Abstract:
A device and a method are provided for reproducing complex electrical fields associated with aquatic species as they exist in nature, for the purpose of altering the behavior of like or unlike aquatic species. An aquatic species is selected for observation and isolated from other species to avoid interference. At least one of an attribute and a observable behavior of the isolated species is recorded as well as an electrical field signature associated with the isolated species. In another aspect, a method is provided for identifying a particular aquatic species in an unisolated environment according to a particular electrical field signature generated by various aquatic species.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/122,626 filed Mar. 3, 1999. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to aquatic species. In one of its aspects, the invention relates to a method of recording the behavior of aquatic species. In another of its aspects, the invention relates to modifying the behavior of aquatic species. In yet another of its aspects, the invention relates to an article for modifying the behavior of aquatic species. In still another of its aspects, the invention relates to an apparatus for modifying the behavior of aquatic species. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Fish are well known to possess highly developed sense organs for the purpose of detecting complex underwater sounds and vibrations. Through a related sense organ, many fish and other aquatic species can also detect, as well as generate electrical fields about them and in some cases can detect them from considerable distances. There is evidence that fish are able to detect not only static electric fields but are further able to discriminate complex modulations of surrounding electric fields from other like and unlike aquatic animals. These complex patterns in the electrical fields are recognized as distinct “signatures” in relationship to other aquatic organisms. Such discrimination of complex patterns appears to play an important role in fish communication as well as a number of other behaviors including forage identification and location, hunting and feeding behavior, danger signals, patterns associated with injured or distressed prey, social behaviors, shoaling, reproductive behaviors, and perhaps migration. 
     A number of attempts have been made to take advantage of the behavior modifying potential of electric fields and electromotive forces. An example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,950 issued to Linder in 1993. Linder discloses a fishing lure that generates an electromagnetic field intended to “closely resemble the electromagnetic field naturally emitted by fish.” The problem with this approach is that Linder&#39;s devices are incapable of reproducing the complex modulations in electrical or electromagnetic fields that are recognized as distinct behavior modifying patterns as they occur in nature. Electrical fields are not static in living organisms. While some basic “charge” may be assigned to a living aquatic organism, very small but distinct and unique changes occur due to depolarizations within the animals&#39; cells; most notably as a result of nerve and muscle depolarization, heartbeats, or by the organisms inherent ability to change its electrical field in response to an external stimulus. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention, a method for recreating complex and changing electrical fields representative of those detected underwater in the context of specific behavior modifying events of underwater species, comprises the steps of selecting an aquatic species to observe, observing and digitally recording certain characteristics of the selected species and then correlating them with the behavior and electrical field data in the vicinity of the species. 
     Further according to the invention, an article or apparatus for recreating complex and changing electrical fields representative of those detected underwater in the context of specific behavior modifying events of underwater species comprises a data structure which has digital records of certain visible behavior of a selected species correlated with electrical field data of the visible behavior of the species. In one embodiment, the data structure is embodied into a chip which is mounted into a sealed housing which also includes a circuit to periodically read the data in the data structure and to generate a signal representative of the changing electrical fields related to a certain type of behavior of the underwater species and an electrical pole or poles (electrodes) which is/are responsive to the signal to recreate the electrical or electromagnetic field signature either within or outside of the housing, and within the aquatic environment. The chip can be in the form of a plug which can be interchangeable in the sealed housing to accommodate different data structures in the housing as desired. In a preferred embodiment, the sealed housing is in the form of a fishing lure and has hooks attached to it. In another embodiment, the data structure is incorporated into a read only memory in a computer that can be carried by a watercraft. The apparatus further comprises an electrode or electrodes which is/are connected to the computer to detect electrical field signatures in the vicinity of an underwater species and the computer includes a comparator to compare the detected electrical field patterns or “signatures” with the electrical field signatures stored in the data structure. The apparatus further includes an output device to identify those species for which the detected electrical field signatures match the electrical field signatures in the data structure. In one further embodiment of the invention, the computer has circuitry to read the data structure and to generate signals representative of certain electrical field signatures of a particular underwater species and to apply the thus generated signals to an underwater electrode or electrodes to recreate the electrical field signature of a desirable species underwater. