Abstract:
An inductive loop sensor for detecting vehicles travelling along a lane of a roadway comprises a figure-of-eight conducting loop. The loop is arranged with its three segments transversely across the roadway to detect the wheels of vehicles travelling along the roadway. The length of the loop in the direction of travel along the roadway is less than 60 cms. Traffic monitoring apparatus energises the loops and detects the passage of vehicle wheels over the loops to provide for the classification of vehicles by axle count.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to inductive loops for traffic detection. The invention is also concerned with traffic monitoring apparatus comprising at least one of such inductive loops for detecting and potentially classifying traffic passing over the loop. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Inductive loops for traffic detection are well known and used commonly for monitoring traffic flow along the lanes of roadways. Typically, a loop may comprise a rectangular outline loop of conductor buried just beneath the surface of the roadway and connected to energising and detecting equipment at the side of the roadway. The loop is energised with alternating current at a selected frequency to produce a corresponding alternating magnetic field in the space above the loop. Vehicles passing over the loop affect the inductance of the loop which can be detected by the detection equipment. Typical prior art loops comprise a single rectangular winding having a length, in the distance of travel of vehicles along the roadway lane, which may be a substantial proportion of the length of vehicles travelling along the roadway, say 1 meter or more, and a width transversely of the direction of travel only slightly less than the width of the roadway lane. The detection signal produced in such inductive loops responds to the metal mass of a vehicle passing over the loop, particularly the engine and drive train, and also chassis components of longer vehicles. For detection of vehicles as a whole, loops are designed to ensure a good detection signal is achieved as the vehicle passes by. U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,531 discloses a typical inductive loop sensor roadway installation of this kind. 
     There is also a requirement to count the number of axles of vehicles passing along a roadway, so that multi axle vehicles for example can be distinguished from ordinary domestic automobiles for example. Accordingly, loops have been designed which are intended to be specifically sensitive to the axles, or more particularly to the wheels, of vehicles passing over the loop. U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,894 discloses a wide variety of inductive loops used for the detection of the wheels of vehicles passing along the roadway. A separate loop may be used for each wheel track in each lane of the roadway and the patent indicates that the overall length of the loops in the direction of traffic movement should be relatively short, comparable to the footprint on the roadway of the vehicle wheels to be detected by the loops. The patent suggests a length in the traffic direction of 15 cms for loops intended to detect the wheels of domestic automobiles, and 30 cms for loops intended for detecting the wheels of trucks. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a further inductive loop sensor design, specifically adapted for the detection of the wheels of vehicles passing over the loop, which can have a general purpose application to all kinds of vehicles using the roadway. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly the present invention provides an inductive loop sensor for detecting vehicles travelling along the lane of a roadway. The sensor comprises a continuous conductive loop configured to have a central conducting segment and outer conducting segments spaced on opposite sides of the central segment. An electric current in the loop flows in a first transverse direction along the central segment and in a second transverse direction opposite to the first transverse direction along each of the outer segments. The loop is aligned on the roadway lane so that the central and outer segments are transverse to the traffic flow direction in the lane. The distance between the outer segments of the loop are selected to be not greater than about 60 cms. 
     The resulting loop can provide, when energised, a magnetic field which extends above the roadway by no more than about 30 cms. In this way, the sensor can be made relatively less sensitive to the passage over the loop of the main bulk of vehicles, particularly engine, drive train and large chassis members. By comparison, the loop will respond specifically to metal components of the wheels of the vehicle travelling on or just above the roadway surface. In particular the loop will respond to the steel bracing in steel braced tyres, or alteratively to the metal of the wheel and wheel hub itself. 
     Importantly, a single size of loop can be used for detecting both domestic automobile wheels and also the wheels of large trucks. 
     The loop could be wide enough to cover an entire lane but preferably has a width across the traffic flow direction of between about 100 and about 140 cms. Conveniently, the width of the loop across the traffic flow is less than that which would allow the wheels at both ends of an axle of a vehicle to be detected simultaneously by the loop. A width of loop of about 120 cms is considered appropriate. 
     Preferably the distance between the outer segments of the loop is about 45 cms. This then gives good discrimination between the effect of a wheel and the influence of the engine/drive train/chassis of a vehicle which passes over the loop just outside the influence of the magnetic field. 
     The central segment of a loop should be symmetrically located between the outer segments. 
     The loop may be configured as a figure-of-eight, or as a pair of multiturn windings of opposite hand connected in series. 
     The invention also provides traffic monitoring apparatus comprising at least a first inductive loop sensor, a generator to energise this first loop sensor with a detection signal and a detector responsive to changes in the detection signal in the loop sensor to provide an indication of a vehicle crossing the loop sensor. The loop sensor comprises a continuous conductive loop as described above. 
     In a further embodiment the apparatus comprises a second inductive loop sensor having the same form as the first sensor, where the first and second sensors are aligned spaced apart one after the other along the roadway lane in the traffic flow direction. The generator energises both the first and second sensors with respective detection signals and the detector is responsive to changes in these signals in each of the sensors to provide an indication of the direction of travel. 
     The loop sensors may have similar dimensions and neighbouring outer segments of the two loop sensors are typically spaced apart in the traffic flow direction by between 15 and about 25 cms. 
