Abstract:
A device for holding a material and a method for holding such materials. The device includes a lower part having at least two engagement points, at least one elongated flexible tensioning element that is attached suspended between the engagement points, and traction mechanisms that are attached on the tensioning element or are part of the tensioning element. The tensioning element is connected to, encloses or carries the material, and the device is configured such that all traction mechanisms can be pulled simultaneously with identical or different tensile force in the direction of the lower part.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a National Stage application of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2013/067879 (filed on Aug. 29, 2013), under 35 U.S.C. §371, which claims priority to Austrian Patent Application No. A985/2012 (filed on Sep. 10, 2012), which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their respective entireties. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a device for holding a material, for example, for holding a reflector of a parabolic mirror or a parabolic trough collector, and to a method for holding such materials. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Parabolic trough collectors are parabolically formed solar troughs which concentrate the direct solar radiation onto a so-called focal line in which an absorber tube or a photovoltaic module is attached. The higher the concentration onto the focal point, the better is the energy yield and the efficiency of the device. High concentration can be achieved by parabolic collectors which have a large aperture and high optical precision. Realizing large apertures can further reduce costs by reducing component count per unit energy. 
         [0004]    However, when increasing the aperture of a parabolic trough collector, the problem of increased wind loads occurs, which effects that the parabolic mirror moves or swings and that focus deviations occur. For this reason, the aperture in most of the known parabolic trough collectors is limited to a value of 7.51 m, and a complex holding construction is required in order to avoid focus deviations due to wind loads and to achieve optical precision. The holding construction is the main cost driver of such parabolic trough collectors. Currently, considerable efforts are made in order to get a grip on the problem of wind loads on parabolic trough collectors by suitably formed holding devices. Furthermore, it is difficult with the available constructions to generate on site a precise parabolic shape. Costs have been reduced over the last decade by increasing system size, i.e. utilizing larger mirror structures in both width and length, as well as by implementing new and innovative designs. However, further improvements in parabolic troughs have proved difficult, as the industry attempts to achieve high optical precision while minimizing both material and cost in the support structure. 
         [0005]    Moreover, in the case of the conventional constructions, any damage thereto results in the fact that possibly the entire collector, namely reflecting components and the holding construction are damaged and have to be replaced. 
         [0006]    Finally, shipping of conventional concentrators is expensive and complicated due to the weight and the dimensions of the holding construction and the reflective materials. 
         [0007]    The known versions of the parabolic troughs have either an almost exact parabolic shape, but inflexible parameters (parameters are to be understood here as the aperture and the focal length), or slightly flexible parameters, but no exact parabolic shape (e.g. inflatable concentrators). On the other hand, concentrators having slightly flexible parameters (e.g. inflatable concentrators) are usually not robust enough to withstand the adverse weather conditions and do not always withstand the required stress. 
