Abstract:
To mitigate the impact of a mass communication event, such as a mass voting event, on the resources of the mobile wireless communication network, each user&#39;s mobile station is adapted to appropriately adjust its timing of the transmission during the mass communication event. In a voting example, the mobile station delays sending the user&#39;s vote by a random time interval. When implemented in a substantial number of mobile stations, the mobile stations randomly delay their individual transmissions, effectively spreading the traffic over a larger time window, thereby reducing the instantaneous peak load on the wireless network. However, since the solution is implemented in the mobile stations, there is no added overhead traffic related to the event at or around the time of the event. Consequently, handling of the event requires less network capacity to account for this bursty traffic.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present subject matter relates to techniques and equipment to control the timing of call or message transmissions in mass communication events, such as mass voting applications, through a mobile wireless communication network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern networks offer users an increasing array of capabilities to communicate with each other and with automated systems. For example, telephone networks provide ubiquitous service throughout developed countries, allowing people to talk to each other almost anywhere. The development of public wireless telephone networks (e.g. cellular and PCS networks) has enhanced this communication ability by adding the convenience of almost limitless mobility. The Internet and packet-based data communications now enable rapid communication of a vast array of data, such as e-mail, web pages and multi-media content. Advanced versions of wireless networks extend the concept of wireless mobility to support similar data communication applications. 
     In addition to the traditional voice telephone-type communications and the common data communications such as e-mail and web browsing, such networks have been used for a variety of communications applications that entail high-volumes of message or call traffic in a very short period of time. Events occurring in such communication applications, which generate such high-volumes of message or call traffic in a very short period of time, are referred to herein as mass communication events. A common example of such an application involves voting, and an event in a voting application would be the occurrence of a high volume of voting traffic at a time called for a vote. 
     Mass traffic events, such as voting, first utilized the public switched telephone network. More recently, however, such communication applications have been extended to mobile wireless communication networks, to allow participation by mobile network subscribers using their increasingly ubiquitous wireless mobile stations. For example, Published US Patent Application 2003/0100321 to Rao et al. entitled “Instantaneous polling utilizing a message service mobile phone network,” teaches use of a wireless short message service (SMS) for polling or the like. 
     The traffic generated by such a mass communication event poses problems for a mobile wireless communication network. During mass end-user messaging, such as voting for the “American Idol” program or a sports event voting, very large numbers of subscriber generated calls or short messages are transmitted via the wireless network in a very short time interval. To handle this mass traffic, a wireless network would need to be engineered to support an appropriate level of peak loading, which is costly or impractical. There is a need to mitigate the impact of such a mass communication event on the resources of the mobile wireless communication network. 
     Efforts to solve congestion problems due to mass call-in events through the landline telephone network have focused on network based control of the call flows. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,259,776 to Hunt, entitled “System for controlling telecommunication overload traffic,” teaches overload control by network control of call gapping. An overload control function measures the period of time taken to handle a call switching request. If the time taken exceeds a pre-determined quality of service threshold, the control implements a call gapping function, which modifies the gapping period such that requests to effect calls to particular destinations are spaced. Any call arriving at a switching point prior to expiration of the gap period is automatically rejected by the local control processor. 
     Published US Patent Application 2002/0159576 to Anthony, entitled “Method for overload control in a telecommunications network and apparatus therefor,” discloses a technique for suppressing overload in a UMTS type mobile network. The Anthony methodology entails receiving a signal that calls sent to a target node are being rejected. In response, the network reduces the rate of calls it sends to the target node. 
     Published US Patent Application 2004/0022366 to Ferguson et al., entitled “Apparatus, and an associated method, for detecting a mass call event and for ameliorating the effects thereof,” teaches use of a detector to monitor call attempts. When more than a selected level of call attempts are made to a particular called station, within a selected period, a mass call event is considered to have occurred. A notifier initiates notification of other network elements in the telephonic network, and the rate at which call connections are permitted with the called station is limited during the duration of the mass call event. 
     Such network-centric control of the calls, by call gapping or the like, are difficult to implement in a mobile wireless network. Also, many such solutions delay a user&#39;s call for some period which is apparent to the user, by extended gaping or by actually blocking calls through the network. If the user perceived delay is extensive, or the network rejects the user&#39;s message or call too many times, the user may become dissatisfied with the experience and refrain from future participation, which diminishes the effectiveness and commercial value of the network-based voting application. Hence, the landline solutions have not adequately addressed the needs, particularly of the wireless network domain. 
     For a mobile network, US Patent Application Publication 2001/0005670 to Lahtinen, entitled “Method and system for the control of voting by telephone,” teaches use of a polling server to authorize a predetermined initial proportion of the mobile stations to concurrently transmit a vote. The polling server sends the voting authorizations to the authorized mobile stations over a control channel. A voting application stored in or associated with each mobile station monitors the control channel and enables transmission of a vote only after the authorization has been received by that mobile station. Lahtinen suggests that this combination of server authorization and mobile station control application accommodates and assures the staggered transmission of votes in a telephonic poll, in order to avoid overloading of the network. Although this may reduce the peak load somewhat, the need to authorize stations to transmit actually results in overhead traffic during the event, added to the already heavy traffic load caused by the event. 
