Abstract:
A random access memory cell is described which is capable of storing multiple information states in a single physical bit. The basic structure combines a conventional MTJ with a reference stack that is magnetostatically coupled to the MTJ. The MTJ is read in the usual way but data is written and stored in the reference stack. Through use of two bit lines, the direction of magnetization of the free layer can be changed in small increments each unique direction representing a different information state.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     HMG05-024 (file no. ______ filed on Jan. 13, 2006) discloses a split read-write cell structure without thermally assisted writing. HMG054-031 (Ser. No. 11/264,587 filed on Nov. 1, 2005) discloses a single bit split cell structure with thermally assisted writing. Both are herein incorporated, by reference, in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention relates to the general field of magnetic storage with particular reference to very dense arrays of magnetic tunnel junctions.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJ) with two ferromagnetic layers separated by a tunneling oxide layer have been widely studied for use as a random-access memory element. Usually one of the ferromagnetic layers is in a fixed direction (the pinned layer), while the other layer is free to switch its magnetization direction, and is usually called the free layer.  
         [0004]     For magnetic random access memory (MRAM) applications, the MTJ is usually formed so that it exhibits an anisotropy, such as shape anisotropy. In its quiescent state, the free layer magnetization lies along the orientation of the pinned layer, either parallel or anti-parallel to that layer&#39;s magnetization. During the read operation a small current is sent through the MTJ junction to sense its resistance which is low for parallel magnetization and high for anti-parallel magnetization. The write operation provides Hs, the magnetic field (via bit/word lines) that is needed to switch between the two states, its magnitude being determined by the anisotropy energy of the element.  
         [0005]     The free layer is used during both read and write operations. The cell to be programmed lies at the intersection of a bit and a word line so the fields associated with these bit/word lines can inadvertently affect other cells that lie under them, creating the so-called half-select problem which may cause unintended half selected cells to be accidentally switched.  
         [0006]     Another challenge facing this design is that it is very difficult to scale down to smaller dimension since the switching field from the shape anisotropy is inversely proportional to its dimensions (Hs≅MsT/w where w is the smallest dimension of the cell) while the field generated by the current is roughly I/w. The current I provided by its transistor will scale down as w scales down, for future technologies, leaving H roughly constant. Thus for future smaller cells, more current will be needed.  
         [0007]     This conventional MRAM design has several shortcomings: 
    a) Coupling between the free layer and the pin layer, due to the roughness of the oxide layer, is often called the orange peel effect. This coupling induces a bias in the switching threshold of the free layer magnetization. The variation of this coupling thus causes variations in the switching threshold during write operation.     b) The magnetic charges at the edges of the pinned layer also produce a bias. Again, variations of this bias induce variations in the switching threshold.     c) For reliable switching behavior, the ferromagnetic free layer is generally limited to materials with small coercivity. This makes it difficult to use certain materials that have a large magneto-resistive (MR) ratio (Dr/r). For example, CoFeB and CoFe with high Fe concentration have good MR ratios, but are generally poor for magnetic softness.     d) The half select problem discussed above.     e) The scaling down difficulties discussed above.     f) Can only store one bit (in state 0 or 1) per MRAM cell.    
 
         [0014]     An alternative design, called thermal assisted switching (TAS-MRAM), that addresses the half-select and scale-down issues, is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In this schematic version, two AFM layers  11  and  15  are seen to be exchange coupled to reference layer  12  and free layer  14 , respectively. Separating layers  12  and  14  is dielectric tunneling layer  13 . Here, the MRAM is not using shape anisotropy to maintain its stored information. Instead, a second antiferromagnetic layer (AFM), that has a low blocking temperature, is added to exchange bias the free layer.  
         [0015]     The free layer magnetization is now determined by this second AFM whose direction is determined by sending a heating current through the cell to heat the cell above the second AFM blocking temperature while not exceeding the first AFM Block temperature. The field generated by the bit line current provides the aligning field for the second AFM during cooling thereby setting the free layer magnetization parallel or anti-parallel to that of the pinned layer.  
