Abstract:
An electronic fluorescent lamp ballast having output voltage stabilized by a bandpass filter connected between a transformer control winding and the switching electrode of the switching transistor. In one embodiment especially adapted for ballasts which power multiple lamps, the filter causes oscillation frequency to vary with the number of lamps lit in such a way that output (lamp) voltage remains relatively constant. A filter for this application preferably includes a low-Q tank circuit in the series path of a π section, and has an input high pass T section. In another embodiment, a low cost electronic ballast having power feedback uses passive bandpass filters between transformer control windings and the control electrodes, so as to simplify the control and driver circuitry.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to electronic ballasts for operating discharge lamps such as fluorescent lamps, and in particular to such ballasts having a minimum number of active components. 
     Most magnetically coupled self-oscillating inverters are manufactured in large quantities for sale in a highly competitive market. Half-bridge inverters generally have a lower cost because of a reduced parts count. Such inverters may be classified into two groups: those using a current transformer having a saturable core, generally together with power BJT&#39;s (bipolar junction transistors); and those using a current transformer having a linear core, generally together with MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors). As those of ordinary skill will recognize, in this context a linear core is one in which operation is over a region having a curved B-H characteristic, rather than a sharp B-H characteristic; that is, at all times the flux level is such that a significant increase in magnetizing current will be accompanied by a significant increase in flux level. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,270 discloses a MOSFET half-bridge ballast which has auxiliary windings coupled to a series resonance inductor which is connected between the load and the inverter output at the node between the two switching transistors. The load, a single 20 w fluorescent lamp, is in series with a 220 nf capacitor, and 10 and 15 nf capacitors are in a starting circuit in parallel with the lamp. These capacitors form a resonant circuit with the inductor. As a result, the signals provided by the auxiliary windings are proportional to the inverter output current. Each of the auxiliary windings is connected to a low-pass phase shifting circuit whose output provides a control signal to the gate electrode of the respective MOSFET. It will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the lamp ballast art that, if this ballast were applied to a multiple lamp fixture, removal of one lamp while the ballast was operating would cause a great change in the output voltage applied to the remaining lamp(s). The simple low-pass filter structure is not able to accommodate the proper frequency changes when the lamp number is changed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a low cost electronic lamp ballast whose output voltage remains substantially constant if the lamp, or all lamps, are removed. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a low cost electronic lamp ballast which can operate one, two, three or four lamps with substantially the same output voltage. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide an electronic lamp ballast having an all passive component regulating circuit containing only passive components, yet permitting broad frequency variation. 
     According to the invention, a half-bridge converter for operating a plurality of discharge lamps includes two switching transistors having an output node between them, and a linear core transformer having a load winding through which load current passes, the load winding and the load being in series with one end of the series connection connected to the output node. The transformer includes at least one control winding, and the converter has an open loop regulation circuit, including a passive bandpass filter connected between the control winding and the control terminal of one of the switching transistors, for varying the oscillating frequency to maintain the output voltage constant. 
     A first embodiment of the invention offers the advantage that the output voltage remains constant even if the lamp, or one or more of multiple lamps, are extinguished or removed. The transformer has two control windings, each connected to a respective bandpass filter for controlling the gate of a respective MOSFET. To permit operation with anywhere from one to four lamps operating from the same ballast, the bandpass filter should have a substantially constant phase shift over a wide range of frequency, such as a ratio of 1:2. The desired value of phase shift is determined by other parameters of the converter circuit, especially those relating to the resonance of the load circuit and the circuitry which guarantees adequate ignition voltage for each discharge lamp. A variation of phase shift over a range of only 10°, such as within 5° of a median value, may be required, while the desired median value may be as low as 25° or as high as 65°. If the range of the number of lamps which will be lit is small, such as only 3 or 4 out of 4, then the required frequency range may be as low as approximately 5:6. Other combinations of lamps, such as 2 or 3 out of 3, or different circuitry arrangements, may require relatively constant phase shift over a broader frequency range of 4:5, and even 1 to 4 out of 4 may only require a range of 3:5. 
