Abstract:
A method of detecting faults in a member having a first and second face opposite each other and communicating fluidically in the presence of at least one fault; the method including the steps of: generating a first sound signal by means of a transmitter, so that the first sound signal interacts with at least one portion of the first face of the member; arranging a receiver, configured to receive a second sound signal, close to a respective portion of the second face of the member corresponding to the portion of the first face, the second sound signal being the outcome of the first sound signal interacting with the member; moving the receiver, close to the second face of the member; generating a detection signal, by means of the receiver, as a function of the received second sound signal; calculating, at a number of instants (t 1 -t N ) in which the receiver is moved, respective detection values (Aτ, Bτ, Nτ) of a quantity associated with the energy of the detection signal; and, in the event of at least one fault in the member, locating the fault on the basis of the detection values and of the positions assumed by the receiver at respective instants.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM AND RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a nationalization under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/EP2010/059498, filed Jul. 2, 2010 and published as WO 2011/000956 A1 on Jan. 6, 2011, which claims priority to European Patent Application Serial No. 09425258.2, filed on Jul. 2, 2009; which applications and publication are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a fault detection method and system, in particular for analysing water- and airtight sealing of vehicles or vehicle parts. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Currently used systems and methods for testing water—and airtight sealing of vehicles or vehicle parts—in particular, water—and airtight sealing of doors, windows or other vehicle parts involving sealing, seals, or other types of connections—comprise subjecting the test vehicle to simulated rain and/or storms. That is, at the end of the manufacturing stage, the vehicle is subjected to prolonged, powerful water jets, after which an operator visually inspects the inside of the vehicle for water. If the test proves positive, this means the watertightness of the part of the vehicle letting in water needs improving. Locating the fault, however, may prove difficult or even impossible, on account of the poor accuracy of the known method described. Very often, in fact, failure to accurately locate the fault makes it preferable to change the whole seal or reseal. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various examples provide a fault detection method and system designed to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art. 
     According to various examples, there are provided a fault detection method and system, such as are claimed in claims  1  and  8  respectively. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A non-limiting embodiment will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic of the system according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 2  shows a flow chart of the steps in the method according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 3  shows a graph of a matrix during processing in accordance with the  FIG. 2  flow chart method; 
         FIG. 4  shows a spectrogram of a sound signal during processing in accordance with the  FIG. 2  flow chart method; 
         FIG. 5  shows a graph of a matrix during one example of possible processing in accordance with the  FIG. 2  flow chart method; 
         FIG. 6  shows a time graph of the variation in sound signal energy in the  FIG. 5  example; 
         FIG. 7  shows a time graph of the variation in energy of the sound signal shown in the  FIG. 4  spectrogram; 
         FIG. 8  shows a time graph of the variation in energy of the  FIG. 7  sound signal with a superimposed discrimination threshold; 
         FIG. 9  shows a computerized schematic of a rectangular element with defects detected using the method according to the present subject matter invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a fault detection system  1  which employs a sound signal—in an inaudible frequency range, e.g. ultrasound—to analyze water—and airtight sealing of an insulating member  3 , e.g. a bus or train door, a car window, etc. 
     Fault detection system  1  comprises an emitting device  2  located in a first environment  5 , facing a first side  3   a  of insulating member  3 , and configured to generate a sound signal, e.g. a 40 kHz±15 kHz frequency ultrasound signal; a receiving device  4  located in a second environment  6 , facing a second side  3   b  of insulating member  3 , and configured to receive the sound signal from emitting device  2  and convert it to an audible-frequency sound signal, e.g. ranging between 300 Hz and 2 kHz; a headset  8  connected to an output of receiving device  4  to enable an operator (not shown) to listen to the audible sound signal from receiving device  4 ; and a computer  9  connected to the output of receiving device  4  to process the audible sound signal and assist in identifying the fault (as described in detail below). 
     Emitting device  2  and receiving device  4  are advantageously an emitter and receiver of a known marketed ultrasound detector, e.g. a Soundscan 101 distributed by Sonatest Ltd. 
     In use, emitting device  2  may be fixed at a distance from first side  3   a  of insulating member  3  for testing, so that the sound signal, emitted with a given span α, covers a large enough test area of first side  3   a.    