         [0016]     A transistor is needed for each cell to provide the heating current which eliminates the half select problem since only the selected cell is heated while all the other cells under bit line will have the exchange bias from its second AFM layer unchanged. Also, since the temperature rise due to joule heating is roughly: ΔT≅ρ(I/w) 2 /c p   o   2 , where ρ is the effective resistivity of the MTJ stack, c p  is the specific heat capacity of the MRAM cell, and  o  is the effective thickness of the MTJ stack. So the temperature rise from the heat current is constant as the dimension scales down. The exchange field on the free layer from AFM 2  is also constant if the film thicknesses of the free layer and AFM are not changed.  
         [0017]     This TAS-MRAM design has several shortcomings: It does not solve problems a, b, c, or f listed above. Additionally, 
    i) The heating current passes through the MTJ, so the temperature cannot be raised too high without upsetting the first AFM (used for the reference layer).     ii) The MTJ has high resistance which means that the heating current will cause a large voltage across the MTJ, that is likely to break down the tunneling layer (which typically operates below 2 volts, depending on tunneling layer thickness. As density increases, the MTJ resistance needs to be reduced which can only be achieved by an even thinner tunneling layer which means an even lower break-down voltage.     iii) The transistor that provides the heating current may be quite large, making the TAS-MRAM cell very big—not a desirable feature for a high density MRAM design.     iv) The heating current will generate a circumferential field causing the free layer to be in a vortex state. A very large bit line current is needed to remove this vortex.    
 
         [0022]     All of the shortcomings listed above for both designs are solved by the present invention, while maintaining the advantages of TAS-MRAM, as we will disclose in detail below.  
         [0023]     A routine search of the prior art was performed with the following references of interest being found:  
         [0024]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,096 (Kim et al) discloses nitride over the cap layer, oxide fill, and CMP. U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,351 (Grynkewich et al) describes depositing plasma-enhanced nitride, then oxide over the MTJ stack, then CMP. U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,737 (Durlam et al) describes forming a dielectric layer over the MTJ stack and planarizing by CMP. U.S. Pat. 6,858,441 (Nuetzel et al) discloses depositing a nitride layer, then a resist layer used in CMP of conductive material forming alignment marks after forming MTJ elements.  
         [0025]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,248 (Leuschner et al) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,999 (Lee) show using nitride or oxide as a fill material over MTJ elements, then CMP. U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,091 (Nuetzel et al) teaches planarizing a blanket nitride layer on top of the MTJ stack.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0026]     It has been an object of at least one embodiment of the present invention to provide a magnetic random access memory element capable of storing more than two information states in a single physical bit.  
         [0027]     Another object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been to provide a memory element whose component parts may be independently optimized with respect to shape, materials, thickness, etc.  
         [0028]     A further object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been that said memory element not require the application of voltages across a tunneling barrier layer that are potentially high enough to damage such a tunneling layer.  
         [0029]     A still further object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been that it be containable within a small unit cell.  
         [0030]     Yet another object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been to provide a method for achieving these goals and a process for manufacturing said memory element.  
         [0031]     These objects have been achieved by splitting the free layer of an MTJ MRAM into two separate parts—a read-sensing free layer within an MTJ stack having little or no anisotropy, and an information storage free layer with some anisotropy to provide a field to align the read-sensing free layer. The information storage layer is programmed by thermal assisted writing.  
         [0032]     A second bit line is added to the structure. Through control of the respective bit line currents, the direction of magnetization of the free layer is set. This magnetization direction can be changed by small amounts each selected direction representing a different information state of the device. Since the resistance of the MTJ increases as the magnetization of the free layer changes from fully parallel (to the pinned layer) to fully antiparallel, these information states are readily sensed during the read cycle.  
         [0033]     In addition to the dual bit lines, there is also a heating line which can be used to heat only a single reference cell during writing or it may be part of a segmented design wherein it also serves as the word line so that several cells are heated at once, making possible a denser structure (since only one heater control transistor is needed per segment).  
         [0034]     A number of different embodiments of the invention are described to illustrate the general flexibility of the invention including different modes for heating the reference cell and, for example, using the heating line as one of the bit lines.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0035]      FIG. 1  illustrates a prior art memory element.  