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, behavior modifying electrical field patterns are “discovered” by placing an electrode(s) in an underwater environment in the vicinity of a desired species of aquatic organism(s). Electromotive potentials are applied to the electrode(s) in either randomly selected or in predefined patterns representing modulated pulses to the electrode(s) and thereby resulting in a changing underwater electrical field in the vicinity of the electrode(s) and the study organism(s). Different applied patterns of pulses over time and/or changes in the magnitude of electrical field forces are experimentally applied until a modification in behavior of the study organism(s) is observed. The behavior change may be any of a number of observations as previously described. Once a certain behavior response is observed, it is recorded in association with the indices defining the electrical field signal pattern being applied at the time that the change in behavior was observed. These indices are then used to confirm the behavior modifying influence when the same electrical field signal pattern is re-created in the presence of like organisms. The indices associated with this behavior modification are stored in a digital or analog memory and applied in an like manner to the naturally occurring “signatures” recorded above. These “artificial” electrical field patterns can be used in conjunction with or instead of the natural electrical field signatures. 
     In addition, various species of aquatic organisms can be identified in a database containing identifying electric field signature information. In one aspect of the invention a method is provided for identifying a particular aquatic species in an unisolated environment according to a particular electrical field signature generated by various aquatic species comprising the steps of measuring data representative of the electrical field generated by the particular aquatic species; looking up the measured data representative of the electrical field in a database, wherein the database has a first index which cross-references a list of aquatic species with a corresponding list of unique electrical field data; and reporting any matches of the measured data representative of the electrical field found in the database to a user. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIGS. 1-4 show flow charts of a method of creating a data structure according to the invention; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a sample data structure according to the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a process according to the invention carried out by the apparatus of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an article according to the invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view of a fishing lure incorporating the principles of their invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a block diagram representation of an illustrative circuit for reproducing underwater electrical field signatures from pre-recorded signals. 
     FIG. 11 is an alternate embodiment of the invention, employing an on-board computer; and 
     FIG. 12 is a block diagram representation of computer circuitry and interface circuitry for use with the computer arrangement of FIG.  11 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Now referring to FIGS. 1-4 and  6 , flowchart diagrams and an illustration depicting the logical flow of and apparatus for recording the various attributes of a selected species in accordance with the present invention are illustrated therein. First, select an aquatic species to observe. Next, isolate the selected species in the vicinity of a very sensitive galvanometer (as illustrated in FIG.  6 ). The instrument is capable of recording subtle changes in the surrounding electrical field and records the indices defining those changes over time. The recordings may be taken in the presence of any single organism, or any group of organisms, like or unlike. Observe and digitally record certain visible characteristics of the selected species and then correlate them with the visual behavior and electrical field data of the species. These initial observations may serve to later explain unexpected distinctions among several members of the same species or varying species. The visual observations may include the size, shape or even color of the animal. Any or all of these physical attributes may affect the species&#39; electrical field signature. 
     The above mentioned galvanometer recordings may also be recorded in the context of an organism engaged in some specific behavior, activity, or event. Such situations might include the recording of defensive posturing, heartbeat patterns, fleeing, pursuit, swimming, stationary posture, injured prey, a predator pursuing or consuming prey, reproductive behavior, shoaling, and other social behaviors. In fact, a recorded electrical field signature may represent the collective electrical fields of many like and unlike organisms at the same time, and may represent the collective electrical field signatures of certain events such as feeding, reproductive behavior, shoaling, social behavior, predators in pursuit of prey, feeding frenzies, etc. 
     It will prove worthwhile to record the visual behavior that is being observed in addition to recording the electrical field signature corresponding to the visual behavior. Doing so will enhance the ability to quickly locate and reproduce a desired signature once stored in a database or similar storage structure. Although the flowcharts depict this as a sequential event with the visual behavior being recorded prior to the electrical field signature, it should be understood that the two tasks can be accomplished simultaneously or in reverse order as well. 
