Abstract:
The invention relates to a device for producing musical data, which includes a glove equipped with touch sensors and a terminal device. In the glove there are touch sensors in at least two rows the format of a selected musical scale, which touch sensors are arranged to be pushed with a finger of the other hand, connection means for connecting the touch sensors to a selected terminal device in order to produce musical data according to the format. The touch sensors are arranged in such a way that in an order from the index finger to the little finger, the tips of the fingers correspond to the consecutive notes of a first octave C, D, E, F, so that the semitone E-F is located between the ring finger and the little finger.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/FI2015/050962, filed Dec. 31, 2015, designating the United States, and claiming benefit of Finland Patent Application No. 20155025, filed Jan. 14, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a device and a system for producing musical data, wherein the device includes a glove equipped with touch sensors and a terminal device, and in which glove there are 
         [0003]    touch sensors in at least two rows in the format of selected musical scale, which touch sensors are arranged to be pressed with the fingers of the other hand, 
         [0004]    connection means for connecting the touch sensors to the selected terminal device, in order to produce tone data according to the said format. 
         [0005]    There is also presented a system comprising a full set of devices to play and utilize music data. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    At the present moment, the instruments available to teachers are not the best possible means for teaching the theory of music, because many of the basic concepts of music cannot be easily illustrated with their aid. Such are the position of semitones in the structures of the various scales, the circle of fifths, the position of key signatures, etc. The volume of the note produced is also of central importance in the teaching of music. 
         [0007]    Guido of Arezzo was a musical theoretician and pedagogue who lived in Italy in the Middle Ages (about 990-1030). He utilized the human hand to illustrate basic concepts of musical theory and theoretical systems that are difficult to grasp. In Guido&#39;s hand, the notes of a scale are projected onto the structure of the fingers. 
         [0008]    It is not worth adapting Guido of Arezzo&#39;s system as such to the present-day teaching of musical theory, for, among other reasons, in the Middle Ages the so-called hexachord system was used in place of the present-day note system (with six notes in the scale instead of the present seven notes). 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,381,884 B1 discloses a glove, in which sensors in the thumb and other fingers are arranged to produce tone signals. The sensors are at the tips and joints of the fingers, as well as in the area of the palm. The sensors detect both contact and joint angle, thus allowing the production of a great number of different notes. The strength and duration of the contact are registered digitally. The more detailed technology of the sensors is not disclosed. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,879 B1 discloses a glove, in which there are contact-sensitive sensors particularly at the finger tips, for example, piezo-electrodes, for producing signals by pressing the tip of the finger against a base. 
         [0011]    Japanese application publication JP 11-15469 discloses several different sensor assemblies fitted to a glove, combined with a sound generator. Gloves according to the publication are used to stimulate the activity of the fingers when rehabilitating a patient. In several models, the thumb is pressed against some other selected finger. In the glove of  FIG. 2 , there are also touch sensors on the knuckle side, which are operated by the fingers of the other hand. 
         [0012]    The electronic recording of conventional music is based on so-called MIDI coding, when the information of a composition can be recorded in a compressed form. Indeed, the concept MIDI refers to an interface and manner of coding between a musical device and a computer. Many electronic musical instruments produce MIDI data for further processing by a computer. 
         [0013]    The known solutions described above are either not suitable at all, or poorly suited to teaching musical theory. The publications do not disclose a musical-scale format in a glove. There has been a demand for a glove application having an illustrative arrangement regarding music theory, particularly the notes of scale and optionally other features. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present invention is intended to create a wearable control device, more specifically a glove equipped with touch sensors, by means of which the needs of teaching musical theory better can be met better than previously. The characteristic features of the invention are stated in the accompanying claim  1 . In the glove according to the invention, there are touch sensors, operated by the fingers of the other hand, in at least two rows, in such a way that the semitones are arranged logically relative to the fingers, particularly on the outer edge. The format of the scale according to the invention in the glove allows a pedagogically effective way to teach and learn the 7-note scale and its various properties. 
         [0015]    According to a preferred embodiment, the touch sensors are arranged in such a way that the tips of the fingers from the index finger ( 12 . 1 ) to the little finger correspond to the consecutive notes C, D, E, F of the first octave, so that the semitone E-F is located between the ring finger and the little finger. Further, the thumb preferably includes the touch sensors A and B, so that the semitone B-C is located between the thumb and index finger. 
         [0016]    Here, the glove must be understood broadly. ‘Glove’ means any base whatever that visually recalls a glove, held on the first hand, which can be operated with the fingers of the second hand. The physical glove permits a playing feeling, based on the sense of touch, through both hands. Technically, the electric response in the touch sensors, caused by the finger ends of the second hand, is electrically different to the response created by a neutral base, such as a table, etc. The touch sensor can thus be “tuned” according to the fingertip. 
