Abstract:
A steam turbogenerator set includes a common shaft for a steam turbine and a driven machine with a generator, downstream of which a frequency converter is connected. Electrical power can be fed at a predetermined frequency through the frequency converter into a load network. Bearings of the common shaft are cooled and lubricated with water. Since there is no gearing requiring cooling and lubricating, and control valves for the steam are also driven without oil, the risk of contamination or fire caused by oil is avoided. A method for operation of the steam turbogenerator set is also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/DE98/03490, filed Nov. 26, 1998, which designated the United States. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a steam turbogenerator set having a steam turbine unit and a driven machine unit connected thereto for producing electrical power. The invention also relates to a method for operation of the steam turbogenerator set. 
     Turbogenerator sets are generally used in order to feed an electrical network having a frequency which is 50 Hz (or 60 Hz). At high ratings (around 30 MVA or more), it is economical to operate the steam turbine at speeds of 3000 (or 3600) revolutions per minute when using two-pole generators. However, for lower ratings, higher speeds of more than 3000 to 16,000 revolutions per minute are more economical for the turbine, depending on the rating. In that case, a gearbox is required to reduce the speed between the steam turbine which rotates at high speed, and the generator which rotates to match the desired electrical power frequency. 
     In that case, particular problems occur with the lubrication and cooling of the bearings and gearbox. 
     In the gearbox, not only do bearings for gearbox shafts require special lubrication but, in particular, heavily loaded gearbox teeth of mutually engaging tooth edges must also be carefully lubricated and cooled. The high rotation speeds and loads in each case demand a specific coolant and lubricant, for which purpose, until now, only oils have been available, in practice. 
     Conventionally, a steam turbogenerator set has an oil circuit which essentially carries out three tasks: 
     Firstly, the oil is used as a lubricant and coolant for the bearings of the steam turbine and generator. Secondly, the control valves of the steam turbine are operated by actuating cylinders using oil for hydraulic purposes. Thirdly, the oil is used to cool and lubricate the gearbox. Heat losses which occur in each case are emitted to the oil circuit and are carried away to an oil/water heat exchanger. Overall, relatively large amounts of oil are required to carry out those three tasks. In such a case, the ratio of lubricating oil: control oil: gearbox oil is about 1:6:2. 
     Those amounts of oil can lead to a number of problems. In the event of leakages in the oil circuit, there is a risk of the oil which emerges contaminating the surrounding area. That necessitates precautionary measures such as oil trays and walls surrounding oil containers. Furthermore, emerging oil represents a serious fire hazard. If the oil comes into contact with parts of the turbine at temperatures up to 500° C., there is a high probability of ignition. Alternative liquids which can be used are difficult to ignite but are generally toxic. Complex and expensive measures are required for steam turbine shaft bearings, particularly for steam turbogenerator sets with an axial stream outlet flow, to ensure that no oil can enter the outlet stream from the turbine. That would result in the steam circuit being contaminated by an extraneous medium, which could lead to a wide range of defects. 
     The amount of oil in the oil circuit can admittedly be reduced considerably if actuating cylinders operated hydraulically by oil are dispensed with and a change is made to a different medium (which then requires its own circuit) or different drive principles for the control valves (for example linear drives which, in some circumstances, likewise require cooling). However, that does not avoid impurities occurring in the steam outlet as a result of bearing oil emerging from the turbine, or oil emerging into the surrounding area. A high level of technological complexity is required for that purpose, as is implicitly evident from numerous patent applications (for example European Patent Application 0 306 634 A2, International Publication No. WO 94/01713 and German Published, Non-Prosecuted Patent Application DE 196 06 088 A1). That problem can be solved by shafts with magnetic bearings (for example in German Patent DE 42 27 280 C1, corresponding to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/390,107, filed Feb. 17, 1995, or German Patent DE 31 46 354 C2) or by other magnetic bearings with elements using permanent magnets and/or superconductors (German Published, Non-Prosecuted Patent Application DE 44 44 587 A1, corresponding to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/876,655, filed Jun. 16, 1997), although those likewise involve complexity. However, no promising substitute which operates without any coolant is yet known for the gearbox. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a steam turbogenerator set having a steam turbine unit and a driven machine unit connected thereto for producing electrical power, and a method for operation of the steam turbogenerator set, which overcome the hereinafore-mentioned disadvantages of the heretofore-known devices and methods of this general type and which avoid difficulties caused by lubricant and/or coolant. 