     SUMMARY 
     The teachings herein provide a more effective technique to mitigate the impact of a mass communication event on the resources of the mobile wireless communication network, by adapting a user&#39;s mobile station to appropriately adjust its timing of the transmission during the mass communication event. When implemented in a substantial number of mobile stations, for example, the mobile stations randomly delay their individual transmissions. This effectively spreads the call or message traffic over a larger time window, thereby reducing the instantaneous peak load on the wireless network. However, since the solution is implemented in the mobile stations, there is no added overhead traffic related to the event at or around the time of the event. Consequently, handling of the event requires less network capacity to account for this bursty traffic. Essentially, in the example, the traffic is spread by programming the mobile stations to provide random transmission delays. 
     A mobile station includes a control capability, typically implemented as an application that runs in the mobile station, for controlling communication during the mass event. In a voting example discussed in detail below, the subscriber device incorporates a mass voting capability (firmware or software based). When the subscriber is participating in a mass messaging event, the user initiates the mass messaging application (the voting application in the detailed example) in the mobile station. Based on voting application design, the user selects the voting venue or enters in the voting code and casts and submits her vote. From the user&#39;s perspective, the vote is cast. Based on preconfigured parameters, the mobile station application calculates a random delay value. After the random delay time has passed, the mobile station begins attempting to deliver the message. The transmission may be a call-in to a number related to the selected vote. Alternatively, the transmission may be a short message service (SMS) transmission or other data communication supported by the particular network and voting application. The randomized time delays, selected by many such mobile stations, effectively spread the message transmission attempts over a longer interval and reduce the peak load on the network. 
     The generation of a “random” delay relates to any procedure for selecting a delay value, without specific aim or purpose for selecting one delay value instead of another delay value. A specific example of the random delay generation algorithm utilizes a Gaussian distribution and defined minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) delay limits. A Gaussian function may be sufficiently random for the present purposes. Another example of a random function might generate a white noise type distribution, in which each number within a permissible range has a substantially equal probability of being generated each time that the random number algorithm is executed. Other algorithms may utilize pseudo-random number generation routines. Also, any such appropriate “random” number generation function may be seeded with various relevant data to produce a desired delay distribution. Instead of the Min/Max delay values, for example, the mathematical function that generates the random delay could utilize input or starting data of various types, including for example: MIN, MDN or ESN numbers of the mobile stations, last digits of MIN/MDN/ESN of the mobile stations, time of day, and expected network load/capacity. 
     Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the examples will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation of the examples. The objects and advantages of the present subject matter may be realized and attained by practice or use of the methodologies, instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present teachings, by way of example only, not by way of limitations. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements. 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary system offering various telecommunication services and capable of handling mass communication events, such as voting. 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified flow diagram, useful in understanding the mobile station operations during a voting example of a mass communication event. 
         FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary mobile station, in the form of a cellular telephone handset, capable of operation in the network of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  comprises a series of time graphs, useful in explaining the traffic loading during a mass communication event and the effect of randomized delay of the mobile station transmissions. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. 
     Reference now is made in detail to the examples illustrated in the accompanying drawings and discussed below. The traffic control technique for a mass communication event entails programming mobile stations to randomly delay their transmissions or transmission attempts through a wireless network. To appreciate such traffic control regarding mass communication events, it may be helpful first to consider a high-level example of a wireless network that may benefit from the random delay mechanism to control subscriber communications during such events.  FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary system  10  for handling mass communication events. As discussed more below, the illustrated system  10  includes a wireless mobile communication network  11 , for providing mobile voice telephone services and data services, which may include mass event communications, in the form of calls or various types of data messages. 
     In general, the communication network  11  provides mobile voice telephone communications as well as certain data services, for numerous mobile stations. For purposes of later discussion, three mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17  appear in the drawing, to represent examples of several different types of the mobile stations that may receive services via the network  11 , including call-in or messaging services for mass communications events, like voting. 
     The station  13 , for example, may take the form of a mobile telephone station, enhanced with display and user input capabilities to support certain text and image communications, such as e-mail, picture communication and web browsing applications. The station  13  may support transmission and reception of text messages, via a Short Message Service (SMS) available through the network  11 . Today, such mobile telephones  13  typically take the form portable handsets, although they may be implemented in other form factors. The station  15  is a portable computing device, specifically, comprising a wireless modem card  15 , inserted into a handheld or laptop personal computer (PC)  15   2  or the like. Although shown as a separate card, the modem  151  may be integrated into the PC  15   2 . Alternatively, the PC may connect to a handset device, similar to the handset type mobile station  13 . The station  17  takes the form of a personal digital assistant (PDA) incorporating a wireless transceiver compatible with one or more of the text messaging and packet data services offered by the network  11 . Of course, the mobile stations may take other forms or connect to a variety of other data devices that may enable use of the network communication services. For purposes of the present discussion, all of the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17  which may participate in mass communication events, are programmable. A program relating to the mass communication event, e.g. a voting application, controls at least some operation of each such station during an event. 