         [0008]    An example of such devices from the prior art can be found in US 2010314509 A1 and in WO 2011059062 A1. However, neither ensuring the optical precision or the adjustability of the parameters matters in the two inventions since they do not relate to solar concentrators. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    It is an object of the invention, on the one hand, to provide a device for holding a parabolic mirror which prevents focus deviations due to wind loads, whereby significantly larger apertures can be achieved at the same time. On the other hand, material requirements, production costs, maintenance costs and shipping costs are to be kept as low as possible in order to keep costs low for the electricity generated with the device. Furthermore, it is an object to provide a device which enables to set and adjust the aperture and the focal length of the collector on site. 
         [0010]    This is achieved according to the invention by the features set forth in the claims. 
         [0011]    In accordance with the invention, the device comprises a lower part having at least two engagement points, at least one flexible tensioning element that is attached suspended between the engagement points, traction means that are attached to the tensioning element or are a part of the tensioning element, wherein the tensioning element is connected to, encloses or carries the material to be held, and is configured in such a manner that all traction means can be pulled simultaneously with identical or different tensile force in the direction of the lower part. 
         [0012]    As a result, a particular shape of the tensioning element and therefore of the material to be held is achieved in a simple manner. For example, and particularly advantageous, a parabolic shape can be achieved in a very simple manner if the distances between the traction means and the tensile forces applied to the traction means are identical. In this case, the parabolic shape is achieved by means of the tensile forces without the need of expensive constructional measures. 
         [0013]    The expected deviation from the exact parabolic shape when wind loads occur is a direct function of the pretensioning in the tensioning element. Therefore, the deviation from the ideal shape occurring under load can be reduced by higher pretensioning in the tensioning element. Thus, the pretensioning that leads to the maximum permissible deviation from the ideal shape is defined when designing the device. 
         [0014]    In contrast to the conventional collectors, the traction means carry the material along the entire length thereof, and the occurring wind loads are deflected in the form of axial forces to the lower part, and do not impact the material to be held, such as the reflector, for example. As a result, bending deformations of the reflector and focus deviations are prevented, wherein material requirement are reduced at the same time, and assembly and maintenance costs are reduced as well. Without bending deformation, the displacements at the end of the support arm are significantly reduced and, as a result, significantly larger apertures can be achieved for comparable permissible total deformations. 
         [0015]    The specific embodiment shown below with adjustable focal length and adjustable aperture makes the device in accordance with the invention particularly suitable for research purposes. 
         [0016]    The invention is not limited to parabolic mirrors; it is also provided to achieve a different shape of the material to be held by means of a different arrangement of the traction means or a different distribution of the tensile forces. 
         [0017]    The mathematical proof for forming the parabolic shape of the tensioning element and therefore of the material to be spanned is illustrated below based on  FIG. 1 . 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  shows a portion of the tensioning element in the clamped state with the forces acting thereon. The symbol w0 designates the downwardly acting and uniformly distributed force for per unit length, and w0x designates the downwardly acting force applied to this portion of the tensioning element. 
         [0019]    The symbol T0 designates the tangentially and horizontally acting force applied to the lowest point of the tensioning element, and T designates the tangentially acting force. 
         [0020]    The tensioning element is assumed to be static so that the sum of the horizontal and vertical forces must be zero. This results in the equations T·sin θ=w0x and T·cos θ=T0. This leads to: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               tan 
                
