Abstract:
The present invention provides a substantially pure integrin-type receptor characterized in that it consists of an α v  and a β 1  subunit. The α v  β 1  integrin binds to fibronectin and GRGDSPK but does not bind to vitronectin. The α v  β 1  integrin can be used to determine the presence of a α v  β 1  ligand and to develop adhesion peptides specific for the various integrins. The presence of the α v  β 1  integrin can be used to assess ability of cells to adhere to fibronectin.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to receptors for adhesion peptides, and more specifically to a novel receptor having affinity for fibronectin. 
     Multicellular organisms, such as man, have some 10 14  cells which can be divided into a minimum of fifty different types, such as blood cells and nerve cells. During the course of growth and development, cells adhere to other cells, or to extracellular materials, in specific and orderly ways. Such cell adhesion mechanisms appear to be of importance in mediating patterns of cellular growth, migration and differentiation, whereby cells develop specialized characteristics so as to function as, for example, muscle cells or liver cells. Cell adhesion mechanisms are also implicated in dedifferentiation and invasion, notably where cells lose their specialized forms and become metastasizing cancer cells. 
     The mechanisms underlying the interactions of cells with one another and with extracellular matrices are not fully understood, but it is thought that they are mediated by cell surface receptors which specifically recognize and bind to a cognate ligand on the surface of cells or in the extracellular matrix. 
     The adhesion of cells to extracellular matrices and their migration on the matrices is mediated in many cases by the binding of a cell surface receptor to an Arg-Gly-Asp containing sequence in the matrix protein (as reviewed in Ruoslahti and Pierschbacher, Science 238:491(1987)). The Arg-Gly-Asp sequence is a cell attachment site at least in fibronectin, vitronectin, various collagens, laminin and tenascin. Despite the similarity of their cell attachment sites, these proteins can be recognized individually by the specific receptors. 
     Integrins are a family of adhesion receptors which bind to Arg-Gly-Asp binding sites of extracellular matrix membrane proteins via the Arg-Gly-Asp binding sites. They are heterodimeric molecules composed of one alpha (α) and one beta (β) subunit. Several subunits of each kind are known, and various αβ combinations make up receptors with different ligand specificities. 
     Eleven distinct alpha chains have thus far been described. Formerly, they have been divided into three main subfamilies based on the beta subunit with which they associate. The β 1  subfamily includes receptors for fibronectin, various collagens, laminin and tenascin. The β 2  subfamily consists of leukocyte specific receptors, while the β 3  subfamily contains multispecific receptors commonly referred to as the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and the vitronectin receptor. Among the combinations known to exist, the α V  subunit associates with the β 3  subunit to form a vitronectin receptor and with two recently described β subunits called β X  and β S . The α V  β X  integrin is a vitronectin and fibronectin receptor while the ligand specificity of α V  β S  is not known. 
     Because of the importance of integrins in mediating critical aspects of both normal and abnormal cell processes, there exists the need to identify and characterize different integrins. The present invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a substantially pure integrin-type receptor characterized in that it consists of an α V  and a β 1  subunit. The α V  β 1  integrin binds to fibronectin and GRGDSPK but does not bind to vitronectin. The α V  β 1  integrin can be used to determine the presence of a α V  β 1  ligand and to develop adhesion peptides specific for the various integrins. The presence of the α V  β 1  can be used to assess ability of cells to adhere to fibronectin. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a photograph of a gel showing integrin subunits expressed on various cell types. 
     FIG. 2 shows the results of cell adhesion assays on fibronectin and vitronectin. The error bars indicate the standard error of the mean of three independent assays. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a new receptor composed of an α V  and a β 1  subunit, or their immunological equivalents. This integrin-type receptor is herein termed &#34;α V  β 1  receptor&#34; or &#34;α V  β 1  integrin.&#34; The α V  β 1  receptor is immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody to the α V  subunit and includes a band in the expected position of the β 1  subunit, as shown in FIG. 1, left panel. 
     To confirm the association between the α V  and β 1  subunits implied by the immunoprecipitation results described above, monoclonal antibodies to each of the subunits were used to isolate receptor complexes from the fibroblast cell line WI-38. A series of antibodies were then used to identify the co-isolated subunit. The material purified by the anti-α V  monoclonal antibody was precipitated by two different anti-β 1  monoclonal antibodies and by a polyclonal serum to a peptide representing the β 1  cytoplasmic domain. All three anti-β 1  reagents recognized the α V  -containing integrin. Conversely, the material obtained with a β 1  monoclonal antibody was immunoprecipitated by two different anti-α V  monoclonal antibodies and by a polyclonal serum to a peptide representing the α V  cytoplasmic domain. These data indicate that the α V  and β 1  subunits do associate to form a complex. 
