Abstract:
Current pulses are conducted through an inductance by means of a switching transistor. The switching transistor is controlled by means of an amplifier and pulse shaper circuit in such a manner that a constant average direct current flows in a closed loop comprising said inductance and a recovery diode, resulting in a regulated, constant output voltage across two Zener diodes. This allows a particularly effective operation with relatively low power losses in said switching transistor as compared to the utility current at the output terminals, and the circuit operates reliably in a wide range of operating voltages.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention refers to a method for the generation of a stable direct voltage, and to a direct voltage source comprising an inductance which is connected in series with a controllable switching element. 
     DISCUSSION OF BACKGROUND 
     Stable direct voltages are needed for the operation of various circuits and apparatus. The stabilization of the output voltage is in most cases effected electronically by a so-called longitudinal or a transversal regulation, or by a combination of the two methods; in all cases, however, the regulation is associated with considerable power losses. 
     It is also known from EP-A-0 129 181 that an inductance and a switching transistor in series and that the switching transistor may be controlled in such a manner that the peak voltages, which are produced in the inductance whenever the switching transistor is cut off and which are discharged by a diode, result in a constant direct voltage at the output. In this case however, the useful energy/input energy ratio is relatively unfavorable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a circuit featuring a low power dissipation, a correspondingly small volume with respect to the available power, very short transient phenomena during switch-on and switch-off, i.e. a correspondingly short restoration time an economical price as and a very large range of supply voltages. These objects are attained by means of a method wherein a direct current is generated in an inductance and regulated by means of a current discriminator so as to be constant on the average, said direct current generating said stable direct voltage across a resistor, and by a direct voltage source wherein the current in sand inductance is regulated at a constant average value by means of a current discriminator and said controllable switching element, and wherein said current flows through a resistor, resulting in a stabilized voltage drop across said resistor. The mentioned advantages are obtained by this arrangement, as will be explained hereinafter. The direct current is preferably switched on and off by means of a switch means, more particularly a switching transistor, and conducted in a loop through said inductance, a recovery diode and said resistor. Most favorable conditions for a DC-DC conversion are thus provided as it is sufficient for the current in the switch to be only a fraction of the direct current in the inductance, the recovery diode and the resistor. 
     Said resistor may preferably be conformed as a Zener diode or a series arrangement of several Zener diodes, which provides an additional stabilization of the output voltage under particularly favorable conditions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to a presently preferred embodiment. 
     FIG. 1 shows the diagram of the direct voltage source of the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 shows a graph of current flow in the inductance. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The voltage source depicted in FIG. 1 comprises an input section or mains section 1 having connecting terminals 2 and 3, a protecting resistor 4 and a full-wave rectifier bridge 5. The input section, and particularly bridge 5, is designed for mains AC voltage. It is therefore possible to connect the voltage source directly to an appropriate energy source, e.g. to mains voltage or a DC battery. Input section 1 is provided with a mains switch 6 which allows the voltage source to be switched on and off. 
     The output of rectifier 5 is connected via diode 7 to filtering capacitor 8. Further, the output of the rectifier is directly connected to a filtering capacitor 9 by pre-resistors not referenced in the drawing. This capacitor 9, together with a Zener diode 10, serves as the supply of a control circuit which will be described below. 
     Connected to capacitor 8 is a series circuit consisting of a resistor 11, Zener diodes 12, an inductance 13 and a switching transistor 14. Another branch including a resistor 15, a transistor 16 and a resistor 17 is arranged in parallel thereto. The resistor 11, the Zener diodes 12 and the inductance 13 are shunted by a recovery diode 18. The circuit section which is formed of the elements 11 to 18 may be considered as an energy storing module 33 although it fulfills other functions as well, as will be explained herebelow. This applies especially for elements 11, 15, and 16, which serve as a current discriminator for current detection in the inductance 13 and for the corresponding control of switching transistor 14. The current in transistor 16 causes a voltage drop in resistor 17 which controls transistors 19 and 20. The collector of transistor 19 is connected to the base of a transistor 21 and to the collector of a transistor 22. Transistors 20 and, 21 are connected in series with resistors 23 and 24 respectively and transistor 22 is connected in parallel with a resistor 25. The circuit consisting of elements 19 to 25 acts as a pulse shaper and amplifier 26 which controls the switching transistor 14 via a resistor 27. 
