Abstract:
A catalyst is provided for the steam reforming of normally liquid hydrocarbons to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which does not promote the deposition of carbonaceous materials upon the catalytic surfaces. The catalyst consists of nickel promoted with the oxides of iron and manganese within a specific manganese to iron ratio, said metal and metal oxides being supported upon a refractory support. The support is preferably aluminum oxide in its alpha phase having a surface area of less than 15 m 2  /gm. The metallic constituents are impregnated onto said refractory low surface area support as salts and are calcined at sufficiently high temperature to convert the salts to the oxide but at a sufficiently low temperature that they do not chemically react with the support.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation in part of our copending application for CATALYST AND PROCESS FOR STEAM REFORMING OF HYDROCARBONS, Ser. No. 638,505, filed Dec. 8, 1975. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the steam reforming of normally liquid hydrocarbons. This invention contemplates the use of a catalyst for the high temperature reaction between steam and normally liquid hydrocarbons (boiling in the naphtha range) to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the provision of a catalyst which is essentially resistant to the deposition of carbon during the high temperature reaction of long chain hydrocarbons with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The steam reforming reaction is well known and does not promote normally the deposition of carbon so long as short chain hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane are utilized. However, when the naphthas are utilized as the feed material, a problem of deposition of carbon on the catalyst surfaces occurs. This invention provides a catalyst which is active for the reaction, but which does not promote deposition of carbon. This catalyst comprises nickel, promoted with the oxides of manganese and iron on a low surface area refractory support. The catalyst is characterized by the fact that the metallic constitutents are not chemically combined with the refractory support and by the fact that the refractory support has a specific surface area. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     The constituents comprising the catalyst of this invention have been known for many years as promoters and as catalytically active agents for reforming catalysts. The use of manganese, for example, was recognized as early as 1930 by Raymond Benner and Alfred Thompson of General Chemical Company as a strengthening and hardening constituent for activated bauxite as disclosed in their U.S. Pat. No. 1,778,517. The use of alkaline and alkaline earth metals in conjunction with nickel cobalt or iron group catalysts utilized in conjunction with carriers such as magnesium or aluminum oxide was disclosed as early as 1926 in British Pat. No. 267,535, to I. G. Farbinindustrie, A. G. Williams, of DuPont in U.S. Pat. No. 1,736,065 recognized the use of aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide among others as promoters for the nickel catalyst utilized in the production of hydrogen by the reaction of steam and gaseous hydrocarbons. Incorporation of an alkali earth oxide into a catalyst comprising nickel and a fused alumino-silicate refractory was disclosed by Freumuth as early as 1934 in U.S. Pat. No. 1,970,695. More recently, Warshaw et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,159 suggested the use of a manganese promoted nickel catalyst for the conversion of liquid hydrocarbons to methane. This catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation of alumina, nickel and manganese from a solution of their respective nitrates. The patent to Padovani, et.al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,205,182 in 1965 suggested a catalyst supported on a refractory support and comprising a metallic oxide which included the oxides of manganese and iron. However, in this case, Padovani required that the support and the metallic oxides be calcined at temperatures in the range of 1200 to 1400 degrees C. for 24 hours so as to react the oxides with the supports and therefore prevent blockage of the catalytically active nickel constituents subsequently incorporated into the carrier. Taylor and Sinfeld in a series of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,320,182; 3,394,086; 3,404,100; and 3,407,149, all to Esso Research and Engineering Company have shown the advantages of the various promoters and specifically the advantage of barium in relation to a catalyst for the production of a methane rich gas from naphtha. All of these catalysts, however, are of high surface area type. The patentees, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,320,182, point out that barium produces the best activity maintenance of all the promoters utilized. Thus, for example, it was stated that barium reduced the surface area less, i.e., from 190 m 2  /gm, unpromoted to 140 m 2  /gm promoted, whereas potassium reduced the surface area from 190 to 110 m 2  /gm. Essentially, the same catalyst, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,394,086 was utilized for the steam reforming of naphtha hydrocarbon to produce a hydrogen rich gas. However, this catalyst had a surface area from 100 to 300 m 2  /gm and a nickel surface area of from 5 to 20 m 2  /gm. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have found that it is not only essential to closely control the catalytic constituents of the catalyst in processes involving the high temperature reforming of normally liquid hydrocarbons, but that the specific method of preparation of the catalyst in some way influences the propensity of the catalyst to promote carbon formation. First, it is essential that the surface area of the carrier be low, i.e., no more than 15 m 2  /gm. Secondly, it is preferable to utilize aluminum oxide in the alpha phase as the support for the carrier. Thirdly, it is essential that the catalytic materials be impregnated onto the carrier from a solution of their salts containing anions which do not poison the eventual catalyst. Thereafter, it is essential that the metallic salts be calcined at such a temperature that the salts are converted to the oxides, but below the temperature at which the metallic oxides would go into solid solution or chemically combine with the low surface area catalyst support. Further, as will be shown in the data, we have found that the relationship of iron to manganese (expressed as the metal) is extremely critical as the promoting elements to stabilize and inhibit carbon formation with the nickel catalyst. Further, the addition of a barium constituent to the low surface area catalyst as a promoter is extremely effective in inhibiting carbon formation. Further, the sequence of steps in which the salts are impregnated onto the carrier appear to have an influence on the catalyst activity and on its ability to inhibit carbon formation. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The attached FIGURE is a plot of inches of back pressure of mercury VS. hours on stream in tests of various catalysts in the steam reforming of naphthas under severe carbon-forming conditions. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The catalyst comprises catalytically active metals deposited on a low surface area refractory carrier. The carrier, in a preferred embodiment, is derived from hydrated alumina and transitional alumina tableted into rings or pellets and thereafter calcined at a temperature in the range of from 2000 to 3200 degrees F. for a period of up to 24 hours in order to convert all of the alumina in the alpha phase. The finished carrier then has a surface as measured by nitrogen adsorption of less than 15 m 2  /gm. Optionally, commercially available carriers comprising fused alpha alumina can be utilized. The catalytically active constituents are impregnated onto the refractory carrier from a solution of heat decomposable salts. The salt must have an anion which is heat decomposable and which will not poison the eventual catalyst. Preferred water soluble salts are the nitrates or acetates. After the impregnation step, the catalyst is calcined at a temperature in the range of from 700 F. to 1200 degrees F. for periods of 2 to 16 hours. The calcination should be sufficient to convert all the salts to the oxides but sufficiently low to prevent putting the metal oxides into solid solution with the carrier or chemically combining the metal salts with the carrier. 
     The water soluble salts are added in such a concentration so that after calcination and reduction, the metals will be present as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________      Percent by WeightMetal      (expressed as the metal)                       Preferred Range______________________________________Nickel     5 to 30 percent  8 to 20 percentManganese  0.5 to 5 percent 0.5 to 2 percentIron       0.5 to 10 percent                       1 to 3 percent______________________________________ 
    
     In a preferred embodiment, barium is added to aid in the prevention of carbon deposition on the catalyst. 
     The sequence of impregnation of the salts onto the carrier may be from a single solution of the acetates and nitrates of nickel manganese, iron and barium. Alternately, the manganese constituent may be first impregnated onto the carrier and calcined followed by impregnation from a solution containing the salts of nickel and iron. Alternately, the iron salt may be first impregnated onto the carrier followed by calcination and a subsequent impregnation from a solution containing the salts of nickel and manganese. Alternately, the barium salt may be added by a subsequent impregnation step. However, in no case, should the manganese salt be added on top of the nickel and iron constituents, nor should the iron constituents be added on top of the manganese or nickel constituents. 
     The process conditions employed in the steam reforming of hydrocarbons is dependent upon the intended use of the end products. The catalyst of this invention will operate, however, at low to high steam to carbon molar ratios, of 1.5 upward; at low to high pressures, of from 0 to 50 atmospheres and at temperatures in the range of from 800 degrees F. to 1800 degrees F. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Catalyst A 
     Catalyst A was prepared by immersing the high temperature treated alumina rings, prepared in a solution of potassium nitrate to obtain a potassium concentration of 0.3 percent potassium. These rings were calcined three hours at 1000° F. The rings were allowed to cool and then they were dipped in a solution of nickel nitrate. The impregnated catalysts were then calcined for three hours at 1000° F. The rings were allowed to cool and redipped in a nickel nitrate solution and recalcined in subsequent steps until a total of four dips was accomplished. The finished catalyst had the following composition: 
     14.2 percent: Nickel 
     0.3 percent: Potassium 
     Surface area: 10 m 2  /gm 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Catalyst B 
     Catalyst B was prepared by dipping the heat treated alumina rings prepared in a solution of 1500 cc. of Ni(NO 3 ) 2  containing 19.5 grams of nickel per 100 cc. and 480 grams of Mn(NO 3 ) 2  solution containing 55 percent Mn(NO 3 ) 2 . The rings were then calcined at 1000 degrees F. for three hours. The dipping and calcination procedure was repeated five times. The finished catalyst had the following composition. 
