Abstract:
An object location of a 3-D object to a side of a transportation vehicle is classified wherein the transportation vehicle moves along a front-to-rear directional axis and has a remote sensor mounted at a predetermined reference point. A set of detection points is identified substantially to the side of the transportation vehicle using the remote sensor. A detection point is found having a closest range to the vehicle reference point. The object is classified as on-center if a position Y near  along the directional axis corresponding to the closest-range detection point is within a predetermined threshold distance from a position Y zero  along the directional axis corresponding to the predetermined reference point. If not on-center, then the object is classified as spanning if a first position Y 1  along the directional axis and a second position Y 2  along the directional axis are on opposite sides of the position Y zero . If not spanning, then the object is classified as front if any particular detection point is forward of the position Y zero . If not spanning, then the object is classified as rear if any particular detection point is rearward of the position Y zero .

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/402,836 entitled “Stopped Object Filtering For Side Object Detection System,” and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/402,043 entitled “Method for Determining Object Classification from Side-Looking Sensor Data,” both filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates in general to side object detection systems for motor vehicles, and, more specifically, to determining a location of objects within a detection zone based on a limited number of detection points from a remote sensor that provides an incomplete boundary of an object. 
     Automotive systems known as side object detection systems (SODS) utilize “side-looking” remote sensors for such applications as blind-spot detection and lane change aid. These applications are designed to alert the driver to potential hazards, e.g., objects that may be located adjacent to the host vehicle. The remote sensors may employ radar transceivers, light sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and other technologies. 
     One objective of the side-looking sensors is to identify the presence and location of objects within a predetermined zone of interest adjacent to the vehicle. Radar sensors detect and locate objects by transmitting electromagnetic energy which reflects off of objects within the sensor field-of-view. The reflected signal returns to the radar sensor where it is processed to determine the round-trip travel time of the transmitted/received energy. The round trip travel time is directly proportional to the range of the target from the radar sensor. In addition to range determination, there are methods to determine azimuth (i.e. cross-range) location of detected objects such as multiple scanned/switched beams and mono-pulse implementations. Therefore, depending upon its complexity, the radar is capable of locating objects in both range and azimuth relative to the sensor location. 
     Based upon the reflected signals during a sampling of the entire field-of-view, a set of detection points is accumulated. Due to the nature of “reflections” collected by a remote sensor (whether a radar, laser, ultrasonic, or other active sensor), the set of detection points is representative of only certain spots on the object or objects present in the sensor&#39;s field-of-view. The detection points must be analyzed in order to determine what type of objects may be present and where such object is located. 
     Based on the type and location of detected objects, a blind spot detection or lane change aid system must decide whether a detection is one for which it should alert the driver. Under certain conditions, it may be undesirable to always generate an alert every time that any object is detected in the detection zone. For example, side-looking radar sensors will be subjected to reflections from common roadway structures such as guard-rails and roadside signs. These objects may not constitute a threat to which the driver desires to be alerted since they are stationary. However, due to the complexity of the driving environment, it has not been possible for a radar sensor to discriminate between the various driving scenarios without extensive processing and expensive sensor designs. It would be desirable to discriminate between objects for which an alert should or should not be provided using relatively simple sensors and without excessive computational resources. 
