Abstract:
A multi-user bus is divided into a number of bus portions, one for each user. Each bus portion is coupled, at one end, to one of the multiple users and through an impedance matching network to the other bus portions in a star configuration. The disclosed embodiment teaches various resistive impedance matching networks.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to data processing systems, and particularly to a configuration for a high-speed, multi-user bus structure to attenuate noise attributable to ringing and signal reflections on the bus. 
     As clock speeds used in computing and data processing systems increase (e.g., in the 100 Mhz range or higher), it is becoming important to give attention to the electrical characteristics of the medium used to communicate information between two or more elements of the system. Higher computing and communicating speeds have shrunk pulse widths, making it important that the integrity (i.e., sharpness of) pulse transitions, the rise and fall times of those pulses, and the higher frequencies forming those transitions be maintained. 
     Corruption of the integrity of a pulse can be attributed to a number of factors that are primarily found in the particular environment, among them impedance discontinuities in the signal path which can lead to pulse distortion itself, as well as serving as the source of ringing, and reflections which can further attack pulse integrity. (Ringing is that distortion following a major transition, and is usually in the form of a superimposed, clamped oscillatory waveform. Reflection is that phenomenon that occurs when a pulse encounters a discontinuity or different transmission medium, producing a reflected version of the pulse on the original transmission medium.) Matching the different impedances encountered in the signal path between the source and destination of the pulse (including the source output and destination input impedances) is one tried and true method of improving signal quality. But, in a real world environment it is very difficult, if not at times impossible, to match impedances sufficiently. Discontinuities imposed by connectors, inexact input or output impedances, and other factors can and do operate to sully data signals (i.e., pulse construction). As a result, the pulse may take longer to achieve a recognizable voltage level. 
     The mechanical construction and packaging of data processing and computing systems often use multiple printed-wiring circuit boards (PWBs) that communicatively connect to one another by a bus structure of form or another. One popular packaging construction provides removable connection of the PWBs to a backplane, or like assembly that carries the bus structure. Preferably, the signal paths between the bus structure and whatever driver/receiver circuit devices are employed by the users of the bus structure, the PWBs, should be kept short for improved electrical characteristics of high-speed signals. Signal paths that are too long can lead to ringing, resulting in excessive pulse settling times. Unfortunately, in some cases it may not be physically possible to use an electrically short signal path between the driver/receiver of a PWB and the bus structure due to routing restraints on the PWB, or perhaps because of the particular wiring of the bus in the backplane for connecting multiple PWBs. 
     One solution often used to reduce ringing and reflections is to place a series terminating resistance in the signal path proximate the driver/receiver element of the PWB. (Shared bus structures typically employ a tri-state device that operates in one of two mutually-exclusive modes: to drive signals onto, or to receive signals from, the bus structure. For that reason they are referred to herein as “driver/receivers.”) This solution is illustrated in FIG. 1, which shows one bit line of an N-bit communication bus  14  with four users. The bus  14  is divided into bus portions  14 ′ to illustrate the equivalent transmission line segments of the bus that extend between PWB connectors  13 . The signal lines from the connectors to the driver/receiver devices  12  on the PWB are shown as segments or transmission line equivalents  15 . FIG. 1 shows resistors R placed serially in the signal path, preferably near or at the output/input of the driver/receiver devices  12 . This configuration is applicable to active devices having driver portion output impedances less than the characteristic impedance of the bus and PWB and a receiver portion input impedance much greater than the PWB characteristic impedance. Systems using CMOS devices and some TTL designs, for example, often use this solution. For devices having a low input impedance, such as emitter-coupled logic (ECL), parallel terminations are used to help reduce ringing and reflections. (i.e., the series resistors R in FIG. 1 are removed, and the outer ends left and right in FIG. 1 are tied to AC ground through appropriate resistances.) Whichever solution is used, routing requirements may cause the various paths forming the bus portions  14 ′ or the PWB paths  15  to be on the order of several inches in length, creating path impedances that are difficult to match by the resistances R. In such cases, any meaningful reduction of the ringing and excessive settling on the bus by such techniques is lost. But even with proper impedance matching, ringing and settling can still occur in amounts that unduly affect performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a bus structure and configuration that operates to significantly reduce ringing and settling times of signalling used for high-speed data communication in a digital processing or computing system. 
     According to the present invention, the bus structure is divided into a number of bus portions, one bus portion for each user of the bus structure. The bus portions are connected together through an impedance matching network to form a star topology. The particular configuration of the impedance matching network depends upon the number of users connected to and using the bus structure. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the impedance of the network is primarily resistive. The values of the resistors used are a function of the design impedance of the connecting paths, i.e., the characteristic impedance of the signal paths between the driver/receiver device and the bus structure, and that of the signal paths forming the bus, and the input/output impedances of the active devices, the receivers/drivers, that drive and receive from the bus structure. 
     The invention has the advantage of achieving the reduction of ringing, signal reflections, and excessive settling time by meaningful amounts over that of prior systems. 
