Abstract:
Embodiments reduce the complexity of speaker dependent speech recognition systems and methods by representing the code word (i.e., the word to be recognized) using a single Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) which is adapted from a Universal Background Model (UBM). Only the parameters of the GMM need to be stored. Further reduction in computation is achieved by only checking the GMM component that is relevant to the keyword template. In this scheme, keyword template is represented by a sequence of the index of best performing component of the GMM of the keyword model. Only one template is saved by combining the registration template using Longest Common Sequence algorithm. The quality of the word model is continuously updated by performing expectation maximization iteration using the test word which is accepted as keyword model.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to provisional patent application No. 61/731,992, filed 30 Nov. 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to speech recognition systems, and more specifically to speaker-dependent voice recognition in low power applications such as battery-powered mobile devices like smartphones and other electronic devices having a relatively limited storage capacity and computing power. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    There are two primary approaches of performing speech recognition: 1) template matching based approaches such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW); and 2) statistical analysis based approaches such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In speech recognition, an analog speech signal generated by a suitable sound capture device such as a microphone is sampled and quantized, typically through an analog-to-digital converter operating at an appropriate sampling rate (e.g., 8-20 kHz), to provide a digitized speech signal in the form of digital samples. Short-time spectral properties of the digitized speech signal are then analyzed by successively placing a data window over the digitized speech signal, each data window corresponding to a group of successive digital samples that will be referred to as a “frame” herein. The digital samples in each frame are then analyzed according to the speech recognition approach being utilized. 
         [0004]    In a template matching based approach such as DTW typically two sequences that may have temporal variation are compared. During a training phase, speech features such as the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) are generated and stored per frame to serve as a “template”. In a testing phase, MFCC&#39;s are once again generated per frame for test speech being processed and this MFCC sequence is compared with the stored template MFCC sequence and the one which gives the smallest difference is chosen as the word output. 
         [0005]    Circuitry implementing the DTW approach generates a template of a word or phrase, and then when a user speaks a phrase the circuitry generates a sequence representing this speech and compares this sequence to the template. Both the template and the speech have spectral and temporal components and when the comparison yields a close enough match the circuitry determines that an authorized user has spoken the proper phrase, typically referred to a code phrase. With the DTW approach the circuitry, such as a processor and associated memory devices, must store a template for every code phrase that is to be recognized. As a result, the circuitry implementing the DTW approach typically requires a relatively large amount of memory. For example, if a particular application requires the circuitry implementing the DTW to recognize a relatively large number of code phrases then this may require a relatively large amount of memory for storage of the associated templates. The availability or cost of this required memory may be an issue in certain types of electronic devices, such as mobile devices like smartphones. 
         [0006]    In statistical analysis based approaches such as HMM, a statistical model of the word to be recognized is built. The general structure of the HMM approach is shown in  FIG. 1  and typically it consists of a number of states, each of them with their observable output and their transition probability to the other states. In order to define the required parameters, multiple utterances of the words to be recognized are needed.  FIG. 2  shows how a HMM is built for the word “apple.” The phonetic pronunciation of this word is shown at the top of  FIG. 2  and in HMM and other statistical analysis based approaches typically a subword or a phoneme of word to be recognized is modeled instead of the whole word so that these subwords or phonemes can then be used to model different desired words. 
         [0007]    The HMM is a statistical model that requires a relatively complex training procedure and consequently is typically relatively computationally complex. This complexity may cause circuitry that implements the HMM, such as a processor executing corresponding software, to consume significant amounts of power. As a result this computational complexity and resulting power consumption make the HMM unsuitable for many power applications, such as in handheld, batter powered devices like smartphones and tablet computers that require the circuitry implementing the HMM to consume relatively low power. For example, in an application where a smartphone is in a sleep or low-power mode of operation any circuitry, including voice recognition circuitry, operable during this mode must of course be low power circuitry or the purpose of the lower-power mode would be defeated. 
