Abstract:
In the solid state image pickup apparatus, in order to achieve complete transfer of the charge from the photodiode to the floating diffusion area, there is provided a pickup apparatus having a photoelectric conversion element, a transfer switch consisting of a MOS transistor for transferring the signal charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element, a floating diffusion capacitance for receiving the signal charge through the transfer switch, and a reset switch consisting of a MOS transistor for resetting the potential of the floating diffusion capacitance, the device comprising at least a potential setting circuit for generating a voltage different from the power supply voltage, wherein the output of the potential setting circuit is applied as a pulse to the gate of the transfer switch and/or the gate of the reset switch.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a solid state image pickup apparatus, and more particularly to a solid state image pickup apparatus having a floating diffusion unit adjacent to the photoelectric conversion unit. 
     2. Related Background Art 
     Conventionally, the charge coupled device (CCD) is widely utilized as the solid state image pickup apparatus.  FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a common CCD, and  FIG. 2  shows the change of the potential distribution in time of various areas shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein areas same as those in  FIG. 1  are represented by same numbers. 
     In  FIG. 1  there are shown a Si semiconductor substrate  1  of a first conductive type a well area  2  of a second conductive type opposite to that of the substrate  1 , and a diffusion area  3  of the first conductive type, constituting a PN photodiode with the well area  2 . The PN photodiode is initially given an inverse bias and a photo-induced charge is accumulated according to the incident light amount, in the junction capacitance of the PN photodiode. There are also shown a shallow diffusion area  4  of the second conductive type, provided for reducing the dark current generated on the surface of the diffusion area  3  and forming a diode also between the areas  3  and  4  thereby increasing the amount of the accumulated charge, a transfer channel  5  for reading the photo-induced charge accumulated in the photodiode, and a CCD channel  6  for successive transfer of the read charge. 
     A control electrode  7  serves to control the charge transfer to the CCD and also the successive charge transfer in the CCD, and is formed on the transfer channel  5  and the CCD channel  6  across an insulation layer. Second, third and fourth electrodes  8 ,  9 ,  10  serve to transfer the charge in the CCD in succession. A floating diffusion area  11  finally receives the transferred photo-induced charge, and a voltage amplitude, generated in the floating diffusion area  11  according to the photo-induced charge amount, is detected by a source follower amplifier, omitted in  FIG. 1 , and outputted to the outside as an electrical signal. There are also shown a reset gate  12  for resetting the floating diffusion area  11 , and a reset drain  13  therefor. 
     In the following the functions will be explained with reference to  FIG. 2 , which illustrates the potential states of the various areas. At a time t 0 , the transfer channel  5  is turned off and the photodiode area  2 ,  3  accumulates the photo-induced charge corresponding to the incident light amount. At a time t 1 , the transfer channel  5  is turned on to transfer the photo-induced charge to the CCD channel  6  through the transfer channel  5 . 
     At times t 2 , t 3 , the control electrodes  8 ,  9  are controlled in succession to transfer the photo-induced charge is transferred in succession to the portions in the CCD channel  6 , positioned directly below the control electrodes. The floating diffusion area  11  is reset in advance at the time t 3 , and, the photo-induced charge is transferred by the control electrode  10 , at a time t 4 , to the floating diffusion area  11  and is converted therein into a voltage for output. 
     In the above-described configuration, however, as the common control electrode  7  is used for controlling the potentials of the transfer channel  5  and the first CCD channel  6 , the difference in the depth of the potential wells thereof is uniquely determined by the process conditions such as the concentration profile. For this reason, there may result a case where the depth of the potential well of the CCD channel  6  cannot be sufficiently secured as shown in  FIG. 3  in which areas same as those in  FIG. 1  are represented by same numbers. As a result, the photo-induced charge cannot be fully transferred but partly remains in the transfer channel  5 , leading to defective phenomena such as: 
     (1) a decrease in the total amount of the transferred charge, leading to a lowered sensitivity; and 
     (2) return of the charge remaining in the transfer channel  5  to the photodiode  2 ,  3 , thereby generating a retentive image and significantly deteriorating the image quality. 
