Abstract:
A GNSS data collection system includes a pole mounted GNSS receiver and inclination sensors. A data collection module provides a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a hand-held data collector computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver and receives three-dimensional location data and inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component uses the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The inclination data and height of the range pole are used to calculate and display horizontal distance and direction to level the GNSS receiver, using: 
       incline=sqrt( x tilt* x tilt+ y tilt* y tilt) 
     where,
   xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis,   ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis, and horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline)   where,   rh=the height of the range pole.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/008,933, entitled GNSS Mobile Base Station and Data Collector with Electronic Leveling, filed on Jun. 6, 2014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    This invention relates to GNSS surveying, and more particularly to a mobile base station and data collector with electronic leveling to facilitate automated data capture. 
         [0004]    2. Background Information 
         [0005]    The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) to high precision using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. GNSS is commonly used for various navigation and surveying functions. 
         [0006]    Differential grade GNSS equipment differ from commercial grade GPS units by incorporating higher quality antennas and implementing differential corrections that greatly improve the accuracy of the location determination. Differential grade GNSS equipment incorporating high quality antennas can receive information from a greater number of satellites at once, some can receive information from the satellites in several frequencies (L1 and L2), and some can receive information from satellites in different satellite systems (primarily GPS and GLONASS). Differential grade antennas receive corrections from either a satellite based augmentation system (SBAS) or ground based augmentation systems (GBAS). The accuracy of the SBAS and the GBAS corrections depends on the type of system being used and the user&#39;s location in relationship to the system&#39;s coverage. In addition, differential grade units typically have higher quality mapping software designed to map features using points, lines, and polygons. 
         [0007]    As mentioned, a significant aspect of differential-grade GNSS systems is their ability to apply differential corrections to positions. There are several different ways to apply these corrections. One method is to post-process the data after it is collected with data from a nearby base station, however, real time corrections, e.g., using an RTK (Real Time Kinetic) base station, are more commonly used. The types of real-time corrections that can be used depend upon the particular device being used. 
         [0008]    Accuracy of differential-grade GNSS units varies depending upon the type of differential correction applied and the quality of the GNSS receiver and antenna (type, quality, and the number of satellite and frequencies that can be received), with external antennas typically providing the best results. 
       Survey Grade GNSS Equipment 
       [0009]    Survey-grade GNSS receivers typically record the full-wavelength carrier phase and signal strength of the L1 and L2 frequencies and track at least eight satellites simultaneously on parallel channels. The antennas used for GNSS survey applications should have stable phase centers and be designed to minimize multipath interference. Survey grade GNSS equipment also include fixed-height, accurately leveled tripods  10  and roving range poles  12 , e.g., for RTK procedures, such as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0010]    Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Procedures 
         [0011]    Kinematic is a term applied to GPS surveying methods where receivers are in continuous motion, although for relative positioning the more typical arrangement is a stop and go technique. As shown in  FIG. 1 , this approach involves using at least one stationary reference receiver/tripod  10  and at least one moving receiver called a rover or roving range pole/receiver  12 . RTK procedures do not require post-processing of the data to obtain a position solution. Rather, a radio at the reference receiver  10  broadcasts the position of the reference position to the roving receivers  12 . This allows for real-time surveying in the field and allows the surveyor to check the quality of the measurements without having to process the data. It is noted that conventional approaches require both the reference receiver/tripod  10  and the roving pole  12  to be properly leveled during data capture in order to provide desired accuracy. This leveling is conventionally provided by the use of conventional bubble levels mounted on the poles of devices  10 ,  12 . This conventional leveling approach generally suffices for the tripod  10  due to its stationary use. However, this approach tends to be cumbersome for the rover  12 , because it generally requires the user to stop, observe the bubble level on the pole in order to move the pole to proper vertical orientation, and then hold the pole in position while looking away from the pole to a data collector to capture the data. This leveling process is repeated at each data collection location throughout the work site. 
