Abstract:
A universal battery operated measuring device for vehicular diagnostics, which offers a number of diagnostic options due to the universal use of various internal and external sensors and their link-up to one another. The measuring device has a housing top part and a housing bottom part. A keyboard and a display are provided on the housing top part. In addition, a slot is provided through which a strip of paper can be output, showing the measured parameters and results. In addition, a bubble level is provided so that the measuring device can be leveled.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention generally concerns a universal battery operated measuring device for vehicular diagnostics which offers a number of diagnostic options in particular due to the universal use of various internal and external sensors and their link-up to one another. 
     2. Discussion of Related Art 
     Chassis dynamometers, such as those described in European Patent 433,668, are often used to determine the minimum braking deceleration stipulated by law. However, this device can be used only with standard vehicles. Special vehicles are tested mainly by driving tests, however. 
     Use of traditional braking deceleration measuring devices with a spring-mass system has the disadvantage that they also measure acceleration due to gravity to some extent. This occurs due to the fact that the center of gravity of the vehicle body is above the point where the forces act (contact: tires with road surface). Therefore, the front shock absorbers of the vehicle are compressed in braking deceleration while at the same time the rear shock absorbers are elongated. As a result, the angle of the vehicle with respect to the road surface changes, that is, it pitches forward. This pitch angle φ produces a component attributable to acceleration due to gravity which has nothing to do with the actual deceleration of the vehicle. The acceleration due to gravity component is calculated from g·sin(φ). 
     On the other hand, this angle causes a reduced sensitivity to the actual acceleration, so the measured deceleration is calculated from the actual deceleration multiplied by cos(φ). 
     In the past, a so-called gyro-stabilized platform has been used to overcome this problem for accurate measurements, and the measuring devices have been mounted on this platform. This platform holds the sensors in a horizontal position with respect to all pitching and rolling motions longitudinal and transverse) of the vehicle body during the test run of the vehicle. Therefore, the errors described above do not occur. It is obvious that such a platform is an expensive device that is not easy to handle. 
     Another method is to “shoot” shots of color onto the ground at intervals by using a special device. For example, an ink cartridge may be ignited every second in such a device. An actual deceleration can be calculated on the basis of the distances measured manually after the braking test. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One object of this invention is to create a measuring device for motor vehicles that will permit an accurate and inexpensive method of detecting the deceleration and acceleration of a vehicle, determining engine power and evaluating shock absorbers. 
     According to this invention, the longitudinal and/or transverse acceleration which is subject to error is measured via a sensor, and the corresponding influences of acceleration due to gravity are corrected by means of a separate angle sensor, likewise separated according to longitudinal and transverse directions. To do so, an angle sensor may be mounted in the device in such a way that the sensitive direction corresponds to the pitch angle (for the longitudinal acceleration) or the pitching or rolling angle for transverse acceleration. The respective signals for the longitudinal and transverse acceleration can be compensated as illustrated in FIG.  5 . 
     In tests in decelerating from a high speed with relatively low deceleration values, substantial braking distances and times are obtained in some cases. Since inexpensive angle sensors (not fully cardanic) indicate only a change in angle, this angle change must be integrated to obtain the angle φ. Therefore, minor offset errors with the sensor can result in a considerable angle error after integration. Therefore, the offset error can be compensated according to this invention. 
     The braking test can be stored online in a memory in the device. After the measurement, a starting or stopping point (beginning/end) can be defined. Then the zero point of the angle sensor can be set so that the angle integral (all angles in the entire measurement time) is zero. In addition, with utility vehicles which have a tachograph, the path signal of the tachograph is entered via an amplifier input and processed. This path signal can be offset with the adjustment factor (k factor) of the tachograph. This calculation yields a standardized path signal (for example, one meter of distance traveled corresponds to eight pulses). 
     The distance can be converted by a first differentiation into a corresponding traveling speed. The acceleration signal can be obtained by differentiating the speed once again. 
     Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a standardized signal (for example, eight pulses per meter) for different types of tachographs. This eliminates the correction in the device as described above. 