         [0008]    There is a need for improved methods and circuits for voice recognition in lower power applications such as in battery powered devices like smartphones. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    Embodiments reduce the complexity of speaker dependent speech recognition systems and methods by representing the code word (i.e., the word to be recognized) using a single Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) which is adapted from a Universal Background Model (UBM). Only the parameters of the GMM (i.e., mean, variance and weight for each of the mixture) needs to be stored. Further reduction in computation is achieved by only checking the GMM component that is relevant to the keyword template. In this scheme, keyword template is represented by a sequence of the index of best performing component of the GMM of the keyword model. Only one template is saved by combining the registration template using Longest Common Sequence algorithm. The quality of the word model is continuously updated by performing expectation maximization iteration using the test word which is accepted as keyword model. An embodiment provides better rejection against non-keyword compared to a traditional method due to the two step check introduced. It also makes it more resilience to noise compared to DTW due to the Gaussian modelling used. Embodiments can be extended to recognize more code words and require much less memory than Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) schemes which save all the M FCC data from the registered keyword at every frame. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  shows the structure of a Hidden Markov Model used for speech recognition. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  shows the training process of text dependent speaker recognition where multiple utterances of the word “apple” are needed to construct the statistics of the Hidden Markov Model. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing the extraction or generation of MFCCs which are the features processed in one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates the Longest Common Sequence (LCS) result that is used and the Edit Distance that is an improvement once a distance matrix is obtained from a continuous learning feature. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  shows the triangular filter used on the PSD during MFCC extraction to obtain each Mel frequency bin value. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  shows the log likelihood of 43 test words, the first 30 is the keyword which are pronounced from 3 different distance, and the last 13 is random words. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  shows the log likelihood ratio of 43 test words, the first 30 is the keyword which are pronounced from 3 different distance, and the last 13 is random words. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a functional block diagram of an electronic device including speech-recognition circuitry according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    Embodiments described in the present disclosure are directed to circuits and methods of implementing a speech recognition algorithm that allows an authorized user of a device, such as a smartphone, to activate the device or a mode operation of the device through the utterance of a code phrase, as will be described in more detail below. The code phrase may be a single word, a portion of a word, or any other component of speech. In this way, embodiments function to perform speaker dependent and text dependent speech recognition, thus providing enhanced security for an electronic device implementing the algorithm. The algorithm provides speaker dependent speech recognition by ensuring the speaker is an “authorized” user of the electronic device and also requires the speaker to know the required “code phrase” to be spoken to activate or gain access to the device. In one embodiment, the algorithm operates during a low-power or sleep mode of the electronic device. When an authorized user speaks the proper code phrase, such as “wake up” or “my phone” or “activate,” for example, the user is granted access to the device. 
         [0019]    More specifically, one embodiment of the present disclosure is a speech recognition algorithm utilizing a combination of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) with Universal Background Model (UBM) and a Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) approach. The GMM with UBM portions of the algorithm determine whether the speaker is an authorized user and detect spectral components of the required code phrase while the LCS portion distinguishes the order of the spoken components of the code phrase to ensure the components are uttered in the proper order. For example, assume the code phrase is “my phone.” The GMM with UBM portions determine whether an authorized speaker has uttered the words “my” and “phone” but does not determine whether the speaker has uttered the words in the proper order or sequence. The GMM with UBM portion of the algorithm would thus indicate a user is authorized in response to the user speaking either “my phone” or “phone my” while the LCS portion of the algorithm determines whether the authorized speaker has uttered the code phrase in the proper order (i.e., has said “my phone” and not “phone my”). A speaker or user is said to be “authenticated” herein when both portions of the algorithm indicate the user should be granted access to the electronic device (i.e., the GMM with UBM portion indicates the user is authorized and has spoken the required words or components of the code phrase and the LCS portion indicates the words or components were spoken in the proper temporal sequence). In this embodiment the algorithm is configured to recognize one code phrase defined by an authorized user. Only one adapted Gaussian mixture in the GMM is used to represent the code phrase and the LCS portion is utilized to ensure the right sequence of occurrence within the code phrase, where the longest common subsequence is obtained during a registration phase of the algorithm. Only the index of the highest performing GMM component is saved as the LCS portion, as will be described in more detail below. 