     The invention in this case is primarily based on avoiding the dangers and difficulties resulting from oil by using actuating cylinders, which use water for hydraulic purposes, for the valves which control or regulate the steam supply, or other control elements, that operate without oil, for those valves. The same applies to the oil-free bearings for the generators and for the equipment in a driven machine unit (generators, pumps, compressors, etc.). In particular, the invention provides for the use of linear motors as control drives for the valves. Water-cooled bearings are suitable in any case for the driven machine unit, provided the amounts of water required for lubrication and cooling are fed into the bearings at an adequate pressure. 
     The invention is also based on a gearbox being required only if the rotational speed of the shaft which is driven by the steam turbine is reduced or increased. However, if it is possible to operate the steam turbine and the driven machine at the same rotational speed, then there is no need for a gearbox and the problems associated with cooling of the gearbox do not occur. In order to ensure that electrical power at a predetermined frequency is fed into an electrical network or to a load, a frequency converter, which is connected to the generator, is used to match the generator rotational speed (that is to say the rotational speed of the high-speed steam turbine) to the lower frequency of the electrical power or of the network. If the driven machine unit contains pumps, compressors or other machines, then there is likewise no need for a gearbox, provided these corresponding machines are constructed for the high rotational speed of the steam turbine. Thus, in particular, the steam turbine of the steam turbine unit and the generator of the driven machine unit can be connected to one another through a coupling or through flanges. 
     Finally, the invention is based on the capability of using water as a lubricant and coolant in the steam turbine unit, and then of avoiding the risk of fire associated with the use of oil, and the risk of environmental damage caused by leakages. Thus, in practice, it is possible to dispense with the use of oil and the like throughout the entire turbogenerator set. Furthermore, no extraneous media then enter the outlet steam flow from the turbine if the bearing is located in an axial outlet flow, and the water for lubrication and cooling is taken from the water circuit of the steam power station. 
     With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a method for operating a steam turbogenerator set, which comprises providing a steam turbine unit having a steam turbine and a shaft bearing; providing a driven machine unit having a generator for producing electrical power; providing a shaft having a first shaft part borne in the shaft bearing of the steam turbine unit and a second shaft part with oil-free bearings in the driven machine unit; supplying the steam turbine unit with steam through valves driven without oil; rotating the first shaft part with the steam turbine; transmitting the same rotation of the shaft to the generator without an interposition of gearing or a gearbox by the second shaft part; feeding water to the shaft bearing as a coolant and lubricant; and feeding electrical power from the generator through an electrical frequency converter into a load network at a predetermined network frequency. 
     With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a steam turbogenerator set, comprising a steam turbine unit having a steam turbine and a shaft bearing; a further driven machine unit having a generator and oil-free bearings; a shaft having a first shaft part seated in the shaft bearing in the steam turbine and a second shaft part seated in the oil-free bearings in the generator; control valves with oil-free drives, the control valves conducting steam to the steam turbine causing the first shaft part to rotate and in turn causing the second shaft part to drive the generator, directly without an interposition of gearing or a gearbox; a circuit supplying water to the shaft bearing as a lubricant and coolant; and a frequency converter connected downstream of the generator for producing electrical power at a desired frequency to be fed into a load network. 
     According to the invention, a steam turbogenerator set is provided having a steam turbine unit and a driven machine unit which includes a generator, with the units being connected to one another without a gearbox. A shaft part which is driven by a steam turbine and a shaft part which drives the generator are thus directly coupled to one another, for example through the use of a flange, as shaft elements, in the region between the units, in order to form a common shaft, or to form a rigid (for example integral) shaft. In that case the two bearings between the steam turbine and the driven machine can then be replaced by a single bearing. 
     An oil-free circuit, namely a water circuit, is used for lubrication and cooling of the shaft bearings in the turbine unit. Likewise, only oil-free bearings are used for the bearings for this shaft in the driven machine unit. In this case, the generator is provided in order to produce electrical power at a desired frequency, and a frequency converter is connected downstream of the generator, for this purpose. The control valves for the steam turbine can be operated, in particular, by a linear drive or a similar drive unit which in any case operates without oil (in particular combined with electrical or electronic control). 
     The steam turbine unit may have a different structure and, for example, may include one or more steam turbines which have a steam outlet directed upward or downward (generally in the direction to the side) or in the axial direction. An axial outlet flow is generally required where steam turbines with generators are installed on one level (for example also in an assembly with a gas turbine). In this case, the generator is then coupled on the steam inlet flow side. 
     Oil or any other lubricant can thus be replaced by water throughout the entire steam turbogenerator set. The turbogenerator set preferably contains only components which operate without oil, since stationary parts (for example the frequency converter) can also be cooled by other media (for example air or water). 
