Abstract:
A method of producing interlayer conductive paths having substantially planar top surfaces in a multilayer integrated circuit structure, comprising the steps of forming elements of either a conductive or semiconductive material as a lower layer, depositing an insulative layer on top of the lower layer elements, implanting ions into one or more selected regions of the insulative layer, forming at least one upper conductor over the selected regions and sintering the integrated circuit structure sufficient to render the selected regions conductive. The invention also embraces an integrated circuit structures with interlayer conductive paths made in accordance with this method.

Description:
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. F19628-85-C-0002 awarded by the Department of the Air Force. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 061,885 filed June 12, 1987, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The technical field of this invention is solid state integrated circuit fabrication and, more particularly, methods and systems for fabricating interlayer conductive paths in integrated circuits. 
     The rapid development of large scale integrated circuitry during the past two decades has been the result of advances in both circuit design and fabrication technology, which have allowed more circuits to be implemented on a chip. A single chip can now contain hundreds of thousands of transistors, a considerable increase over the few thousand on a chip as recently as the early 1970&#39;s. 
     Solid state integrated circuits are typically formed from wafers, which include a plurality of layers of conductors, active electronic devices, and passive insulators on, or within, a single semiconductor crystal. After the wafer is fabricated, it can be sliced into individual chips capable of performing discrete electronic tasks. 
     In this technology, an interlayer conductive path through intervening insulation between conductors in the integrated circuit is called a &#34;via&#34;. A similar path through such insulation between an overlaying conductor and a semiconductor region is called a &#34;contact cut&#34; (or, more descriptively, a &#34;contact connection&#34;). Typical wafers can have millions of such conductive paths and even moderate scale chips, containing, for example, 4,000 transistors, can have as many as 1,000 vias and over 8,000 contact connections. 
     Design limitations imposed by these interlayer electrical connections play an important role in present and future semiconductor circuit packing density. Very large scale integrated circuits (&#34;VLSI&#34;) will require improved multi-level interconnects to attain performance and density goals. In theory, a three-level-metal integrated circuit permits approximately a doubling of the packing density over a two-level-metal device of similar materials and size. Device packing density, however, does not rise linearly with the increase in number of interconnected layers, but is limited by topographical area of a wafer which must be devoted to providing vias and contact cuts. 
     A conventional approach to constructing vias is evaporative or sputter deposition of metal into vertical directed holes, as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B. A hole H is etched in an insulative layer I1 deposited on a lower conductor M1, both of which overlay substrate S. A metal M2 (which will form the overlying upper conductor) is then deposited to cover the inside and bottom of the hole H, and thereby establishing a conductive via V through the insulative layer I1 between the lower and upper conductors M1, and M2. A contact connection is fabricated in a similar way by etching a hole in which metal is deposited to provide electrical connection between an upper conductor and an underlying semiconductor region. (In practice, after the holes are etched, metal is deposited over the entire surface of the wafer and then masked and etched away selectively to leave conductive metal lines which pass over the metal-filled vias and contact cuts). 
     Difficulties are often encountered in preparing a clean hole and in depositing the metal for the interlayer conductive path. For example, with reference to the illustrations of FIGS. 1A and 1B, when the metal is deposited into the hole H, the metal tends to build up and form a marginal step at the top rim of the hole, designated R in these figures, before sufficient metal is deposited to reach the bottom of the hole H. 
     Additionally, at the center of the via V, a crater C is formed as the metal initially conforms to the sidewalls and bottom of the hole. The result is a very irregular top surface of the via V. The non-planar topography can be appreciated from FIGS. 1A and 1B which clearly show this &#34;crater rim&#34; phenomenon. This condition can lead to thinning of the upper conductor M2, as well as non-planar deposition of subsequent layers such as insulating layer I2 and metal layer M3, as shown in FIG. 1B, in the region immediately above the via V. 
     Moreover, the planar irregularities can cause distortions in photo-resists and subsequent layers of integrated circuitry deposited above the via. Again, as shown in FIG 1B, when a photoresist P is deposited above a via (or an intermediate non-planar surface such as metal conductor M3), the exposing light during development can be reflected by the underlying contour and lead to the narrowing or notching of the photoresist or subsequent deposits, thereby imposing limits on the resolution of device and conductor structures in these layers. 