         [0036]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   c  illustrate the first and second free layers as well as the pinned layer.  
         [0037]      FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment which employs to bit lines, a word line and a heating line.  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  is a simplified plan view of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  shows a second embodiment in which the heating current passes through the word line.  
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a partial plan view of  FIG. 7 .  
         [0041]      FIG. 7  shows a third embodiment in which the heating current is directed to flow parallel to the plane of AFM 2  by using butted end contacts.  
         [0042]      FIG. 8  is a partial plan view of  FIG. 9 .  
         [0043]      FIG. 9  shows a fourth embodiment in which the heating line also serves as the second bit line.  
         [0044]      FIG. 10  is a partial plan view of  FIG. 11 .  
         [0045]      FIG. 11  shows a fifth embodiment in which the MTJ and the reference stack form a single structure and the heating line also serves as the second bit line.  
         [0046]      FIG. 12  illustrate how correct choice of the waveforms for the heating and bit line currents allows only a single bit line to be used.  
         [0047]      FIG. 13  illustrates the segmented word/heating line configuration in which one transistor controls the heating of a number of reference stacks.  
         [0048]      FIG. 14  is an eighth embodiment that uses segmented word lines.  
         [0049]      FIG. 15  is similar to  FIG. 14  except that the relative positions of the two stacks have been reversed.  
         [0050]      FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b  illustrate use of a self-aligned process to form the stacks so that they are embedded in the heating line.  
         [0051]      FIGS. 17   a  and  17   b  show how the line resistance of the structure shown in  FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b  can be reduced. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0052]     The present invention, MB-TAISL-MRAM (Multi-Bit-Thermal-Assisted-Integrated-Storage-Layer MRAM) includes separation of the conventional free layer into two parts: a read-sensing free layer and information storage free layer. Free layer  1  is for the read operation. It is part of the MTJ structure but has little or no magnetic anisotropy (by virtue of having a circular shape) so its magnetization will align with any external magnetic field.  
         [0053]     Free layer  2 , is for the write operation to store the desired digital information as well as to provide a magnetic field from its edge poles that aligns the magnetization of free layer  1 . The free layer  2  structure is a simple ferromagnetic layer exchange coupled to a low blocking temperature AFM layer  2  to provide an exchange anisotropy that enables this ferromagnetic layer to maintain its magnetization along a desired direction corresponding to multi-state information ( 0 ,  1 ,  2 ,  3 , or  4 ) depending on the angle between free layer  2 &#39;s magnetization, set by AFM 2 , and that of the pinned layer.  
         [0054]     Both free layers have a circular shape and free layer  2  does not have to be part of the MTJ stack. During a write operation, a heating current pulse will pass through free layer  2  and raise its temperature above the blocking temperature of AFM layer  2 . Then, free layer  2  will cool down under the combined fields of the bit and word lines with a field direction dependent on the relative strengths and directions of their two fields.  
         [0055]     An important innovation, disclosed with the present invention In addition to the above features, is the introduction of a second bit line whose purpose is to facilitate precise control of the direction of magnetization of the second free layer. After the fields derived from the word line and the two bit line currents have been removed, this magnetization (of free layer  2 ) will maintain its direction through the exchange anisotropy provided by AFM layer  2 . The magnetostatic field from free layer  2 &#39;s edge poles will align the free layer  1  magnetization antiparallel to the magnetization direction of free layer  2 .  
         [0056]     So the free layer  1  magnetization will be at an angle relative to that of the pinned layer. The magnitude of this angle will determine the MTJ resistance which will increase as this angle increases (up to a maximum of 180 degrees). The relationship between this angle and the tunneling resistance, R MTJ , is readily computedd according to the following formula:
 
 R   MTJ   =R   p +Δ R ×(1+ cos (θ fr1 -θ pin )/2)
 
 where R p  is the resistance when free layer  1  and the pinned layer are exactly parallel. 
