Abstract:
A device capable of obtaining, without data scanning by a computer, information of the center position and, if desired the total sum of two-dimensionally distributed data generated as outputs from a matrix of sensors arranged along X- and Y-axes. The device is constituted by a simple repetition of arrayed adders.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a device for detecting the center position of two-dimensionally distributed data such as a surface load and an optical image. 
     It is known in the art to detect the centroid of a surface load through arithmetic processing of signals from a multitude of sensors or detectors which are arranged in a matrix to pick up the data in the respective regions of the loaded surface. More specifically, as shown particularly in FIG. 1, a surfacewise load is applied on a matrix of p×q sensors which are arranged in the X- and Y-axes and which are adapted for generating output signals R nm  (n and m are intergers of 1 to p and 1 to q, respectively) corresponding to the amounts of detected data. The position of centroid (G x , G y ) is calculated on the basis of the output signals R nm  according to the following equations. ##EQU1## Thus, the output signals R nm  are read by a computer through scanning and the data are processed in accordance with a stored program to obtain the center position (G x , G y ). The conventional apparatus, therefore, is large and expensive because of the necessity of using a computer. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a device for measuring the center position of two-dimentionally distributed data, which is capable of instantly detecting the center position and which is relatively simple in construction and low in cost. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a device of the above-mentioned type which does not require the use of a computer operated according to a stored program and which can be constructed by means of large scale integrated circuits. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a device of the above-mentioned type also capable of measuring the total sum of the data. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention which follows, when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of a two-dimensionally arrayed matrix of sensors; 
     FIG. 2 is a fragmentary circuit diagram, with a combination of arrayed adders, for processing the outputs from corresponding sensors according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram receiving the outputs from the circuit of FIG. 2 for generating outputs indicative of the center position and the total sum; 
     FIG. 3(a) is a circuit diagram showing an example of the adder of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram similar to FIG. 2 showing an alternate embodiment of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing an alternate embodiment for processing the outputs from the sensors; 
     FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram similar to FIG. 3 receiving the outputs from the circuit of FIG. 5 for generating outputs indicative of the center position and the total sum; 
     FIG. 6(a) is a circuit diagram showing an example of the adder of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram similar to FIG. 4 showing an alternate embodiment of FIG. 5; and 
     FIGS. 7(a)-7(d) are circuit diagrams showing examples of the adders used for the embodiment of FIG. 7. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The device according to the present invention is comprised of a data detector, a data processor and an arithmetic circuit. FIG. 1 diagrammatically depicts the data detector 1 which is constituted by a matrix of p×q sensors or detectors 2 having q-number of columns in the direction of X-axis and p-number of rows in the direction of Y-axis. Each sensor 2 is adapted to generate an output signal R nm  corresponding in amount to the amount of the data, such as load, detected. Each sensor 2 may be either of an analog type generating an output signal of analog quantity or of a digital type producing an output signal of digital quantity. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown part of the processing circuit to be coupled with the above-mentioned data detector 1. The processing circuit is constituted by p×q first adders 3 provided in correspondence to the p×q sensors for processing the data from the data detector 1 in the X-axis direction and another p×q second adders for processing the data in the Y-axis direction. Shown in FIG. 2 is the n-th row of the p-number of rows of the adders 3 arranged in the direction of Y-axis of the processing circuit. As seen from FIG. 2, each adder 3 receives as its input signal the output signal of a corresponding sensor 2 as well as the output signal or signals of adjacent adder or adders 3 arranged in the same row, producing an output signal corresponding to 1/2 of the total value of the input signals. For example, with regard to the n-th row shown in FIG. 2, the output X n1  of the adder 3 which receives the signal R n1  as input is expressed by: 
     
         X.sub.n1 =1/2(R.sub.n1 +X.sub.n2) 
    
     in which X n2  is the output of an adder corresponding to the sensor which is located adjacent to the sensor with the output signal R n1 . Similarly, the output signals X nm  and X nq  from the adders which are supplied with the signals R nm  and R nq , respectively, are expressed by 
     