         [0017]    Another embodiment broadens the concept of the same mapping of notes elsewhere in one hand, e.g. on a palm, while the mapping has same order, thus presenting virtually the fingers. 
         [0018]    From the point of view of musical pedagogy, it is important that the touch-sensitive sensors are in some kind of a selected illustrative order. The connection of musical theory to the structure of the hand permits the illustrative teaching of basic concepts. With the aid of the glove according to the invention, the basic elements of Western musical theory can be connected to the joint structure of the hand. In a glove according to a preferred embodiment, each part of a finger (proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx) corresponds to a note of a scale. Touch sensors located in the relevant parts of the glove transmit the touch information to the central unit, in which a corresponding sound signal or other control signal, e.g., in MIDI format, is created. 
         [0019]    Even the placement two rows of touch sensors in the glove is suitable for teaching scale structure, interval structure, and chord structure. A glove of at least three rows is already suitable for diverse playing and a more comprehensive teaching of musical theory. From the point of view of teaching musical theory, the semitone steps in a seven-step scale occur logically relative to the fingers. 
         [0020]    For musicians the mapping of the notes is familiar especially from string instruments (violin, cello, bass, guitar etc.). From this perspective fingers represent “strings” (four/five strings). This makes the learning process easy and fast for musicians who are already familiar with moving from one string to another—in our case from one finger to another. The order of notes in the glove is not similar with traditional instruments, but the idea of moving from one string to another is what happens with existing string instruments. In the experiments with musicians we have found that it takes about 5 to 10 minutes for them to get the idea of mapping of the notes of the scales and to be able to play fluently with the glove. 
         [0021]    The possibility to control dynamics of every note is important from musical point of view, because key notes of the scale (tonic, dominant etc.) are often separated from “unimportant” notes (for example auxiliary notes) by playing them more loudly. Important element in perception of a specific scale is dynamical differences between notes of the scale. Thus, the possibility to control dynamics by measuring capacitance changes is an important quality of the musical glove. 
         [0022]    In another embodiment capacitive sensors with strength detection are used. When each base note may be played louder, learning of whole the 7-tone scale with semitones is easier. The strength of sound is important also in many other ways. Keeping motivation of a user requires more versatile device than capable playing monotone notes. 
         [0023]    In another embodiment the sensors are attached to another garment virtually in same 7-tone order as defined above in fingers. 
         [0024]    The glove includes an output connection for transferring the data signal created by a touch to a selected device. The selected device, particularly a musical device, to which the signal is led, can be integrated in the glove itself, or can be an external device, such as an external loudspeaker, headphones, a MIDI device, a PC, or a smart phone. 
         [0025]    In one preferred embodiment, haptic feedback is connected to the touch sensors. In that case, the tip of the playing finger detects pressure. 
         [0026]    In terms of playing sensation, the two-sidedness of the touch is also important. Both hands participate actively in producing and controlling the sound, so that the haptic feedback obtained from the touch is transmitted through the fingers of both hands. For example, a “heavy” touch producing a loud sound is felt as muscular tension and motion resistance in the fingers and muscles of both the glove hand and the hand without a glove. 
         [0027]    From the point of view of musical theory, what is important is the sequence in which the sensors are placed on the glove and what note of the scale each sensor corresponds to. In the musical glove, the sensors are placed in a sequence, in which the most important, from the point of view of musical theory, whole tone and semitone steps are placed in an ideal location in terms of outlining the structures of musical scales: the placing of a semitone step between the shortest finger of the hand and the ring finger corresponds to the location of the semitone step in musical theory. 
         [0028]    Each touch sensor preferably detects the strength of a push or a corresponding variable. This takes place most preferably with the aid of capacitive sensors, in which the magnitude of the push indicates the volume of the playing. The surface area of the push is detected through the magnitude of the capacitance. In other ways too it is clear a pedagogically good solution demands an appropriate technical solution, so as not to lose the benefits. Capacitive touch detection thus relates preferably to this pedagogical basic solution. Preferably the rate of change in capacitance is also detected and interpreted in a touch event. 
         [0029]    Control buttons can be attached to the device, with the aid of which it is possible to transpose scales, change timbre (different instrument sounds), control the sound volume, etc. 
         [0030]    The operation of the touch sensors of the device can be defined in many different ways. In addition to notes, each touch sensor can produce, for example, a chord corresponding to the key name in question, i.e. C=C major, G=G major, etc. The device can also be used for controlling other musical devices such as sequencers. Depending on the device being controlled and the software used, when pushing the touch sensors a music program can, for example, produce diverse accompaniment figures. 
