Abstract:
A bit field system is disclosed which includes a processor as well as a bit field peripheral device which is accessed via dedicated bit field addresses. Such a system efficiently executes bit field operations. Additionally, such a system advantageously provides a processor which does not include an original bit field instruction set with the ability of performing bit field operations. Such a system also advantageously avoids difficulties involved in encoding bit field instructions.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/337,792, filed Nov. 14, 1994, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to bit field operations and more particularly, to performing bit field operations using a peripheral device. 
     It is known for processors to perform bit field operations through mask and logical operations. Bit field operations are operations which manipulate a specific bit or group of bits within a word. Some processors speed these bit field operations by specialized bit field instructions within the processor instruction set. 
     Bit field instructions which perform the bit field operations involve more complicated operands than do most other processor instructions because bit field instructions involve variable sized operands that are located at arbitrary bit offsets within words. Examples of these operands are operands specifying the start and length of the bit field as well as operands relating to the location of the bit field in a register or in memory. 
     Providing the processor with hardware to interpret and execute the encoded bit field instructions may require increasing the size of the processor&#39;s instruction decoder to handle the bit field operations. Also, the processor hardware to execute the bit field instructions may require additional or wider data paths to accommodate the complex operands. 
     An example of a processor which executes a limited number of bit field instructions is available from NEC Electronics under the trade designation μPD70320/322. The μPD70320/322 processor provides an extract bit field operation and an insert bit field operation. The extract bit field operation extracts a bit field of a specified length from a memory location. The extracted bit field is right justified within a transfer register with any unused bits cleared. The byte offset of the destination bit field is determined by the contents of a register. The insert bit field operation inserts a bit field into a memory location. More specifically a right-justified bit field of a specified length is transferred from a register to a memory location. The offset of the destination bit field is determined by the contents of an offset register. The start of the bit field is then located using the bit offset operation. Bit fields using this instruction have no alignment requirements and can span one or more byte boundaries. 
     Another example of a processor which executes bit field instructions is a digital signal processor available from Motorola under the trade designation DSP 56156. This processor includes a bit field manipulation group of instructions. The group of instructions tests the state of any set of bits within a byte in a memory location and then sets, clears or inverts bits in the byte. Bit fields which can be tested include an upper byte and a lower byte in a 16-byte value. The carry bit of a condition code register contains the result of the bit test for each instruction. These bit field manipulation instructions are read modify write instructions and require two instruction cycles. Parallel data moves are not allowed with any of the bit field instructions. The bit field instructions include a bit field test low instruction, a bit field test high instruction, a bit field test and clear instruction, a bit field test and set instruction and a bit field test and change instruction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been discovered that providing a processor with a bit field peripheral device which is accessed via dedicated bit field addresses, advantageously provides a system which efficiently executes bit field operations. Such a system advantageously provides a processor which does not include an original bit field instruction set with the ability of performing bit field operations. Such a system also advantageously avoids difficulties involved in encoding bit field instructions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a system having a bit field peripheral device in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the FIG. 1 bit field peripheral. 
     FIG. 3 shows an allocation of the memory of the FIG. 1 bit field peripheral device in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 shows a memory access of a bit field operation in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following sets forth a detailed description of the best contemplated mode for carrying out the invention. The description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, bit field system 50 includes processor 52 which is coupled to bit field peripheral device 54. Processor 52 is, for example, a digital signal processor (DSP) available from N.E.C. Corporation under the trade designation μPD77017. Processor 52 is also coupled to memory 56. Bit field peripheral device 54 includes control logic 60 as well as bit field memory 64. Bit field peripheral device 54 is accessed by processor 52 via a bit field region of memory space and allows bit field system 50 to perform bit field operations which processor 52 is not specifically configured to execute. When processor 52 accesses a particular address within the bit field region of memory space, certain bits within the word are manipulated. Bit field peripheral device 54 may be integrated on the same integrated circuit chip as processor 52. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, control logic 60 of bit field peripheral 54 includes selection and routing logic 66. Selection and routing logic 66 is provided from hardware components such as a programmable logic array (PLA), discrete logic components or with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Selection and routing logic 66 is coupled to access the read write (R/W) signal as well as the 16-bit data bus and the 16-bit address bus of system 50. 
