Abstract:
An image capturing apparatus constructs a composite image using image regions of images captured with differing focal distances between an image plane of an image capturing apparatus photo-detector image sensor and a subject of the image, providing selective focus, background de-focus, and/or lens blur modes of the image capturing apparatus. Construction of the composite image occurs subsequent to aligning images captured with different focal lengths, the aligning partly based on registration of one or more visual features common to one or more images of the plurality of images utilized in providing an image with the desired focus responsive to a selection via a user interface of the image capturing apparatus. Focus bracketing refers to collecting multiple images of the same scene or object while adjusting the image capturing apparatus&#39;s focal parameters between collecting the images to focus at distances both nearer and more distant from a desired focus.

Description:
[0001]    If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the filing date of this application, it is incorporated by reference herein. Any applications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35 U.S.C. §§119, 120, 121 or 365(c), and any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of such applications, are also incorporated by reference, including any priority claims made in those applications and any material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
       CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0002]    The present application is related to and/or claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)). In addition, the present application is related to the “Related Application(s),” if any, listed below. 
       PRIORITY APPLICATIONS 
       [0003]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/108,003, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING INDIVIDUAL MANIPULATION OF MICROLENSES IN A MICROLENS ARRAY, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 16 Dec. 2013, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0004]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/925,848, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING INDIVIDUAL MANIPULATION OF MICROLENSES IN A MICROLENS ARRAY, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 28 Oct. 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,643,955 on 4 Feb. 2014, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0005]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/072,497, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING INDIVIDUAL MANIPULATION OF MICROLENSES IN A MICROLENS ARRAY, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 25 Feb. 2008, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,826,139 on 2 Nov. 2010, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0006]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/811,356, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING A MICROLENS ARRAY AS A UNIT, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 7 Jun. 2007, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,742,233 on 22 Jun. 2010, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0007]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/804,314, entitled LENS DEFECT CORRECTION, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 15 May 2007, which is abandoned, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0008]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/498,427, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING A MICROLENS ARRAY AS A UNIT, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 2 Aug. 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,917 on 21 Aug. 2007, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0009]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/221,350, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING INDIVIDUAL MANIPULATION OF MICROLENSES IN A MICROLENS ARRAY, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 7 Sep. 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,417,797 on 26 Aug. 2008, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0010]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/764,431, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING INDIVIDUAL MANIPULATION OF MICROLENSES IN A MICROLENS ARRAY, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 21 Jan. 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,780 on 22 Nov. 2005, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; 
         [0011]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/764,340, entitled IMAGE CORRECTION USING A MICROLENS ARRAY AS A UNIT, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 21 Jan. 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,251,078 on 31 Jul. 2007, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date; and 
         [0012]    For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/738,626, entitled LENS DEFECT CORRECTION, naming W. Daniel Hillis, Nathan P. Myhrvold, and Lowell L. Wood Jr. as inventors, filed 16 Dec. 2003, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,231,097 on 12 Jun. 2007, and which is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
       RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0013]    None. 
         [0014]    The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to the effect that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs require that patent applicants both reference a serial number and indicate whether an application is a continuation, continuation-in-part, or divisional of a parent application. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior Filed Application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003. The USPTO further has provided forms for the Application Data Sheet which allow automatic loading of bibliographic data but which require identification of each application as a continuation, continuation-in-part, or divisional of a parent application. The present Applicant Entity (hereinafter “Applicant”) has provided above a specific reference to the application(s) from which priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Applicant understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific reference language and does not require either a serial number or any characterization, such as “continuation” or “continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S. patent applications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicant understands that the USPTO&#39;s computer programs have certain data entry requirements, and hence Applicant has provided designation(s) of a relationship between the present application and its parent application(s) as set forth above and in any ADS filed in this application, but expressly points out that such designation(s) are not to be construed in any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether or not the present application contains any new matter in addition to the matter of its parent application(s). 
         [0015]    If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of this application. 
         [0016]    All subject matter of the Priority Applications and the Related Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Applications and the Related Applications, including any priority claims, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0017]    The present application relates, in general, to imaging. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0018]    In one aspect, a method includes but is not limited to: capturing a primary image with a microlens array at a primary position, the microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; capturing another image with at least one microlens of the microlens array at another position; determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, other method embodiments are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0019]    In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are not limited to machinery and/or circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein referenced method aspects; the machinery and/or circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the foregoing referenced method aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. 
         [0020]    In one aspect, a system includes but is not limited to: a photo-detector array; a microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; a controller configured to position at least one microlens of the microlens array at a primary and another position relative to the photo-detector array and to cause an image capture signal at the primary and the other position; and an image construction unit configured to construct at least one out-of-focus region of a first image captured at the primary position with a more in-focus region of another image captured at the other position. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0021]    In one aspect, a system includes but is not limited to: a microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; an electro-mechanical system configurable to capture a primary image with at least one microlens of the microlens array at a primary position said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to capture another image with the at last one microlens of the microlens array at another position said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; and an electro-mechanical system configurable to construct a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0022]    In one aspect, a method includes but is not limited to: capturing a primary image with a microlens array at a primary position, said capturing effected with a photo-detector array having an imaging surface deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target surface position; determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; capturing another image with at least one microlens of the microlens array at another position; determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0023]    In one embodiment, a method includes but is not limited to: capturing a primary image with a lens at a primary position, the lens having at least one deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; capturing another image with the lens at another position; determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, various other method embodiments are set forth and described in the text (e.g., claims and/or detailed description) and/or drawings of the present application. 
         [0024]    In one or more various embodiments, related systems include but are not limited to electro-mechanical systems (e.g., motors, actuators, circuitry, and/or programming) for effecting the herein referenced method embodiments); the electrical circuitry can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the foregoing referenced method embodiments depending upon the design choices of the system designer. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, a system includes but is not limited to: a photo-detector array; a lens having at least one deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; a controller configured to position said lens at a primary and another position relative to said photo-detector array and to cause an image capture signal at the primary and the other position; and an image construction unit configured to construct at least one out-of-focus region of a first image captured at the primary position with a more in-focus region of another image captured at the other position. 
         [0026]    In one aspect, a method includes but is not limited to: capturing a primary image with a microlens array at a primary position, the microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; capturing another image with the microlens array at another position; determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0027]    In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are not limited to machinery and/or circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein referenced method aspects; the machinery and/or circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the foregoing referenced method aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. 