     The problems associated with step coverage over vias has led to VLSI design rules which prohibit the deposition of other metal conductors directly above any via. The process of forming vias by etching holes also requires a widening of the interconnected conductors at least in the area of each via to ensure that each hole is surrounded by sufficient metal to provide tolerance in the vertical registration of conductors. 
     For example, a two micron wide conductor is required for a one micron wide via as shown in FIG. 1B, and similarly a one micron wide conductor is needed for a 1/2 micron wide via as shown in FIG. 1A, to assure sufficient overlap. 
     At very small dimensions, it becomes increasingly difficult to ensure continuity and integrity of vias and contact cuts. One reason for this is the difficulty at such dimensions to clean out the bottom of the hole H of all insulating material prior to metal deposition. Another is the difficulty of depositing metal into such small holes. 
     The problem of getting metal down into the via or contact cut can be reduced by forming the hole with sloping sides. However, a vertical conductive path with sloping sides obviously takes up more space on the wafer and, as the need for smaller and smaller device structures continues, the less attractive this solution becomes. It has been estimated that with conventional via design, it will be difficult to reduce the area occupied by the via below 2×2 microns. Furthermore, steep sloping sides can make it difficult to deposit a sufficiently thick uniform conductive film on the sides of the holes. 
     An alternative process for filling vias is to fill the holes by chemical vapor deposition (&#34;CVD&#34;) rather than by the evaporative or sputter deposition of metal over the entire surface of the wafer. In CVD processes it is possible to selectively grow metal layers over only those regions of the wafer where metal is already exposed. In this manner a via can be filled up from the bottom by selective deposition of a metal such as tungsten. However, even the most promising of the CVD processes are difficult to control, particularly when filling contact cuts, and, in any event, a hole still must be cut and then fully cleaned out before the metal can be deposited. 
     Another approach involves the use of lasers to convert an insulator into a conductor and thereby forming the interlayer path. Commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,490 discloses a technique in which a &#34;link insulator&#34; is deposited where vias are desired. When a metal layer deposited above the link insulator is exposed to a high power laser having a pulse on the order of about 1 millisecond, a conductive path can be formed by melting the top metal layer and alloying at least a portion of it with the link insulator material. While this technique appears to be an efficient means for selectively making vias and contact cuts, the resulting structures typically still present non-planar surfaces and involve localized exposure to high temperatures (e.g., higher than 500° C.) generated by the laser beam, which requires careful control. 
     Thus, the requirements associated with the formation of interlayer conductive paths by conventional techniques place limitations on the circuitry and affect circuit density. Consequently, it is an object of the invention to provide methods and systems for fabrication of integrated circuits with simpler design requirements than those resulting from conventional interlayer connection technology. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide methods of fabricating interlayer conductive paths which permit higher packing densities of active electronic devices in integrated circuit chips. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide interlayer conductive paths with improved geometry, having substantially planar upper surfaces and substantially vertical sides. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Methods and systems are disclosed for fabricating interlayer conductive paths by implanting ions into selected regions of normally insulative layers to change the composition and/or structure of the insulation in the selected regions. An upper conductive layer can then be deposited over such implantation regions and the entire structure sintered at a temperature between approximately 330° C. and 500° C. As a result of the low temperature sintering, atoms from the upper conductive layer or, where two conductive layers are being interconnected, from the upper and lower conductive layers, are diffused into the implant region to form a low resistance, conductive path between the upper conductor and the underlying element, the path having a bulk resistivity of about 10 -4  ohm-cm, or less. 
     This approach can take advantage of sintering steps which are already employed in semiconductor device fabrication for other purposes. Wafers are typically sintered to reduce the adverse effects of the various other processing steps during their fabrication and to improve electrical connections between conductors and the electronic devices throughout the wafer. 
