and 1.5 bar or sterile filtration. Cooling of the medium to fermentation temperature of 35-42° C., in particular 37° C., while gassing with sterilized CO 2  and addition of sodium carbonate and reducing agent. The gassing is continued until a pH of 6-8, in particular of 7-7.5, is achieved. Subsequent addition of 1-10% of inoculum which was precultured for 24-48 h, in particular 5%. Fermentation until the start of the stationary phase—duration approximately 20-50 h, depending on the substrate concentration or until a microorganism count in the range form 10 13 -10 16  is achieved. 
   The process is essentially controlled by the substrate concentration 
   2) Fed-Batch Fermentation of the Pure Culture DSM 11798: 
   Procedure: sterilization, buffering, reduction and inoculation of the medium as in 1. Increase in the biomass yield by means of batchwise or continuous addition of substrate, e.g. arginine, citrulline. The culture is kept in the exponential growth phase by keeping the substrate concentration at a relatively high level. A fermentation time of up to 60 h is possible using this method of carrying out the process. 
   The process is controlled by the substrate addition and fermentation time (accumulation of metabolic final products). 
   3) Continuous Fermentation of the Pure Culture DSM 11798: 
   Procedure: sterilization, buffering, reduction and inoculation of the medium as in 1. Batch fermentation up to the start of the stationary phase then conversion to continuous fermentation by means of addition of sterile nutrient solution. The effluent is collected in a storage tank and worked up batchwise or continuously spray-dried. 
   4) Fermentation of the Pure Culture DSM 11798 in Coculture with Other Facultative and Strictly Anaerobic Microorganisms or Fermentation of the Coculture DSM 11799 
   Examples of Cocultures which can be Employed: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               H 2  producers 
               DSM 11798 +  Butyrvibrio  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Ruminococcus  sp. 
             
             
                 
               Probiotics 
               DSM 11798 +  Enterococcus casseliflavus  = 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11799 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Streptococcus  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               ( enterococci , lactic acid 
             
             
                 
                 
                 streptococci, anaerobic streptococci ) 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Leuconostoc  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Pediococcus  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Lactobacillus  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Bifidobacterium  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Bacillus  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Megasphera  sp. 
             
             
                 
               Yeasts 
               DSM 11798 +  Saccharomyces  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Klyveromyces  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
               DSM 11798 +  Candida  sp. 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Use of co-organisms in the fermentation serves on the one hand to reduce the redox potential in the fermentation, to produce hydrogen for DSM 11798 and as a protective organism in the work-up and stabilization. A minimization of microorganism count losses of DSM 11798 takes place here and they serve in some cases as additional productivity promoters in animal production. 
   4a) Batch Fermentation in Coculture: 
   I) Preculturing of the co-organism on carbohydrate-containing medium. The medium described above, which, however, contains no reducing agent but additionally carbohydrates for this purpose, is used for reducing the redox potential. Subsequent inactivation of the coorganism and inoculation of DSM 11798.
 
II) Simultaneous inoculation of the co-organism and DSM 11798 and addition of 0.1-1% carbohydrate to the medium. The medium described above, which, however, contains no reducing agent but additionally carbohydrates for this purpose, is used. The growth of the co-organism is promoted—rapid fall in the redox potential—DSM 11798 begins to grow on account of the ideal growth conditions.
 
III) In combination with I+II: at the end of the fermentation addition of carbohydrates for refermentation of the co-organism. This leads to a protective effect (oxygen) in the work-up and stabilization on account of the increased biomass yield.
 
