Abstract:
The present disclosure describes a method for adaptive WiFi roaming, where an electronic device and an access point advertise their networking capability. The networking capability may be, for example, the capability to support at least one enterprise feature. Based on the advertisements transmitted by the electronic device, the access point can determine that the electronic device can support the at least one enterprise feature and may selectively enable the at least one enterprise feature. Additionally, based on advertisements transmitted by the access point, the electronic device can determine that the access point can support the at least one enterprise feature. Based on this mutual determination, the access point and electronic device may continue an association process based on the at least one enterprise feature.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/348,582, titled “Adaptive Wifi Roaming,” filed on Jun. 10, 2016, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
       [0002]    The described embodiments relate to techniques for improve WiFi roaming through, for example, an out-of-band enterprise-feature advertising protocol. 
       Background 
       [0003]    WiFi roaming can involve a two-step process by which electronic devices first scan hardware-supported channels to find potential access points and then select an appropriate access point to establish a WiFi connection. Various enterprise features (e.g., IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r) have been developed for electronic devices to enhance roaming between access points, particularly in enterprise networks. These enterprise features enhance roaming in a number of ways by, for example, increasing the speed and efficiency by which enterprise-capable electronic devices can select and associate with enterprise-capable access points. Accordingly, electronic devices that support enterprise features can roam between access points more efficiently than legacy electronic devices. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Adoption of enterprise features in access points is low because of interoperability issues between legacy electronic devices (e.g., electronic devices that are not capable of utilizing the enterprise features) and access points that employ such features. Enterprise features thus are underutilized by enterprise-capable electronic devices. The present disclosure describes an out-of-band enterprise feature advertising protocol that enables enterprise-capable electronic devices to communicate based on one or more enterprise features. The advertising protocol allows an enterprise-capable electronic device to communicate with other enterprise-capable electronic devices as well as legacy electronic devices that do not support enterprise features. Accordingly, the advertising protocol enables a heterogeneous network that includes both legacy electronic devices and enterprise-capable electronic devices while taking advantage of the enterprise features of the enterprise-capable electronic devices. 
         [0005]    Provided herein are methods and electronic devices implementing the out-of-band enterprise feature advertising protocol. Some embodiments relate to a method performed by an enterprise-capable electronic device that includes transmitting a first frame that includes a first information element to a wireless access point. The first information element may indicate that the enterprise-capable electronic device supports at least one enterprise feature. The method may further include receiving a second frame in response to transmitting the first frame, where the second frame includes connectivity information regarding the wireless access point. The second frame may be transmitted by the wireless access point in response to receiving the first frame. The method includes the enterprise-capable electronic device associating with the wireless access point based at least in part on the connectivity information and the at least one enterprise feature. 
         [0006]    Some embodiments relate to another method performed by an enterprise-capable electronic device for the enterprise feature advertising protocol. The method may include transmitting a first frame that includes a first information element to a first wireless access point and a second frame that includes a second information element to a second wireless access point. The first information element and second information element may indicate that the enterprise-capable electronic device supports at least one enterprise feature. The method may include receiving a third frame from a first wireless access point and a fourth frame from a second wireless access point. The third frame may include first connectivity information regarding the first wireless access point and the fourth frame may include second connectivity information regarding the second wireless access point. The method may also include, after receiving the third frame and the fourth frame, determining a candidate wireless access point between the first wireless access point and the second wireless access point based at least in part on the first connectivity information and the second connectivity information and associating with the candidate wireless access point based at least in part on the at least one enterprise feature. 
         [0007]    Some embodiments relate to an electronic device that includes a processor configured to receive at least one advertising message from at least one wireless access point and detect an enterprise information element in the at least one advertising message. The enterprise information element may be configured to indicate that the at least one wireless access point supports an enterprise feature. The processor may be further configured to select a candidate wireless access point from the at least one wireless access point based at least in part on the detecting the enterprise information. Based on this selection, the processor may be further configured to transmit an authentication request to the candidate wireless access point and receive an authentication response message from the candidate wireless access point. The processor may be further configured to transmit an association request to the wireless access point and receive an association response from the wireless access point. The association request and association response are configured to establish a session key between the candidate wireless access point and the electronic device. 