 
         [0057]     Assume θ pin =0, then R MTJ =R F +Δ R ×(1+cos(θ fr1 )/2 implying a state of the device that can be stored in the MTJ cell and later recognized by reading the MTJ resistance, provided care is taken in choosing the angle of free layer  1  relative tp that of free layer  2 . The resulting possibilities for an 8 state cell design are summarized in TABLE 1:  
                             TABLE I                       θ fr1     R MTJ                                  0   R p         41.4   R p  + ΔR/8       60   R p  + 2 × ΔR/8       75.5   R p  + 3 × ΔR/8       90   R p  + 4 × ΔR/8       104.5   R p  + 5 × ΔR/8       120   R p  + 6 × ΔR/8       138.6   R p  + 7 × ΔR/8       180   R p  + ΔR                  
 
         [0058]     If we reserve R p +4×ΔR/8 to be the reference level for the sense amplifier, that leaves 8 states per cell. Note the various resistance levels do not have to be equally spaced, Furthermore, even more states per cell are possible by choosing a smaller value for θ fr1 . The number of states that can stored per cell is limited only by how high Dr/r can be and by the resolution of the Sense Amplifier. e.g. A Dr/r=20% is needed for Rp-sigma/Rp=1.0%.  
         [0059]     We note here that if the number of possible states per cell is 10 (or more) it becomes possible to perform decimal arithmetic directly in such a system without the need to move back and forth to binary. If 16 or more states can be stored then direct execution of hexadecimal arithmetic becomes possible, and so on. Similarly, this ability to store many states in a single physical location could be applied to very high density storage of data.  
         [0060]     Currently, the highest Dr/r available is 27.8% for the CoFeB/MgO MTJ system. Dr/r drops by roughly 200% at a reading bias voltage of 300 mV, implying that 10 states (200%/20%) could be stored in one cell using this design.  
         [0061]     In  FIGS. 2   a - 2   c  we illustrate, schematically, how one of the possible multi states can be stored in the cell. The current through the first bit line can be unidirectional but the current through the second bit line has to be bi-directional. The current levels for both bit lines need to be adjustable so as to be able to steer free layer  2 &#39;s magnetization into the desired direction.  
         [0062]     Free layer  1  can also be a super-paramagnetic layer (thickness thinner than a critical value so it has Dr/r but no measurable moment at room temperature) has no (or very little) residual magnetization in the absence of an external field, and has a magnetization substantially proportional to the external field in any orientation.  
         [0063]     There are multiple ways to embody above MB-TAISL-MRAM design, including both heating-current-in-the-film-plane (HCIP) and heating-current-perpendicular-to-the-film-plane (HCPP) designs for the storage element (free layer  2 ).  
       1 st  Embodiment  
       [0064]     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , we show there two storage elements, of the HCPP type, each addressed by conventional orthogonal word line  13  and bit line  11 . Additionally (and key to the invention), second bit line  12  is seen to be located above, and parallel to word line  13 . Closest to second bit line  12  is the conventional MTJ structure including seed layer  31 , first AFM layer  32 , pinned layer  33 , dielectric tunneling layer  16 , first free layer  34  (for the read operation), and capping layer  35 . Below this, resting on word line  13 , is the storage structure consisting of second free layer  44 , and second AFM layer  41 .  
         [0065]     Two memory cells are shown, one in each of the two possible states. Transistor  28  is used to provide the heating current for layer  44  (free layer  2 ) which current is carried by word line  13 . Transistor  29 , connected to stud  39 , serves to control the measurement of the MTJ resistance.  
         [0066]     Read sensing element  34  (free layer  1 ) is seen in  FIG. 4  to be a circular MTJ structure. Storage element  44  (free layer  2 ) has a circular shape and is a simple ferromagnetic layer with low-blocking temperature AFM layer  41  (AFM 2 ) on it.  
         [0067]     It is a key feature of the invention that, since the read-sensing and information storage functions derive from different layers, each can be optimized independently. The materials chosen for each free layer can be very different. For example, free layer  1  can be optimized for high dr/r by using materials like CoFeB , CoFe or NiFe with high Fe content while the material for free layer  2  can be selected for its switching behavior or for having a high exchange bias field. As a result, the storage element can be a simple ferromagnetic layer plus an AFM layer with low blocking temperature, thereby eliminating undesirable effects on switching behavior from Néel field coupling in the MTJ stack and the residual demagnetization field from the pinned layer edge.  