     A wide range of insulative materials can be rendered selectively conductive in this manner, including polymeric insulators, such as polyimides, and inorganic insulators, such as metal or semiconductor oxides, nitrides or carbides. One preferred insulator which can be processed according to the present invention to yield high resolution interlayer conductive paths is silicon dioxide, a material which is already used extensively in the industry. Other insulators include silicon nitride, and other inorganic glassy insulators generally, such as silicon carbide, aluminum oxides, diamond-structure carbon and the like. 
     Silicon dioxide is particularly preferred because it is already in widespread use in integrated circuit fabrication as an insulator. It is generally accepted as a choice insulator because of its low dielectric constant and because it can be epitaxially grown from a source silicon substrate. In addition to epitaxial growth (e.g., by exposing a silicon wafer to moisture or an oxygen-containing ambient at about 1000° C. to about 1200° C.), silicon dioxide can be deposited by sputter deposition, spin-on glass deposition, plasma deposition, CVD processes, etc., in order to obtain an insulative layer useful in constructing interlayer conductive paths according to the present invention. 
     Alternatively, other inorganic insulative glasses, such as silicon nitride, can be employed. When silicon nitride is used as the insulator through which interlayer conductive paths are to be formed according to the present invention, it is preferably deposited as a silicon-rich composition containing up to twice as much silicon as the normal (Si 3  N 4 ) stoichometric formula. Thus, preferred silicon nitride compositions can be expressed as Si x  N y , where the ratio of x to y falls within the range of approximately 0.75 to 1.7, and is more preferably approximately 1.6. The silicon-rich Si x  N y  can be deposited, for example, by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (&#34;PECVD&#34;) technique or related methods. In such deposition processes, the silicon content of the Si x  N y  can be measured by changes in the its index of refraction. 
     A wide variety of implanted ions can be employed in the present invention to prepare the interlayer conductive paths. When silicon-based insulators are used, such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride, it is typically preferable to use silicon ions in the implantation step as well. More generally, however, the implant ions can include ions of silicon, germanium, carbon, boron, arsenic, phosphorus, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum and gold, depending on the particular application and materials. The preferred implantation energy and fluence of such ions will be dependent on a number of factors, including the size of the path, the type and thickness of the insulator, and the underlying structures or substrate. Typically, the implantation energy will vary from about 10 to about 500 KeV. For some applications, such as when forming conductive paths through thick films, even higher implantation energies can be employed. 
     Various conductor materials can be employed to provide the (upper and/or lower) conductive lines which are joined according to the present invention. Such conductor materials, including aluminum and aluminum alloys, such as Al-Si. Aluminum-based conductors are typically preferred, at least when the insulator layer is a silicon-based insulator (e.g., SiO 2  or SiN), because of the special affinity of aluminum for silicon and its ability to readily diffuse into the implant regions during sintering. Other conductor materials useful in the practice of the present invention include copper alloys, aluminum-titanium alloys, aluminum-copper-chromium alloys (or sandwiches) and the like. More generally, the conductive materials can include materials doped to conductive state, as well as naturally conductive materials, so long as the materials exhibit a suitably low initial resistivity (i.e., about 10 -3  ohm-cm or less) and are capable of selective migration/diffusion into the implant region during sintering. 
     Thus, present invention offers an alternative technique for fabricating interlayer conductive paths by converting an insulator to a conductor at selected sites, thereby forming an integral conductive path, in contrast to the conventional technique of removing the insulator followed by deposition of a conductor. This novel technique results in a substantially planar surface above the interlayer conductive path, and a path geometry with substantially vertical sides which can be created with high resolution. 