               
                 ( 
                 θ 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   w 
                   0 
                 
                  
                 x 
               
               
                 T 
                 0 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                  
                 y 
               
               
                  
                 x 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     w 
                     0 
                   
                   
                     T 
                     0 
                   
                 
                  
                 x 
               
               = 
               ax 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           wherein 
         
       
       
         
           
             y 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ax 
                   2 
                 
                 x 
               
               + 
               C 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0021]    Thus, the curve y(x) formed by the tensioning element is a parabola. 
         [0022]    An advantage of the invention is that the sum of the tensile forces exerted on the tensioning element is normally higher than the wind loads exerted on the spanned flexible material. As a result of this, the wind loads are negligible and do not result in a bending or deformation of the material. 
         [0023]    Moreover, in the device in accordance with the invention, all wind loads are diverted to the engagement points via the tensioning element and the traction means. When using support arms on which the engagement points are arranged and with appropriate shaping of the support arms, for example by forming an obtuse angle, wherein the support arms preferably follow the shape of the tensioning element, it can be achieved that the wind forces are deflected in the form of axial forces to the support arms. As a result, no bending or deforming of the material takes place. 
         [0024]    Another advantage of the invention is that the material to be held can be held at significantly more points than this is usually the case. As a result, more favorable mirror segments can be used without the need to use mirrors with very good bending properties. In the case of rigid constructions, the parabolic mirror is mostly fastened to the substructure only at four to six points so that these fastening points are heavily stressed under wind load. Within the context of the present invention, considerably more connecting points between the tension means and the tensioning element can be provided, resulting in higher stability. 
         [0025]    Also, the material to be held can easily be detached from the substructure since for this purpose, only the tensile forces have to be removed and the traction means have to be loosened. This permits a simple and fast dismantling of the device. The flexible design also enables to carry out all possible adjustments in the operation and maintenance phase with just a few steps. 
         [0026]    The use of flexible materials as provided in accordance with the invention permits simple shipment of these materials in the form of compact packets, wherein the materials can be placed on site onto the lower part and can be tightened. 
         [0027]    Also, the materials can already be fastened to the tensioning elements and the traction means in the factory so that the parabolic shape is obtained on site simply by applying the tensile forces. 
         [0028]    In accordance with the invention it is provided that the lengths of the traction means for achieving the necessary optical precision can be adjusted during assembly or in the operation and maintenance phase. This serves for the purpose that in the case of inaccurate machining during the production (if the traction means are too short or too long, for example), it is nevertheless possible on site to obtain an exact parabolic shape by fine adjustment of the lengths of the traction means. 
         [0029]    One of the most significant advantages of the invention is that through the device in accordance with the invention any desired shape of the material to be held can be set up and can be changed within the shortest time. In the case of a parabolic shape, for example, the aperture can be adjusted by shifting the engagement points, and the focal length can be adjusted by shortening or lengthening the tensioning element. However, the invention is not limited to a parabolic shape. 
         [0030]    In accordance with the invention it can be provided that the lower part comprises at least two support arms, the ends of which form or comprise the engagement points. As a result, wind loads are deflected to axial forces in the support arms, which can be transmitted more easily to the substructure. 
         [0031]    Uprights, in particular pylons, the ends of which form or comprise the engagement points, can be arranged on the lower part or also on the support arms. It is not absolutely necessary for the pylons to be arranged vertical; they can also be arranged at an angle, for example V-shaped. 
         [0032]    The tensioning element can be a cable, a wire, a rope, a chain or a flexible sheet metal or can be formed by such an element. For adjusting the optical precision of the device, the traction means can be adjustable with respect to their length. The traction means can be implemented, for example, in the form of rods, ropes, chains or springs, in particular elastic springs, or can comprise them. 
