Abstract:
A method for regulating a gas turbine wherein the fuel quantity supplied to the burners of the gas turbine is regulated using a target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature. A stable operation of the gas turbine is to be allowed with a particularly high degree of efficiency and a high output at the same time. The target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is set using a value which characterizes the combustion stability in the burners, wherein the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is set additionally using the surrounding temperature. Furthermore, the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is set only below a specified surrounding temperature using the value which characterizes the combustion stability in the burners.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2015/050524 filed Jan. 14, 2015, and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefit of European Application No. EP14152125 filed Jan. 22, 2014. All of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a method for regulating a gas turbine, in which the fuel quantity supplied to the burners of the gas turbine is regulated using a target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    A gas turbine is a continuous-flow machine in which a pressurized gas expands. It is composed of a turbine or expander, a compressor connected upstream and an intermediately connected combustion chamber. The principle of action is based on the cyclic process (Joule process): the latter compresses air by means of the blades of one or more compressor stages, subsequently mixes this in the combustion chamber with a gaseous or fluid propellant, and ignites and burns it. 
         [0004]    This results in a hot gas (a mixture of combustion gas and air) which relaxes in the downstream turbine part, wherein the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy and firstly drives the compressor. The remaining portion is used in the turboshaft engine to drive a generator, a propeller or other rotating consumers. In contrast, in the case of a jet engine the thermal energy accelerates the hot stream of gas, which generates the thrust. 
         [0005]    The regulation of the fuel quantity of a fixed gas turbine during operation is usually carried out by means of a target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature which is determined from the actual, measured outlet temperature. The object here is to keep the turbine inlet temperature largely constant as an important design variable of the gas turbine even under changing ambient conditions. 
         [0006]    However, in the case of relatively low ambient temperatures and therefore relatively cool compressor air, the turbine inlet temperature and therefore also the turbine outlet temperature drop. The specified regulating process therefore increases the fuel quantity, as a result of which the primary zone temperature/combustion temperature in the combustion chamber increases. In the case of low external temperatures, this can cause this temperature to rise so far that it has a negative effect on the combustion stability. As a result, faults can occur during operation of the gas turbine. 
         [0007]    In most cases, this problem has been solved by virtue of the fact that a characteristic curve (Cold Ambient Curve, CAC) was stored in the control unit of the gas turbine, said curve limiting or lowering the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature in the case of cold ambient temperatures, with the result that the rise in temperature in the combustion chamber is also limited. However, since as a result of this the turbine is no longer operated at the design point, the performance and efficiency of the turbine are reduced. 
         [0008]    However, according to the teaching of EP2239641A2 there can also be provision to determine a target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature by means of a logic circuit, wherein in order to calculate the decisive switching criterion a parameter which is characteristic of the combustion stability is taken into account. However, the switching logic requires continuous re-calculation of possibly different target values from which just one is subsequently used to control the gas turbine. This is very costly in terms of calculation technology since, in particular in the case of open-loop control, the possibility of combustion instability is continuously taken into account even in operating states of the gas turbine in which no combustion instability at all can occur owing to the operating conditions. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0009]    It is therefore an object of the invention to specify a method of the type mentioned at the beginning which permits stable operation of the gas turbine in an efficient way with a simultaneously particularly high efficiency level and high performance, while avoiding unnecessary expenditure in terms of control technology. 
         [0010]    This object is achieved according to the invention in that the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is determined using a value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners, wherein the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is additionally determined using the ambient temperature, and wherein the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is determined only below a predefined ambient temperature using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. 
         [0011]    The invention is based in this case on the idea that a particularly high efficiency level and a particularly high performance of the gas turbine could be achieved by virtue of the fact that the gas turbine is operated as close as possible at the design point despite fluctuating ambient conditions. However, in this connection, under all circumstances, a stable combustion must continue to be ensured. Although the previously stored characteristic curve for the corrected turbine outlet temperature in the case of low external temperatures ensures the stable combustion, in particular in specific operating states, the corrected turbine outlet temperature is lowered further here even though there is no risk at all of unstable combustion. This results from the fact that the corrected turbine outlet temperature is regulated independently of the actual combustion stability. In order to find the optimum compromise between combustion stability and performance as well as efficiency, a characteristic value for the combustion stability should therefore be formed, which is used to determine the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature. 
         [0012]    According to the invention, the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is also additionally determined using the ambient temperature. In other words: both the ambient temperature and the respectively used characteristic value for the combustion stability are used in the formation of the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature. 
         [0013]    Furthermore, in this context the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is determined only below a predefined ambient temperature using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. As long as the ambient temperature of the gas turbine is comparatively high, there is in fact no fear, owing to the design of the gas turbine, that the temperature in the combustion chamber rises so far that the combustion stability is endangered. Therefore, a limiting value for the ambient temperature can be provided, wherein the described process of regulating the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners intervenes only below this limiting value. 
         [0014]    Therefore, the inventive solution also differs from the prior art which does not at all detect the ambient temperature as a reason for the occurrence of combustion instabilities. 