     As shown schematically in  FIG. 1 , insulating member  3  may comprise a fault  10 , represented as a local fracture or opening in insulating member  3 , extending the full thickness of insulating member  3  and connecting first environment  5  to second environment  6 . In the event of such a fault  10 , an incident sound wave  11 , generated by emitting device  2  and travelling through first environment  5  onto side  3   a , travels through fault  10  in insulating member  3  to produce a transmitted wave  12  travelling away from side  3   b  in second environment  6 . Depending on the thickness and characteristics of insulating member  3 , a transmitted wave may obviously travel between first and second environments  5  and  6 , even in the absence of fault  10 . Transmitted waves with and without fault  10 , however, possess different energy, and can be distinguished accordingly, as explained in detail below. 
     In one embodiment, receiving device  4 , in use, is moved manually by an operator (not shown) over second side  3   b  of insulating member  3  to scan the whole, or only critical portions (e.g. seals), of second side  3   b  of insulating member  3  and so pick up any transmitted waves  12  indicating a fault  10  in insulating member  3 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, receiving device  4  may be moved automatically (not shown), e.g. on a robot arm and/or rails, etc., to safely scan portions of insulating member  3  not within easy reach of the operator. 
     Regardless of how receiving device  4  is moved, the operator can listen to the audible sound signal from receiving device  4  using headset  8  and, on the basis of the signal, immediately determine the presence of a fault  10  in the portion of insulating member  3  being scanned, and take immediate steps to accurately locate fault  10 . 
     The audible sound signal from receiving device  4  is also sent to computer  9 . 
     The audible sound signal may vary in both intensity and tone, depending on the energy of transmitted wave  12 . Which means the operator can determine the presence of a fault  10  on the basis of both an increase in intensity and a variation in tone of the sound in headset  8 . As explained in detail below, the audible sound signal from receiving device  4  comprises a number of audible frequencies characterizing the tone to be identified by the operator and associated with the presence or absence of a fault  10 . The variation in intensity and tone depends on the frequencies of transmitted wave  12  and the energy associated with each frequency. 
       FIG. 2  shows a flow chart of a fault detection method, that may be implemented, for example, as a software program in computer  9 , in accordance with the present subject matter. 
     First (Step  20 ), the audible sound signal from receiving device  4  is acquired by computer  9  and sampled (e.g. at Nyquist rate) for conversion to a digitized audio signal, e.g. in “WAVEform” (also known simply as WAVE or WAV) audio format, though any other audio format, such as a compressed AAC or MP3 format, may be used. 
     Next (Step  21 ), the digitized audio signal is processed, in particular is Fourier (e.g. fast Fourier, FFT) transformed. More specifically, successive portions of the digitized audio signal are constant-band frequency analysed by FFT to produce, as is known, an energy spectrum. 
     FFT transformation of the digitized audio signal is conducted in successive time windows, e.g. each of 10 ms. Time windows of more or less than 10 ms may, of course, be used, though it is important to bear in mind that too short a time window would aggravate aliasing, thus altering the spectral estimate, whereas too long a time window could result in loss of useful information in identifying possible faults  10 . 
     For example, a 30 s digitized audio signal and an FFT in successive 10 ms time windows give 3000 transform functions, each relating to a respective time window and associated with an instant in the window. 
     The time window may be of various types, e.g. rectangular, Hanning, Hamming or Barlett windows, or other known documented types. 
     The FFT can be performed in real time, calculating and displaying the energy spectrum of the transform function in less than or the same time as the length of the analysed signal, or at a later time. 
     Changes over time in the digitized audio signal spectrum can be memorized in a matrix, e.g. of the type shown graphically in  FIG. 3 , having N number of columns t 1 , t 2 , . . . , t X , . . . , t N  (each relative to a respective instant) equal to the number of time windows used to cover the length of the digitized audio signal (3000 in the example referred to above), and M number of lines f 1 , f 2 , . . . , f Y , . . . , f N  (each relative to a frequency in the digitized signal spectrum) equal to the sound signal sampling frequency (e.g. M number of lines equal to the Nyquist rate). 
     The matrix so formed contains amplitude samples (e.g. expressed in dB) for each frequency f 1 -f M  at each instant t 1 -t N  considered. For example, as shown in the graph, the t 1  instant column contains samples A 1 -A M  for respective frequencies f 1 -f M ; the t 2  instant column contains samples B 1 -B M  for respective frequencies f 1 -f M ; the t X  instant column contains samples X 1 -X M  for respective frequencies f 1 -f M ; and so on. 
     Taking a Y-th row (indicating a Y-th frequency f Y ) in the matrix so formed, and working along the columns, it is possible to analyse the change over time in the Y-th frequency f Y ; similarly, given an X-th column (relative to an X-th instant) in the matrix, and working along the rows, it is possible to analyse the variation in amplitude of the digitized audio signal spectrum samples for different frequencies at that instant. 