     Due to the relatively high resolution of the path sensor, the time resolution of the acceleration is not particularly great, especially at low traveling speeds. Therefore, it is proposed according to this invention that the built-in acceleration sensor be adjusted with the tachograph signal at higher traveling speeds. 
     Thus, a corrected deceleration and acceleration signal can be obtained by means of the sensors present in the device and the methods described above. Velocity is obtained by integrating the acceleration signal thus derived. 
     In addition, engine power can be determined with the portable measuring device according to this invention. The vehicle mass can be input into the device for this purpose. Then the acceleration can be determined in a driving test, and the velocity can be obtained by integrating the acceleration. The tractive power of the vehicle can be calculated according to Newton&#39;s second law, F=m·a, where an acceleration power P-Rad [wheel power]=F·v can be determined by multiplication by velocity. 
     After reaching the maximum engine rpm, the drive can be separated by a clutch. The driving resistances then brake the vehicle mass. Again, a deceleration force (F=m·a) can be obtained from the deceleration occurring here multiplied by the vehicle mass, and a deceleration power (P-Ver [power loss]=F·v) (or a so-called power loss) can be calculated by multiplying by the integrated deceleration (speed). Then the acceleration power and the deceleration power (or the power loss) can be added geometrically, yielding a total power or engine power. Since the engine is coupled during acceleration and is decoupled in deceleration, a mass component of the engine corresponding to a centrifugal mass is added to the vehicle mass during the acceleration phase to compensate for the absence of the centrifugal mass of the engine in the decoupled state. It should be pointed out that either the mass component for the acceleration phase or the mass component for the deceleration phase can be corrected. Thus, according to this invention, no rolling set with corresponding centrifugal masses are needed to determine the engine power. 
     In addition, the so-called pitching or rolling angles can also be measured by means of the built-in sensors according to this invention. In addition, the wheel base can also be input as additional data, for example, by a keyboard. If the vehicle is set in vibration, the damping can be calculated directly, and the measuring device need be located only on a flat surface in the passenger compartment. 
     In addition, it is possible to implement an evaluation of the shock absorbers directly during the braking test. The pitch of the vehicle is greater the greater the braking deceleration. Therefore, a quantity is calculated which is modified by the deceleration, that is, the pitch angle is measured per m/s 2  of deceleration. Thus, according to this invention the shock absorbers of a vehicle can be tested and evaluated without any great mechanical outlay. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The objects, advantages, and features of the invention will be more readily perceived from the following detailed description, when read in conjunction with accompanying drawing, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the measuring device of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of the bottom part of the housing of the device in FIG. 1, as seen from above; 
     FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the bottom part of the housing taken along line III—III of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of the measuring device of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 shows a determination of the corrected braking deceleration a korr  according to the invention; 
     FIG. 6 shows interaction between the gyro sensor and the angle sensor of the invention; 
     FIG. 7 is an equation for angle determination; 
     FIG. 8 is a determination of deceleration equation; 
     FIG. 9 shows how the measuring device of the invention is used for a truck; 
     FIG. 10 shows a measurement chart for measurement of engine power; 
     FIG. 11 shows a measurement chart for evaluation of a shock absorber; 
     FIG. 12 shows a measurement chart for testing anti-lock brakes; and 
     FIG. 13 shows a measurement chart for measuring deceleration. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a measuring device in accordance with the invention with housing  1  having housing top part  200  and housing bottom part  201 . Input keyboard  3  and display  2  are provided on the housing top part. In addition, top part  200  has a slot  202  through which paper strip  10  can be output. Parameters and results can be detailed and illustrated on the paper strip. Bubble level  4  is provided on the housing top part to permit leveling of the measuring device or housing  1 . Receptacle  203  for stand base  5  (shown in FIG. 3) is provided on bottom part  201  of the housing. In addition, connections  7 ,  8  or  9  are also shown on the side of the measuring device; they serve to connect the measuring device to external instruments and sensors. Connection  7 , for example, may be used to connect a pressure sensor (boiler pressure), a pedal force meter or a trailer hitch force sensor. Connection  8 , for example, is for connecting a power supply unit or a battery charger, an external pushbutton for manually starting predetermined operations, a device for firing an ink cartridge or for controlling a valve between a trailer and a traction vehicle. In addition, an IrDA (infrared data association) interface or an RS 232 interface connection can be made at connection  8 . In addition, connection  8  may also be used as an analog output (0-5 V). Connection  9 , for example, may be used for connecting additional pressure sensors (front and rear axle), and a tachograph, among others. 
