Abstract:
An antenna generating an electromagnetic field for an electromagnetic transponder and a terminal provided with such an antenna. The antenna comprises a first inductive element designed to be connected to two terminals employing an energizing voltage, and a parallel resonant circuit coupled with the first inductive element.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/344,880, filed on Feb. 14, 2003, entitled “ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION ANTENNA FOR A TRANSPONDER,” which application is a U.S. National Stage application of International Application serial No. PCT/FR2001/02621, filed on Aug. 16, 2001, entitled “ANTENNA GENERATING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR TRANSPONDER,” which application claims priority benefit of French patent application number 00/10699, filed on Aug. 17, 2000, entitled “ANTENNA GENERATING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR TRANSPONDER,” which applications are hereby incorporated by reference to the maximum extent allowable by law. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to systems using electromagnetic transponders, that is, transmitters and/or receivers (generally mobile) capable of being interrogated in a contactless and wireless manner by a unit (generally fixed), called a read and/or write terminal. Generally, transponders extract the power supply required by the electronic circuits included therein from the high-frequency field radiated by an antenna of the read-write terminal. The present invention more specifically relates to a read and/or write terminal for electromagnetic transponders as well as to the antenna that it includes. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
       FIG. 1  very schematically shows a conventional example of a read/write terminal  1  associated with a transponder  10 . 
     Generally, terminal  1  is essentially formed of a series oscillating circuit formed of an inductance L 1  in series with a capacitor C 1  and a resistor R 1 . This oscillating circuit is controlled by a device  2  including, among others, an amplifier or antenna coupler and a control circuit exploiting the received data provided, in particular, with a modulator/demodulator and a microprocessor for processing the control signals and the data. The oscillating circuit is excited by a voltage Vg provided by device  2  between terminals  3  and  4 . Circuit  2  generally communicates with different input/output circuits (keyboard, screen, means of exchange with a server, etc.) and/or processing circuits, not shown. The circuits of the read/write terminal draw the power necessary to their operation from a supply circuit (not shown) connected, for example, to the electric supply system. 
     A transponder  10 , intended for cooperating with a terminal  1 , essentially includes a parallel oscillating circuit. This circuit is formed of an inductance L 2  in parallel with a capacitor C 2  between two input terminals  11 ,  12  of a control and processing circuit  13 . Terminals  11 ,  12  are in practice connected to the input of a rectifying means (not shown), the outputs of which form D.C. supply terminals of the circuits internal to transponder  10 . These circuits generally include, essentially, a microprocessor, a memory, a demodulator of the signals that may be received from terminal  1 , and a modulator for transmitting information to the terminal. 
     The oscillating circuits of the terminal and of the transponder are generally tuned on a same frequency corresponding to the frequency of excitation signal Vg of the terminal&#39;s oscillating circuit. This high-frequency signal (for example, at 13.56 MHz) is not only used as a carrier of data transmission from the terminal to the transponder, but also as a remote supply carrier for the transponders located in the terminal&#39;s field. When a transponder  10  is located in the field of a terminal  1 , a high-frequency voltage is generated across terminals  11  and  12  of the transponder&#39;s resonant circuit. This voltage, after being rectified and possibly clipped, provides the supply voltage of electronic circuits  13  of the transponder. 
     The high-frequency carrier transmitted by the terminal is generally modulated in amplitude by said terminal according to different coding techniques to transmit data and/or control signals to one or several transponders in the field. In return, the data transmission from the transponder to a terminal is generally performed by modulating the load formed by resonant circuit L 2 , C 2 . The load variation is performed at the rate of a sub-carrier having a frequency (for example, 847.5 kHz) smaller than that of the carrier. This load variation can then be detected by the terminal as an amplitude variation or as a phase variation by means, for example, of a measurement of the voltage across capacitor C 1  or of current Ig in the oscillating circuit. In  FIG. 1 , the measurement signal has been symbolized by a connection  5  in dotted lines connecting the midpoint of the series connection of inductance L 1  and capacitor C 1  to circuit  2 . 
     A problem which arises in conventional transponder systems is that they generally have a limited range. The system range corresponds to the limiting distance beyond which the field sensed by a transponder is too small to enable extraction of the power necessary for its operation therefrom. The limited range is essentially due to the maximum admissible magnetic field, which is set by standards. Conventionally, to increase the range, the diameter of the antenna is desired to be increased, to avoid exceeding this maximum allowed magnetic field. Now, increasing the diameter amounts to increasing excitation current Ig in proportions that are not desirable, among others, for power consumption reasons. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to improve the range of electromagnetic transponder read/write terminals. 
