Abstract:
Disclosure are various embodiments of a loss prevention device responsive to freefall. The loss prevention device can be integrated into any object and incorporates physical, mechanical, and/or electrical modules configured to prevent the likelihood that dropping the object causes injury to persons or damage to structures in the vicinity. Such modules may constitute continuous or discrete, static or dynamic portions of the housing of the loss prevention device. Other modules may incorporate electromechanical components that allow for effective manipulation of the motion of the loss prevention device and the coupled object. The device can be configured to deploy said modules upon detecting freefall. In some cases, the device incorporate a release mechanism that facilitates said deployment.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/352,513, filed Jun. 20, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates generally to safety devices and, more particularly, to a device and method of manipulating the motion of a fallen object during freefall to prevent loss. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Evolved organisms have developed structural features for manipulating their motion during freefall. One example is a samara, which is a fruit that covers some seeds (e.g. maple seed), which enables the seed to descend slowly to the ground and/or be carried by the wind. In certain hazardous environments such as construction sites, there is a considerable risk that an object, such as a tape measure, may fall and seriously injure or kill a human being, cause infrastructure damage, or trigger a chain reaction of events leading to disastrous losses. Current solutions involve tethering tools or attachment points that are designed to prevent the object from dropping in the event that a grasp on the object is lost. However, in the case that an object is already in freefall, these solutions provide no remedy. Additionally, current tools are not always manufactured or designed to prevent loss, especially loss caused by accidentally dropping said tools from a great height. 
         [0004]    Safety nets may prevent falling objects from causing injury. However, safety nets are immobile and may not actually prevent injury to an individual not positioned below the safety net. Other safety methods involve behavioral guidelines, such as the grab-and-twist method, which involves registering a twist in an object during hand off of the object. However, behavioral methods can fail due to lack of training or due to human error. Furthermore, behavioral methods can fail due to human fallibility and are not reliable especially during the split-second windows when loss can be prevented. 
         [0005]    Thus, there remains a considerable need for devices and methods that can manipulate the motion of an object in freefall to aid in loss prevention without requiring human input. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Disclosed are various embodiments of a loss prevention device that can be integrated into an object to manipulate the object&#39;s motion upon detecting a state of freefall. 
         [0007]    In one aspect, a device comprises one or more loss prevention modules. The loss prevention module(s) incorporate one or more physical features and/or one or more electrical components. The loss prevention module(s) are adapted to prevent loss in an environment surrounding the device while the device is in freefall. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    The embodiments of this invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary loss prevention device. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  shows a top perspective view of an exemplary loss prevention device. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  shows the underside of the loss prevention device of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  shows an application schematic of the loss prevention device of  FIGS. 2A-B  being applied to an object. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  shows a deployment of the exemplary loss prevention module of  FIGS. 2A-B . 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  shows components of the exemplary loss prevention device of  FIG. 4  that facilitate the deployment of the loss prevention module. 
       
    
    
       [0015]    Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    Example embodiments, as described below, may be used to provide a method, a system and/or a device for manipulating the motion of an object in freefall to aid in loss prevention without requiring human input. 
         [0017]    The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts. Elements described herein as coupled may have a direct or indirect connection with one or more other intervening elements. 
       Definitions 
       [0018]    ‘Loss prevention’ refers to any practice(s) imposed to reduce the risk of causing personal injury or structural damage. 
         [0019]    ‘Loss prevention module’ refers to any physical or electrical component that may be utilized to aid in loss prevention. A loss prevention module may be an intrinsic feature that needs no deployment process. Or a loss prevention module may need to be deployed. 
         [0020]    ‘Housing’ refers to an outer covering of a device having any shape, size, or physical properties. A housing is typically used as a protective element, but as used herein, may also incorporate functional components. For example, a particular physical property of the housing may allow it to be intrinsically functional and incorporate solutions to deficiencies in the prior art. 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, ‘penetrable layer’ refers to a continuous or discrete portion of a housing that may be opened or ruptured to deploy a loss prevention module. Also, ‘penetrable layer’ may refer to a hollow aperture of the housing. 