     The network  11  enables users of at least some of the mobile stations to initiate and receive telephone calls to each other as well as through the public switched telephone network (PSTN)  21 , for example, for communications with landline telephone devices  23 . 
     Physical elements of a radio access network (RA) portion of network  11 , operated by one of the many wireless carriers, include a number of base stations represented in the example by the base transceiver systems (BTS)  25 , each of which communicates via an antennae system  26  and the air-link with one or more of the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17 , when the mobile stations are within range. The BTS  25  is the part of the radio network that sends and receives signals to/from the mobile stations that the base station currently serves. A base station typically includes a BTS  25  coupled to several antennae, forming system  26 , which are mounted on a radio tower within a coverage area often referred to as a “cell.” 
     The base station transceivers (BTSs)  25  provide two-way communication over the air to mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17 . The present teachings are applicable to a variety of different wireless technologies supporting voice and/or data communications. In the examples, air-link communications between the base stations  25 ,  27  and the mobile stations  13 ,  15 ,  17  utilize code-division multiple access (CDMA) type spread spectrum communications. For example, the system might operate in accord with the IS-95 standard, or a next generation wireless network implementation might operate in accord with 3rd Generation Partnership 2 (3GPP2), Wireless IP Network Standard, 3GPP2 P.S0001-B, Version 1.0.0 3GPP2, version date Sep. 17, 2001 or the emerging Evolution Data Only (EVDO) standard. The principles also may be implemented in other cellular communications networks, for example, based on TDMA or GSM standards or even those still utilizing legacy analog standards such as AMPs. It is also conceived that the present teachings may be implemented in wireless packet data networks, such as public or private wireless local area networks (WLANs). For discussion purposes, it is assumed that the network  11  implements a CDMA cellular protocol, such as IS-95 or the CDMA 2000 standard. 
     A typical current example of the cellular network  11  also includes a number of radio access network switches. The drawing shows one such switch  27 . The switches  27  typically are modern versions of mobile switching centers (MSCs) or Mobile Telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs), which support both cellular voice and packet data services. Each MSC switch  27  connects through trunk circuits to a number of the BTS base station transceivers  25 , which the respective switch serves and controls. In a network providing voice telephone services, each MSC switch  27  also typically connects via trunk circuits to the PSTN  21 . Newer network implementations, such as those for the EVDO type implementation, eliminate the traditional switches and instead utilize a packet switched network architecture. 
     The BTS  25  at a base station assigns and reassigns channels to the mobile stations  13 ,  15  or  17  that it serves and monitors the signal levels to recommend hand-offs to other base stations. The network  11  typically includes a base station controller (BSC) functionality that controls the functions of a number of base stations and helps to manage how calls made by each mobile station are transferred (or “handed-off”) from one serving base station to another. Each wireless network equipment vender implements this function differently. Some vendors have a physical entity, which they call a BSC (not shown), while other vendors include this functionality as part of their MSC switch  27 . Newer network implementations, such EVDO, which uses a packet switched network architecture, include a packet control function (PCF), typically associated with the base station transceivers. 
     To control service authorization and provide program control for certain advanced service features, the carrier operating the wireless network  11  also operates a home location register (HLR) that stores subscriber profiles and related call processing control information for each of that carrier&#39;s wireless subscribers and their associated mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17 . The HLR may reside in the home MSC, however, in the example, the HLR resides in a centralized node sometimes referred to as a service control point (SCP)  29 . The SCP  29  communicates with the MSCs  27  via data links and one or more signaling transfer points (STPs)  31  of an out-of-band signaling system, typically, a signaling system 7 (SS7) network. As recognized in the art, the HLR stores for each mobile subscriber the subscriber s mobile telephone number, the mobile identification number, and information specifying the wireless services subscribed to by the mobile subscriber, such as numeric paging or text-based paging, data communication services multiple alerting, SMS, etc. The HLR also stores information indicating each subscriber&#39;s station&#39;s current point of attachment to the network  11  or to remote visited networks, to allow routing of voice or packet data calls to roaming mobile stations. 
     The STP  31  also provides a signaling communication link to a short message service center SMSC  33 . The SMSC  33  also connects to an IP network, in this case a private data network  35  utilized by the carrier, to allow the SMSC to receive and send messages in IP packet format. Wireless carriers have developed the short message service (SMS) to transmit text messages for display on the mobile stations. The SMSC  33  is a standard messaging computer used in cellular networks today to offer SMS services to cellular customers. The SMSC  33  receives IP packet communications containing messages, such as e-mail, intended for transmission to mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17  and forwards them to the appropriate MSC  27  via the STP  31  and the SS7 signaling link sets. The MSC  27 , in turn, transmits each SMS message over a signaling channel of the radio access network to the intended mobile station  13 ,  15  or  19 . 