         [0008]    This Summary is provided merely for purposes of illustrating some embodiments to provide an understanding of the subject matter described herein. Accordingly, the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter in this disclosure. Other features, aspects, and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The accompanying drawings are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary system with adaptive Wi-Fi roaming capability, according to some embodiments. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a transmission diagram of exemplary roaming communications between a legacy electronic device, access points, and an enterprise-capable electronic device, according to some embodiments. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a transmission diagram of exemplary roaming communications between a legacy electronic device, access points, and an enterprise-capable electronic device, according to some embodiments. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for an enterprise-capable electronic device to associate with an access point based on probe messages, according to some embodiments. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for an access point to enable enterprise features based on probe requests, according to some embodiments. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for an access point to selectively enable enterprise features based on advertising messages with an enterprise-capable electronic device, according to some embodiments. 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for an enterprise-capable electronic device to associate with an access point based on advertising messages, according to some embodiments. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is an example computer system for implementing various embodiments of the disclosure. 
       
    
    
       [0018]    In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical or similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary system with adaptive Wi-Fi roaming capability, according to some embodiments. System  100  includes an access point  101 A, an access point  101 B, a legacy electronic device  104 , and an enterprise-capable electronic device  105 . In some embodiments, legacy electronic device  104  and enterprise-capable electronic device  105  roam and each selects either access points  101 A or  101 B. In some embodiments, legacy electronic device  104  and enterprise-capable electronic device  105  are mobile devices which may include but are not limited to smartphones, laptops, and tablets. An enterprise-capable electronic device refers to a device, such as electronic device  105  that is capable of implementing enterprise features such as, for example, features in the IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r standards. Electronic devices that do not support enterprise features, such as electronic device  104  may be considered “legacy electronic devices.” Similarly, non-enterprise features, such as features in the IEEE 802.11n standard, may be considered legacy features. 
         [0020]    Enterprise features differ from legacy features by, for example, employing different roaming implementations. Enterprise-capable electronic devices that implement IEEE 802.11k can roam between access points by identify neighboring access points to which they may potentially connect during the roam process and limit their scan to those channels utilized by potential neighboring access points. IEEE 802.11k optimizes the number of search channels during the roaming process by reducing the number of scanned channels when communicating with a potential access point. IEEE 802.11r reduces the number of steps performed by the electronic device to establish a roaming connection with an access point. Enterprise-capable electronic devices that support IEEE 802.11r employ a reduced number of steps to establish a roaming connection with an access point by incorporating session-key steps into IEEE 802.11 association messages, thus eliminating the extra messages typically used during IEEE 802.1x extensible authentication protocol (EAP) authentication. 
         [0021]    Legacy electronic device  104  may be implemented as, but is not limited to, legacy set-top boxes, legacy remote controls, legacy game controllers, legacy cellular phones, legacy smart phones, legacy wearable devices, legacy tablets, legacy personal digital assistants (PDAs), legacy laptops and/or legacy desktop computers. Enterprise-capable electronic device  105  may be implemented as, but is not limited to, any enterprise-capable electronic device that support IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r standards, such as set-top boxes, remote controls, game controllers, cellular phones, smart phones, wearable devices, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops and/or desktop computers. For example, in some embodiments, legacy electronic device  104  may be implemented as a cellular phone and enterprise-capable electronic device  105  may be implemented as a smart phone. Other configurations of system  100  that include differing numbers of access points and electronic devices are possible and within the scope of the disclosure. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, access points  101 A and  10113  support non-enterprise features such as IEEE 802.11n communications as well as enterprise features such as IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r communications. Access points  101 A and  101 B can communicate using non-enterprise features and enterprise features simultaneously through connections  102 A- 102 B and  103 A- 103 B. Connections  102 A- 102 B enable access points  101 A- 101 B, respectively, to communicate with legacy electronic devices, such as legacy electronic device  104 . In some embodiments, connections  102 A- 102 B enable IEEE 802.11n communications between access points  101 A- 101 B and legacy electronic device  104 . Connections  103 A- 103 B enable access points  101 A- 101 B, respectively, to communicate with enterprise-capable electronic devices such as enterprise-capable electronic device  105 . In some embodiments, connections  103 A- 103 B enable IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11n communications between access points  101 A- 101 B and enterprise-capable electronic device  105 . 