     The requirement for constancy of phase shift may also vary, and may in some circumstances permit the phase shift to vary over a range of approximately 20° in value. At the same time, the filter gain variation may interact with the phase shift variation requirement, and in commercially practicable converters the constancy of output voltage will usually be specified more narrowly if frequency variation is not great, such as 4:5, where only 8% total voltge range is permitted; while for a broader variation in numbers of lamps requiring frequency variation of 3:5 the acceptable range of output voltage may be 9% or 10%. 
     According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, which can operate between one and four lamps, the desired phase shift is between approximately 45° and approximately 55°, preferably about 50° over frequencies from 42 to 70 kHz. These filters are preferably pure AC bandpass filters utilizing only linear passive elements. 
     A filter providing good performance in this embodiment, for up to four discharge lamps, has at least one π section including an inductive element which is part of a low-Q parallel resonant circuit in the series or forward path of the filter, and at least one capacitor in the legs to signal ground. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the converter is a low cost single stage electronic ballast based on the power feedback principle, having a power feedback path from the high frequency lamp circuit to the input DC voltage to the inverter, and having bandpass filters connected between control windings and gates of respective MOSFETs. The control windings are part of a transformer whose primary winding functions as a resonant inductor for the ballast load circuit. The bandpass filters are pure RC filters having a transfer characteristic with approximately constant attenuation and a phase shift constant within approximately 15°, over a frequency range greater than 2:3. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a converter according to the invention, 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a converter embodying the invention, 
     FIG. 3 is a graph of output voltage versus inverter frequency for the embodiment of FIG. 2 for different numbers of lamps, 
     FIG. 4 is a graph of resonant tank input phase versus inverter frequency for the embodiment of FIG. 2 for different numbers of lamps, 
     FIG. 5 is a graph of output voltage versus needed filter phase angle lag for the embodiment of FIG. 2 for different numbers of lamps, 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a filter useful in the embodiment of FIG. 2, and 
     FIG. 7 is a graph of gain versus frequency for the filter of FIG. 6, 
     FIG. 8 is a graph of phase versus frequency for the filter of FIG. 6, 
     FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a converter embodying the invention for a single lamp, 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a filter useful in the embodiment of FIG. 9, 
     FIG. 11 is a graph of gain versus frequency for the filter of FIG. 10, and 
     FIG. 12 is a graph of phase versus frequency for the filter of FIG.  10 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The simplified block diagram of the FIG. 1 exemplifies the underlying concept of the invention. A DC voltage supply  2 , which is of any common type but will usually be a bridge rectifier or a voltage doubler supply, or a boost type converter, connected to an AC supply, provides a high DC voltage to an FET inverter  3 . Switching of the FETs is controlled by bandpass filters  4  which are connected to a control winding or windings of a linear core inductor  6 . The inductor  6  has both a primary or load winding  7  which, together with at least one capacitor in the load circuit  8 , forms a resonant circuit, but also like a transformer has a sensing or control winding which provides a voltage signal which, because of the close coupling of the transformer core and structure, is proportional to the inductor voltage. 
     In the generalized circuit of this diagram, it is assumed that the bandpass filters do not place a significant load on the transformer, so that the resonant character of the load on the inverter is not affected. 
     A practical embodiment of the FIG. 1 converter is shown in FIG.  2 . The DC supply  2  is a well-known full wave rectifier design. The AC line voltage is applied, through a fuse F 1  and an EMI filter formed by series inductances L 1  and shunt capacitor C 1 , to a full wave bridge formed by diodes D 1 - 4 . The rectifier bridge provides an output V dc  with respect to signal ground across an electrolytic capacitor C 2  and a series combination of capacitors C 3 , which have a midpoint node M to which one end of the load circuit is connected. 
     The inverter  3  includes two MOSFETs Q 1  and Q 2  connected in series between the V dc  bus and signal ground, and have a midpoint node S providing the inverter output. A conventional inverter starting circuit is formed by a series resistor RI and capacitor C 5  connected from the V dc  bus to signal ground. The midpoint of the series combination is connected to the node S through a diode D 5 , and to the gate of switching transistor Q 2  through a diac D 10  and resistor R 2 . A protective zener diode pair D 6 - 7  and D 8 - 9  is connected between each switching transistor gate and its source electrode. Connection points a 1 , b 1  and a 2 , b 2  are shown for the gate signals to be provided to the inverter through bandpass filters N to be described below with respect to FIG.  6 . 