     Modern implementations of SMS services also allow users to send messages from their mobile stations for forwarding to other mobile stations or for packet data communication to other devices. Of note for purposes of the present discussion, the SMS message communications provide one form of communication for a mass communication event, for example voting. 
     Voting services or the like may also allow participants using mobile stations, such as handsets  13 , to dial-in. Some network operations of this type may complete such calls, whereas other implementations count dial-in attempts to a specified number as votes, without actually completing calls through the network. For example, the number may trigger a query to the HLR, in which case the HLR counts queries as votes. Other implementations accept votes as data messages using packet data communication capabilities, which will be discussed below. 
     The network  11  also enables users of the mobile stations to initiate and receive various data communications, for example through the private data network  35  operated by the carrier, to the public data network referred to as the Internet  37 . For this purpose, the network  11  includes a packet data communication interface  39  connecting the MSC  27  to the data network  35 . In the example, the interface is a unit for providing an interworking function (IWF), between the protocols used within the MSC  27  and the packet protocol(s) used on the network  35 . In other implementations of the network  11 , the interface may take other forms, such as a Packet Data Switching Node (PDSN). 
     Data communications through the MSC  27 , the IWF  39  and the network  35  allow users of the mobile stations to send or receive data to or from other digital devices (represented by way of example by a PC  41  and one or more servers discussed more later) that otherwise have access to the Internet  37  or another network (e.g. private intranet) coupled to the data network  35 . The data communications typically provide transport for various information in Internet Protocol (IP) packets, for routing or packet switching communications through Intranets or through the Internet. 
     In the example, the packet data communications enable communications with two exemplary servers  43  and  45 . In a voting type application, the server  43  represents a data processing system for collecting and counting votes, although the server may support other applications some of which may entail other types of mass communications events. The server  45  represents a server used for downloading programming to the mobile stations served by the network  20 , in this example, a BREW server. In the illustrated example, servers such as  43  and  45  are intended to represent a general class of data processing device commonly used to run “server” programming. Such a device typically utilizes general purpose computer hardware platform to perform its respective server processing and to control the attendant communications via the network(s). Each such server, for example, includes a data communication interface for packet data communication. The server also includes a central processing unit (CPU), in the form of one or more processors, for executing program instructions. The server platform typically includes program storage and data storage for various files to be processed and/or communicated by the server, although the server often receives programming and data via network communications. The hardware elements, operating systems and programming languages of such servers are conventional in nature, and it is presumed that those skilled in the art are adequately familiar therewith. 
     The packet data communication services may support mass message traffic, for example the casting of votes in a popular voting application. Such communications would entail sending data messages regarding votes to a server  43  associated with the voting venue. The SMSC  33  will similarly forward votes received as SMS messages as IP packets, through the network  35  and the Internet  37 , to the server  43  of the voting venue. If the voting takes the form of dial-in or actual voice calls, a network element such as the SCP  29  or a billing computer (not shown) accumulates voting data and forwards that data to the server  43  for counting together with votes received via any of the other supported voting techniques. Of course, one or more nodes in the network  11  could tally the votes and simply forward the results to the venue server  43 . 
     Of note for purposes of this discussion, the packet data communications services also support downloading of application software over the air to the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17 , for example, from the server  45 . One such application which will be downloaded to mobile stations controls performance of the stations during mass communication events. In the voting example, this download capability provides a convenient mechanism to distribute the voting application software to the mobile stations. 
     During mass end-user messaging events, (such as voting for televised game or reality show or sports event voting), very large numbers of subscriber generated short messages are generated and transmitted via the wireless network  11  in a very short time interval. This condition requires that the wireless network  11  be engineered to support this type of peak loading which can be very costly or impractical. A more detailed discussion of the software downloading is provided later. The proposed concept is for the mobile devices  13 ,  15 ,  17  to randomize and distribute the transmissions of the subscribers&#39; messages over a specified longer time window (5, 15, 30 minutes, etc.). Although applicable to other types of mass communication events, it may be helpful to consider voting by way of example. 
     Mass voting events encourage viewers to vote, through SMS messaging, by dialing a 10 digit phone number, by sending packet data messages as e-mails, or the like. The network operator or a third party provides a “Voting” application for the mobile stations, for example, as a downloadable BREW based application supplied by the server  45  for installation in the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17  of the interested mobile subscribers. Of course, other programming techniques, such as the Java based J2ME for wireless, may be used to develop the application for particular types of mobile stations. PDA or PC implementations of the mobile stations may use other programming techniques common to those types of devices. It is also envisioned that the application may be pre-loaded in one or more of the mobile stations before distribution to the customers. 