     As shown in FIGS. 2,  3 , and  4 , each characteristic of the species (e.g. attribute data, visual behavior data, and electrical field signature) is observed, recorded (e.g. manually or electronically), digitized and then stored in a database for later editing and/or retrieval and use. 
     FIG. 5 depicts a preferred sample of a data structure in which the species&#39; data could be stored. It should be understood, however, that the species&#39; data can be stored in a variety of different data structures. First, the data structure identifies the species (e.g. “Species Name”). Next, the “Species Attribute Data” is stored therein. The “Visual Behavior Data” contains the type of visual behavior observed as well as an electronic reference to a memory location containing the actual “Electrical Signature Data” recorded by the galvanometer. 
     Now referring to FIG. 8, an illustration depicting a preferred apparatus for recreating the electrical field signatures is illustrated therein. Once the signals are recorded, they are studied for the specific indices that describe the signals associated with a certain behavior, activity, or event. The patterns, which will have been recorded in a digital format, are then applied in an apparatus capable of applying a voltage potential to an electrode or set of electrodes to recreate the recorded electrical field “signature” underwater. 
     In this manner, specific signatures can be applied in the presence of aquatic organisms to determine their ability to modulate or produce a desired response such as attraction, repulsion, fleeing, striking, feeding, reproductive behavior, etc. In the digital format, the signals can be enhanced or modified to remove background noise and/or to enhance the signature and improve the desired effect. The indices that define a signal that elicits a desired response are then placed in a digital memory (e.g. read only memory—ROM) and then can be used in applications underwater to modify the behavior of aquatic species. 
     In one embodiment, the memory chip is placed in a self contained, watertight body, along with circuitry to read the data and direct the electrical energy pulses to the electrical pole(s) in a manner which recreates the electrical field signature outside of the housing. The pole(s) or electrode(s) to which the electrical potentials are modulated can be placed inside or outside the housing. The housing can also represent a lure shape and have attached hooks for the purpose of catching fish. As an additional feature, the housing can be opened and the memory replaced in a pluggable fashion such that the same housing can be used for different signatures. In addition, multiple electrical field signatures can be represented in the memory and can be sequentially applied in a pre-programmed manner. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the memories are stored in an onboard computer. Signatures associated with any of a number of desired behavior modifying electrical fields can be user selected from a menu and applied to an electrode or set of electrodes attached to the on board unit and then submerged into the water via an insulated cord for transmission of the electrical potentials. Alternatively, the electrode can be mounted to the boat hull. Alternatively, the electrode can be free to be placed in the water unattached to the control memory and circuitry. In this configuration, the signal is applied to the electrode by radio transmission to circuitry within a watertight housing containing the electrode(s) as well as a power source for pulsing the electrical potential signals to the electrode(s). In this manner the electrical field signature is modulated remotely. 
     Finally, since a method will be used to identify the indices that define the patterns of electrical fields associated with different species of aquatic organisms, these indices may be used to detect the presence of specific species in the vicinity of a Galvanometer placed in the water and coupled to a computer capable of collecting and analyzing the signals in comparison to known patterns associated with individual species. 
     Now referring to FIG. 7, a flowchart diagram depicting the logic flow of identifying a specific species in accordance with the present invention is illustrated therein. First, electrical field data is monitored and recorded as in FIG.  4 . Next, the recorded electrical field signature is compared to the previously stored electrical field signatures of a variety of species. If a matching signature is found within the database records, then that species and/or its characteristics are displayed on an input/output device, such as a computer monitor and the like. If, however, a matching signature is not present within the database, the computer system returns an error message to the user that the present species is not identifiable given the know patterns. 
     FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an illustrative embodiment of a device in the form of a fishing lure  100  for attracting fish by reproducing electrical field signatures underwater. Lure  100 , which may be made of plastic or other suitable material, has a front section  101  and a rear section  103  and is provided with an attachment loop  102  for attachment to a fishing line. The lure will have one or more standard fish hooks (not shown) attached to it. Alternatively, the lure can have no hooks but instead provide one or more attachment loops for placing it “in-line” with a fishing line or tow line containing other lures or bait. The front section  101  has an area of increased diameter  105  provided with threads  107  formed around its circumference for receiving mating threads of the rear section  103 . A watertight seal is obtained between the front and rear sections by means of an O-ring gasket  109  supported on a radially projecting shoulder  111  on the front section  101 . 
     Contained within the front section  101  is a circuit board  120  having mounted thereon a pluggable read-only memory (ROM)  122 . The circuit board  120  is provided with a connector  121 , and ROM  122  is provided with external conductors  127  for pluggably engaging connector  121 , allowing for convenient removal of ROM  122 . Another ROM, defining the electrical field signature of another species of bait, or any another behavior modifying signature, may be readily inserted in connector  121  to cause the lure to reproduce the signature. 
     The circuit board may be fastened to brackets  125  by means of standard fasteners  126  which are readily accessible when the rear section  103  has been separated from the front section  101 . A battery  124  is connected to circuit board  120  via conductor  123 . The printed circuit board  120  is provided with conductors for making the necessary electrical connection to provide power from the battery  124  to ROM  122 . Circuit board  120  has conductors which extend through circuit board  120 , in a standard fashion, to make connection from conductor  123  to conductor  128  to provide power to integrated circuit  130  mounted on a second printed circuit board  132 . 
     Printed circuit board  132  may be fastened by means of brackets  140  mounted on printed circuit board  132  to brackets  142  attached to the internal surface of the front section  101  by means of fasteners  143  in a standard fashion. Fastener  143  will be accessible when the rear section  103  and printed circuit board  120  have been removed. Connection is provided from ROM  122  to integrated circuit  130  via printed circuit boards  120  and  132  and interconnecting conductor  129 . Further electrical connection is provided from integrated circuit  130  via printed circuit board  132  and conductor  133  to a pole or poles  150  used to create the electrical field either within or exterior to the housing. The external housing of the device may be constructed of material that shields the electrical fields produced by the battery, such that these electrical fields do not interfere with or obscure the electrical field signatures desired for creation outside the housing. In this embodiment, the electrical potentials are applied to poles that are exposed to the outside of the shielded housing at locations that produce the desired electrical field effects. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates diagrammatically the circuit details of circuitry for the production of underwater electrical field signals from recorded data as may be used in underwater housings described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. A read-only memory, e.g., ROM  122 , contains digital data representing the recorded electrical field signals or signature produced by aquatic species. 
     The digital data stored in the ROM  122  is read and converted to analog form by means of a digital-to-analog converter  301 . The analog signal is amplified by means of a standard voltage amplifier  302  and applied for transmission to an electrode(s)  303  placed in the underwater environment. ROM  122  will normally have a plurality of memory locations, each having a data word comprising a plurality of bits, e.g., 8 bits. Each memory location is addressed by transmitting an address comprising the contents of address counter  305  to ROM  122 . The number of data words in the ROM is a matter of design choice, but there should be sufficient data to represent a significant duration electrical field signature. 
     Furthermore, it may be desirable to store signature data for more than one aquatic species or behavior modifying signature in sequence. The address counter  305  is incremented periodically to sequentially cycle through all of the data locations in the ROM  122 . Address counter  305  is a recirculating counter which will return to an all-zero state. Accordingly, the memory will be read in repetitive cycles. In this manner, the electrical field signal defined by the data in the memory will be broadcast repeatedly. 