         [0028]    In one aspect, a system includes but is not limited to: a microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; means for capturing a primary image with a lens at a primary position; means for determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; means for capturing another image with the lens at another position; means for determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and means for constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0029]    In one aspect, a system includes but is not limited to: a microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property; an electro-mechanical system configurable to capture a primary image with the microlens array at a primary position said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to capture another image with the microlens array at another position said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; an electro-mechanical system configurable to determine a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device; and an electro-mechanical system configurable to construct a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image said electro-mechanical system including at least one of electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program, electrical circuitry having a memory device, and electrical circuitry having a communications device. In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0030]    In one aspect, a method includes but is not limited to: capturing a primary image with a microlens array at a primary position, said capturing effected with a photo-detector array having an imaging surface deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target surface position; determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; capturing another image with the microlens array at another position; determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image; and constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present application. 
         [0031]    In addition to the foregoing, various other method and/or system aspects are set forth and described in the text (e.g., claims and/or detailed description) and/or drawings of the present application. 
         [0032]    The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity; simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is NOT intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the devices and/or processes described herein, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0033]      FIG. 1  shows a front-plan view of image  100  of a person (e.g., person  202  of  FIG. 2 ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 2  depicts a side-plan view of lens system  200  that can give rise to image  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 3  depicts a high level logic flowchart of a process. 
           [0036]      FIG. 4  depicts a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2  wherein microlens array  204  has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3 . 
           [0037]      FIG. 5  illustrates another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2  wherein microlens array  204  has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3 . 
           [0038]      FIG. 1A  shows a front-plan view of image  100 A of a person (e.g., person  202 A of  FIG. 2A ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 A. 
           [0039]      FIG. 2A  depicts a side-plan view of lens system  200 A that can give rise to image  100 A of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0040]      FIG. 3A  depicts a high level logic flowchart of a process. 
           [0041]      FIG. 4A  depicts a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2A  wherein lens  204 A has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3A . 
           [0042]      FIG. 5A  illustrates another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2A  wherein lens  204 A has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3A . 
           [0043]      FIG. 1B  shows a front-plan view of image  100 B of a person (e.g., person  202 B of  FIG. 2B ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 B. 
           [0044]      FIG. 2B  depicts a side-plan view of lens system  200 B that can give rise to image  100 B of  FIG. 1B . 
           [0045]      FIG. 3B  depicts a high level logic flowchart of a process. 
           [0046]      FIG. 4B  depicts a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2B  wherein microlens array  204 B has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3B . 
           [0047]      FIG. 5B  illustrates another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2B  wherein microlens array  204 B has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3B . 
       
    
    
       [0048]    The use of the same symbols in different drawings typically indicates similar or identical items. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0049]    With reference to the figures, and with reference now to  FIG. 1 , shown is a front-plan view of image  100  of a person (e.g., person  202  of  FIG. 2 ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 . Image  100  is shown as distorted due to defects in a microlens array through which image  100  has been projected (e.g., microlens array  204  of lens system  200  of  FIG. 2 ). First portion  104  of image  100  is illustrated as large and blurry, which can occur when a microlens deviation causes first portion  104  of image  100  to come to a focus in front of a surface of photo-detector array  102 . Second, third, and fourth portions  106  of image  100  are illustrated as right sized, which can occur when microlenses of the microlens array cause portions  106  to correctly focus on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 . Fifth portion  108  of image  100  is shown as small and faint, which can occur when a microlens deviation causes fifth portion  108  to come to a focus (virtual) behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 . In addition, although not expressly shown, those having skill in the art will appreciate that various microlens defects could also cause the image to be distorted in x-y; those having skill in the art will also appreciate that different colored wavelengths of light can in and of themselves focus at different positions due to differences in refraction of the different colored wavelengths of light. In addition, although not expressly shown herein, those having skill in the art will appreciate that the subject matter disclosed herein may serve to remedy misfocusings/distortions arising from defects other than lens defects, such as, for example, defects in the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102  and/or defects in frames that hold microlens arrays. 
         [0050]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , depicted is a side-plan view of lens system  200  that can give rise to image  100  of  FIG. 1 . Microlens array  204  of lens system  200  is illustrated as located at a primary position and having microlens deviations that give rise to the five different portions of image  100  shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1 . First portion  104  of image  100  is illustrated as misfocused in front of an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 , where the misfocusing is due to a deviation of microlens  252 . Second, third, and fourth portions  106  of image  100  are illustrated as respectively right sized and focused by microlenses  250 ,  254 , and  258  on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 . (It is recognized that in side plan view the head and feet of person  202  would appear as lines; however, for sake of clarity they are shown in profile in  FIG. 2  to help orient the reader relative to  FIG. 1 .) Fifth portion  108  is shown as small and faint, and (virtually) misfocused behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 , where the misfocusing is due to a deviation of microlens  256 . In addition, although not expressly shown herein, those having skill in the art will appreciate that the subject matter of  FIG. 2  is also illustrative of those situations in which one or more individual photo-detectors forming part of the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 —rather than one or more microlenses of microlens array  204 —deviate from one or more predefined positions by amounts such that image misfocuses/distortions arising from such deviations are unacceptable. That is, insofar as image misfocusing or distortion could just as easily arise from photo-detector array  102  having mispositioned photo-detectors as from microlens array  204  having mispositioned/defective lenses, the subject matter disclosed herein may serve to remedy misfocusings/distortions arising from defects in the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 . 
         [0051]    Continuing to refer to  FIG. 2 , further shown are components that can serve as an environment for the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3 . Specifically, controller  208  is depicted as controlling the position of the various microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204  of lens system  200  (e.g., via use of one or more feedback control subsystems). Image capture unit  206  is illustrated as receiving image data from photo-detector array  102  and receiving control signals from controller  208 . Image capture unit  206  is shown as transmitting captured image information to focus detection unit  210 . Focus detection unit  210  is depicted as transmitting focus data to image construction unit  212 . Image construction unit  212  is illustrated as transmitting a composite image to image store/display unit  214 . 
         [0052]    With reference now to  FIG. 3 , depicted is a high level logic flowchart of a process. Method step  300  shows the start of the process. Method step  302  depicts capturing a primary image with a microlens array having one or more microlenses at one or more primary positions, the microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property. Examples of the array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property include (a) where at least one actual microlens position exceeds a first tolerance from at least one defined microlens position, and (b) where at least one microlens of the microlens array has at least one focal length that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined focal length (e.g., a microlens deviation that would produce fifth portion  108  of image  100  at some place behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102  or a microlens deviation that would produce portion  104  at some place in front of the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102  where the distance in front or back of the imaging surface exceeds a defined tolerance distance where an image captured with photo-detector array  102  is deemed acceptable). Specific instances of the foregoing include a microlens of the microlens array having at least one spherical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined spherical aberration, and a microlens of the microlens array having at least one cylindrical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined cylindrical aberration. Alternatively, the microlens array may have one or more microlenses having some combination of such defects. In one implementation, method step  302  includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image at an average primary focal surface location of the microlens array (e.g., a defined focal surface of the microlens array where an image would form if the microlens array had no microlenses having aberrations outside a specified tolerance). In another implementation, method step  302  includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image with a photo-detector array at the average primary focal surface location of the microlens array (e.g., positioning the microlens array such that a defined focal surface of the microlens array coincides with an imaging surface of a photo-detector array). 