         [0031]    The touch sensors and the central unit controlling them can also be programmed in such a way that the glove can be used for other purposes too, such as, for example, the control of different sound parameters, the control of effect devices relating to performances, entering text and numbers in mobile devices, the control of other functionalities of mobile devices, or as a game controller. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]    In the following, the invention is described with examples and reference to the accompanying figures, which show embodiments of the invention and its musical-pedagogical background. 
           [0033]      FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of the glove according to the invention; 
           [0034]      FIGS. 2 a -2 e    show the pedagogical background to the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2 f    shows the use of the glove as a control device; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  shows one embodiment totality according to the invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  shows the operation of the glove according to the invention; 
           [0038]      FIGS. 5 a  and 5 b    show the playing situation in detail; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of a full system; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of capacitive measurement implemented in the device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0041]    The interface of the control device according to the invention is preferably based on capacitive sensors. The bases of the technology are known and several practical implementations exist, which can be modified for this purpose. 
         [0042]    A capacitive touch sensor is manufactured, for example, from a piece of fabric surfaced with an electrically conductive nanomaterial and a connection conductor connected to it. Such an arrangement can be glued to, or woven into the surface of the glove. The strength of a push can be detected through the surface area of the touch. A larger force creates a larger surface area and this in turn creates a larger capacitance. 
         [0043]    In a galvanic touch sensor, two electrically conductive wires (not shown) are brought to the parts of the fingers between the tips and the joints (left hand). There is a corresponding glove on the user&#39;s right hand, the material of which is electrically conductive fabric. By using the glove on the right hand to touch the desired part (proximal, middle, distal phalanx) of the fingers of the left hand, the electrically conductive wires at the point of contact form current circuits, thus creating a signal. 
         [0044]    Naturally, the operation of the hands can be implemented the other way around, in which case the interface will be in the right hand. Pedagogically this is not the best solution in cases in which the student otherwise reads from left to right. 
         [0045]    The control device of  FIG. 1  is constructed in connection with a suitable glove. As such, the glove  10  itself has no other use than to carry the electrical touch sensors  16  at selected places relative to the fingers and to connect the signal conductors of the touch sensors  16  to the central circuit  18 , in which, for example, a MIDI encoder is used to produce digital playing data (shown in greater detail in  FIG. 3 ). 
         [0046]    In this embodiment, there are in the device  10  two touch sensors  16  in the thumb  11  of the glove  10 . 1  and four touch sensors  16  in each of the other fingers ( 12 . 1 - 12 . 4 ). These are arranged in such a way that at each point on top of the parts of the fingers (proximal, middle, and distal phalanx) there is a touch sensor  16 , except on the thumb, where there are only the said two sensors. 
         [0047]    The touch sensors are of some known type. The touch sensors can operate, for example, piezo-electrically, capacitively, inductively, resistively, or galvanically. The change is created by pushing with a finger of the other hand. A capacitive sensor is suitable because, among other things, the need for wiring is halved and, in addition to only information on touch, analog information can be obtained on, for instance, the strength and speed of the touch, based on the changing capacitance. In addition, it is electromechanically easy to implement a capacitive sensor in such a way as to integrate it inconspicuously in the structure of the glove  10 . 1 . Capacitive detection is advantageous, because of the electrical response created by the fingertip. Stray capacitances are easily handled, when playing finger is “grounded” through the body of user to the glove hand. 
         [0048]      FIGS. 2 a -2 e    show examples of gloves according to the invention relative to central concepts of Western musical theory (scale structure, the location of semitones in a major scale, circle of fifths, intervals, key signatures, etc.). In the figures, the location of the touch sensors, i.e. their mapping (pattern) on the glove is illustrated precisely relative to the hand. Instead of absolute note names (c, d, e, etc.), it is also possible to use the relative note names (do, re, mi, etc.) used in ear training (Tonic Sol-fa and Kodály methods). In the figures, the notes are marked at the location of the different parts of the finger (proximal, middle, distal phalanx) as in Guido&#39;s hand. 
         [0049]      FIG. 2 a    shows the basic structure of a glove according to the invention. With the aid of the arrangement, it is possible to produce a sound range of more than two octaves (from a small a note to a three-lined note). 
         [0050]      FIG. 2 b    shows the progression of a scale with the aid of fingers. The arrows depict the location of the notes of the scale in the proximal, middle, and distal phalanxes of the fingers (a-b-c-d-e-f-g-a etc.). 
         [0051]    Instead of the absolute names of the notes (C, D, etc.), relative names can be used (i.e. do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti). 