     The voting application contains a menu, listing of all supported voting venues. An optional “Other” field could allow the subscriber to enter any non-listed SMS or 10-digit phone number. Embedded in the application code is a MIN/MAX time delay window per voting venue. For example, a MIN=5 minutes implies that the vote is to be delayed at least 5 minutes, whereas a MAX=30 minutes implies that the vote will not be delayed more than 30 minutes. The mobile station uses the MIN/MAX values and a random number generation algorithm to compute a random time offset within the specified time window, for message delivery. 
     It may be helpful to consider one possible usage scenario, by way of an example, with reference to a sample flow diagram as shown in  FIG. 2 . For purposes of this example, assume that the mobile network subscriber, who desires to cast a vote, is using the handset type mobile station  13 . At some earlier time, the voting application has been installed in that station by loading the application into memory. Either as part of that installation or in a separate voting data update operation, the current MIN/MAX values have been loaded into memory in the mobile station  13 . At the time of the event, the station is ready for voting. 
     The voting application could be activated by other means or always running in the background, but in this example, the application is designed for user activation when the user is considering participation in a voting event. Initially, the user activates the voting application (S 1 ), which causes the mobile station to present a menu to the user (S 2 ). The menu, for example, lists the venues for which people can vote via services of the wireless mobile communication network  11 . If the mobile network user wants to vote in a particular media program, e.g. a “XYZ Beauty Pageant,” the subscriber selects (at S 3 ) the venue by name from the menu, e.g. by selecting “XYZ Beauty Pageant” in our example, when the Voting Application menu is displayed in step S 2 . 
     In response to receiving the venue selection at S 3 , the Voting Application will retrieve MIN/MAX values for use in calculating the random delay. These values may be preconfigured MIN/MAX values, for example, contained in the software download installed with the voting application. Alternatively, the mobile station may communicate with a server  43  or  45  separately from the application download, but prior to the voting event, to obtain the current MIN/MAX values for the particular venue. For example, the voting application could periodically cause the mobile station  13  to access the server  43  or  45  through the network  11 , at off-peak times, and update the venues, contestants&#39; names, and MIN/MAX time values. 
     In any case, at the time of the event ( FIG. 2 ), the mobile station  13  will have such values available, and in step, S 4 , the mobile station processor uses those values to calculate a random delay. Although the processor may calculate the delay after entry of the vote or at another convenient point in the process, for ease of illustration and discussion, it is assumed that the random delay is calculated upon selection of the venue. Each venue supported by the voting application may independently specify MIN/MAX values for its events. Essentially, the mobile station  13  calculates a random delay value (R) between in the range between the MIN and MAX values for the selected voting venue, American Idol in our example. Typically, the random delay value R is the sum of the MIN value plus a calculated random number, where the value of R is less than the MAX value. 
     At step S 5 , the user of the mobile station enters her vote. Receipt of the vote input from the user (S 5 ), by the voting application, effectively activates the mobile station to submit the vote. The mobile station  13  timestamps the vote, and it begins timing the delay interval (S 6 ). Essentially, the mobile station  13  waits (during the delay at S 6 ) until it reaches a current time value (T) equal to the timestamp (TS) plus the calculated random value (R). For this purpose, the mobile station processor enters a process loop in which it checks the current time and continues to wait if the current time has not reached the calculated time value TS+R. When current time T in the mobile station equals the calculated value TS+R, the mobile station transmits the subscriber&#39;s vote over the air (S 7 ), and the wireless network communicates the vote to the server  43  for the selected voting venue, that is to say the American Idol server in our example. 
     The transmission initiated at S 7  may be an SMS message transmission containing the vote information or to an address associated with the selected vote. SMS vote data may be tallied in the network, or the SMSC  33  may simply forward the transmissions on to the server  43  associated with the venue. If the SMS messages are forwarded, the SMSC  33  may forward the messages in real time as they are received, or the SMSC  33  may delay or buffer messages for batch processing and batch forwarding to the venue server  43 . Alternatively, the communication may entail dialing of digits corresponding to the vote, although depending on the service offered by the network  11 , the network may or may not complete the dialed calls. If completed, completed calls to the dialed destinations are counted as votes. If calls are not completed, the network counts the number of times mobile stations dial the various voting numbers, compiles the data and supplies the data to the venue server  43  as vote tallies. Alternatively, the voting application may utilize packet communications through the network  11  to the venue server  11 . 
     Some carriers may offer voting services using various combinations of these vote communication techniques. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present teachings may also be applied to other network techniques for processing voting communications through the network  11 . However, any and all transmissions for such voting communications are randomly delayed by operation of the voting application in each voter&#39;s mobile station  13 ,  15  or  17 . 