     A resonant load circuit is connected between nodes S and M. The primary winding L 2  of a linear core transformer  17  functions as an inductance in series with a resonance capacitor C 4  and the capacitances associated with the lamp circuit. The lamp circuit includes a step-up transformer T 1  having a primary across the capacitor C 4 , and a secondary to which fluorescent lamps FL 1 - 4  are connected, each lamp being in series with a respective capacitor C 6 - 9 . The capacitors C 6 - 9  are chosen to have an impedance far greater than the lamp impedance over the operating range of inverter frequency. The resonant circuit parameters and the transformer T 1  turns ratio for the components values of Table 1 are chosen to provide a secondary winding voltage which has a nominal value of 580 vAC. As a result, no special lamp starting circuits are required because this voltage is sufficient to strike an arc in an unlit lamp, and there is no need for a special order of starting for the lamps. 
     In this embodiment of the invention the control winding function is provided by identical auxiliary windings W 1  and W 2  on the resonant transformer  17 , having connections p 1 , q 1  and p 2 , q 2  for the bandpass filters N. 
     It is well-known that the output voltage applied to the lamps will change if the inverter frequency changes, and the curve of output voltage versus frequency is a function of the number of lamps lit. FIG. 3 is a graph of output voltage versus inverter frequency of the FIG. 2 converter for m lamps, where m is an integer from 0 to 4, and the converter has nominal element values given in Table 1. These curves show that, before a first lamp has ignited, a high oscillation frequency is required. It is also known that, for a stable self-oscillating inverter, according to the Barkhausen criterion a specific lagging phase angle of ψ degrees is required between the voltage across the inductor formed by the primary winding L 2  of transformer  17  and the switching transistor gate connection points. FIG. 4 is a graph of the resonant tank input phase angle φ versus frequency for the same numbers of lamps. The angle ψ, where ψ=90°−φ, changes slightly as a function of the number m of lamps lit, but as shown in FIG. 5 for the circuit of FIG. 2, the values of ψ for a desired output voltage of 560 volts are all about 50°. 
     Comparing FIGS. 3 and 5, it is clear that a constant output voltage of approximately 560 v, with operation at frequencies above resonance, requires that the angle ψ should be approximately constant for frequencies between approximately 42 kHz and 70 kHz. The bandpass filters N are designed to provide such a phase shift between the resonant inductor voltage and the switching transistor gate connection points a 1 , b 1  and a 2 , b 2 . 
     A passive bandpass filter having the desired characteristics is shown in FIG.  6 . It has a series input capacitor C 61 , a first shunt element formed by resistor R 61 , and a second series element formed by resistor R 62 . A second shunt element is formed by a series combination of capacitor C 63  and resistor R 63 , and a third, output shunt element is formed by capacitor C 64  in parallel with a series combination of resistor R 65  and capacitor C 65 . The second and third shunt elements are connected by a third series element formed by a low-Q resonant circuit formed by a series capacitor C 66  in parallel with a resistor R 66  and a series combination of inductor L 66  and resistor R 67 . 
     If the total filter circuit described above is analyzed with respect to the element values given in Table 1, it will be seen that this filter may be thought of as having an input T section in cascade with a π section. Over the frequency range of interest, the T section has an approximately constant gain, with a leading phase angle which diminishes as frequency rises. The critical shaping of the frequency versus phase curve is determined primarily by the π section, which contains the inductive element in a low-Q resonant circuit. 
     It should be pointed out that the high gate impedance of MOSFETs is an important factor in the performance of the filter. If the switching transistors draw significant control electrode current, they will load down the filter and change its characteristics. 
     For a filter of the FIG. 6 configuration having the values given in Table 1, phase angle and gain have only small variation over a frequency range from 30 kHz to 100 kHz. Over the critical frequency range from 42 to 70 kHz, gain varies only by approximately 3 dB (FIG.  7 ), while phase shift varies over a range of about 65° to 45°. Table 2 contains measured prototype performance of a converter using this filter, with nominal circuit values according to Table 1. Most notably, when operated with all 4 lamps, or only 1 lamp, the output voltage is almost the same. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 C1 
                 3.3 
                 μf 
                 C64 
                 330 
                 pf 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 47 
                 μf 
                 C65 
                 1 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 1.2 
                 μf 
                 C66 
                 3.3 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C4 
                 12 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C5 
                 0.1 
                 μf 
               