         [0033]    It is also provided in accordance with the invention that one or more tensioning elements are attached to the traction means simply in the form of a screw, a turnbuckle, an adhesive or a weld. The traction means can also be part of the tensioning element. 
         [0034]    The material to be held can comprise flexible material and/or can be configured in the form of a plurality material segments which are separated from one another or are pivotably connected to one another. The material and/or the material segments can comprise reflective material, in particular one or more mirror segments or reflector segments. 
         [0035]    Rigid material, for example a glass mirror, can also be provided as a material to be held. In this case, the exact parabolic shape of the tensioning element is essential so that the glass mirror can be held in a stress-free manner. 
         [0036]    The traction means can be arranged in a substantially vertical position. The horizontal distances of the traction means between one another can be substantially identical, and the tensile force acting on each traction means can be substantially identical. Through this it is achieved that the tensioning element assumes a parabolic shape. 
         [0037]    At least one joist can be provided, wherein each traction means is connected to the joist. Within the scope of this invention, the term joist comprises any element that can be used to attach the traction means, and is not limited to any specific realization as a support structure, girder, beam, carrier, pillar, or porter. Particularly, the joist can be arranged horizontally, vertically, or in any angle with regard to the support structure. 
         [0038]    The tensioning element can be connected to the joist at least at one point via a screw, a turnbuckle, a weld or an adhesive layer. 
         [0039]    The joist can preferably be movable so that each traction means can be acted on by the joist with a tensile force. The joist can be guided with respect to the lower part in such a manner that during a movement of the joist in the direction of the lower part, a tensile force is exerted on the traction means, which tensile force is identical for each traction means. 
         [0040]    A plurality of joists can be provided, which can be interconnected via a connecting element, in particular a longitudinal strut, and which can be jointly set in motion. 
         [0041]    This makes it possible to create a trough structure, in particular a trough collector, that has a plurality of tensioning elements which extend parallel and which are tensioned via joists that are arranged parallel, wherein all joists are jointly set in motion with one longitudinal strut. 
         [0042]    As an alternative it is provided in accordance with the invention that the joists can be pulled individually with a tensioning device in the direction of the lower part without using a longitudinal strut. 
         [0043]    The joists can also be configured to be rigid, wherein the tensile forces are exerted on the traction means by adjusting the lengths of the tensioning elements, for example by means of turnbuckles, or by adjusting the lengths of the traction means. 
         [0044]    The traction means can be formed by sections of an elongated bendable traction rope, wherein deflection points, in particular deflection rollers for movably mounting the traction rope are provided on the tensioning element and on the joist, and the traction rope is alternately guided by the deflection points on the tensioning element and the joist. The horizontal projections of the distances between the deflection points along the tensioning elements are substantially identical. 
         [0045]    The device can preferably be implemented as a parabolic mirror, parabolic reflector or parabolic trough collector. 
         [0046]    The device can be equipped with a tracking system so as to follow the movement of the sun. 
         [0047]    The distance of the engagement points from one another can be adjustable, for example in that the engagement points are attached on support arms and the support arms are displaceable symmetrically relative to the lower part. Furthermore, the length of the traction means between the engagement points can be adjustable. The tensioning element can also be configured as circumferentially extending element, in particular as a circumferentially extending rope. 
         [0048]    The invention further comprises methods for holding a material, for setting the aperture and for setting the focal length as well as for adjusting a device in accordance with the invention. 
         [0049]    The method in accordance with the invention for holding material comprises the following methods steps. 
         [0050]    First, an elongated flexible tensioning element, which is connected to, encloses or carries the material to be held, is attached between at least two engagement points of a lower part. 
         [0051]    Thereafter, the traction means attached to the tensioning element are pulled with identical or different tensile force in the direction of the lower part in such a manner that the tensioning element adopts a predetermined shape, for example a parabolic shape. 
         [0052]    When the material to be held comprises a flexible material and/or is configured in the form of a plurality of material segments that are separated from one another or are pivotably connected to one another, an aperture and/or a focal length of the material can be adapted. For setting an aperture of the material, the engagement points can be displaced symmetrically to the lower part, for example in the horizontal direction. For setting a focal length of the material, the length of the tensioning element between the engagement points can be increased or decreased. 