         [0012]    A need exists for an improved system and method to facilitate leveling of RTK rovers and related GNSS equipment and/or to otherwise improve RTK data collection. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0013]    In one aspect of the invention, a GNSS data collection system includes a pole mounted GNSS receiver configured to generate three-dimensional location data. A plurality of inclination sensors disposed in operative engagement with the GNSS receiver, are configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes. A hand-held data collector computer includes a data collection module configured to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a display of the collector computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver and configured to receive the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component uses the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The virtual level component uses the inclination data along with the height (i.e., length) of the range pole to calculate and display a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver, wherein the horizontal distance is calculated using the formula: 
         [0000]      incline=sqrt( x tilt* x tilt+ y tilt* y tilt)       where,   xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis,   ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis, and horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline)   where,   rh=the height of the range pole.         
         [0019]    In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing a GNSS data collection system, the method includes providing a pole mounted GNSS receiver for generating three-dimensional location data, including a plurality of inclination sensors configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes. A hand-held data collector computer includes a data collection module configured to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a display of the computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver so that the data collector receives the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component, implemented by the data collector computer, is configured to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The virtual level component is configured to use the inclination data along with the height (i.e., length) of the range pole to calculate and display with the GUI, a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver, wherein the horizontal distance is calculated using the formula: 
         [0000]      incline=sqrt( x tilt* x tilt+ y tilt* y tilt)       where,   xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis,   ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis, and horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline)   where,   rh=the height of the range pole.         
         [0025]    The features and advantages described herein are not all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0026]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
           [0027]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a GNSS Real Time Kinetic data collection system of the prior art; 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of elements of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  is an elevational view of another element of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view, on a reduced scale, of the elements of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 6A  is a view of a graphical user interface display of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 6B  is a schematic elevational view of an embodiment of the present invention with coordinate axes; 
           [0034]      FIG. 6C  is schematic plan view of an embodiment of the present invention with coordinate axes; 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 8  is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 9  is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 10  is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 11  is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer system usable with embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0041]    In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized. It is also to be understood that structural, procedural and system changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, well-known structures, circuits and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
         [0042]    As used in the specification and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, reference to “an analyzer” includes a plurality of such analyzers. In another example, reference to “an analysis” includes a plurality of such analyses. 
         [0043]    Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. All terms, including technical and scientific terms, as used herein, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs unless a term has been otherwise defined. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning as commonly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure. Such commonly used terms will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless the disclosure herein expressly so defines otherwise. 