               
                   
                 C6-9 
                 1.2 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C61 
                 8.2 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C63 
                 2.2 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 366 
                 μh 
               
               
                   
                 L66 
                 3 
                 mh 
               
               
                   
                 R1 
                 1 
                 MΩ 
               
               
                   
                 R2 
                 18 
                 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 R61 
                 7.5 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 R62 
                 1.3 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 R63 
                 360 
                 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 R65 
                 1.3 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 R66 
                 3.6 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 R67 
                 390 
                 Ω 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lamp number m 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Frequency f (kHz) 
                 70 
                 56 
                 47 
                 43 
               
               
                   
                 Output voltage (rms) 
                 588.7 
                 542.3 
                 594.3 
                 580.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Another embodiment of the invention, based on a single stage electronic ballast using the power feedback principle described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,410,221 to C. Mattas and J. Bergervoet, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,082 to A. Hernandez and G. Bruning, is shown in FIG.  9 . Known ballasts of this type have high power factor and low line current harmonic distortion, yet have a low parts count and are relatively inexpensive to manufacture. According to the invention, the inverter control circuit can be further simplified, with reduced parts count and improved reliability, by incorporating a regulator using a bandpass filter between control windings on the inductor and the switching transistors. 
     The circuit shown in FIG. 9 differs from that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,221 in that the control signals for switching the switching transistors are obtained via a vastly simplified control circuitry. Like the embodiment of FIG. 2, a resonance inductor L 102  is a transformer having control windings W 101  and W 102  which provide signals proportional to the voltage across the inductor. Identical linear passive bandpass filters N are connected between the control windings and respective gates of the inverter. 
     More particularly, the circuit of FIG. 9 includes an EMI filter in the AC supply line, formed by series inductances L 101  and L 102  and shunt capacitor C 101 , to a full wave bridge rectifier formed by diodes D 101 -D 104 . In accordance with the power feedback principle, the converter load is connected between a first node N 101  between switching transistors Q 101  and Q 102 , and a second node N 102  which receives DC voltage from the rectifier output through a high frequency diode D 105 . The converter load is connected to the node  101  via a DC blocking capacitor Cb, which is in series with the resonance inductor L 102  and a resonance capacitor C 104 . A lamp FL 101  is connected in series with a capacitor C 106 , this series combination being connected to the secondary of a step-up isolation transformer T 101  whose primary is connected across the resonance capacitor C 104 . 
     The node  102  is connected to the DC bus for the switching transistors via another high frequency diode D 107 . A further path for the high frequency current from the load is provided by a capacitor C 103  from node  102  to ground, and DC filtering is provided by a capacitor C 105  from the DC bus to ground. 
     In accordance with the invention, the switching signals to gates of the switching transistors Q 101  and Q 102  are provided by respective passive bandpass filters N, shown in FIG.  10 . The filter has a configuration analogous to that of FIG. 6, but is simplified by elimination of the inductor in the series path, and the use of only 6 components. The actual values of desired phase shift are a function of the other converter parameters. In general, because the voltage at node N 102  is modulated by the input line sinusoidal voltage with low frequency, for example, 50 Hz or 60 Hz, the resonant tank input voltage between nodes N 102  and N 101  are also modulated by such low frequency. In order to reduce the lamp current crest factor and lamp power variation, the circuit operating frequency should be properly modulated such that an almost constant voltage is maintained across the lamp. The key function of the network N shown in FIG. 10 is to produce proper phase shift over the circuit operating frequency modulation range such that the lamp voltage has small variation during each low frequency cycle. 
     In one specific simple implementation, one may anticipate that desirable values will be between 10° lagging and 60° lagging over a range of approximately 2:1 in frequency, and that the phase shift should be within 15° of its median value over that frequency range. An example of gain and phase characteristics of suitable filters is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, based on circuit values shown in Table 3. Over the range of 40 to 80 kHz the phase shift varies from approximately 12° lagging to approximately 38° lagging. 
     As in the filter of FIG. 6, the filter of FIG. 10 may be viewed as having a capacitor input T section followed by a π section. Over the operating frequency range of the converter, the T section has an approximately constant gain, with a leading phase angle which diminishes as frequency rises. 
     It may be noted that the circuit of FIG. 9 does not contain a separate lamp ignition circuit. Reliable striking of the lamp is provided by the high step-up ratio of transformer T 101 , which has a nominal output voltage of 550 volts when the frequency is approximately 63 kHz with the lamp lit. A converter according to this design has shown a total harmonic distortion in line current less than 15%, with power factor greater than 0.99. The lamp crest factor was less than 1.7. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 C101 
                 68 
                 nf 
                 L101 
                 650 
                 μh 
               
               
                   
                 C102 
                 120 
                 nf 
                 R102 
                 1.0 
                 MΩ 
               
               
                   
                 C103 
                 270 
                 nf 
                 R103 
                 18 
                 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 C104 
                 28 
                 nf 
                 R161 
                 5.6 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 C105 
                 180 
                 μf 
                 R162 
                 1.1 
                 kΩ 
               
               
                   
                 C161 
                 1.2 
                 nf 
                 R166 
                 910 
                 Ω 
               
               
                   
                 C163 
                 2.2 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                 C164 
                 1.0 
                 nf 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The embodiment of FIG. 9 also includes many circuit elements whose function will be recognized by those of ordinary skill, which are not critical to the practice of the invention. For example, an inverter starting circuit includes resistor R 102  connected to the DC bus, and in series with capacitor C 102  which in turn is connected to ground. From the junction of R 102  and C 102 , a diode D 107  is connected to node N 101  and a diac D 108  is connected via a resistor R 103  to the gate of transistor Q 102 . Diodes D 9  and D 10 , and the resistors in parallel with them, are not critical to the invention, but have the well-known function of causing the switching transistor turn-off to be faster than the turn-on. 
     It will be clear to those of ordinary skill that different choices of lamp operating frequency, resonance circuit values, lamp power and starting characteristics, will require changes in many of the other circuit element values. Filter circuits of the same configuration but with different component values may be preferred, or the filter configuration may be modified to meet application requirements. These variations are within the inventive concept and spirit as described above and in the appended claims.