     Based on the type of voting and tolerance to delay from the voting sponsor, the subscribers&#39; votes could be delayed sufficiently to spread the network load and minimize usage spikes. The spreading of the peak loading caused by each event reduces network overbuild requirements and attendant costs needed to support voting induced usage spikes. The throttling of the event traffic also enhances the network service provider&#39;s ability to offer voting or similar services to venues or sponsors not willing to support their own mass voting event. The system could utilize network statistics to measure number of SMS messages sent to an address provided by the network operator. In such a case, the carrier would tabulate votes for venue. 
     For some users, there may be additional communication at or around the time of the event, however, such communications should be minimal. For example, when activated, the application may check the age of its operational data, e.g. by comparing the date of the venue menu (and associated MIN/MAX data) to the current date. If the date comparison shows that the menu and related data are out of date, the application may cause the mobile station to initiate a session with a server to obtain up to date information. It is preferable that this type of operation be the exception. In most cases, the mobile station should obtain the venue and control data at times independent of or unrelated to either the time of the event or the timing of the user&#39;s desire to participate in an event, for example, by periodic communication at off-peak times. 
     It is assumed that those skilled in the art are familiar with the structure and operation of the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17 . The discussion herein focuses on controlling timing of call-in or message transmission, during mass communication events, at the mobile station level. Although the relevant application could be built-in at the time of manufacture, the example, also entails downloading relevant programming for loading into and execution in the mobile stations. To insure a full understanding by all readers, it may be helpful to consider a high level summary review of the relevant structure of one example of a mobile station. 
       FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram illustrating a digital telephone implementation of the mobile station  13 . The PDA mobile station  17  may have a similar structure, although it typically lacks the elements for voice communication and instead will utilize different user interface (input/output) elements and may have more processing and memory capacity. 
     Although the station  13  may be incorporated into a vehicle mounted mobile unit or into another device, such as a portable personal computer or PDA, for discussion purposes the illustrations show the station  13  in the form of a handset. The handset embodiment of the mobile station  13  functions as a normal digital wireless telephone station. For that function, the station  13  includes a microphone  41  for audio signal input and a speaker  43  for audio signal output. The microphone  41  and speaker  43  connect to voice coding and decoding circuitry (vocoder)  45 . For a voice telephone call, for example, the vocoder  45  provides two-way conversion between analog audio signals representing speech or other audio and digital samples at a compressed bit rate compatible with the digital protocol of the wireless telephone network communications. 
     For digital wireless communications, the handset  13  also includes a digital transceiver (XCVR)  57 . The teachings discussed here encompass embodiments of the station  13  utilizing any digital transceivers that conform to current or future developed digital wireless communication standards. For example, the transceiver  57  could be a EVDO, TDMA or GSM unit designed for cellular or PCS operation. In the present embodiments, the digital transceiver  57  is a CDMA transceiver compatible with operation via an IS-95 network or a CDMA 2000 network, to provide both voice and/or data communications. As represented by the dotted line box behind the digital transceiver  57 , the mobile station  13  may include one or more additional transceivers, to support an alternate digital protocol, communications via additional band(s) of the spectrum and/or an analog communication protocol. 
     The transceiver  57  provides two-way wireless communication of information, such as vocoded speech samples and digital message information. The transceiver also sends and receives a variety of signaling messages in support of the various services provided via the station  13  and the network  3 , including those used to carry SMS messages. Further, the transceiver  57  may provide packet data communication, including information regarding votes. The transceiver  57  connects through RF send and receive amplifiers (not separately shown) to an antenna  58 . 
     As shown, the digital telephone handset  13  includes a display  49  for displaying messages, a menu generated by the voting application, outputs produced by a client browser program or the like, call related information dialed and calling party numbers, etc. A keypad  47  enables dialing digits for voice and/or data calls and generating selection inputs keyed by the user based on the displayed information. Of note, these user input and output elements are used for display of menus and other information to the user and user input of selections, for the applications relating to the mass communications events, for example, for selection of venues and casting of votes. Of course other user interface elements may be used, such as a stylus and touch sensitive display screen, as in a PDA. 
     A microprocessor  51  controls all operations of the handset station  13 . The microprocessor  51  is a programmable device. The mobile unit  13  also includes flash type program memory  53  and/or a non-volatile random access memory (RAM)  55 , for storing various software routines and mobile configuration settings, such as mobile identification number (MIN), etc. As discussed more later, the stored software will include at least one application such as a voting application  54 , for control of features and communications functionalities related to the mass communication event. In a present implementation, the program memory  55  stores other software  56 , such as an operating system, vocoder software, client browser software, device driver software, call processing software and short message service software. The memories also store data, such as telephone numbers server addresses and data input by the user via the keypad  47 . 
     A cellular telephone implementation of the mobile station  13  may also include an input/output (I/O) port  62  coupled to the microprocessor  51 . The I/O port  62  enables two-way exchange of data between the mobile station  13  and an external device, such as a portable computer  15   2 , for example to allow the mobile station  13  to act as modem or the like for data communication services for the portable computer through the network  11 . 