         [0023]    The discussion of IEEE 802.11n as a legacy communication standard is merely exemplary. According to some embodiments, connections  102 A- 102 B may employ different communication standards that are legacy features. Similarly, the discussion of IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r an enterprise standards are merely exemplary. Connections  103 A- 103 B may employ different communication standards that have the same roaming capability features as described above with respect to the IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r standards. 
         [0024]      FIG. 2  is a transmission diagram of exemplary roaming communications with probe message between electronic device  104 , access points  101 A- 101 B, and electronic device  105 , according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, communications  201 - 206  between electronic device  104  and access points  101 A- 101 B are legacy communications associated with legacy features for when electronic device  104  roams and selects either access point  101 A or access point  101 B. In some embodiments, communications  207 - 213  represent an exemplary out-of-band enterprise-feature advertising protocol between electronic device  105  and access points  101 A- 101 B when electronic device  105  roams and selects either access point  101 A or access point  101 B. 
         [0025]    In  201 , electronic device  104  transmits a probe request to access point  101 A. Similarly, in  202 , electronic device  104  transmits another probe request to access point  101 B. 
         [0026]    In  203 , access point  101 A responds to the probe request in  201  with a probe response. In  204 , access point  101 B responds to the probe request in  202  with another probe response. In some embodiments, the probe responses from access point  101 A and access point  101 B can include an enterprise information element. In some embodiments, the enterprise information element may be implemented as a specific information bit which is set by the access point that sends the probe response. For example, in  203 , access point  101 A sets an information bit in the probe response prior to transmission to electronic device  104 . 
         [0027]    In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B determine whether to include the enterprise information element in the probe response based on the probe request transmitted by electronic device  104  in  201  and  202 , respectively. For example, the probe request transmitted by electronic device  104  can indicate that electronic device  104  is a legacy electronic device and/or does not support enterprise features such as IEEE 802.11k and IEEE 802.11r. If access point  101 A and/or access point  101 B determine, based on the probe request, electronic device  104  is a legacy electronic device, either access point transmits their respective probe response without including the enterprise information element. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B do not determine whether electronic device  104  is a legacy electronic device and can include the enterprise information element in the probe responses. In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B do not include the enterprise information element in probe responses in response to detecting an enterprise information element in received probe requests. 
         [0029]    If the probe request does not include an enterprise information element, electronic device  104  does not parse or otherwise detect the enterprise information element because electronic device  104  is a legacy electronic device and is not capable of supporting enterprise features. In this regard, electronic device  104  is not aware that access points  101 A- 101 B support enterprise features and views access points  101 A- 101 B as a non-enterprise-feature access point. Based on receiving probe responses in  203  and  204 , electronic device  104  may then select an access point with which to connect. 
         [0030]    In  205 , electronic device  104  may select access point  101 A and initiate legacy association procedures that do not involve enterprise features. In  206 , access point  101 A ensures that enterprise features are disabled with respect to communications with electronic device  104  and completes association procedures with electronic device  104 . In some embodiments,  205  and  206  represent established connections between electronic device  104  and access point  101 A. Although not expressly illustrated, multiple messages may be included in the established connections  205  and  206 . For example, in  205 , electronic device  104  may transmit legacy IEEE 802.11 authentication requests, legacy IEEE 802.11 association requests, and legacy IEEE 802.1x EAP authentication messages. Similarly, in  206 , access point  101 A may transmit legacy IEEE 802.11 authentication responses, legacy IEEE 802.11 association responses, and legacy IEEE 802.1x EAP authentication messages. 