   4b) Fed-Batch Fermentation in Coculture: 
   *) batch phase corresponding to 4aI, subsequently continuous/batchwise addition of substrate (arginine, citrulline) corresponding to 2. 
   **) batch phase corresponding to 4aI, subsequently continuous/batchwise addition of a substrate combination (arginine/carbohydrates or citrulline/carbo-hydrates). 
   4c) Continuous Fermentation of the Coculture: 
   Batch phase corresponding to 4aI, subsequent conversion to continuous fermentation by means of addition of an arginine/carbohydrate- or citrulline/carbohydrate-containing nutrient solution. Work-up as in 3. 
   Work-Up of the Fermentation Products: 
   1) Concentration by membrane filtration processes (ultra-filtration, microfiltration) or centrifugation. Subsequent spray-drying or lyophilization with or without organic and/or inorganic carrier materials. 
   2) Direct spray-drying or lyophilization with or without organic and/or inorganic carrier materials. 
   3) Continuous spray-drying of the fermentation broth with or without organic and/or inorganic carrier materials. 
   4) Encapsulation or pelletization in combination with 1, 2 or 3. 
   To check the activity of the DON-biotransforming strain (DSM 11798) in the intestinal medium, an in vitro model using pig&#39;s intestine was developed. 
   In this connection, in a 1st experiment an in vitro model with intestinal contents in buffer with addition of lyophilizate was developed. 
   The small intestine and large intestine of a freshly slaughtered pig were kept under a CO 2  atmosphere. The emptying of the contents of the sections of anterior, median and posterior small intestine and large intestine into individual vessels was carried out under a CO 2  atmosphere. 
   20 ml of anaerobic buffer+1 g of intestinal content (CO 2  gassed)+DON were incubated at 37° C. under a CO 2  or H 2 /CO 2  atmosphere. 
   It was found here that in the anterior section of the small intestine a markedly positive effect can be noted on addition of active lyophilizate. The fact is particularly significant here that the marked activity could also be detected under pure CO 2  gassing. 
   A 2nd in vitro experiment was carried out using complete pieces of pig&#39;s intestine with addition of active suspension. 
   Pieces of pig&#39;s intestine (anterior, median, posterior, large intestine, each 6-8 cm) were incubated for 24 h with 200 ppm of DON in anaerobic, reduced, preincubated buffer (30 ml) at 37° C. 
   This modified in vitro test variant has the advantage that the physiological condition of the intestine is scarcely affected, since immediately after slaughter the entire intestine is transported into the laboratory and pieces of desired length are tied off there. The pieces are then separated off and incubated in buffer solution with DON and active culture. 
   The results are clear. The deepoxidation of DON to DOM-1 can be achieved by means of the active culture. It is significant that this activity can be demonstrated in all sections of the intestine, the highest activity being particularly to be found in the anterior intestine. This is important insofar as the major part of the food absorption and thus also the release of the mycotoxins likewise takes place there. 
   The action of the microorganism according to the invention both in pure culture (DSM 11798) and in mixed culture of the microorganism and  Enterococcus casseliflavus  (DSM 11799) as well as other anaerobic microorganisms, in particular of the genus  Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus  or  Lactobacillus  will be demonstrated subsequently with the aid of a laboratory protocol concerning chicken cell cultures and in feeding examples on pigs and chickens. 
   With the aid of a laboratory protocol using chicken cell cultures, it is shown for the microorganism that this is able to chemically degrade mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, and especially deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin, in particular to reduce them and convert them into physiologically acceptable substances, in the case of deoxynivalenol into the deepoxymetabolite thereof, namely DOM-1. 
   To culture the chicken lymphocytes, the following conditions were adhered to: 
   Cell numbers used: 2×10 6  cells/ml 
   Stimulation: ConA 5 μg/ml 
   Mycotoxins: DON, DOM-1 and T2 toxin, 
   Concentration range: DON: 10-0.08 μg/ml
         DOM-1: 232-1.81 μg/ml   T2 toxin: 30-0.234 ng/ml       

   Total incubation time: 44 hours, of which 16 hours labelling time during culturing in an incubator: 40° C., 5% CO 2 , saturated water vapour atmosphere. 
   With the aid of a laboratory protocol using chicken lymphocyte cell cultures, it is shown for the active culture that this is able to biochemically degrade mycotoxins, in particular trichothecenes, in particular to reduce them, and to convert them into physiologically acceptable substances. This is shown in the following by way of example of DON and its deepoxymetabolite DOM-1: 
   Microscopic Checking of the Cell Culture: 
   The cell culture containing the chicken lymphocytes was continuously microscopically checked during the culturing. 
   Checking after 20 hours: 
   The unstimulated cells are thickly and uniformly distributed, the checks with ConA show powerful stimulation and pronounced proliferation foci. 
   DON: proliferation foci are seen in all concentration stages, it being remarkable, however, that in a concentration range of 10 μg/ml-0.625 μg/ml marked reductions of the proliferation foci are to be observed with increasing toxin concentration. 
   DOM: proliferation foci in all concentration stages without an apparent change in comparison with the control up to the highest concentration stage of 58 μg/ml. 
   This means that even after 20 hours a marked adverse effect on the cell activity in the toxin batch is present from a concentration of 0.625 μg/ml, while with the deepoxymetabolite itself no negative effects on the cell culture were seen even at a concentration of 58 μg/ml. 
   Checking after 28 and after 44 hours: 
   The control batches (unstimulated and ConA) are unchanged. 
   The action of the DON on the cell culture has additionally increased. In those series in which a change was found even after 20 hours, marked damage to the cells was seen. 
   Even after these incubation times, it was not possible to find any adverse effect on the cell activity even at a concentration of the deepoxymetabolite of 58 μg/ml. 
   In a second experiment, the action of a feedstuff additive according to the invention in a feedstuff comprising the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in an amount of 450 ppb which was fed to weaned piglets, was investigated. 
   Animals: Piglets of the breed “Large White” and “Land-rasse” were divided into negative comparison groups, positive comparison groups and test groups. The experiment started directly after weaning (age of the piglets 20 to 22 days); the productivity parameters of the animals were determined 14 days later. 
   Feed: A commercially available piglet starter was fed to the pigs 7 days after weaning, after which they received a commercially available piglet growth feed. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was mixed with a small aliquot of the feed in a concentration of 450 ppb (dissolved in ethanol) in order to introduce it into the feed of the positive comparison group and the test group. The feed was given ad libitum. 
   Dose of the feedstuff additive: A feedstuff additive was added to the feed of the test group in a dose of 1 kg/t. The feedstuff additive used was a mixed culture of the microorganism according to the invention with  Enterococcus casseliflavus  (DSM 11799), aluminium silicate being added to the mixed culture as a carrier. 
   Microorganism count: 4×10 8  cells/kg of finished feedstuff 
   Results: The results are summarized in Table 1, which shows the average growth in weight and the average feed conversion rate in this test, the negative comparison group being fed with feed comprising neither mycotoxin nor the microorganism according to the invention, the positive comparison group being fed with feed comprising only mycotoxin, and the test group being fed with feed comprising mycotoxin and microorganism according to the invention. 
                                                         TABLE 1                       Negative   Positive               comparison   comparison               group   group   Test group                                        Number of animals   45   45   45           Test period (d)   14   14   14           Weight increase/   154.0   126.2   153.2           animal/day (g)           Feedstuff   247   226.3   246.5           intake/animal/day           Losses (total)   0   0   0           FCR   1.60   1.79   1.61                        
Discussion: It is evident from this test that the feedstuff additive was capable of compensating the adverse effect of the deoxynivalenol contamination on weaned piglets, and that the piglets which received both the mycotoxin and the feedstuff additive consumed essentially the same amounts of feedstuff as the negative comparison group and also showed an identical feed conversion rate (FCR). These results make it clear that it was almost completely possible to compensate the negative effect of deoxynivalenol by the mixed culture according to the invention (DSM 11799).
 
