Abstract:
A method of controlling a heating system including at least a first stage heat pump and a second stage auxiliary heater, and a control that implements the method. The control shuts off the first stage heat pump during cold outside temperatures without the need to directly sense the outside temperature. The method includes selectively turning on the first stage heat pump or the second stage auxiliary heater based upon a measure of the amount of time at least one of the stages was on verses the time neither of the stages was on. This can be implemented with a counter that increases when neither the heat pump nor the auxiliary heater is on, and that decreases when either the heat pump or the auxiliary heater is on.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     During periods of extreme cold, heat pumps usually cannot provide enough heat to maintain the desired inside temperature. For this reason, it is common, particularly in areas that regularly have periods of sustained cold temperatures, to provide an auxiliary heat source. These auxiliary heat sources are typically an electric heater or a fossil fuel (e.g., gas) furnace. In the case of fossil fuel furnaces, it is undesirable that the heat pump and the furnace operate at the same time. The most common solution to preventing the heat pump and auxiliary fossil fuel furnace from operating simultaneously is to install a fossil fuel kit. However, fossil fuel kits are expensive and usually require installation of a separate control panel and at least two temperature sensors. The installer typically must set/adjust an outdoor temperature at which the compressor is locked and the auxiliary fossil fuel furnace is used instead. However, the proper temperature varies with the heat pump efficiency, home insulation, current weather conditions (e.g., sunny or cloudy) and the interior temperature set point. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a control for a heat pump having an auxiliary heat source that operates the auxiliary heat source and locks out the heat pump based on the estimated heating load, rather than on directly sensed outside temperature. The estimate of heat load is based on the temperature relative the set point temperature and duty cycle of the load. The estimate may then be used to decide when to lockout the heat pump. This eliminates the need to install a fossil fuel kit, and in particular to install the outside temperature sensors typically included in such kits. The method of the present invention operates the auxiliary heat source and locks out the heat pump based on the relative time that either of the heat sources is “on” and the time that both of the heat sources are “off”. 
     This can be conveniently implemented using a counter that increments when a heat source is “on” and decrements when the heat sources are “off” (or vice versa). Thus the counter acts as a measures of the heat load, a high counter indicating that the heat sources have been “on” relatively more time than they have been “off”, which it typically the result of unusually cold outside temperatures, and a low counter indicating that the heat sources have been “off” relatively more time than they have been “on”. The controller turns “on” the heat pump if there is a call for heat and the counter is below a first threshold, and turns “on” the auxiliary heat source if there is a call for heat and the counter is above the first threshhold. The controller also turns “on” the auxiliary heat if the counter reaches a second threshold before the demand for heat is satisfied. The control may delay turning “off” the heat pump after turning “on” the auxiliary heat source, to allow it to continue to provide heat as the auxiliary heat source warms up. 
     The control and the control method of the present invention automatically take into installation-specific parameters such as heat pump efficiency and home insulation, as well as variable parameters, such as current weather conditions and inside temperature set point. Thus, the actual operation of the system is not dependent upon temperatures settings based upon estimates made at the time of the installation of the system, and automatically takes into account changes in conditions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the control of the present invention, as it would be connected to a heat pump and auxiliary heater; 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the process of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph comparing temperature versus time and the counter versus time, illustrating a case where the controller would turn “on” the heat pump rather than the auxiliary heat source; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph comparing temperature versus time and the counter versus time, illustrating a case where the controller would turn “on” the auxiliary heat source and turn “off” the heat pump; and 
     FIG. 5 is a graph comparing temperature versus time and the counter versus time, illustrating a case where the controller would turn “on” the auxiliary heat source rather than the heat pump. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a control and a control method for operating a heating system that includes both a heat pump and an auxiliary heat source or heater which generally prevents concurrent operation of the heat pump and the auxiliary heater, based on estimated heating load, rather than on a direct measurement of outside temperature. This eliminates the need for installing and connecting outside temperatures, the difficulties is accurately establishing the proper set points. This also results in operation that is generally more comfortable and efficient, automatically adapting to changing outside weather conditions and inside set points, which systems relying solely on sensing outside temperature cannot do. 
     A control constructed according to the principles of the present invention is indicated generally as  20  in FIG.  1 . The control  20  may be, for example, a thermostat that includes a processor programmed to implement the method of this invention. The control  20  is connected to a heat pump  22  and to an auxiliary heater  24 , for controlling the heat pump and auxiliary heater to heat a space  26 . 
