Abstract:
A functional chromium electroplating bath and process is disclosed. The bath comprises chromic acid, sulfoacetic acid, iodate and a nitrogen organic compound. Such a bath gives chromium deposits which are both bright and adherent.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to electrodeposited layers, and, more particularly, to functional, electrodeposited chromium layers having advantageous performance properties, and to a chromium plating bath and method for forming such useful chromium electrodeposits. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Hexavalent chromium plating baths are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,750,337; 3,310,480; 3,311,548; 3,745,097; 3,654,101; 4,234,396; 4,406,756; 4,450,050; 4,472,249; and 4,588,481. These baths generally are intended for &#34;decorative&#34; chromium plating or for &#34;functional&#34; (hard) chromium electrodeposition. Decorative chromium plating baths are concerned with deposition over a wide plating range so that articles of irregular shape can be completely covered. Functional chromium plating, on the other hand, is designed for regularly shaped articles, where plating at a high current efficiency and at high current densities is of particular importance. 
     Functional hexavalent chromium plating baths containing chromic acid and sulfate as a catalyst generally permit the deposition of chromium onto a basis metal substrate at cathode efficiencies of about 12% to 16% at current densities of about 1 to 6 asi. Mixed catalyst chromic acid plating baths containing both sulfate and fluoride ions generally allow for chromium plating at higher cathode efficiencies, e.g. at 22% to 26%, and at higher rates. However, the presence of fluoride ion in such baths causes etching of ferrous based metal substrates. 
     Other chromium plating baths which use iodide, bromide or chloride ions as additives can operate at even high current efficiencies, but these baths produce chromium deposits which do not adhere well to the substrate, and which are dull in appearance, or at best only semi-bright. For example, Chessin, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,249, describes a high energy efficient functional chromium electroplating bath which operates at very high current efficiencies, e.g. about 50%. This bath generally consist of chromic acid, sulfate, iodide, and a carboxylate; it is used at conventional current densities, e.g. between about 1 to 6 asi. Unfortunately, this bath has adherence problems, and provides only a semi-bright deposit. 
     Chessin and Newby, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,481, describes a method for producing non-iridescent, adherent, bright chromium deposits at high efficiencies without low current density etching. This method involves plating at a temperature of 45°-70° C. from a functional chromium plating bath consisting essentially of chromic acid and sulfate, and a non-substituted alkyl sulfonic acid having a ratio of S/C of &gt;1/3, in the absence of a carboxylic or dicarboxylic acid. 
     Accordingly, an object herein is to provide chromium electrodeposits which are adherent, bright, smooth, hard, and which can be formed at high efficiencies and operate within useful current densities. 
     These and other objects will be made apparent from the following more detailed description of the invention. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     In accordance with the above objects of the invention, there is provided herein an improved chromium plating bath for deposition of bright, smooth, functional chromium at conventional plating current densities. 
     The chromium plating bath of the invention consists essentially of chromic acid, sulfoacetic acid, in a concentration range of about 40 g/l to 150 g/l, an iodine-releasing agent, and a nitrogen organic compound as a depolarizer. 
     The chromium electrodeposits of the invention are particularly characterized as being smooth and bright within an operating current density range of about 1-10 asi. 
     The plating bath herein is further characterized as being substantially free of deleterious carboxylic acids, fluoride ion, bromide ion, and selenium ion. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A typical functional chromium electroplating bath in accordance with the invention has the following constituents present. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________            Suitable                   Preferred            (g/l)  (g/l)______________________________________ConstituentChromic acid       150-450  200-350Sulfoacetic acid*  40-150    80-120Iodate             0.5-10   1-3Nitrogen Organic Compound              1-40      3-15Optional ConstituentSulfate             0-4.5   2-3Operating ConditionsCurrent density (asi)              1-10     1-4Temperature (°C.)              45-70    50-60______________________________________ *Sulfoacetic acid can be present also as sulfoacetate, or isethionic acid or an isethionate, which oxidize in the plating bath to provide sulfoacetic acid in the desired concentration. 
    
     The current efficiencies obtained using the plating bath composition of the invention are in the range of about 21%. 
     A typical chromium electrodeposit formed on a basis metal, e.g. steel, from the electroplating bath of the invention, under the conditions described above, has the following physical properties, chemical composition and performance characteristics. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________Physical PropertiesAdhesion to substrate - excellentBrightness - excellentSurface - smoothPerformance CharacteristicsHardness - KN.sub.100 &gt; 1100, e.g. 1100-1400*Coefficient of friction - excellentWear resistance - excellent______________________________________ *KN.sub.100 is Knoop Hardness employing a 100 g weight. All values are expressed in Knoop Hardness Units (KH). 
    
     Typical nitrogen organic compounds for use in the chromium electroplating bath of the invention include: 
     glycine 
     nicotinic acid 
     isonicotinic acid 
     pyridine 
     2-aminopyridine 
     3-chloropyridine 
     picolinic acid 
     guanine 
     guanidine acetic acid 
     adenine 
     The nitrogen organic compound in the chromium electroplating bath of the invention functions as a depolarizer in the electroplating process. 
    
    
     The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the following example. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A chromium electroplating bath was prepared having the following composition. 
     
         ______________________________________Chromic Acid           250 g/lSulfoacetic acid       100 g/lIodate*                1 g/lSulfate**              2.5 g/lNicotinic acid         10 g/l______________________________________ *added as potassium iodate **added as sodium sulfate 
    
     Chromium was plated from this bath onto a nickel-plated steel mandrel at 3 asi, at 55° C. for 10 min., to produce a bright, smooth, adherent chromium layer thereon having a thickness of 0.5 mils. The current efficiency was 20%. The chromium electrodeposit had the physical and performance properties given in Table II above. The hardness value KN 100  was 350. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A chromium electroplating bath was prepared having the following composition. 
     
         ______________________________________Chromic Acid           250 g/lSulfoacetic acid       80 g/lIodate                 3 g/lSulfate                2 g/lGlycine                5 g/l______________________________________ 
    
     Chromium was plated from this bath onto a stainless steel mandrel at 2 asi, at 60° C. for 30 min. to produce a chromium layer thereon having a thickness of 1.0 mils. The current efficiency was 22%. 
     The chromium electrodeposit had the physical and performance properties given in Table II above. The hardness value KN 100  was 1300. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The chromium plating bath had the following composition: 
     
         ______________________________________Chromic acid           225 g/lSulfoacetic acid       60 g/lIodate                 2 g/lSulfate                2.0 g/lPicolinic acid         10 g/l______________________________________ 
    
     Chromium was plated onto a steel mandrel at 5 asi at 60° C. for 60 minutes to produce a chromium layer having a thickness of 2.0 mils. The current efficiency was 20%. The physical properties and chemical composition of the chromium electrodeposit were similar to those given in Table II above. The hardness values KN 100  was 1325.