     11.7 percent: Nickel 
     3.3 percent: Manganese 
     Surface area: 10 m 2  /gm 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Catalyst C 
     Catalyst C was prepared by dipping the alumina rings of the previous example in a solution containing 1600 cc. of Ni(NO 3 ) 2  containing 20 grams of nickel per 100 cc. of solution and 290 grams of Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2  O solution dissolved in 300 cc. of water. The rings were dipped in the above solution three times and thereafter calcined at 1000° F. after each dip. The catalyst had the following composition: 
     8.73 percent: Nickel 
     0.85 percent: Iron 
     Surface area: 10 m 2  /gm 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Catalyst D 
     Alumina rings as used in Catalysts B and C were dipped in a solution containing 1600 cc. of Ni(NO 3 ) 2  containing 19.8 grams of nickel per 100 cc. of solution, 290 grams of Fe(NO 3 ) 2 .9H 2  O and 362 grams of 55 percent Mn(NO 3 ) 2  solution. The rings were dipped four times and calcined at 1000 degrees F. for three hours between each dip. The catalyst composition of the finished catalyst D was: 
     Nickel: 10.3 percent 
     Manganese: 1.55 percent 
     Iron: 1.12 percent 
     Surface area: 10 m 2  /gm 
     These catalysts were activity tested by passing over the catalysts a mixture of the desulfurized naphtha (boiling range of 78° F.-368° F.) and steam (steam:carbon ratio of 2.6:1) and at a pressure of 600 PSIG. The inlet temperature was maintained at 700° F. to 850° F. at an outlet temperature of 1100° F. to 1450° F. with a theoretical hydrogen hourly space velocity of 2000. 
     
                                           TABLE A__________________________________________________________________________Activity Test Results               Inlet                   Outlet   Hours onCatalyst% Ni    % Mn        % Fe            % K               Temp.                   Temp.                        % CH.sub.4                            Stream                                 Comments__________________________________________________________________________A    14.2    0   0   0.3               802° F.                   1430° F.                        22  48   Heavy carbonB    11.7    3.3 0   0  852° F.                   1457° F.                        26.3                            48   Med. carbonC     8.7    0   0.85            0  802° F.                   1204° F.                        35.4                            94   Very light carbonD    10.3    1.55        1.12            0  675° F.                   1108° F.                        37.2                            46   Traces of carbon__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Based on these activity test results, catalyst D was superior to: Catalyst A (Nickel-Potassium promoted); Catalyst B (Nickel-Manganese); and to Catalyst C (Nickel-Iron). In other words, the combination of nickel, manganese and iron seemed to produce a synergistic effect on the ability of the catalyst to inhibit carbon formation. It should be noted that the inlet temperature and outlet temperature for catalyst D was substantially lower than the inlet and outlet for any of the other catalysts. Of course, the lower temperatures tend to favor carbon formation. 
     In order to characterize the optimum manganese to iron ratio, further studies were made with a series of catalysts prepared by sequential impregnation of the alpha-alumina rings previously described herein with a solution of the metallic nitrates followed by calcination until a desired concentration was formed. A rapid carbon deposition test developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of London, England and described in their U.S. Pat. No. 3,334,055, was utilized to characterize the carbon-forming propensities of these catalysts. According to these tests, the heavy carbon deposition should occur within a relatively short time of two to ten hours. The test conditions are as follows: 
     Pressure: Atmospheric 
     Temperature: 1140° F. 
     Liquid hourly space velocity: 9 
     Steam to carbon ratio: 2:1 
     Catalyst volume: 10 cc. 
     Catalyst size: 3/16 inch×1/4 inch ring 
     Feed: Naphtha (B.P. 78° F. to 368° F.) 
     Normally, the test is stopped after a back pressure of two inches of mercury is reached as measured on a mercury manometer. Pressure drop is caused by carbon build up on the catalyst. 
     The activity test data is tabulated in Table B. 
     
                       TABLE B______________________________________Cat-alystDesig- %      %       %    Mn:Fe Hours on                                  Back Pressurenation Ni     Mn      Fe   Ratio Stream Inches of Hg______________________________________1     8.7    0       0.85 0     69.5   5.52     14.2   3.4     0    0     7.2    1.55     11.7   3.48    0.62 5.6   27     4.56     8.44   2.27    2.83 0.80  199    0.37     7.05   3.35    1.17 2.85  69.2   4.58     9.88   2.44    2.18 1.12  154.5  0.29     18.0   3.05    1.47 2.08  71     2.4 10   7.78   2.13    1.13 1.88  100    0.6______________________________________ 
    
     There is a trend of improved catalyst performance with the decrease in manganese to iron ratio. This is shown in the attached graph in which catalysts 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 have been plotted as hours on stream versus inches of mercury back pressure. It should be pointed out that this test was purposely created for the deposition of carbon on the catalyst and was intended to run for only a short period of time of from two to ten hours. However, we have shown in these runs, catalysts capable of running from 150 to 199 hours or more without appreciable high mercury back pressure. 
