Abstract:
Process for calculating decreasing doses of a drug a patient needs to take to be able to finally stop taking the drug algorithm. The process is based on an exponential drug taper. This is particularly useful for a drug which a patient is either physically or psychologically dependent, and for a drug where there are potentially serious side effects (for example, seizures) if the drug is rapidly discontinued. The program calculates the amount of drug and provides the clinician the opportunity to look at several different possible drug taper schedules, both numerically and graphically, and to aid the clinician in choosing the appropriate drug taper. The process can calculate a drug taper based upon actual clinical response of a patient. The process corrects for actual dosage sizes available, and calculates administration schedules for the patient and nurse.

Description:
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/518,519, filed May 3, 1990, now abandoned, entitled &#34;Process for Determining Drug Taper Schedules&#34;, to the same assignee of thee present invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to drug administration, and more particularly, pertains to a process for determining drug taper schedules by an algorithm which can be implemented by a computer. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Use of drug tapers is important in many fields. Experience shows routine use in detoxifying patients admitted for chemical dependency, but it also occurs when withdrawing patients from different drugs which they have used for long periods of time. In addition, when patients have been on drugs where rebound effects may be dangerous, drug tapering is necessary. 
     Previously, drug tapers have been calculated by hand, and they have been typically a &#34;linear&#34; taper. For example, a &#34;10%&#34; taper from 500 mg would go 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50. An exponential taper of this program would be, e.g., 500, 450, 405, 365, 329, 296, 266, 239, etc. The other approach that has been used has been to recalculate the drug taper on an almost daily basis, by the &#34;seat of the pants&#34;. In other words, the physician may drop the patient from 500 mg to 450 mg one day, observe him the next, and then based on clinical experience, guess what the next drop should be, then continue this process on a daily basis. If a patient encountered difficulties using the &#34;linear taper&#34;, such as showing signs of withdrawal or intoxication, then the &#34;seat-of-the-pants&#34; approach was the only approach that could be used. 
     The literature in the field generally agrees upon the need for a &#34;gradual&#34; taper, but the specifics of such a drug taper are generally not published. The approach usually taken involves either a slow linear taper where a fixed percentage of the starting dose is taken away over every period of time, a stepwise taper where patients are dropped by a fixed percentage and then held at the next step for a period of time before the next reduction, or a combination taper where the patient has an initial large drop followed by a linear taper. 
     When drug detoxification has been studied, it has been found that the actual requirements for drugs are not easily determined by biochemical parameters. That is, the amount of drug a patient needs is not necessarily reflected by, for example, serum levels. Rather, it appears that a patient&#39;s requirement for drugs during detoxification is a complex determination, effected by many physical, psychological, and social factors. 
     The traditional linear taper chooses a certain percentage of the initial dose, and then reduces the dose by the same absolute amount over each time interval. This is unsatisfactory, as it leads to ever increasing percentage decrements. This same problem occurs in both the step-wise taper and also over the major portion of the combination taper. In addition, the linear taper is inconsistent. 
     Consider a patient being detoxified from a total daily dose of 500 mg using a 10% linear taper. This patient will have his dose reduced by 50 mg every twenty-four hours. When this patient reaches a level of 100 mg, he will then be reduced to 50 mg, then none over the next two days. However, if this same patient were being detoxified from a total daily dose of 200 mg using a 10% taper (i.e., a reduction of 20 mg every twenty-four hours), the reduction from 100 mg to none would take two and one-half times as long (FIG. 2). 
     Clinically, experience has shown that linear tapers have not been appropriate for patients. The Mayo Clinic&#39;s experience has shown that linear tapers do not work in the patients whom they see. Rather, one finds that patients do best when they have larger decrements earlier in the drug taper schedule, and smaller decrements later. 
     The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing drug tapers to give the patient the minimum amount of drug required at any given time and to prevent the emergence of any type of abstinence syndrome or rebound effect. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The general purpose of the present invention is for three specific areas of drug tapering. The first is the specific mathematical calculation through an algorithm of a drug detoxification taper by other than a simple linear scheme. In specific, the current approach uses an exponentially-declining drug taper, although as the program advances and develops with further research, more complicated drug tapering formulas can be developed. The second is the use of a computer to present to the clinician several different drug tapers simultaneously, and to allow him to see what the drug tapers would look like to assist the physician in choosing one that would be most appropriate for a given patient. For example, the use of a program allows the physician to see and compare a 95% taper, a 90% taper, an 85% taper, etc. This provides the physician with a direct, head-to-head comparison of the drug tapers before the physician decides which is appropriate for the patient to use. The third is a program which will also automatically calculate drug administration schedules, simplifying use for patients, nurses, pharmacists, and the physician. For example, if a patient has to take 125 mg of a drug per day, that needs to be taken four times a day, the program automatically will calculate how much to take at each time. 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process through an algorithm for quantifying a drug taper, allowing a clinician to view alternative drug tapers to facilitate choosing the most appropriate clinical drug taper, and automating the calculation and printing of drug administration schedules for nursing, pharmacy and patient usage. 
     Significant aspects and features of the present invention include a quantitative approach to drug detoxification in place of the current approach, which is either &#34;seat of the pants&#34; or a simplistic linear taper. 
     Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is the opportunity to see several drug tapers simultaneously and in comparison before choosing one to use. 
     A further significant aspect and feature of the present invention is the calculation of actual drug administration schedules. 
     An additional significant aspect and feature of the present invention is if a patient has difficulty and either goes into withdrawal or suffers a rebound effect as the patient is not receiving enough medication or becomes intoxicated as the patient is receiving too much, the computerized approach allows recalculation of the drug taper based on the patient&#39;s known response. Specifically, the physician knows the starting dose the patient was stable on, and now knows another dose at a different point in time (for example, how much the patient took with additional doses to stabilize the withdrawal signs), and the physician can extrapolate through those two points using the formulas and calculate a new drug taper. This new drug taper would be based on the actual patient&#39;s responses. 
     Still another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is an algorithm which allows for recalculation of a taper based on actual clinical response. 
     Having thus described the embodiments of the present invention, it is a principal object hereof to provide an algorithm for determining a drug taper schedule. 
     One object of the present invention is to calculate a drug taper schedule with an algorithm. A computer expedites the algorithm calculations. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other objects of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates prior art drug tapering process; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates prior art drug tapering process; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a drug tapering decreasing exponential curve; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates alternative drug tapers; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a recalculated drug taper; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a table of drug taper schedules; 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a table of drug taper schedules and drug administration schedule; and, 
     FIG. 8A-8Q illustrates a flow chart of a drug tapering algorithm. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred drug tapering process does not use a constant value for the drug decrement, but rather keeps the decrement from one time period to another as a constant percentage of the previous dose. The process should be constant in a drug taper as the percentage decrease in dose from one time period to the next. Although this is straight-forward to calculate mathematically, it is a time consuming calculation as illustrated in FIG. 3. It is only with the widespread distribution of computers to clinical facilities that this type of process can now be easily implemented. The constant percentage decreases yields on exponential drug taper. 
     Mathematically, the drug taper algorithm can be defined as follows: 
     Symbols 
     k 1  Initial dose at time 0 
     k 2  Decrement, as a value between 0 and 1 
     t Time 
     G(t) Amount of drug given at time t 
     Rnd(a,b) Rounding function, which rounds a to the nearest multiple of b 
     Min(a,b) Minimum function, which chooses the minimum of a or b 
     M Minimum Dosage Size Available 
     y, y&#39;,y&#34; Intermediate functions, defined below. 
     Theoretically, the shape of the exponential drug taper is: 
     
         y&#34;(t)=k.sub.1 k.sub.2.sup.t                                (Equation 1) 
    