         [0053]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , one specific example of method step  302  ( FIG. 3 ) would be controller  208  directing lens system  200  to position one or more microlenses of microlens array  204  at one or more primary positions, and thereafter instructing image capture unit  206  to capture an image from photo-detector array  102 . 
         [0054]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  304  illustrates determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image (or determining at least one focused region of the primary image). In one implementation, method step  304  includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of the primary image (e.g., sharp, or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). 
         [0055]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , one specific example of method step  304  ( FIG. 3 ) would be focus detection unit  210  performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206  when the one or more microlenses of microlens array  204  were at the one or more primary positions. In this example, focus detection unit  210  could deem portions of the image having significant high frequency components as “in focus” images. As a more specific example, the Fourier transform and analysis may be performed on one or more parts of the image that are associated with one or more microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204 . 
         [0056]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  305  illustrates mapping the at least one out-of-focus region to one or more microlenses of the microlens array. In one implementation, method step  305  includes the sub-steps of projecting mathematically from a surface of a photo-detector to the microlens array; and selecting one or more microlenses of the microlens array in response to said projecting. 
         [0057]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , one specific example of method step  305  ( FIG. 3 ) would be controller  208  performing a mathematical mapping based on (a) known geometries of microlenses  250 - 258  relative to photo-detector array  102  and (b) focus/out-of-focus information received from focus detection unit  210 . In one exemplary implementation, controller  208  is pre-programmed with knowledge of the position/orientation of photo-detector array  102  and can thus calculate the mathematical projection based on controller  208 &#39;s positioning of microlenses  250 - 258 . In other exemplary implementations, controller  208  additionally controls and/or monitors the positioning of photo-detector array  102  through one or more control and/or monitoring subsystems, and thus has acquired—rather than pre-programmed—knowledge of the position/orientation of photo-detector array  102  upon which to base the calculations. 
         [0058]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  306  illustrates moving at least a part of the mapped one or more microlenses of the microlens array to one or more other positions. 
         [0059]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , one specific example of method step  306  ( FIG. 3 ) would be controller  208  causing a control subsystem of lens system  200  to move one or more individual microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204 . In one exemplary implementation, MEMS control systems and techniques are used. In other exemplary implementations, conventional control systems and techniques are used to effect the movement and control of microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204 . 
         [0060]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  307  shows capturing another image with the one or more microlenses at the other positions to which they have been moved. In one exemplary implementation, method step  306  includes the sub-step of capturing the other image at the average primary focal surface location of the microlens array with its individual microlenses at their primary positions (e.g., one or more microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204  are moved, but the image is captured on about the same surface as that upon which the primary image was captured, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). In another exemplary implementation, the step of capturing the other image at a primary focal surface location of the microlens array with its individual microlenses at their primary positions further includes the sub-steps of moving at least a part of the microlens array (e.g., at least one microlens) to the other position; and capturing the other image with a photo-detector array which remains stationary at the primary focal surface location of the one or more microlenses at their one or more primary positions (e.g., one or more microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204  are moved to one or more other positions, while photo-detector array  102  remains stationary, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). In another exemplary implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the microlens array to the other position further includes the sub-step of moving the at least a part of the microlens array to the other position within at least one distance constrained by a predefined aberration from at least one defined microlens position. 
         [0061]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2, 4 and/or 5 , one specific example of method step  306  ( FIG. 3 ) would be controller  208  directing lens system  200  to position one or more of microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204  at one or more positions other than their primary positions, and thereafter instructing image capture unit  206  to capture an image from photo-detector array  102 .  FIG. 4  shows and describes moving at least a portion of microlens array  204  forward of a primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208  causing a MEMS control system to move microlens  256  of microlens array  204  forward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 , or by causing microlens array  204  to be compressed such that microlens  256  of microlens array  204  moves forward relative to the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 ).  FIG. 5  shows and describes moving at least a portion of the microlens array rearward of the primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208  causing a MEMS control system to move microlens  252  of microlens array  204  rearward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 , or by causing microlens array  204  to be compressed such that microlens  252  of microlens array  204  moves rearward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 ). 
         [0062]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  308  depicts determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, method step  308  includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). In one implementation, the step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components) includes the sub-step of mapping at least one region of the primary image with at least one region of the other image (e.g., mapping an out-of-focus region of the first image to a corresponding region of the second image). As a more specific example, the Fourier transform and analysis may be performed on one or more parts of the image that are associated with one or more microlenses of the microlens array (e.g., mapping at least one region of the primary image associated with at least one specific microlens against the at least one region of the other image associated with the at least one specific microlens). 
         [0063]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2, 4 and/or 5 , one specific example of method step  308  ( FIG. 3 ) would be focus detection unit  210  performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206  when at least one microlens of microlenses  250 - 258  of microlens array  204  was at the other position specified by controller  208 . 
         [0064]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  310  depicts constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of replacing at least a part of the out-of-focus region of the primary image with at least a part of the at least one region of the other image. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of utilizing at least one of tiling image processing techniques, morphing image processing techniques, blending image processing techniques, and stitching image processing techniques. 
         [0065]    In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-steps of correlating a feature of the primary image with a feature of the other image; detecting at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of at least one of the primary image and the other image; correcting the detected at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of the at least one of the primary image and the other image; and assembling the composite image using the corrected distortion. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of correcting for motion between the primary and the other image. 
         [0066]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2, 4 and/or 5 , one specific example of method step  302  ( FIG. 3 ) would be image construction unit  212  creating a composite image by replacing those portions of an image of person  202  captured at a primary position with more in-focus portions of an image of person  202  captured by image capture unit  206  when microlens array  204  was at the other position. In one implementation of the example, image construction unit  212  corrects for the motion between images using conventional techniques if such correction is desired. In another implementation of the example, motion correction is not used. 
         [0067]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , method step  312  shows a determination of whether an aggregate change in focus, relative to the primary position of method step  302 , has exceeded a maximum expected aberration of at least one lens of the microlens array. For example, even with a relatively poor quality microlens array, there will typically be an upper manufacturing limit beyond which microlens aberrations are not expected to go (e.g., the microlens array has manufacturing criteria such that each microlens in the array provide a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm). 
