Abstract:
A method for the coordinated control of mechanical, electrical and thermal power flows in a motor vehicle for bringing about optimum operating states of units in the motor vehicle, and a device for carrying out the method. An optimum operating state (x opt ) for the unit system is determined in a module which receives as input variables at least the setpoint values provided by a second module after the variables determined by a third module have been combined together with additional specified variables in the second module, and the actual operating state (x) from a fourth module after the measured variables (y) resulting from the determination of the state of the units of the unit system have been combined in the fourth module; and after the optimum operating state (x opt ) for the unit system is determined, the setpoint operating state (x setpoint ) is determined in a fifth module, based on the actual operating state (x) and the optimum operating state (x opt ), so that due to this fifth module, a smooth transition is effected between the instantaneous operating state (x) and the operating state (x opt ) to be achieved.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a method for the coordinated control of mechanical, electrical and thermal power flows in a motor vehicle, such as, for example, the drive power to the wheels, the rear window heating and the interior climate control, for optimizing the consumption, comfort, emissions and dynamic vehicle response, and therefore for bringing about optimum operating states of units in the motor vehicle, including the storage systems, converters, transformers and the units for dissipating energy; the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method for continuous control.  
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
       [0002]     A number of conventional methods and devices for carrying out these methods exist for controlling power flows in a motor vehicle. DE 197 03 863 A1, for example, describes a method and a device by which a drive control is carried out, thus mechanical power flows in the motor-vehicle drive are controlled (see also Hötzer, D.:  Entwicklung einer Schaltstrategie für einen PKW mit automatischem Schaltgetriebe  (translated as “Development of a Shifting Strategy for a Passenger Vehicle with Automatic Transmission“), Expert Verlag, Renningen, 1999). Regardless of how these methods operate, their goal is always to minimize the fuel consumption and optimize the vehicle response, which can be achieved by coordinated control of the internal combustion engine and the vehicle drive.  
         [0003]     Other systems control thermal power flows in a motor vehicle, in particular systems for thermal management and climate control, and yet other system control electrical power flows in the onboard electrical system such as systems for electrical energy management and for load management, as described for example in the article by Schöttle, R. and Schramm, D.,  Zukünftige Energiebordnetze im Kraftfahrzeug  (translated as “Future Onboard Energy Networks in Motor Vehicles”), Fahrzeug-und Verkehrstechnik (“Automotive and Traffic Engineering”) Yearbook, VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1997.  
         [0004]     However, conventional methods and systems share the common feature that they are principally concerned with only one form of energy in the mechanical, electrical, or thermal power flows in a motor vehicle, and, therefore, essentially do not take into account the physical linkage provided in a motor vehicle between these forms of energy.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0005]     The present invention provides a method and a device for the coordinated control of mechanical, electrical and thermal power flows in a motor vehicle for optimizing consumption, comfort, emissions and vehicle response such that, by physically linking the storage systems for mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical energy, the converters for converting the energy between these forms of energy, the converters for converting the energy within one of the particular forms of energy, and the units for dissipating energy of all forms, all forms of energy present in a motor vehicle are taken into account.  