     The invention will be described below in connection with certain illustrated embodiments; however, it should be clear that various additions, subtractions and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims. For example, although the invention is exemplified by vertical interlayer conductive paths, it should be clear that the techniques disclosed herein can also be used to form horizontal conductive bridges across and/or through otherwise insulative materials, as part of an overall mass fabrication process or in order to repair or customize individual integrated circuits. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing and other objects of this invention, the various aspects and features thereof, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description, when read together with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B show sectional views of an integrated circuit with vias made in accordance with the prior art; 
     FIGS. 2A-2F are sectional views of an integrated circuit structure showing vias at various stages of fabrication in accordance with the invention; 
     FIGS. 3A-3F are sectional views of an integrated circuit structure showing contact connections between a conductor and a semiconductor region in accordance with the invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an integrated circuit showing a plurality of interlayer conductive paths in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 2A through 2F, show a representative integrated circuit structure IC at various stages of fabrication in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     Referring to FIG. 2A, after a first insulative layer I1 is deposited over a substrate S, by oxidation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or other process well-known to those skilled in the art, a pattern of first metal conductive paths or conductors M1 is formed extending generally horizontally. This first conductive layer can be deposited, for example, by sputtering metal to a thickness of approximately 0.5 microns to 1.0 microns on the first insulative layer and then etching a pattern of horizontal metal lines in the metal layer. A second insulative layer I2 then is deposited over the first conductors M1. The insulative layer I2 can be a polymeric insulator, such as a polyimide, or an inorganic insulator, such as a metallic or semiconductor glass. Insulative silicon compounds, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide, are particularly useful. The deposition of the insulative layer I2 can be achieved by known techniques, such as plasma deposition, and can result in uniform coverage of approximately 0.2 to 1.0 microns, preferably approximately 0.5 microns in thickness over a large, continuous area of the wafer, as shown. 
     FIG. 2B illustrates the deposition and definition of a mask P preferably of a metallic material over the insulative layer I2. The mask can be patterned by known photolithographical techniques, such as high resolution, step-on-wafer photolithography or, alternatively, by electron beam or x-ray lithography. 
     After exposure and development, portions of the mask are etched away to expose the I2 layer only in the areas of the via sites. This can be achieved, for example, through known wet chemical processes, either isotropic or anisotropic. For dense circuit packing and small device size where high-aspect-ratio etching is desirable, dry plasma etching, reactive ion etching or ion milling typically will be preferred. 
     After definition of the mask P, the structure is ready for ion implantation. 
     FIG. 2C illustrates the ion implanting step in which the exposed surface of the mask P is subjected to ions, preferably of silicon when the insulative layer I2 is an insulative silicon compound, such as SiO 2  or SiN. This effectively changes the composition and/or structure of the insulative layer in the regions below the openings in the mask. 
     As is well known in the art, the amount of the implant, its concentration, and its distribution profile, can be all be controlled by varying the beam current, voltage and time of exposure. The implanted atoms can be selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, carbon, boron, arsenic, phosphorous, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum and gold. 
     To attain the desired uniform distribution profile of implanted ions within the interlayer pathway, a plurality of different beam energies can be used. For example, several implants at varying acceleration voltages can be performed to distribute ions throughout the thickness of the implantation region in order to have a more uniform distribution. Alternatively, if only one level is used, the energy can be selected to provide a Gaussian distribution of implanted ions centered in the middle of the region. 
     The ion implantation step changes the composition and structure of the insulative layer, and is believed also to have the effect of displacing oxygen, nitrogen, or carbon (depending upon the composition of the insulative layer) so as to promote the migration and alloying of metal from the conductive layer(s) into the implanted region during the sintering step. The implantation also is believed to have a physical effect of disrupting the crystal lattice, which may also facilitate diffusion of the metal. It results in a composite material in the implantation region essentially consisting of the disrupted insulator and implanted ions. 
     As an alternative to the masking step illustrated in FIG. 2B, maskless ion implantation can be utilized with certain ion sources. For example, silicon or gold ions can be implanted into 0.2 to 2.0 micron areas without a mask using a focussed ion beam implanter manufactured by Ion Beam Systems of Beverly, Mass. 
     If a mask is utilized, it typically is removed at the completion of the ion implantation step. The integrated circuit structure resulting from the implantation is shown in FIG. 2D. The implanted regions are cross-hatched and located immediately above the lower conductors M1 to be connected. 
     FIG. 2E illustrates the deposition of a second layer of metal conductor M2 directly on the second insulative layer I2, which proceeds in a fashion similar to that described above in connection with the first conductor layer M1. Conductor M2 is disposed directly over the implanted region which will form via V. 
