Abstract:
A mould for continuously casting metal strips comprises a pair of side walls ( 11 ) on opposite sides of an open-ended mould cavity (C) having an entrance end (E) for continuously receiving molten metal and an exit end (D) for continuously discharging a moving solidified strip (D) formed from the molten metal. Each mould side wall ( 11 ) includes a graphite block ( 13 ) formed of a stack of a multiplicity of elongate graphite laminae ( 16 ) having opposite faces ( 16 A) and inner edges ( 16 B), said inner edges ( 16 B) jointly forming a surface ( 16 A) directed toward the mould cavity (C). The mould further comprises a cooling system associated with each graphite block ( 13 ) and including coolant tubes ( 15 ) extending through the stack transversely to said opposite faces ( 16 A) of the graphite laminae ( 16 ) forming the stack.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to a mould for continuous casting of metal strips and more particularly to a continuous-casting mould of the kind comprising a pair of mould side walls on opposite sides of an open-ended mould cavity having an entrance end for continuously receiving molten metal and an exit end for continuously discharging a moving solidified strip formed from the molten metal, each said mould side wall including a graphite block, and further comprising a cooling system associated with each graphite block and including coolant tubes contacting the graphite block. 
   In the art of continuous casting of metals, especially in the continuous casting of non-ferrous metals or alloys, such as copper or copper base alloys, it is common practice to use a casting mould in which the walls of the open-ended mould cavity are formed by graphite lining plates, because graphite has advantageous lubricating properties and a fairly high thermal conductivity. These properties are highly desirable, firstly because low friction between the mould cavity walls and the moving solidified strip is essential and secondly because high thermal conductivity is required to permit efficient cooling of the mould and thus rapid solidification of the molten metal continuously fed into the mould cavity. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,062 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,809,148 A show examples of moulds for continuous casting of metal strips in which the inner faces of the side walls of the mould cavity are covered by thin lining plates of graphite. On the side directed away from the mould cavity, the graphite lining plates engage and are supported by backing and cooling members of metal. These backing and cooling members not only support and protect the graphite lining plate but also serve as cooling jackets through which a liquid coolant is passed to carry away heat from the mould cavity via the graphite lining plates. 
   It is also known, although not common practice, to form the inner faces of the mould side walls from thick graphite blocks or slabs and essentially dispensing with the conventional backing and cooling members. Thus, GB 2 034 218 A discloses a continuous-casting mould of the kind initially indicated, in which the horizontal mould cavity is defined by a pair of heavy solid graphite blocks which are placed one on top of the other and provided with mould cavity defining recesses in their confronting inner faces. An array of flattened coolant tubes of metal are urged against the outer faces of the blocks to be held in close contact with the blocks to carry off heat transmitted from the mould cavity across the thickness of the graphite blocks. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS 
   An object of the invention is to provide an improved continuous-casting mould of the kind indicated initially which can be produced economically and is capable of efficiently cooling the molten metal in the mould cavity. 
   In accordance with the invention there is provided a mould for continuously casting metal strips, comprising a pair of mould side walls on opposite sides of an open-ended mould cavity having an entrance end for continuously receiving molten metal and an exit end for continuously discharging a moving solidified strip formed from the molten metal, each said mould side wall including a graphite block, and further comprising a cooling system associated with each graphite block and including coolant tubes contacting the graphite block, characterised in that the graphite block of each of said mould side walls is formed of a stack of a multiplicity of elongate graphite laminae having opposite faces and inner edges, said inner edges jointly forming a surface directed toward the mould cavity, and in that the coolant tubes extend through the stack transversely to said opposite faces of the graphite laminae forming the stack. 
   The laminated construction of the graphite block lends itself to a simple and economical production. Before the graphite laminae are stacked they are formed with apertures for receiving the coolant tubes, e.g. by punching. Then they are stacked by sliding them over the tubes. When the stacking is completed, the stack, which thus encloses the tubes, is compacted by the application of opposing forces to the ends of the stack to force the laminae into close face-to-face contact with one another and at the same time bring about a close contact between the laminae and the coolant tubes. 