         [0022]    Disclosed are various embodiments of a loss prevention device that can be integrated into an object to manipulate the object&#39;s motion upon detecting a state of freefall. 
         [0023]    In one embodiment, the device may be adapted to decelerate the object during freefall. Alternately or in addition the device may cause the terminal velocity of the object to be reduced significantly, e.g., by exerting a drag force on the object. In the same or another embodiment, the device may be adapted to divert the freefalling object&#39;s trajectory, e.g., away from one or more targets or toward a target. In another embodiment, the device may be adapted to absorb the shock of falling or at least prevent shock or injury to objects it strikes. 
       System Overview 
       [0024]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an exemplary loss prevention device  100  is shown. In one embodiment, the loss prevention device  100  may comprise a microcontroller  102 . The microcontroller  102  incorporates at least one processor and at least one memory, in which memory may be stored one or more instructions executable by the processor. Executing the one or more instructions through the processor causes the loss prevention device  100  to operate components of the loss prevention device  100  (e.g., the sensor(s)  104 , the release mechanism  106 , the loss prevention module(s)  107 ), communicate to networked devices through the network interface  110 , and/or provide a user interface  112  to facilitate user interaction with the loss prevention device  100 . 
         [0025]    The loss prevention device  100  may comprise one or more sensors  104  communicatively coupled to the microcontroller  102 . The sensor(s)  104  may include, but not be limited to one or more of the group consisting of: an accelerometer, a barometer, a gyroscope, one or more optical sensors, one or more magnetic sensors, a radio transceiver, audio/ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensor (and optionally, an IR emitter), and an airspeed sensor. Other sensors that can contribute to determining absolute and/or relative positions, orientations, and other physical parameters of the loss prevention device  100  may also be used and are within the scope of the exemplary embodiments. 
         [0026]    In one embodiment, the microcontroller  102  may be communicatively coupled to a release mechanism  106  adapted to manipulate one or more loss prevention module(s)  107  of the loss prevention device  100 . The release mechanism  106  may be analog-based and communications with the microcontroller  102  may be facilitated through a digital-to-analog converter (not shown in  FIG. 1 ). Or the release mechanism  106  may share a digital interface with the microcontroller  102 . 
         [0027]    Upon detecting freefall through the microcontroller  102 , the microcontroller  102  may initialize the release mechanism  106 , which subsequently causes the loss prevention module  107  to be deployed. In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  107  may not require the release mechanism  106  to be deployed, e.g., if the loss prevention module  107  encompasses the physical features of the housing, if the loss prevention module  107  automatically deploys on its own during freefall, of if the loss prevention module  107  uses a different mechanism to deploy. 
         [0028]    The loss prevention device  100  may also comprise a power source  108  providing power to the various components of the loss prevention device  100 . Sources of power include, but are not limited to a DC battery (rechargeable or not), an inertial generator, or a photovoltaic cell. The loss prevention device  100  may additionally comprise a source of compressed gas or may utilize a gas-producing chemical reaction such as those commonly used for inflating airbags. Such sources may provide high-pressure air which may be used to power pneumatic components, deploy one or more loss prevention module(s)  107 , and/or provide a means for steering the loss prevention device  100 . 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, the sensor(s)  104  may comprise an accelerometer capable of detecting force(s) in at least one axis, for example, the vertical axis. The microcontroller  102  may determine that it is in freefall upon detecting substantially zero forces in the vertical axis. 