   In addition, another experiment administered under the similar condition as the above experiment (DSM 11798 was used) was conducted to determine the effects of DSM 11798 on the performance of weaning piglets and composition of the internal microflora. The experiment results are summarized in Table 2. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Addition of DSM 11798. Performance Parameters 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Control 
               Test I 
               Test II 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Cfu/kg feed 
               — 
               5.0 × 10 8   
               2.5 × 10 8   
             
             
                 
               initial weight [kg] 
               6.82 
               6.81 
               6.85 
             
             
                 
               final weight [kg] 
               29.51 
               31.17* 
               31.01* 
             
             
                 
               weight gain [g] 
               477 
               512 
               508 
             
             
                 
               total feed consumption 
               745.16 
               706.51 
               701.70 
             
             
                 
               [kg] 
             
             
                 
               FCR [kg/kg] 
               2.09 
               1.89 
               1.94 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               *sign. difference (P &lt; 0.05); 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Results: 
   Analysis of performance data revealed significantly positive differences in the final weights between both test groups compared to the control group (see Table 2). Feed intake was remarkably reduced leading to an improved FCR. Results may lead to the conclusion that the addition of DSM 11798 influences the animals in a positive way (probiotic effect). Influences on the intestinal micro-flora of weaning piglets was not observed in the presence of DSM 11798. 
   In a further test, the effect of the feedstuff additive according to the invention against contamination with trichothecenes was shown in a chick feed. The parameters used were the final weight, the feed intake and the feed conversion rate as well as the losses of chicks. The clinical symptoms were also recorded. 
   Animals: Chicks of the breed Cobb were investigated from the first day of life onwards. The test was carried out using three groups, comprising 10,700, 10,900 and 15,700 chicks. A specific chicken feed was administered ad libitum to the chicken. 
   Dose of the feedstuff additive: The feedstuff additive was contained in a dose of 1 kg/t of chick feed, only the test group receiving the feedstuff additive. The feedstuff additive employed was a pure culture of the microorganism (DSM 11798). 
   Microorganism count: 1×10 9  cells/kg of finished feed 
   Trichothecenes were administered in the feedstuff to the test group and the positive comparison group in a total amount of 750 ppb (500 ppb of DON and 250 ppb of T-2 toxin). 
   Results: The following table shows the productivity parameters of all three groups. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 3 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Positive 
               Negative 
                 
             
             
                 
               comparison 
               comparison 
               Test 
             
             
                 
               group 
               group 
               group 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Number of animals 
               10,700 
               10,900 
               15,700 
             
             
               Mean final weight in kg 
               1.806 
               1.91 
               1.92 
             
             
               Mean feedstuff intake 
               3.161 
               2.729 
               2.722 
             
             
               in kg 
             
             
               Feed conversion rate 
               1.75 
               1.43 
               1.42 
             
             
               (FCR) 
             
             
               Losses 
               205 
               175 
               248 
             
             
                 
               (1.92%) 
               (1.61%) 
               (1.58%) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Clinical observations: Marked oral irritation was evident in many animals of the positive comparison group. 
   Discussion: Even in the present case, the feedstuff additive was capable of completely compensating the adverse effect of the trichothecenes on the poultry in relation to the productivity parameters and the clinical symptoms. Even in the case of the poultry, it is seen that chicks of the test group, which also received the microorganism DSM 11798 in addition to mycotoxins, even had a slightly higher mean final weight than the negative comparison group, and this with a slightly lower mean feedstuff intake, as a result of which somewhat improved productivity parameters result even in relation to the negative comparison group. On using the feedstuff additive according to the invention comprising the microorganism according to the invention, this shows that not only the adverse effect of the mycotoxins was compensated, but it was possible to achieve a further increase in productivity in the animals which received the microorganism DSM 11798. 
   Trial on Reproductive Performance of Sows in the Presence of Fusariotoxins 
   The trial was designed to compare performance of a control group (CG) fed low mycotoxin-contaminated feed with two groups of sows fed highly mycotoxincontaminated diets (TG, EG). For evaluating the effect of DSM 11798, feed of the experimental group (EG) was additionally supplemented with this additive. Thus, three groups of sows (crossbreed: Landrasse×Duroc) were formed following Table 4. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 4 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Group Arrangement 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 1   
               TG 2   
               EG 3   
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Deoxynlvalenol 
               [μg/kg] 
               0 
               2.500 
               2.500 
             
             
                 
               (DON) 
             
             
                 
               Zearalenone (ZON) 
               [μg/kg] 
               0 
               200 
               200 
             
             
                 
               DSM 11798 
               [kg/t] 
               — 
               — 
               2.5 
             
             
                 
               No. of sows 
               n 
               15 
               15 
               15 
             
             
                 