     Bit field memory 64 includes 32 latches 68 which are identified as L 0  -L 31 . Latches 68 are coupled in parallel to selection and routing logic 66. The data and clock inputs (D and C, respectively) of each latch 68 are received from selection and routing logic 66 and the data output (Q) of each latch 68 is provided to selection and routing logic 66. 
     Selection and routing logic 66 determines which of the 32 latches of bit field memory 64 hold the data for the particular address of a called bit field instruction. In general, for 1≦j≦16 and 0≦k &lt;16 or for j=k=16, the address lines which are coupled to selection and routing logic 66 represent the value len&lt;j&gt;+k. Accordingly, when a particular address is called, then the latches which correspond to the particular address are set. More specifically, by providing an address map in which the low four bits of the address len&lt;j&gt; are equal to zero and the low four bits, k, of len&lt;j&gt;+k, provide the offset and the next four bits, j, provide the width of the bit field, then selection and routing logic 66 determines which latches to set and which latches to clear based upon this address map. 
     Generally, for the address len&lt;j&gt;+k, the R/W signal is routed to the C inputs of the j latches having an offset of k, i.e., the latches L k  . . . L k+ (j-l), and a high is routed to the remaining latches, i.e., 32-j latches. When the R/W signal is high, indicating a read, the low order j bits of data from data bus are routed to the selected latches, specifically, for 0≦i&lt;j, the input signal D i  is routed to the D input of latch L k+i . In the case of a read, selection and routing logic 66 pulls low all of the lines of the output data except the low order j lines of output data. For a write, the Q output of latch L k+i  is routed to the output signal D i . 
     For example, if the address has the value len2+3, then there are two latches active and these latches have an offset of 3. Accordingly, the latches L 4  and L 3  are active. The R/W signal is routed to the C input of the L 4  and L 3  latches and a high signal, which indicates a read, is routed to the remaining 30 latches. The low order two bits from data bus are routed to the D inputs of the L 4  and L 3  latches at the start of a write bus cycle and the two Q outputs of the two latches are routed to the two low order bits of data bus at the end of a read bus cycle. In the case of a read, selection and routing logic 66 pulls low all of the latch outputs except the two low order lines of the output data bus. 
     Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, in the preferred embodiment, processor 52 provides a dedicated bit field memory region which corresponds to the addresses of bit field memory 64. The bit field memory region includes 16*16+1=257 words of memory. These words divide naturally into sixteen blocks of sixteen words each plus one additional word. The sixteen different blocks start at memory locations 
     len01&lt;len02&lt; . . . &lt;len16 
     In general, the word which is accessed via an address starting at address len&lt;j&gt; have j significant (i.e., low order) bits with the remaining high order bits of each word always equal to zero. The offset from the base address of a block indicates the starting address of the active bits of the bit field. When performing a bit field operation processor 52 uses the various addresses of bit field address region to access the different bit combinations of bit field peripheral 54. 
     More specifically, the different bit combinations corresponding to the 257 different addresses are used to generate various bit field combinations of a 32-bit word. This 32-bit word, which is referred to as WORD32, is formed out of two 16-bit words of data, Low&lt;j&gt; and High&lt;j&gt; which correspond to addresses of the bit field address region which are separated by 16-bits. For example, the lower 16-bit word, Low16 is accessed by address len16 and the corresponding upper 16-bit word, High16, is accessed by address len16+16. More generally, the bit field of length j starting at bit k is addressed by the address len&lt;j&gt;+k. For example, (len15+k) is the address of a bit field of WORD32 that spans bits k through (k+14). Writing or reading a 16-bit value to the address len15+5 has the effect of writing or reading the eleven low order bits of that value to the high order bits of Low16; the high order bit is ignored but the next four high order bits of that value are either written to or read from the High16 word. 