         X.sub.nm =1/2(R.sub.nm +X.sub.n(m-1) +X.sub.n(m+1)), and 
    
     
         X.sub.nq =1/2(R.sub.nq +X.sub.n(q-1)) 
    
     Thus, the adders corresponding to the sensors which are in the opposite end columns, namely, in the 1st and q-th columns of the sensors which are arranged in q-number of columns in the direction of X-axis, produce p-number of output signals X n1  (in which n is an integer of 1 to p) and p-number of output signals X nq  (in which n is an integer of 1 to p), respectively. 
     In a similar manner, the second adders which process the signals in the direction of Y-axis receive at the respective input terminals the output signal of a corresponding sensor as well as the output signal of an adder or adders corresponding to an adjacently located sensor or sensors in each of the q columns arranged in the direction of X-axis. For instance, with regard to the m-th column, the output signal Y 1m  of the adder which receives the signal R 1m  is expressed by 
     
         Y.sub.1m =1/2(R.sub.1m +Y.sub.2m) 
    
     in which Y 2m  is an output signal from an adder corresponding to the sensor which produces an output signal R 2m . On the other hand, the output signals Y nm  and Y pm  of the adders which receive the signals R nm  and R pm , respectively, are expressed by: 
     
         Y.sub.nm =1/2(R.sub.nm +Y.sub.(n-1)m +Y.sub.(n+1)m) and 
    
     
         Y.sub.pm =1/2(R.sub.pm +Y.sub.(p-1)m) 
    
     Consequently, the 1st and p-th rows of the p-number of rows arranged in the direction of Y-axis produce q-number of output signals Y 1m  (in which m is an integer of 1 to q) and q-number of output signals Y pm  (in which m is an integer of 1 to q), respec- tively. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the arithmetic circuit which is connected in a stage subsequent to the above-described processing circuit is provided with adders 4 and 4a adapted to add up the output signals X 11  to X p1  and X 1q  to X pq  from the processing circuit and to generate the total sums ##EQU2## respectively. The adders 4 and 4a are connected to an adder 5 and a subtractor 6 which add up and subtract one from the other the output signals of the adders 4 and 4a, respectively, to generate outputs A  and B ##EQU3## respectively. The adder 5 and subtractor 6 are connected to a divider 7 which divides the output signal B of the subtractor 6 by the output signal A of the adder 5. The output signal of the divider 7 indicates the X-component G x  of the coordinate of the center (centroid) position of two-dimensionally distributed data, for example, of the load as expressed by Equation (1) shown previously, while the output signal A of the adder 5 indicates the total sum S of output signals of the respective sensors 2. 
     The adder 4 is preferably constituted by a circuit shown in FIG. 3a which has the same construction as that shown in FIG. 2 except that the circuit of FIG. 3a is formed of only p×1 of matrix receiving X nl  (n=1 to p) as inputs and is additionally provided with an adder 4c which receives the outputs from the adders 2a positioned at both ends of the p×1 matrix to generate an output which is the sum ##EQU4## The adder 4a of FIG. 3 is also constituted by the same circuit as shown in FIG. 3a. 
     In order to obtain the Y-component G y  of the coordinate of the center position, an arithmetic circuit (not shown) similar to FIG. 3 is provided. The output signals Y 11  to Y 1q  and Y p1  to Y pq  generated respectively from the second adders in the opposite rows are respectively added up to obtain the total sums ##EQU5## from which G y  is calculated by dividing ##EQU6## in the same manner as described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 3a. The calculated value is identical with that expressed by Equation (2). 
     It is to be noted that, in the foregoing embodiment, the q-number of columns of the sensors 2 must be spaced with the same distance d x  with each other in the direction of X-axis and the p-number of rows in the direction of Y-axis must also be equally spaced with each other with a distance d y . The distances d x  and d y  may be of the same or different values. The coordinates (G x , G y ) of the centroid are indicated in relation with the center of the sensor matrix, namely, in terms of coordinates on the rectangular X-Y coordinates having the origin at ##EQU7## 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, which requires a reduced scale circuit when embodied in an analog circuit. While the adders 3 are of the non-inversion type in the above-described embodiment, the modification of FIG. 4 employs adders 11 of the inversion type each generating as its output signal -1/2 of the sum of the input signals. As shown in FIG. 4, the output signals of the sensors in the columns of odd numbers are fed to corresponding adders 11 through inverting amplifiers 12. The same arrangement is employed for the processing circuits which handle the output signals of sensors in other rows arranged in the Y-axis direction and the sensors in the columns arranged in the X-axis direction. The output signals of these processing circuits are fed to an arithmetic circuit similar to FIG. 3 to calculate the coordinates (G x , G y ) of the center (centroid) position and the total sum of the data. In this instance, G x  is calculated as B/A when g is an odd number and A/B when an even number. G y  is calculated as B/A when p is an odd number and as A/B when an even number. 
     The foregoing embodiment requires 2(p×q) adders in total (the total number of the first and second adders) for processing the signals in the X- and Y-axis directions. The number of adders is reduced by half in the following embodiment shown in FIG. 5, using each adder for the processing in both the X- and Y-axis directions in common. In this case, the sensors are positioned such that the spaces d x  and d y  of FIG. 1 are equivalent to each other. Indicated at 8 in FIG. 5 are adders which are provided in a number corresponding to p×q sensors of FIG. 1, each receiving the output signal R nm  of a corresponding sensor. Each one of the adders 8 receives the output signals of adders corresponding to the sensors which are located in adjacent positions in the X- and Y-axis directions and produces an output signal which is 1/4 of the sum of the input signals. For instance, the output signal Z 11  of the adder which receives an output signal R 11  from a sensor is expressed by 
     