     These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in this art upon a reading of the following description of the invention which should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art method of reducing ringing and settling time on a bus structure; 
     FIG. 2A illustrates a general form of the invention connecting multiple user units to one another by a shared bus that includes an impedance matching network at the center of a star configuration; 
     FIG. 2B illustrates an embodiment of the invention of FIG. 2A for communicating four user units to one another through a resistive impedance matching network. 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B respectively illustrate comparative simulated waveforms for the prior art bus configuration of FIG.  1  and that of the configuration of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 2B; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention of the resistive connection shown in FIG. 2B; 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate alternative approaches to a two-user (point-to-point) connection using the present invention; and 
     FIG. 6 shows the connection used for three user units. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Turning now to the figures, FIG. 2A illustrates, in general form, the bus configuration of the present invention. FIG. 2 is meant to show what would be one of a number of signal paths that would make up a communication connection between multiple users. It will be understood that FIG. 2 (and the connections shown and discussed hereinafter) may be replicated a number of times for an entire bus or communication connection. 
     As FIG. 2 shows a bus structure  20  provides data communication between N user units  25  ( 25   a ,  25   b , . . . ,  25   n ) each having an active driver/receiver device  26  ( 26   a ,  26   b , . . . ,  26   n ) to drive signals onto, or receive signals from, the bus structure  20 . Signal paths  24  ( 24   a ,  24   b , . . . ,  24   d ) couple the driver/receiver devices  25  to the bus structure  20  through a connector  27 . (This discussion assumes that the user units  25  are circuit boards that removably connect to the bus structure  20 —itself in the form of or carried by a backplane or like structure. However, those skilled in this art will appreciate that other structures and configurations of the user units  20  and such connections will benefit from the present invention.) As FIG. 2B further shows, the bus  20  is formed with N bus segments  22  ( 22   a ,  22   b , . . . ,  22   n ), each respectively connecting a corresponding user unit  25  (and associated signal path  24 ) in star configuration to a impedance matching network  28 . 
     The signal paths  24  represent a printed circuit path formed on a PWB, i.e., the user units  25 , and are shown separately from the bus segments  22  to illustrate the connector  27 . Those skilled in this art will recognize that the signal paths  24  could just as well be lumped with their corresponding bus segments  22 , and shown as four unitary paths to the impedance matching network  28  rather than as shown in FIG.  2 B: N paths, each with two separate portions. 
     Ideally, the number of user units  25  capable of employing the invention can be any number; realistically, however, the best results are achieved if the number is limited to two to six units  25 . Thus, shown is FIG. 2B is a construction of the impedance matching network  28  for a four user system. Each bus segment  22  connects to a central node A through a corresponding resistor R (R 1 , R 2 , . . . , R 4 ). The values of the resistors R should lie in the range between 0 and Z  /2, where Z   is the characteristic impedance of the circuit board(s) carrying the bus segments and signal paths  22 ,  24 . In addition, the driver/receiver devices  26  will preferably have output and input impedances less than and greater than, respectively, the characteristic impedance. Thus, the present invention is particularly suited for use by systems in which the driver/receiver devices  26  employ CMOS technology. Where the characteristic impedance of the signal paths  24  and bus segments  22  are substantially equal, the values of the resistances R will be equal to each other. 
     In an ideal case, the transmission line impedances of the bus segments and signal paths  22 ,  24  are assumed to all be equal to Z   and are considered lossless. Assume further that the driver portions of the devices  26  have zero output impedance, the receiver portions have an infinite input impedance, and any user unit  26  can drive the bus. For an ideal case such as this, each of the resistors R (R 1 , R 2 , . . . , R 4 ) will preferably be equal to Z  /2. Using the assumptions of such an ideal case, the waveform integrity of the prior art configuration (FIG. 1) can be compared to that of the invention as illustrated in FIG. 2, using the well-known SPICE circuit modeling program. For the comparison, it is assumed that the characteristic impedance of the signal paths is approximately 50 ohms in each case (prior art—FIG.  1  and invention—FIG.  2 B). The driver output is assumed to be 3 volts, and a valid high signal is 2 volts. FIGS. 3A and 3B show the waveform simulations produced at selected receivers of the SPICE program, using the aforementioned criteria and assumptions. 
     First, FIG. 3A shows waveform simulations  30  at the inputs of the receivers of three of the user units  12  of FIG.  1 . The signal is produced by the fourth user unit  12 . As can be seen, the waveforms  30  exhibit a great deal of ringing still on the bus  14  even after 20 ns. The signal doesn&#39;t begin to settle to a valid high until nearly 9 ns after the waveform has switched. 
     In contrast, FIG. 3B shows the SPICE simulated waveforms at the inputs of two user units  25  of FIG.  2 B. Since the characteristic impedance used for the SPICE simulation for FIG. 3B was the same as that used for FIG. 3A, 50 ohms, each of the resistors R 1 , R 2 , . . . , R 4  were given the value of 25 ohms to achieve optimum signal integrity. Note that, as FIG. 3B illustrates, the signals settle close to a valid high in just a little more than 5 ns, and there is substantially no ringing after 10 ns. Thus, there will be no noise on the next cycle of the waveform and, therefore, no timing uncertainty due to noise generated by ringing and reflection. 