         [0068]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2, 4 and/or 5 , one specific example of method step  312  ( FIG. 3 ) would be controller  208  comparing an aggregate movement in a defined direction against a pre-stored upper limit deviation value. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , if microlens array  204  has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208  will determine whether the total forward movement of microlens  256  of microlens array  204  is greater than 0.05 mm relative to microlens  256 &#39;s primary position. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 5 , if microlens array  204  has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208  will determine whether the total rearward movement of microlens  252  of microlens array  204  is greater than 0.05 mm relative to microlens  252 &#39;s primary position. 
         [0069]    With reference again to  FIG. 3 , if the inquiry of method step  312  yields a determination that the aggregate changes in focuses has met or exceeded the maximum expected aberration of at least one lens of the microlens array, the process proceeds to method step  314 . Method step  314  illustrates that the current composite image (e.g., of method step  310 ) is stored and/or displayed. One specific example of method step  314  would be image store/display unit  214  either storing or displaying the composite image. 
         [0070]    Method step  316  shows the end of the process. 
         [0071]    Returning to method step  312 , shown is that in the event that the upper limit on microlens array tolerance of at least one lens of the microlens array has not been met or exceeded, the process proceeds to method step  306  and continues as described herein. 
         [0072]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , depicted is a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2  wherein microlens  256  has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3 . Microlens  256  of lens system  200  is illustrated as having been moved to another position forward of its primary position which gave rise to microlens  256 &#39;s respective portion of image  100  shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Specifically, microlens  256  of microlens array  204  is illustrated as repositioned such that fifth portion  108  of image  100  is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102  (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  306 ). In one implementation, fifth portion  108  of image  100  can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106  (e.g.,  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with fifth portion  108  as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1 and 2  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 ). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 4  function as described elsewhere herein. 
         [0073]    With reference now to  FIG. 5 , illustrated is another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2  wherein microlens  252  has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3 . Microlens  252  of lens system  200  is illustrated as having been moved to another position rearward of its primary position which gave rise microlens  252 &#39;s respective portion of image  100  shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1 . Specifically, microlens  252  of microlens array  204  is illustrated as positioned such that first portion  104  of image  100  is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102  (e.g., as described in relation to method step  306 ). In one implementation, first portion  104  of image  100  can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106  of  FIGS. 1 and 2, 108  of  FIG. 4 ) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with first portion  104  as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1 and 2  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 ). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 5  function as described elsewhere herein. 
       II. Lens Defect Correction 
       [0074]    With reference to the figures, and with reference now to  FIG. 1A , shown is a front-plan view of image  100 A of a person (e.g., person  202 A of  FIG. 2A ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 A. Image  100 A is shown as distorted due to defects in a lens through which image  100 A has been projected (e.g., lens  204 A of lens system  200 A of  FIG. 2A ). First portion  104 A of image  100 A is illustrated as large and blurry, which can occur when a lens defect causes portion  104 A of image  100 A to come to a focus in front of a surface of photo-detector array  102 A. Second, third, and fourth portions  106 A are illustrated as right sized, which can occur when the lens causes portions  106 A of image  100 A to correctly focus on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A. Fifth portion  108 A is shown as small and faint, which can occur when a lens defect causes portion  108 A of image  100 A to come to a focus (virtual) behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A. In addition, although not expressly shown, those having skill in the art will appreciate that various lens defects could also cause the image to be distorted in x-y; those having skill in the art will also appreciate that different colored wavelengths of light can in and of themselves focus at different positions due to differences in refraction of the different colored wavelengths of light. 
         [0075]    Referring now to  FIG. 2A , depicted is a side-plan view of lens system  200 A that can give rise to image  100 A of  FIG. 1A . Lens  204 A of lens system  200 A is illustrated as located at a primary position and having defects that give rise to the five different portions of image  100 A shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1A . First portion  104 A of image  100 A is illustrated as focused in front of an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A. Second, third, and fourth portions  106 A are illustrated as right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A. (It is recognized that in side plan view the head and feet of person  202 A would appear as lines; however, for sake of clarity they are shown in profile in  FIG. 2A  to help orient the reader relative to  FIG. 1A .) Fifth portion  108 A is shown as small and faint, and virtually focused behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A. 
         [0076]    Continuing to refer to  FIG. 2A , further shown are components that can serve as the environment for the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3A . 
         [0077]    Specifically, controller  208 A is depicted as controlling the position of lens  204 A of lens system  200 A (e.g., via use of a feedback control subsystem). Image capture unit  206 A is illustrated as receiving image data from photo-detector  102 A and receiving control signals from controller  208 A. Image capture unit  206 A is shown as transmitting captured image information to focus detection unit  210 A. Focus detection unit  210 A is depicted as transmitting focus data to image construction unit  212 A. Image construction unit  212 A is illustrated as transmitting a composite image to image store/display unit  214 A. 
         [0078]    With reference now to  FIG. 3A , depicted is a high level logic flowchart of a process. Method step  300 A shows the start of the process. Method step  302 A depicts capturing a primary image with a lens at a primary position, the lens having at least one deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property. One example of the lens having at least one deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property would be where the lens has at least one focal length that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined focal length (e.g., a defect that would produce portion  108 A of image  100 A at some place behind an imaging surface of photo-detector  102 A or a defect that would produce portion  104 A at some place in front of the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A where the distance in front or back of the imaging surface exceeds a defined tolerance distance where an image captured with the photo-detector array  102 A is deemed acceptable). For instance, the lens may have at least one spherical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined spherical aberration, or the lens may have at least one cylindrical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined cylindrical aberration. Alternatively, the lens may have some combination of such defects. In one implementation, method step  302 A includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image at a primary focal surface location of the lens (e.g., a defined focal surface of the lens where an image would form if the lens had no aberrations). In another implementation, method step  302 A includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image with a photo-detector array at the primary focal surface location of the lens (e.g., positioning the lens such that a defined focal surface of the lens coincides with an imaging surface of a photo-detector array). 
         [0079]    Referring again to  FIG. 2A , one specific example of method step  302 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be controller  208 A directing lens system  200 A to position lens  204 A at a primary position, and thereafter instructing image capture unit  100 A to capture an image from photo-detector  102 A. 
         [0080]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , method step  304 A illustrates determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image (or determining at least one focused region of the primary image). In one implementation, method step  304 A includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of the primary image (e.g., sharp, or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). 
         [0081]    Referring again to  FIG. 2A , one specific example of method step  304 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be focus detection unit  210 A performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206 A when lens  204 A was at the primary position. In this example, focus detection unit  210 A could deem portions of the image having significant high frequency components as “in focus” images. 