         [0053]    It is provided in accordance with the invention that for adjusting the device, the lengths of the traction means are adjusted, even if the material is not flexible, but rather rigid. This makes it possible in the case of machining inaccuracies during the production, for example, if the traction means are too short or too long, that a perfect, for example, parabolic shape can nevertheless be achieved during assembly. 
         [0054]    Further advantageous configurations arise from the claims, the description and the figures. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0055]    The invention is now explained in greater detail by means of exemplary embodiments in the following drawings. 
           [0056]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration that explains the operating principle; 
           [0057]      FIGS. 2 a -2 g    shows different embodiments of the device in accordance with the invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 3  shows an axonometric illustration of a parabolic trough collector with adjustable parameters. 
           [0059]      FIG. 4  shows a side view of the parabolic trough collector illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0060]      FIG. 5  shows an axonometric illustration of a connection, illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , between a traction means and a joist. 
           [0061]      FIG. 6  shows an axonometric illustration of a pylon of the parabolic trough collector illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0062]    For reasons of simplification, a required absorber tube or a photovoltaic module is not illustrated in any of the schematic drawings. 
         [0063]      FIG. 1  shows a portion of the tensioning element  21  in the clamped state with the forces acting thereon. 
         [0064]      FIG. 2 a    shows a first embodiment of the invention. A lower part  7  has support arms  32  which are arranged at an obtuse angle with respect to one another and the cross-section of which decreases from the lower part  7  towards their ends. Engagement points  31  are provided on the tips of the support arms. The engagement points can be fastening points or rollers. A rope  21  is spanned between the engagement points. 
         [0065]    The rope  21  carries a reflector  25 , for example in the form of mirror segments that are movably connected to one another or are not connected. Traction means  19  are attached on the rope  21  and are fastened at their other ends to a joist  14 . The traction means  19  are attached at identical horizontal distances from one another. When the joist  14  is pulled downwards, as indicated by the arrows, identical forces are exerted on each of the traction means, and the tensioning element adopts a parabolic shape. 
         [0066]      FIG. 2 b    shows a second exemplary embodiment of the device in accordance with the invention. In this case, the engagement points  31  are not used for fixation, but for deflecting the rope  21 . The rope  21  is configured as a circumferentially extending rope and runs around the support arms. 
         [0067]      FIG. 2 c    shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In this case, the traction means are formed by sections of an elongated bendable traction rope, wherein deflection rollers  33  for movably mounting the traction rope are provided at the rope  21  and on the joist  14 , and the traction rope is guided alternately through the deflection points on the tensioning element and on the joist. 
         [0068]      FIG. 2 d    shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention. The exemplary embodiment corresponds to that of  FIG. 2 b   ; however, in this case, the reflector  25  is connected at its end to the rope  21 . The traction means  19  engage directly on the reflector  25  and not on the rope  21 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 2 e    shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention. The exemplary embodiment corresponds to that of  FIG. 2 b   ; however, in this case, there are no separate traction means, but the rope  21  is clamped together at predetermined positions by clamps  34 , welds or the like and is directly connected to the joist  14  at the part clamped in this manner. As a result, the rope itself acts as a traction means and no separate traction means are necessary. By the movement of the joist  14 , a tensile force in the meaning of the invention is exerted on the clamped parts of the rope  21  without the need of separate traction means. 
         [0070]      FIG. 2 f    shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention. The exemplary embodiment corresponds to that of  FIG. 2 b   ; however, in this case, the joist  14  is rigidly fastened to the lower part  7 . The rope  21  is circumferentially attached and carries the reflector  25 . For exerting a tensioning force on the rope  21  (indicated by the arrows) tensioning devices (not illustrated), for example turnbuckles, are arranged on the rope  21 . As a result, a shape of the rope  21  predetermined by the traction means  19  can be achieved in a simple manner without the need that the supporting structure itself has to be adjustable. 
         [0071]      FIG. 2 g    shows another exemplary embodiment of the invention. A lower part  7  having four support arms  32  arranged perpendicular to one another is provided. The support arms  32  carry two ropes  21  that are tensioned via two joists  14  that are aligned to be perpendicular to one another. As a result, a substantially parabolic shape is obtained for the spanned reflector  25 . The parabolic shape can be further improved by using additional support arms or joists. 