               Reproducing cycles 4   
               n 
               3 
               3 
               3 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
                 1 control group: non-contaminated feed 
             
             
                 
                 2 toxin group: mycotoxin-contaminated feed 
             
             
                 
                 3 experimental group: mycotoxin contaminated feed treated with DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
                 4 end of trial = weaning of pitglets after third lactation 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Contrary to the control group, diets of toxin- and experimental group both contained naturally contaminated wheat (see Table 5). Mycotoxin analyses of finished feed was performed by means of HPLC. Respective results can be taken from Table 6. Performance parameters were recorded and statistically evaluated. In the following tables, significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between control-, toxin- and experimental group, respectively, will be marked with small letters. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 5 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Composition [%], nutrient and mineral content of 
             
             
               used feed 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Complete feed for 
               Complete feed for 
             
             
                 
               pregnant sows 
               lactating sows 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG + EG 
               CG 
               TG + EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               wheat 
               — 
               15.0 1   
               45.0 
               45.0 1   
             
             
               barley 
               65.5 
               50.0 
               30.0 
               30.0 
             
             
               alphalpha meal 
               20.0 
               10.02 2   
               — 
               — 
             
             
               molasses 
               — 
               16.02 2   
               — 
               — 
             
             
               coarse soybean 
               4.0 
               5.5 
               18.0 
               18.0 
             
             
               meal 
             
             
               wheat bran 
               6.0 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               vegetable oil 
               1.0 
               1.0 
               3.0 
               3.0 
             
             
               mineral feed 
               3.0 
               2.0 
               3.5 
               3.5 
             
             
               blend of acids 
               0.5 
               0.5 
               0.5 
               0.5 
             
             
               dry matter 
               882 ± 8  
               886 ± 10  
               885 ± 11  
               887 ± 9  
             
             
               [g/kg] 
             
             
               crude ash 
               80 ± 7  
               67 ± 5  
               59 ± 5  
               54 ± 6  
             
             
               [g/kg] 
             
             
               crude protein 
               136 ± 9  
               133 ± 8  
               172 ± 10  
               175 ± 11  
             
             
               [g/kg] 
             
             
               lysin [g/kg] 
               5.6 ± 0.4 
               5.8 ± 0.3 
               9.8 ± 0.5 
               10.1 ± 0.4  
             
             
               crude fibre 
               85 ± 6  
               74 ± 9  
               39 ± 4  
               41 ± 5  
             
             
               [g/kg] 
             
             
               crude fat [g/kg] 
               33 ± 5  
               31 ± 4  
               48 ± 6  
               51 ± 4  
             
             
               energy 
               10.8 ± 0.3  
               11.3 ± 0.4  
               13.3 ± 0.4  
               13.4 ± 0.2  
             
             
               [MJME/kg] 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 1 Depending on mycotoxin content of wheat in available bags, 10 to 15% naturally contaminated wheat (DON: 23.8 = 5.3 ppm; ZON: 1.38 = 0.56 ppm; AcDON: 0.22 0.6 ppm; nivalenol: 0.46 = 0.10 ppm, fusarenon X: 0.028 = 0.005) replaced non-contaminated wheat. 
             
             
                 2 from July 2000, alphalpha meal was replaced by molasses. 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 6 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Actual mycotoxin-content [pg/kg] in used feed 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG 
               EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Deoxynivalenol 
                 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               (DON): 
             
             
               no. of analyses 
               [n] 
               13 
               15 
               15 
             
             
               analyzed content 
               [μg/kg] 
               100 ± 102 
               2564 ± 984 
               2622 ± 811 
             
             
               Zearalenone (ZON) 
             
             
               no. of analyses 
               [n] 
               13 
               15 
               15 
             
             
               analyzed content 
               [μg/kg] 
               30 ± 22 
               178 ± 52 
               176 ± 57 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Results and Discussion
         Losses of sows, non-conception rate, period of pregnancy and time between farrowings
 
37.5% of sows in toxin group fed highly mycotoxin-contaminated feed without DSM 11798 did not reach the end of the 3 rd  reproductive cycle (see Table 7). Examination results indicated that all 6 animals had to be eliminated from piglet production because of direct toxic aftereffects of present fusariotoxins. In the experimental group, apportioned highly-contaminated feed containing DSM 11798, only two animals were lost due to mycotoxin-related effects. Because of unspecific symptoms further three losses could not reliably be assigned to effects of fusariotoxins.
       

   Due to the keeping-capacity-related small number of sows even little deviations from physiological norm have relatively big effects on fertility-related data including rate of nonconception, period of pregnancy and time between farrowings. Thus interpretation of respective results given in Table 7 is limited. However, these data represent oriented indications and tendencies in favor of DSM 11798. 
   Clearly it can be stated that results obtained from the experimental group are equal to those obtained from the control group. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 7 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Effects of fusariotoxins and DSM 11798 in feed on 
             
             
               fertility characteristics of sows (1 st  to 3 rd  reproducing cycle) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG 
               EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               number of sows 
               n 
               15 
               16 
               15 
             
             
               sow losses 
               n 
               3 
               6 
               5 
             
             
               coverings 
               n 
               38 
               40 
               38 
             
             
               rate of non-conception 
               n 
               6 
               12 
               7 
             
             
               rate of non-conception 
               % 
               15.8 
               30.0 
               18.4 
             
             
               weaning to conception 
               d 
                9.4 ± 8.5 
               11.5 ± 10.8 
                9.4 ± 7.9 
             