     Occupant safety systems are known that include pre-crash functions based on sensing an impending collision and taking advance actions to increase protection of the vehicle occupants. Potential pre-crash actions include pre-tensioning of seatbelts and adapting the deployment of airbags in response to the expected point of impact. Prior art pre-crash systems have employed forward-looking or rearward-looking radar wherein velocity of an object includes a radial component thereby permitting the detection and localization of objects based on Doppler measurements. In side-looking systems, any radial velocity is small and Doppler measurements are impractical. Nevertheless, the ability to determine a side location could be used to improve the pre-crash actions and to determine whether an object is in the predicted path of the vehicle (e.g., using steering angle information). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has the advantage of detecting a location of an object within a zone of interest to the side of a transportation vehicle using relatively simple and inexpensive remote sensors and signal processing. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for classifying an object location of a 3-D object to a side of a transportation vehicle wherein the transportation vehicle moves along a front-to-rear directional axis and has a remote sensor mounted at a predetermined reference point. A set of detection points is identified substantially to the side of the transportation vehicle using the remote sensor. A detection point is found having a closest range to the vehicle reference point. The object is classified as on-center if a position Y near  along the directional axis corresponding to the closest-range detection point is within a predetermined threshold distance from a position Y zero  along the directional axis corresponding to the predetermined reference point. If not on-center, then the object is classified as spanning if a first position Y 1  along the directional axis and a second position Y 2  along the directional axis are on opposite sides of the position Y zero . If not spanning, then the object is classified as front if any particular detection point is forward of the position Y zero . If not spanning, then the object is classified as rear if any particular detection point is rearward of the position Y zero . 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an overhead view showing a side-object detection zone of interest and a remote sensor field of view. 
     FIG. 2 shows coordinate systems for specifying locations within a field of view. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates monopulse radar transmission beams covering a field of view. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a scanning/multiple switched beam radar transmission covering the field of view. 
     FIG. 5 is a graphic depiction showing various driving scenarios wherein objects are detected by a side-object detection system. 
     FIGS. 6-9 illustrate example sets of detection points corresponding to separate location types utilized in the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a preferred method of the present invention for determining location type. 
     FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing utilization of location type by higher level functions. 
     FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a remote sensing system according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a remote sensor  10  is mounted towards the rear of a vehicle  11  and is pointed generally in a direction perpendicular to the vehicle&#39;s direction of travel (i.e., the sensor is side-looking). By measuring range and bearing (or azimuth) to detected targets (i.e., sensed detection points) the side obstacle detection system can determine if an object is located within a zone of interest  12 , also known as a detection zone. Sensor  10  typically has an actual field of view  13  which may encompass areas beyond zone of interest  12 . Although a zone of interest is shown on only one side of vehicle  11 , a typical side object detection system includes sensors deployed on both the left and right sides of a vehicle in order to cover blind spots on both sides of vehicle  11 . 
     Sensor  10  may be comprised of a radar sensor, for example, and is capable of supplying at least two types of information: 1) range to detected targets, and 2) bearing (i.e., azimuth angle) to detected targets. As an added piece of information, the measurement of relative range rate via Doppler frequency shift can be utilized. The use of Doppler measurements has been used to identifying stopped objects using a radar sensor, however, it is of limited value in a side-looking case since the radar&#39;s field of view is generally perpendicular to the vehicle&#39;s direction of travel and any Doppler shift is minimal for objects in the zone of interest. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, when a detection point or target  15  is sensed within the sensor&#39;s field of view  13 , a range  16  from sensor  10  and an azimuth angle  17  from a reference direction  18  (e.g., perpendicular from the side of vehicle  11 ) are determined using methods well known in the art in accordance with the type of remote sensor being employed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coordinates of detection points are converted into X/Y Cartesian coordinates with the x dimension corresponding to perpendicular distance from a corresponding side of the vehicle and with the y dimension corresponding to parallel distance from a reference point, such as the position of the remote sensor. 
     In a preferred embodiment, targets are detected and localized using monopulse radar. An example beam pattern is shown in FIG. 3. A single-lobed radar pulse is transmitted and received alternately with a two-lobed radar pulse  21 . As is known in the art, by comparing the reflection time (i.e., range) of target detections with the relative amplitudes of target detections at the same range, individual detection points can be located. 
     In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a multiple beam radar sensor generates separate detection beams  22  directed at respective slices within field of view  13 . A narrow radar beam or other beams such as a laser beam can also be electronically scanned across the field of view so that the beam direction at the time of detection directly gives the azimuth angle. 