     The matrix may also be represented graphically in the form of a waterfall diagram, sonogram or spectrogram, e.g. of the type shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     The frequencies of interest for the purpose of leakage and fault detection may be limited to specific frequencies, depending on the receiving device  4  employed. That is, receiving device  4  receives a transmitted sound wave  12  at a specific frequency, in particular the frequency of the ultrasound signal emitted by emitting device  2  (e.g. 40 kHz±15 kHz as stated). But converting the ultrasound signal to an audible sound signal produces an audible sound signal with its own characteristic frequency components, which obviously differ from those of the emitted ultrasound signal, and which depend on the desired tone of the sound signal. Amplitude depends on the desired intensity of the sound signal. For example, a low energy level of transmitted wave  12  may be associated with a low, weak tone, and a high energy level of transmitted wave  12  may be associated with a high, strong tone. Using a Sonatest Ltd Soundscan 101 as receiving device  4 , the Applicant has found the significant frequency components of the audible sound signal to be located around 500 Hz, 1000 Hz for a low tone, and around 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz and 2500 Hz for a high tone. In the  FIG. 3  example, substantial energy contributions can be observed around the 500 Hz and 100 Hz frequencies between 0 s and 20 s, and further contributions around the 1500 Hz and 2000 Hz frequencies, mainly between 15 s and 20 s. Zero Hz contributions represent the continuous component, which is not normally significant in determining the spectral estimate and, for the purposes of the method according to the present subject matter invention, can be ignored. 
     As can be seen, the most significant contributions, for all the frequencies, disregarding the continuous component, are between 15 s and 20 s. 
     A different receiving device  4  may obviously generate a sound signal with different significant frequency components. The significant frequencies of a generic receiving device  4  can be determined as follows. 
     An insulating member  3  with at least one fault  10 , created if necessary for test purposes, is set up between emitting device  2  and receiving device  4 . A sound signal is transmitted and received to pick up one or more transmitted waves  12  indicating fault  10  in insulating member  3 . The audible sound signal from receiving device  4  is sent to computer  9  which converts it to a digitized audio signal. The digitized audio signal is processed as described in Step  21  in  FIG. 2 , i.e. undergoes a Fourier (e.g. fast Fourier, FFT) transform; and a 3D spectrogram or waterfall diagram (as shown, for example, in  FIG. 4 ) is displayed, for example, on the screen of computer  9 , so the operator can immediately determine, by eye or with the aid of the computer, the significant frequencies at fault  10  in the test insulating member  3 . 
     With reference to Step  22  in  FIG. 2  and to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , for each instant t 1 -t N , the squares of the digitized signal spectrum amplitude samples of all the frequencies of interest (in the example shown, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz) are added to obtain respective energy contributions. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , in which only the frequencies of interest are shown for the sake of simplicity, a respective sample A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5  is present for each frequency at instant t 1 ; similarly, a respective sample B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 , B 5  is present for each frequency at instant t 2 ; and a respective sample N 1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 , N 5  is present for each frequency at the N-th instant t N . 
     The squares of the respective samples at each instant t 1 -t N  are then added. For example, samples A 1   2 , A 2   2 , A 3   2 , A 4   2 , A 5   2  at instant t 1  are added to obtain energy contribution A T =A 1   2 +A 2   2 +A 3   2 +A 4   2 +A 5   2 ; samples B 1   2 , B 2   2 , B 2   2 , B 3   2 , B 4   2 , B 5   2  at instant t 2  are added to obtain energy contribution B T =B 1   2 +B 2   2 +B 3   2 +B 4   2 +B 5   2 ; and so on. 
     This gives the  FIG. 6  graph, in which each instant t 1 , t 2 , . . . , t N  is associated with a respective sum A T , B T , . . . , N T . 
     The  FIG. 7  graph is obtained from the  FIG. 4  spectrogram as described with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . As can be seen, in this case, the energy contributions are smaller at the instants between 0 s and 15 s, and are higher between 15 s and 20 s. To determine which energy contributions are significant in identifying faults  10 , a contribution amplitude discrimination threshold is set. 
     More specifically—Step  23  in FIG.  2 —the discrimination threshold is defined using a variation of Rabiner&#39;s algorithm, which is known in literature, for example, from L. R. Rabiner, M. R. Sambur “An algorithm for determining the endpoints of isolated utterances”, Bell Syst. Tech. J 1975. 