         [0044]    Briefly described, embodiments of the present invention include a GNSS rover including a pole mounted GNSS receiver  20 , and a hand-held data collector  24 , in which the data collector captures and displays real-time tilt information for the GNSS receiver in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator on a Graphical User Interface (GUI)  28  ( FIGS. 3&amp;5 ). As shown in  FIG. 2 , the GUI  28  displays a tolerance bubble  114  relative to a circle (leveling viewer)  110  corresponding to a target position. The bubble  114  moves in real-time as the range pole  22  ( FIGS. 3&amp;5 ) supporting the GNSS receiver is tilted. If the bubble is “inside” the circle, then the pole is sufficiently oriented (e.g., within tolerance) for desired accuracy, and data collection may commence. In the example shown, the bubble turns green or otherwise indicates proper pole orientation. As also shown, when the bubble is outside the circle, the pole position is out of tolerance, and may be turned red or may otherwise alert the user than data should not be collected until the position of the pole is properly oriented. In particular embodiments, the system is configured to selectively capture and prevent the capture of data depending on the orientation of the pole, e.g., automatically capturing data when the pole is properly oriented, and preventing data capture when the orientation of the pole is out of tolerance. Moreover, as discussed in greater detail hereinbelow, the GUI  28  displays the horizontal distance and direction the pole may be moved to level the GNSS receiver. 
         [0045]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. 
         [0046]    As used herein, the terms “computer” and “end-user device” are meant to encompass a workstation, personal computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless telephone, or any other suitable computing device including a processor, a computer readable medium upon which computer readable program code (including instructions and/or data) may be disposed, and a user interface. The term “real-time” refers to sensing and responding to external events nearly simultaneously (e.g., within milliseconds or microseconds) with their occurrence, or without intentional delay, given the processing limitations of the system and the time required to accurately respond to the inputs. 
         [0047]    Terms such as “component,” or “module”, and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a module or component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server (or control related devices) can be modules. One or more modules may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a module may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers or control devices. Programming Languages 
         [0048]    The system and method embodying the present invention can be programmed in any suitable language and technology, such as, but not limited to: C++; Visual Basic; Java; VBScript; Jscript; BCMAscript; DHTM1; XML and CGI. Alternative versions may be developed using other programming languages including, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Active ServerPages (ASP) and Javascript. Any suitable database technology can be employed, such as, but not limited to, Microsoft SQL Server or IBM AS 400. 
         [0049]    Referring now to the figures, embodiments of the present invention will be more thoroughly described. GNSS is used to survey new points (gathering data for topographical maps and as-built maps) and for staking out known or computed points (typically for construction but also for property corners). These operations may be accomplished using the RTK approach discussed hereinabove with respect to  FIG. 1 . 
         [0050]    Turning to  FIGS. 3-5 , particular embodiments of the present invention include a GNSS receiver  20 , such as the BRx 5  Mobile Base Station ( FIGS. 3&amp;5 ) available from Carlson Software, Inc. of Maysville, Ky., USA (“Carlson”), mounted on top of a range pole  22  ( FIGS. 3&amp;5 ). These embodiments also include a data collector  24  ( FIG. 4 ) in the form of a handheld computer such as the Carlson Supervisor™ Rugged Tablet PC, running surveying data collection software (data collection module)  26  such as SurvCE®, both of which are available from Carlson. The receiver  20  includes integral electronic tilt sensors, which provide a reading of the tilt on the instrument on two axes, (left-right, and forward-back, sometimes called pitch and yaw, or simply tilt along the x and y axes as shown in  FIG. 6C ). Examples of such tilt sensors include the CarlsonDual Axis/Angular Sensor, available from Carlson. The instrument  20  transmits these x-y tilt readings to the data collector (e.g., handheld computer)  24 . The data collector receives the tilt readings, along with the positional data (latitude, longitude, elevation, etc.) from the GNSS receiver  20 . The data collection module  26  (e.g., SurvCE software) uses these x-y tilt measurements along with the length of the range pole  22  (e.g., the pole height as shown in  FIG. 6B ) to calculate the horizontal distance by which the receiver  20  is out of level. It should be recognized that in particular embodiments, module  26  does not merely calculate and display the x-y tilt measurements as angular values, i.e., as the angular degree of tilt (z angle,  FIG. 6B ) along the x and y axes relative to vertical. Rather, module  26  uses the captured tilt data, along with the length of the pole  22  supporting the receiver  20 , to calculate the horizontal distance and direction of movement required to level the GNSS receiver  20 . These values are displayed to the user on GUI  28 , e.g., graphically, in the form of the e-bubble level of  FIGS. 7-9 , and/or numerically, by virtual level component  27  (e.g., of the SurvCE software). This distance information may also be stored with captured raw data, e.g., in memory  304 / 306  ( FIG. 12 ) of data collector  24 , for Quality Control/Quality Assurance or post-processing. 
         [0051]    In particular embodiments, the formula shown in the following pseudo code is used to calculate the horizontal distance from level, and whether the range pole/tilt bubble is within tolerance: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 input: 
               