         [0015]    In the invention, a thermal-acoustic variable is advantageously used during the determination of the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. Here, use is made of the fact that flow instabilities of the burner flow which are expressed in coherent flow structures and which influence the mixture processes between the air and fuel generate thermal-acoustic vibrations. Therefore, the stability of the combustion can be inferred using the measurement of these thermal-acoustic vibrations. 
         [0016]    In a particularly advantageous refinement of the method, the acceleration and/or the alternating pressure amplitude are used during the determination of the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. Fluidic instability waves which are produced at the burner lead, in fact, to the formation of eddies which strongly influence the entire combustion process and lead to undesired periodic releases of heat within the combustion chamber, which are associated with strong fluctuations in pressure. High vibration amplitudes are linked to the high fluctuations in pressure and can therefore be used as a direct indicator of the combustion stability. High alternating pressure amplitudes and accelerations signify a high level of instability of the combustion. 
         [0017]    The regulating process also advantageously takes place in such a way that a limiting value for the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners is predefined, and the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is lowered when the limiting value is undershot. This ensures that a predefined limit for the combustion stability is never undershot. 
         [0018]    In a further advantageous refinement of the method, the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature is determined in the partial load mode using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. The previously used fixed characteristic curve for the target value of the corrected turbine outlet temperature applies as a function of the ambient temperature, specifically both in the case of a basic load as well as in the case of a partial load. However, the absolute combustion temperature and therefore the risk of combustion instabilities is lower than in the case of the basic load. The regulating process using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability is therefore particularly effective, in particular in the partial load mode, since here the previously used regulating process intervenes even if there was no need at all for the reduction in the turbine outlet temperature with respect to the combustion stability. 
         [0019]    A control unit for a gas turbine is advantageously configured to carry out the method described. It therefore comprises corresponding inputs for the respective necessary sensors, i.e. pressure sensors and acceleration sensors and a corresponding regulating electronic system or regulating software by means of which the method features can be implemented. 
         [0020]    A gas turbine advantageously comprises such a control unit. 
         [0021]    A power plant advantageously comprises such a gas turbine. 
         [0022]    The advantages achieved with the invention comprise, in particular, the fact that by determining or modifying the target value for the corrected turbine outlet temperature directly using a limiting value which is characteristic of the combustion stability, such as for example thermal-acoustic variables, optimum performance and optimum efficiency of the gas turbine are always achieved even in the partial load mode even in the case of low ambient temperatures. The performance and efficiency can be kept at their maximum possible values in every operating state and only the absolutely necessary disadvantageous effects have to be accepted in order to maintain the combustion stability. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    An exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained in detail with reference to a drawing, in which: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a partial longitudinal section through a gas turbine and 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic illustration of a method for regulating the gas turbine. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0026]    Identical parts are provided with the same reference symbols in all the figures. 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  shows a gas turbine  1  in a longitudinal partial section. The partial section shows only the upper half of the gas turbine  1 . The gas turbine  1  has in its interior a rotor  4  which is mounted so as to be rotatable about a rotational axis  2  (axial direction) and is also referred to as a turbine rotor. Following successively one after the other along the rotor  4  are firstly an intake housing  6  and a compressor  8 . The air is conducted from the outlet of the compressor  8  in to two silo combustion chambers  10 , which are illustrated only generally in  FIG. 1  and are not presented in more detail below. The silo combustion chamber  10  is followed by a turbine  12  and the exhaust gas housing which is not illustrated further. 
         [0028]    Although the method which is illustrated below is explained with reference to a gas turbine  1  with silo combustion chambers  10 , it can be applied equally well in gas turbines  1  with combustion chambers which are configured differently. The following statements therefore also apply to gas turbines  1  with, for example, an annular, tubular or annular/tubular combustion chamber. 
         [0029]    The silo combustion chambers  10  communicate with an annular hot gas duct  14  in the turbine  12 . There, for example four turbine stages  16  which are connected one behind the other form the turbine  12 . Each turbine stage  16  is formed from two blade rings. Viewed in the direction of flow of a working medium, a guide vane series  18  formed from guide vanes  24  is followed in the hot gas duct  14  by a rotor blade series  22  formed from rotor blades  20 . The guide vanes  24  of the guide vane series  18  and the rotor blades  20  have a slightly curved profile, similar to an aircraft wing. 
         [0030]    The guide vanes  24  are attached here to the stator  26 . Each guide vane  24  has, in addition to the actual blade leaf, a guide vane foot, also referred to as a platform, and a guide vane head lying opposite the guide vane foot. The guide vane head faces the rotor  4  and is attached to an inner ring  30 . Each inner ring  30  encloses the shaft of the rotor  4  here. Each rotor blade  20  also has such a rotor blade foot but it ends in a rotor blade tip. 
         [0031]    The rotor blades  20  of a rotor blade series  22  are attached to the rotor  4  by means of one turbine disk  28  in each case. The rotor blades  20  therefore form components of the rotor  4 . A generator or a machine (not illustrated) is coupled to the rotor  4 . 