     FIG. 2 shows a view of bottom part  201  of the housing as seen from above with the top part  200  removed (not shown). In addition, an adjusting screw  204  of the stand base  6  shown in FIG. 3 is also shown here. 
     FIG. 3 shows bottom part  201  of the housing in section, with stand base  6  and adjusting screw  204 . Two other stand bases  5  are also provided on the front side (as seen in the direction of travel). Stand base  6  has an outside thread  205  which is in contact with an inside thread of threaded nut  206 . Threaded nut  206  is fixedly arranged in receptacle  203 . 
     FIG. 4 shows a circuitboard that is the central processing unit (CPU) or control unit  15  to which are connected working memory  59 , variable memory (EEPROM)  60 , real-time clock  61  and temperature sensor  62 . To display the measured values and for input by the operator, there are also display unit  2 , input keyboard  3 , printer  18 , acoustic signal generator  19  and amplifier  20 . A serial infrared interface  21  may also be used for communication and for storing the measured data. Battery  35  is charged via plug connector  38 . The battery charge is monitored here by temperature sensor  36 . The battery charging or discharging current is measured across a shunt resistor and connected to an amplifier  34 . The charge status of battery  35  can be called up at any time on the basis of the integral of the battery current, even when the battery is being charged at the same time. 
     The acceleration sensors for longitudinal acceleration  22  and transverse acceleration  23  have frequency outputs, and the acceleration can be measured directly by way of processors without analog/digital converters. 
     Angle sensors  24  and  29  (pitch angle sensor  24  and roll angle sensor  29 ) deliver a signal that is proportional to the angular velocity. Since these signals have a great drift, the offset voltages are compensated by the analog outputs through the two filters  28 ,  33  and the amplifiers  27 ,  32 . The resulting offset-free sensor signal is amplified  25 ,  30  and sent to the analog/digital converter of the controller by way of filters  26 ,  31 . 
     An ink mark generator and an air valve  76  (FIG. 9) can be connected by power driver  39  in plug connector  40 . Ink signals can be “shot” onto the road surface by the ink mark generator. The air valve is used to brake the trailer separately in the case of tractor trailer rigs (FIG.  9 ), so that the deceleration of the trailer can be determined by measurements on the tractor and the trailer. 
     A manual pushbutton  78  (FIG. 9) for starting the measurement manually can be connected by plug connector  44  and filter  45 . 
     An analog output available in connection  43  is controlled by the pulse width modulator of the controller by way of filter  41  and amplifier  42 . It serves to output measured values, for example, of pedal force, to analog displays. 
     Pneumatic compressed air sensors  72 ,  73 ,  74  (FIG. 9) can be connected at inputs  50 ,  57 ,  58  and measured by way of amplifiers  52  and  54  and filters  51  and  55 . 
     Input  48  is designed so that a trailer hitch force sensor  71  can be connected. Since both positive and negative forces can occur on a trailer hitch force sensor, the zero point of input  48  can be set through filter  47  and amplifier  46 . 
     The signal from the vehicle tachograph or the pulse generator for vehicle tachograph  75  is connected to the device at plug connector  56  and sent to the controller via amplifier and the Schmitt trigger  53 . 
     Connection  49  is for connecting a pedal force meter with which the operating force of the brake pedal or the hand brake is measured. 
     FIG. 9 shows the measuring device with the various sensors on a truck. Control pressures can be measured by pressure sensors  72 ,  73 ,  74 . Pedal force meter  70  is shown here on the brake pedal, where it measures the force between the foot and the brake pedal. To be able to determine the braking deceleration for the tractor and trailer separately, trailer hitch force sensor  71  is connected between the tractor and the trailer. Therefore, the compressed air brake system of trailer  77  is acted upon through valve  76 . The trailer braking is calculated from the trailer hitch force. 