     The invention still further contemplates a method of counting the number of axles of vehicles travelling along a lane of a roadway, in which, 
     at least one inductive loop sensor in the form of a continuous conductive loop as described above is installed on or in a surface of the roadway lane. This sensor is energised with a detection signal to generate a magnetic field which extends above the surface of the roadway lane by not more than about 30 cms. Changes in the detection signal corresponding to the passage of vehicle wheels over the loop are detected. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     An example of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a vehicle axle detection station along a lane of a roadway; and 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a different configuration of loop embodying the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In FIG. 1, the position is illustrated of two successive loop sensors  10  and  11  along a lane  12  of a roadway. The normal direction of travel of vehicles along the lane  12  is illustrated by the arrow  13 . The lane  12  of the roadway is shown between lateral boundaries  14  and  15 . It should be understood that these boundaries  14  and  15  need not be physical boundaries, but merely the demarcations of the lane on a wider roadway. 
     The lane is essentially wide enough to accommodate normal traffic vehicles including large goods vehicles and trucks. The normal rolling tracks of the wheels of vehicles travelling along the lane  12 , are illustrated at  16  and  17  between the pairs of parallel dotted lines in the drawing. 
     Loop sensors  10  and  11  are located on the roadway so as to be substantially centred relative to the wheel running track  16  of the roadway. The two loop sensors  10  and  11  are, as illustrated, located spaced apart one after the other in the direction  13  of travel along the roadway lane  12 . 
     The two loop sensors  10  and  11  are substantially identical, and each sensor comprises a figure-of-eight conductive loop having a transversely extending central conducting segment  20  and outer conducting segments  21 ,  22  on opposite sides of a central segment  20 . Because of the figure-of-eight construction of the loop  10 , it can be seen that a current in the loop flows in the central segment  20  transversely across the roadway in a first direction, and flows in the outer segments  21  and  22  transversely in the opposite direction. 
     Each of the loops  10  and  11  are substantially identical in form and each have a total length, in the direction  13  of travel along the roadway which is typically about 45 cms. The loop is formed symmetrically on either side of the central segment  20  so that the two halves of the loop are of substantially the same area. The loop has a width of about 120 cms transversely across the wheel running path  16  on the roadway. 
     The effect of the construction illustrated is to confine the magnetic field produced by signal currents flowing in the loop to a height above the roadway of not significantly more than about 22 cms. 
     The neighbouring outer segments  22  and  23  of the two loops illustrated in the drawing are spaced apart in the direction of travel  13  by about 20 cms. 
     In the drawing, each of the loops  10  and  11  is illustrated as a single figure-of-eight winding of conductor. It will be understood that the loops may be formed of multiple windings repeatedly following the track of the single winding illustrated. In a different embodiment, the loops  10  and  11  may be configured as separate multiple turn windings of opposite hand connected in series. Such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 2, which shows a pair of two turn windings connected in series to provide the same electrical effect as a repeated figure-of-eight loop. Typical loops comprise three turns in each winding. 
     In any case, each of the loops  10  and  11  is connected via connecting cables  25  and  26  to a generator and detector circuit mounted on the side of the roadway. The loops  10  and  11  may be buried a short distance, typically 1 to 4 cms beneath the surface of the roadway. The connecting cables  25  and  26  are also buried beneath the roadway surface. 
     The generator and detector circuit  30  includes a generator for supplying an alternating current signal to the loops  10  and  11  via the connecting cables  25  and  26 . As a vehicle wheel passes over either of the loops  10  and  11  the inductance of the loop changes so that the amplitude (or frequency) of the signal in the loop changes. This change is detected by the detecting circuitry in the roadside equipment  30 , to indicate the passage of a vehicle wheel over the loop. 
     By providing two loops  10  and  11  as illustrated, the direction of travel of a vehicle along the roadway lane can be determined from the timing of the responses in the two loops to a single wheel travelling over the loops. 
     The loop sensors constructed and energised as described above, are capable of reliably distinguishing the individual wheels of vehicles travelling over the loops, from any residual response resulting from the massive metal components of the vehicle, such as the engine, drive train or chassis. This is due to the way in which the loop design constrains the field produced by the loop to extend only a limited distance above the roadway surface. 
     The height to which the magnetic field from a loop sensor extends above the road surface is determined by the overall length of the sensor. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the width of each loop sensor is set so as to ensure that the wheels at opposite ends of an axle of a vehicle could not both be detected by the same sensor at the same time. Thus, the width across the carriageway, of each sensor loop is set to be somewhat less than the track width of smaller domestic automobiles. However, the width of each loop sensor is wide enough to accommodate both of the double wheels (at one end of an axle) typically employed by large trucks. The generator and detecting circuit  30  is arranged to identify the different response resulting from the passage over the sensor loops of a single wheel compared with that for a double wheel. In this way the category of vehicles passing over the sensor can be classified. 
     Although the drawing shows loop sensors  10  and  11  along only one of the rolling track  16  within a lane  12  of the roadway, it should be understood that an additional pair of loop sensors may also be provided across the other rolling track  17  of the lane  12 . Also, the loop sensors  10  and  11  may be used in combination with other loop sensors of standard design for detecting the bulk metal parts of vehicles passing along the roadway lane.