         [0072]      FIGS. 3 through 6  show another exemplary embodiment of the invention that is illustrated in detail.  FIG. 4  shows a side view of the parabolic trough collector illustrated in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 5  shows an axonometric illustration of a connection, illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , between a traction means and a joist.  FIG. 6  shows an axonometric illustration of a pylon of the parabolic trough collector illustrated in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . 
         [0073]    The ropes  21  are fitted in curved saddles  1  between pylons  2  and form parabolas which have centrally extending symmetry axes  27 . 
         [0074]    The parabolic shape of the ropes is effected by applying a force that acts parallel to the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27  and is uniformly distributed along the direction perpendicular to the symmetry axes  27 . 
         [0075]    This force is exerted by traction means  19  which connect the ropes  21  to the joists  14 . The traction means are aligned parallel to the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27  and the distances between them are identical. All joists  14  are connected to a longitudinal strut  15  that extends perpendicular to the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27 . 
         [0076]    The longitudinal strut  15  is pulled to a fixed lower part  7  by a threaded rod  8 , which is welded to the floating longitudinal strut  15  in the middle thereof, and a clamping nut  9  with a force that is higher than the weight force of the ropes  21  and the reflective material and all other acting forces such as, e.g., the wind loads. Thus, the weights of the ropes  21  and the reflective material  25  and all other acting forces are negligibly low. 
         [0077]    The connection between the traction means  19  and the ropes  21  is established by wire rope clamps  20 . 
         [0078]    The traction means  19  are threaded in the vertical holes  26  of the joists  14  in a symmetrical manner about the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27  so that the distances between the traction means are identical. 
         [0079]    Wire rope clamps  23 , which are more clearly shown in  FIG. 4 , are clamped onto the lower parts  24  of the traction means  19 , which lower parts are located below the joists  14 . The distances between each rope  21  and the wire rope clamps  23  clamped onto the traction means form a parabola. Thus, the exerted tensile forces are almost equal in all individual traction means  19 , and the ropes  21  are brought into a parabolic shape. 
         [0080]    For clarity reason, not all freely suspended parts of the traction means, which are located below the joists  14 , and the wire rope clamps  23  clamped thereon are shown in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  (they are shown only for seven traction means  19 ). In  FIG. 3 , six pylons  2 , two pylons  2  for each rope  21 , are illustrated. On their tips, these pylons  2  have curved saddles  1  in which the ropes  21  are fitted. These saddles  1  have the task to convert almost all forces (including the wind loads) acting on the parabolic trough collector into compressive forces acting onto the pylons  2 ; thus, material costs for the pylons  2  and the static substructure can be saved. 
         [0081]    Each pylon  2  has a continuous opening  3  that has two functions. Firstly, to permit the movement of the floating longitudinal strut  15  with the joists  14 , which movement is parallel to the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27 , when unscrewing or tightening the clamping nut  9 . Secondly, when adjusting the aperture  28  of the parabolic trough collector, the pylons  2  are displaced perpendicular to the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27 , which is made possible by the continuous opening  3  in any height of the joists  14 . 
         [0082]    In accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the method in accordance with the invention, the aperture  28  and the focal length  29  of the parabolic trough collector are adjustable, wherein it has to be taken into account that prior to adjusting the aperture  28  or the focal length  29 : 
         [0083]    a. the parabolic trough collector is brought into the horizontal position so that the pylons  2  are vertical, 
         [0084]    b. then, the detachable connections between the ropes  21  and the narrow (flat) mirror segments or the bendable reflective material  25  are disconnected, 
         [0085]    c. then, the mirror segments or the bendable reflective material  25  are/is removed, 
         [0086]    d. then, the clamping nut  9  is unscrewed in order to relieve the tensile forces of the traction means  19  and the ropes  21 , 
         [0087]    e. then, the wire rope clamps  20 , which connect the traction means  19  to the ropes  21 , are disassembled, 
         [0088]    f. then, the wire rope clamps  23 , which are clamped onto the parts of the tractions means  24  located below the joists  14 , are disassembled, and 
         [0089]    g. then, the traction means  19  are removed. 
         [0090]    The aperture  28  can be adjusted as desired by: 
         [0091]    a. unscrewing the nuts  22 , which are screwed tightly on the thread ends of the long rods  12 , and pulling out the rods  12 , 