         [0031]    In  207 , electronic device  105  transmits a probe request to access point  101 A. Similarly, in  208 , electronic device  105  transmits another probe request to access point  101 B. In some embodiments, the probe request from electronic device  105  includes an enterprise information element which indicates that electronic device  105  supports at least one enterprise feature. In some embodiments, the enterprise information element may be implemented as an Apple Device Information Element (ADIE). In some embodiments, the indication in the enterprise information element may be implemented as a specific IE bit set by electronic device  105  prior to transmission of the probe request. In some embodiments, the enterprise information element may be included in other messages as will be further discussed with respect to  211 . 
         [0032]    In  209 , access point  101 A responds to the probe request in  207  with a probe response. In  210 , access point  101 B responds to the probe request in  208  with another probe response. In some embodiments, the probe responses from access point  101 A and access point  101 B can include another enterprise information element, which as previously discussed, may be implemented as a specific information bit. For example, in  210 , access point  101 B sets an information bit in the probe response prior to transmission to electronic device  105 . 
         [0033]    In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B determine whether to include the enterprise information element in the probe response based on the probe request transmitted by electronic device  105  in  207  and  208 , respectively. For example, the probe request transmitted by electronic device  105  can include the enterprise information element that indicates that electronic device  105  supports enterprise features. If access point  101 A and/or access point  101 B determine, based on the probe request, electronic device  104  is an enterprise-capable electronic device, either access point may transmit their respective probe response including the enterprise information element. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B do not determine whether electronic device  105  supports enterprise features and can include the enterprise information element in the probe responses. If a probe response includes an enterprise information element, electronic device  105  parses or otherwise detects the enterprise information element upon receiving the probe response. In some embodiments, when electronic device  105  detects that at least one access point that transmitted a probe response supports enterprise features, electronic device  105  may selectively enable enterprise features. 
         [0035]    In  211 - 213 , electronic device  105  and access point  101 B perform an enterprise handshake to associate electronic device  105  with access point  101 B based on enterprise features such as those provided by IEEE 802.11r, according to some embodiments. In  211 , electronic device  105  may select access point  101 B. This selection may be based on any number of factors including a comparison of network parameters between access point  101 A and access point  101 B such as signal strength and whether either access point supports enterprise features. In  211 , electronic device  105  may further initiate enterprise association procedures based on enterprise features such as reduced association message functionality of IEEE 802.11r. In some embodiments, when neither access point  101 A nor access point  101 B supports enterprise features, electronic device  105  may selectively disable enterprise features prior to selecting and connecting with an access point. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments,  211  represents an established connection between electronic device  105  and access point  101 B through which multiple messages may be transmitted. For example, electronic device  105  may transmit enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication requests and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association requests. Enterprise request messages, such as enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication request frames and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association request frames, transmitted in  211  may include the enterprise information element that indicates that electronic device  105  supports enterprise features. When included as part of an authentication request frame or an association request frame, the information element may be implemented as a mobility domain information element (MDIE), according to some embodiments. 
         [0037]    In  212 , upon receiving an indication that electronic device  105  is attempting to associate with it and after detecting that a message transmitted by electronic device  105  (e.g., a probe request in  208  or an association request frame in  211 ), access point  101 B can selectively enable one or more enterprise features supported by electronic device  105 . Other instances of when access point  101 B selectively enables the one or more enterprise features is within the scope of this disclosure. Access point  101 B may also selectively enable the one or more enterprise features upon receiving a message from electronic device  105  that includes an enterprise information element such as a probe request in  208 . 
         [0038]    In  213 , access point  101 B ensures that enterprise features are enabled with respect to communications with electronic device  105  and completes association procedures with electronic device  105 . In some embodiments,  213  represents an established connection between electronic device  105  and access point  101 B and through which messages may be transmitted. For example, access point  101 B may transmit enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication responses and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association responses. Enterprise response messages, such as IEEE 802.11 authentication response frames and IEEE 802.11 association response frames, transmitted in  213  may include the enterprise information element that indicates that access point  101 B supports enterprise features. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3  is a transmission diagram of exemplary roaming communications with beacon messages between electronic device  104 , access points  101 A- 101 B, and electronic device  105 , according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, communications  301 - 305  between electronic device  104  and access points  101 A- 101 B are legacy communications associated with legacy features for when electronic device  104  roams and selects either access point  101 A or access point  101 B. In some embodiments, communications  306 - 312  represent an exemplary out-of-band enterprise-feature advertising protocol between electronic device  105  and access points  101 A- 101 B when electronic device  105  roams and selects either access point  101 A or access point  101 B. 