         [0006]     These advantages are achieved by a method in which an optimum operating state x opt  for a unit system is determined in a “determination of optimum operating state” module which receives as input variables at least the setpoint values provided by a “generation of setpoint variables” module after the variables determined by a “detection of driver intent” module have been combined together with additional specified variables in the “generation of setpoint variables” module, as well as actual operating state x from a “determination of actual operating state” module after measured variables y resulting from the determination of the state of the units of the unit system have been combined in the “determination of actual operating state” module; and after optimum operating state x opt  for the unit system is determined, setpoint operating state x setpoint  is determined in a “determination of setpoint operating state” module based on actual operating state x and optimum operating state x opt , so that a smooth transition is effected between instantaneous operating state x and operating state x opt  to be achieved.  
         [0007]     The unit system is actuated by a vector of manipulated variables u, each actuated unit having an input for control signals. Thus, ume stands for a converter of mechanical to electrical energy. Vector of manipulated variables u is determined by an “actuation of unit system” module in such a way that operating state x setpoint  is established in the unit system. The actual control of the units of the unit system may be achieved in each particular case by a control unit—e.g., ME, EDC, or inverter control.  
         [0008]     While measured variables y by which the state of the units of the unit system is detected are determined directly by sensors or, when measured variables y include derived variables, may be determined by unit control units, physical computational models are used for describing the units, and thus the unit system, when combining measured variables y and determining actual operating state x of the unit system in the “determination of actual operating state” module.  
         [0009]     When the method according to one embodiment of the present invention is carried out, variables ascertained by driver-assistance systems, for example by a vehicle-speed controller or ACC, may be supplied by them as further specified variables to the “generation of setpoint variables” module. However, since the variables detected in the “detection of driver intent” module which result from the request for drive power to the wheels, the request for electrical power which the onboard electrical system must provide for operating electrical consumers such as headlights, rear window heating and radio, and the request for thermal power for the interior climate control may also be supplied to the “generation of setpoint variables” module as well, these variables are combined, together with the variables determined by the driver assistance systems, in the “generation of setpoint variables” module. Setpoint variables for mechanical power P m,setpoint , electrical power P e,setpoint , and thermal power P t,setpoint  are determined by this “generation of setpoint variables” module.  
         [0010]     For determining an optimum operating state x opt , information about the type of driver, the driving conditions and environmental variables also may be provided to the “determination of optimum operating state” module by a parameter vector a after detection by an additional module.  
         [0011]     According to a further embodiment of the present invention, for determining optimum operating state x opt  in the “determination of optimum operating state” module, multiple possible operating states x k  may be determined in real time during vehicle operation, so that the unit system supplies required mechanical power P m,setpoint , required electrical power P e,setpoint , and required thermal power P t,setpoint . Operating states x k  are selected so that they satisfy the physical linkages, the limits of the storage systems and the capacity of the units, a generalized consumption V being determined for each operating state x k  according to the computing rule:  
       V   =         ɛ   c     *       v   c     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ   Ec     /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   m     *       v   m     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   m       /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   e     *       v   e     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   e       /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   t     *       v   t     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   t       /     ⅆ   t               
 
