Abstract:
A LVDS output driver has been disclosed. One embodiment of the LVDS output driver includes a number of source followers, each of the source followers including a pull-down transistor having a source, a drain, a gate, and a bulk terminal. The embodiment of the LVDS output driver further includes a number of pull-up transistors, each of the pull-up transistors having a source, a drain, and a gate, wherein the drain of each of the pull-up transistors is coupled to the source of a pull-down transistor of the source followers, to output a number of differential signals via the drains of the pull-up transistors. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/463,827, filed on Apr. 17, 2003. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to integrated circuit output drivers, and more particularly, to low voltage differential signal (LVDS) output drivers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is an interface standard that can be used for high-speed data transmission. By using low swing signals (typically about 300 mV), fast bit rates, lower power, and better noise performance can be achieved. The differential nature allows for increased noise immunity and noise margins. Examples of applications that use LVDS signaling include hubs for data communications, base stations and switches for telecommunications, flat-panel displays and servers, peripheral devices including printers and digital copy machines, and high-resolution displays for industrial applications. 
     Most integrated circuit (IC) or “chip” driver circuits designed to implement an LVDS interface include circuits that use a 2.5V or higher power supply. A typical conventional driver circuit design is shown in  FIG. 1 . The circuit includes two operational amplifiers (amp 1  and amp 2 ) to generate internal vdd_voh and vss_vol power supplies, respectively. The p-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) (i.e., p-channel) and n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) (i.e., n-channel) transistors referenced to these supplies can be designed to produce the desired signal swing and common mode voltage. These switching transistors connected to vdd_voh and vss_vol require full rail (about 2.5V in this example) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signal levels at their gates to fully switch the output transistors (e.g., Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7  and Q 8 ). The skew between input true and complement signals are very low to achieve the signal integrity specified in the LVDS standard. For clarity, the low voltage to high voltage level translators as well as additional conventional circuitry to minimize the skew are not shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Disadvantages of the above approach include a lack of functionality at lower power supplies, such as about 1.8V or lower, using transistors with a 2.5V compatible process. According to one LVDS standard, the nominal output common mode voltage is about 1.25 volts. This further requires a sufficient drive on the NMOS output transistors (Q 6  and Q 8 ) to accommodate the Vol (maximum output voltage for “low” signal detection) specification. In the above design, the NMOS output transistors (Q 6  and Q 8 ), for example, will not sufficiently turn on at such low voltage to provide the appropriate output levels and signal integrity over process/voltage/temperature (PVT) corners with a power supply at or below approximately 1.8V. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description that follows and from the accompanying drawings, which however, should not be taken to limit the appended claims to the specific embodiments shown, but are for explanation and understanding only. 
         FIG. 1  shows an existing LVDS output driver. 
         FIG. 2  shows one embodiment of a LVDS output driver having low supply voltage capability. 
         FIG. 3  shows one embodiment of a process to output low voltage differential signals. 
         FIG. 4  shows one embodiment of a process to generate differential low swing signals using a low swing differential pre-driver. 
         FIG. 5  shows an exemplary embodiment of a networked system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. 
     Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. 
       FIG. 2  shows one embodiment of a LVDS output driver having low supply voltage capability in an electronic device. The LVDS output driver  200  includes a pair of pull-up transistors Q 11  and Q 12 , a pair of pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14 , a pair of NMOS transistors Q 15  and Q 16 , a first pair of inverters  251  and  252 , a first current source Q 19 , a pair of PMOS transistors Q 17  and Q 18 , an operational amplifier  230 , a second current source Q 9 , a second pair of inverters  241  and  242 , a current sink  245 , and a load R 1 . 
     In one embodiment, each of the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14  are each configured as a source follower. Each of the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14  includes a source, a drain, a gate, and a bulk terminal. In one embodiment, the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14  are PMOS transistors. The source of each of the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14  may be coupled to the bulk terminal of the corresponding pull-down transistor to reduce the body effect on the corresponding pull-down transistor. 
     Two differential input signals, cmos_in_p  201  and cmos_in_n  202 , are input to the LVDS output driver  200 . The differential input signals may come from the core logic (not shown) of the electronic device. In one embodiment, the inverters  251  and  252  amplify the differential input signals  201  and  202 , respectively. Then the inverters  251  and  252  may output the amplified input signals to the pull-up transistors Q 11  and Q 12 . The inverters  251  and  252  may be powered by the voltage vdd_low  206 . In some embodiments, vdd_low  206  is approximately between 1.1V and 1.3V. In one embodiment, the pull-up transistors Q 11  and Q 12  are PMOS transistors, each having a gate, a source, and a drain. The amplified input signals may be applied to the gates of the PMOS transistors Q 11  and Q 12 . Furthermore, the drains of the PMOS transistors Q 11  and Q 12  may each be coupled to the sources of the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14 , respectively, to output the low voltage differential signals, lvds_out_p and lvds_out_n, respectively. In one embodiment, the PMOS transistors Q 13  and Q 14  are, respectively, biased by the NMOS transistors Q 15  and Q 16 , which are coupled to each other at the gates of the NMOS transistors Q 15  and Q 16 . A biasing voltage, oss_bias  207  may be applied to the gates of the NMOS transistors Q 15  and Q 16 . 
