Abstract:
A conductivity sensor, preferably a structure with a pair of magnetic cores with a primary coil wire around a shared member of both cores, and a secondary coil wire around a non-shared section of each core. When part of one core is immersed in a fluid and current is applied to the primary coil, measurements taken at the secondary coils reveal the conductivity of the fluid. The same structure can be used to measure the level of the fluid, and to determine impedance.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Sensors that detect and measure the conductivity of fluids are useful for a variety of purposes. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/402,0062 by Guest, for example, offers a novel method and apparatus for controlling electrolytic processes purely through such conductivity measurements, rather than by the more traditional measurement of the pH or oxidation reduction potential of the electrolyzed product. While that invention offers a simpler and more reliable way to control such processes, a simpler—and thus implicitly more reliable—conductivity sensor would improve that innovation further, and be of great benefit in a variety of other applications, as well. Current sensors require complex circuitry and measurements, and are subject to degradation by the accumulation of deposits on sensor surfaces; also, when used to measure the conductivity of materials with low conductivity—such as water—they can see very low voltages at the receiver coil, resulting in inaccurate measurements overwhelmed by background “noise” from stray electromagnetic waves in the environment and similar. This invention has none of these drawbacks. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In its simplest form, this invention consists of two rectangular magnetic cores joined together, like a digital readout rendering of the number eight. This figure eight is provided with a primary wire coil wrapped around the common member of the two cores, i.e., the central cross-bar of the eight, as well as two secondary wire coils, one to each core, wrapped around a section of the figure eight other than the common member. One core is at least partially immersed in or surrounded by the material whose conductivity is to be measured—the target material—and a voltage is applied to the primary coil—in practice, AC is generally preferred, but DC can also be advantageously used for certain applications, for example with target materials exhibiting high resistance. Measurement is achieved by one of three methods: either by measuring the signal of a secondary coil with the aid of an amplifier and analog circuits or by digital sampling and software calculation; by measuring the differential signal of the secondary coils with the aid of a differential amplifier or by digital sampling and software calculation; or else by connecting the secondary coils in series, and measuring the signal at the two ends of those series-connected coils. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]      FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C and  1 D show four views of the dual cores, as a single unit, as two unitary cores joined together, with the cores consisting of multiple pieces joined together, and as other than rectangles. 
           [0004]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show a unitary dual core embodiment with coils wired in two variations. 
           [0005]      FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  3 C,  3 D,  3 E,  3 F,  3 G,  3 H and  31  show a variety of embodiments, including different coil arrangements, the employment of magnetic sensors, single-core embodiments and a matrix employing more than two cores. 
           [0006]      FIG. 4  shows a sensor according to  FIG. 2B  with one of its cores partially surrounded by a target material, and the other core not surrounded by such material. 
           [0007]      FIG. 5  shows a sensor according to  FIG. 2B  with one of its cores partially surrounded by a target material, and the other core partially surrounded by another target material; in this illustration both target materials are fluids. 
           [0008]      FIG. 6  shows an embodiment in which target material fluid is ducted around a wall of a core. 
           [0009]      FIG. 7  shows the embodiment of  FIG. 2B  with an additional coil on each core, each such additional coil connected to a potentiometer for the purpose of balancing the magnetic flux of the two cores. 
           [0010]      FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of this invention to measure resistance in an unknown circuit with the employment of a reference resistance. 
           [0011]      FIG. 9  shows the employment of this invention to measure the level of a fluid. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  show embodiments of the invention with the cores physically separated with no common member, connected only electrically. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In its basic form, this invention comprises two magnetic cores joined together. While this shape is most easily conceived and described as a pair of rectangles joined to form a rectangular figure eight ( FIGS. 1A ,  1 C and  1 D), is can readily be understood that these cores can effectively be made in a wide variety of shapes, and that they need not be identical to each other ( FIG. 1B ); the only requirement is that each of the cores describe a closed path. 
         [0014]    Similarly, while  FIG. 1A  shows two unitary cores closely mated, it is possible to have these individual cores be composed of several parts ( FIG. 1C ). 
         [0015]    In practice, barring unusual application requirements that would mandate the use of sensor cores in unusual shapes or comprised of multiple parts, it is particularly easy to produce, to use and, most certainly, to describe a one-piece rectangular figure eight sensor ( FIG. 1D ), though it can be readily understood how these descriptions apply to other variants, as well. 
         [0016]      FIG. 2  shows the basic wiring arrangement. A joint or common electrical coil L 3  is wound around the common member, the cross-bar of the figure eight—what would be the area where, in a separate-core embodiment, the cores mate up. Furthermore, a first individual coil L 1  is wound around some portion of first core C 1  other than the common member, and a second individual coil L 2  is wound around some portion of second core C 2  other than the common member. 