         [0032]    During the operation of the gas turbine  1 , air is sucked in and compressed by the compressor  8  through the intake housing  6 . The compressed air which is made available at the turbine-side end of the compressor  8  is guided into the silo combustion chambers  10  and mixed there with a burning medium. The mixture is then burnt in the silo combustion chambers  10  to form a hot gas. The hot gas flows from the silo combustion chambers  10  along the hot gas duct  14  past the guide vanes  24  and the rotor blades  20 . 
         [0033]    A portion of the internal energy of the fluid flow is extracted by the as far as possible eddy-free laminar flow around the turbine blades  20 ,  24  and passed onto the rotor blades  20  of the turbine  12 . The rotor  4  is then made to rotate by said energy, as a result of which firstly the compressor  8  is driven. The usable power is output to the machine (not illustrated). 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  now shows in a schematic form the function of the process of regulating the gas turbine which takes place in a control unit  32 . The design objective here is to keep the turbine inlet temperature or ISO mixture temperature TT 1 iso constant. This temperature TT 1 iso of the hot gas which prevails in the ideal state at the entry to the turbine  12  cannot be measured directly. It corresponds at approximately to the combustion chamber outlet temperature minus the temperature losses as a result of the mixing of the cooling air and leakage air, wherein in theory complete mixing is assumed. 
         [0035]    In order to regulate the operation of the gas turbine  1 , the turbine outlet temperature TAT of the hot gas at the outlet of the turbine  12  is therefore monitored by means of a temperature measuring device  34 . Both the performance of the gas turbine  1  and the turbine outlet temperature TAT, and therefore indirectly the turbine inlet temperature TT 1 iso, can be regulated by means of the quantity of the introduced fuel into the silo combustion chamber  10 . An increase in the volume flow of the burning medium into the gas turbine  1  brings about a higher temperature of the hot gas and an increase in the performance of the gas turbine  1 . For this purpose, the control device  32  regulates the fuel supply valve  36 . 
         [0036]    Since the turbine inlet temperature TT 1  is also dependent on the ambient temperature TV 1  of the sucked-in air flow upstream of the compressor  8 , the latter is also detected or determined continuously, i.e. during the entire operating period in a cyclically recurring fashion by means of the temperature measuring device  38 . 
         [0037]    The dependence of the turbine outlet temperature TAT on the air temperature TV 1  is largely eliminated by means of the control device  32  in that a corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK is determined according to TATK=TAT−k·TV 1  as an auxiliary variable. The corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK is accordingly largely dependent on the use of the burning medium, with the result that the gas turbine  1  can more easily be regulated by regulating the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK as a regulated variable and with the setting of the volume flow of the burning medium as a manipulated variable. The corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK can also be determined using a quadratic equation or using other functions. 
         [0038]    Depending on the ambient temperature, a target value Tsoll of the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK can be set and determined in the control unit  32 . However, determination is to be carried out here only below a predefined ambient temperature using the value which is characteristic of the combustion stability in the burners. In such a case, the comparison of the target value Tsoll with the determined corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK is carried out. If the actual value, the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK, is lower—higher—than the target value Tsoll, the control unit  32  increases—reduces—the supply of burning medium to the silo combustion chamber  10  via the fuel supply valve  36 . 
         [0039]    When the ambient temperatures TV 1  fall, the turbine inlet temperature TT 1 iso drops, since the compressor air is cooler and therefore the hot gas is supplied with cooler cooling air and leakage air. However, the turbine outlet temperature TAT and—despite the correction which is made—the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK therefore also fall, with the result that the described regulating process increases the supply of fuel. This increases the combustion temperature in the silo combustion chamber  10 , with the result that under certain circumstances the combustion can become unstable as a result of oscillations. The target value Tsoll for the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK therefore has to be lowered in the case of low external temperatures TV 1 . 
         [0040]    In addition to the relationships illustrated above, the formula for the TATK also includes further input variables such as for example the rotational speed of the gas turbine  1  and the humidity in the air. 
         [0041]    The gas turbine then additionally has pressure sensors  40  and acceleration sensors  42  in the silo combustion chamber  10 . These can also be present within the scope of the “Advanced Stability Margin Controller (aSMC)” introduced by the applicant, and in each case they measure the thermal-acoustic measurement variables of the acceleration a and the alternating pressure amplitude p. These serve to determine a characteristic value W for the combustion stability. 
         [0042]    The determination of the target value Tsoll of the corrected turbine outlet temperature TATK is then carried out in the case of low ambient temperatures TV 1  (a specific limiting value can be predefined here) on the basis of the determined characteristic value W or directly using an algorithm from the measured values for the acceleration a and the alternating pressure amplitude p. Essentially, in this context the target value Tsoll is reduced as soon as the combustion stability undershoots a specific limiting value. The target value Tsoll therefore always remains as high as possible, but as low as necessary, in order to avoid instabilities of the combustion. The target value Tsoll is therefore regulated using the determined combustion stability. 
         [0043]    As a result, the performance and the efficiency of the gas turbine  1  are optimized, in particular in the partial load mode and in the case of low external temperatures.