   Preferably, a pair of metal end members are applied to the ends of the stack in face-to-face engagement with the outer face of respective ones of the outermost graphite laminae of the stack. The coolant tubes are preferably received on the end members. In this manner, the laminae forming the stack are securely held together by the tubes and the end members so that the assembly formed by the stack, the coolant tubes and the end members can be easily handled as a unit and the faces of the stack can be machined to become smooth. 
   A particularly efficient heat transfer from the mould cavity to the coolant passing through the coolant tubes is obtained by forming the stack from laminae made from compacted graphite flakes oriented so as to be generally parallel to the opposite faces of the graphite laminae. With graphite laminae so made, the heat conductivity in planes parallel to the faces of the laminae is considerably higher than the heat conductivity in the direction perpendicular thereto. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be described in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which an embodiment of the continuous-casting mould according to the invention is diagrammatically illustrated. 
       FIG. 1  is a view in vertical section along line I—I of  FIG. 1  illustrating an example of a continuous-casting mould embodying the invention, the mould being shown with a tundish and strip that is being cast; 
       FIG. 2  is a plan view of the mould shown in  FIG. 1 , the tundish shown in  FIG. 1  being omitted; and 
       FIG. 3  is a fractional elevational view of one of the two graphite blocks which form essential parts of the mould shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In the embodiment of the invention shown by way of example in the drawings, the continuous-casting mould  10  according to the invention is used for continuous vertical casting of metal strips. As will be appreciated, however, the invention is not limited to vertical casting; the inventive concept is equally well applicable to horizontal casting. 
   As best shown in  FIG. 1 , and as is well known in the art, molten metal is continuously poured from a tundish T into a generally parallelepipedal mould cavity C which extends vertically through the mould  10  and is open at the top and at the bottom of the mould. The molten metal in the tundish T is poured through a nozzle N into the upper or entrance end E of the mould cavity C where it forms a relatively stationary meniscus covered by a liquid flux. During its passage from the entrance end E to the lower or exit end D of the mould cavity C the molten metal is cooled by the mould to form a solidified strand S, which is in this case a strip and thus of a width that is a large multiple of the thickness. 
   In operation, the mould  10  is mounted between a pair of mounting blocks M of a casting machine, which may be of conventional design. The mould proper comprises a pair of spaced-apart side walls, generally designated by  11 , and a pair of end walls  12  formed of a pair of graphite bars and bridging the gap between the confronting inner sides of the side walls  11  so that the side and end walls  11 ,  12  jointly define the mould cavity C.  FIG. 2  clearly shows the rectangular shape of the mould cavity C as viewed in the direction the cast metal moves through the passage formed by the mould cavity. 
   The side walls  11  are substantially identical in design. Each side wall comprises two main parts, namely a graphite slab or block  13  one face of which, the inner face  13 A, is directed toward the mould cavity C and the opposite or outer face is directed away from the mould cavity, and a backing plate  14  which is secured to the mounting blocks M and supports and protects the graphite block  13 . The backing plate  14  covers the entire outer face of the graphite block  13  and also engages the ends thereof. The graphite block  13  and its construction is unique and will be described in detail below, whereas the backing plate  14  may be of a substantially conventional design and need not be further described. 
   Associated with each side wall  11  is a cooling system which is largely conventional except for a part thereof. That part is included in the graphite block  13  and comprises an array of parallel, coolant tubes  15  of metal, such as copper. Other parts (not shown) of the system include means incorporated in the backing plates  14  for passing a liquid coolant through the graphite block  13 . As shown in the drawings, the tubes extend horizontally—that is, transversely to the direction in which the cast metal moves through the mould cavity C—between opposite ends of the graphite block  15  along a vertical plane approximately centrally between the vertical large faces  13 A,  13 B of the graphite block  13 . 