         [0052]      FIG. 2 c    shows the utilization of the invention to teach a series of fifths. The arrows depict the location of the series of fifths relative to the parts of the finger (c-g-d-a; d-a-e-h etc.), as well as the number of sharps (G major=1#; D major=2# etc.). 
         [0053]    Starting the scale from the first joint of the index finger, a major scale is created. Starting from the second, i.e. lower joint of the thumb, a minor scale is created. Starting from the first joints of the other fingers, the modes, i.e. the church keys are created. 
         [0054]    In  FIG. 2 d   , the arrows depict finding intervals with the aid of the parts of adjacent fingers (c-a and g-e: major sixth etc.). 
         [0055]    In  FIG. 2 e   , the arrows depict the location of the semitones at the side of the palm (e-f; b-c etc.). The semitones are located in the area of the outermost fingers, preferably between the ring finger and the little finger and also between the thumb and index finger. The glove could be implemented without the latter, also by turning the notes of the index finger and the little finger the other way around, thus losing some of the pedagogical benefit. In addition, notes are preferably read in most countries from left to right, so that the glove being played is mainly in the left hand and is played with a finger of the right hand. 
         [0056]    On the basis of the above examples, the control device according to the invention is suitable for the comprehensive teaching of modern musical theory. 
         [0057]    In addition, the control device can be used for controlling different devices.  FIG. 2 f    illustrates the placing of the numbers of a conventional telephone keypad relative to the parts of the fingers. 
         [0058]      FIG. 3  shows one preferred arrangement applying the invention in its totality. MIDI encoding takes place using the central circuit  18  of the glove. If a Bluetooth transmitter is used in the glove according to the invention, it will naturally give degrees of freedom to the user. Here, the Bluetooth circuit  21  transmits MIDI code to a Bluetooth receiver  23 , which inputs the data in a conventional manner to a computer (PC) or smart phone (PDA device). The glove can also act as a game controller. The Bluetooth circuits replace a USB or similar connector. 
         [0059]    According to  FIG. 4 , operation of the device takes place with the fingers, or at least one finger, of the other hand. According to the figure, in the left hand is a glove  10  with touch sensors  16  according to the invention, as a control device. In the right hand  31 , no equipment if necessarily needed, instead operation can take place with the bare fingers. In the figure, the middle finger  31 . 2  is pressing the note “A”. 
         [0060]      FIGS. 5 a  and 5 b    illustrate how the active contact surface of the touch sensor  16  depends on the touch pressure. In  FIG. 5 a   , the tip of the middle finger  31 . 2  of the right hand is just touching the touch sensor  16  on the tip of the middle finger  12 . 2  of the left hand. In  FIG. 5 b   , the tip of the right middle finger  31 . 2  is pressing strongly on the touch sensor  16  on the tip of the middle finger  12 . 2  of the left hand, when the touch surface area and thus the capacitive response are greatest. It is also easy to understand from  FIG. 5  that a haptic response is obtained from both fingers. 
         [0061]    Another important feature is here easily observed. Stray capacitances are more stable, when playing finger  31 . 2  is “grounded” through the body  30  of user to the glove hand and supporting finger  12 . 2  therein. 
         [0062]    Alternatively, there can be responses in the fingers of the playing hand, by means of which the touch sensors are operated. For example, galvanic detection can benefit from this, because contact takes place sharply. The operation of such a glove is clumsier, because an electrically conductive material is needed in the fingers of the other hand. 
         [0063]    A pedagogical requirement supports the detection of the strength of pushing, because sound volume has a considerable significance in musical expression. 
         [0064]    The device  10  in a glove is connected to the host device  25 , like a PC tablet or a smart phone. The main electronic components of the device in a glove are illustrated in  FIG. 6  i.e. electrodes  16 , wiring  19 , central circuit  18  and I/O-units like Bluetooth®-unit  21  and USB-connection. The host device  26  may produce sound to a loudspeaker  29 , when the middleware  27  (software) decodes MIDI-information to sound. Third party software, DAW  28  may be used to export music data to an external device and/or music applications. 
         [0065]    The touch event is handled in a comprehensive manner by the glove electronics. The raw data is created from playing sensors just by measuring capacitance. There are plurality of initial settings regarding detection of capacitance, like 
         [0066]    system calibration 
         [0067]    measuring the background cap 
         [0068]    filtering 
         [0069]    baseline definition 
         [0070]    threshold adjust 
         [0071]    touch defection 
         [0072]    measuring the varying cap (due to touch dualities) 
         [0000]    The raw data goes to data processing consisting at least: 
         [0073]    data normalization 
         [0074]    touch velocity calculation 
         [0075]    velocity curve definition after touch calculation. 