         Z.sub.11 =1/4(R.sub.11 +Z.sub.21 +Z.sub.12) 
    
     wherein Z 21  and Z 12  are output signals from adders corresponding to adjacently located sensors. Similarly, the output Z n1  of the adder which receives the output R n1  is expressed by 
     
         Z.sub.n1 =1/4(R.sub.n1 +Z.sub.n2 +Z.sub.(n-1)1 +Z.sub.(n+1)1) 
    
     in which Z n2 , Z.sub.(n-1)1, and Z.sub.(n+1)1 are output signals of the adders corresponding to the three adjacent sensors. Further the output signal Z nm  of the adder receiving the sensor output R nm  is expressed by 
     
         Z.sub.nm =1/4(R.sub.nm +Z.sub.(n-1)m +Z.sub.(n+1)m +Z.sub.n(m-1) +Z.sub.n(m+1)) 
    
     wherein Z.sub.(n-1)m, Z.sub.(n+1)m, Z n (m-1), Z n (m+1) are output signals of the adders corresponding to the sensors located adjacently on four sides of the sensor with the output R nm . 
     Thus, the adders corresponding to the opposite end columns of the sensors which are arranged in q-number of columns in the direction of X-axis, namely, corresponding to the 1st and q-th columns produce p-number of output signals Z n1  (where n=1 to p) and p-number of output signals Z nq  (where n=1 to p), respectively. Similarly, the 1st one of the p-number of rows arranged in the direction of Y-axis produce q-number of output signals Z 1m  (where m=1 to q), while the p-th row produce q-number of output signals Z pm  (where m=1 to q). 
     As shown in FIG. 6, the arithmetic circuit which is connected in a stage subsequent to the above-described processing circuits is provided with adders 14a to 14d, which respectively receive the output signals Z n1  (n=1 to p) and Z nq  (n-1 to p) of the adders corresponding to the sensors in the opposite end positions of the columns arranged in the direction of X-axis, namely, the sensors in the 1st and q-th columns, as well as the output signals Z 1m  (m=1 to q) and Z pm  (m=1 to q) of the adders corresponding to the sensors in the opposite end positions of the rows arranged in the direction of Y-axis, namely, the sensors in the 1st and p-th rows, and which produce the sums ##EQU8## as their output signals, respectively. The arithmetic circuit further includes adders 15a to 15d which produce the total sums ##EQU9## where W n  is a coefficient expressed by: ##EQU10## and the total sums ##EQU11## where W&#39; m  is a coefficient expressed by: ##EQU12## Further, the arithmetic circuit is provided with a calculator 16 which receives the output signals of the adders 14a 14b, 15c and 15d to produce the following output A, a calculator 17 which receives the output signals of the adders 15a 15b, 14c and 14d to produce the following output B, and a calculator 18 which receives the output signals of the adders 14a to 14d to produce the following output C. ##EQU13## 
     The output signals of the calculators 16 and 18 are fed to a divider 19, while the output signals of the calculator 17 and 18 are fed to a divider 20. The dividers 19 and 20 divide the output signals A and B of the calculators 16 and 17 by the output signal C of the calculator 18, respectively. The output signals of the dividers 19 and 20 indicate the X- and Y-axis coordinates G x  and G y , expressed by Equations (1) and (2), of the center (centroid) position of two-dimensional data distribution such as of an applied load. The output signal of the calculator 18 indicates the total sum S of the output signals of the respective sensors 2. Similarly to the foregoing embodiment, the coordinates (G x , G y ) of the centroid are indicated in terms of the orthogonal coordinates on the X- and Y-axes with an origin at ##EQU14## 