     When a sufficient number of detection points have been sensed, the presence of an object in the zone of interest can be reliably determined. However, it is not usually desirable to initiate an alert (e.g., lighting a warning light or sounding an alarm) for every possible type of object that may be detected. In particular, stationary objects approach the vehicle from a forward direction within the driver&#39;s vision and no warning may be necessary or desired. 
     In general, there are two types of stationary objects that may enter the zone of interest: 1) those which are relatively short and spread over a small azimuth angle, such as sign posts, poles, and bridge pillars, and 2) those which have relatively wide longitudinal extent, such as concrete medians, guardrails, continuous roadside “clutter” such as groups of trees or berms. A challenge not satisfactorily met by the prior art is the need to distinguish stationary objects from moving vehicles in the zone of interest. 
     Various driving scenarios are shown in FIG.  5 . In Case  1 , vehicle  11  is overtaken by a faster moving vehicle  25 . Thus, at a time t 1 , vehicle  25  is approaching the rear edge of zone of interest  12 . At a time t 2 , vehicle  25  has entered zone  12  and is detected as an object within zone  12 . By a time t 3 , vehicle  25  has emerged from the front edge of zone  12  and is visible to the driver of vehicle  11 . During the times that vehicle  25  is within zone  12 , it is desirable to generate an alert notification or warning to the driver of vehicle  11 . 
     In Case  2 , vehicle  11  overtakes a slower moving vehicle  26 . At time t 1 , vehicle  26  is forward of vehicle  11  and can be seen by its driver. At time t 2 , vehicle  26  is present in zone  12  but should not raise an alert if it is quickly overtaken, i.e., not present in a blind spot for more than a brief period of time. At time t 3 , vehicle  26  has emerged from zone  12  so that no alert is to be produced. 
     A scenario involving a stationary object is shown in Case  3  wherein vehicle  11  passes a pole  27  situated off of the road surface. Pole  27  passes or tracks through zone  12  even more quickly than vehicle  26  since pole  27  has no forward motion. Since pole  27  does not constitute a hazard to vehicle  11 , no alert should be initiated when it is present within zone  12 . 
     Case  4  shows another scenario wherein a stationary object is comprised of a long structure such as a guardrail, a fence, or a roadway median. Vehicle  11  approaches a guardrail  28  at time t 1  and travels alongside guardrail  28  for a long distance as at time t 2 . Eventually, vehicle  11  clears guardrail  28  at time t 3 . No alert should be initiated for any such long, stationary structure. 
     Since the surfaces of any sensed objects may be irregular and can provide inconsistent return signals (e.g., the strength of radar reflections from a point on an object can be very sensitive to the angle of the incident radar waves), the sensed detection points in each of the foregoing scenarios are inherently noisy thereby making it difficult to distinguish one type of object from another. Specialized, high cost sensors and/or complex, resource intensive computer processing have previously been needed for classifying objects using remote sensor data. The present invention overcomes these difficulties using inexpensive sensors and processing together with an improved decision methodology for filtering out stationary objects so that an alert/warning is not initiated unless an object is reliably classified as a moving vehicle. 
     FIGS. 6-9 show example sets of detection points corresponding to different location types utilized by the present invention. The location types preferably include 1) On-center, which means that an object is directly alongside the host vehicle, whether stationary or moving, 2) Spans, which means that an object or objects are present in the zone of interest both forward and rearward of the sensor location, 3) Front, which means that an object is present in the forward portion of the zone of interest, and 4) Rear, which means that an object is present in the rearward portion of the zone of interest. This generalized location type can be combined with other target information in deciding whether to initiate an alert as described in co-pending application (V203-0086) or can be used to help identify appropriate pre-crash actions or otherwise provide useful side object information to assist in a higher level classification of an object. 