   The graphite block  13  of each side wall  11  is formed of a large number of thin strip-like rectangular elongate thin (thickness e.g. about 1 mm) graphite sheets or laminae  16  which are stacked with their broad surfaces or faces  16 A in engagement with one another and their narrow longitudinal surfaces or edges  16 B jointly forming the broad sides or faces  13 A,  13 B of the parallelepipedal slab-like straight stack or graphite block  13  so formed. The inner face  13 A of the graphite block  13  mounted in the mould  10  forms one of the sides of the mould cavity C. 
   Preferably, the laminae  16  are made from flaky graphite, that is, graphite made up essentially of compacted flakes which are oriented such that they extend in planes substantially parallel to the faces of the graphite sheets from which the laminae are cut. Graphite sheets (foils and plates) that kind are readily available as commercial products. A particular attraction of such graphite sheets in the context of the present invention is that their thermal conductivity in directions parallel to the faces is considerably better than their thermal conductivity perpendicular to the faces. Examples of commercially available graphite sheet products that are suitable for the graphite block according to the invention are marketed by Sigri Elektrografit GmbH, Meitingen bei Augsburg, Germany, under the designations SIGRAFLEX-F (foils) and SIGRAFLEX-L (plates). 
   For the purpose of the present invention, namely to achieve as favourable heat conducting properties as possible, it is desirable that the density of the graphite making up the laminae be as high as possible. It may be advantageous, therefore, to increase the density of the commercially available sheets of flaky graphite by subjecting the sheets, or the laminae cut from them, to a densifying treatment, such as by rolling, before the stacks are formed. 
   Before the graphite block  13  is formed by stacking the laminae  16 , apertures are formed, e.g. punched in the laminae to allow for reception of the coolant tubes  15 . The size of the apertures should be accurately matched with the size of the coolant tubes  15  so that a snug fit of the tubes in the apertures is achieved. Such a fit is essential to obtain an efficient heat transfer from the graphite to the liquid coolant flowing in the coolant tubes. 
   A convenient procedure for forming the stack from the apertured laminae  16  is to secure one end of the coolant tubes  15  to an end member  17 , preferably a rectangular plate of approximately the length and width of the laminae  16  (see  FIG. 3  where the thickness of the lamina is exaggerated in the interest of clarity), such that the tubes extend in accurately parallel relation, and then sliding the laminae  16  over the opposite ends of the tubes and pushing them along the tubes until they are in face-to face engagement with one another. When all laminae  16  required to form the stack have been added, a similar end member  17  is applied to the stack and pressure is applied in opposite directions through the end members to compact the stack and the laminae  16  forming the stack. 
   Such compaction enhances the contact of the lamina with the coolant tubes  15  and thereby promotes the heat transfer from the lamina  16  to the coolant flowing in the tubes. 
   Following the above-described assembly of the graphite block  13  with the coolant tubes  15  accommodated in it, the large faces  13 A,  13 B of the graphite block are machined, such as by milling, so that the graphite block is reduced to the proper accurate dimensions and will have smooth surfaces. The so finished block is then mounted to its backing plate and installed in the casting machine. The plate-like end members  17  shown in the drawings, which engage the outer faces of the end or outermost laminae  16 C ( FIG. 3 ) of the stack, may form parts of or be joined with housings (not shown) in which the ends of the coolant tubes  15  received in the end members are connected to suitable means for passing the coolant through the coolant tubes. 
   As described above, the confronting faces  13 A of the graphite blocks  13  form parts of the walls of the mould cavity C. It is within the scope of the invention, although not preferred, to line the graphite blocks  13  with thin, e.g. 3 mm thick lining plates of graphite. 
   Although the graphite block  13  is illustrated and described as a component of a continuous-casting mould, its applicability as a cooling device extends to other applications. Accordingly, the cooling device formed by the graphite block  13  is within the scope of the invention as claimed independently of its use in a particular application, whether in the metal-processing field or otherwise.