     The output of the direct voltage source at terminals 28 and 29 is connected in parallel with the two Zener diodes 12, which means that parallel currents flow in the Zener diodes 12 and in the load. In other words, the Zener diodes 12 draw the current that is not taken by the load and simultaneously act as voltage stabilizers. A capacitor 34 is connected in parallel with the output. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a load connected to output terminals 28 and 29, namely an electronic timer 30 whose output controls a transistor 31 which is connected in series with the coil 32 of a relay. 
     Operation of the illustrated circuit is as follows: 
     When the input section 1 is switched on or connected, respectively, the capacitor 8 is charged via resistor 4, bridge 5 and diode 7 to a direct operating voltage the value of which may vary greatly according to the source of energy. This may be a battery voltage of e.g. 24V or a substantially higher voltage of about 240V if the circuit is connected to mains. In every case, however, bridge 5 provides rectification or correct polarity of the operating voltage. Capacitor 9 is simultaneously charged to a voltage which is determined by Zener diode 10. In the initial state, transistor 16 is non-conductive because in the voltage-free condition, the same potential is applied to the base and the emitter; transistor 19 is conductive, and switching transistor 14 is conductive as well. Consequently, a very steep rising current begins to flow through resistor 11, Zener diodes 12, inductance 13, and switching transistor 14, which is indicated in FIG. 2. As the current increases, the voltage at the base of transistor 16 decreases, so that a voltage rise approximately corresponding to the current rise results across resistor 17, respectively at the base of transistor 19 and the emitter of transistor 20, until transistors 20 and 22 are turned on and transistors 19 and 21 are turned off, switching transistor 14 being turned off via resistor 27 by a very quick tilting of the circuit. This process is illustrated in FIG. 2. As the cutoff current reaches Ia and switching transistor 14 is blocked, a slowly decreasing current keeps flowing in the same direction through inductance 13, diode 18, resistor 11 and Zener diodes 12. This process is illustrated in FIG. 2 by a relatively slow current drop down to a lower closing value Ie where the circuit 19 to 25 tilts back and transistor 14 becomes conductive again. To some extent, the transistor arrangement 19, 20 acts as a Schmitt trigger, and transistor 21 works in the inphase mode in order to meet the dynamic pulse shape and pulse amplitude requirements. As shown in FIG. 2, switching transistor 14 is periodically switched on and off, resulting in a very steep current rise in inductance 13 whenever the transistor is conductive and in a slow current drop when transistor 14 is blocked. FIG. 2 further illustrates that the current rise is steeper in the case of a high operating voltage of e.g. 240V than in the case of a 24V battery voltage. Consequently, under otherwise identical conditions, a high operating voltage also results in a higher switching frequency than a low operating voltage. Yet, the frequency difference does not correspond to the voltage difference as the respective current rise time is substantially shorter than the drop time in every case. At an operating voltage of 240V, for example, the current rise time is 1 us while the current drop has a duration of 30 us. The switching frequency under these conditions is in the range of 25 to 30 kHz. 
     In the present example, the cutoff current Ia may be 50 mA and the closing current Ie may be 35 mA. The power range of the circuit and thus the possible values for the switching frequencies and the closing and cutoff currents may vary largely. 
     The current flowing in the closed circuit formed by elements 11, 12, 13, and 18 can be a multiple of the average current through switching transistor 14, as already mentioned. Therefore it is of secondary importance even with respect to the efficiency of the circuit that a considerable current may be flowing in parallel with the load through Zener diodes 12 under certain circumstances. In the case of a constant load, however, the layout may be such that the current loss in Zener diodes 12 is relatively low. In the case of a variable load, Zener diodes 12 actually absorb the excess current, but the circuit still works very effectively for the mentioned reasons. 
     In the example of a load which is assumed in FIG. 1, actuation of switch 6 starts the power supply of a timer 30 which begins to count a certain time interval. As the time interval ends, transistor 31 is closed and relay 32 is energized so as to control a certain switching operation. 
     As mentioned above, the represented circuit is distinguished by a very fast connecting and disconnecting response, on the condition that all essential circuits, including in particular the pulse shaper and amplifier 26, are dead shortly after disconnecting. Diode 7, for example, serves for this purpose by preventing any supply of circuit 26 from capacitor 8 after disconnection of switch 6. Capacitor 9 is quickly discharged via transistor 19 and resistance 25. 
     An essential condition is that inductance 13 is always operated in a substantially linear area of its characteristic and by no means in its saturation range. This is an essential condition for a secure operation in a wide range of operating voltages.