     First of all, on the basis of the  FIG. 4  energy contributions obtained as described above, the maximum energy contribution IMX (peak value) and the minimum energy contribution IMN (silent condition energy value) are considered, and a first and second energy value i1 and i2 are calculated according to the following equations (1) and (2) respectively:
 
 i 1=0.03·( IMX−IMN )+ IMN   (1)
 
 i 2=4 ·IMN   (2)
 
     Equation (1) calculates a peak energy percentage (in this case, 3%), and equation (2) a value equal to 4 times the minimum energy contribution IMN. Though Rabiner&#39;s algorithm calculates the first and second energy value i1 and i2 according to equations (1) and (2), the 3% percentage in equation (1) and/or the 4 value in equation (2) may obviously vary if testing or practice show any advantage is to be gained. 
     A value ITM=max(i1, i2), equal to the maximum value of first and second energy values i1, i2, is then taken. 
     The ITM value is then multiplied by a compensation value COMP to obtain a value ITU=ITM·COMP. An ideal COMP value according to Rabiner&#39;s algorithm is 5, though other compensation values may be used. Substantially, compensation values below 5 lower the discrimination threshold value, and compensation values of over 5 increase the discrimination threshold value. 
     Finally, the value of a discrimination threshold  40  is obtained by taking half of the value ITU=ITM·COMP. 
     In a variation of the algorithm described, after calculating first and second energy values i1 and i2 according to equations (1) and (2), a value ITL=min(i1, i2), equal to the minimum value of first and second energy values i1 and i2, is taken, and is multiplied by compensation value COMP—again equal, for example, to 5—to obtain a value ITL=ITM·COMP, which is used as discrimination threshold  40 . 
     In general terms, the discrimination threshold adaptively varies between a peak value (IMX) and a noise value (IMN) of the detection values, as a function of the peak value and of the noise value. The peak value may be regarded as the highest value among said detection values and the noise value may be regarded as the lowest value among said detection values. 
       FIG. 8  shows the  FIG. 7  spectrogram with a superimposed discrimination threshold  40  calculated as described using Rabiner&#39;s algorithm (the discrimination threshold  40  is thus an adaptive threshold). Energy contributions below discrimination threshold  40  are rejected, and energy contributions above discrimination threshold  40  are taken to indicate a fault  10 . 
     At this stage, the actual location of any faults  10  in insulating member  3  is still unknown, but the time interval in which the faults are detected is known. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , Step  24 , to locate faults  10  in insulating member  3 , the  FIG. 8  spectrogram energy contributions above discrimination threshold  40  are compacted to group together any closely consecutive energy contributions that as a whole exceed discrimination threshold  40  for at least 1 second. 
     This choice substantially depends on the required degree of precision in locating faults  10 . More specifically, working on the basis of the known space=speed·time equation, a given scanning speed of insulating member  3  by receiving device  4  (e.g. 0.2 m/s) and a given desired spatial location precision (e.g. grouping together faults  10  within a 20 cm space range of insulating member  3 ) give a 1 s time range in which to discriminate between faults  10 . 
     Obviously, by altering scanning speed or the discrimination time range, the degree of precision in spatially locating a fault  10  can be altered as required. 
     Given the shape of the analysed portion of insulating member  3 , mean scanning speed, and the scanning path, fault  10  can be spatially located in the analysed portion of insulating member  3  by determining the time interval in which fault  10  is detected. 
       FIG. 9  shows a schematic of the perimeter of a rectangular insulating member  3 , of which a peripheral portion  50  has been analysed in search of faults  10 . The drawing shows six faults  10  along the perimeter of insulating member  3 , corresponding to respective energy contributions in  FIG. 8  which exceed discrimination threshold  40  for at least 1 second, are indicated  100 - 105  in  FIG. 8 , and are located between 15 and 20 seconds. 
     Obviously, to match the spatial location and detection time of a fault  10 , the scanning start point and path must be known. In the example shown, scanning starts at the bottom left-hand corner  51  of insulating member  3 , and proceeds clockwise along peripheral portion  50  of insulating member  3  back to the start point at corner  51 . 