         [0082]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , method step  306 A shows capturing another image with the lens at another position. In one implementation, method step  306 A includes the sub-step of capturing the other image at the primary focal surface location of the lens at the primary position (e.g., lens  204 A is moved to another position, while photo-detector  102 A remains stationary, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4A and 5A ). In another implementation, the step of capturing the other image at a primary focal surface location of the lens at the primary position further includes the sub-step of moving at least a part of the lens to the other position; and capturing the other image with a photo-detector array at the primary focal surface location of the lens at the primary position. In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the lens to the other position further includes the sub-step of moving the at least a part of the lens to the other position within at least one distance constrained by the first tolerance from the target optical property. In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the lens to the other position further includes the sub-step of moving an intermediary lens. In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the lens to the other position further includes the sub-step of distorting the lens such that the at least a part of the lens resides at the other position (e.g., a part of lens  204 A is moved to another position, such as might happen if lens  204 A were to be compressed laterally in a controlled manner, while photo-detector  102 A remains stationary, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4A and 5A ). 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2A, 4A and/or 5A , one specific example of method step  306 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be controller  208 A directing lens system  200 A to position lens  204 A at a position other than the primary position and thereafter instructing image capture unit  100 A to capture an image from photo-detector  102 A.  FIG. 4A  shows and describes moving at least a portion of the lens forward of the primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208 A moving lens  204 A forward, or causing lens  204 A to be compressed such that a part of lens  204 A moves forward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector  102 A).  FIG. 5A  shows and describes moving at least a portion of the lens rearward of the primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208 A moving lens  204 A forward, or causing lens  204 A to be compressed such that a part of lens  204 A moves rearward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector  102 A). 
         [0084]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , method step  308 A depicts determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, method step  310 A includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). In one implementation, the step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components) includes the sub-step of mapping at least one region of the primary image with at least one region of the other image (e.g., mapping an out-of-focus region of the first image to a corresponding region of the second image). 
         [0085]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2A, 4A and/or 5A , one specific example of method step  302 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be focus detection unit  210 A performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206 A when lens  204 A was at the other position specified by controller  208 A. 
         [0086]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , method step  310 A depicts constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of replacing at least a part of the out-of-focus region of the primary image with at least a part of the at least one region of the other image. In another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of replacing at least a part of the out-of-focus region of the primary image with at least a part of the at least one region of the other image. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of utilizing at least one of tiling image processing techniques, morphing image processing techniques, blending image processing techniques, and stitching image processing techniques. 
         [0087]    In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-steps of correlating a feature of the primary image with a feature of the other image; detecting at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of at least one of the primary image and the other image; correcting the detected at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of the at least one of the primary image and the other image; and assembling the composite using the corrected distortion. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of correcting for motion between the primary and the other image. 
         [0088]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2A, 4A and/or 5A , one specific example of method step  302 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be image construction unit  212 A creating a composite image by replacing those portions of an image of person  202 A captured at a primary position with more in-focus positions of an image of person  202 A captured by image capture unit  206 A when lens  204 A was at the other position. In one implementation of the example, image construction unit  212 A corrects for the motion between images using conventional techniques if such correction is desired. In another implementation of the example, motion correction is not used. 
         [0089]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , method step  312 A shows a determination of whether an aggregate change in focus, relative to the primary position of method step  302 A, has exceeded a maximum expected deviation of a lens. For example, even with a relatively poor quality lens, there will typically be an upper manufacturing limit beyond which lens defects are not expected to go (e.g., the lens has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm). 
         [0090]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2A, 4A and/or 5A , one specific example of method step  312 A ( FIG. 3A ) would be controller  208 A comparing an aggregate movement in a defined direction against a pre-stored upper limit deviation value. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 4A , if lens  204 A has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208 A will determine whether the total forward movement of the lens is greater than 0.05 mm relative to the primary position. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 5A , if lens  204 A has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208 A will determine whether the total rearward movement of the lens is greater than 0.05 mm relative to the primary position. 
         [0091]    With reference again to  FIG. 3A , if the inquiry of method step  312 A yields a determination that the aggregate changes in focuses has met or exceeded the maximum expected deviation of the lens, the process proceeds to method step  314 A. Method step  314 A illustrates that the current composite image (e.g., of method step  310 A) is stored and/or displayed. One specific example of method step  314 A would be store/display unit  214 A either storing or displaying the composite image. 
         [0092]    Method step  316 A shows the end of the process. 
         [0093]    Returning to method step  312 A, shown is that in the event that the upper limit on lens tolerance has not been met or exceeded, the process proceeds to method step  306 A and continues as described herein. 
         [0094]    Referring now to  FIG. 4A , depicted is a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2A  wherein lens  204 A has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3A . Lens  204 A of lens system  200 A is illustrated as having been moved to another position forward of the primary position which gave rise to the five different portions of image  100 A shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1A and 2A . Specifically, lens  204 A of lens system  200 A is illustrated as repositioned such that fifth portion  108 A of image  100 A is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  306 A). In one implementation, fifth portion  108 A of image  100 A can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106 A (e.g.,  FIGS. 1A and 2A ) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with fifth portion  108 A as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1A and 2A  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 A). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 4A  function as described elsewhere herein. 
         [0095]    With reference now to  FIG. 5A , illustrated is another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2A  wherein lens  204 A has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3A . Lens  204 A of lens system  200 A is illustrated as having been moved to another position rearward of the primary position which gave rise to the five different portions of image  100 A shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1A . Specifically, lens  204 A of lens system  200 A is illustrated as positioned such that first portion  104 A of image  100 A is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 A (e.g., as described in relation to method step  306 A). In one implementation, first portion  104 A of image  100 A can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106 A,  108 A (e.g.,  FIGS. 1A, 2A , and  4 A) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with first portion  104 A as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1A and 2A  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 A). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 5A  function as described elsewhere herein. 
       III. Image Correction Using a Microlens Array as a Unit 
       [0096]    With reference to the figures, and with reference now to  FIG. 1B , shown is a front-plan view of image  100 B of a person (e.g., person  202 B of  FIG. 2B ) projected onto photo-detector array  102 B. Image  100 B is shown as distorted due to defects in a microlens array through which image  100 B has been projected (e.g., microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B of  FIG. 2B ). First portion  104 B of image  100 B is illustrated as large and blurry, which can occur when a microlens deviation causes first portion  104 B of image  100 B to come to a focus in front of an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B. Second, third, and fourth portions  106 B of image  100 B are illustrated as right sized, which can occur when microlenses of the microlens array cause portions  106 B to correctly focus on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B. Fifth portion  108 B of image  100 B is shown as small and faint, which can occur when a microlens deviation causes fifth portion  108 B to come to a focus (virtual) behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B. In addition, although not expressly shown, those having skill in the art will appreciate that various microlens defects could also cause the image to be distorted in x-y; those having skill in the art will also appreciate that different colored wavelengths of light can in and of themselves focus at different positions due to differences in refraction of the different colored wavelengths of light. In addition, although not expressly shown herein, those having skill in the art will appreciate that the subject matter disclosed herein may serve to remedy misfocusings/distortions arising from defects other than lens defects, such as, for example, defects in the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B and/or defects in frames that hold microlens arrays. 