     The graph attached hereto shows, for example, a critical manganese to iron ratio of less than 2:1. Note, for example, that catalyst 10, having a manganese to iron ratio of 1.9:1 had a back pressure of less than one inch mercury at the end of almost 100 hours whereas catalyst 9 having manganese-iron ratio of 2.1:1 had a back pressure of 2 inches of mercury after 60 hours of operation. 
     It will also be noted that catalyst 9 was equivalent in carbon forming propensity to catalyst 1 which contained no manganese; or catalyst 7 which had a manganese to iron ratio of 2.9:1. It does appear clear that the manganese to iron ratio of less than 2:1 is critical. Note that catalyst 6, having a manganese to iron ratio of 0.8 ran for almost 200 hours with less than one-half inch of back pressure of mercury. Note also that catalyst 8 having a manganese to iron ratio of 1:1 was essentially equivalent in lack of back pressure of mercury to catalyst 6 running far in excess of 150 hours with less than one-half inch of mercury back pressure. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A series of four catalysts were prepared under essentially the same conditions as those shown in example 4 so as to have the same nominal nickel manganese and iron composition. However, in one of the tests, the alumina ring carrier was substituted for a commercially available alpha-alumina carrier having a surface area in the same general range of 10 m 2  /gm and the catalysts designated as 13 and 14 were subsequently impregnated in a potassium nitrate solution and a barium acetate solution respectively and calcined so as to produce the catalyst containing 0.4 percent potassium for catalyst 13 and 1.7 percent barium for catalyst 14. These catalysts were tested again under the same general conditions as those previously reported, however, due to the severity of the tests in some cases the pressure was reduced to 450 PSIG and the steam to carbon ratio was increased from 2.6 to 3.0. The results of this run are shown in Table C. 
     
                                           TABLE C__________________________________________________________________________                          Methane                               DaysCatalystCatalyst Description  S:C Outlet                               OnRun  % Ni    % Mn        % Fe            % Promoter                   Pres.                      Ratio                          Final                               Stream                                   Comments__________________________________________________________________________11   10.8    1.14        1.34            0      600                      2.6 29.4 15.8                                   Very heavy                                    carbon12    9.4    .93 1.22            0      600                      2.6 30.4 10.8                                   Carbon for-                                   mation,                                   heavy tar13   10.0    1.08        1.13            0.4 K  450                      3.0 26.3 30  Heavy                                    carbon14   10.8    1.14        1.34            1.7Ba  450                      3.0 25.6 30  Med. to                                   Lt. carbon 15* 10.8    1.14        1.34            1.70Ba 600                      2.6 29.2 18  Med. to                                   Light carbon__________________________________________________________________________  *Catalyst from run 14 was recharged under more severe conditions. 
    
     It will be noted from the above that the barium promoted catalyst was superior in inhibiting carbon formation both to the unpromoted nickel manganese iron catalyst of this invention and to the same catalyst promoted with potassium. 
     Previously, the teaching in the art was to the effect that potassium was the superior carbon inhibitor and in fact potassium is almost exclusively used commercially. 
     We have found that the carriers utilized should be aluminum oxide in the alpha phase having a surface area of less than 15 m 2  /gm. We have also found that the heat treatment of the metallic salts impregnated onto this carrier should be such that spinel formation does not occur so that the metallic promoters do not combine chemically or physically with the aluminum oxide carrier. 
     Further, we have found that despite teachings in the art that the use of barium oxide to promote catalysts was to prevent the reduction of the surface area, that the barium oxide produces a synergistic effect in the reduction of carbon deposition on the catalyst even when the initial surface area of the catalyst is extremely low. In other words, we have found that the surface area of the catalyst should be within well-specified limits, that the manganese to iron ratio should be well within specified limits, and that the barium oxide concentration on the catalyst additionally provides a further impediment to the formation of carbon thereon. Further, the barium oxide does not migrate and therefore does not cause problems downstream of the stream reformer. 
     It should be apparent that many modifications will occur to those skilled in the art from the detailed description hereinabove given and such description is meant to be exemplary in nature and nonlimiting except so as to be commensurate in scope with the appended claims.