     The control  20  is adapted to accept a set-point temperature S from the user, and when the temperature in the space  26  drops below the set-point temperature, the control  20  turns on the heat pump  22  and/or the auxiliary heat source  24 . In actuality, the control may turn on the heat pump  22  or auxiliary heat source  24  at a temperature slightly different from the set-point temperature (for example {fraction (3/16)}° above the set-point temperature) so that the temperature in the space  26  does not drop below the set-point temperature. The control also turns off the heat pump  22  and/or auxiliary heat source  24  when the temperature in the space  26  rises above the set-point temperature. In actuality, the control may turn off the heat pump  22  or auxiliary heat source  24  at a temperature slightly different from the set-point temperature (for example {fraction (12/16)}° above the set-point temperature) to provide a relatively constant, comfortable temperature without excessively cycling the heat pump  22  or auxiliary heat source  24 . 
     The controller  20  includes a counter, which, whenever either of the heat sources (heat pump  22  and/or auxiliary heat source  24 ) is “on”, increases or increments at a predetermined rate to a predetermined value T 1 . If counter reaches the predetermined value T 1  before the temperature reaches the set-point temperature, the control interprets this heat pump inefficiency as being the result of relatively cold outside temperatures. The control  20  subsequently turns “on” the auxiliary heat source  24 , and turns “off” the heat pump  22 . The control  20  may delay turning “off” the heat pump  22  slightly (e.g., for one minute) to continue to provide heat to the space  26  until the auxiliary heat source  26  can take over. The auxiliary heat source  24  continues to heat the space  26  until the temperature exceeds the control&#39;s target temperature, at which time the control turns “off” the auxiliary heater  24 . 
     While both the heat pump  22  and the heater  24  are turned “off”, the counter decreases or decrements at a predetermined rate to a predetermined value, preferably 0 in the first embodiment. If the temperature again drops below the set-point temperature S 1 , and the counter is above predetermined value T 2 , the control turns “on” the auxiliary heater  24 . However, if the counter has dropped below the predetermined value T 2 , indicating a lower demand for heat, then the control  20  turns “on” the heat pump  22 . 
     So long as one of the heat sources (heat pump  22  or auxiliary heater  24 ) is “on”, the counter is increased or incremented to a maximum, and when both of the heat sources (heat pump  22  and auxiliary heat source  24 ) are “off”, the counter is decreased or decremented to a minimum (zero in the preferred embodiment). Thus the counter serves as a measure of the relative amount of time that at least one of the heat sources is “on”, relative to the amount of time that both of the heat sources are “off”, which is also a measure of the heating demand for the space  26 . When the demand is high, as typically occurs during periods of low outside temperatures, the counter remains high (i.e., above the predetermined value T 2 ) which means that the auxiliary heat source will be used in favor of the heat pump when there is a call for heat. Conversely when demand is low, as occurs in more moderate outside temperatures, the counter remains low (i.e., below the predetermined value T 2 ) which means that the heat pump will be used in favor of the auxiliary heater when there is a demand for heat. Another instance of high demand is when the heat pump is on during a period of low outside temperature, and is taking a long time to reach the point where the control would turn the heat pump “off” because the demand for heat has been satisfied. In this case the counter reaches the predetermined value T 1  before the demand has been satisfied, and the control turns “on” the auxiliary heat source  24 , and turns “off” the heat pump. 
     Operation 
     The operation of the control method and the control for implement the method is illustrated in FIGS. 3-5. In a typical thermostat control, the call for heat is initiated slightly above the set point temperature, for example {fraction (3/16)} of a degree above the set point temperature, so that the temperature does not actually drop below the set point temperature. Similarly, in a typical thermostat control, the call for heat is terminated at a point above the point where the call for heat is initiated, so that the heater does not start and stop in quick succession, for example {fraction (12/16)} of a degree above the set point. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 3, at the start of the control method, when both the heat pump  22  and the auxiliary heat source  24  are “off”, the temperature in the space  26  drops to the “on” temperature indicated by line  30 , at which the control would normally initiate the call for heat. At this time the counter, which had been decreasing because neither the heat pump  22  or the auxiliary heater  24  were “on”, is below both the threshold value T 2 , and thus the control will turn on the heat pump  22 , and not the auxiliary heater  24 . In fact, the counter had decreased to its minimum value (0 in the preferred embodiment) where it stayed until the heat pump  22  turned on and the counter began to increment. In effect, in normal outside temperature conditions the temperature in the space  26  drops at a slower rate than the counter decreases, so that the counter will be below T 2  when there is a again a call for heat, and the controller turns on the heat pump to causes the heat pump. 