     The present invention more specifically aims at providing a novel long-range electromagnetic field generation antenna. 
     The present invention also aims at requiring no modification of the transponders and, accordingly, at being able to operate with any conventional transponder. 
     The present invention also aims at reducing or minimizing the power consumption of the terminal. 
     To achieve these and other objects, the present invention provides an antenna for generating an electromagnetic field for an electromagnetic transponder, including a first inductive element intended for being connected to two terminals of application of an excitation voltage, and a parallel resonant circuit coupled with the first inductive element. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, said resonant circuit includes a second inductive element, the value of which is chosen to be greater than the value of the first inductive element with a ratio depending on a desired field amplification. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first inductive element is formed of several inductances associated in a network. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the inductive element(s) are formed of planar windings. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the two inductive elements are in parallel planes. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the distance that separates the respective planes of the inductive elements is chosen according to the power consumption of the transponders for which the antenna is intended and to the desired range. 
     The present invention also provides a terminal for generating a high-frequency electromagnetic field for at least one transponder entering this field, the terminal including a resonant circuit, magnetically coupled to an excitation circuit including a first inductive element and having no capacitive element. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the resonant circuit is formed of a second inductive element and of a capacitive element in parallel, and is tuned to the frequency of an excitation signal of the first inductive element. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, said resonant circuit includes a control switch. 
     The foregoing objects, features and advantages of the present invention, will be discussed in detail in the following non-limiting description of specific embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 , previously described, shows a conventional example of a transponder system of the type to which the present invention applies; 
         FIG. 2 , schematically shows a first embodiment of a read and/or write terminal, provided with an antenna according to the present invention, and associated with a conventional transponder; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  show an antenna according to a second embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 4  shows an alternative embodiment of a terminal according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The same elements have been referred to with the same references in the different drawings. For clarity, only those elements which are necessary to the understanding of the present invention have been illustrated in the drawings and will be described hereafter. In particular, the internal structures of the electronic circuits of a transponder and of a read and/or write terminal have not been detailed. 
     A feature of the present invention is to provide the antenna of a read and/or write terminal in the form of an LR circuit coupled to a resonant LC circuit. According to the present invention, the LR circuit is excited by the high-frequency generator of the terminal. The excitation frequency is, conventionally, that of the remote supply carrier and of the possible data to be transmitted. The resonant circuit forms a rejector circuit formed of an inductance and of a capacitor. It is in practice an RLC circuit with as small a resistance as possible corresponding to the series resistances of the inductance and of the capacitor. 
     Another feature of the present invention is to provide a value of the inductance of the rejector circuit greater than that of the LR excitation circuit. Thus, the voltage developed across the capacitor of the rejector circuit is greater than the excitation voltage of the LR circuit. According to the present invention, the quality factor of the rejector circuit is desired to be increased or maximized to favor the amplification created by its coupling with the LR excitation circuit. The quality factor is inversely proportional to the sum of the series resistances and to the square root of the capacitance of the rejector circuit, and directly proportional to the square root of its inductance. Accordingly, the inductance is desired to be increased or maximized and the series resistances and the capacitance are desired to be reduced or minimized. 
       FIG. 2  schematically shows a first embodiment of a read and/or write terminal according to the present invention. 