         [0020]    Speaker dependent voice recognition algorithms according to embodiments in the present disclosure initially receive data about a speech signal that has already been pre-processed. For example, as mentioned above an analog speech signal generated responsive to a user&#39;s speech is sampled and quantized to provide a digitized speech signal in the form of digital samples. These digital samples are then pre-processed to provide data that is provided to the speaker dependent voice recognition algorithm. Various front end speech processing of the analog speech signal can be performed as this processing is independent of features used for recognition by the algorithm. In one embodiment, the analog speech signal is pre-processed to generate Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) that are the “features” that are utilized by the speaker dependent voice recognition algorithm to authenticate a speaker, as will be described in more detail below. 
         [0021]    In the following description, certain details are set forth in conjunction with the described embodiments to provide a sufficient understanding of the invention. One skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the invention may be practiced without these particular details. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the example embodiments described below do not limit the scope of the present disclosure, and will also understand that various modifications, equivalents, and combinations of the disclosed embodiments and components of such embodiments are within the scope of the present disclosure. Embodiments including fewer than all the components of any of the respective described embodiments may also be within the scope of the present disclosure although not expressly described in detail below. Finally, the operation of well-known components and/or processes has not been shown or described in detail below to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a feature-processing circuit  300  that generates the MFCCs that are the speech features utilized by the speaker dependent speech recognition algorithm according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The analysis the speaker dependent speech recognition algorithm performs on the speaker&#39;s speech is not done on the speech signal itself but on features derived from it, where the features are the MFCCs in the embodiment being described. In  FIG. 3  the digitized speech signal is applied to a pre-emphasis circuit  302 . Recall the digitized speech signal corresponds to digital samples of the analog speech signal at a suitable sampling rate and quantization of these samples as previously discussed. 
         [0023]    The pre-emphasis circuit  302  performs pre-emphasis on the digitized speech signal according to the following equation: 
         [0000]        S ( t )= S   in ( t )−0.96  S   in ( t− 1)   (1)
 
         [0024]    where Sin is the input signal and t is the time index. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, pre-emphasis is a process performed on audio signals to increase, within a desired frequency band or bandwidth the magnitude of some frequency components (typically higher frequency components) of the input signal with respect to the magnitude of other frequency components (typically lower frequency components) of the input signal in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the input signal. Phenomena such as attenuation distortion may result in these undesirable changes in the magnitudes of frequency components of the input signal, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
         [0025]    The pre-emphasis circuit  302  outputs pre-emphasized speech signal samples in response to the application of Eqn. 1 to the digitized speech signal, and these pre-emphasized speech signal samples are provided to a framing circuit  304 . The framing circuit  304  frames the pre-emphasized speech signal samples and subsequent processing is done on a per-frame basis. In one embodiment, each frame is  320  samples in length and the successive frames progress by 160 samples to the next frame. A window is successively placed over the pre-emphasized speech signal samples to define each frame, with the successive placement of the window overlapping the samples. For example, assume the samples start at sample 0 and that the first frame is frame  0 . In this situation, frame  0  includes samples  0 - 319 , frame  1  includes samples  160 - 479 , frame  2  includes samples  320 - 639 , and so on, such that the immediately adjacent frames overlap one another. In one embodiment, the sampling rate of the analog speech signal is 16 kHz so each frame is 20 milliseconds long (( 1/16 kHz)×320) and the window effectively shifts by 10 milliseconds to generate the next frame. 
         [0026]    The framing circuit  304  then applies the Hamming window to each frame according to the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0027]    where N is the frame size (in this example  320 ) and n is the time index of the window. Each frame thus has the pre-emphasized speech signal samples in the window multiplied by the window function w(n) of Eqn. 2 to generate frames F for subsequent processing. 
         [0028]    The framing circuit  304  outputs these frames F to a power spectral density (PSD) circuit  306  that utilizes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to analyze the frequency content of the signal in each frame. The PSD circuit  306  calculates the PSD of each frame as follows: 
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         [0029]    where FFTlen is the length of the Fast Fourier Transform and S win (t) is the signal S(t) of Eqn. 1 after framing by the framing circuit  304  including the application of Eqn. 2 to the samples in each frame. In Eqn. 3 the index k is the frequency index such that PSD(k) gives the power spectral density PSD of the signal S win (t) at the frequency indicated by the index k. 