     Also, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-30189 discloses a configuration having an electrode for controlling the charge transfer from the photodiode to the CCD channel and another electrode for controlling the charge transfer in the CCD, as shown in FIG.  5 . Referring to  FIG. 5 , a plurality of n-type accumulation areas  1  for accumulating the signal charges induced by the incident light are arranged on a p-type substrate  6 , and a transfer gate  3  is provided between the accumulation area  1  and a vertical CCD register  2 , of which an end is connected to a horizontal CCD register composed of a transfer gate  12 , a transfer electrode  13  for the vertical CCD register and a silicon dioxide layer  14 . VA denotes the potential of the n-type accumulation area  1 , taking the Fermi potential  15  of the interior of the p-type substrate as a reference, while VDEP denotes the potential VA required for completely depleting the accumulation area  1 , and Vch denotes the channel potential when the transfer gate  3  is turned on. The potential VA is lowered in the drawing in response to the light entering the accumulation area  1 , and the accumulated charge is transferred to the vertical CCD register  2  by lowering the potential of the gate  12 . 
     However, according to the above-mentioned patent application, the depth of the potential well of the CCD channel is still uniquely determined by the process conditions such as the concentration profile, so that there are similarly encountered the above-mentioned drawbacks. 
     In the field of solid state image pickup apparatus, in addition to the CCD, the MOS sensor is recently attracting attention and is being actively developed because of advantages such as ease of one-chip formation of the peripheral circuits. For example, an exhibit titled “An Active Pixel Sensor Fabricated Using CMOS/CCD Process Technology” (exhibited at the 95 IEEE WORKSHOP on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced Image Sensors) discloses a CMOS sensor and its potential chart as shown in FIG.  4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , in the CMOS sensor, the floating diffusion area  711  and the source follower amplifier (not shown) are provided for each pixel, instead of at the end of the CCD register in case of the CCD. In  FIG. 4 , components same as those in  FIG. 1  are represented by same numbers. There are also shown a transfer gate  701  provided for each pixel, and a floating diffusion area  711  provided for each pixel. The photo-induced charge, generated in the photodiode area is transferred to the floating diffusion area  711 , and the amplitude of the voltage generated therein according to amount of photo-induced charges is detected by the source follower amplifier, omitted in  FIG. 4  but provided for each pixel, and outputted to an output line through a pixel selecting switch. There are also shown a reset gate  712  for resetting the floating diffusion area  711  provided for each pixel, and a reset drain  713  therefor. 
     Such circuit configuration of transferring the charge of each pixel to the corresponding floating diffusion area  711  and effecting the selection of pixels by a common MOS circuit allows to achieve both a high S/N ratio as the sensor and a high performance realized by a one-chip MOS circuit. 
     However such conventional configuration is still associated with the drawbacks similar to those in the conventional CCD configuration, because of changes in the reset voltage in the floating diffusion area and in the depth of the potential well of the transfer channel, caused by a fluctuation in the manufacturing process conditions. These drawbacks have not been paid any attention, and the potential chart of the aforementioned exhibit only showed a configuration that is incapable of complete transfer of the charge from the photodiode to the floating diffusion area. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a configuration of the solid state image pickup apparatus, capable of complete transfer of the charge from the photoelectric conversion element to the floating diffusion area. 
     The above-mentioned object can be attained, according to a scope of the present invention, by providing a solid state image pickup apparatus comprising a photoelectric conversion element, transfer switch means consisting of a MOS transistor for transferring a signal charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element, a floating diffusion capacitance for receiving the signal charge through the transfer switch means, and reset switch means consisting of a MOS transistor for resetting the potential of the floating diffusion capacitance, wherein the pickup apparatus further comprises at least one potential setting means for generating a voltage different from the power supply voltage, and the output of the potential setting means is supplied as a pulse to the gate of the transfer switch means and/or the gate of the reset switch means, to control the gate potentials at the respectively optimum potentials. 