         [0012]     Likewise, for each operating state x k  the value of a power function Γ is determined according to the computing rules:  
         G   ⁡     (   x   )       =           Y   1     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G1   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   2     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G2   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   3     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G3   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   4     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G4   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   5     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G5   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   6     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G6   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   7     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G7   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   8     ⁡     (   a   )       *     D8   ⁡     (   x   )               
     and     
           Γ   ⁡     (   x   )       =       V   ⁡     (   x   )       -     G   ⁡     (   x   )       +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢     P   ⁡     (   x   )             ,       
 
 operating state x k  for which power function Γ assumes a minimum value being determined as optimum operating state x opt . 
 
         [0013]     In an alternative embodiment, for determining optimum operating state x opt  in the “determination of optimum operating state” module, a second variant or another method step may be implemented, according to which in offline optimization calculations, optimum operating state x opt  which minimizes power function Γ is determined for each vehicle speed v and each required combination of required mechanical power P m,setpoint , required electrical power P e,setpoint , and required thermal power P t,setpoint , the determination being made for various values of parameter a. Optimum operating state x opt  is stored in a multidimensional characteristic map which is implemented in the “determination of optimum operating state” module and which contains input variables v, P m,setpoint , P e,setpoint , P t,setpoint  and a, the output variable being optimum operating state x opt .  
         [0014]     For carrying out the method for the coordinated control of mechanical, electrical and thermal power flows in a motor vehicle, the present invention also provides for a device in which an engine control associated with the internal combustion engine, a control, preferably in the form of a pulse-controlled inverter, associated with the electric machine, and a transmission control associated with the automatic transmission are connected via a CAN system to a vehicle control device in which the method according to the present invention is implemented, the position of the accelerator pedal and thus the driver&#39;s request for mechanical power P m,setpoint  for the drive being derivable using the vehicle control device. The vehicle control device specifies setpoint engine torque M m,setpoint  for the engine control, setpoint torque M e,setpoint  of the electric machine for the pulse-controlled inverter, and setpoint gear g setpoint  for the transmission control. In addition, by use of this device, electrical power requirement P e,setpoint  of the electrical consumers, as well as that of the pulse-controlled inverter connected to the onboard electrical system and that of the battery, may be determined by the vehicle control device. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  depicts a system diagram of the units of the unit system of a motor vehicle, and the physical interconnection of these units, according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  depicts a schematic flow diagram of a control system by which the method for coordinated control of the power flows in a motor vehicle is realized according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  depicts a block diagram of the technical implementation of the method for the drive train of a motor vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  depicts a schematic flow diagram for determining the optimum operating state in the “determination of optimum operating state” module shown in  FIG. 2  according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0019]     The unit system according to  FIG. 1  provides mechanical power P m , electrical power P e , and thermal power P t . The unit system may include chemical, mechanical, electrical and thermal storage units whose energy contents may each increase, decrease, or remain constant. The energy content of the chemical storage may be represented by E c , that of the mechanical storage by E m , that of the electrical storage by E e , and that of the thermal storage by E t . The rate of change of the energy content of the chemical storage is dE c /dt, that of the mechanical storage dE m /dt, that of the electrical storage dE e /dt, and that of the thermal storage dE t /dt. The operating state of each of the units may be characterized by a vector x i  whose elements describe the state variables of the unit, for example rotational speed, torque, temperature and electrical current. For example: 
        The operating state of a converter of chemical to mechanical energy, an internal combustion engine, for example, is described by x cm ;     The operating state of a converter of mechanical to electrical energy, a generator, for example, is described by x me ;     The operating state of a converter of electrical to mechanical energy, an electric drive motor, for example, is described by x em ;     The operating state of a converter of electrical to thermal energy, an electric heating device, for example, is described by x et ;     The operating state of a converter of chemical to electrical energy, a fuel cell, for example, is described by x ce ;     The operating state of a converter of mechanical to thermal energy, a shaft bearing which must be cooled, for example, is described by x mt ; and     The operating state of a converter of chemical to thermal energy, an auxiliary heater, for example, is described by x ct .        
 
         [0027]     The operating state of the transformers is described in an analogous manner. For example: 
        The operating state of a chemical transformer, a methanol to hydrogen reformer, for example, is described by x cc ;     The operating state of a mechanical transformer, an automatic transmission, for example, is described by x mm ;     The operating state of an electrical transformer, a DC converter, for example, is described by x ee ; and     The operating state of a thermal transformer, a heat exchanger, for example, is described by x tt .        
 
         [0032]     Each of the units, including the storage systems, converters and transformers, may appear multiple times in the unit system. Accordingly, additional operating states x i  are used for the description.  
         [0033]     One unit may also convert multiple forms of energy. Thus, an internal combustion engine converts chemical energy into mechanical and thermal energy. The state of such a unit is likewise uniquely described by an operating state, for example x cmt .  
         [0034]     The unit system may provide multiple outputs for mechanical, electrical and/or thermal energy. Thus, for example, a unit system having a 14/42 V dual-voltage onboard electrical system is provided both with an output for 14 V electrical consumers and an output for 42 V electrical consumers. Multiple mechanical outputs are possible as well, for example in utility vehicles having auxiliary drives.  
         [0035]     The quantity of operating states x i  of the units and the energy contents of the storage systems may describe the overall operating state x of the unit system according to computing rule 1:  
       x   =       (       E   c     ,     E   m     ,     E   e     ,     E   t     ,     x   cm     ,     x   ce     ,     x   ct     ,     x   cc     ,     x   cd     ,     x   me     ,     x   mt     ,     x   mm     ,     x   md     ,     x   em     ,     x   et     ,     x   ee     ,     x   ed     ,     x   tt     ,     x   td       )     .         
 