         [0030]    A MEL scale circuit  308  receives the power spectral density values PSD(k) for each frame and adjusts or “warps” the frequencies to thereby perform MEL warping on each frame. The MEL scale is a perceptual scale of sound pitches judged to be equal in distance from one another, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The circuit  308  approximates the desired warping or mapping of the linear frequency scale to the MEL scale using the following equation: 
         [0000]      mel( f )=2595 log 10 (1+ f/ 700)   (4)
 
         [0031]    The MEL scale circuit  308  then applies a triangular filter to the power spectral density PSD(k) values is used on the PSD(k) values as shown in  FIG. 5 . The MEL scale circuit  308  generates an output according to the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0032]    Where the index i is the Mel scale frequency bin and W is the weight of the triangular filter as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The linear frequency bins correspond to the index k in Eqn. 5 and are positioned logarithmically on the MEL scale according to Eqn. 4. As a result, after the MEL scale circuit  308  performs the conversion from the linear frequency scale to the MEL scale via Eqn. 5, the index i is the frequency bin index in the MEL domain. According to Eqn. 5 and  FIG. 5 , each MEL bin i corresponds to a respective triangular filter in  FIG. 5  with weight Wi,k. Each triangular filter of  FIG. 5  has the same number of points as there are values for the index k. 
         [0033]    A logarithmic circuit  310  receives the outputs from the MEL scale circuit  308  and operates in combination with a discrete cosine transform (DCT) circuit  312  to generate the MFCCs for each frame. More specifically, the logarithmic circuit  310  and DCT circuit  312  operate to generate the MFCCs according to the following equation: 
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         [0034]    The index j corresponds to the index for the MFCCs per frame, and Q is the index for the MEL frequency bins (i.e., i=1 to Q). For example, Q=24 Mel bins and j=12 MFCCs may be generated per frame. 
         [0035]    The following describes a training process of the speaker dependent speech recognition algorithm for generating the UBM, word model, and template according to one embodiment. 
         [0036]    The UBM is a representation of the speaker acoustic space. In an embodiment, a single GMM with 64 mixtures is used, made from user speech. After going through the front end processing (step  1 ), the features are clustered using k-means algorithm as follows. First is initialization where 64 vectors are randomly chosen as the initial centroids. Next is Nearest Neighbour Search where each of the training vectors are grouped with the centroid that has the closest Euclidian distance to it. Then a Centroid update includes, within each centroid, a new mean is calculated taking accounts all the vectors that has been grouped with it. The new mean is set as the new centroid. The operations of the nearest neighbor search and the centroid update are repeated until the distortion falls under a threshold. 
         [0037]    The mean and variance of each cluster is then calculated, and the weight is the ratio of the number of frames that belongs to that mixture to the total number of frames used to build the UBM. (The system provides a default UBM in the event that no user speech is available yet during Word Model building). 
         [0038]    The Word Model is adapted from UBM to give the maximum probability to the keyword speech. It uses expectation maximization iteration as explained in section 2.5.1. All the keyword speech (e.g., 5 times pronounced by the user) is used for this purpose. 
         [0039]    The template is a sequence of index of the highest performing mixture of the word model from the registration keyword. A longest common subsequence (LCS) is found between the first two registration keyword. The result is again compared with the third registration keyword to obtained the final template. The lowest LCS score between the final template and the 4th and the 5th registration keyword is used as the threshold of acceptance. 
         [0040]    The testing process consists only of calculating the probability of the test word being generated from the Word Model and from the UBM. If the log likelihood ratio is positive (likely to be the keyword), a second test is performed.  FIG. 6  shows the log likelihood value comparison between the world model (UBM) and the keyword model (in this case “My TV” recorded on STM32F4 Discovery board). The test was done at 3 different distances in a quiet room.  FIG. 7  shows the ratio between the two and the scheme manage to distinguish the keyword from random words at all the distance. 
         [0041]    The second check is performed to differentiate keyword that was not pronounced in sequence, for example “TV My” would score the same in terms of likelihood, but should be rejected as it is not the correct keyword. An LCS analysis is done between the keyword template and the test word and if the LCS value is above the threshold set, the word is accepted as the keyword. 