     The Applicant has conducted numerous tests to determine the reliability of the method according to the present subject matter. In particular, data has been collected relative to: true positives (VP), i.e. correctly detected faults  10 ; true negatives (VN), i.e. correctly identified areas with no faults  10 ; false positives (FP), i.e. faults  10  wrongly detected by the method according to the present subject matter; and false negatives (FN), i.e. undetected faults  10 . Values relative to the following parameters were calculated on the basis of the above data sensitivity, calculated as (VP)/(VP+FN), which represents the ability of the method according to the present subject matter to detect faults  10 ; specificity, calculated as (VN)/(VN+FP), which represents the ability of the method according to the present subject matter to determine areas with no defects  10 ; positive prediction value, calculated as (VP)/(VP+FP), which represents the probability of correctly detecting a fault  10 ; and negative prediction value, calculated as (VN)/(VN+FN), which represents the probability of correctly detecting no fault  10 . 
     According to the Applicant&#39;s findings, the best sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative prediction values are achieved with emitting device  2  positioned facing the barycentre of insulating member  3  (or, at any rate, substantially centred with respect to insulating member  3 ). As regards the distance of emitting device  2  from insulating member  3 , the Applicant has conducted numerous tests at different distances, and in particular with the emitting device contacting the insulating member (0 cm), at a distance ranging between 25 cm and 50 cm, and at a distance of over 50 cm. Tests show the best results, with reference to the above parameters, are achieved positioning emitting device  2  at a distance of 25-50 cm from insulating member  3 . 
     In the above optimum conditions, the Applicant has recorded, on average, sensitivity values of over 0.75, specificity values of over 0.9, a positive prediction value of over 0.8, and a negative prediction value of over 0.9. 
     The embodiments described for the calculation of the adaptive threshold  40  disclose a method (in particular, based on the Rabiner&#39;s algorithm) for computing a threshold value which is a function of a maximum energy contribution IMX (peak value) and a minimum energy contribution IMN (silent condition energy value). The IMX and IMN values may vary (and, typically, they do) during each measuring operation, depending on a plurality of environmental conditions (such as noise, materials being inspected, etc.). The threshold  40  adaptively varies between the two values IMN and IMX since it autonomously changes its own value to adapt itself to changes in the environmental conditions during inspection operation (such a changes are reflected by a variation of IMX and/or IMN values). 
     The advantages of the fault detection method and system according to the present subject matter will be clear from the above description. 
     For example, in the event receiving device  4  is moved automatically, e.g. by a robot arm and/or on rails, the fault detection method may be fully automated and so not require full-time operator assistance. 
     Moreover, computer  9  processing of the signal received by receiving device  4 , as in the method described, minimizes the possibility of error in identifying faults  10 , as compared with known technology, which depends on subjective interpretation of the sound received simply in a headset by the test operator. 
     Furthermore, the fault detection system can be transported easily, in view of the light weight of emitting device  2 , receiving device  4 , and computer  9 . 
     Finally, the fact that the discrimination threshold is an adaptive threshold, brings the advantage that a specific threshold for each specific vehicle or compartment being analyzed can be adaptively set at the end of the inspection process, without the need for storing one or a plurality of predefined threshold values. This means that a plurality of vehicles compartments may be inspected without the need for providing a specific threshold for each vehicle compartment. Moreover, the inspection results are minimally dependent from environmental conditions, possibly present during the inspection, which interfere with the inspection process and may affect the results. In fact, in the case that all the acquired signals are deviated by a certain quantity, also the calculated threshold is deviated by a corresponding quantity. As a consequence, the inspection results are accurate even in the presence of disturbances. 
     Clearly, changes may be made to the fault detection method and system according to the present subject matter without, however, departing from the scope of the present subject matter as defined in the accompanying claims. 
     For example, in addition to detecting faults in vehicles or vehicle parts, the method and system described may also be used for analysing sealings and seals, e.g. of pipes or conduits. In which case, emitting device  2  is positioned facing the inlet of the pipe or conduit, so the emitted signal travels along the inside of the pipe or conduit; and one or more receiving devices  4  are located at the monitored seals or sealings, and are moved to analyse the whole seal or sealing in search of faults. 
     Though  FIG. 1  shows a headset  8  connected to the output of receiving device  4 , headset  8  is obviously not essential, in that testing can be carried out by the method as described in  FIG. 2  and implemented in computer  9 , regardless of the presence of an operator. 
     Moreover, the system may be automated using servomechanisms for automatically moving receiving device  4  and emitting device  2 . 
     Moreover, data need not necessarily be processed as soon as it is acquired. That is to say, all the data may be acquired and recorded on a storage medium for subsequent remote processing. Alternatively, acquired data may be transmitted over Internet to a remote computer, so processing can be carried out at any distance from the data acquisition location.