             
               period of pregnancy 
               d 
               114.6 ± 8.5 
               115.0 ± 1.8  
               115.0 ± 1.3 
             
             
               time between 
               d 
               152.5 ± 9.0 
               154.6 ± 10.6  
               151.8 ± 9.8 
             
             
               farrowings 
             
             
               number of litters 
               n 
               38 
               37 
               35 
             
             
               number of weaned 
               n 
               38 
               34 
               35 
             
             
               litters 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
       
       
         
           Weight and health of born piglets 
         
       
     
  
   There was no ascertainable effect of fusariotoxins in feed of sows on both piglets per litter and average birth weight per litter, but the share of underweight piglets (&lt;1.2 kg) was increased in their presence (see Table 8). However, addition of DSM 11798 resulted in a clearly visible improvement of survival rate (TG=32.4% and EG=63.9%). 
   The number of piglets per litter with zearalenone-induced hyperestrogenism, recognizable by, e.g., swelling and reddening of vulva and teats, teat necroses and edema on foreskin of male piglets, as well as the number of animals with splaylegs could significantly be reduced by means of DSM 11798 (see Table 8). 
   Moreover, 7 litters of the toxin group contained piglets with extremity-malformation (“Bārentatzigleit”), but only 2 litters of the experimental group fed DSM 11798 containing feed. Necroses on anal areas and joints occurred in 10 litters of the toxin group, while in the experimental group only 2 litters contained born animals with skin lesions that unproblematically healed within 6 days (see Table 8). 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 8 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Effects of fusariotoxins and DSM 11798 in feed on 
             
             
               sows on weight and health of born piglets (1 st  to 3 rd   
             
             
               reproducing cycle) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG 
               EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               total number of born 
               n 
               12.4 ± 2.0 
               12.4 ± 2.3 
               12.7 ± 2.4 
             
             
               piglets per litter 
             
             
               birth weight per litter 
               kg 
               17.90 ± 3.02 
               17.12 ± 4.33 
               18.15 ± 3.83 
             
             
               birth weight per piglet 
               kg 
                1.57 ± 0.16 
                1.56 ± 0.24 
                1.59 ± 0.22 
             
             
               live born piglets per litter 
               n 
               11.5 ± 2.0 
               11.1 ± 2.6 
               11.5 ± 2.0 
             
             
               stillbirths per litter 
               n 
                0.8 ± 0.7 
                0.7 ± 1.0 
                1.0 ± 1.1 
             
             
               piglets born under- 
               n 
                1.9 ± 1.3 
                2.9 ± 3.1 
                2.4 ± 2.4 
             
             
               weight 1  per litter 
             
             
               piglets born under- 
               % 
               15.1 
               23.4 
               18.9 
             
             
               weight 1  per litter 
             
             
               surviving underweight 1   
               n 
                0.9 ± 0.8 
                0.9 ± 1.3 
                1.6 ± 1.4 
             
             
               piglets per litter 
             
             
               surviving underweight 1   
               % 
               45.6 
               32.4 
               63.9 
             
             
               piglets per litter 
             
             
               animals per litter with 
               n 
                0.5 ± 0.8 a   
                4.2 ± 1.9 b   
                2.2 ± 1.8 c   
             
             
               hyperestrogenism 
             
             
               animals per litter with 
               n 
                0.7 ± 1.0 a   
                4.0 ± 2.4 b   
                1.7 ± 1.3 c   
             
             
               splaylegs 
             
             
               litters with necroses 
               n 
               0 
               10 
               2 
             
             
               (skin, tail, ear) 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 1 &lt;1.2 kg live weight 
             
           
        
       
     
       
       
         
           Feed intake of sows 
         
       
     
  
   Within all three reproductive cycles and groups reduction in average daily feed intake of pregnant sows occurred only sporadically and limited in time (see Table 9). 
   However, during lactation feed intake of sows in the toxin group was significantly decreased. Addition of DSM 11798 compensated this suppression almost totally. Compared to the control group, extra feed of 1.4 kg (1 st  reproductive cycle) and 0.4 kg (2 nd +3 rd  reproductive cycles) per kg produced piglet was necessary in the toxin group, but only 0.4 kg (1 st  reproductive cycle) and 0.1 kg (2 nd +3 rd  reproductive cycles) in the experimental group. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 9 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Effects of fusariotoxins and DSM 11798 on feed intake 
             
             
               [kg/d] of sows during pregnancy and lactation 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG 
               EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               1 st  reoroductive cycle 
             
           
        
         
             
               number of weaned 
               15 
               15 
               15 
             
             
               litters 
             
             
               feed intake during 
               2.53 ± 0.04 
               2.50 ± 0.03 
               2.52 ± 0.03 
             
             
               pregnancy 
             
             
               feed intake during 
             
             
               lactation: 
             
             
               1 st  - 28 th  day 
             
             
               target: 
               5.95 
               5.21 
               5.64 
             
             
               actual: 
                   5.50 ± 0.53 b   
                   4.69 ± 0.74 a   
                   5.27 ± 0.57 b   
             
             
                 
               99.3% 
               89.6% 
               94.0% 
             
             
               7 th  - 25 th  day 
             
             
               target: 
               7.07 
               5.97 
               6.60 
             
             
               actual: 
                   6.37 ± 0.69 b   
                   5.18 ± 0.96 a   
                   5.98 ± 0.68 b   
             
             
                 