     In this embodiment, too, the adders 14a-14d and 15a-15d may be constituted by a circuit similar to that shown in FIG. 3(a). FIG. 6(a) shows an example of such a circuit for the calculation of the sums ##EQU15## The p×1 matrix formed of a row of adders 102 similar to adders 2a of FIG. 3(a) receives output signals Z n1  (n=1 to p) from the adders 8 receiving the output signals R n1  from the sensors. The adders 102 positioned at both ends of the p×1 matrix are coupled to adders 104a and 104b for the generation the sum of their output and the difference of their input, respectively. The sum is identical with the sum ##EQU16## and the difference is identical with the sum ##EQU17## The adders 14b and 15b, 14c and 15c, 14d and 15d may also be constituted in the same manner as described above. 
     Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown a modification which is developed from the embodiment of FIG. 5 in a manner similar to the modification of FIG. 4 derived from the embodiment of FIG. 2. More specifically, instead of the non-inversion type adders 8 in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the modification of FIG. 7 employs adders 21 of an inversion type which produces an inverted output signal, i.e. -1/4 of the sum of the respective input signals. The adders 21 in the positions where n+m is an odd number are supplied with a signal from a sensor through an inverting amplifier 22. In this instance, the output signals of the above-described processing circuit are fed to an arithmetic circuit as shown in FIG. 6 to calculate the coordinates of the center position and the total sum, with the adders 16 to 18 arranged to produce the following output signals respectively: ##EQU18## 
     Preferred embodiments of the arithmetic circuits for the calculation of ##EQU19## are, respectively, shown in FIGS. 7(a)-7(d). As shown in FIGS. 7(a)-7(d), each circuit includes a p×1 or 1×q matrix of adders 202 each of an inversion type receiving output Z n1  (n=1 to p), Z nq  (n=1 to p), Z 1m  (m=1 to q) of Z pm  (m=1 to q). The outputs from the adders 202 located at both ends of the matrix are fed to adders 204a and 204b for the calculation of the sum thereof or difference therebetween, generating such outputs as shown in FIGS. 7(a)-7(d). 
     As will be appreciated from the foregoing, the center position-detecting device according to the present invention is composed of simple repetition of the same unit circuit so that the whole circuit may be formed by a large scale integrated circuit. Therefore, the detecting device may be advantageously utilized as a tactile sensor of a robot for obtaining information concerning position, shape, amount (such as intensity of contact pressure), etc. In a conventional technique, such an information is obtained after collecting the data from sensors in a computor for processing. With the &#34;intelligent&#34; device of the present invention, in contrast, the information is obtained locally so that the entire system becomes simple and compact. 
     The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all the changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.