     Unlike the existing design, the pull-down transistors Q 13  and Q 14  are driven by a pair of low swing differential signals. In one embodiment, the low swing differential signals are generated by a low swing differential pre-driver  240 . The low swing differential pre-driver  240  may include the inverters  241  and  242 , the load R 1 , the current source Q 9 , and the current sink  245 . The inverters  241  and  242  may amplify the input differential signals  201  and  202 , respectively, and output each of the amplified signals to each one of the nodes  281  and  282  of the load R 1 . The load R 1  may include a resistor. The current source Q 9  supplies a current to the load R 1 , which drains the current via the current sink  245 . The current source Q 9  may include a PMOS transistor powered by vdd_low  206 . In some embodiments, vdd_low  206  is approximately between 1.1V and 1.3V. The current sink  245  may include an NMOS transistor Q 10  and a resistor R 2  coupled to each other in parallel. The NMOS transistor Q 11  may be driven by a biasing voltage, nbias  285 . The PMOS transistor Q 9  may be driven by a biasing voltage, pbias  286 . The low swing differential pre-driver  240  outputs the low swing differential signals dfl_p and dfl_n at the nodes  281  and  282 , respectively. The low swing differential signals dfl_p and dfl_n may be applied onto the gates of the pull-down transistors Q 14  and Q 13 , respectively, to drive the pull-down transistors. 
     In one embodiment, the sources of the pull-up transistors Q 11  and Q 12  are coupled to the current source Q 19 . The current source Q 19  may include a PMOS transistor powered by vdd_io  203 . In one embodiment, the range of vdd_io  203  is about 1.624 volts to 2.725 volts. The gate of the PMOS transistor of the current source Q 19  may be coupled to an output of the operational amplifier  230 , which drives the current source Q 19  in response to an input signal to the operational amplifier  230 , voh_ref  205  and voh_sense  208 . 
     Furthermore, the drain of the PMOS transistor of the current source Q 19  may be coupled to a sensing circuit  235 . The sensing circuit senses the higher output voltage among the output voltages, lvds out_p  291  and lvds out_n  292 , to generate the feedback signal, voh_sense  208 . The sensing circuit  235  provides the feedback signal to the operational amplifier  230 . In one embodiment, the sensing circuit  235  includes the PMOS transistors Q 17  and Q 18 , biased by the voltage, voh_bias  204 . Thus, a feedback path is provided in between the current source Q 19 , output voltages lvds out_p  291  and lvds out_n  292 , and the operational amplifier  230 . When lvds out_p  291  is higher than lvds out_n  292 , more current flows through the PMOS transistor Q 17  than the PMOS transistor Q 18 . Thus, in this case, the output voltage, voh_sense  208 , of the sensing circuit  235  corresponds to lvds out_p  291 . Likewise, when lvds out_n  292  is higher than lvds out_p  291 , more current flows through the PMOS transistor Q 18  than the PMOS transistor Q 17 . Thus, voh_sense  208  corresponds to lvds_n  292  in this case. The operational amplifier  230  may drive the current source Q 19  in response to both voh_ref  205  and voh_sense  208  from the sensing circuit  235 . 
     One should appreciate that the embodiment of the LVDS output driver described above is for illustration, not limitation. Additional circuit components or electronic devices not shown in  FIG. 2  may be included in some embodiments of the LVDS output driver without departing from the spirit and scope of the appending claims. 
       FIG. 3  shows one embodiment of a process to output low voltage differential signals. At block  310 , a number of input signals are amplified using inverters. At block  320 , the amplified input signals are provided to a number of pull-up transistors from the inverters. At block  330 , each of the pull-up transistors is coupled to one of a set of pull-down transistors. Each of the pull-down transistors may include a source, a drain, a gate, and a bulk terminal. A pull-up transistor may be coupled to the source of one of the pull-down transistors. At block  340 , the bulk terminal of each of the pull-down transistors is coupled to the source of the corresponding pull-down transistor to reduce body effect on the corresponding pull-down transistor. 
     At block  350 , a current is supplied to the pull-up transistors from a current source. At block  360 , the higher output voltage among the low voltage differential signals is sensed to produce a feedback signal. At block  370 , the current source is driven using an operational amplifier in response to the feedback signal. 
     At block  380 , differential low swing signals are generated using a low swing differential pre-driver. The pull-down transistors are driven with the differential low swing signals in response to the input signals at block  390  to produce low voltage differential signals at the sources of the pull-down transistors. 
       FIG. 4  shows one embodiment of a process to generate differential low swing signals using a low swing differential pre-driver. At block  410 , a current is supplied to a load in a low swing differential pre-driver from a current source. The load may include a resistor having two nodes. At block  420 , the current from the load is sunk from the load via a transistor and a resistor. The transistor and the resistor may be coupled to each other in parallel. At block  430 , a pair of low swing differential signals are output via the load. In one embodiment, the low swing differential signals are applied to the gates of the pull-down transistors in a LVDS driver to drive the pull-down transistors. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a networked system  500 . The system  500  includes a network interface  510  having a LVDS output driver  515 , transmission lines  530 , and a network component  540 . One example of the network component  540  is a storage device, such as a hard drive, a disk, etc. In one embodiment, the network interface  510  is an Ethernet interface. The network interface  510  is coupled via the LVDS output driver  515  and the transmission lines  530  to the network component  540 . Signals may be transmitted between the network interface  510  and the network component  540  via the transmission lines  530 . To send signals from the network interface  510  to the network component  540 , the network interface  510  uses the LVDS output driver  515  to drive the signals onto the transmission lines  530 . Exemplary embodiments of the LVDS output driver  515  have been discussed above with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     Note that any or all of the components of the networked system  500  and associated hardware may be used in various embodiments of the present invention. However, it can be appreciated that other configurations of the networked system may include some or all of the components illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Furthermore, other embodiments of the networked system may include additional components not illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     The foregoing discussion merely describes some exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, the accompanying drawings, and the claims that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.