     To investigate the ligand binding specificity of the new α V  β 1  integrin, affinity chromatography experiments and cell adhesion assays were performed. In the chromatography experiments, detergent extracts of IMR 32 neuroblastoma cells surface labelled with  125  I were fractionated on fibronectin and GRGDSPK peptide affinity columns. The α V  β 1  integrin bound to a 110 Kd fragment of fibronectin that contains the cell attachment site. It was eluted from the column with a peptide (GRGDSP), that represents the cell attachment site, but not a related peptide, GRGESP. No additional bands appeared with subsequent EDTA elution. The receptor also bound to a column containing the peptide GRGDSPK coupled to Sepharose and was eluted with the GRGDSP peptide but not with the GRGESP peptide. 
     Amino acids are identified herein by the standard one-letter abbreviations, as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Amino Acid     Symbol______________________________________Alanine        AAspartic acid  DCysteine       CGlutamine      QGlutamic acid  EGlycine        GHistidine      HIsoleucine     ILeucine        LLysine         KMethionine     MPhenylalanine  FProline        PSerine         SThreonine      TTryptophan     WTyrosine       YValine         V______________________________________ 
    
     To confirm that the eluted material was the α V  β 1  complex, the peak fractions from each column were pooled and immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibodies to the α V  and β 1  subunits. Both antibodies precipitated the same two bands from each column, indicating that the material specifically eluted from each column was, in fact, α V  β 1 . 
     Cell attachment assays showed that the IMR 32 cells attached to fibronectin but not to vitronectin (FIG. 2) or fibrinogen (not shown). The adhesion of these cells to fibronectin appears to be mediated by the α V  β 1  complex since the only other integrin detected, α 1  β 1 , did not bind fibronectin in the affinity chromatography experiments (see FIG. 1). These cells also attached to collagens I and IV and laminin presumably due to the presence of the α 1  β 1  complex. 
     The data indicate that the α V  β 1  integrin subunits associate to form a functional fibronectin receptor. Although molecular heterogeneity due to modifications such as alternative splicing cannot be entirely ruled out, the subunits of the new receptor were immunologically indistinguishable from α V  and β 1  with at least three antibodies to each subunit. Therefore, by the criteria of electrophoretic mobility and immunological reactivity, the new receptor is composed of α V  and β 1  subunits or their immunological equivalents. 
     The new α V  β 1  does not bind to vitronectin but can be isolated on a GRGDSPK column. This ligand binding pattern appears to be different from that of any of the previously characterized integrins. The ability of this receptor to bind to a GRGDSPK column is a property shared by two vitronectin-binding integrins, α V  β 3  (Pytela, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5766 (1985)), and the platelet receptor α IIB  β 3  (Pytela, et al., Science 231:1559 (1986) (and references therein), which are incorporated herein by reference). A complex between α V  and the recently described β S  subunit may also belong to this group (Freed, et al., EMBO 8:2955 (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference). Another recently described complex of α V  (α V  β X ) binds to both fibronectin and vitronectin (Cheresh et al., Cell 57:59 (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference). 
     Fibronectin-binding integrins of the β 1  class (α 5  β 1 ) do not bind to vitronectin and unlike the α V  β 1  integrin described here, do not bind detectably to the GRGDSPK column. Therefore, the α V  β 1  complex appears to have a distinct intermediate specificity between the vitronectin binding integrins and the β 1  class integrins. 
     Three different α subunits have been shown to associate with more than one β subunit. Two of these, α 4   and α 6 , can pair with either one of two β subunits. The α V  subunit appears to be especially versatile since it has already been shown to be capable of associating with four β subunits. Moreover, the association between α V  and β 1  described here unexpectedly crosses the boundaries of two previously proposed integrin classes, forcing a reevaluation of the currently accepted integrin classification. 
     Since receptors for collagens, laminin and fibronectin all share a common β subunit, it has been proposed that the α subunit determines the specificity of integrins. The new α V  β 1  integrin described here is a fibronectin receptor, whereas α V  β 3  is a vitronectin receptor. This result, along with the demonstration that α V  β X  binds to fibronectin, shows that the β subunit plays a greater role in determining receptor specificity than thought previously. 
     The α V  β 1  is useful in assaying the ability of cells to attach to extracellular matrices; the presence of α V  β 1  on the cell surface indicates the ability to attach to fibronectin. The presence of the α V  β 1  integrin is detected in an immunoassay format using an antibody against each of the subunits as described in Example I or by a modification of that immunoassay format. Such assays are well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, ANTIBODIES; A LABORATORY MANUAL (Harlow and Lane, eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988), which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Another area where the α V  β 1  receptor is useful is the analysis of ligands for integrins. The specificity of such ligands is important. For example, synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence that bind to the platelet integrin gp IIb/IIIa but not to other integrins are being developed into anti-platelet pharmaceuticals. 
     The ability of a compound to interact with the α V  β 1  integrin can be assessed by affinity chromatography as described under Example II. A cell attachment assay can be used as described under Example III when the contribution by other integrins possessed by the test cells can be excluded. Finally an enzyme immunoassay format or a radioreceptor assay can be used as described in Hautanen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:1347-1442 (1989); Gehlsen et al., J. Biol. Chem., in press (1989). 