     A water circuit (or a number of water circuits) from which water supply channels lead to the individual bearings, is provided, in particular for cooling and lubricating the shaft bearings. It is also possible to provide a number of shaft parts and/or shaft bearings in the steam turbine unit and to supply them through the use of a common water circuit. The water used as the coolant and lubricant is advantageously fed back from the shaft bearings to the water circuit through water outlet channels. This water circuit preferably allows the cooling systems of a generator unit or any other driven machine unit as well as the steam supply to the steam turbine unit to be operated simultaneously. This also applies to a frequency converter, if one is provided and requires cooling. If they require cooling, linear drives to operate the control valves for the steam turbine may also be supplied by the water circuit. It is thus possible for a single water circuit to dissipate all of the heat losses from a turbogenerator set. The thermal energy introduced into the circulating water is preferably extracted through the use of a heat exchanger. This heat exchanger is operated through the use of an open water circuit, but may also be an air-cooled heat exchanger. 
     Since water has a relatively high heat-absorption capacity, the individual cooling components may be relatively small. Furthermore, components having a small size may be used since it is possible to save the previously normal volumes for the control oil which is used to control the actuating cylinders for control valves for the steam turbine and the gearbox oil. This thus also results in a reduction in the total amount of circulating medium. This affects not only the size of components such as pipelines and coolers, but also the power required for the pump system which drives the water circuit. Water losses in the water circuit are preferably replaced by processed water, which is available in any case in power stations in order to supply the water for feeding steam into the steam turbine in a corresponding circuit. 
     Since the lubricant and coolant circuit is operated with the same medium as the steam turbine, the circulating water which is required may also be taken from the steam/water circuit of the power station. The circulating water is advantageously processed at the same time. Any wear particles or other impurities which occur and are caused, for example, by the shaft bearings, are filtered out. 
     The same medium is used not only as the coolant and lubricant for the shaft bearings but also to produce steam for the steam turbine. Therefore, a shaft bearing may be disposed in the outlet steam flow from the steam turbine, particularly in steam turbines with an axial outlet flow, without any need to be concerned about the risk of an extraneous medium contaminating the steam circuit if there are any leakages in the bearing seal. 
     Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. 
     Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a steam turbogenerator set having a steam turbine unit and a driven machine unit connected thereto for producing electrical power, and a method for operation of the steam turbogenerator set, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. 
     The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic and schematic view of an oil-free steam turbogenerator set using water as a lubricant and coolant, with a steam outlet flow at a side (specifically, directed downward); and 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic and schematic view of an oil-free steam turbogenerator set using water as the lubricant and coolant with an axial steam outlet flow. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the figures of the drawings in detail and first, particularly, to FIG. 1 thereof, there is seen a steam turbogenerator set which has been given reference numeral  1  overall and which contains a steam turbine unit  2  and a generator unit  3  as another driven machine unit. The units  2  and  3  are connected to one another by a shaft  4 . This shaft includes a number of shaft parts (two shaft elements  41 ,  42 ), which rotate at the same rotation speed. The first shaft element  41  passes through the steam turbine unit  2 . Rotor blades  211  of the turbine are fitted to this shaft element  41  within a steam turbine  20 , although the drawing shows only two of these blades, for clarity. Stator blades  212  are fitted between the rotor blades  211  on a turbine wall of the steam turbine  20  although, once again, only two of them are shown, for clarity. The second shaft element  42  passes through a generator  30 . An armature  31  of the generator  30  is fitted to the shaft element  42 . A stator  32  of the generator  30  surrounds the armature  31  in the circumferential direction, and is located in a casing of the generator  30 . The two shaft elements  41  and  42  of the shaft  4  are connected to one another through the use of flanges  43 . 
     Electrical power which is thus produced is passed from the generator  30  through cables  51  to a frequency converter  5 . This frequency converter  5  converts a generator electrical power output frequency, which is governed by the rotational speed and the number of poles on the shaft  4 , to a frequency which corresponds to the required network frequency of the electrical power network to be fed. The electrical power in this case is emitted to the electrical power network through the use of cables  52 . 
     Steam which drives the turbine  20  is supplied by a steam supply  22 . The steam supply is controlled by control valves  221  which, for their part, are operated through one or more linear drives  222  and electrical regulators  223 . 
     A turbine steam outlet flow in this exemplary embodiment is in the form of a steam outlet flow device  23  directed downward. Such a downward steam outlet flow at the side has an advantage over an axial outlet flow (see FIG. 2 for comparison) which is that there is no need for a bearing for the shaft  4  within the steam outlet flow device  23 . 