     As another example, reading from the address (len03+7) provides data that always has bits 15 . . . 3 clear; bits 2 . . . 0 are the same as bits 9 . . . 7 of the word Low16. Reading from the address (len03+14) also provides data that always has bits 15 . . . 3 clear, but bits 2 . . . 0 of the word that is stored at that address (len03+14) are the same as bit 0 of the word High16, followed by bits 15 and 14 of the word Low16. 
     The sixteen addresses within the block of addresses starting at len01 are used to read or write the sixteen individual bits of the word Low16. No addressing is provided for the individual bits of the word High16 because the word High16 is provided only to accommodate overflow when reading or writing a bit field that does not entirely fit within the word of Low16. Accordingly, the High16 addresses are derived from and directly related to the corresponding Low16 addresses. For example, in the block starting at the address len02, only the word which is stored at the address len02+15 shares any bits with the word High16 because this is the only one of the two bit wide bit fields that overflows (i.e., that does not fall entirely within the word Low16). In contrast, the only word in the block starting at the address len16 that does not overflow into the word High16 is the Low16 word itself. 
     Bit field peripheral 54 may be used for decoding control channel data for U.S. digital cellular information. U.S. Digital Cellular base station broadcasts messages on a digital channel that is referred to as an analog control channel. Every 11th bit of data on this channel indicates whether some mobile station is currently being served on that channel. One of the steps in decoding a message from the base station is for the mobile station to discard every 11th bit from the data stream. 
     Table 1 sets forth a C code module for decoding control channel data and more specifically for removing the busy/idle bits from 400 bits of forward control channel data. This module assumes that all of the constant pointers, len01 . . . len16, High16 and Low16 have been defined prior to invocation of this module. Forward control channel is a cellular telephone communications channel that is defined in the IS-54-B digital cellular standard which was published in April of 1992 by the Electronics Industries Association and the Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA). The forward control channel is the channel that is transmitted from a base station and is used for initializing telephone calls. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________voidno.sub.-- bi(short data[ ]){ // Omit every 11 th bit of data[0 . . . 25]short *in.sub.-- dptr = data, *out.sub.-- dptr = data;short delete = 10, next.sub.-- load = 16;/* remove the bit at offset delete from the current word*/*Low16 = *in.sub.-- dptr ++;  // load the first wordwhile (in.sub.-- dptr &lt; &amp;data[26])while (delete &lt; next.sub.-- load)  {  *(len16 + delete) = *(len16 + delete + 1);  next.sub.-- load--;  delete = (delete + 11);  if (next.sub.-- load &lt;= 16)    {    *(len16 + next.sub.-- load) = *in.sub.-- dptr ++;    next.sub.-- load += 16;    }  }if (delete &gt; 15)  {  *out.sub.-- dptr ++ = *Low16;  *Low16 = *High16;  delete -= 16;  next.sub.-- load -= 16;  }if (next.sub.-- load &lt;= 16)  {  *(len16 + next.sub.-- load) = *in.sub.-- dptr ++;  next.sub.-- load += 16;  }}} // End of no.sub.-- bi______________________________________ 
    
     The sequence of actions that occurs when the module no --  bi(data) is executed by processor 52 and bit field peripheral 54 is set forth in Table 2. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________1.               Load word 02.               Remove bit 103.               Load word 1 at bit 154.               Pop word 05.               Load word 2 at bit 156.               Remove bit 57.               Pop word 18.               Load word 3 at bit 149.               Remove bit 010.              Remove bit 1111.              Pop word 212.              Load word 4 at bit 1213.              Remove bit 614.              Pop word 315.              Load word 5 at bit 1116.              Remove bit 117.              Remove bit 1218.              Pop word 419.              Load word 6 at bit 920.              Remove bit 721.              Pop word 522.              Load word 7 at bit 823.              Remove bit 224.              Remove bit 1325.              Pop word 626.              Load word 8 at bit 627.              Remove bit 828.              Pop word 729.              