     Conventionally, a terminal  20  according to the present invention includes circuits  2  for processing, controlling, and analyzing data to be exchanged with a transponder  10 , also conventional. A high-frequency voltage Vg used as a remote power supply carrier and/or as a modulation carrier for a transponder is provided across output terminals  3  and  4  of circuit  2 . According to the present invention, terminals  3  and  4  are connected to a series LR circuit formed of a resistor R 1  in series with an inductance Lp. Inductance Lp is intended to be coupled with an inductance Lb of a rejector circuit  21  associated with the LR circuit. Circuit  21  also includes a capacitor Cb, the two electrodes of which are respectively connected to the two terminals  24  and  25  of inductance Lb. According to the present invention, the inductive LR circuit, connected across terminals  3  and  4  of circuit  2 , includes no capacitor. Thus, there is no tuning of the excitation circuit on the remote supply carrier frequency. According to the present invention, this tuning is transferred to rejector circuit  21 . For the latter, the respective values of inductance Lb and of capacitance Cb are selected so that the resonance frequency of this circuit corresponds to the remote supply carrier of the system (for example, 13.56 MHz). 
     According to the present invention, inductances Lp and Lb are, preferably, made in the form of planar inductances having one or several spirals. The inductances are placed in parallel planes to increase or maximize the magnetic coupling between them. This coupling is symbolized in  FIG. 2  by mutual inductance M between the LR and LC circuits. Transponder  10  is a conventional transponder, the present invention requiring no modification of the transponder for its implementation. When transponder  10  is present in the terminal&#39;s field, it is in magnetic coupling (mutual inductance M′) with the rejector circuit, from which it draws the power necessary to its operation. 
     The fact of placing a transponder in the antenna&#39;s field amounts to increasing the series resistance of rejector circuit  21 , and thus reduces its quality factor and the current flow therethrough. This causes power consumption on the side of excitation circuit R 1 -Lp. However, the terminal&#39;s generator can just provide an energizing current to the rejector circuit where the current and the voltage are naturally high. 
     Inductance Lp is chosen to be as small as possible to improve or optimize the system efficiency and maximize the use of the installed power of the generator providing voltage Vg. The value of inductance Lb of rejector circuit  21  is chosen to be as high as possible to increase or maximize the system range. Indeed, the higher ratio Lb/Lp, the greater the ratio between the voltage developed across capacitor Cb and voltage Vg. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the interval between the planar inductances, arranged in parallel planes, is adapted to the transponders for which the terminal is intended. According to the charge level represented by different transponders (in particular, according to whether they include or not a microprocessor) and according to the desired range, the coupling between the excitation and rejector circuits can be improved or optimized. In the case of low-power consumption transponders and where a large range is desired, the antenna&#39;s inductances will be drawn away from each other to increase or maximize the overvoltage generated across the rejector circuit. For example, an interval ranging between approximately 0.5 cm and a few centimeters will be selected. Conversely, for transponders having a higher power consumption, the coupling between inductances must be maximized so that the load represented by the transponders does not alter too much the quality factor of the rejector circuit. The antenna&#39;s inductances are then placed as close as possible to each other. The interval of course depends, among others, on the diameter of the inductances and on the quality coefficient of the rejector circuit. 
     An advantage of the present invention is that it enables increasing the range of a read and/or write terminal for a given voltage Vg and excitation current Ig. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is that it requires no modification of existing transponders. 
     The detection of a back modulation coming from a transponder can be performed either on the LR circuit or in LC circuit  21 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , a current transformer  22  having the function of measuring the current in rejector circuit  21  has been symbolized. A connection  23  provides the result of this measurement to circuit  2 . As an alternative, the measurement may be performed in the LR circuit. However, it is easier to detect variations in the rejector circuit where the signal levels are higher. It will however be ascertained that this measurement disturbs as little as possible the quality factor of the rejector circuit. For example, if a voltage measurement is performed across capacitor Cb, it will be ascertained to use a measurement element with a high input impedance. 
     The present invention enables increasing the transmitted magnetic field without increasing either the current provided by the generator or voltage Vg, and thus without increasing the installed terminal power. For a same terminal with a given installed power, the present invention enables easy use of antennas of large dimensions, which is difficult with conventional terminals without increasing the generator voltage to provide the sufficient current. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is that it eases the impedance matching of the antenna with respect to control circuit  2 . Indeed, the impedance Zpeq seen by the generator (circuit  2 ) providing the high-frequency excitation voltage can be generally written as:
 