     FIG. 2F illustrates the sintering of the resulting structure which results in the formation of conductive vias integrally disposed within the insulative material of layer I2. The sintering can be accomplished by conventional techniques. For example, the wafer can be placed in an oven in a non-reactive gas atmosphere (typically nitrogen with, on the order of approximately three percent added hydrogen to absorb oxygen) and heated. 
     The temperature should be elevated to between about 330° C. and 500° C. depending on sintering time, and preferably about 425° C. for one half hour. In any event, the sintering temperature should be below the melting temperature of the material of the conductors M1 and M2, which for aluminum-based conductors is about 600° C. 
     Thus, the effect of the sintering is to diffuse the material of conductors M1 and M2 into and through the implant regions, thereby forming a composite conductive material. The resulting vias will have a bulk resistance on the order of about 1 ohm, well within the requirements of multi-layer integrated circuits, while the unprocessed silicon nitride of the insulative layer, for example, has a resistivity of approximately 10 14  ohm-cm. 
     Since a wafer is typically sintered to improve electrical interconnections and reduce the adverse effects of prior fabrication processing steps, the sintering in the formation of vias does not add a further step to the wafer fabrication process. 
     FIGS. 3A through 3F illustrate the fabrication steps in making contact connections C in accordance with the invention between an underlying element in the form of a semiconductor region of transistor T (having a source S o , drain D and gate G), as well as a polysilicon layer P o  disposed above the gate oxide. The steps are similar to those described above with reference to FIG&#39;s 2A through 2F and, therefore, require only a brief narrative. Analogous features bear the same reference letters. 
     In FIG. 3A, a first insulative layer I1 is deposited above the previously formed semiconductor regions formed on the substrate S, as well as above the polysilicon layer P o . 
     Subsequently, in FIG. 3B, a mask P is deposited and defined, having openings over the selected regions for the contact connections C. 
     In FIG. 3C, the selected regions of the integrated circuit structure are subjected to ion implantation. 
     Next, in FIG. 3D, the mask is removed. 
     In FIG. 3E, a first metal layer M1 is deposited and defined such that it is superimposed, at least in locations immediately above the implanted regions, over the underlying elements to be connected. 
     Finally, in FIG. 3F, the integrated circuit structure IC is sintered, resulting in the formation of conductive paths through the intervening insulative layer I1, interconnecting the underlying elements with conductive layer M1. This results from the diffusion of the conductive material of the overlying first conductive layer M1 into the implanted region, forming the electrical interconnection with the underlying element. 
     Thus, the fabrication of contact connections according to the invention is similar to the fabrication of vias as described above. 
     An integrated circuit made in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 4. The individual horizontal conductive lines (e.g., conductor 26) of the first conductive layer M1 are insulated from the underlying substrate and active devices therein by insulative layer I1. Vertical conductive paths 10, 13 14 interconnect the first horizontal conductive layer M1 to a second horizontal conductive layer M2. Similarly, vertical conductive paths 16,18 interconnect a semiconductor region of the transistor T to the first metal layer M1. Conductive path 20 interconnects a polysilicon layer 22 to the first metal layer M1. Conductive path 24 interconnects the first metal layer M1 to the second metal layer M2 and, importantly, is disposed vertically over the conductive path 20, illustrating that conductive paths in accordance with the invention can be stacked one above another. 
     The resulting integrated circuit has interlayer conductive paths with substantially planar top surfaces. These vertical paths can have generally cylindrical geometry or can be box-like with a square or rectangular cross-section. Two conductors in different layers can be connected, with the material of both diffusing into the implant region. Alternatively, where a semiconductor is interconnected with an overlying conductor, the material of the overlying conductor can be diffused down into the implant region by sintering without affecting the underlying solid state device. 
     Furthermore, interlayer conductive paths made in accordance with the invention can be of equal width to that of the conductors in the link region. For example, a two micron wide conductor can be interconnected with two micron wide path, with no overlap required. 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
     EXAMPLE I - SILICON DIOXIDE 
     A pattern of metal lines was formed upon the surface of a silicon wafer by sputter deposition of a first conductive layer of Al-1%Si-2%Cu about 8000 angstroms in depth, followed by photolithographic masking and plasma etching of the the unmasked regions. A silicon dioxide insulative layer was next deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (from silane and NO 2 ) onto the surface of the wafer, covering the surface and the pattern of lower metal lines with an insulative SiO 2  layer of about 2500 angstroms in depth. 