               90.1% 
               86.7% 
               90.6% 
             
             
               feed [kg] per produced 
               5.99 ± 0.59 
               7.43 ± 1.81 
               6.44 ± 1.10 
             
             
               piglet [kg] 
             
           
        
         
             
               2 nd  and 3 rd  reproductive cycles 
             
           
        
         
             
               number of weaned 
               23 
               19 
               20 
             
             
               litters 
             
             
               feed intake during 
               2.53 ± 0.03 
               2.49 ± 0.06 
               2.52 ± 0.02 
             
             
               pregnancy 
             
             
               feed intake during 
             
             
               lactation: 
             
             
               1 st  - 28th day 
             
             
               target: 
               5.93 
               5.70 
               5.96 
             
             
               actual: 
                   5.84 ± 0.57 b   
                   4.69 ± 0.59 a   
                   5.27 ± 0.51 b   
             
             
                 
               99.3% 
               89.6% 
               94.0% 
             
             
               7 th  - 25 th  day 
             
             
               target: 
               7.00 
               6.68 
               7.07 
             
             
               actual: 
                   6.78 ± 0.74 b   
                   5.87 ± 0.80 a   
                   6.50 ± 0.72 b   
             
             
                 
               96.9% 
               87.8% 
               91.9% 
             
             
               feed [kg] per produced 
               5.93 ± 0.50 
               6.34 ± 1.12 
               6.05 ± 0.80 
             
             
               piglet [kg] 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
       
       
         
           Rearing production and lactation performance 
         
       
     
  
   76% of all rearing losses occurred during the first week of piglet-life (see Table 10). However, within all investigated reproductive cycles rearing production could significantly be improved by DSM 11798 addition to feed, which resulted in higher numbers of weaned piglets per litter and lower losses of piglets during lactation compared to the toxin group. Only a small difference existed between the control- and the experimental group (see Table 10). The average birth weights of live born piglets were almost the same in all three groups (see Table 8). However, compared to the control group weight gain and weaning weight per litter were significantly decreased in the investigated toxin group (see Table 10). Lactation performances in the toxin group were affected by the decreased number of suckling piglets as well as the reduced feed intake of sows. On the other hand, by decreasing rearing losses of piglets per litter and a clearly increased feed intake of sows, DSM 11798 had a positive effect on lactation performances. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 10 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Effects of fusariotoxins and DSM 11798 in feed on 
             
             
               rearing and lactation performance (1 st  to 3 rd  producing cycle) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               CG 
               TG 
               EG 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               number of 
               n 
                   10.0 ± 1.6 b   
                   8.7 ± 2.2 a   
                   9.8 ± 1.7 b   
             
             
               weaned 
             
             
               piglets per 
             
             
               litter 
             
             
               weaning 
               kg 
                   80.74 ± 10.95 b   
                   71.23 ± 17.05 a   
                   77.17 ± 13.28 b   
             
             
               weight per 
             
             
               litter 
             
             
               weaning 
               kg 
               8.18 ± 0.91 
               8.26 ± 0.91 
               8.03 ± 0.91 
             
             
               weight per 
             
             
               piglet 
             
             
               weight 
               kg 
                   65.07 ± 8.95 b   
                   57.29 ± 14.19 a   
                    61.40 ± 10.62 ab   
             
             
               gain per 
             
             
               litter 
             
             
               weight 
               g 
               236 ± 29  
               238 ± 31  
               231 ± 30  
             
             
               gain per 
             
             
               piglet and 
             
             
               day 
             
             
               piglet 
               n 
                   1.5 ± 1.0 b   
                   2.4 ± 1.8 a   
                   1.7 ± 1.0 b   
             
             
               losses 
             
             
               during 
             
             
               lactation 
             
             
               piglet 
               % 
               13.0 
               21.6 
               15.1 
             
             
               losses 
             
             
               during 
             
             
               lactation 
             
             
               piglet 
               n 
                   1.1 ± 0.8 b   
                   1.8 ± 1.4 a   
                   1.2 ± 0.9 b   
             
             
               losses 
             
             
               during 1 st   
             
             
               week of 
             
             
               lactation 
             
             
               piglet 
               % 
               69.5 
               75.9 
               70.7 
             
             
               losses 
             
             
               during 1 st   
             
             
               week of 
             
             
               lactation 
             
             
               daily feed 
             
             
               intake of 
             
             
               sows 
             
             
               during 
             
             
               lactation: 
             
             
               1 st  - 28 th   
               kg 
               5.92 
               5.42 
               5.81 
             
             
               day 
             
             
               (target) 
             
             
               1 st  - 28 th   
               kg 
                   5.71 ± 0.57 b   
                   4.94 ± 0.68 a   
                   5.46 ± 0.55 b   
             
             
               day 
                 
               96.5% 
               91.1% 
               94.0% 
             
             
               (actually) 
             
             
               7 th  - 25 th   
               kg 
               7.01 
               6.29 
               6.85 
             
             
               day 
             
             
               (target) 
             
             
               7 th  - 25 th   
               kg 
                   6.62 ± 0.74 b   
                   5.58 ± 0.93 a   
                   6.28 ± 0.74 b   
             
             
               day 
                 
               93.9% 
               88.7% 
               91.7% 
             
             
               (actually) 
             
             
               feed per 
               kg 
               5.95 ± 0.53 
               6.82 ± 1.38 
               6.21 ± 0.91 
             