 Zpeq=Rp+j·Xp,  
 
     where Rp represents the following real part: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Rp 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ω 
                     2 
                   
                   · 
                   
                     k 
                     pb 
                     2 
                   
                   · 
                   Lp 
                   · 
                   Lb 
                 
                 Rb 
               
             
             , 
             and 
           
         
       
     
     where Xp represents the following imaginary part:
 
 Xp=ω·Lp,  
 
     with k pb  representing the magnetic coupling coefficient between the excitation and rejector circuits, and Rb representing the equivalent resistance of circuit  21  (sum of the parasitic resistances of capacitor Cb and of inductance Lb). In real part Rp, no account has been taken of resistance R 1 , which corresponds in practice to the output resistance of the excitation generator. The series resistance of inductance Lp has further been neglected. The taking into account of these resistive elements merely amounts to adding their respective values to resistance Rb indicated hereabove. 
     To adapt the antenna&#39;s impedance, the ratio between inductances Lb and Lp may, for example, be modified, or a resistor may be introduced in parallel in circuit  21 . 
     Further, imaginary part Xp of impedance Zpeq is a function of inductance Lp, which is reduced or minimized. Accordingly, the impedance may, as a first approximation, be considered as being purely resistive. It is thus particularly easy to obtain an off-load impedance matching (for example, at 50Ω). An advantage then is that the antenna of the read/write terminal can be easily moved aside from its control circuits. A 50-Ω matched impedance cable is sufficient. Of course, when a transponder is present in the field, it has an influence upon the impedance seen by the generator (at the denominator of the real part). 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  show the two sides of an antenna according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. According to this preferred embodiment, inductive excitation element Lp is formed of several inductances  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  35 ,  36 , and  37  in a network, that is, electrically in parallel. Inductances  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  35 ,  36 , and  37  are coplanar. The inductances are, preferably, distributed in a honeycomb. Each inductance  31 ,  32 ,  33 ,  34 ,  35 ,  36 , and  37  includes, for example, a single hexagonal spiral. The number of spirals of these inductances may be adapted to the value desired for the resulting inductive element Lp. Terminals  38  and  39  of interconnection of the respective terminals of inductances  31  to  37  form the terminals of element Lp. The inductances are for example formed by depositions of conductive tracks on a printed circuit wafer. A first end of each inductance is connected to terminal  38 . This connection is performed by means of vias  41  and of conductive tracks  42  of the two wafer surfaces ( FIGS. 3A and 3B ). The second end of each inductance is connected to terminal  39  by means of vias  43  and of tracks  44 . 
     The network association of the inductances must be such that all inductances in the network generate fields, the lines of which add (all are in the same direction). 
     Inductance Lb is formed on the second wafer surface. In this preferred embodiment, this inductance is formed of a single spiral  40  approximately delimiting a surface equivalent to that of all the network-connected spirals of inductive element Lp. It thus follows the external contour of the honeycomb. The end terminals of spiral  40  define terminals  24  and  25  of inductance Lb intended for being connected to capacitor Cb (not shown). 
     An advantage of using a network inductive element on the side of the LR circuit is that the voltage and current ratio is increased or maximized between the rejector circuit and the excitation circuit. Indeed, the ratio between the inductances of the rejector circuit and of the excitation circuit is increased. 
     Another advantage of using network inductive elements in the excitation circuit is that this further eases the impedance matching. Indeed, the value of inductance Lp, which intervenes in the imaginary part of the impedance of the excitation circuit, is minimized. 
       FIG. 4  shows another embodiment of a read and/or write terminal  45  according to the present invention. This embodiment more specifically applies to a terminal intended for operating either in relatively remote coupling with a transponder, or in very close coupling therewith. Indeed, in some applications, it is desired to only exchange information between a transponder and the terminal when said transponder is very close to the terminal. This, to avoid that a pirate device intercepts the data exchanges. In such a case, to use a single terminal, the data exchange sequences must conventionally be adapted and software controls must be performed for an operation in very close coupling allowed to a single transponder. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates that the implementation of the present invention greatly eases an operation in extreme closeness of a read and/or write terminal. For this purpose, a switch  46  is provided in rejector circuit  21 ′. This switch is placed in parallel with inductance Lb and is intended for short-circuiting the rejector circuit and, accordingly, eliminating the coupling with excitation circuit LR. Switch  46  is controlled by circuit  2 , via a connection  47 . 
     For example, when the terminal is desired to be dedicated to an operation in extreme closeness, switch  46  is closed. In this case, a transponder that wants to exchange data with the terminal must be placed almost on the terminal&#39;s antenna to obtain a magnetic coupling with inductive element Lp. The smaller the value of this inductance, the more it will be necessary for the transponder to be close to the terminal. The operation will here be close to an operation as a transformer. When switch  46  is open, the rejector circuit performs its function and the range of the read and/or write terminal is maximum. 
     As an alternative, the switch is placed in series in the rejector circuit. The operation is then inverted and the opening of the switch turns off the rejector circuit. In this alternative, it will be ascertained that the series resistance of the switch is minimum. 
     The embodiment of  FIG. 4  shows a current transformer  22 ′ in series with inductive element Lp, and measurement signal  23 ′ of which is sent to circuit  2 . This current transformer provides a measurement of the current in the excitation circuit. Such an arrangement is here necessary at least for the operation in extreme closeness since a detection can no longer be performed by the rejector circuit. It is however possible to maintain the use of a measurement system, on the rejector circuit side, when the terminal operates in remote range. 
     Of course, the present invention is likely to have various alterations, modifications, and improvements which will readily occur to those skilled in the art. In particular, the sizing of the different components of a read and/or write terminal according to the present invention is within the abilities of those skilled in the art based on the functional indications given hereabove. 
     Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting. The present invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.