     However, in reality one needs to correct for the fact that drugs cannot be administered in infinitely-dividable quantities, but rather are given in discrete doses. Thus, in practice, one sums up the total theoretical amount which should have been given at this time, and subtract the amount actually given to date: ##EQU1## 
     One then sets a condition that one cannot give a higher dose than previously given; that is, the doses are continually decreasing: 
     
         y&#39;(t)=Min [y(t), G(t-1)]                                   (Equation 3) 
    
     Next, one calculates the amount to be given to the nearest available dose size: 
     
         G(t)=Rnd(k.sub.1 k.sub.2.sup.t, M) (for t=1, or) Rnd [y&#39;(t), M] (for t&gt;1)(Equation 4) 
    
     where M represents the minimum dosage size available. In reality, this function (Equation 4) is not necessarily so simple, as drugs may have sizes that are not multiples of each other, such as 2 and 25 mg, so that the drugs can be multiples of 1 mg. 
     The basic process of the algorithm used equation 1, in combination with equation 4. If desired, equations 2 and 3 can also be used, although in practice, one finds that equations 2 and 3 really offer little additional advantage. The reason for this is that the rounding errors created by rounding to the nearest dose size actually available overestimates and underestimates the true cover about equally. 
     Equation 4 is restated as: 
     
         G(t)=Rnd[y&#34;(t),M]                                          (Equation 5) 
    
     when only using equations 1 and 4; and it remains: 
     
         G(t)=Rnd[y(t),M]                                           (Equation 6) 
    
