Abstract:
A system that offers a method of capturing, analyzing, and visualizing a matrix of data for object and feature extraction. This is accomplished by reading a matrix of data represented by a plurality of data types into a processor via a data capture system. The matrix of data is overlaid by a control grid to form a regular matrix having a plurality of cells. A data search spatial radius is created from a point in each cell. Data is then processed from the matrix and certain characteristics are captured and represent each variable in each cell of the matrix, and then output, respectively.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to object and feature extraction in photographs and, more particularly, to object and feature extraction from LIDAR and generic image data. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Since the launch of the Earth&#39;s Technological Satellite (ERTS), now known as LANDSAT, in 1972, numerous software packages have been developed and used to visualize and analyze multispectral imagery (MSI) data. Since the vast majority of MSI data have been prepared in a form of a regular matrix where missing data points are extremely rare, users in general have had no problem in filling in missing data. Thus, such users do not need to examine whether given software has an option to handle irregular data points, or whether the method is appropriate. 
     With an increasing use of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and with the advancement of GPS as a navigation system since the 1980s, users of remotely sensed imagery must handle missing data points and must know whether the methods to generate LIDAR-based images for feature and object extraction are appropriate. Inherently, LIDAR data points are not regularly spaced, and non-edited, point cloud LIDAR elevation data do not lend themselves to filling in missing data points by interpolation. For example, a conventional linear interpolation usually means that the values for intermediate mid-point data points are estimated by using the average from the two end points. A more sophisticated technique is a curvilinear interpolation method that takes the slope between two points into account. A commonly used interpolation algorithm in many software packages is known as the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) algorithm. 
     The question in turn, is not which interpolation scheme is better, but rather, is it fundamentally inappropriate to interpolate LIDAR&#39;s elevation data. For example, consider three buildings on a straight line. The two buildings on either side are of elevation 100 feet and 200 feet, respectively. By a linear interpolation, the building located at the middle of these two buildings would be 150 feet. Suppose however that ten buildings are at varying distances for the to-be-estimated building height. Although the IDW or any other interpolation technique can be used to estimate the building height, the process is illogical, and can lead to discrepancies. 
     Fundamentally, “to interpolate or not to interpolate” is a question of whether the given data distribution follows a discrete function or a continuous function. If the data distribution follows a continuous function, interpolation is appropriate. But if the data distribution is fundamentally discrete, like elevation data of buildings, interpolation should not be applied. 
     Currently, no system offers a method to capture, characterize, and visualize fundamentally discrete distribution data, such as LIDAR data, and extends the process to include generic image data for object and feature extraction. 
     A survey of methods used by conventional image processing software packages such as Idrisi (Idrisi is a registered trademark of Trustees of Clark University), Erdas (Erdas is a registered trademark of Erdas, Inc.), Global Mapper, and ArcGIS (ArcGIS is a registered trademark of ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC.) reveals that a general sequence to generate an image from a LIDAR data set in the format of common separated vector (csv) first generates a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) and then performs interpolation on the TIN by interpolation such as IDW to generate an image. 
     Since using interpolation algorithms to convert an irregular matrix to a regular matrix for image generation is inappropriate when the data follows a discrete distribution, it would be advantageous to devise a system that receives and converts irregular matrix data into regular matrix data without the use of interpolation. 
     It is also advantageous to devise such a system that can handle irregular matrix data in various forms of data-point resolution and spatial density distribution, such as LIDAR returns. 
     It is also advantageous to design the data capture and visualization system to handle not only LIDAR data, but also generic image data like multispectral data. 
     Once the new data capture and visualization system for object and feature extraction can incorporate both LIDAR and generic image data, it is also advantageous that the system performs geoimage registration without altering the original LIDAR and generic image data. 
     It is advantageous for a new system to capture, characterize and visualize data for object and feature extraction by using dynamically adjustable pixel resolutions and controlling the radius of the data capture spatial domain. 
     It is also advantageous to capture the characteristics of data within a predetermined spatial domain, to know minimum, maximum, average, range and other statistical measurements. 
     It is also advantageous to generalize the data capture, characterization, and visualization from LIDAR data to generic image data. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to provide a measurement tool to capture and visualize data characteristics at a region of interest (ROI) or location of interest (LOI). 