     As noted, the SPICE simulations of FIGS. 3A and 3B are for an ideal situation. In the star connected bus configuration of the invention (FIG.  2 ), the ideal case cannot achieve both an optimum 6 db attenuation and impedance matching of all inputs. Accordingly, the values of the resistors R 1 , . . . , R 2 , . . . , R 4  can best be found by basing them upon SPICE simulations in which close approximations of the actual input and output impedances of the active devices  26  will need to be used to achieve optimum waveform quality and timing under actual conditions. 
     In the four user case of FIG. 2B, the impedance matching network can be replaced with a single resistance to save resistor count and still achieve a useful reduction of noise (e.g., ringing, reflections, etc.) Thus, as FIG. 4 shows, the impedance matching network  28  of four resistors R 1 , R 2 , . . . , R 4  shown in FIG. 2B is modified by replacing the four with a single resistance, R 5 , to form the impedance matching network  28 . Again, the value of the resistor R 5  will depend upon the impedance parameters of the circuit in which it is used, i.e., the characteristic impedances of the paths  23 , and the input and output impedances of the active devices that are connected to drive, and receive from, those paths. For example, for a characteristic impedance of approximately 65 ohms, and assuming CMOS drivers and receivers, a resistance value of approximately 22 ohms will achieve acceptable quality waveform and timing, superior to that of prior configurations (e.g., FIG.  1 ), although not quite the quality waveform as the impedance matching configuration of FIG.  2 B. The main advantage of the single resistor impedance matching network is the 75% reduction in resistor count. 
     The invention may be used to form bus connections that communicate a larger or smaller number of user units to one another. For example, FIG. 5 shows the present invention employed in a two user, point-to-point connection. Here, the impedance matching network  28  uses three resistors R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 . Resistor R 7  connects the signal paths and bus segments (cumulatively shown here as paths  34 ) to one another while the R 6  and R 8  connect to a ground (G) potential. Resistor R 6 , R 7  and R 8  form a standard “pi” configuration 6 db attenuator. Again assuming ideal conditions, the resistor values for resistors R 6  and R 8  are preferably approximately 3Z   while R 7  is approximately 3Z  /4, where Z   is the characteristic impedance of paths  34 . SPICE simulations can be used to determine optimum resistance values for less than ideal situations. 
     The pi configuration of FIG. 5 can be replaced with an equivalent standard T configuration, shown in FIG. 6 using resistors R 6 ′, R 7 ′, and R 8 ′, with the resistor R 7 ′ coupled to the ground potential G. For this configuration, under ideal conditions, the resistors R 6 ′, R 8 ′ each preferably have a value of Z  /3ohms, while the resistor R 7  will be 4Z  /3ohms (again, Z   is the characteristic impedance of the transmission paths  34 ′). 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a three user connection. As with FIGS. 4 and 5, the signal paths  36  cumulatively represent both the signal paths that may be formed on a PWB (not shown) from a driver/receiver (not shown in FIG.  6 ), and the associated bus segments. As FIG. 6 shows, the impedance matching network  28  for the three user configuration uses three resistors Rg, R 10 , and R 11 to connect corresponding signal paths  36  in a star configuration to node A′. Ideal conditions dictate resistance values for the resistors R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 to be Z  /3 each where, as above, Z   is the characteristic impedance of paths  36 . 
     For impedance balancing it may, at times, be desirable to add a resistance R 12  (illustrated in FIG. 6 in phantom) to couple the node A to a ground potential (G). The resistive value of the resistor R 12  may vary up to infinity, and can be determined by SPICE simulations. 
     In similar fashion, the four user star configuration shown in FIG. 2 may also benefit from the addition of a fifth resistance, like the resistor R 12  in FIG. 6, to couple node A to a ground potential. 
     The ideal situations discussed above are, it will be appreciated, starting points for selecting resistance values in whatever configuration is selected for a bus connection, i.e., depending upon the number of users of that bus. Although the characteristic impedances of the various signal paths were considered to be substantially equal, they need not be equal. (In fact, there may be situations in which is desirable to have signal paths with unequal characteristic impedances.) Although, characteristic impedances for printed circuit configurations (as found in printed circuit boards, printed circuit backplanes, and the like) typically vary between 50-100 ohms. Resistor values, depending upon the configuration, and the parameters of the circuit (characteristic impedances, input/output impedances) will require use of SPICE simulations to obtain optimal or near-optimal values. However, using the present invention renders the lengths of the signal lines—(i.e., bus segments, paths on a PWB, etc.) less important. Thus, it can now be seen that the present invention relaxes the limitations heretofore placed upon location of the driver/receiver elements at each use unit. 
     Although a complete disclosure of the invention has been made, it will be evident to those skilled in this art that various modifications and changes can be made. For example, the impedance matching network  28  of the present invention has been discussed in terms of being primarily resistive, inductive or capacitive impedance matching can also be used, perhaps to greater effect under certain circumstances.