     According to an another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solid state image pickup apparatus comprising a PN junction unit capable of photoelectric conversion, a transferring MOS transistor for transferring a signal charge generated in the PN junction unit, a floating diffusion unit for receiving the signal charge through the transferring MOS transistor, a reset MOS transistor for resetting the potential of the floating diffusion unit, first potential setting means for supplying a voltage to be applied to the gate of the transferring MOS transistor and a second potential setting means for supplying a voltage to be applied to the resetting MOS transistor. 
     These configurations allows to obtain a satisfactory image. 
     Other objects of the present invention, and the features thereof, will become fully apparent from the following description, which is to be taken in conjunction with the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional CCD; 
         FIG. 2  is a chart showing the function of the conventional configuration; 
         FIG. 3  is a view showing a drawback in the conventional configuration; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a second configuration; 
         FIG. 5  is another schematic view of a conventional configuration; 
         FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  7 A,  7 B,  8  and  9  are views showing the function of the first embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 10 and 11  are views showing the function of the second embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are views showing the function of the first and second embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Now there will be given a detailed description on a first embodiment of the present invention, with reference to the attached drawings.  FIG. 6A  is a schematic view showing the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein shown are a Si semiconductor substrate  1  of a first conductive type, a well area of a second conductive type opposite to that of the substrate  1 , a diffusion area  3  of the first conductive type, forming a PN photodiode with the well area  2 , a shallow diffusion area  4  of the second conductive type, a transfer channel  5  for reading the photo-induced charge accumulated in the photodiode, a floating diffusion area  11 , a reset gate  12  for resetting the floating diffusion area  11 , and a reset drain  13  therefor. Components same as those in  FIG. 5  are represented by same numbers and will not be explained further. 
     There are also provided a transfer gate  501  of a transfer switch for transferring the photo-induced charge in the photodiode  2 ,  3 ,  4 , a control pulse generation circuit  504 , a first potential setting circuit  502  for setting the voltage of the control signal generated by the control pulse generation circuit  504  for application to the transfer gate  501 , and a second potential setting circuit  503  for setting the voltage of the control signal generated by the control pulse generation circuit  504  to supply that voltage to the reset gate  12 . 
     The first and second potential setting circuits  502 ,  503  are so constructed that the transfer gate  501  and the reset gate  12  can be set at respectively independent potentials. 
     Now, the function of the present embodiment will be explained with reference to  FIG. 6B , showing the potential state of various areas at different timings. At a time t 0 , the transfer channel  5  is turned off and a photo-induced charge is accumulated in the photodiode area  2 - 4  according to the amount of incident light. The floating diffusion area  11  is reset by turning on the reset gate  12  at a time t 1 . Then, at a time t 2 , the photo-induced charge is transferred from the photodiode area  2 - 4  through the transfer channel  5  to the floating diffusion area  11  and converted therein into a voltage and outputted. At a time t 3 , the transfer channel  5  is turned off again, and the photodiode area  2 - 4  of each pixel starts next charge accumulation. 
     In these operations, as shown at time t 2 ′ in  FIG. 7A , the charge may remain in the transfer channel  5  because of a fluctuation in the resetting voltage, resulting for example from a fluctuation in the manufacturing process. Ordinarily, a power supply line is commonly used for resetting and for the source follower circuit of each pixel, in order to simplify the wiring and to achieve a compacter layout, thereby reducing the pixel size and increasing the aperture ratio. Such configuration is adopted also in the present embodiment, and the resetting voltage is selected not as the actual power source voltage but as a value determined by the threshold value Vth of the resetting MOS transistor. 