     when using equations 1, 2, and 4. 
     In preferred order of the algorithm implementation, equations are utilized in the following combinations: 
     1. Equations 1 and 5. 
     2. Equations 1, 2, and 6. 
     3. Equations 1, 2, 3, and 4. 
     4. Equation 1 
     FIG. 8E, box &#34;Calculate Spreadsheet Tapercal&#34;, incorporates equations 1-6 of the algorithm as described in the Description of the Preferred Embodiments and the Appendix, pages A17-A22 entitled &#34;Formulas for Worksheet Tapercal&#34;. 
     MODE OF OPERATION 
     This algorithm was tested in sixteen patients needing detoxification from psychoactive drugs. Initial doses and durations for detoxification were chosen by physicians using the same criteria as applied in the inpatient Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Unit of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Exponential drug tapers were then calculated using the model. Doses were not given if the patients showed signs of intoxication, or extra doses were given if the patients were in withdrawal. 
     All sixteen patients were successfully tapered from their medications. More so, there was a significant (p&lt;0.01) reduction in the total amount of drug needed for detoxification compared to a traditional linear taper. Mathematically quantifiable drug reduction schedule can be used to successfully taper patients from psychoactive medications. In addition, this technique provides for lower total doses of drugs (the &#34;area under the curve&#34;) than does a more typical approach. 
     The teaching of the process of the present invention provides three new, specific advantages over previous techniques of calculating drug tapers: 
     a. The process mathematically determines a quantifiable, reproducible drug taper. 
     b. The process uses the computer to provide the practitioner with alternative drug tapers. 
     c. The process uses the computer to calculate an actual drug administration schedule. 
     The mathematical drug taper algorithm is reproducible from patient to patient. Because the drug taper can be calculated from two points, it also allows for a drug taper to be corrected if a patient needs extra medication or less medication than originally thought. By using two known doses the patient required, such as the first dose and the most recent, a new drug taper can be calculated based upon the patient&#39;s actual need. 
     In practice, the physician must consider many factors to determine the proper drug taper schedule for a patient: the patient&#39;s overall health, the risk of the patient experiencing drug-withdrawal symptoms, the pharmacokinetics of the drug in use, etc. By using the computer, the physician can be shown several alternative drug tapers, either in tabular or graphic form (FIG. 4), and from these may chose the most appropriate drug taper for his patient. At present, most physicians currently decide upon a drug taper without comparing what the actual drug tapers would look like. 
     Once a drug taper is chosen, it must then be converted into what is administered to the patient. In many drugs, doses are determined as total dose over a 24-hour period, and then the dose is divided and several, smaller doses given during that 24-hour period. This calculation may involve several unequal doses over that 24-hour period, adjusted to match an individual&#39;s daily pattern. Currently, the calculation of these doses is typically done by hand, and can require as much as fifteen to thirty minutes for a complicated schedule. This schedule must also be transcribed into a written form for use by both the hospital pharmacy and the nursing service for hospitalized patients. For outpatients, the schedule must be converted into a form usable by the patient, such as &#34;Take 2 pills at 3 p.m.&#34; Using the computer to do these calculations not only speeds the process, but also eliminates human error in copying and transcription. 
     Currently, the program utilizes the following as input: 
     1. The two drug parameters which can be utilized: 
     a. Initial dose and duration of taper; 
     b. Initial dose and final dose; 
     c. Any two specific doses; or 
     d. One dose and percent decrement 
     2. Drug Name. 
     3. Patient identification. 
     and offers as output: 
     4. Calculated taper 
     a. Tabular form. 
     b. Graphic form. 
     5. Option for recalculation of taper. 
     6. Comparison of two tapers. 
     7. Drug administration schedule with appropriate identification, and times for pharmacy and nursing usage. 
     8. Drug schedule for patient usage, listed in dosage multiples (such as number of pills), for outpatient use. 
     Alternative functions might include certain decision making functions, such as offering suggested schedules based on the drug, or suggested drug taper durations based on the drug, the patient status, the length of time the patient has used the drug, etc. In addition, alternative functions might consider drug interactions when patients are taking multiple drugs. 