             
               kg pro- 
             
             
               duced 
             
             
               piglet 
             
             
               live 
               kg 
               15.2 ± 7.1  
               16.5 ± 9.1  
               14.9 ± 6.6  
             
             
               sow 
             
             
               weight 
             
             
               losses per 
             
             
               during 
             
             
               lactation 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   CONCLUSIONS 
   Use of highly fusariotoxin-contaminated feed for sows demonstrably results in health defects and considerable performance-suppressions. In this study on reproductive performance of sows, 2600 μg deoxynivalenol and 180 μg zearalenone, respectively, were present per kg complete feed. Fertility problems due to ZON, shown in higher non-conception rates, abortions and symptoms of hyperestrogenism, already occurred after a very short exposure time during the first reproductive cycle. Visible, DON-related negative effects on piglet health were lesions, necroses and edema (skin, ear, tail), as well as deformations of extremities, mainly during the 2 nd  and 3 rd  reproductive cycle. Sow losses in groups fed fusariotoxin-contaminated feed were due to bacterial infections of kidney, ureter, uterus, teats, lung, liver and intestinal tract, indicating a suppressed immune system of animals. However, DSM 11798 successfully reduced the non-conception rate, suppression of consumption, rearing losses, organ infections as well as pathological changes of ovaries and mucous membranes of uteri. Moreover, symptoms of hyperestrogenism, malformation of extremities, necroses on ears, tails and teats, as well as lesions and edema of skin occurred less often and less severe in the presence of DSM 11798. Thus, mycotoxin-deactivation capacity of DSM 11798 could successfully be proven. 
   Trail with Piglets and Mycotoxin Contaminated Grain 
   The trial was also carried out on a multiplication farm of Odivita equipped with modern farrowing rooms and flat decks. The used trial flat-deck hold 2×4 pens with room for up to 15 piglets each (0.4 m 2  per piglet). 
   The piglets were weaned after 30 days and sorted into the flat-deck by sex. Thus, four pens contained male animals and the remaining four contained female piglets (see Table 11). 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 11 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Trial design 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Pen No. 
               No. of animals 
               Sex 
               Feed 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               1 
               control group 
               14 
               female 
               without DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               2 
               (CG) 
               14 
               female 
               without DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               3 
                 
               15 
               male 
               without DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               4 
                 
               15 
               male 
               without DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               5 
               trial group 
               15 
               female 
               with DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               6 
               (MPL-G) 
               13 
               female 
               with DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               7 
                 
               15 
               male 
               with DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
               8 
                 
               15 
               male 
               with DSM 11798 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   From the end of the suckling period until 5 days after weaning the piglets have been fed with a special starter feed (Multiwean). Thus, the actual trial start was on day 35: 
   Analogous to the first trial, animals of four pens (pen no. 3 to 6) were given normal compound feed, containing 3125 ppb DON, 380 ppb ZON and 4.5 ppb OTA (=control group CG). Animals of the remaining pens (no. 1, 2, 7 and 8) obtained exactly the same compound feed, but supplemented with 1.2 kg/t DSM 11798 (=trial group MPL-G). Feed for two pens each was weighed into one hopper. 
   The piglets were weighed after 35, 49 and 63 days of life, respectively. 
   Results and Discussion 
   Performance parameters of the second trial are presented in Table 12. Table 13 shows respectively combined data of trial I (May 9 th -Jun. 6 th , 2002) and trial II (Jun. 26 th -Jul. 25 th , 2002). 
   In the following, the overall data (i.e., data obtained from both trials) will be discussed. 
   With a total average final weight of 21.9 kg (at the age of 9 weeks), a total average daily weight gain of 415 g and a feed conversion of 1.43, growth of piglets (old Lithuanian genetic) was generally good. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 12 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Performance parameters and economical calculation - average results (TRIAL II) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Final 
               Total 
               Daily 
               Total 
               Daily Feed 
                 
               Cost/kg 
             
             
                 
               Weight at 
               weight 
               weight 
               weight 
               feed 
               Intake 
                 
               weight gain 
             
             
                 
               start [kg] 
               [kg] 
               gain [kg] 
               gain [g] 
               Intake [kg] 
               [g] 
               FCR 
               [EUR] 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               CG 
               9.7 
               19.9 
               10.2 
               352 
               14.5 
               500 
               1.42 
               0.59 
             
             
               MPL-G 
               10.7 
               22.6 
               11.9 
               410 
               16.0 
               552 
               1.35 
               0.57 
             
             
               Δ (CG-MG) 
               +1.0 
               +2.7 
               +1.7 
               +58 
               +1.5 
               +52 
               −0.07 
               −0.02 
             
             
               Δ [%] 
               110.3 
               113.6 
               116.7 
               116.5 
               110.3 
               110.4 
               95.1 
               96.6 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 13 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Performance parameters and economical calculation - av. results (Trial I + Trial II) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Final 
               Total 
               Daily 
               Total 
               Daily Feed 
                 
               Cost/kg 
             
             
                 
               Weight at 
               weight 
               weight 
               weight 
               feed 
               Intake 
                 
               weight gain 
             
             
                 
               start [kg] 
               [kg] 
               gain [kg] 
               gain [g] 
               Intake [kg] 
               [g] 
               FCR 
               [EUR] 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               CG 115 
               9.6 
               20.3 
               10.7 
               383 
               16.1 
               567 
               1.47 
               0.61 
             