     The silicon dioxide layer was then masked using standard photolithographic techniques so that only selected spots on the order of about 3 microns by 3 microns overlying the metal lines were exposed. Silicon ions were implanted into these regions of the SiO 2  layer using a direct implantation machine (for example, an Extrion 200-20 ion implanter manufactured by Varion, Inc. of Gloucester, Mass. or equivalent). In the region of each via, an implant dose was provided at three levels: 5×10 17  /cm 2  at 25 KeV; 1×10 18  /cm 2  at 80 KeV; and 2×10 18  /cm 2  at 180 KeV. 
     After implantation, a second metal layer (e.g., aluminum with 1% silicon) was deposited by a plasma sputtering system (for example, a sputtering machine manufactured by CVC, Inc. of Rochester, N.Y. or equivalent) and then photolithographically patterned and etched to provide a second layer of upper conductive lines traversing the implantation regions. 
     The entire structure was then sintered at 450° C. for one-half hour. Following sintering, the implantation sites were found to exhibit excellent conductivity (i.e., a low resistance on the order of 1.5 ohms) and substantially planar surfaces. The interlayer conductive paths were well bonded to the upper and lower conductive metal lines. Analysis of vertical paths and the metal lines revealed solid interdiffusion of silicon into the the upper and lower conductors, as well of aluminum into the via region. 
     EXAMPLE 2 - SILICON NITRIDE 
     A pattern of metal lines was again formed upon the surface of a silicon wafer by sputter deposition of a first conductive layer of Al-1%Si-2%Cu about 8000 angstroms in depth, followed by photolithographic masking and plasma etching of the the unmasked regions. A silicon nitride insulative layer was next deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition onto the surface of the wafer, covering the surface and the pattern of horizontal metal lines with an insulative SiO 2  layer of about 3000 angstroms in depth. 
     In this process, silicon nitride was formed from silane and ammonia gases and was deposited using PECVD equipment manufactured by Tegal Corporation of California. For further information concerning the deposition of silicon nitride, see &#34;Low Resistance Programmable Connections Through Plasma Deposited Silicon Nitride&#34;, by J. A. Burns, G. H. Chapman, B. L. Emerson; Electrochemical Society Extended Abstracts, Vol. 86-2, pg. 481 (1986) herein incorporated by reference. 
     As noted above, it was found that silicon-rich SiN was preferable for ion implantation purposes. The chemistry of the deposited material was monitored by measuring its index of refraction as an indication of the silicon content. An index of refraction between about 2.2 and 2.5, as measured, for example, by ellipsometric techniques known in the art, was found to be desirable. 
     The silicon nitride layer was then masked with 7000 angstrom thick AlSi and this metal mask was patterned photolithographically, plasma etched and selectively removed to expose only selected spots overlying the conductive lines. Via patterns ranging from 1-12 microns on a side were fabricated. 
     Silicon ions were implanted into these regions of the SiN layer again using a direct implantation machine (e.g., the Extrion 200-20 ion implanter manufactured by Varion, Inc. of Gloucester, Mass. or equivalent). In the region of each via, an implant dose was provided at three levels: 1×10 17  /cm 2  at 25 KeV, 90 KeV and 180 KeV. 
     Following masking removal, an 8000 angstrom thick upper conductor of Al-1%Si was sputter deposited again on top, photolithographically patterned and etched to provide a second layer of upper conductive lines traversing the implantation regions. 
     This SiN structure was sintered at 425° C. for one-half hour. Following sintering, the implantation sites again were found to exhibit excellent conductivity (i.e. a resistance of less than 1.0 ohm for vias on the order of one micron by one micron in cross section). Low resistance paths were also achieved with 330° C. sintering. In all instances the vias exhibited substantially planar surfaces and the interlayer conductive paths were well bonded to the upper and lower conductive metal lines. Analysis of vertical paths and the metal lines again revealed solid interdiffusion of silicon into the the upper and lower conductors as well of aluminum into the via region.