               
                   
                 Current XTilt: xtilt 
               
               
                   
                 Current YTilt: ytilt 
               
               
                   
                 User configured tolerance in meters: tol; 
               
               
                   
                 RodHeight: rh 
               
               
                   
                 Pseudo Code: 
               
               
                   
                 incline = sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt); 
               
               
                   
                 distancefromlevel = rh * sin(incline); 
               
               
                   
                 if(distancefromlevel &gt; tol) then do not allow the reading to be stored. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    This approach makes the e-bubble much more useful in the field than conventional approaches that either fail to quantify the extent to which the device is out of level, or simply provide angle (inclination) information rather than horizontal distance information. 
         [0053]    This has a number of potential advantages:
       Tolerance based on horizontal distance from the level (vertical) position, rather than simply angle measurements, enables compensation for different length poles, to provide greater accuracy than prior analog approaches that do not compensate for pole length.   The operator only has to look at the data collector for both data collection and leveling functions, rather than repeatedly looking back and forth between a data collector and a pole-mounted bubble level.   The data collection module may calculate/correct accurate position data when the range pole is not exactly vertical.   Provides for an Auto-by-Interval feature, in which data is automatically captured once the range pole is within level tolerance, e.g., after a predetermined distance or time interval. This should improve surveyor productivity and/or safety, by permitting users to watch their surroundings, e.g., oncoming traffic when surveying roadways, etc., rather than looking at a pole-mounted level.   Provides for use of audible signals, such as beeps than change frequency as the pole approaches level (similar to a Geiger counter or metal detector).   Provides for setting a maximum allowable tolerance for the distance the receiver is out of vertical and will signal the user and/or refuse to store points if the instrument is beyond the tolerance. This tends to improve the quality of data collected.   The GUI provides an uncluttered, easy to read analog-style interface along with level tolerance information, with tolerance in the form of distance from level rather than angles, to permit auto-by-interval surveying and improved accuracy of survey data collection. A pre-programmed calibration routine also compensates for vibrations and other aberrations.       
 
         [0061]    Turning now to  FIGS. 6-11 , various aspects of the bubble level display are shown and described in greater detail. As shown in  FIG. 6A , GUI  28  includes a new and easy to use Leveling Tolerance Management screen  100 , which displays tolerances  102  in linear units (meters or feet). Tolerance  102  represents the maximum horizontal deviation of the GNSS  20  from the vertical (level) position, taking into consideration the position of the Antenna Phase center (which is dependent on the current pole height and antenna L1 offset). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the Antenna Phase center will be offset from the top of the pole to an extent that will vary, in part, depending on the particular make and model of GNSS  20 . Therefore, for ease of explication, the discussion herein will assume that the Antenna Phase center is located in the GNSS at the top of the range pole  22 , with the understanding that measurements involving the pole length (height) are intended to encompass the pole height plus the actual antenna L1 offset. 
         [0062]    The linear leveling tolerance is shown relative to the GNSS  20  at  102  of  FIG. 6C . And as shown in  FIG. 6B , in accordance with the pseudo code shown above, the entered level tolerance  102  ( FIG. 6A ), along with the length (pole height) of the range pole  22 , corresponds to a maximum angular inclination value (z max). In particular embodiments, inclinations of the range pole (z angle) beyond z max/tolerance  102  will generate a warning such as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0063]    Turning now to  FIGS. 7-9 , GUI  28  includes an Accurate Electronic Leveling Device (Leveling Viewer) which in some respects, emulates conventional spherical-glass bubble levels used on range poles, by providing a:
       Leveling viewer (fixed black circle)  110 ; and   A Tolerance e-Bubble (small moving green/red circle)  114  to advise the user       
 