         [0097]    Referring now to  FIG. 2B , depicted is a side-plan view of lens system  200 B that can give rise to image  100 B of  FIG. 1B . Microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B is illustrated as located at a primary position and having microlens deviations that give rise to the five different portions of image  100 B shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1B . First portion  104 B of image  100 B is illustrated as misfocused in front of an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B, where the misfocus is due to a deviation of microlens  252 B. Second, third, and fourth portions  106 B of image  100 B are illustrated as respectively right sized and focused by microlenses  250 B,  254 B, and  258 B on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B. (It is recognized that in side plan view the head and feet of person  202 B would appear as lines; however, for sake of clarity they are shown in profile in  FIG. 2B  to help orient the reader relative to  FIG. 1B .) Fifth portion  108 B is shown as small and faint, and virtually misfocused behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B, where the misfocus is due to a deviation of microlens  256 B. In addition, although not expressly shown herein, those having skill in the art will appreciate that the subject matter of  FIG. 2B  is also illustrative of those situations in which one or more individual photo-detectors forming part of the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B—rather than one or more microlenses of microlens array  204 B—deviate from one or more predefined positions by amounts such that image misfocuses/distortions arising from such deviations are unacceptable. That is, insofar as image misfocusing and/or distortion could just as easily arise from photo-detector array  102 B having mispositioned photo-detectors as from microlens array  204 B having mispositioned/defective lenses, the subject matter disclosed herein may serve to remedy misfocusings/distortions arising from defects in the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B. 
         [0098]    Continuing to refer to  FIG. 2B , further shown are components that can serve as an environment for the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3B . Specifically, controller  208 B is depicted as controlling the position of microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B (e.g., via use of a feedback control subsystem). Image capture unit  206 B is illustrated as receiving image data from photo-detector array  102 B and receiving control signals from controller  208 B. Image capture unit  206 B is shown as transmitting captured image information to focus detection unit  210 B. Focus detection unit  210 B is depicted as transmitting focus data to image construction unit  212 B. Image construction unit  212 B is illustrated as transmitting a composite image to image store/display unit  214 B. 
         [0099]    With reference now to  FIG. 3B , depicted is a high level logic flowchart of a process. Method step  300 B shows the start of the process. Method step  302 B depicts capturing a primary image with a microlens array at a primary position, the microlens array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property. Examples of the array having at least one microlens deviation that exceeds a first tolerance from a target optical property include (a) where at least one microlens position exceeds a first tolerance from at least one defined microlens position, and (b) where at least one microlens of the microlens array has at least one focal length that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined focal length (e.g., a microlens deviation that would produce portion  108 B of image  100 B at some place behind an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B or a microlens deviation that would produce portion  104 B at some place in front of the imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B where the distance in front or back of the imaging surface exceeds a defined tolerance distance where an image captured with the photo-detector array  102 B is deemed acceptable). Specific instances of the foregoing include a microlens of the microlens array having at least one spherical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined spherical aberration, and a microlens of the microlens array having at least one cylindrical aberration that exceeds a first tolerance from a defined cylindrical aberration. Alternatively, the microlens array may have some combination of microlenses having such defects. In one implementation, method step  302 B includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image at an average primary focal surface location of the microlens array (e.g., a defined focal surface of the microlens array where an image would form if the microlens array had no microlenses having aberrations outside a specified tolerance). In another implementation, method step  302 B includes the sub-step of capturing the primary image with a photo-detector array at the average primary focal surface location of the microlens array (e.g., positioning the microlens array such that a defined focal surface of the lens coincides with an imaging surface of a photo-detector array). 
         [0100]    Referring again to  FIG. 2B , one specific example of method step  302 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be controller  208 B directing lens system  200 B to position microlens array  204 B at a primary position, and thereafter instructing image capture unit  206 B to capture an image from photo-detector array  102 B. 
         [0101]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , method step  304 B illustrates determining at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image (or determining at least one focused region of the primary image). In one implementation, method step  304 B includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of the primary image (e.g., sharp, or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). 
         [0102]    Referring again to  FIG. 2B , one specific example of method step  304 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be focus detection unit  210 B performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206 B when lens  204 B was at the primary position. In this example, focus detection unit  210 B could deem portions of the image having significant high frequency components as “in focus” images. As a more specific example, the Fourier transform and analysis may be performed on one or more parts of the image that are associated with one or more microlenses  250 B- 258 B of microlens array  204 B. 
         [0103]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , method step  306 B shows capturing another image with the microlens array at another position. In one implementation, method step  306 B includes the sub-step of capturing the other image at the average primary focal surface location of the microlens array at the primary position. In another implementation, the step of capturing the other image at a primary focal surface location of the microlens array at the primary position further includes the sub-step of moving at least a part of the microlens array to the other position; and capturing the other image with a photo-detector array at the primary focal surface location of the microlens at the primary position (e.g., microlens array  204 B is moved to another position, while photo-detector array  102 B remains stationary, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4B and 5B ). In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the microlens array to the other position further includes the sub-step of moving the at least a part of the microlens array to the other position within at least one distance constrained by a predefined variation from at least one defined microlens position. In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the microlens array to the other position further includes the sub-step of moving an intermediary lens. In another implementation, the step of moving at least a part of the microlens array to the other position further includes the sub-step of distorting the microlens array such that the at least a part of the microlens array resides at the other position (e.g., a part of microlens array  204 B is moved to another position, such as might happen if microlens array  204 B were to be compressed laterally in a controlled manner, while photo-detector array  102 B remains stationary, such as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 4B and 5B ). 
         [0104]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2B, 4B and/or 5B , one specific example of method step  306 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be controller  208 B directing lens system  200 B to position microlens array  204 B at a position other than the primary position and thereafter instructing image capture unit  206 B to capture an image from photo-detector array  102 B.  FIG. 4B  shows and describes moving at least a portion of microlens array  204 B forward of the primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208 B moving microlens array  204 B forward, or causing microlens array  204 B to be compressed such that a part of microlens array  204 B moves forward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B).  FIG. 5B  shows and describes moving at least a portion of the microlens array rearward of the primary position (e.g., such as by controller  208 B moving microlens array  204 B rearward, or causing microlens array  204 B to be compressed such that a part of microlens array  204 B moves rearward relative to an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B). 