         [0040]    In  301  and  306 , access point  101 A broadcasts at least one advertising message. The at least one advertising message may be a beacon message, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, access point  101 A broadcasts one advertising message in  301  and  306 . In some embodiments, access point  101 A broadcasts separate advertising messages in  301  and  306 . The advertising message in  301  and  306  is not necessarily addressed to any particular device but can be received by any device within range of access point  101 A such as, for example, electronic device  104  and/or electronic device  105 . 
         [0041]    In some embodiments, access point  101 A supports enterprise features and configures the advertising message to include an advertising information element that indicates that access point  101 A supports enterprise features. In some embodiments, the indication in the information element may be implemented as a specific information element bit set by access point  101 A prior to broadcast of the advertising message in  301  and  306 . In  301 , electronic device  104  may receive the advertising message broadcasted by access point  101 A. In  306 , electronic device  105  may receive the advertising message broadcasted by access point  101 A. 
         [0042]    Similarly, in  302  and  307 , access point  101 B broadcasts another advertising message such as, for example, another beacon message. Similar to access point  101 A, access point  101 B may broadcast one advertising message or separate messages in  301  and  306 . The advertising message in  302  and  307  is not necessarily addressed to any particular device but can be received by any device within range of access point  101 B such as, for example, electronic device  104  and/or electronic device  105 . The advertising message may include an advertising information element if access point  101 B supports enterprise features. In some embodiments, the information element may indicate support for enterprise features through a specific information element bit set by access point  101 B prior to broadcasting the advertising message in  302  and  307 . In some embodiments, access point  101 A and access point  101 B continuously broadcast their respective advertising messages at predetermined intervals of time. In some embodiments, when neither access point  101 A nor access point  101 B supports enterprise features, the advertising messages would not include an indication that the access points support enterprise features. 
         [0043]    In  302 , electronic device  104  may receive the advertising message broadcasted by access point  101 B. In  307 , electronic device  105  may receive the advertising message broadcasted by access point  101 B. 
         [0044]    In  303 , electronic device  104  may select which access point with which to associate. This selection may be based on any number of factors including signal strength of the access point and other information provided in the advertising message of  301  and  302 . Electronic device  104 , as a legacy electronic device, does not parse or detect the advertising information element in the advertising messages from access point  101 A and access point  101 B. Accordingly, electronic device  104  views both access points as legacy access points and initiates a legacy association procedure after making its selection. 
         [0045]    In  304 , after having selected access point  101 A, electronic device  104  initiates legacy association procedures. In  305 , access point  101 A ensures that enterprise features are disabled with respect to communications with electronic device  104  and completes association procedures with electronic device  104 . In some embodiments,  304  and  305  represent established connections between electronic device  104  and access point  101 A through which one or more messages may be transmitted. For example, in  304 , electronic device  104  may transmit messages including legacy IEEE 802.11 authentication requests, legacy IEEE 802.11 association requests, and legacy IEEE 802.1x EAP authentication messages. Similarly, in  305 , exemplary messages from access point  101 A may include legacy IEEE 802.11 authentication responses, legacy IEEE 802.11 association responses, and legacy IEEE 802.1x EAP authentication messages. 
         [0046]    In  308 , electronic device  105  may select which access point with which to associate. This selection may be based on connectivity information regarding the access point including signal strength of the access point and other information provided in the advertising messages of  306  and  307  including the advertising information element. In  309 , electronic device  105 , as a device capable of supporting enterprise features, further parses or otherwise detects the advertising element in the advertising messages from access point  101 A and access point  101 B. In some embodiments, when electronic device  105  detects that at least one access point that transmitted a probe response supports enterprise features, electronic device  105  may selectively enable enterprise features. 