     Drug tapers are used in clinical medicine in a variety of situations. Not only do drug tapers occur routinely when taking patients off psychoactive medications, but they are also used whenever there is concern of how the patient will react without the medication. A simple example would be when a patient needs to be taken off an anticonvulsant. Thus far, the common advice is to proceed with drug tapers &#34;slowly,&#34; and nobody has presented a quantifiable technique for calculating drug tapers. One describes such a method, utilizing an exponential drug taper. Initial research with this process shows that not only does it work well, and that it actually uses less medication than does a standard drug taper. This process only recently has become useful, for it requires ready access to computers for the clinician. However, our approach has utilized computers for at least four new functions not commonly used previously; quantifying a drug taper, allowing a clinician to view alternative drug tapers to facilitate choosing the most appropriate clinical drug taper, automating the calculation and printing of drug administration schedules for nursing, pharmacy, and patient usage, and recalculating a drug tapering if required based on a patient&#39;s actual clinical response. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Appendix 1 illustrates various supplements comprising one application of the algorithm on a computer, and provided output. This particular program runs as several spreadsheets, on a commercially available package, SmartWareII by Informix Software, Inc., Lenexa, Kans. The sample spreadsheets contain data from the same taper. 
     1. Copyright statement from SmartWareII. 
     2. Macro program which runs the entire taper, run in SmartWareII spreadsheet module. This program is internally documented. The parameters which the program uses are: 
     A. $MinDoseSizeAvail: the minimum dosage size of the drug available. This datum is read as a string, MinDoseSize, and then converted to this numeric variable. 
     B. $CreateOrModify: whether you want to create a new taper, or modify an already existing taper. 
     C. $DurationToPlot: how long the taper should last. 
     D. $TimeForDose --  1 (through  --  6): a string indicating what time dose number 1 will be given, to be printed as a heading on the drug administration schedule. 
     E. $TimeSpanForEachDose: the units of time in which the taper is calculated. 
     F. $NrDosesPerTimeUnit: how many doses will be given in each time unit. For example, if the $TimeSpanForEachDose is given in days, $NrDosesPerTimeUnit would be how many doses per day. 
     G. $LastDayTotalDose: how much drug to give in the last time unit. 
     H. $FirstDayTotalDose: how much drug is given in the first time unit. 
     I. $DrugName: a string with the name of the drug. 
     J. $MathModel: which mathematical model to use. Model 1 uses only equations 1 and 4. Model 2 uses equations 1, 2, and 6. Model 3 uses equations 1, 2, 3, and 4. 
     K. $DateForFirstDose: what date the first dose will be given, if doses are given per day, per week, or per month, otherwise what time the first dose will be given if doses are given per hour or per minute. 
     3. Example of an input screen asking for some data for the program, and also showing all of the parameters for which the program asks. 
     4. Example of spreadsheet Tapercal. This is the spreadsheet which actually calculates the taper. Column 1 contains the percentage decrement. For example, each day&#39;s total dosage is 79.43282% of the previous days dosage. Column 2 contains k 1  k 2   i . Column three contains: ##EQU2## Column four contains the amount to be given, rounded to multiples of the minimum dosage size. Column five contains the total amount given: ##EQU3## Column six contains the time interval number. For example, day 1, 2, 3, etc. 
     5. Formuli comprising spreadsheet Tapercal. 
     6. Example o#spreadsheet Taperdis. This spreadsheet displays the taper on the computer. 
     7. Formuli comprising spreadsheet Taperdis. 
     8. Example of spreadsheet SchedDis. This spreadsheet is 11 columns wide, and is printed on two pages. This spreadsheet calculates and displays the drug administration schedule. Column 1 contains the total dose. Column two contains the time unit, for example, the date in this example. Columns 3 through 8 contain the amount to be given in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth dose per time unit. In this example, only four doses per day are being given, so columns 7 and 8 remain blank. Column 9 contains the total daily dose in multiples of the minimum dosage size. In this example, how many five milligram doses make up the total daily dose. Column 10 is the average number of minimum doses per time unit. In this example, for each of the four doses per day, it tells how many five milligram doses must be given on average. Column 11 is the remainder of minimum dosage sizes still to be given after the minimum dosage sizes have been given. In this example, it is how many five milligram doses must be given after the average five milligram doses (listed in column 10) have been given at each of the four times per day. 
     9. Example of how SchedDis looks on the computer screen. 
     10. Formuli comprising spreadsheet SchedDis. 
     