         [0105]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , method step  308 B depicts determining a focus of at least one region of the other image relative to a focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, method step  308 B includes the sub-step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components). In one implementation, the step of calculating a Fourier transform of at least a part of at least one region of the other image (e.g., sharp or in-focus images produce abrupt transitions that often have significant high frequency components) includes the sub-step of mapping at least one region of the primary image with at least one region of the other image (e.g., mapping an out-of-focus region of the first image to a corresponding region of the second image). As a more specific example, the Fourier transform and analysis may be performed on one or more parts of the image that are associated with one or more microlenses of the microlens array (e.g., mapping at least one region of the primary image associated with at least one specific microlens against the at least one region of the other image associated with the at least one specific microlens). 
         [0106]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2B, 4B and/or 5B , one specific example of method step  308 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be focus detection unit  210 B performing a Fourier transform and subsequent analysis on at least a part of an image captured by image capture unit  206 B when microlens array  204 B was at the other position specified by controller  208 B. 
         [0107]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , method step  310 B depicts constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image. In one implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of replacing at least a part of the out-of-focus region of the primary image with at least a part of the at least one region of the other image. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of utilizing at least one of tiling image processing techniques, morphing image processing techniques, blending image processing techniques, and stitching image processing techniques. 
         [0108]    In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-steps of correlating a feature of the primary image with a feature of the other image; detecting at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of at least one of the primary image and the other image; correcting the detected at least one of size, color, and displacement distortion of the at least one of the primary image and the other image; and assembling the composite image using the corrected distortion. In yet another implementation, the step of constructing a composite image in response to the at least one region of the other image having a sharper focus relative to the focus of the at least one out-of-focus region of the primary image includes the sub-step of correcting for motion between the primary and the other image. 
         [0109]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2B, 4B and/or 5B , one specific example of method step  310 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be image construction unit  212 B creating a composite image by replacing those portions of an image of person  202 B captured at a primary position with more in-focus portions of an image of person  202 B captured by image capture unit  206 B when microlens array  204 B was at the other position. In one implementation of the example, image construction unit  212 B corrects for the motion between images using conventional techniques if such correction is desired. In another implementation of the example, motion correction is not used. 
         [0110]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , method step  312 B shows a determination of whether an aggregate change in position, relative to the primary position of method step  302 B, has exceeded a maximum expected deviation of the microlens array. For example, even with a relatively poor quality microlens array, there will typically be an upper manufacturing limit beyond which microlens deviations are not expected to go (e.g., the microlens array has manufacturing criteria such that each microlens in the array provide a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm). 
         [0111]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2B, 4B and/or 5B , one specific example of method step  312 B ( FIG. 3B ) would be controller  208 B comparing an aggregate movement in a defined direction against a pre-stored upper limit deviation value. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 4B , if microlens array  204 B has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208 B will determine whether the total forward movement of the microlens array is greater than 0.05 mm relative to the primary position. In an implementation of the example illustrated in  FIG. 5B , if microlens array  204 B has manufacturing criteria such as a focal length of 5 mm+/−0.05 mm, controller  208 B will determine whether the total rearward movement of microlens array  204 B is greater than 0.05 mm relative to the primary position. 
         [0112]    With reference again to  FIG. 3B , if the inquiry of method step  312 B yields a determination that the aggregate change in position has met or exceeded the maximum expected deviation of the microlens array, the process proceeds to method step  314 B. Method step  314 B illustrates that the current composite image (e.g., of method step  310 B) is stored and/or displayed. One specific example of method step  314 B would be image store/display unit  214 B either storing or displaying the composite image. 
         [0113]    Method step  316 B shows the end of the process. 
         [0114]    Returning to method step  312 B, shown is that in the event that the upper limit on microlens array tolerance has not been met or exceeded, the process proceeds to method step  306 B and continues as described herein. 
         [0115]    Referring now to  FIG. 4B , depicted is a side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2B  wherein microlens array  204 B has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3B . Microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B is illustrated as having been moved to another position forward of the primary position which gave rise to the five different portions of image  100 B shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1B and 2B . Specifically, microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B is illustrated as repositioned such that fifth portion  108 B of image  100 B is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  306 B). In one implementation, fifth portion  108 B of image  100 B can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106 B (e.g.,  FIGS. 1B and 2B ) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with fifth portion  108  as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1B and 2B  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 B). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 4B  function as described elsewhere herein. 
         [0116]    With reference now to  FIG. 5B , illustrated is another side-plan view of the system of  FIG. 2B  wherein microlens array  204 B has been moved in accordance with aspects of the process shown and described in relation to  FIG. 3B . Microlens array  204 B of lens system  200  is illustrated as having been moved to another position rearward of the primary position which gave rise to the five different portions of image  100 B shown and described in relation to  FIG. 1B . Specifically, microlens array  204 B of lens system  200 B is illustrated as positioned such that first portion  104 B of image  100 B is right sized and focused on an imaging surface of photo-detector array  102 B (e.g., as described in relation to method step  306 B). In one implementation, first portion  104 B of image  100 B can be combined with previously captured in focus and right sized portions  106 B,  108 B (e.g.,  FIGS. 1B, 2B, and 4B ) to create a composite image such that the defects associated with first portion  104 B as shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 1B and 2B  are alleviated (e.g., as shown and described in relation to method step  310 B). The remaining components and control aspects of the various parts of  FIG. 5B  function as described elsewhere herein. 
         [0117]    Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the foregoing specific exemplary processes and/or machines and/or technologies are representative of more general processes and/or machines and/or technologies taught elsewhere herein, such as in the claims filed herewith and/or elsewhere in the present application. 
         [0118]    Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware, software, and/or firmware implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware, software, and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware. 
         [0119]    In some implementations described herein, logic and similar implementations may include software or other control structures. Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths of electrical current constructed and arranged to implement various functions as described herein. In some implementations, one or more media may be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation when such media hold or transmit device detectable instructions operable to perform as described herein. In some variants, for example, implementations may include an update or modification of existing software or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, such as by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or more instructions in relation to one or more operations described herein. Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation may include special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/or general-purpose components executing or otherwise invoking special-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations may be transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission media as described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise by passing through distributed media at various times. 
