Abstract:
Intermediate storage of the refrigerant of a refrigerant circuit in which the refrigerant is compressed, cooled and at least partially liquefied, expanded for refrigeration purposes and heated and vaporized in heat exchange with the process flow to be cooled, is performed by delivering refrigerant components which condense on the high pressure side of the refrigerant circuit at ambient temperature to a separator and storing them in the latter for the interim. Liquid refrigerant components within the cold area of the refrigerant circuit are routed to a high pressure storage tank and stored therein for the interim.

Description:
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a process for intermediate storage of a refrigerant of a refrigerant circuit in which the refrigerant is compressed, cooled and at least partially liquefied, expanded for refrigeration purposes and heated and vaporized in heat exchange with the process flow to be cooled. 
     Refrigerant circuits are used in a host of processes, for example, liquefaction of pressurized natural gas. See, for example, DE-OS 28 20 212 (see also U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,195). If a plant in which a refrigerant circuit is incorporated must be shut down for a long time interval for maintenance reasons or because of a malfunction, the refrigerant used within the refrigerant circuit must be stored for the interim while the plant is shut down, due to high procurement costs or for environmental reasons. Since when a plant is shut down the refrigerant cycle is also shut down, as time passes the refrigerant heats up to ambient temperature. This means that the previously cold and liquid refrigerant can reach a very high pressure due to heating up to ambient temperature and due to the limited available volume. 
     For these reasons it is essential that either storage tanks be provided that can store the refrigerant if it warms up to ambient temperature or that the entire refrigerant circuit be designed to accommodate heating of the refrigerant to ambient temperature and the resultant pressures. In particular, the second alternative would, however, make the refrigerant circuit much more expensive. 
     An object of the invention is to provide a cost favorable process for intermediate storage of a refrigerant used in a refrigerant circuit in the case of a plant shutdown. 
     Upon further study of the specification and appended claims, further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     These objects are achieved according to the invention by delivering refrigerant components which condense on the high pressure side of the refrigerant circuit at ambient temperature to a separator and storing them in the latter for the interim and delivering liquid refrigerant components within the cold area of the refrigerant circuit to a high pressure storage tank and storing them therein for the interim. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a process embodiment in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention and additional embodiments thereof are detailed using the Figure. 
     The refrigerant cycle shown in the figure is similar to known refrigerant cycles in that a refrigerant is compressed, cooled, expanded for purposes of generating refrigeration, subjected to heat exchange to cool a process stream, and then recompressed. For example, mixtures of C 2  to C 3  hydrocarbons or mixtures of nitrogen, methane, and C 2  and C 5  hydrocarbons can be used as refrigerants for a refrigerant circuit of this type. 
     The refrigerant or refrigerant mixture returned from the cold part of the plant is supplied by means of line 7 to single- or multistage compression, in this case two-stage compression V. After each compressor stage the refrigerant is cooled down, for example, against air, in a heat exchanger or cooler W. The pressure on the intake side of the first compressor is preferably about 3-10 bar, especially 3-6 bar, for example, about 4-6 bar, whereas the pressure on the pressure side of the second compressor is preferably about 20-60 bar, especially b 40-50 bar, for example, about 40-60 bar. The compressed refrigerant is then sent to separator D1 via line 2. During normal operation, shut-off valves a, c, d, g and h and expansion valves e and f are open, whereas shut-off valves b, k, m, o and p are closed. 
     At the top of separator D1 the light refrigerant components are removed via line 5 with valve d open and are passed through heat exchangers E1, E2 and E3 to expansion valve e. In doing so these refrigerant components liquefy. At this point they are expanded in expansion valve e, using the Joule-Thompson effect for refrigeration purposes, and are then routed by means of line 6 through heat exchangers E2 and E3 in counterflow to, e.g., a natural gas flow to be cooled in line 100 and high pressure refrigerant in lines 4 and 5. The refrigerant expanded in valve e is used to provide the peak colds necessary for liquefaction and cooling of the natural gas flow routed in line 100 through heat exchangers E2 and E3. 