         [0047]    In  310 - 312 , electronic device  105  and access point  101 A perform an enterprise handshake in order to associate electronic device  105  with access point  101 A based on enterprise features such as those provided by IEEE 802.11r. In  310 , after having selected access point  101 A, electronic device  105  may initiate enterprise association procedures based on enterprise features such as reduced association message functionality of IEEE 802.11r. In  311 , access point  101 A enables enterprise features with respect to communications with electronic device  105  and completes enterprise association procedures with electronic device  105  in  312 . In some embodiments,  310  and  312  represent established connections between electronic device  105  and access point  101 A through which one or more messages may be transmitted. For example, in  310 , electronic device  105  may transmit enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication requests and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association requests. Enterprise request messages, such as IEEE 802.11 authentication request frames and IEEE 802.11 association request frames, transmitted in  310  may further include the enterprise information element that indicates that electronic device  105  supports enterprise features. When included as part of an authentication request frame or an association request frame, the information element may be implemented as a mobility domain information element (MDIE), according to some embodiments. 
         [0048]    Similarly, in  312 , exemplary messages transmitted by access point  101 B may include enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication responses and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association responses. Enterprise response messages, such as enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication response frames and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association response frames, transmitted in  312  may further include the enterprise information element that indicates that access point  101 A supports enterprise features. 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method  400  for an enterprise-capable electronic device to associate with an access point based on probe messages, according to some embodiments. In  401 , an electronic device that supports enterprise features, such as electronic device  105 , roams and searches for an access point with which to associate. In  401 , electronic device  105  may transmit one or more probe requests to one or more access points within range of electronic device  105 . The probe requests include an enterprise information element. 
         [0050]    In  402 , electronic device  105  may monitor received messages for one or more probe responses transmitted in response to probe requests transmitted in  401 . The probe responses may be received from one or more access points that received the probe requests. In  403 , electronic device  105  may parse the received probe responses for information regarding the access point that transmitted the respective probe responses. Information in the probe response may include an indication from the access point that it supports enterprise features and is compatible with enterprise association procedures such as those provided by IEEE 802.11r. As previously discussed, in some embodiments, the indication can be an enterprise information element, such as a specific information element bit, within the probe response. In some embodiments, if electronic device  105  detects that the access point does not support enterprise features (e.g., the probe response does not include an indication that the access point supports enterprise features), electronic device  105  may selectively disable enterprise features prior to selecting and connecting with the access point. 
         [0051]    In  404 , when electronic device  105  detects that at least one access point that transmitted a probe response in  402  supports enterprise features, electronic device  105  may selectively enable enterprise features. In  405 , electronic device  105  may select an access point with which to associate based on any number of factors including the probe responses and other connectivity information regarding the access points, such as signal strength. For example, electronic device  105  may use the enterprise information element as a factor in its selection and the additional information regarding the access points as other factors. 
         [0052]    In  406 , after selection of an access point, electronic device  105  may initiate enterprise association procedures with the selected access point. As a result of the information elements exchanged between electronic device  105  and the selected access point, electronic device  105  is aware that the selected access point supports enterprise features (and vice versa). Accordingly, electronic device  105  may initiate enterprise association procedures which include transmission of enterprise IEEE 802.11 authentication requests and enterprise IEEE 802.11 association requests. Enterprise IEEE 802.11 association requests include session key information which eliminates IEEE 802.1x EAP authentication steps required in legacy association procedures. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method  500  for an access point to enable enterprise features based on probe requests, according to some embodiments. In  501 , an access point that supports enterprise features, such as access point  101 A, receives one or more probe requests. Access point  101 A can receive probe requests from one or more electronic devices that roam and seek to locate another access point with which to associate. Access point  101 A may receive probe requests from both legacy electronic devices, such as electronic device  104 , and enterprise-capable electronic devices, such as electronic device  105 . 
         [0054]    In  502 , access point  101 A may parse the received probe requests for information, such as an enterprise information element, indicating whether the one or more electronic devices that transmitted the probe requests support enterprise features. In some embodiments, access point  101 A detects that a specific information element bit within the probe request is set. In  503 , access point  101 A may selectively enable its enterprise features in communications with certain electronic devices based on detecting the enterprise information element in probe requests from those electronic devices. 