         [0030]    The loss prevention device  100  may also comprise a network interface  110  allowing the microcontroller  102  to establish a connection to a network (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN)) and communicate with networked devices. The loss prevention device  100  may additionally comprise a user interface  112  which may incorporate any number of input/output devices such as a touchscreen, a button, an LED, or a speaker. The user interface  112  generally allows a user to interact with the loss prevention device  100 , such as to view/modify a configuration of the loss prevention device  100 , determine a state of the power source  108 , and toggle the loss prevention device  100  on or off. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment, the sensor(s)  104  may include a video camera which may generate video data during freefall, which may be processed by the microcontroller  102  to recognize objects, such as objects the loss prevention device  100  should stay away from and/or objects the loss prevention device  100  should veer toward. In a further embodiment, the loss prevention module  107  may incorporate and utilize steering controls, such as rudders and servos, propellers, or compressed gas, to steer the loss prevention device in particular directions. 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, the loss prevention device  100  may utilize a radio transceiver to detect levels of radio frequency activity. In a further embodiment, the loss prevention device  100  comprises steering controls and the microcontroller  102  may be configured to steer away from certain types of radio activity, such as WiFi™, cellular, or other types of radio activity that may suggest a human presence or a potential liability. 
       Structure 
       [0033]    Referring to  FIG. 2A , a top perspective view of an exemplary loss prevention device  200  is shown. In one embodiment, the loss prevention device  200  may comprise a substantially flat, circular housing  210 . Other form factors may be suitable for different environments and are within the scope of the exemplary embodiments described herein. For example, the housing  210  may be a cylinder, a cube, a capsule of any shape, or a manifold of any shape capable of performing the functions of the loss prevention device  200  as described herein. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 2B , a bottom perspective view of the loss prevention device  200  is shown. In one embodiment, the underside of the loss prevention device may comprise an adhesive layer  220 . The adhesive layer  220  may be, for example, a double-sided 3M® adhesive or any other double-sided adhesive layer or single layer of glue that may allow the loss prevention device  200  to reliably adhere to a surface of any object. In another embodiment, the loss prevention device  200  may be coupled directly to another object through any coupling means—welding, caulking, threaded fittings, nuts/bolts, twist-ties, zip-ties, magnetic coupling, etc. In yet another embodiment, the housing  210  may be adapted to couple to a mounting bracket (not shown in  FIGS. 2A-B ) which may be removably coupled to an object, e.g., a surface of the object, and which may be physically configured to receive the housing  210 . 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , an application of the loss prevention device  200  of  FIGS. 2A-B  to an object  330  is shown. In one embodiment, the loss prevention device  300  may be applied to an object  330  (e.g. a tape measure as shown in  FIG. 3 ). For example, the adhesive layer  220  on the underside of the loss prevention device  300  may facilitate the application of the loss prevention device  300  to the object  330 . When applied to the object  330 , the loss prevention device  300  may stay dormant until the loss prevention device  300  detects, through the sensor(s)  104  therein, that the object  330  (and thus the loss prevention device  300 ) is in freefall, at which point, the loss prevention device  300  may activate one or more loss prevention modules thereof, if applicable. 
         [0036]    Though the object  330  shown in  FIG. 3  is a tape measure, it will be appreciated that the loss prevention device  300  may be used with any object. As such,  FIG. 3  is meant to be interpreted in an illustrative, not a restrictive sense. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that reference to a construction zone in the current disclosure is also meant to be interpreted in an illustrative, not a restrictive sense, i.e., a construction site is only one of many environments in which loss can be prevented by utilizing the loss prevention device  300 . Exemplary settings may include but not be limited to home remodeling, medicine delivery, package delivery by aircraft, package delivery to a residence, and other settings where objects in freefall may cause losses. 
         [0037]    In another embodiment, the loss prevention device  300  may be incorporated into the housing of the object  330  itself. For example, the loss prevention device  300  may form a structural component of the housing of the object  330 . Or, the loss prevention device  300  may be incorporated into a functional component of the object  330 . For example, if the object  330  is a cordless drill (or other battery-operated tool), the loss prevention device  300  may be incorporated into a rechargeable battery of the cordless drill. 
         [0038]    In the same embodiment, the loss prevention device  300  may be incorporated as an intermediary component disposed between the functional component and the object (i.e., the cordless drill battery may fit within the loss prevention device  300  which may fit within the object) or the loss prevention device  300  may be an integral component of the functional component or the object. As an intermediary component, the loss prevention device  300  may be adapted to derive power from the functional component and/or the object if the same incorporates a suitable power source. 