     The heavy refrigerant components which are formed in separator D1 are removed at the bottom thereof via line 3 with valve c open. These refrigerant compounds are cooled in heat exchanger E1 and then expanded via line 4 and expansion valve f into separator D2, after prior mixing with the refrigerant components from line 6. Separator D2 is used to form a uniform two-phase mixture which supplies the cold needed for precooling the natural gas flow in heat exchanger E1. To form this two-phase mixture, at the top of separator D2 by means of line 7 light refrigerant components are withdrawn, while heavy refrigerant components are removed from the bottom of separator D2 via line 10. Directly at the inlet into heat exchanger E1 line 10 discharges into line 7 so that a uniform distribution of the two-phase mixture is achieved at the inlet of heat exchanger E1. A tapping line 8 with a shut-off valve h connects storage tank S2 to line 7. This storage tank S2 is used for intermediate storage of gaseous refrigerant. The remaining lines and valves shown are needed in the case of plant shutdown for the shutdown and restart procedure. 
     The shutdown procedure will be described first. At the beginning of shutdown, valve c is slowly closed. Expansion valves e and f remain open. As a result, all heavy refrigerant components of the refrigerant circuit which condense, according to the conditions of the heat exchanger or cooler W, at a pressure of 40-60 bar are stored in separator D1. Once this occurs, bypass valve b is opened in line 2&#39; and then valves a and d are closed. 
     While compressor V continues to run, high pressure storage tank S1 is cooled down by means of a small partial flow which is removed from the bottom of separator D2 by means of line 9 with valve k open and routed via collecting main 14 into high pressure storage tank S1. The cooling down is preferably performed to avoid overstressing the piping and storage tank S1. The gaseous fraction which forms as a result within high pressure storage tank S1 is returned to separator D2 for pressure equalization via lines 15 and 17 with valve o open. The combined flow of lines 7 and 17 is delivered to separator D2 via lines 1, 2&#39;, 5 and 6. 
     At this point liquid discharge valves k and m are open so that all liquid portions of the refrigerant stored within the cold box on the low pressure side can reach high pressure storage tank S1 via lines 12, 13, and 14. While high pressure storage tank S1 is being filled, compressor V under partial load continues to run with bypass valve b open in order to liquefy as many of the light components of the refrigerant as possible so that high pressure storage tank S1 can be filled with them. According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention the liquid portions reach high pressure storage tank S1 by gravity. 
     At this point compressor V is shut off and after some time an equalization pressure of roughly 6-10 bar, e.g., 6-8 bar, is established in both the high pressure and low pressure sections of the refrigerant circuit. With expansion valves e and f opening 100%, the high pressure storage tank S1 is likewise filled with the liquid present on the high pressure side of the refrigerant circuit. The filling of high pressure storage tank S1 can be monitored via the liquid level therein. 
     When filling has finished, feed valves m and k and discharge valve o are closed. Valve p is closed during the described filling process of high pressure storage tank S1. The cold box now warms up slowly to ambient temperature. However, since only gas is stored in the cold box, the pressure now rises slightly to the shutdown pressure which is preferably about 5-40 bar especially 10-20 bar. Since high pressure storage tank S1 also slowly warms up to ambient temperature, it is necessary to design the tank to handle the resultant pressure increase. For conventional refrigerant circuits, designing the high pressure storage tank S1 to handle a pressure of 100-150 bar is sufficient. Storage tank S2, which can be optionally omitted, is used to hold the pressurized gas during the shutdown phase. Storage tank S2 acts as a buffer volume which can therefore be utilized to reduce the pressure increase of the refrigerant system during the warming-up of cold parts (of the refrigerant circuit) to ambient temperature. 
     The following describes the restart procedure of the refrigerant circuit. With bypass valve b and expansion valve e open, cycle compressor V is started up under the shutdown pressure. At this point bypass valve p is slowly opened on high pressure storage tank S1 and in this way the contents of high pressure storage tank S1 are slowly supplied to separator D2. High pressure storage tank S1 and separator D2 are both subjected to the suction pressure of the compressor V. Fluid flows from tank S1 due to the pressure difference between tank S1 and the suction pressure of the compressor V. After the pressure in high pressure storage tank S1 has fallen to the suction pressure of compressor V and no more liquid can be detected in high pressure storage tank S1, valve p is closed again so that high pressure storage tank S1 is hermetically blocked off. After valve b is closed and valves a, c, d and f are opened, the refrigerant circuit reaches its operating state within a short time. 
     Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. 
     In the foregoing, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius and unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. 
     The entire disclosure of all applications, patents and publications, cited above, and of corresponding German application P 44 40 405.0, filed Nov. 11, 1994, are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The preceding can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used therein. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.