         [0036]     In the control system for coordinated control of the power flows and states of the unit system according to  FIG. 2 , unit system  1  is actuated by a vector of manipulated variables u. Each actuated unit has an input for control signals, for example ume for a converter of mechanical to electrical energy. The actual control of the unit may be achieved in each particular case by a control unit, for example ME, EDC, or inverter control. The state of the units of unit system  1  is determined by a vector of measured variables y. These measured variables may be ascertained directly by sensors (not further described), or also may include derived variables that are determined by unit control units. Measured variables y are combined, and actual operating state x of unit system  1  is determined in a “determination of actual operating state” module  2 . To this end, physical computational models may be used for describing the units and unit system  1 , including for example observers.  
         [0037]     The driver&#39;s intent is detected in a “detection of driver intent” module  3 . This module detects in particular the request for drive power to the wheels, the request for electrical power which the onboard electrical system must provide for operating electrical consumers such as headlights, rear window heating and radio, and the request for thermal power for the interior climate control. Driver assistance systems  4  may also generate specified variables. They are combined with the variables determined by the “detection of driver intent” module  3  in a “generation of setpoint variables” module  5 . This module determines setpoint variables for mechanical power P m,setpoint , electrical power P e,setpoint , and thermal power P t,setpoint . Each of these setpoint variables may appear multiple times.  
         [0038]     “Determination of optimum operating state” module  6  forms the core of the control system. This module determines an optimum operating state x opt  for unit system  1 . It receives as input variables the setpoint values from “generation of setpoint variables” module  5 , and receives actual operating state x from “determination of actual operating state” module  2 . In addition, information about the type of driver, the driving conditions, and environmental variables is used which is provided by a module  7  via a parameter vector a.  
         [0039]     A “determination of setpoint operating state” module  8  determines setpoint operating state x setpoint  based on actual operating state x and optimum operating state x opt . This module  8  may help ensure a smooth transition between instantaneous operating state x and the optimum operating state x opt  to be achieved. An “actuation of unit system” module  9  determines a vector of manipulated variables u in such a way that operating state x setpoint  is established in unit system  1 .  
         [0040]     Assuming that the method according to the present invention optimizes consumption, comfort, emissions and dynamic vehicle response, a generalized consumption V may be determined according to computing rule 2:  
       V   =         ɛ   c     *       v   c     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ   Ec     /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   m     *       v   m     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   m       /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   e     *       v   e     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   e       /     ⅆ   t         +       ɛ   t     *       v   t     ⁡     (   a   )       *       ⅆ     E   t       /     ⅆ   t               
 
         [0041]     Factors ε are energy equivalence numbers which describe the varying rate of usability of the stored energies. Thus, the energy stored in the storage for mechanical energy has a higher energy equivalence number than the chemical energy stored in the fuel tank. The values of the energy equivalence numbers may be adapted on a long-term basis during vehicle operation.  
         [0042]     Factors ν(a) are weighting factors which weight the changes in the energy content of the individual storage units. Their values are determined as a function of a parameter vector a. This parameter vector a describes, among other things, the type of driver (sporty, economical), the driving conditions (curve, city driving), and environmental variables (grade, roadway class, temperature). Environmental variables may also include information about the course of the roadway ahead and information which telematic systems are able to provide, in particular curvature of the roadway ahead, grade of the roadway ahead, distance to the next intersection, etc.  
         [0043]     Generalized quality gauges G i  for optimizing dynamic vehicle response, emissions and comfort may be defined as a function of operating state x of unit system  1 . For example:  
         [0044]     A quality gauge G1(x) describes the dynamic power reserve for mechanical energy with respect to an operating state x. The dynamic power reserve for mechanical energy indicates what additional mechanical energy—beyond mechanical energy P m(x)  supplied for operating state x—unit system  1  is able to provide for operating state x with high time dynamics. For a vehicle drive with an electric motor and an internal combustion engine, the dynamic power reserve for mechanical energy depends, for example, on the maximum power of the internal combustion engine for the internal combustion engine speed at operating state x, on the maximum power of the electric motor at the electric motor speed for operating state x, and the charge state of the battery.  
         [0045]     A quality gauge G2(x) describes the dynamic power reserve for electrical energy in connection with an operating state x. The dynamic power reserve for electrical energy indicates what additional electrical energy—beyond electrical energy P e(x)  supplied for operating state x—the unit system is able to provide for operating state x with high time dynamics.  
         [0046]     A quality gauge G3(x) describes the dynamic power reserve for thermal energy for an operating state x. The dynamic power reserve for thermal energy indicates what additional thermal energy—beyond thermal energy P t(x)  supplied for operating state x—unit system  1  is able to provide for operating state x with high time dynamics.  
         [0047]     A quality gauge G4(x) describes the emission of air pollutants (HC, CO, NO x ) for an operating state x. Large values for G4(x) may be obtained for low emissions.  
         [0048]     A quality gauge G5(x) describes the noise emissions in the vehicle surroundings for an operating state x, large values for G5(x) may be obtained for low noise emissions.  
         [0049]     A quality gauge G6(x) describes the vibrational comfort for the vehicle passengers for an operating state x. A large value for G6(x) may correspond to a high comfort level.  
         [0050]     A quality gauge G7(x) describes the sound emissions in the vehicle interior for an operating state x. A large value for G7(x) may correspond to low sound emissions.  
         [0051]     A quality gauge G8(x) describes the wear on the units and storage units for an operating state x. A low rate of wear, i.e., a long operating life, may be described by large values for G8(x).  
         [0052]     An overall quality gauge G(x) may be determined according to computing rule 3:  
         G   ⁡     (   x   )       =           Y   1     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G1   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   2     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G2   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   3     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G3   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   4     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G4   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   5     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G5   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   6     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G6   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   7     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G7   ⁡     (   x   )         +         Y   8     ⁡     (   a   )       *     G8   ⁡     (   x   )               
 