Load word 9 at bit 530.              Remove bit 331.              Remove bit 1432.              Pop word 833.              Load word 10 at bit 334.              Remove bit 935.              Pop word 936.              Load word 11 at bit 237.              Remove bit 438.              Remove bit 1539.              Load word 12 at bit 1640.              Pop word 1041.              Load word 13 at bit 1642.              Remove bit 1043.              Pop word 1144.              Load word 14 at bit 1545.              Remove bit 546.              Pop word 1247.              Load word 15 at bit 1448.              Remove bit 049.              Remove bit 1150.              Pop word 1351.              Load word 16 at bit 1252.              Remove bit 653.              Pop word 1454.              Load word 17 at bit 1155.              Remove bit 156.              Remove bit 1257.              Pop word 1558.              Load word 18 at bit 959.              Remove bit 760.              Pop word 1661.              Load word 19 at bit 862.              Remove bit 263.              Remove bit 1364.              Pop word 1765.              Load word 20 at bit 666.              Remove bit 867.              Pop word 1868.              Load word 21 at bit 569.              Remove bit 370.              Remove bit 1471.              Pop word 1972.              Load word 22 at bit 373.              Remove bit 974.              Pop word 2075.              Load word 23 at bit 276.              Remove bit 477.              Remove bit 1578.              Load word 24 at bit 1679.              Pop word 2180.              Load word 25 at bit 16______________________________________ 
    
     By executing this module using bit field peripheral 54, many lines of code are saved. Because if bit field peripheral 54 were not available, while much of the code for this module would be the same, the few lines that would be different would each have to be expanded into multiple lines of code. For example, when using bit field peripheral 54, line 14 of the module compiles into two or three lines of assembly code depending on the compiler design decisions when compiling the module. If this code were being executed without bit field peripheral 54, tens of lines would be needed to form masks and perform the necessary ANDing and ORing to accomplish the same result. Lines 19, 25, 26 and 32 of the module would be similarly affected if this code were being executed without bit field peripheral 54. In fact, any line of C code that references one of the 257 bit field addresses is faster because of bit field peripheral 54. 
     Other Embodiments 
     Other embodiments are within the following claims. 
     For example, for the bit field peripheral that is described above, not all subsets of WORD32 are represented in the memory region (only contiguous bit fields are shown). For most purposes, merely storing contiguous bit fields is sufficient. However, some applications may suggest other subsets of WORD32 that might be useful. For example, some speed up of the module set forth in Table 1 is accomplished by representing subsets defined by mod(n,16)≠k. In this example, these are the bits that are cleared when executing the module. This is an example of arbitrarily providing other bit field combinations. Accordingly, additional subsets of WORD32 may be provided as part of the bit field address region. These additional subsets of WORD32 would then be accessed by particular addresses. Within bit field peripheral 54, selection and routing logic 66 would control which of the latches are active when a particular address accesses the bit field address region. 
     Also for example, other addresses could be provided for bit fields constructed out of order, e.g., with the bits reversed. Such bit fields are useful to bit reverse an entire word. 
     Also for example, other addresses could be provided for specialized computations, and thus to expand the instruction set of the processor. For example, some processors have an instruction to compute the number of high bits in a word. For a processor without such an instruction, an address may be provided in the peripheral so that the processor could read the count of high bits after writing one or more words at other addresses. Such an access would have no affect on the original data. Other computations are also possible. For example, logical combinations (e.g., ANDs, ORs, XORs, etc.) of data written to dedicated addresses could be computed and presented for the processor to read at other dedicated addresses.