     The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Identification of α V  β 1  Integrin 
     Antibodies to the integrin subunits were prepared as indicated in the following table: 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________        monoclonal           referencesub-         or                   orunit host    polyclonal                  immunogen  confirmation______________________________________α.sub.vmouse   monoclonal                  purified   immunoblotting;        Mab 147   vitronectin                             reactive with                  receptor   α.sub.v subunitα.sub.vmouse   Mab 59    purified   immunoblotting;                  vitronectin                             reactive with                  receptor   α.sub.v subunitα.sub.vrabbit  polyclonal                  KRVRPPQEE- Freed et al.                  QEREQLQPH- EMBO J.                  ENGEGNSET  8:2955 (1989)α.sub.5rabbit  polyclonal                  EKAQLKP-   immunoblotting;                  PATSDA     reactive with                             α.sub.5 subunitα.sub.6mouse   monoclonal                  α.sub.6                             Sonneberg et al.,        GoH3                 J. Biol. Chem.                             263:14030 (1988)α.sub.2mouse   monoclonal                  α.sub.2                             Wagner and        PIH5                 Carter                             J. Cell Biol.                             105:1073 (1987)α.sub.3rabbit  polyclonal                  cytoplasmic                             Hynes et al.,                  domain of  J. Cell Biol.                  α.sub.3 subunit                             109:409 (1989)β.sub.1rabbit  polyclonal                  KKKEKEKMN- immunoblotting;                  AKWDTGENP- reactive with                  IYSAVTTVV- β.sub.1 subunit                  NPKYEGKβ.sub.1mouse   monoclonal                  purified   immunoblotting;        LM 534    fibronectin                             reactive with        LM 442    receptor   β.sub.1 subunit______________________________________ 
    
     Human neuroblastoma cells (IMR 32; ATCC Accession No. CCL 127), lung cell fibroblasts (WI-38; ATCC Accession No. CCL 75), for example, (WI-38; ATCC Accession No. CCL 757) and glioblastoma cells (U251) were surface labeled with  125  I and lactoperoxidase according to the method of Pytela et al., Cell 40:191-198 (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference, and extracted with a buffer containing a 0.5% Triton-X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 mg/ml aprotinin, 0.4 μg/ml pepstatin and 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2. Integrin heterodimers were immunoprecipitated with antibodies specific for either the β 1  or α subunits and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Briefly, the extracts were clarified at 15,000 rpm and precleared by an incubation with preimmune rabbit or mouse IgG-Sepharose. Following an incubation with the primary antibodies, immunocomplexes were uncovered with either Sepharose-Protein A or Sepharose-goat anti-mouse IgG. 
     α V  -containing integrins and β 1  -containing integrins were immunopurified from the WI-38 extract on anti-α V  (Mab 147) and anti-β 1  (Mab LM 534) Sepharose columns respectively. The column was eluted with 50 mM glycine-HCl pH 3, containing 0.5% Triton-X-100. After neutralization, the material was divided in three aliquots for immunoprecipitation with anti-β 1  antibodies or anti-α V  antibodies and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE substantially as described above. In each case association between the α V  and the β 1  subunits was found. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Analysis of Ligand Specificity and Purification of α V  β 1  Integrins 
     IMR 32 cells were surface labeled with  125  I and lysed in 200 mM octylglucoside, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 μg/ml aprotinin, 0.4 μg/ml pepstatin, and 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2. The cell extract was applied to a 110 kD fibronectin fragment-Sepharose column and the column was washed with 50 mM octylglucoside, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 150 mM NaCl, and 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, alone and with 1 mg/ml GRGESP peptide. The column was subsequently eluted with 1 mg/ml GRGDSP peptide followed by elution with 10 mM EDTA. IMR 32 cell extract was also fractionated by identical means on a GRGDSPK column. 
     These procedures were similar to those described in Pytela et al., Meth. Enzymol. 144:475-489 (1987); and Gailit and Ruoslahti, J. Biol. Chem. 263:12927-12932 (1988), which are incorporated herein by reference. The eluates from each of these columns contained an integrin with an α and a β subunit. The peak fractions were pooled and immunoprecipitated with the anti-α V  (Mab 147), or anti-β 1  (Mab LM 534) described in Example I. The integrin bound to the column was found to precipitate with both anti-α V  and anti-β 1 , indicating that it is an association of the α V  and β 1  subunits. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Cell Adhesion Assays 
     Microtiter plates were coated with various concentrations of fibronectin and vitronectin and postcoated with 0.05% bovine serum albumin. After washing, approximately 10 5  IMR 32 (human neuroblastoma; ATCC CCl 127) or MG-63 (human osteosarcoma; ATCC CCL 1427) cells were plated per well and incubated at 37° C. for 90 minutes. The attached cells were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.5% crystal violet. The attachment was quantitated by reading the absorbance at 600 nm. As shown in FIG. 2, the IMR 32 cells attach to fibronectin, but not to vitronectin or fibrinogen, whereas the MG-63 cells attach to all three substrates. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently-preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.