         [0053]     The values of weighting factors γ(a) are determined as a function of parameter vector a.  
         [0054]     For optimizing consumption, comfort, emissions and vehicle response, the method according to one embodiment of the present invention minimizes a power function according to computing rule 4: 
 
Γ( x )= V ( x )− G ( x )+Δ P ( x ). 
 
         [0055]     Power deviation ΔP(x) describes the deviation of the powers supplied by unit system  1  from the setpoint powers according to computing rule 5, as follows:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢     P   ⁡     (   x   )         =       ∏       m   ⁡     (   a   )       *     (     Pm   ,     setpoint   -     Pm   ⁡     (   x   )           )         +     ∏       e   ⁡     (   a   )       *     (     Pe   ,     setpoint   -     Pe   ⁡     (   x   )           )         +     ∏       t   ⁡     (   a   )       *       (     Pt   ,     setpoint   -     Pt   ⁡     (   x   )           )     .               
 
         [0056]     Weighting factors πm(a), πe(a) and πt(a) are set as a function of parameter vector a.  
         [0057]     Alternatively, two different methods may be carried out for determining optimum operating state x opt  in “determination of optimum operating state” module  6  according to one embodiment of the present invention:  
         [0058]     1. Multiple possible operating states x k  may be determined in real time during vehicle operation, so that the unit system provides required mechanical power P m,setpoint , required electrical power P e,setpoint , and required thermal power P t,setpoint . Operating states x k  may be selected so that they satisfy the physical linkages, the limits of the storage systems, and the capacity of the units. A generalized consumption V may be determined for each operating state x k  according to computing rule 2. Likewise, the value of a power function Γ may be determined for each operating state x k  according to computing rules 3 and 4. The operating state for which the power function assumes a minimum value is specified as optimum operating state x opt .  
         [0059]     2. In offline optimization calculations, for each vehicle speed v and for each required combination of required mechanical power P m,setpoint , required electrical power P e,setpoint , and required thermal power P t,setpoint , optimum operating state x opt  is determined which minimizes power function Γ. The determination may be made for various values of parameter a. Optimum operating state x opt  may be stored in a multidimensional characteristic map which contains input variables v, P m,setpoint , P e,setpoint , P t,setpoint , and a. The output variable of the multidimensional characteristic map may be optimum operating state x opt . The multidimensional characteristic map is implemented in “determination of optimum operating state” module  6 .  
         [0060]     The implementation of the method for coordinated control of mechanical, electrical and thermal power flows in a motor vehicle is described in one embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  based on the drive train of the motor vehicle having an electric machine  12  situated on crankshaft  10  of internal combustion engine  11 , thus a crankshaft start generator. Whereas internal combustion engine  11  is controlled by engine control  13 , electric machine  12  is controlled by a pulse-controlled inverter  14 . Automatic transmission  15  is controlled by transmission control  16 . This control, in addition to engine control  13  and pulse-controlled inverter  14 , are connected via a CAN system  17  to a vehicle control device  18  in which the method according to the present invention is carried out. Vehicle control device  18  determines the position of accelerator pedal  19  and from it, deduces the driver&#39;s request for mechanical power P m,setpoint  for the drive. Vehicle control device  18  specifies setpoint engine torque M m,setpoint  for engine control  13  and specifies setpoint torque M e,setpoint  of electric machine  12  for pulse-controlled inverter  14 . Setpoint gear g setpoint  is specified for transmission control  16 . Pulse-controlled inverter  14  is connected to the onboard electrical system, to which the electrical consumers and a battery  20  are also connected. Vehicle control device  18  may determine, via electrical consumer devices, the need for electrical power P e,setpoint  by the electrical consumers.  
         [0061]     The determination of optimum operating state x opt  in “determination of optimum operating state” module  6  according to  FIG. 2  is described below with reference to the schematic flow diagram according to one embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0062]     Setpoint transmission output torque M ga,setpoint  is determined from required mechanical power P m,setpoint  according to computing rule M ga,setpoint =P m,setpoint /nga, where nga is the transmission output speed. Setpoint transmission input torque M ge,setpoint  is calculated to be M ge,setpoint =M ga,setpoint /mueg, where mueg denotes the torque amplification of automatic transmission  15  at the instantaneously engaged gear.  
         [0063]     For the drive train shown in  FIG. 3 , the following relationship according to computing rule 6 
 