     The structure and operation of the mobile station  13 , as outlined above, were described to by way of example, only. 
     The present techniques for controlling mobile station operations during mass communication events, such as calling or messaging for voting or the like, utilize application software loaded into the mobile stations. A variety of techniques may be used to load the software into the mobile stations, for execution during voting or the like. In the example, the downloading utilizes over-the-air data communications techniques. The software downloads occur at times independent of or unrelated to the timing of the event. Since such communications are separate, they do not contribute to the traffic load caused by any event. 
     Although those skilled in the art are presumably familiar with software installation techniques and the equipment for implementing over-the-air downloading, for some readers, a brief review and discussion of an example with regard to programming the handset station  13  may be helpful. Manufacturers have developed wireless devices, such as cellular telephones, with increasing processing power, fast approaching the computing capabilities of devices such as personal computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Because of this increased processing power, mobile stations  13  actually can be programmed to perform a wide range of application functions, for example related to tools for productivity enchantment, gaming, entertainment and the like. However, due to their small size, the program storage capacity of the mobile station typically is quite limited. 
     A number of different vendors therefore developed competing approaches to downloading application software into the mobile stations. Downloaded software may be replaced with other software, e.g. as the user chooses other desired applications. Generally, the mobile station has embedded software, including an operating system and an application program interface (API). Although the station hardware and/or the operating system may be unique and even proprietary, the API is a published standard. As a result, virtually any software developer can write application programming to the API, and the application program will run properly on all mobile stations  13  implementing the standard API. Qualcomm products, for example, utilize the binary runtime environment for wireless (BREW) as the API. Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2METM) is another runtime environment targeted to a wide range of consumer products, which some cellular telephone developers are utilizing for the standardized API. 
     Based on these APIs, a number of the carriers, vendors and third parties are now offering application downloading as an additional pay service, through the wireless networks. Mobile station users can customize their wireless telephones through the selective downloading of applications of interest, such as games, printed media, stock updates, news, or any other type of information or application that is available for download through the wireless network. The user pays for the downloaded software as well as any airtime used for the download. Many of the applications, such as games and calendar programs, are run on the station off-line, without ongoing communications through the wireless network  11 . Some of the downloaded applications however, stock or news update routines for example, use the communication capabilities of the mobile station and the network to implement at least some ongoing application functionality, as would the voting application. 
     To offer product software downloading as a commercial service, the carrier or a third party vendor operates an application download server (ADS) on a packet-switched data network which is accessible by a data call from a compatible mobile station. In general, a user having a mobile station  13  with an API and having subscribed to the download service initiates a data call through the network  11  to the ADS. After log-in, the station  13  receives and displays one or a series of menus listing available applications. The user views the list of available applications and makes a selection, which the mobile station  13  communicates through the network to the ADS server. The server then transmits the selected application through the network  11  to the mobile station  13 , and the mobile station stores the new program in memory  53 . Subsequently, the processor  51  of the mobile station calls-up and executes the downloaded application program, for example, allowing the user to play a new game on the mobile station. 
     Such download services are gaining in availability and popularity; and software developers are rapidly providing a wealth of new applications. 
     It is assumed that the mobile stations  13 ,  15  and  17  ( FIG. 1 ) are of types implementing one of several common application program interfaces (APIs) under the different software standards for mobile stations, such as BREW, J2ME or the like. Currently, many implementations of the handsets  13  support application downloading, using BREW. Many available PDAs  17  support J2ME, although PDAs that support BREW are becoming commercially available. Compatible mobile stations thus are capable of receiving compatible software downloads and locally running the downloaded application software, albeit for the respective one of the software standards that the particular station supports. To conduct such downloading, the stations  13 ,  15  and  17  also are capable of packet data communications through the network  11 , although such data communications of course enable a variety of other communication applications/services through the network  11 . 
     To utilize the download service, a user with a mobile station, for example station  13  initiates a packet data communication session or “call” through the network  11  to a data center containing server  45  (see  FIG. 1 ). For this example, assume that the server  45  supports BREW. In response to a data call from the mobile station  14  to the download service provider, the network provides the appropriate wireless communications and routes the data call through the IWF interface  39 , the private data network  35  and Internet  37 , enabling two-way packet data communications with the BREW server  45 . 
     Although not separately shown, the data center may comprise a content switching type intelligent router and a number of servers providing both web type interactivity and stored software for downloading. For convenience, the ADS server and these other software downloading elements are represented collectively and generically by the BREW download server  45 . 
     The download server  45  enables downloading of at least one application relating to a mass communication event, which controls dial-in or message transmission in accord with a randomized delay, as outlined above. Assuming that the mass communication event relates to voting, the user, for example operating mobile station  13 , would communicate through the network  11  and the Internet  37  with the server  45 ; and the server would send a BREW based voting application  54  through the networks to the mobile station  13 . The station  13  stores the received application  54  in its program memory  53 . When the user later wants to participate in an actual voting event, the microprocessor  51  invokes the voting application; and that application enables user selection of venue and voting; and the application controls the timing of transmissions from the mobile station  13  through the wireless mobile communication network  20 . 