     FIG. 6 shows detection points  30 - 33  corresponding to an on-center object within zone  12 . Sensor  10  is located at a position on the host vehicle where Y=0. Certain objects such as another vehicle or a guardrail have a majority of their edges oriented parallel with the side edge of the host vehicle. Consequently, the part of the object which is closest to the sensor is in a direction from the sensor that is perpendicular to the side edge of the host vehicle. When there is an on-center object that persists for a time, then it is likely to be a vehicle or a long structure such as a guardrail. A measure of the object size and/or the stability of the object size can differentiate between a vehicle and a long structure. 
     In determining whether an object is On-center, a nearest range detection point is found. An arc  34  shows a range contour which contains the closest detection point  31 . A value Y near  which is the y coordinate of closest point  31  is determined and compared to center thresholds  35  and  36 . If Y near  is between the thresholds, then the location type is On-center. 
     As shown in FIG. 7, a different set of detection points includes a closest detection point  40  at a range  37  having a value of Y near  outside the center thresholds. Therefore, the location type is not On-center. Since there are detection points on both sides of y=0, the location type is Spanning. This may most likely indicate a clutter of objects (e.g., multiple road signs, trees, vegetation, or a berm) but can also indicate a vehicle (e.g., with the closest part of the vehicle being unreflective). Again, a measure of size and/or size stability can provide the differentiation between a vehicle and the other possibilities. 
     If an object is neither On-center nor Spans, then its location type will be either Front as shown in FIG. 8 or Rear as shown in FIG.  9 . 
     The process for determining an object location is shown in greater detail in FIG.  10 . In step  50 , a check is made to determine whether at least one detection point has a fixed location within the zone. This step may be necessitated according to the type of remote sensor being used. With a monopulse radar, for example, it may be possible to have detection points with a known range but without a resolvable azimuth angle. Therefore, if the only available detection points cannot be fixed within the zone, then entry type is set to unknown in step  51 . 
     As long as one fixed detection point is present, then the Y-coordinate value (Y near ) of the detection point nearest in range to the sensor location (at Y=0) is found in step  52 . Generally, objects make their closest approach to the remote sensor when they directly outward from the sensor (i.e., are intersecting a line perpendicular to the host vehicle&#39;s direction of travel and originating at the sensor). Thus, a check is made in step  53  to determine whether Y near  is within a central range centered on Y=0. If within this threshold range, then the location type is set to On-center in step  54  and further processing may be performed in step  55  to determine an alert status and/or determine any change in pre-crash actions. 
     If Y near  is not within the threshold range, then a check is made in step  56  to determine whether Y max  multiplied by Y min  is less than zero (i.e., whether there are both positive and negative values of Y). If so, then location type is set to Spans in step  57 . If not spanning, then step  58  compares any selected Y value or any detection point (e.g., Y max  or Y min ) with zero to determine whether the location type is Front (step  59 ) or Rear (step  60 ). 
     The processing in step  55  is shown in greater detail in FIG.  11 . In step  61 , the location type is used to help determine if a moving vehicle is present (e.g., for a blind spot detector/land change aid). Step  62  checks to determine whether a moving vehicle was detected, and, if so, then a driver alert/warning is initiated in step  63 . If not a moving vehicle, then the alert is turned off or remains off in step  64 . In step  65 , the location type is used to assist in the evaluation of pre-crash mitigation actions. Thereafter, additional sets of detection points are sampled and processed as shown in FIG.  10 . 
     FIG. 12 shows a system block diagram including a sensor  70 , such as a radar remote sensor including a lens, antenna, and transceiver, coupled to a sensor data processor  71 . Raw sensor data from sensor  70  is processed by processor  71  to determine all detected scatterers within the sensor field-of-view and preferably to create a set of detection points including range, range rate, beam position, return signal strength, and time stamp information for each detection point. This information is provided to a tracking processor  72  and/or an assessment processor  73  that determine at least a location type for each set of detection points and use the location type with other information (such as track type and class type) to assess whether to initiate an alert mechanism  74  which may include visual or audible annunciators of a warning. Assessment information can also be provided to a restrain system  75  to facilitate pre-crash actions such as seatbelt pre-tensioning or airbag deployment.