     For explaining the circuit configuration of the solid state image pickup apparatus, an equivalent circuit corresponding to a pixel is shown in  FIG. 8. A  photodiode  101  accumulates a photo-induced charge which is transferred by a transfer switch  102 , and the transferred photo-induced charge is temporarily stored in a floating diffusion area  103 , amplified by a source follower MOS transistor  104  and is read out by a vertical selecting MOS transistor  105  to an output line  106 . The floating diffusion area  103  is connected to a power source through a resetting MOS transistor  107 , and, in the resetting operation by the application of a voltage of 5V to the gate thereof, the floating diffusion area  103  is reset to a potential of 5V−Vth. 
     For example, if the gate voltage of the resetting MOS transistor  102  is 5V for a power source voltage of 5V, the resetting voltage becomes 5V−Vth. The threshold voltage of the MOS transistor cannot be made completely free from fluctuation because of fluctuation in the fluctuation of the Si layer or in the thickness of the gate insulation layer, so that the resetting voltage inevitably shows a fluctuation. 
     Also, with an increase in the threshold value Vth, the effective resetting voltage is lowered so that the potential well becomes shallower as shown in t 2 ′ in FIG.  7 A. In such state, if the gate voltage and the threshold voltage of the transferring MOS transistor  102  remain constant, there will result charge remaining in the channel of the transferring MOS transistor  102  as shown in t 2 ′. In order to prevent such charge remaining phenomenon, it is effective to lower the gate voltage of the transferring MOS transistor  102  as shown in t 2 ″. Consequently the voltage of the gate  501  of the transferring MOS transistor  102  is controlled by the first potential setting circuit  502 , independently from the voltage of the gate  12  of the resetting MOS transistor  107 . Also, in order to shift from the state shown in t 2 ′ in  FIG. 7A  to the state shown in t 2 ″, the voltage of the gate  501  of the transferring MOS transistor  102  is lowered to reduce the potential of the channel  5  thereof, thereby transferring the charge in the channel to the floating diffusion area  103 . 
     More specifically, in a case of the electron accumulation type as shown in  FIG. 7B , for example when a gate-on voltage is 5 V for the resetting MOS transistor  107 , a reset voltage is 3.5V=5V−Vth (Vth=1.5V) for the floating diffusion area  103 , a saturation signal voltage is 1.5V, a saturation voltage is 2V for the floating diffusion area  103  and a depletion voltage is 1V for the photodiode, the gate-on voltage Vg of the transferring MOS transistor  102  is so set as to satisfy a relation 1+Vth′&lt;Vg&lt;2+Vth′ (for example, 2.5 V&lt;Vg&lt;3.5V). As an example, Vg is selected as 3.3V. 
     If the resetting voltage varies from 3.5 V to 3.2 V by the fluctuation of the process, the saturation voltage at the floating diffusion area  103  becomes 1.7 V, so that the charge remains in the channel of the transferring MOS transistor  102  unless Vg is so selected as to satisfy a condition 2.5V&lt;Vg&lt;3.2V. 
     In such case, the proper operation without the retentive charge can be achieved by changing Vg from 3.3 V to for example 3.0 V so as to satisfy the above-mentioned condition. 
     Now there will be given, with reference to  FIG. 9 , a detailed explanation on the first potential setting circuit shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
       FIG. 9  shows a solid state image pickup apparatus  110  for converting incident light into an electrical signal for output to the exterior and a voltage supply unit for driving the solid state image pickup apparatus  110 , both apparatus and unit being formed on a same semiconductor chip. 
     In the solid state image pickup apparatus  110 , there is only shown a pixel, while other pixels, horizontal shift register etc. are omitted. 