     The address counter  305  is incremented from a commercially available timer circuit  306  which repetitively produces a number of clock pulses. Address counter  305  is incremented via address lead  307  by means of the T 2  timing pulse. The T 1  timing pulse is provided on lead  308  and applied to AND gate  311  together with the output of the address counter  305  to transmit an address to the ROM  122 . Timing pulse T 2  is transmitted via lead  309  to AND gate  312  which is activated by pulse T 2  to gate a data word from ROM  122  to data register  313 . Timing pulse T 3  is applied via lead  310  to AND gate  314  to apply the data word stored in the data register  313  to the digital-to-analog converter  301 . The rate of operation of timer circuit  306  is a matter of design choice, depending on the frequency at which data is to be read from memory, which in turn is a function of the frequency of sampling by which recorded data was generated. The circuitry shown within the dashed line box  300  may be included in a single integrated circuit chip or a plurality of chips mounted on a printed circuit board for ease of installation in the relatively small space of a lure. 
     FIG. 11 represents an embodiment of the invention in which the circuitry and equipment for reproducing electrical field signatures underwater are incorporated in a boat. The boat  500 , the hull of which is shown in cross-sectional elevation, includes an onboard computer  501  provided with a display screen  502  and a keyboard  503 . The computer  501 , which may be any of a number of types of commercially available, relatively inexpensive computers, or may comprise circuitry such as that described above with respect to FIG. 10, will include a memory in which prerecorded data representing underwater electrical field signatures produced by aquatic species are stored. The computer reads the data from memory and transmits the data to interface circuit  505  via conductor  507 . The interface circuit provides an electrical potential to an underwater electrical pole or set of poles  506  via conductor  508 . A boat battery  510  provides power to the computer  501  and interface circuit  505  via conductors  512 . The hull  500  is provided with a console  515  for supporting computer  501  and associated equipment. The electrical pole(s)  506  may be placed on the boat hull beneath the water line, or may be suspended or towed behind the boat by means of a watertight electrical cord for transmitting the electromotive forces to the electrode pole(s) in a modulated manner, thereby reproducing the selected electrical field signatures underwater. 
     FIG. 12 is a block diagram representation of circuitry within a computer  501  and the interface  505 . The computer  501  comprises a processor  525  and an associated memory  526 . A disk store  528 , which for example may be a standard floppy disk, is connected to the processor  525 . The floppy disk may be loaded with data representing electrical field signals recorded from aquatic species and a program for reading the data, described later herein with respect to FIG.  8 . The information from the disk store  528  may be loaded in the memory  526  in a standard manner and the data representative of electrical field signatures is read from the memory  526  and transmitted to a digital-to-analog converter  528  in interface  505  by means of conductor  502 . The digital-to-analog converter is a standard device that, upon receipt of a data word, generates an analog output signal that is transmitted to a voltage amplifier  530  via conductor  529 . The amplified voltage is transmitted via conductor  508  to electrode(s) pole  506 . 
     Advantageously, the arrangement of this embodiment employing an on-board computer eliminates a number of the constraints encountered when the system is embodied in an underwater housing such as a lure or the like. By using the on-board equipment, no separate battery is required since the boat battery can be used and plenty of power will be available to drive the circuitry. 
     Furthermore, the interface circuitry  505  may be constructed of discrete components which are generally less expensive than specially fabricated integrated circuitry. The electrical pole(s)  506  may essentially be made as large as is desirable to broadcast the electrical field signals underwater over a large area. A number of such electrodes may be positioned in various places in or on the boat when desired. The circuitry on board may be either the computer-implemented arrangement shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 or the circuitry depicted for example in FIG.  10 . 
     In either case, a significant advantage of having the electronic circuitry on board is that the user may obtain different electrical field signatures from a memory. Furthermore, the memory device is readily replaced to allow the broadcasting of different sets of signatures in both the computer-implemented and the hard-wired configuration. 
     In the computer-implemented configuration shown in FIG. 11, a fisherman inserts a floppy disk which contains data representative of one or more electrical field signatures of aquatic species. Different species of game fish have a preference for different species of bait and hence the floppy disk may include a program which provides a menu to the fisherman on the display screen  502  allowing the fisherman to select the game fish, by pressing a key on keyboard  503  or other input device. 
     Reasonable variation and modification are possible within the scope of the foregoing disclosure and drawings without departing from the spirit of the invention.