     The distance signal is picked up from the test connection of tachograph  75  and can be used to measure the vehicle braking deceleration as an alternative. 
     As already mentioned in the preamble, long braking distances and times are obtained in some cases in deceleration tests at high speeds with relatively low deceleration values. Since inexpensive angle sensors (not fully cardanic) yield only a change in angle, this angle change must be integrated to obtain the angle φ. Therefore, even minor offset errors with the sensor can lead to a considerable angle error after integration. The following procedure is used to compensate for the offset error. 
     The braking test can be stored online in a memory in the device. After the measurement, a starting or stopping point (beginning/end) is defined. Then the zero point of the angle sensor can be set so that the angle integral (all angles in the entire measurement time) is zero. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the relationships required for this. The acceleration a ( 22 ) and the angular velocity U ω are entered into a memory in parallel through filters. The filters compensate for the differences in transit time of the deceleration sensor and the pitch angle sensor so that the two signals are again in phase. The zero point of the inclination sensor is adjusted by a pulse width modulator PWM. The pitching and rolling angle are determined by the integral of the angular velocity, as shown by the equation in FIG.  7 . This procedure is used similarly for the transverse acceleration sensor. 
     In FIG. 8 the measured braking deceleration is corrected on the basis of the pitch angle φ thus determined. 
     In FIG. 5 this relationship is explained in a graphic plot, where a mess  is the quantity measured by the acceleration sensor, composed of the real braking deceleration and the acceleration component due to gravity. Then the acceleration component due to gravity in the measurement signal is calculated from the angle φ calculated as described above using g·sin (φ), and this is then subtracted from the measured acceleration. Accordingly, the measured acceleration is corrected by cos (φ) to obtain the acceleration acting in the direction of travel. 
     FIG. 5 shows the details of the relationships for the corrected braking deceleration a korr  which is calculated from the measured deceleration a mess . 
     FIG. 6 illustrates the relationships between acceleration and a gyro sensor or angle sensor. 
     FIG. 7 shows the equations for the angle calculation, where the pitch angle φ is calculated by integration of the angular velocity ω. To do so, a quantity ω 0  is calculated from the accumulated measured values and used to correct the measured angular velocity ω 1 . 
     FIG. 8 shows how the corrected acceleration is calculated with the angle φ thus determined. 
     FIG. 10 shows the diagram or the measurement chart of an engine power measurement, where curve  80  is the acceleration power of the vehicle, with power loss  81  being plotted after reaching the maximum speed and decoupling the engine. One power is subtracted from the other, yielding a power curve  82  which is greater by the amount of the power loss. 
     FIG. 11 shows another test measurement chart, where the set of curves  90  represents the body vibration range, and the extent of damping by the shock absorber is formed from the logarithmic ratio of amplitudes  91  and  92 . The damping factor can be determined by the period  93 . 
     FIG. 12 shows a measurement chart, illustrating the testing of a vehicle equipped with an anti-lock brake system. Deceleration curve  100  here is represented by the compensated acceleration signal. Curve  101  corresponds to a wheel speed which is determined by a sensor mounted in the vehicle wheel (not shown here). This process can take place for one wheel or multiple wheels at the same time, or the individual vehicle wheels can be measured in individual driving tests. 
     FIG. 13 shows a measurement of braking deceleration on a motor vehicle, with the uncorrected acceleration signal a mess  being represented in set of curves  110 . Set of curves  111  show the pitch angle of the body (angle φ). The actual braking deceleration  112  is the real deceleration of the motor vehicle corrected according to this invention. 
     It should be pointed out here that all parts and functions mentioned above may be used alone or in any combination. In addition, this invention is not limited to the application shown here, but instead it may be used for any moving objects. 
     In view of the above description it is likely that modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the relevant technical field which are within the scope of the accompanying claims. The invention is to be limited only by the appended claims, considering their spirit and scope, and equivalents.