     In  FIG. 9 , the circuit in a broken-lined frame is same as that shown in FIG.  8 . In  FIG. 9 , there are shown a vertical shift register  108  for outputting pulses in succession, and AND circuits  109 ,  109 ′ and  109 ″ each having two input/output terminals and an electric power source terminal-for driving the AND circuit. In this AND circuit, once high voltage is applied to both two input terminals, a voltage value of the electric power source voltage for driving of the AND circuit is output from the output terminal. As this AND circuit, an AND circuit having a CMOS structure may be available, for example. 
     There are also shown a voltage supply unit  113  such as a battery, a voltage conversion circuit  114  for converting the voltage of the voltage supply unit  114  into a desired voltage, variable resistors  115 ,  116 , a power supply voltage input terminal  112  for entering a voltage for driving the solid state image pickup apparatus, and an input terminal  111  for entering a voltage for driving the transferring MOS transistor  102 . In addition, there are shown signal lines  105 ′,  102 ′ and  107 ′ for respectively supplying pulses φ sel , φ TX  and φ RES  to be used to turn on and off the vertical selecting MOS transistor  105 , the transfer switch  102  and the resetting MOS transistor  107 . Under a condition that a pulse is applied from the vertical shift register  108  to one of input terminals of each of the three AND circuits, the AND circuit  109  outputs the voltage value input from the terminal  112 , when the pulse φ SEL  is applied to the signal line  105 ′; the AND circuit  109 ′ outputs the voltage value input from the terminal  111 , when the pulse φ TX  is applied to the signal line  102 ′; and the AND circuit  109 ″ outputs-the voltage value input from the terminal  112 , when the pulse φ RES  is applied to the signal line  107 ′. In the present embodiment, the AND circuit  109 , the input terminal  111  and the variable resistor  116  constitute the first voltage setting circuit  502  shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
     Thus, even if the threshold voltage Vth of the resetting MOS transistor  107  increases to reduce the effective resetting voltage whereby the potential well becomes shallow as shown by t 2 ′ in  FIG. 7A , the above-described configuration can solve the situation in the following manner. 
     As the voltage at the input terminal  111  can be made different, by the variable resistor  116 , from the voltage at the power supply voltage input terminal  112 , the potential well can be realized in a form shown by t 2 ″ in  FIG. 7A  by reducing the voltage entered from the input terminal  111 . Thus, in the present embodiment, the pulse voltage for driving the transferring MOS transistor  102  can be adjusted independently from the pulse voltage for driving the resetting MOS transistor  107 . Consequently, even if the resetting voltage is lowered by the fluctuation in the manufacturing process, the ideal potential well can be formed by adjusting the pulse for driving the transferring MOS transistor  102 . 
     Such operation-prevents the presence of the photoinduced induced charge remaining in the transfer channel  5 , thereby providing advantages such as: 
     a) securing a constant amount of the total transferred charge, thereby ensuring a constant sensitivity; and 
     b) avoiding generation of the retentive image. 
       FIG. 10  is a view showing the potentials of various areas for explaining a second embodiment of the present invention. In contrast to the first embodiment, in which the proper transferring operation is realized, even in the presence of fluctuation in the manufacturing process, by controlling the voltage of the transferring MOS transistor  102 , the present embodiment is to achieve a similar effect by controlling the voltage of the resetting MOS transistor  102 . The circuit configuration corresponding to  FIG. 10  is similar to that shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  and will not, therefore, be explained further. 
     In the following there will be explained, with reference to  FIG. 11 , the second setting circuit shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
     The circuit shown in  FIG. 11  is different from that shown in  FIG. 9  in that the voltage entered from the input terminal  111  is supplied to the gate of the resetting MOS transistor  107  and the voltage entered from the power supply voltage input terminal  112  is supplied to the gate of the transferring MOS transistor  102 . In the present embodiment, the AND circuit  109 , the input terminal  111  and the variable resistor  116  constitute the second potential setting circuit  503  shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
     Thus, even if the threshold voltage Vth of the resetting MOS transistor  107  increases to reduce the effective resetting voltage whereby the potential well becomes shallow as shown by t 2 ′ in  FIG. 10 , the above-described configuration can solve the situation in the following manner. 