 M   ge   =M   m   +M   e  
 
 is valid, where M m  describes the effective engine torque and M e  describes the torque of electric machine  12 . The operating state of unit system  1  is characterized by computing rule 7 
 
 x =( M   m   , M   e   , g, nga ) 
 
 where g describes the engaged transmission gear and nga describes the transmission output speed. Engine speed nm and speed ne of electric machine  12  are equal, and are specified by gear g and transmission output speed nga. 
 
         [0064]     Possible operating states x k  are determined by varying torque M e  of electric machine  12 , within the limits of the characteristic curve for the minimum and maximum torque, in discrete steps using an applicable increment.  
         [0065]     Electrical power P elm  of electric machine  12  results from torque M e  and speed ne of electric machine  12 , using a characteristic map. Positive torques (machine operating in drive mode) result in electrical power consumption (P elm &lt;0). Negative torques (machine operating in generator mode) result in electrical power output (P elm &gt;0). The electrical power output of battery  20  is calculated from required electrical power P e,setpoint  and the power consumed/output by electric machine  12 , according to computing rule 8: 
 
 P   batt   =P   elm   −P   e,setpoint  
 
         [0066]     Subsequently, only operating states x k  for which P batt  is in a predetermined interval are pursued further. This interval may be set as a function of charge state SOC of battery  20 .  
         [0067]     From P batt , dE e /dt is determined using an efficiency characteristic map for battery  20 . dE c /dt is determined from the setpoint engine torque obtained according to computing rule 9 
 
M m,setpoint =M ge,setpoint =M e  
 
 and a consumption characteristic map of internal combustion engine  11 . Variables dE m /dt and dE t /dt are set to zero in the application example. Using computing rules 2, 3, and 4, the operating state 
 
 x   k =(( M   ge,setpoint   −M   e,k ), ( M   e,k ),  g, nga ) 
 
 is selected for which Γ assumes a minimum. Setpoint operating state x setpoint  is set equal to optimum operating state x opt . The manipulated variables for the units, determined in “actuation of unit system” module  9  in  FIG. 2 , are M m,setpoint , M e,setpoint  and g setpoint . 
 
         [0068]     In the described sequence, gear g setpoint  is not varied; rather, it is assumed that the gear is predetermined from an arithmetic block for transmission control. However, in a further advantageous embodiment the setpoint gear may be determined by the optimization method in “determination of optimum operating state” module  6  according to  FIG. 2 . To this end, the above-described computing steps are performed for the instantaneous gear as well as for the next higher and next lower gear. The gear for which power function Γ assumes a minimum is determined as the optimum gear.  
         [0069]     Key to  FIGS. 2 and 4 : 
        soll=setpoint