         [0039]    In some embodiments, the weight, size, or shape of the loss prevention device  300  may be proportional to the weight, size, or shape of the object  330 . For example, a tape measure having a weight of 300 grams may not require as robust a loss prevention device as a tape measure of 700 grams. In the same vein, a tool with a long shape (such as a hammer) may require a long loss prevention device. For example, the loss prevention device  300  may be cylindrically shaped and may be integrated into the handle. Or, the long handle of the hammer may incorporate a loss prevention device integrated into its middle section. Alternately, the handle of the hammer itself could be the housing of the loss prevention device. Thus, the loss prevention device can be integrated into any structural component of an object. 
         [0040]    In another example, an unwieldy box may have a large size and may require one or more loss prevention devices, such as airbags, parachutes, or air brakes that may be coupled to various portions of the box. Deploying the loss prevention devices(s) may cause the box to stay upright during freefall, absorb a considerable amount of shock, fall more slowly, and/or fall in a different direction. 
         [0041]    In yet another embodiment, one or more portions of the loss prevention device  300  may be made of flexible material, allowing the loss prevention device  300  to be flexible in those portions. This may allow the loss prevention device  300  to be more easily integrated into a wide selection of objects, around angles, through apertures, etc. 
         [0042]    Thus, in order to facilitate its desired function, the loss prevention device ideally would complement the object for which it is designed. Changes to the loss prevention device that may make it more suitable for particular objects include, but are not limited to, changes in shape, weight, size, surface properties and the loss prevention module&#39;s particular mode of operation. Other objects to which the loss prevention device may be applied include, but are not limited to: drones, mobile phones, tablets, and non-explosive projectiles such as rescue buoys. 
         [0043]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a deployment of an exemplary loss prevention device  400  is shown. In one embodiment, the loss prevention device  400  may be configured to deploy one or more hatches  412   a - b  of the housing  410  when the microcontroller detects that the loss prevention device  400  is in freefall. The loss prevention device  400  would be detected as being in freefall if, for example, the microcontroller detects substantially zero forces in a vertical axis through an accelerometer of the loss prevention device  400 . 
         [0044]    The housing  410  may comprise a penetrable layer  412 , which in an embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , may constitute one or more hatches  412   a - b . The one or more hatches  412   a - b  may be movable portions of the housing. The hatches  412   a - b  may be slidable within the housing  410 , the hatches  412   a - b  may hinge away from the housing  410 , and/or the hatches  412   a - b  may be detachable from the housing  410 . 
         [0045]    In one embodiment, the one or more hatches  412   a - b  may be movable and when moved (e.g., hinge away from the loss prevention device  400  as shown in  FIG. 4 ), may reveal an inner compartment  414  of the loss prevention device  400  inside which may be disposed a loss prevention module  416 . 
         [0046]    The loss prevention module  416  may incorporate any mechanical, physical, or chemical means for reducing the likelihood of loss in any environment. In one embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may be configured to manipulate the motion of the loss prevention device  400  and any coupled objects so as to reduce the likelihood of loss. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the loss prevention module  416  is a parachute that, when revealed by movement of the hatches  412   a - b  during freefall, may unfurl, create a significant drag force, and cause the loss prevention device  400  to float safely down. Though the loss prevention module in  FIG. 4  is a parachute, other modules may be used to achieve the same results and are within the scope of the exemplary embodiments described herein. 