         [0068]     Since there is no MTJ on free layer  2 , there is no tunneling layer to be broken down. Also, heating is centered some distance away from AFM layer  21 , thereby reducing the chances of disturbing it during a write operation. AFM  22  can be a metal alloy like IrMn, PtMn, OsMn, RhMn, FeMn, CrPtMn, RuMn, ThCo, etc or an oxide like CoO, NiO, CoNiO.  
         [0069]     Also seen in  FIG. 3  are capping layer  35 , seed layer  31 , electrode  36 , and pinned layer 33.  
       2 nd  Embodiment  
       [0070]     This resembles the 1 st  embodiment except that the relative positions of the two free layers, as well as that of bit line  12  and word line  13  have been switched. Thus, as seen in  FIG. 5 , free layer  2  lies directly between bit line  11  and word line  13 , thereby reducing the current strength needed for writing, relative to embodiment 1. As in embodiment 1, the heating current is controlled by transistor  28  and is carried by word line  13 .  
       3 rd  Embodiment  
       [0071]     Referring next to  FIG. 6 , we show there an arrangement of the word line and the two bit lines which benefits from being formed through a self-aligning process because it causes free layer  2  to be an integral part of the heating line, thereby increasing heating efficiency.  
         [0072]     In  FIG. 7  it can be seen that this embodiment is of the HCIP type. As in the first embodiment, the read and storage structure structures are vertically aligned but heating of the latter is achieved by means of second electrode  76  which makes butted end connection to layer  44  (as well as to layers  31  and  41 ), so the heating current flows from transistor  28  through word line  13 .  
       4 th  Embodiment  
       [0073]     Embodiment 4 is illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . It is similar to the first embodiment except that only a single bit line is needed (line  11 ) and word line  13  has been moved to one side so the heating current passes from transistor  28  through bottom electrode  86 , by way of studs  91 , and out through word line  13 . This is thus an example of a HCIP type of design.  
         [0074]     The reason that only a single bit line is needed is because writing can be accomplished by using appropriate waveforms for the heating and bit line currents. As can be seen in  FIG. 8 , the current through bottom electrode  86  runs at right angles to the current through bit line  11  so the magnetic field associated with the heating current will combine with that of bit line  11  to determine the direction of magnetization that will be induced in free layer  2  (layer  44 ).  
         [0075]     As shown in  FIG. 12 , bit line current  122  is initiated first followed (within about 10-100 nanoseconds) by heating current  121 . The latter has the form of a high current pulse (about 5-20 nanoseconds wide) that generates the heating current, followed by a constant current level whose value is comparable to that of the bit current, lasting about 10-90 nanoseconds which is sufficient time for the magnetization of layer  44  to be established while AFM  2  (layer  41 ) is above its blocking temperature and to then be ‘frozen in’ as it cools below this. Two different current levels are depicted (solid and dotted lines).  
         [0076]     The only constraint is that the bit line current has to be bidirectional (while the heating current can be one directional). These two currents must, of course, be available at multiple levels to be able to determine the direction of free layer  2 &#39;s magnetization.  
       5 th  Embodiment  
       [0077]     As seen in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the data storage element has been placed directly above, and in contact with, the MTJ and is heated by top electrode  96 . Current through the latter goes from transistor  28 , through stud  92  (which does not touch the MTJ stack but extends past and behind it), then leaves through word line  13  by way of stud  98 .  
         [0078]     As was the case for embodiment 4, only a single bit line (line  11 ) is required. Since the current through bottom electrode  96  is orthogonal to the bit line current (see  FIG. 10 ) the heating current may be used, in combination with the bit line current, to determine the direction of magnetization induced in free layer  2  (layer  44 ). The same constraints discussed for embodiment 4, directionality, waveform, and multi-valued bit currents, apply here as well.  
       6 th  and 7 th  Embodiments  
       [0079]     These are not explicitly shown here since they are similar to embodiments 3 and 4 but having the storage element located above bit line  11  (AND BELOW BIT LINE  12 ?), isolated from bit line  11 , in a similar manner to embodiment 2 ( FIG. 7 ). Tthe heating current in these embodiments goes from transistor  28 , through butted contacts  76  ( FIG. 7 ), and out through word line  13 , in the case of embodiment  6 ; and out through word line  13  by way of bottom electrode  86  and studs  91  ( FIG. 9 ) in the case of embodiment 7.  