         ______________________________________Page  Description of Appendix Page______________________________________1     Copyright statement for SmartWareII, the commercial package on which this program runs.2-14  Application program which runs the entire taper (see flowsheets A through M)2     Entrance Block (flowsheet B)2-3   Data Entry (flowsheet C)3     Calculations (flowsheet D)3-6   Choose Action (flowsheet E)6     Data Entry for modifying a pre-existing taper (flowsheet C)7-14  Functions (flowsheets F-M)7-8   Error Function (flowsheet F)8     .sub.-- Load.sub.-- Screen.sub.-- T11D() (flowsheet G)8     .sub.-- Load.sub.-- Screen.sub.-- T11C() (flowsheet H)9     .sub.-- Check.sub.-- Duration() (flowsheet I)9     .sub.-- Test.sub.-- Modify() (flowsheet J)9     Display Processing Screen (flowsheet K)9     Draw Schedule Information Box (flowsheet L)10    Draw Drug Information (flowsheet L)10    Draw Technical Information (flowsheet L)10-11 Draw Taper Information (flowsheet L)11-14 Input Function (flowsheet M)15    Input Screen: The four small boxes at the top are drawn by functions: .sub.-- Draw.sub.-- Drug.sub.-- Info() .sub.-- Draw.sub. -- Tech.sub.-- Info() .sub.-- Draw.sub.-- Taper.sub.-- Info() .sub.-- Draw.sub.-- Sked.sub.-- Info() If this screen were in color, the &#34;Taper Information&#34; box would be highlighted. The entire screen is produced by the .sub.-- Get.sub.-- Info() function, which is the date input function. This screen displays the parameters for the sample taper shown throughout this example.16    Spreadsheet TaperCal: To save both memory and pro- cessing time, only the first two rows are stored in memory. As rows 2 and higher contain identical formulas, row 2 is duplicated during processing to equal the size of the taper. This has two advantages: 1) less memory is used to store the spreadsheet, and 2) less time is used to calculate the spreadsheet as there are no redundant rows.17-22 Formulas for spreadsheet TaperCal23    Spreadsheet TaperDis: The function of this spreadsheet is solely to take the information in column 4 of spread- sheet TaperCal and display it in an easily readable form. Columns 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 contain the taper doses in sequential order. Columns 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 are the lines which divide the columns. Highlights are placed appropriately depending on the time interval. In this example, as doses are given per day, hash marks are placed every seven days.24-29 Formulas for spreadsheet TaperDis.30-31 Spreadsheet for SchedDis: This spreadsheet both cal- culates and displays a drug administration schedule.32    Spreadsheet SchedDis: This demonstrates how the spreadsheet appears on a computer screen. Only the portion that displays the schedules is visible on the screen. The portions of the spreadsheet only used for calculation are not visible (i.e., columns 9-11 are not visible). The same strategy to save memory processing time as is used in Spreadsheet TaperCal is used with this spreadsheet; it is expanded during processing to equal the size of the taper.33-43 Formulas for spreadsheet SchedDis.______________________________________ 
    