         [0055]    In some embodiments, upon determining that a probe request includes the enterprise information element, access point  101 A may transmit a probe response that also includes an enterprise information element that indicates that access point also supports enterprise features in  504 . In some embodiments, access point  101 A may transmit the probe response with the enterprise information element regardless of the results of parsing the probe requests in  502 . Including the enterprise information in the probe response enables access point  101 A to confirm that enterprise features are available. 
         [0056]    In  505 , access point  101 A participates in enterprise association procedures with one or more electronic devices that have initiated the association, such as through the transmission of an IEEE 802.11 authentication request. 
         [0057]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method  600  for an access point to associate with an enterprise-capable electronic device based on advertising messages, according to some embodiments. In  601 , an access point that supports enterprise features, such as access point  101 A, broadcasts one or more advertising messages that includes an advertising information element. In some embodiments, the advertising information element is a specific information element bit that is set to a predetermined value within the one or more advertising messages. 
         [0058]    In  602 , access point  101  receives one or more responses to the broadcasted advertising messages. The one or more responses may be transmitted by one or more electronic devices that are within range of access point  101 A and received the broadcasted advertising messages. Access point  101 A can receive responses from one or more electronic devices that roam and seek to locate another access point with which to associate. Access point  101 A may receive responses from both legacy electronic devices, such as electronic device  104 , and enterprise-capable electronic devices, such as electronic device  105 . 
         [0059]    In  603 , access point  101 A may parse the received responses for information, such as an enterprise information element, indicating whether the one or more electronic devices that transmitted the responses support enterprise features. In some embodiments, access point  101 A detects that a specific information element bit within the response is set to a specific value. In  604 , access point  101 A may selectively enable its enterprise features in communications with certain electronic devices based on detecting the enterprise information element in probe responses from those electronic devices. In  605 , access point  101 A participates in enterprise association procedures with one or more electronic devices that have initiated the association, such as through the transmission of an IEEE 802.11 authentication request. 
         [0060]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method  700  for an enterprise-capable electronic device to associate with an access point based on advertising messages, according to some embodiments. In  701 , an electronic device that supports enterprise features, such as electronic device  105 , roams and searches for an access point with which to associate. In  701 , electronic device  105  may receive one or more advertising messages from one or more access points within range of electronic device  105 . 
         [0061]    In  702 , electronic device  105  may parse the received advertising messages for information regarding the access point that transmitted the respective advertising messages. Advertising messages from access points that support enterprise features include an advertising information element. In some embodiments, the advertising information element is implemented as a specific information element bit within the advertising message. 
         [0062]    In  703 , electronic device  105  may select an access point with which to associate based on any number of factors including the advertising messages and other connectivity information regarding the access points, such as signal strength. For example, electronic device  105  may use the advertising information element as a factor in its selection and the additional information regarding the access points as other factors. In  704 , after selection of an access point, electronic device  105  may initiate enterprise association procedures with the selected access point. 
         [0063]    Various embodiments can be implemented, for example, using one or more computer systems, such as computer system  800  shown in  FIG. 8 . Computer system  800  can be used, for example, to implement method  400  of  FIG. 4 , method  500  of  FIG. 5 , method  600  of  FIG. 6 , and/or method  700  of  FIG. 7 . For example, computer system  800  can perform a process for transmitting a single-user aggregated frame having data with multiple traffic identifiers, according to some embodiments. Computer system  800  can be any computer capable of performing the functions described herein. 
         [0064]    Computer system  800  can be any well-known computer capable of performing the functions described herein. 
         [0065]    Computer system  800  includes one or more processors (also called central processing units, or CPUs), such as a processor  804 . Processor  804  is connected to a communication infrastructure or bus  806 . 
         [0066]    One or more processors  804  may each be a graphics processing unit (GPU). In some embodiments, a GPU is a specialized processor designed to process mathematically-intensive applications. The GPU may have a parallel structure that is efficient for parallel processing of large blocks of data, such as mathematically intensive data common to computer graphics applications, images, videos, etc. 