     The application, such as voting, may also offer incentives structured with the voting sponsor through network based vote counts, reduced charges (if applicable), ad placement on other carrier provided services such as the carrier&#39;s own Homepage, free SMS alerts to voting application users. Subscriber use of the mobile station voting application could be encouraged through credits, free downloads and random drawings for prizes. Such techniques encourage mobile voting participants to download and utilize the voting application, which thus facilitates the application&#39;s control of the timing of the voting traffic. 
     Aspects of the methods outlined above may be embodied in software, e.g. in the form of program code executable by the mobile stations or other programmable device. Such software typically is carried on or otherwise embodied in a medium or media. Terms such as “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” as used herein generically refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, such as the CPU of a mobile station or in any other programmable device having the capability for communicating through a wireless mobile network during a mass communication event. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory or cache. Physical transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including wired and wireless links of a network and the wires that comprise a bus within a computer or the like. Transmission media, however, can also take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during optical, radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Hence, common forms of machine-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD or CDROM, a DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, a cache memory, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, physical links bearing such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer, processor or the like can read in order to read or recover carried information. 
     Various forms of machine-readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution. For example, all or portions of the software to perform the functions of the exemplary voting application may at times be communicated through the Internet, an Intranet, a wireless data communication network, or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example may serve to load the software from another computer (not shown) into the download server  45  and from there to the mobile station(s), to implement the method of randomizing of transmission timing, to mitigate the mass message or call traffic of the voting event. 
       FIG. 4  provides time graphs of message traffic and random delays. The top portion of the graph depicts timing of user inputs. Assume for example, that the event involves voting. The sponsor will typically advertise a time window during which participants are to dial-in, call-in or send SMS or other text messages to cast their votes. In the example of  FIG. 4 , the advertised window is from 0-30 minutes. The plot A represents an approximation of the timing of user inputs attempting to vote in and around the window. The plot is intended as an example only, and may not realistically reflect actual input timing. 
     In the example of plot A, there is a relatively high peak input level about 10 minutes into the advertised 30-minute time window. Large numbers of wireless network subscribers input their votes for communication via the wireless network, in a very short time interval, particularly in the range of 5-15 minutes after the start of the advertised window. Without any delay, these inputs would result in substantially concurrent attempts by users&#39; mobile stations to transmit voting related communications through the network  11 , that is to say very large numbers of subscriber generated calls or short messages would be attempted in a very short time interval. If simply transmitted as users enter their votes during such a mass end-user messaging event, some portion of the traffic at or near the peak load might well exceed the capacity of the wireless communication network  11 . 
     With the disclosed technique, however, each mobile station imposes a randomized delay, before actually sending the relevant communication through the network  11 . The middle portion of the graph of  FIG. 4  depicts an example of a random time delay function, in the form of an approximately Gaussian distribution B with a 5 minute offset (MIN) from the time of vote entry. The Gaussian distribution represents only one possible example of a distribution that may result from a random number generation algorithm. Other random number generation schemes may generate other delay distributions, for example, a white noise-like distribution. Also, the algorithm may use a different constant minimum delay, e.g. 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 or 30 minutes, etc. 
     In each mobile station, in response to the user input (vote in our example), the mobile station generates a random delay value and transmits only after the random delay interval. The effect is to apply the random delay distribution B to the user input distribution A, so as to spread and reduce the actual distribution of the message transmissions, as represented by the plot C in the illustrated example. Although the actual traffic distribution may vary from that shown, the effect is to substantially reduce the peak network load by distributing the actual network traffic related to the event over a wider period of time. The sponsor of the event would actually accept message transmissions for a longer (probably unadvertised) time window, say 60 minutes or longer in our example. By substantially reducing the peak load, the network  20  may be able to handle the entire event without any call or message blocking. Different random number generation algorithms, e.g. a white noise algorithm, used to generate the random delay intervals, may enhance the spreading and leveling effect on the resultant user traffic in the mass communication event. 
     In the above examples, the random delay generation algorithm typically utilized a Gaussian distribution and defined minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) delay limits, although a white noise distribution was also mentioned as another sufficiently random distribution. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other random or pseudo-random distribution functions may be used as the algorithm for generating the so-called “random” delay value. Also, such a function may be seeded with various relevant data to produce a desired delay distribution. Instead of the Min/Max delay values, for example, the mathematical function that generates the ‘random’ delay could utilize input or starting data of various types, including for example: MIN, MDN or ESN numbers e mobile stations, last digits of MIN/MDN/ESN of the mobile stations, time of day, and expected network load/capacity. 
     While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that they may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.