         [0066]    when the verticality requested is acquired before storing the new point. And, unlike a conventional bubble level, the Leveling Viewer also includes a High-Precision e-Bubble (blue moving circle)  112  for fine leveling adjustment. 
         [0067]    Operation of these features, including “Best Leveling”, “In Tolerance” and “Out of Tolerance” conditions, are shown in  FIGS. 7 ,  8  and  9 , respectively. In  FIG. 7 , the Blue High-Precision e-bubble  112  shows the best concentric match possible within the Leveling Viewer. In  FIG. 8 , the Tolerance bubble  114  shows Green and is fully inside the Leveling viewer, to indicate that while the pole  22  is not in optimal position, it is still within tolerance and therefore acceptable for data collection. In  FIG. 9 , the Tolerance bubble  114  is Red and extends at least partially outside the Leveling viewer, indicating that data should not be collected. 
         [0068]    Turning now to  FIG. 10 , in particular embodiments, GUI  28  includes Auto-Adaptable Leveling Sensibility, in which the in-graphics relation of pixel/resolution to tilt-angle changes depending on: Current user-defined Leveling Tolerance; Current user-defined Antenna height (L1 offset automatically included); and On screen Graphics size and resolution. This means that the lower the tolerance setting, the higher the sensitivity perceived by the user. It should be recognized that that the same tolerance setting makes leveling more sensitive when using higher poles  22 , in order to preserve the Maximum Linear Deviation (millimeter or inches) set by the user. During use of the leveling function, whenever the pole  22  is tilted too much, the user may be advised by: the Tolerance Bubble not showing, and/or the Hi-Precision Bubble  112  getting “locked” at the maximum deviation, while remaining visible on the screen and located on the screen in the direction of tilt of the pole, so the user can easily identify the direction of movement required to bring the pole back into the vertical position. 
         [0069]    As shown in  FIG. 11 , various embodiments may include a Leveling Tolerance Check screen  120  implemented in Store Points and Stakeout modes of operation. Similar to the “Stakeout Tolerance Check”, the software will warn the user and wait for his validation before storing a point when the current tilt of the pole exceeds the tolerance set by the user. 
       Exemplary Applications for These Embodiments May Include: 
     Gathering Data/Surveying 
       [0000]    
       
         (1) The user sets a tolerance  102  ( FIG. 6A ) for the level bubble (e.g., 2 centimeters) and then stores only when the bubble is within tolerance. If the green circle  114  is inside the larger circle (leveling viewer  110 ), the system is within tolerance. (Note that the outer black circle  110  is the same size no matter how close we are zoomed in or how far we are zoomed out—we could be seeing a screen of 8′×10′ or 80′×100′, this GUI screen still operates similarly.) (2) In the command Auto-by-Interval, data may be automatically captured at a 10 meter horizontal interval distance or by time (e.g., every 5 seconds). In particular embodiments, the system will automatically prevent data from being captured at the desired interval if the GNSS  20 /range pole  22  is tilted beyond tolerance  102 . No button pressing is required, just auto-detection of the system being within tolerance  102 . Optionally, a Geiger counter-like audio clicking or other varying frequency may be used to guide the user to the level condition (beeps faster if more level, then goes single tone when level). In this manner, the system provides for “never look down” surveying, e.g., silence until the system has reached moved at least the required interval, then the system beeps with increasing frequency as the pole is leveled, until emitting a steady tone at which time the location data is captured, then the system is moved forward and the process repeated. 
       
     
         [0071]    It should also be recognized that in particular embodiments, the Auto-by-Interval feature may be optionally configured to permit data capture any time the GNSS is within tolerance  102 , e.g., regardless of whether or not a particular distance or time interval as passed. This option provides experienced users with greater flexibility, such as to enable data to be captured based on local topography without being constrained by other intervals. For example, a user could move to the top of a ridge or other topographical feature, and then level the pole to automatically capture data. It should also be recognized that any of these Auto-by-Interval features, whether or not the aforementioned audio feature is used, provides for “never look down” or simply “no distraction” data capture, to advantageously permit users to focus their attention on other matters, such as local vehicular traffic when surveying roadways, etc., for increased user safety relative to conventional approaches which require users to focus on pole-mounted levels during data capture.
   (3) Using the inclination (tilt) data, particular embodiments may provide data correction, to enable data collection even when the pole is tilted beyond tolerance. For example, the tilt data may be used in combination with directional data (e.g., provided by an electronic compass or magnetometer), to compute position based on tilt angle and azimuth of the tilt. In this example, a directional sensor in addition to the tilt sensors is used to provide data correction, namely, to enable data collection even when the pole is tilted beyond tolerance. The pseudo code shown above, along with the directional information provided by the electronic compass, may be used to calculate and store the position “A” ( FIG. 6B ) corresponding to the vertical elevation of GNSS  20  above the bottom B of range pole  22 . So while some aspects of the invention include capturing and storing position data when within tolerance, this alternate variation includes capturing and storing position data after adjusting it using the tilt and direction data.   (4) The tilt information may be stored along with the position data, for post-processing and quality control/assurance.   
 