         [0067]    Computer system  800  also includes user input/output device(s)  803 , such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc., that communicate with communication infrastructure  806  through user input/output interface(s)  802 . 
         [0068]    Computer system  800  also includes a main or primary memory  808 , such as random access memory (RAM). Main memory  808  may include one or more levels of cache. Main memory  808  has stored therein control logic (e.g., computer software) and/or data. 
         [0069]    Computer system  800  may also include one or more secondary storage devices or memory  810 . Secondary memory  810  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  812  and/or a removable storage device or drive  814 . Removable storage drive  814  may be a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, an optical storage device, tape backup device, and/or any other storage device/drive. 
         [0070]    Removable storage drive  814  may interact with a removable storage unit  818 . Removable storage unit  818  includes a computer usable or readable storage device having stored thereon computer software (control logic) and/or data. Removable storage unit  818  may be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, compact disk, DVD, optical storage disk, and/or any other computer data storage device. Removable storage drive  814  reads from and/or writes to removable storage unit  818  in a well-known manner. 
         [0071]    According some embodiments, secondary memory  810  may include other means, instrumentalities or other approaches for allowing computer programs and/or other instructions and/or data to be accessed by computer system  800 . Such means, instrumentalities or other approaches may include, for example, a removable storage unit  822  and an interface  820 . Examples of the removable storage unit  822  and the interface  820  may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM or PROM) and associated socket, a memory stick and USB port, a memory card and associated memory card slot, and/or any other removable storage unit and associated interface. 
         [0072]    Computer system  800  may further include a communication or network interface  824 . Communication interface  824  enables computer system  800  to communicate and interact with any combination of remote devices, remote networks, remote entities, etc. (individually and collectively referenced by reference number  828 ). For example, communication interface  824  may allow computer system  800  to communicate with remote devices  828  over communications path  826 , which may be wired and/or wireless, and which may include any combination of LANs, WANs, the Internet, etc. Control logic and/or data may be transmitted to and from computer system  800  via communication path  826 . 
         [0073]    In some embodiments, a tangible apparatus or article of manufacture including a tangible computer useable or readable medium having control logic (software) stored thereon is also referred to herein as a “computer program product” or “program storage device.” This includes, but is not limited to, computer system  800 , main memory  808 , secondary memory  810 , and removable storage units  818  and  822 , as well as tangible articles of manufacture embodying any combination of the foregoing. Such control logic, when executed by one or more data processing devices (such as computer system  800 ), causes such data processing devices to operate as described herein—e.g., to execute the operations in method  400  of  FIG. 4 , method  500  of  FIG. 5 , method  600  of  FIG. 6 , and/or method  700  of  FIG. 7 . 
         [0074]    Based on the teachings contained in this disclosure, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to make and use embodiments of this disclosure using data processing devices, computer systems and/or computer architectures other than that shown in  FIG. 8 . In particular, embodiments can operate with software, hardware, and/or operating system implementations other than those described herein. 
         [0075]    It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not any other section, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. Other sections can set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit this disclosure or the appended claims in any way. 
         [0076]    While this disclosure describes exemplary embodiments for exemplary fields and applications, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Other embodiments and modifications thereto are possible, and are within the scope and spirit of this disclosure. For example, and without limiting the generality of this paragraph, embodiments are not limited to the software, hardware, firmware, and/or entities illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Further, embodiments (whether or not explicitly described herein) have significant utility to fields and applications beyond the examples described herein. 
         [0077]    Embodiments have been described herein with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined as long as the specified functions and relationships (or equivalents thereof) are appropriately performed. Also, alternative embodiments can perform functional blocks, steps, operations, methods, etc. using orderings different than those described herein. 
         [0078]    References herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” or similar phrases, indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment can not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of persons stilled in the relevant art(s) to incorporate such feature, structure, or characteristic into other embodiments whether or not explicitly mentioned or described herein. Additionally, some embodiments can be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments can be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, can also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. 
         [0079]    The breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.