         [0047]    In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may comprise one or more extendable wings that may improve the aerodynamics of the loss prevention device  400  and coupled objects. For example, the wings may be flush against one or more surfaces of the coupled object and may be adapted to hinge at a particular spot and provide lift. Or, the wings may be made of spring steel that can be folded into the inner compartment  414  and expand to full span upon deployment. Improving aerodynamics in this way may generally cause the loss prevention device  400  to translate vertical velocity into horizontal velocity (i.e., move in a direction away from the vertical axis) and/or translate linear velocity into angular velocity (e.g., to generate thrust). In a preferred embodiment, the improved aerodynamics causes the loss prevention device  400  to float and/or spin in the air. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may eject an amount of shock-absorbent foam. In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may manifest as a plurality of extendable flaps. The extendable flaps may make up portions of the housing or be stored in the inner compartment  414 . In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may be any shock absorber, such as an airbag or balloon or other inflatable object. Any mechanism for increasing the surface area of the loss prevention device  400  or the attached object, increasing drag, improving aerodynamics, absorbing shock, or diverting laterally the movement of the loss prevention device  400  and any combination of mechanisms thereof may be used and deployed as the loss prevention module  416  and is within the scope of the exemplary embodiments described herein. 
         [0049]    In another embodiment, the loss prevention module  416  may perform different or additional roles before, during, and/or after deployment. For example, before deployment, the hatches  412   a - b  may be part of the housing  410 , but once deployed, the hatches  412   a - b  may be used alone or in concert with other loss prevention modules (e.g., the loss prevention module  416 ). For example, the hatches  412   a - b  may have a large surface area to drastically increase drag. Additionally, the loss prevention device  400  may comprise a further set of wings folded beneath the hatches  412   a - b . Whereas the hatches  412   a - b  may provide drag, the wings may be used to steer, or vice versa. In a preferred embodiment, a loss prevention device  400  comprises one or more loss prevention modules to cause the device to spin and/or one or more loss prevention modules to generate lift for the device. 
         [0050]    Particular materials that may be used for the loss prevention module  416  or other loss prevention modules may include any natural or engineered material. For example, the parachute loss prevention module  416  shown in  FIG. 4  may comprise a thin nylon fabric or a mylar sheet. For wings that generate lift or cause spin, preferred materials are strong, light, foldable, and/or non-brittle. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , components of the loss prevention device of  FIG. 4  that facilitate the deployment of the loss prevention module  516  are shown. In one embodiment, the loss prevention device  500  comprises a penetrable layer that may be modified, broken, or otherwise removed to allow the loss prevention module  516  to deploy. While the loss prevention device  500  is dormant, the penetrable layer serves to protect the internal compartment  514  and contents therein from tampering or the elements. 
         [0052]    In one embodiment, the penetrable layer may be acted upon by the microcontroller, another component of the loss prevention device, environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, moisture) or a precipitating event such as freefall. For example, the penetrable layer may comprise hatches  512   a - b  as shown in  FIGS. 4-5  and described above. Once activated, the hatches  512   a - b  may open (i.e., the penetrable layer breaks), allowing the loss prevention module  516  to deploy. 
         [0053]    In another embodiment, the penetrable layer may be a continuous portion of the housing  510 , in which case the penetrable layer may be broken to deploy the loss prevention module  516 , i.e., the penetratable layer may be a tamper-sensitive portion of the housing  510 . In a further embodiment, activation of the loss prevention device  500  may be achieved by manually tampering with the penetrable layer, allowing the loss prevention module  516  to be deployable. 
         [0054]    In another embodiment, the penetrable layer may be a discrete object or surface coupled to the housing  510  at one or more locations. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the penetrable layer may comprise hatches  512   a - b , which hatches  512   a - b  may be coupled to the housing  510  by hinges  518   a - b , respectively. In a further embodiment, the opening of the hatches  412   a - b  may be facilitated by springs incorporated within the hinges  518   a - b  which may urge the hatches  512   a - b  away from the inner compartment  514 . Other mechanisms may be used to urge the penetrable layer away from the inner compartment  514 , such as an intrinsic outward bias of the penetrable layer (e.g., the penetrable layer is a noticeable bump) or an applied force push from within or pulling from without the inner compartment  514 . 