         [0042]    In automatic training, when a test speech with a good margin of confidence is obtained, automatic training is performed to improve the quality of the word model. This is done by performing more expectation maximization iteration on the word model using the obtained sample speech. 
         [0043]      FIG. 8  is a functional block diagram of an electronic device  800  including speech-recognition circuitry  802  contained in processing circuitry  804  according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The speech recognition circuitry  802  corresponds to circuitry and/or software that executes the speaker dependent voice recognition algorithms described above with reference to  FIGS. 1-7 . The processing circuitry  804  may be any suitable processing circuitry, such as a microprocessor where the electronic device  800  is a personal computer or an applications processor where the electronic device is a smartphone or tablet computer. Similarly, the touch controller  806  may include any suitable digital and/or analog circuitry to perform the desired functions of the controller. 
         [0044]    The electronic device  800  includes a touch controller  806  that detects the presence of touches or touch points P(X,Y) and gestures including such touch points on a touch screen  808  that is coupled to the controller. The touch screen  808  has a number of touch sensors  810  positioned on the touch screen to detect touch points P(X,Y), with only three touch sensors being shown merely to simplify the figure. The touch controller  806  controls the touch screen  808  to detect a user&#39;s finger, stylus, or any other suitable device, all of which will collectively be referred to as a “user device” herein. The detection of the user device at a particular location on the touch screen  808  is defined as a touch point P(X,Y) on the touch screen. An X-axis and Y-axis are shown in  FIG. 1 , with the X coordinate of a touch point P(X,Y) corresponding to a point along the X-axis and the Y coordinate to a point along the Y-axis. The touch sensors  810  generate corresponding sensor signals responsive to a touch point P(X,Y) and provide these signals to the touch controller  808  for processing. The touch sensors  810  are typically contained in some sort of transparent sensor array that is part of the touch screen  808 , the detailed structure of which is understood by those skilled in the art and thus will not be described herein. The number and location of the touch sensors  810  can vary as can the particular type of sensor, such as ultrasonic, resistive, vibration, or capacitive sensors. 
         [0045]    The processing circuitry  804  is coupled to the touch controller  102  and is operable to execute applications or “apps”  812  designed to perform a specific function or provide a specific service on the electronic device  800 . Where the electronic device  800  is a cellular phone or a tablet computer, for example, the applications  812  can include a wide variety of different types of applications, such as music applications, email applications, video applications, game applications, weather applications, reader applications, and so on. The touch controller  806  reports touch information to the applications  812 , which operate in response thereto to control operation of the application and/or the electronic device  800 . 
         [0046]    The electronic device  800  can be any kind of suitable electronic device or system. The device  800  need not include the touch screen  808  and can include additional components not expressly illustrated in  FIG. 8 . For example, the electronic device  800  could be a personal computer system, desktop or laptop, a television, a home-theater system, a smart appliance, a vehicle such as a car or truck where the algorithm is used in lieu of a key to access, activate, and deactivate the vehicle, a security system that provides or denies the speaker access to a facility, and so on. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, the electronic device  800  operates in a sleep or low-power mode of operation and the speaker dependent voice recognition algorithm executes during this mode to detect the utterance of the code phrase by an authorized user or users. The low-power mode is a mode of operation that is common in electronic devices in which at least some of the electronic components in the device are powered down or placed in an alternate state to reduce the power consumption of these components and thereby reduce the overall power consumption of the electronic device. In response to detecting the code phrase, the electronic device  800  is then “activated” or leaves the low-power mode of operation. For example, where the device  800  is a smart phone, when the algorithm detects the utterance of the code phrase by an authorized user the home screen or some other screen is then displayed to give the speaker access to and allow him or her to operate the device. 
         [0048]    One skilled in the art will understood that even though various embodiments and advantages have been set forth in the foregoing description, the above disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, and yet remain within the broad principles of the invention. For example, some of the components described above may be implemented using either digital or analog circuitry, or a combination of both, and also, where appropriate, may be realized through software executing on suitable processing circuitry. The code phrase may be in any language, not just English, and could even be gibberish or a random sequence of sounds or a sound desired defined by the user. Therefore, the present disclosure is to be limited only as defined by the appended claims and any such later-introduced claims supported by the present disclosure.