     The shaft  4  is borne by shaft bearings  6 . In this case, these bearings are in the form of journals. Water is used as a lubricant and coolant for these shaft bearings  6 , and is provided through the use of a water inlet  71  and a water return  70 . The water in the circuit is kept in motion by a pump  80 . The circulating water which acts as the coolant and lubricant is supplied to the shaft bearings  6  through water supply channels  72  which originate from the water inlet  71 . The circulating water acts as the coolant and lubricant in the shaft bearing  6 . Heat energy produced by sliding friction in the bearings is thus carried away by the circulating water. The circulating water is supplied from the shaft bearings  6  to the water return  70  through water outlet channels  73 . 
     The water circulating in the water circuit  70 ,  71  may advantageously be used to cool other components in the turbogenerator set. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, the circulating water is likewise used to cool the generator  30 . The circulating water is fed through a water supply channel  74  into a cooling system  33  of the generator  30 , and is supplied from there through a water outlet channel  75  to the water return  70 . Any cooling required for the linear drives  222  is likewise provided in the same way by circulating water being supplied through a water supply channel  76 , and then being supplied through a water outlet channel  77  to the water return  71 . The frequency converter  5  is cooled in the same advantageous manner. Its non-illustrated cooling system is supplied with circulating water through a water supply channel  78 , and the circulating water is fed back to the water return  71  through a water outlet channel  79 . 
     The circulating water in the circuit  70 ,  71  is cooled through the use of a heat exchanger  8  by heat energy in the circulating water being emitted to an open exchanger water circuit  81 . As an alternative thereto, or in combination therewith, the circulating water may also be cooled by an air-cooled heat exchanger  9 . 
     The cooling water may be taken in a particularly advantageous manner from a non-illustrated circuit of a corresponding power station, which is the circuit that also provides the water for producing the turbine steam. The particular advantage of this version is that the circulating water in this case is processed together with the water for the steam circuit. 
     The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 has an oil-free steam turbogenerator set using water as the lubricant and coolant and having an axial steam outlet flow. Components which correspond to the embodiment in FIG. 1 have the same reference numerals. In particular, the steam turbogenerator set as such once again has reference numeral  1 . In this case as well, the steam turbine generator unit  2  is connected to the generator unit  3  by a shaft  4  (namely by the two shaft elements  41  and  42 ). The shaft elements  41  and  42  are directly coupled to one another through flanges  43 . In the generator  30 , the shaft element  42  is fitted with an armature  31 . Opposite and adjacent this armature is the stator  32 , which is likewise contained in the generator  30 . The electrical power produced by the generator  30  is supplied through cables  51  to a frequency converter  5  which, after frequency conversion, feeds the electrical power through cables  52  to an electrical network. Within the turbine  20 , the shaft element  41  has rotor blades  211 . Stator blades  212  are located on a stationary part of the steam turbine  20 , within spaces in between the rotor blades  211 . 
     In contrast to the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1, the steam turbine  20  in this exemplary embodiment has a steam outlet flow device  23 ′, which produces an axial steam outlet flow. Such an axial steam outlet flow is required, in particular, when steam turbines are installed at the same level as the generators (for example in an assembly with a gas turbine as well). As can be seen in the figure, the generator  30  is then coupled to the steam supply or inlet flow side  22  of the steam turbine  20 . The steam outlet flow device  23 ′ is normally connected to a non-illustrated condenser or a likewise non-illustrated back-pressure connection. In contrast to embodiments of steam turbines with a steam outlet flow downward or to the side, a steam turbine with an axial outlet flow requires a shaft bearing in the steam flow. Such a configuration can be seen in the right-hand part of FIG.  2 . There, a shaft bearing  6  which surrounds the shaft  4  is located within the steam outlet flow device  23 ′. This configuration results in a considerable risk of the coolant and lubricant entering the steam circuit from the bearing  6 . Where circulating water is used from the water inlet  71  for lubricating and cooling the bearing  6 , as envisaged in this case, it is virtually impossible for the steam circuit medium to be contaminated by extraneous coolant and lubricant for the shaft bearing  6  located within the steam outlet flow device  23 ′. 
     Circulating water is supplied to the bearings  6  through water supply channels  72 . The circulating water is passed to the water return  70  through water outlet channels  73 . As in the embodiment in FIG. 1, it is once again advantageous in this case to feed the cooling system  33  of the generator  30  with circulating water through a water supply channel  74  and a water outlet channel  75 . It is likewise advantageous for the linear drives  222 , if necessary, and the frequency converter  5 , if necessary, to be cooled by the circulating water from the water circuit  70 / 71 . 
     It is of course possible, with both of the described embodiments, for the shaft  4  which is shown as being in two parts to be replaced by an integral or one-piece shaft.