       8 th  Embodiment  
       [0080]     The heating control transistor may be rather large if the heating current is large, thereby making the cell large. To save space (particularly for high density designs) a single heating control transistor can be shared by a number of cells by using a segmented heating line approach. A schematic overview of segmented heating lines is shown in  FIG. 13  where word line  13 , serving several storage cells, is controlled by single transistor  28   a . These multiple storage elements (free layer  2 ) MRAM cells are connected by one heating line and are written simultaneously during a write operation. Cell storage element magnetization within each group is determined by the sum of the fields from the two bit lines. These are orthogonal to each other but oriented at 45 deg with respect to the heating current line direction.  
         [0081]     Embodiments 8-17 utilize this technique. Embodiment 8 is shown in  FIG. 14 . It can be seen that it bears some similar to embodiment 4 ( FIG. 9 ). The read current passes through first bit line  11  while heating line  131  also serves as the word line. Heating line control transistor  28   a  is not seen in the drawing since it lies out of its plane.  
       9 th  Embodiment  
       [0082]     This is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . It is readily seen to be similar to embodiment 8 except that the storage element is now located between bit lines  11  and  12 .  
       10 th  and 11 th  Embodiments  
       [0083]     These are similar to the 8 th  and 9 th  embodiments except that the storage element and the heating line are formed by a self-aligning process:  
         [0084]     (i) After free layer  2  is deposited, it is patterned and etched (Reactive Ion or Ion Beam etching) into the desired shape(s);  
         [0085]     (ii) with the photoresist mask still in place, the heating line layer is deposited;  
         [0086]     (iii) the heating line is now patterned and etched (using an additional mask); and  
         [0087]     (iv) all photoresist is stripped, resulting in liftoff of heating line material that is directly over the free layer areas. The final result is as illustrated in  FIGS. 16   a  (plan view) and  16   b  (cross-section).  
         [0088]     The heating line is usually made of high resistivity material such as Ta, W, alloys, semiconductors like nitrides, doped oxides, or polycrystallines. To enhance the efficiency of the heat line, highly conductive metal blocks  93  (Cu, Au, Al etc.) can be superimposed to contact the heat line wherever there are no MRAM cells. This is illustrated in  FIGS. 17   a  and  17   b  (for the self-aligned case). Embodiments 12-15 are thus embodiments 8-11 with this additional feature added as part of their structure.  
         [0000]     Additional Refinements:  
         [0089]     To minimize the possible influence of stray fields from the pinned layer magnetization on free layer  1 , the net pinned layer magnetic moment can be minimized by making it in the form of a synthetic AFM structure wherein the single pinned ferromagnetic layer is replaced by at least two ferromagnetic layers, separated by AFM coupling metals such as Ru and Rh, of precise thickness, such that the two ferromagnetic layers are strongly coupled to each other in an anti-parallel configuration.  
         [0090]     It will also be obvious to those skilled in the art that the single storage layer described above in the interests of clarity, can be replaced by a laminate of several layers, such as in a synthetic structure. The same goes for the pinned layer, from which an antiferromagnetic layer to fix the pinned layer has been omitted for brevity.  
         [0091]     Free layer  1  can also have the form of a super-paramagnetic layer, whose remnant magnetization is substantially zero with the absence of external field, and whose magnetization is roughly proportional to the external field until reaching a saturation value. This super-paramagnetic free layer can be a free layer consisting of nano-magnetic particles isolated from each other with no exchange coupling between them.  
         [0092]     As an example, one can use the same ferromagnetic material as in a conventional MTJ, but at a thickness that is below some critical value. Below this critical thickness the film may become discontinuous, resembling a nano-magnetic layer with isolated magnetic particles. To maintain a high MR ratio, multiple layers of such nano-magnetic layers become advantageous. Additionally, materials that promote grain separation may be added as thin layers between such laminated magnetic layers to further isolate the magnetic nano particles.