             
               MPL-G 118 
               10.8 
               23.5 
               12.7 
               446 
               17.7 
               621 
               1.39 
               0.59 
             
             
               φ 
               10.2 
               21.9 
                 
               415 
                 
                 
               1.43 
             
             
               Δ TG-MG 
                 
                 
               2.0 
               63 
                 
               54 
               −0.08 
               −0.02 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Daily weight gain and daily feed intake of piglets fed DSM 11798-containing diet (MPL-G) was 63 g and 54 g higher compared to that of the control group (CG). Consequently the feed conversion rate of the trial group (MPL-G) was improved by 0.08. Considering this improved FCR together with the higher feed-price due to DSM-11798 3.0, 1 kg weight gain was still 0.02 EUR cheaper in the trial group compared to the control group. 
   During both trials, a considerable difference could be observed between female and male animals again, both in presence and absence of DSM-11798 (see Tables 14 and 15). However, in any case performance data were improved in the presence of the feed additive. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 14 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Performance parameters of female and male piglets (TRIAL I) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Final 
               Total 
               Total 
                 
             
             
                 
               Weight at 
               weight 
               weight 
               feed 
                 
             
             
                 
               start [kg] 
               [kg] 
               gain [kg] 
               Intake [kg] 
               FCR 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               CG_Females 
               9.62 
               20.29 
               10.3 
               17.2 
               1.64 
             
             
               CG_Males 
               9.47 
               21.86 
               12.4 
               18.8 
               1.51 
             
             
               TG_Females 
               10.53 
               23.08 
               12.6 
               18.0 
               1.44 
             
             
               TG_Males 
               11.14 
               25.88 
               14.7 
               20.8 
               1.41 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 15 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Performance parameters of female and male piglets (TRIAL II) 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Final 
               Total 
               Total 
                 
             
             
                 
               Weight at 
               weight 
               weight 
               feed 
                 
             
             
                 
               start [kg] 
               [kg] 
               gain [kg] 
               Intake [kg] 
               FCR 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               CG_Females 
               8.86 
               18.72 
               9.86 
               14.29 
               1.45 
             
             
               CG_Males 
               10.57 
               21.07 
               10.49 
               15.00 
               1.40 
             
             
               TG_Females 
               10.95 
               22.87 
               11.91 
               16.00 
               1.34 
             
             
               TG_Males 
               10.45 
               22.40 
               11.95 
               16.00 
               1.34 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Conclusions 
   The difference in daily weight gain between the control group (without DSM 11798) and trial group (with DSM 11798) was around 15% of the average daily weight gain (415 g). Since in trials with around 120 animals per group standard deviation is usually lower than 10% of the mean value, obtained results can be considered as significant. 
   Trial regarding the summer infertility syndrome in the South African pig herds 
   During the trial, nine pig herds were selected for the trial to determine the following aspects of fertility:
         The seasonal trends in fertility in gifts and sows.   The contents of the estrogenic mycotoxin Zearalenone (ZON) in the pig feed (summer/winter).       

   The following pig farms were selected for the trial:
         Longside, Irene, Pietersburg, Somerset West, Lynwood Ridge (Bronhorstpruit), Petrusville, Hathaway, Fochville, Durbanvile.   The possible decrease of ZON in pig feed using DSM 11798   Application of Prostagladin PGF 2 a in postpartum sows to decrease the summer decreased fertility.       

   A total number of 284 pig feed samples (115 of summer and 169 of winter seasons respectively) were collected from the above mentioned farms. The contents of ZON were determined using HPLC method. A statistical analysis was conducted and all data was transformed by 1/y to stabilize the variances. The effects of seasons, farms and seasons/farms interactions were tested by analysis of variance. During the summer period ZON contents were higher compared to the winter season (49.4 μg/kg and 51.5 μg/kg feed respectively). During the summer season the ZON content was ranging from non-detectable levels to 417 μg/kg feed and during the winter season from non-detectable level to 247 μg/kg feed. The summer and winter ZON contents were not significantly different (P=0.05). 
   The levels of ZON in different feed samples as well as in different pig herds were significantly different (P&lt;0.01). Out of the total 284 feed samples analysed, 56.3% were contaminated with ZON (see Table 16). 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 16 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Results of 284 analysed feed samples 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               ZON 
                 
             
             
                 
               [no.] 
               [ppb] 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Summer 
               115 
               0-417 
             
             
                 
               Winter 
               169 
               0-247 
             
             
                 
               Total contaminated [%] 
               56.30% 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   In one pig herd where 92% of the summer feed samples were contaminated with ZON, an experimental trial was conducted to test DSM 11798 in animal feed. A total number of 96 sows and gifts were involved in the experiment. 
   Results and Discussion 
   The results from the trial indicated that in sows and gifts receiving diets supplemented with DSM 11798, fertility was significantly higher compared to the control group fed a commercial diet (pregnancy in sows: 100 and 95.5% experimental and control respectively, and in gifts: 87.5 and 80.0% experimental and control respectively; (P&lt;0.05). 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 17 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Results 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
                 
               Increase of fertility 
             
             
                 
               MPL Group 
               Control Group 
               (AMPL/CG) 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               No. of animals 
               48 
               48 
                 
             
             
               Fertility in sows [%] 
               100.0 
               95.5 
               4.7% 
             
             
               Fertility in gifts [%] 
               87.5 
               80.0 
               9.4% 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Conclusions: By switching to feedstuff containing DSM 11798, this farm could improve fertility rates.