       Staking Out 
       [0000]    
       
         (1) When staking out a point list, without touching the keyboard, the user walks to the next point in order, or next closest point, and when the rover detects that it is at that point, it auto-stores once level (i.e., within the level tolerance  102 ). The user may thus stakeout without touching the keyboard, based on meeting position and level tolerance, i.e., tolerance-based stakeout without button presses. 
         (2) The above option applies to staking out a single point—move to it, get level, point is measured. No button press. So the key here is staking without touching the data collector—with preset option to store the staked point (also to go into the raw file, confirming tolerance data) or just providing screen notification for hammering the stake into the ground at that point. 
       
     
         [0076]      FIG. 12  shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exemplary form of a computer system  300  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one of the methodologies discussed above, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine may include a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance or any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify actions to be taken by that machine. 
         [0077]    The computer system  300  includes a processor  302 , a main memory  304  and a static memory  306 , which communicate with each other via a bus  308 . The computer system  300  may further include a video display unit  310  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma, cathode ray tube (CRT), etc.). The computer system  300  may also include an alpha-numeric input device  312  (e.g., a keyboard or touchscreen), a cursor control device  314  (e.g., a mouse), a drive (e.g., disk, flash memory, etc.,) unit  316 , a signal generation device  320  (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device  322 . 
         [0078]    The drive unit  316  includes a computer-readable medium  324  on which is stored a set of instructions (i.e., software)  326  embodying any one, or all, of the methodologies described above. The software  326  is also shown to reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  304  and/or within the processor  302 . The software  326  may further be transmitted or received via the network interface device  322 . For the purposes of this specification, the term “computer-readable medium” shall be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by the computer and that cause the computer to perform any one of the methodologies of the present invention, and as further described hereinbelow. 
         [0079]    Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention include a computer program code-based product, which includes a computer readable storage medium having program code stored therein which can be used to instruct a computer to perform any of the functions, methods and/or modules associated with the present invention. The non-transitory computer readable medium includes any of, but not limited to, the following: CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic tape, optical disc, hard drive, floppy disk, ferroelectric memory, flash memory, phase-change memory, ferromagnetic memory, optical storage, charge coupled devices, magnetic or optical cards, smart cards, EEPROM, EPROM, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and/or any other appropriate static, dynamic, or volatile memory or data storage devices, but does not include a transitory signal per se. 
         [0080]    The above systems are implemented in various computing environments. For example, the present invention may be implemented on a conventional IBM PC or equivalent, multi-nodal system (e.g., LAN) or networking system (e.g., Internet, WWW, wireless web). All programming and data related thereto are stored in computer memory, static or dynamic or non-volatile, and may be retrieved by the user in any of: conventional computer storage, display (e.g., CRT, flat panel LCD, plasma, etc.) and/or hardcopy (i.e., printed) formats. The programming of the present invention may be implemented by one skilled in the art of computer systems and/or software design. 
         [0081]    In the preceding specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. 
         [0082]    It should be further understood that any of the features described with respect to one of the embodiments described herein may be similarly applied to any of the other embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of the present invention.