Abstract:
Process for preparing a new compound: [hexakis(pentenenitrilo)nickel II]bis[μ-(cyano)bis(triphenylborane)(I)] which is useful as a promoter in the hydrocyanation of 3 or 4-pentenenitrile.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a chemical compound, namely [hexakis(pentenenitrilo)nickel II]bis[μ-(cyano)bis(triphenylborane)(I)]. When the pentenenitrile is 3-pentenenitrile the compound has the formula [Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  --CN) 6  ][φ 3  BCNBφ 3  ] 2 , where φ is the phenyl radical. This compound can be prepared by the reaction of known nickel compounds with pentenenitrile. The compound is useful as a promoter in the preparation of adiponitrile by the hydrocyanation of 3 or 4-pentenenitrile. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Cone U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,321 discloses the compound Ni[NC(CH 2 ) 4  CN] 2  [NCBφ 3  ] 2 , hereinafter referred to as NCBC. This compound may be reacted in pentenenitrile to produce the compound of this invention. 
     Various organo boron compounds have been employed in the prior art to promote the hydrocyanation of 3,4-pentenenitrile to adiponitrile--see, for example, Shook U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,811 where triarylborane is so employed, and the triarylborane recovered from the catalyst residue. The compound of this invention may be used in a manner like that taught in Shook to produce adiponitrile. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is the chemical compound: [hexakis(pentenenitrilo)nickel II]bis[μ-(cyano)bis(triphenylborane)(I)]; the method of preparation of the compound; and the use of the compound in the hydrocyanation of 3 or 4-pentenenitrile to form adiponitrile. 
     The compound of the invention consists of a cation Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 6   +2  and two anions [φ 3  BCNBφ 3  ] -1 . The cation has perfect octahedral symmetry. The anion has a threefold axis passing through the two boron atoms and the carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom. 
     The compound of the invention may be prepared by heating NCBC in pentenenitrile to a temperature above about 50° C. The reaction steps are believed to be as follows: 
     (Step 1) Ni(NC(CH 2 ) 4  CN) 2  (NCBφ 3 ) 2  +4(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN)→Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 4  (NCBφ 3 ) 2  +2NC(CH 2 ) 4  CN 
     (Step 2) 2Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 4  (NCBφ 3 ) 2  →Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 6  (φ 3  BCNBφ 3 ) 2  +Ni(CN) 2 (Solid). 
     The compound of the invention may also be prepared by reacting triphenylborane with solutions of pentenenitrile containing Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 4  (NCBφ 3 ) 2 . Example 3 below shows the preparation by this process. The triphenylborane employed in this process can be that contained in the catalyst residue that results from the hydrocyanation of 3,4-pentenenitrile using triphenylborane as a promoter. The reaction proceeds even though the triphenylborane exists in the residue in a state that is no longer active as a promoter. 
     The compound of the invention can also be prepared by the reaction of triphenylborane, sodium cyanide, pentenenitrile, and nickel dichloride dimethoxyethane. Example 4 below illustrates this method of preparation. 
     The process for preparing the compound of the invention proceeds satisfactorily at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 50° and 200° C. The ingredients that react to form the compound may be present in approximately stoichiometric amounts; however, the reaction will proceed with different ratios of the ingredients, for example, with the pentenenitrile being present in a large excess. 
     The compound of the invention has the I.R. spectra shown in the FIG. 1, and the single crystal X-ray analysis shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, FIG. 2 depicting the cation, and FIG., 3 depicting the anion. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Example 1 
     Preparation from NCBC 
     In a glass reaction vessel that contains a magnetic stirrer, 4.25 g of NCBC was mixed with sufficient 3-pentenenitrile to give 50 ml of slurry. The reactor was placed in a heat bath at 125° C., and the reaction allowed to proceed for 5 minutes after the temperature reached 120° C. The reactor was removed from the heat bath and placed in an ice bath to quench the reaction. The contents were then cooled to about 25° C. The contents were filtered to remove the black nickel-rich solid product, and a clear dark green product solution was isolated. The solution was placed in a refrigerator overnight, which caused solids to precipitate. Infrared analysis of the solids showed them to be the compound of the invention. 