     As the voltage at the input terminal  111  can be made different, by the variable resistor, from the voltage at the power supply voltage input terminal  112 , the potential well can be realized in a form as shown by t 2 ″ in  FIG. 10  by elevating the voltage entered from the input terminal  111 . Thus, in the present embodiment, the pulse voltage for driving the resetting MOS transistor  107  can be adjusted independently from the pulse voltage for driving the transferring MOS transistor  102 . Consequently, even if the potential of the floating diffusion area  103  comes close to that of the transferring MOS transistor  102  by the fluctuation in the manufacturing process, the ideal potential well can be formed by adjusting the pulse for driving the resetting MOS transistor  107 . 
     The state at a time t 2  in  FIG. 10  is same as that at a time t 2  in FIG.  6 B. Also in the present embodiment, the operations at the time t 0  and t 1  are same as those in FIG.  6 B. 
     As shown at a time t 2 ′ in  FIG. 10 , the resetting voltage may vary for example because of fluctuation in the manufacturing process, resulting in a charge remaining in the transfer channel  5 . In the present embodiment, however, the voltage of the reset gate  12  is independently controlled by the second potential setting circuit  503  for elevating the resetting voltage of the floating diffusion area  11 . For example, if the resetting voltage varies from 3.5 V to 3.3 V in the example shown in  FIG. 7B , it can be returned to 3.5 V by varying the gate-on voltage of the resetting MOS transistor  107 . In this manner, the proper transferring operation can be realized without changing the conditions of the transferring MOS transistor  102 . Such setting realizes a condition:
     saturation voltage of floating diffusion area  11 &gt;   channel voltage of transfer MOS transistor in   on-state&gt;depletion voltage of photodiode,
 
whereby the charge can be transferred to the floating diffusion area  103  without remaining on the photodiode and the channel of the transferring MOS transistor  102 , and there can be achieved an effect similar to that of the first embodiment for preventing the charge remaining in the transfer channel  5 .
   

     In-the foregoings, there have been explained configurations provided with the separate first or second potential setting circuit as shown in  FIGS. 9 and 11 , but the solid state image pickup apparatus may be integrally provided with the first and second potential setting circuits as shown in FIG.  12 . 
     In  FIG. 12 , the AND circuit  109 , the input terminal  111  and the variable resistor  116  constitute a first potential setting circuit, while the AND circuit  109 , the input terminal  111 ′ and the variable resistor  116 ′ constitute a second potential setting circuit. 
     Also the first and second potential setting circuits may be provided, as shown in  FIG. 13 , in a same semiconductor chip in which the solid state image pickup circuit is formed. Stated differently, the solid state image pickup apparatus may include a voltage adjusting circuit  117  capable of supplying different voltages, for adjusting the voltages supplied to the transferring MOS transistor and the resetting MOS transistor. 
     The circuit shown in  FIG. 13  is so designed as independently to set the power supply voltage for driving the solid state image pickup apparatus, the voltage supplied to the gate of the transferring MOS transistor  102  and the voltage supplied to the gate of the resetting MOS transistor  107 , but the voltage supplied to the gate of the transferring MOS transistor  102  or that supplied to the gate of the resetting MOS transistor  107  may be made common with the power supply voltage. In  FIG. 13 , the first and second potential setting circuits are constituted by the AND circuit  109  and a voltage adjusting circuit. 
     As explained in the foregoing first and second embodiments, the present invention allows to avoid remaining of the photo-induced charge in the transfer channel even in the presence of fluctuation of the manufacturing process, thereby providing advantages such as: 
     a) securing a constant amount of the total transferred charge, thus maintaining a constant sensitivity; and 
     b) preventing generation of the retentive image. 
     Many widely different embodiments of the present invention may be constructed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described in the specification, except as defined in the appended claims.