     This process is illustrated in FIG. 2, where at  100  the control determines whether the temperature equals the “on” temperature. For so long as the temperature is above the “on” temperature, the control decrements the counter at  102 , and again tests at  100  whether the temperature is below the “on” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “on” temperature, at  104  the control determines whether the counter is above or below the predetermined value T 2 . If at  104  the counter is above T 2 , then at  106 , the control turns “on” the auxiliary heat source  24 , and at  108  the control increases the counter. At  110  the control checks whether the temperature is below the “off” temperature. For so long as the temperature is below the “off” temperature, the control increments the counter at  108 , and again tests at  110  whether the temperature equals the “off” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “off” temperature, at  112 , the control turns the auxiliary heat source  24  “off”. If at  104  the counter is below T 2 , then at  114  the control turns “on” the heat pump  22 , and at  116  the control increases the counter. At  120  the control checks whether the temperature is below the “off” temperature. For so long as the temperature is below the “off” temperature, the control increments the counter at  116 , and again tests at  120  whether the temperature equals the “off” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “off” temperature, at  120 , the control turns the auxiliary heat source  24  “off”. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 4, when the temperature in the space  26  drops to the “on” temperature, the control turns the heat pump  21  “on”, and the counter begins to increase. If, as shown in FIG. 4, the counter increases to T 1  before the temperature in space  26  reaches the “off” temperature (illustrated by line  32 ), then the control turns on the auxiliary heater  26 , and turns off the heat pump  24 , preferably after a short delay to that the heat pump continues to provide heat while the auxiliary heater warms up. In effect, in cold outside conditions, the heat pump  24  heats the space  26  slower than the counter increases, so that the counter will reach T 1  before the temperature reaches the off temperature, and the controller turns on the auxiliary heater to finish heating the space  26  to the “off” temperature. 
     This process is illustrated in FIG. 2, where at  118 , while the heat pump  22  is “on” the control tests whether the counter is greater than the predetermined value T 1 . If it is not the control continues at  120  to whether the temperature equals the “off” temperature. For so long as the temperature is below the “off” temperature, the control increments the counter at  116 , and again tests at  120  whether the temperature equals the “off” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “off” temperature, at  120 , the control turns the auxiliary heat source  24  “off”. However, if the counter reaches T 1  before the control turns the heat pump  22  “off”, then at  124  the control turns “on” the auxiliary heat source  24 , and at  126  turns “off” the heat pump  22 . Then at  108  the control increases the counter. At  110  the control checks whether the temperature is below the “off” temperature. For so long as the temperature is below the “off” temperature, the control increments the counter at  108 , and again tests at  110  whether the temperature equals the “off” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “off” temperature, at  112 , the control turns the auxiliary heat source  24  “off”. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 5, the temperature in the space  26  drops after the heat is turned off. If, as shown in FIG. 5, the temperature reaches the “on” temperature before the counter drops below T 2  (illustrated by line  34 ), then the control will turn on auxiliary heater  26  rather than the heat pump  24 . In effect, in cold outside conditions, the temperature in the space drops more quickly than the counter decreases, so that when the temperature reaches the “on” point, the counter is still above T 2 , and the controller turns on the auxiliary heater  26  to satisfy the demand for heat. 
     This process is illustrated in FIG. 2, when the heat pump  22  is turned “off” at  122 , or the auxiliary heat source  24  is turned “off” at  112 , then at  128 , the control decreases the counter, and at  130  the controls tests whether the temperature is above the turn “on” temperature. For so long as the temperature at  130  is above the turn “on” temperature, the control decrements the counter at  128 , and again tests at  130  whether the temperature equals the “on” temperature. Once the temperature equals the “on” temperature, at  132 , the control tests whether the counter is greater than or less than the predetermined value T 2 . If the counter is less than T 2 , then at  114  the control turns “on” the heat pump  22 . If the counter is greater than T 2 , then at  106  the control turns “on” the auxiliary heat source  24 . 
     The “on” and “off” points for the thermostat relative to the set point are selected balancing the comfort of the occupants in the space, with reducing the cycling of the heat pump. The control points T 1  and T 2 , and the rate that the counter increases and the counter decreases, are selected so that the control operates the heat pump and the auxiliary heat to maintain the set point temperature in the space  26  without directly sensing the outside temperature. In severely cold conditions the rate that the space cools when no heat is provided is higher, and judiciously selecting the rate that the counter decreases and the control point T 2  causes the control to turn on the auxiliary heater rather than the heat pump, when the cooling rate is high. Similarly, in severely cold conditions the rate that the space hearts when heat is provided by the heat pump is lower, and judiciously selected the rate that the counter increases and the control point T 1  causes the control to turn on the auxiliary heater (and turn off the heat pump) when the heating rate it low.