         [0055]    In a further embodiment, a release mechanism (see  FIG. 1  at  106 ) may be incorporated to sever a coupling between the penetrating layer and any part of the loss prevention device  500  (e.g., the housing  510 , or the walls of the inner compartment  514 ). For example, if the coupling is magnetic in nature, the release mechanism may involve a solenoid  511  coupled to the housing  510  within the inner compartment  514  and a magnet  513  coupled to any of the one or more hatches  512   a - b . Upon detecting freefall, the microcontroller may activate the solenoid, causing the magnet to be repelled and causing the hatches  512   a - b  to open away from the loss prevention device  500  due to the urging of the springs. 
         [0056]    In the case of a multi-part penetrating layer and a single tether, the portions of the penetrating layer may be interlocked to prevent any non-tethered portions from being urged away from the loss prevention device while the tether remains. 
         [0057]    In yet another embodiment, the loss prevention device may comprise no penetrating layer, e.g., the loss prevention module  516  may deploy through a hollow aperture of the housing  510 . Or, the loss prevention module  516  may be disposed on the outer surface of the housing  510  or directly to the coupled object. 
         [0058]    After deployment, the loss prevention device  500  may be reset and the loss prevention module  516  may be reused by placing it back in the inner compartment  514  and reestablishing the penetrable layer. Especially if the loss prevention device  500  is determined to be undamaged after deployment, the loss prevention device  500  may provide an economical and reliable drop safety attachment to any object. However, in the case that the loss prevention device  500  is damaged after deployment, it would be inadvisable to reuse the loss prevention device  500  for safety reasons. 
         [0059]    Therefore, in one embodiment, the loss prevention device  500  may comprise a component health module. The component health module may be communicatively coupled to any number of individual electronic components of the loss prevention device  500  and may provide a notification through a coupled LED indicator if a component requires servicing. Other health monitoring systems and status checking mechanisms may be used and are within the scope of the exemplary embodiments described herein. 
         [0060]    In another embodiment, the housing  510  may be elastic and expandable, and the loss prevention module  514  may utilize a gas-producing chemical reaction, such as those used for inflatable occupant restraint systems. The housing  510  may be any shape and may incorporate any surface properties that may increase the likelihood of loss prevention. For example, when filled, the housing  510  may be spheroidal, cylindrical or comprise one or more elongated portions of any shape. Generally, a total resulting size and/or a resulting rigidity of the housing may be dependent on the particular material(s), fastenings used, feasibility of manufacture, and/or the particular environment the loss prevention device  500  is to be used in. 
         [0061]    In a further embodiment, the expansion of the housing  510  may envelop the object attached to the loss prevention device  500 . Or, the loss prevention module  516  may be deployed and then inflated to substantially encompass the loss prevention device  500  and the coupled object. For example, the loss prevention module  516  may comprise an inflatable bag. The bag may form the walls of a sphere that, when inflated, expand around the loss prevention device  500  and the coupled object. This may be achieved, for example, by utilizing two hemispherical inflatable bags that, when inflated, wrap around a hollow center in which the loss prevention device  500  and the coupled object would be disposed after deployment. This may have the added effect of containing portions of the coupled object that may loosen and fall off, such as screws, nails, or drill bits. 
         [0062]    Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments. It is to be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods may be rearranged. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless specifically recited therein. 
         [0063]    The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. A phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b and c. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” 
         [0064]    The various devices and modules described herein may be enabled and operated using hardware circuitry (e.g., CMOS based logic circuitry), firmware, software or any combination of hardware, firmware, and software (e.g., embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable medium). For example, the various electrical structure and methods may be embodied using transistors, logic gates, and electrical circuits (e.g., application specific integrated (ASIC) circuitry and/or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) circuitry) 
         [0065]    A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 
         [0066]    It may be appreciated that the various systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be embodied in a machine-readable medium and/or a machine accessible medium compatible with a data processing system (e.g., a computer system or microcontroller  102 ), and/or may be performed in any order. 
         [0067]    The structures and modules in the figures may be shown as distinct and communicating with only a few specific structures and not others. The structures may be merged with each other, may perform overlapping functions, and may communicate with other structures not shown to be connected in the figures. Accordingly, the specification and/or drawings may be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.