         [0076]    continuous data curve definition 
         [0077]    conversion to MIDI 
         [0078]    The touch event is handled electronically by electronic circuits  4 ,  4 ′ each handling  12  electrodes using multiplexing. There are a lot of stray capacitances e.g. Cp  44  against electrode input and C 1   48  from finger to common ground as well as C 2   49  between output and common ground. Playing finger  31 . 2  of other hand  31  is “grounded” through the body  30  of user to the finger  12 . 2  supporting the electrode  16 . A finger induced capacitance is measured in a range of 0,01-30 pf, particularly in a range 0,1-20 pf, where the accuracy is better. A finger has a galvanic contact to each electrode, which has an effect in a measured capacitance and a threshold to be set. 
         [0079]    A fingertip is inducing a small capacitance in an electrode  16  against the common ground. The MPC121 circuitry  4 ,  4 ′ detects  12  electrodes through multiplexing. All electrical signals are converted into digital values in a 10 bit analog-digital circuit. After filtering the signal goes I 2 C-bus logic. That will bring that digital data to the host device. 
         [0080]    The circuit uses a constant DC charge current scheme  42  for capacitance measurement. Each channel is charged and then discharged completely to ground periodically to measure the capacitance. All channels are measured periodically sequentially, when one channel is in the charge/discharge and measurement period the other channels are shorted to ground. 
         [0081]    The circuit is able to take the measurements up to 1000 hz sample rates. In one embodiment it is used 2 to 8 millisecond sampling interval. Circuitry is adapting to capacitive environment. In one embodiment MPR121 chip (NXP Semiconductors Netherlands B.V.) is used. The chip can follow environment by continuous baseline calibration. See MPR121 specs. Circuitry is able to supply on/off type signal to differentiate touch from noise. Circuitry is able to supply continuous capacitive measurement that portrays the touched area. Capacitive measurement has least 8 bit, preferably 10 bit working range. At least 7 bit of working range is required for musical expressiveness. Working range means the capacitive range from full touch to no touch as a function of area of the touch surface covered by finger. Said embodiment can do 400000 bits of data transfer per second. That corresponds to latency of 1.25 ms for the worst case scenario. 
         [0082]    Generally, when the difference X between the measurement result and the zero value at the time t is greater than the threshold value, the signal is interpreted as a contact and if the difference is below the threshold value, the system is in a basic state. The threshold value is freely definable. 
         [0083]    A quick change in the measurement result from the zero value means a quick change in the touching surface area. By utilizing this information, it is possible to deduce
   a) the time of the beginning of contact, and   b) the contact velocity.   
 
         [0086]    In other words: When x&gt; the threshold value, this is interpreted as the start of the contact. Then Dx/Dt is examined during a time interval by taking into account x before and after the threshold value was exceeded. Dx/Dt represents the velocity of change in the area of contact surface area at the time of contact, i.e. the velocity of contact. 
         [0087]    The contact event is assumed to be a short, hit-like event, so in this situation, Dx/Dt is calculated for a time frame of fractions of a second. The contact is considered to have ended when x has risen to the local maximum, i.e. the pressing strength no longer grows. If the information about the contact event is passed forward only after the signal reaches its peak, a delay is generated and it is perceptible to the listener. Therefore, in determining the touch velocity, a standard delay Dt is used, which is measured from the time when the threshold value is exceeded, rather than the full duration of the contact event. 
         [0088]    There are many different shapes of the contact surface of the electrodes and the size of the fingers is different with different people. Thus, the change in surface area reaches different maximum, standard and minimum values with different users. In order to normalize the touch signal, a value representing the touch sensitivity is calculated for the result Dx/Dt, the normalized value being N=f(Dx/Dt). The graph of the function is a user-definable floating-point table whose intermediate values are linearly interpolated. The scale of the user&#39;s pressing strength is thus normalized and the use of the system becomes user-friendly. 
         [0089]    In a typical situation the sensor gives digital values 1-1024 (=2 10 ). The back ground capacitance is about 500, the resolution i.e. a difference between weak and strong touch is 350-threshold (20-30). Thus, the resolution is twice as much as in the midi standard requires (0-127). 
         [0090]    Above there has been presented a glove having sensors in a fingers and in a certain order. The same pattern with capacitive sensors could be utilized also elsewhere on the hand, where the body is similarly grounding the playing finger. The same technical effect could be achieved even in a different pattern (not part of this invention). The momentary capacitance induced by a finger and thus the strength and speed of the touch is possible measure more accurate, when the stray capacities are limited in a touch event.