         [0017]    This wiring arrangement can be maintained as three separate coils, as in  FIG. 2A , in which case the sensor operates by immersing one of the cores in the target material, optionally immersing the other core in a second target material, applying an electrical signal to common coil L 3 , and measuring the differential signal reading at individual coils L 1  and L 2  using an electronic circuit employing a differential amplifier or—and the irony in this phrasing is understood—its digital analog, digital sampling coupled with a software calculation. 
         [0018]    In a preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 2B , individual coils L 1  and L 2  are connected in series. In this embodiment the sensor operates by immersing one of the cores in the target material, optionally immersing the other core in a second target material, applying an electrical signal to common coil L 3 , and measuring the signal at points C and D, the terminations of the joined individual coils L 1  and L 2 . 
         [0019]    The scheme described in the two preceding paragraphs can also be reversed electrically: in the preferred embodiment by applying the electrical signal to points C and D on joined individual coils L 1  and L 2 , and by measuring the signal at points A and B on common coil L 3 , or in the earlier-mentioned embodiment by applying two signals which need not be identical, one each to individual coils L 1  and L 2 , and measuring the signal at common coil L 3 . The preferred embodiment is as described in the prior paragraph, and further descriptions will be of that embodiment, though it can be readily understood how they can be applied to the other embodiments mentioned. 
         [0020]    The signal measurement taken may be simple voltage or current amplitude, or voltage or current phase, or any combination of these, as all will yield useful information about the conductivity of the target material. The measurements may be done in either time-domain or frequency-domain, using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 
         [0021]    While the most common application of this sensor will be for measuring the conductivity of fluids by immersing a core in a fluid, it is also possible to cast or build solid material around the sensor. It is also possible to use the sensor by having fluid target material ducted through a hose or pipe or similar conduit that passes through the magnetic path of one of the cores, e.g., a hose coiled around one of the sides of C 1  other than the common member, as shown in  FIG. 6 . In much the same way, a solid target material could be placed in the magnetic path of one of the cores, e.g., a plastic rod encircling one of the sides of C 1  other than the common member. 
         [0022]    It must be noted that this invention can also be practiced with conventional magnetic sensors (S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , etc.) in place of, or in addition to, the secondary coil(s) as signal receivers, as shown in  FIGS. 3D ,  3 E and  3 F. In such an application, the magnetic sensor(s) would be placed in holes or gaps in the cores and, of course, the transmitting coil—the coil to which the electrical signal is applied—need not be located on the common member, as in  FIG. 3F , but can instead be located on one of the non-common sides of a core, as shown in  FIGS. 3D and 3E . 
         [0023]    Furthermore, the invention can be practiced with both fewer and more than two magnetic cores, as shown in FIGS.  3 G/ 3 H, and  FIG. 31 , respectively. Again, it is possible to employ magnetic sensors instead of, or in conjunction with, receiving coils. While both single and more-than-two core embodiments are practicable, accuracy and sensitivity tend to suffer in the single-coil embodiment, and do not improve enough in the more-than-two core embodiment to make it generally attractive, so that the “sweet spot” and preferred embodiment for this invention is the dual-core iteration. 
         [0024]    While it is generally helpful, effective and efficient for the cores to share a common member, it is not absolutely necessary.  FIGS. 10A and 10B  show embodiments with cores that are completely separate physically, connected only electrically. The wiring arrangement in  FIG. 10A  is analogous to that in  FIG. 2A , and that in  FIG. 10B  is analogous to that in  FIG. 2B ; as mentioned above, however, instead of series connection of L 3 - a  and L 3 - b  one may use an analog or digital circuit to control the magnetic flux of L 3 - a  and L 3 - b.    
         [0025]    The presence of a target material in the magnetic path of one or both cores C 1  and C 2  affects the signal reading as compared with the reading absent the target material. It can also be helpful to balance any differences in the baseline characteristics of the two cores by equipping one or both cores with at least one additional coil connected to a variable resistor, which can then be adjusted to equalize the magnetic flux of C 1  and C 2 , per  FIG. 7 . 
         [0026]    A further application of this invention is for measuring resistance, as shown in  FIG. 8 . In this embodiment, a reference resistor would be connected to a coil on one core. The target material would be connected to another coil on the other core, and its resistance would affect the readings at receiver coils and/or magnetic sensors, permitting the resistance of the target material to be calculated. A similar structure can be used to measure the differential resistance of two unknown resistors. 
         [0027]    This invention can also be used to measure the level of a fluid in a container, as shown in  FIG. 9 . In this application, the core structure would be partially submerged in the target material fluid as shown, with the lower core completely submerged in the fluid, and at least part of the upper core not submerged. As the conductivity readings of the fluid would change as its level drops—or rises—the level can then easily be calculated. To obtain a greater range of level measurement and be able to measure the level closer to empty, it is advantageous to have the cores be asymmetrical, with the upper core taller than the lower core, as shown in  FIG. 9 . This asymmetricality can distort readings, which distortion can be compensated for in a number of ways, for example by equalizing the magnetic flux of the cores as shown in  FIG. 7 , by making the walls of the lower core correspondingly thinner, or by applying an equalizing algorithm to the readings.