         [0092]    b. subsequently displacing the pylons  2  on the lower part  7  horizontally and symmetrically about the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27 . In order to enable this displacement in any desired height of the joists, each pylon  2  has a continuous opening  3 . All pylons  2  on one of the two sides of the ropes  21  have to be displaced by the same distance and in the same direction. All pylons  2  on one of the two the sides of the ropes  21  have to be displaced by the same distance and in the same direction, 
         [0093]    c. subsequently, when the required aperture  28  is achieved, inserting long rods  12  into the holes  13  in the lower part  7  and into the two holes  30  in the tongues  11  of the pylons  2 , which are shown in  FIG. 4 . Thus, the pylons  2  have no clearance because their tongues  11  fit perfectly in grooves  18  in the lower part  7 , and 
         [0094]    d. subsequently fastening the rods  12  by tightly screwing the nuts  22  onto the thread ends of said rods. 
         [0095]    The focal length  29  can be adjusted as desired by: 
         [0096]    a. pulling in the ropes  21  by means of the rollers  10 , which are located on both sides of the ropes  21  and which are similar to fishing reels with respect to structure and function, if the focal length  29  is to be increased, or by elongating them if the focal length  29  is to be reduced. It has to be ensured that all lengths of the ropes  21  are equal after the adjustment, and 
         [0097]    b. subsequently, upon reaching the length that results in the desired focal length  29 , fitting the ropes  21  in the saddles  1  and setting these length by the rollers  10  that are fastened on the lower part  7 . 
         [0098]    After the adjustment of the aperture  28  or the focal length  29 , the ropes  21  are brought again into a parabolic shape, and the reflective material  25  is secured on the ropes  21  by: 
         [0099]    a. threading the traction means  19  into the vertical holes  26  of the joists  14  and symmetrically about the symmetry axes of the parabolas  27  so that the distances between the traction means are equal, 
         [0100]    b. subsequently connecting the upper ends of the traction means  19  to ropes  21  by means of wire rope clamps  20  so that all traction means  19  are vertical. These connections have to be strong enough in order to prevent the traction means  19  from sliding off the ropes  21 , 
         [0101]    c. subsequently clamping wire rope clamps  23  onto those portions of the traction means  24  that are below the joists  14  so that the distances between each rope  21  and the wire rope clamps  23  clamped onto the traction means  19  form a parabola, 
         [0102]    d. measuring the distances where the two traction means  19  are connected on the far left and the far right to the rope  21  and the distance in the middle of the rope  21  between the rope  21  and the joists  14  in order to obtain the equation of the parabola, 
         [0103]    e. subsequently tightening the clamping nut  9  with a force that is greater than the weight of the rope  21  and the reflective material  25 . Thus, the exerted tensile forces are almost equal in all individual traction means  19 , and the ropes  21  are brought into a parabolic shape, 
         [0104]    f. subsequently fastening mirror elements or bendable reflective material  25  on the ropes  21  using detachable connections, and 
         [0105]    g. subsequently adjusting the height of the absorber tube or the photovoltaic module by means of the adjustable absorber holder  17  which consists of two profiled elements, one of which slides into the other one and has a hole  16  with an internal thread, in order to set the desired height by tightening a screw. 
         [0106]    The length of the parabolic trough collector is controlled by arranging the required number of ropes  21  along the longitudinal axis  5 . This parabolic trough collector can be equipped with a conventional tracking system about one or two motion axes. The positional angle does not matter for the parabolic shape of the ropes  21  as long as the traction means  19  pull the ropes  21  with a force greater than the weight of the ropes  21  and the reflective material  25  and all other acting forces such as, e.g., the wind loads. For tracking about a horizontal axis, the longitudinal axis  5  can be used as the horizontal axis of the tracking system, which is connected to the lower part  7  by supports  4 . The entire parabolic trough collector can be attached on a conventional mounting system  6 . 
         [0107]    The invention is not limited to the illustrated exemplary embodiments, but covers all embodiments within the following patent claims. 
       REFERENCE LIST 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1  saddle 
               2  pylon 
               3  opening 
               4  support 
               5  longitudinal axis 
               6  mounting system 
               7  lower part 
               8  threaded rod 
               9  clamping nut 
               10  roller 
               11  tongue 
               12  rod 
               13  hole 
               14  joist 
               15  longitudinal strut 
               16  hole 
               17  absorber holder 
               18  groove 
               19  traction means 
               20  wire rope clamp 
               21  rope 
               22  nut 
               23  wire rope clamp 
               24  lower parts of the traction means 
               25  reflector 
               26  hole 
               27  symmetry axis 
               28  aperture 
               29  focal length 
               30  hole 
               31  engagement point 
               32  support arm 
               33  deflection rollers 
               34  clamps