     DISCUSSION OF EXAMPLE ON PAGE 15 OF APPENDIX 1 
     This example is for a hypothetical drug &#34;Sample Drug&#34;. The smallest dosage size is a 5 mg capsule. The patient is taking 500 mg/day of the drug and one wants to taper the patient down to only 50 mg/day of the drug, and wants to take 10 days to do it. One wants to do this using only formulas 1 and 5. One is creating, then, a new taper from scratch. 
     After inputting the data (p.15) the program calculates the taper (p.16). This calculation is not visible to the user. The taper is then displayed (p.23). 
     The user is shown the Choose Action menu (p.3-6, flowsheet E). If one chooses to create a drug administration schedule, one is asked to input specifics about the schedule (Scheduling Information box on p. 15). In this example, one wants to give &#34;Sample Drug&#34; four times a day, at 7 a.m., 12 noon, 5 p.m., and 10 p.m. The first reduced dose is to be given on Apr. 20, 1990. 
     The actual drug administration schedule is shown on spreadsheet SchedDis (p.32). The total daily dose (column 1) is divided into 4 doses (columns 3, 4, 5 and 6) to be given at 7 a.m., 12 noon, 5 a.m., and 10 p.m. For example, on the first day of the taper, Apr. 28, 1990, the patient will receive a total of 50 mg of &#34;Sample Drug&#34;; 15 mg at 7 a.m., 10 mg at 12 noon, 10 mg at 5 p.m., and 15 mg at 10 p.m. Note that all doses are in sizes that can actually be given. If the 50 mg were merely averaged over all 4 times to 12.5 mg, it would be impossible to administer, as &#34;Sample Drug&#34; comes only in 5 mg multiples. Instead the program divides the 50 mg in multiples of 5 mg. 
     After viewing drug administration schedule, the user is again shown the Choose Action menu to let him either print the output, do some more calculating, or leave the program. 
     Mechanically, this example program runs as an application program on a commercially available integrated package, SmartWareII (p.1) The Macro program (pp.2-14) can be entered directly from DOS, in which case the use of SmartWareII is transparent to the user, or from the SmartWareII main and spreadsheet modules. The macro program gets all input for use by the three spreadsheets, TaperCal (pp.16-22), TaperDis (pp.23-29), and SchedDis (pp. 30-43). 
     The user does not know he is working with spreadsheets. The program controls which data goes into the spreadsheet and which spreadsheet is being used at any given moment. All calculations are done in the background, and only the results are displayed on the screen. 
     The program also does error checking so invalid entries are not placed in the spreadsheets. Rather, the user is told what his mistake was and how to correct it, and then asked to reenter correct data. In cases where the program knows what the correct entry should be, it will use it, notifying the user it is doing so. 
     Various modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the apparent scope hereof. ##SPC1##