         [0120]    Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing a special-purpose instruction sequence or invoking circuitry for enabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or more occurrences of virtually any functional operations described herein. In some variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may be expressed as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as an executable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, implementations may be provided, in whole or in part, by source code, such as C++, or other code sequences. In other implementations, source or other code implementation, using commercially available and/or techniques in the art, may be compiled//implemented/translated/converted into a high-level descriptor language (e.g., initially implementing described technologies in C or C++ programming language and thereafter converting the programming language implementation into a logic-synthesizable language implementation, a hardware description language implementation, a hardware design simulation implementation, and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression). For example, some or all of a logical expression (e.g., computer programming language implementation) may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description (e.g., via Hardware Description Language (HDL) and/or Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptor Language (VHDL)) or other circuitry model which may then be used to create a physical implementation having hardware (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Those skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimize suitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies, actuators, or other structures in light of these teachings. 
         [0121]    The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.). 
         [0122]    In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
         [0123]    Modules, logic, circuitry, hardware and software combinations, firmware, or so forth may be realized or implemented as one or more general-purpose processors, one or more processing cores, one or more special-purpose processors, one or more microprocessors, at least one Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), at least one Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), some combination thereof, or so forth that is executing or is configured to execute instructions, a special-purpose program, an application, software, code, some combination thereof, or so forth as at least one special-purpose computing apparatus or specific computing component. One or more modules, logic, or circuitry, etc. may, by way of example but not limitation, be implemented using one processor or multiple processors that are configured to execute instructions (e.g., sequentially, in parallel, at least partially overlapping in a time-multiplexed fashion, at least partially overlapping across multiple cores, or a combination thereof, etc.) to perform a method or realize a particular computing machine. For example, a first module may be embodied by a given processor executing a first set of instructions at or during a first time, and a second module may be embodied by the same given processor executing a second set of instructions at or during a second time. Moreover, the first and second times may be at least partially interleaved or overlapping, such as in a multi-threading, pipelined, or predictive processing environment. As an alternative example, a first module may be embodied by a first processor executing a first set of instructions, and a second module may be embodied by a second processor executing a second set of instructions. As another alternative example, a particular module may be embodied partially by a first processor executing at least a portion of a particular set of instructions and embodied partially by a second processor executing at least a portion of the particular set of instructions. Other combinations of instructions, a program, an application, software, or code, etc. in conjunction with at least one processor or other execution machinery may be utilized to realize one or more modules, logic, or circuitry, etc. to implement any of the processing algorithms described herein. 
         [0124]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A data processing system may be implemented utilizing suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. 
         [0125]    For the purposes of this application, “cloud” computing may be understood as described in the cloud computing literature. For example, cloud computing may be methods and/or systems for the delivery of computational capacity and/or storage capacity as a service. The “cloud” may refer to one or more hardware and/or software components that deliver or assist in the delivery of computational and/or storage capacity, including, but not limited to, one or more of a client, an application, a platform, an infrastructure, and/or a server The cloud may refer to any of the hardware and/or software associated with a client, an application, a platform, an infrastructure, and/or a server. For example, cloud and cloud computing may refer to one or more of a computer, a processor, a storage medium, a router, a switch, a modem, a virtual machine (e.g., a virtual server), a data center, an operating system, a middleware, a firmware, a hardware back-end, a software back-end, and/or a software application. A cloud may refer to a private cloud, a public cloud, a hybrid cloud, and/or a community cloud. A cloud may be a shared pool of configurable computing resources, which may be public, private, semi-private, distributable, scaleable, flexible, temporary, virtual, and/or physical. A cloud or cloud service may be delivered over one or more types of network, e.g., a mobile communication network, and the Internet. 
         [0126]    As used in this application, a cloud or a cloud service may include one or more of infrastructure-as-a-service (“IaaS”), platform-as-a-service (“PaaS”), software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), and/or desktop-as-a-service (“DaaS”). As a non-exclusive example, IaaS may include, e.g., one or more virtual server instantiations that may start, stop, access, and/or configure virtual servers and/or storage centers (e.g., providing one or more processors, storage space, and/or network resources on-demand, e.g., EMC and Rackspace). PaaS may include, e.g., one or more software and/or development tools hosted on an infrastructure (e.g., a computing platform and/or a solution stack from which the client can create software interfaces and applications, e.g., Microsoft Azure). SaaS may include, e.g., software hosted by a service provider and accessible over a network (e.g., the software for the application and/or the data associated with that software application may be kept on the network, e.g., Google Apps, SalesForce). DaaS may include, e.g., providing desktop, applications, data, and/or services for the user over a network (e.g., providing a multi-application framework, the applications in the framework, the data associated with the applications, and/or services related to the applications and/or the data over the network, e.g., Citrix). The foregoing is intended to be exemplary of the types of systems and/or methods referred to in this application as “cloud” or “cloud computing” and should not be considered complete or exhaustive. 
         [0127]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to implement devices and/or processes and/or systems, and thereafter use engineering and/or other practices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a Voice over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Qwest, Southwestern Bell, etc.), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity (e.g., Sprint, Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc. 
         [0128]    In certain cases, use of a system or method may occur in a territory even if components are located outside the territory. For example, in a distributed computing context, use of a distributed computing system may occur in a territory even though parts of the system may be located outside of the territory (e.g., relay, server, processor, signal-bearing medium, transmitting computer, receiving computer, etc. located outside the territory). A sale of a system or method may likewise occur in a territory even if components of the system or method are located and/or used outside the territory. Further, implementation of at least part of a system for performing a method in one territory does not preclude use of the system in another territory. 
         [0129]    One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting. 
         [0130]    With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
         [0131]    The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable components. 
         [0132]    In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (e.g. “configured to”) can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. 
         [0133]    This application may make reference to one or more trademarks, e.g., a word, letter, symbol, or device adopted by one manufacturer or merchant and used to identify and distinguish his or her product from those of others. Trademark names used herein are set forth in such language that makes clear their identity, that distinguishes them from common descriptive nouns, that have fixed and definite meanings, and, in many if not all cases, are accompanied by other specific identification using terms not covered by trademark. In addition, trademark names used herein have meanings that are well-known and defined in the literature, and do not refer to products or compounds protected by trade secrets in order to divine their meaning. All trademarks referenced in this application are the property of their respective owners, and the appearance of one or more trademarks in this application does not diminish or otherwise adversely affect the validity of the one or more trademarks. All trademarks, registered or unregistered, that appear in this application are assumed to include a proper trademark symbol, e.g., the circle R or [trade], even when such trademark symbol does not explicitly appear next to the trademark. To the extent a trademark is used in a descriptive manner to refer to a product or process, that trademark should be interpreted to represent the corresponding product or process as of the date of the filing of this patent application. 
         [0134]    While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
         [0135]    With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. 
         [0136]    While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.