     Example 2 
     Preparation of Large Crystals of Product for Analysis 
     In a glass reaction vessel that contains a magnetic stirrer, 2.125 g of NCBC was mixed with sufficient 3-pentenenitrile to give 50 ml of slurry. The reactor was placed in a heat bath at 125° C., and the reaction allowed to proceed for 5 minutes after the temperature reaches 120° C. The reactor was removed from the heat bath and placed in an ice bath to quench the reaction. The contents were cooled to 25° C. The contents were filtered to remove the black nickel-rich solids, and a dark green product solution was obtained. After standing for two weeks, large (˜1 mm) cubic crystals formed which gave an infrared spectrum typical of Ni(CH 3  CH═CHCH 2  CN) 6  (φ 3  BNCBφ 3 ) 2 . 
     These crystals were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to establish chemical structure, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. 
     Example 3 
     Preparation from Ni(CH 3  --CH═CH--CH 2  --CN) 4  (NCBφ 3 ) 2  and φ 3  B 
     A solution containing 1 g of Ni(CH 3  --CH═CH--CH 2  --CN) 4  (NCBφ 3 ) 2  dissolved in 9 g of 3-pentenenitrile was prepared. A second solution was prepared which contained 0.65 g of φ 3  B dissolved in 9.35 g of 3-pentenenitrile. One gram of each solution was mixed together, which caused the immediate precipitation of a light purple solid. The solid was washed with cyclohexane and dried. An infrared scan of the solid showed it to be the compound of the invention. 
     Example 4 
     Direct Synthesis from φ 3  B, NaCN, and NiCl 2 .DME 
     A reaction was carried out by reacting 9.7 g of φ 3  B, 1.0 g NaCN, and 50 g of 3-pentenenitrile. This mixture was heated to 60° C. for 1 hr with stirring. The mixture was then filtered, and 2.2 g of NiCl 2 .DME (i.e., nickel dichloro dimethoxyethane) was added to the filtrate. The resulting mixture was heated to 100° C. and immediately filtered. The filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, which caused solid product to precipitate. Infrared analysis of the solid product showed it to be the product of the invention. 
     Example 5 
     Hydrocyanation Performance 
     A catalyst solution was prepared by dissolving 4.40 g of Ni[para-tolyl phosphite] 4  and 3.75 cc of paratolyl phosphite in 92 cc of 3-pentenenitrile under a nitrogen atmosphere. To a 10 cc aliquot of this catalyst solution was added 0.240 g of [hexakis(pentenenitrilo)nickel II]bis[μ-(cyano)bis(triphenylborane)(I)], which corresponds to 0.5 moles per mole of Ni[para-tolyl phosphite] 4 . The mixture was heated in a thermostated oil bath to the desired reaction temperature. Hydrogen cyanide was added to the reaction mixture by passing nitrogen gas at 5 cc/min through liquid hydrogen cyanide at 0° C., and then to the reaction vessel just above the liquid level. The reactions were run until adiponitrile production ceased. Reactions were run at 40°, 51°, and 80° C., and the results are given in the following table. 
     
         ______________________________________      Yields (%) 3-pentene-         Methyl-                           Ethyl-Temp  nitrile    Adipo-  glutaro-                           succino-                                   2-pentene(°C.) conv (%)   nitrile nitrile                           nitrile nitrile______________________________________40    31         92.8    3.1    0.3     3.951    35         90.3    3.3    0.3     6.080    29         75.5    3.8    0.4     20.3______________________________________ 
    
     In the above table, yield % of adiponitrile is defined by the equation: ##EQU1## As a comparative, hydrocyanations were performed using 1 mole of φ 3  B per mole of Ni[para-tolyl phosphite] 4 , all other conditions being the same. The results for φ 3  B promoter are as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________      Yields (%) 3-pentene-         Methyl-                           Ethyl-Temp  nitrile    Adipo-  glutaro-                           succino-                                   2-pentene(°C.) conv (%)   nitrile nitrile                           nitrile nitrile______________________________________40    29         93.4    2.9    0.3     3.451    29         90.3    3.3    0.3     6.180    30         76.7    3.8    0.4     19.1______________________________________