     It is also advantageous for a system to display the captured data characteristics. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to provide a graphical user interface (GUI) to perform the discussed functions with relative ease. 
     Once the multiple data characteristics image layers are generated, it is advantageous to generate one or more data signatures for object and feature extraction. 
     It is also advantageous to generate color composites from LIDAR-derived bands to simulate natural color and color infrared (CIR) bands derived from conventional multispectral imagery. 
     Once multiple signatures from a region of interest are generated, it is advantageous to develop a parameter adjustable rule set for object and feature extraction. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to perform parameter adjustment at the individual signature level in addition to a group level. 
     It is most advantageous for a system to perform parameter adjustment in various object extraction domains, such as the number of signatures, the signature matching level, the density matching level, the radius of the search area, and so on. 
     For object and feature extraction, as well as display, it is also advantageous for a system to perform fusion between LIDAR and other sources, such as multispectral imagery. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to generate the most generalized objects and feature signatures automatically. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to generate the image that captures the dominant object or feature in the input image set. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to perform object and feature extraction using matching digital number (DN) values that do not match closely with dominant ones. 
     It is also advantageous for a system to perform object and feature extraction by combining both user-specified and automatically generated spectral signatures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a system that offers a method of capturing, analyzing, and visualizing a matrix of data for object and feature extraction. This is accomplished by reading a matrix of data represented by a plurality of data types into a processor via a data capture system. The matrix of data is overlaid by a control grid to form a regular matrix having a plurality of cells. A data search spatial radius is created from a point in each cell. Data is then processed from the matrix and certain characteristics are captured and represent each variable in each cell of the matrix, and then output, respectively. 
     During the process of capturing a data point, it is important to note that no interpolation is used under the inventive system. Once data points are captured, the method then applies parameter-specified rule sets to the information for object and/or feature extraction. Once the object/feature is extracted, the inventive system outputs the generated result. The result then undergoes change detection or environmental assessment and the final product is generated. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawings will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG. 1  is a screen shot depicting a GUI from a Geospatial Imagery Viewer (GSIview); 
         FIG. 2  is a screen shot showing an example of LIDAR data in common separated vector (.cvs) or binary (.bin) format to be read in; 
         FIG. 3  is a screen shot showing the GUI for a required Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone; 
         FIG. 4  is a screen shot showing how the inventive system handles LIDAR data by slicing data into different desired elevation bins; 
         FIG. 5  is a screen shot showing six generated images listed on the left hand side of the GUI panel; 
         FIG. 6  is a screen shot showing the inventive system providing a measurement tool for measuring the distance and height from two locations of interest using one of the generated images; 
         FIG. 7  shows a composite of three spatial cell resolutions; 
         FIG. 8  is an enlarged view of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  shows georegistration of LIDAR with digital orthophoto quarter quad (DOQQ); 
         FIG. 10  also shows how georegistration of LIDAR with digital orthophoto quarter quad (DOQQ); 
         FIG. 11  demonstrates a visualization of features and objects in LIDAR-derived bands, simulating a color infrared scene; 
         FIG. 12  shows a region of interest (ROI) and multiple signature extraction; 
         FIG. 13  shows the result of tree extraction by using a parameter-adjustable rule set; 
         FIG. 14  is a color composite generated from a combination of three ImaG Automated Signature Generation (ASG) signatures (ImaG is a trademark of Susquehanna Research and Environment, Inc.); 
         FIG. 15  shows a digital orthophoto quarter quad scene corresponding to  FIG. 14 ; and 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram of the inventive system depicting system component modules. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The invention features a method and system for extracting objects and features in photographs by capturing, analyzing, and visualizing a matrix of data that had been previously extracted from the aforementioned photographs. The regularly, or irregularly distributed data is then fed into a processor as a matrix of data points by the capture system. The captured data then undergoes through a parameter specific rule set and is then outputted by the system. 
     “Earth&#39;s Technological Satellite (ERTS), LANDSAT, Global Mapper, Geospatial Imagery Viewer, and GSlview” are terms used within the application that are either not registered or dead trademarks. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a data input GUI from GeoSpatial Imagery (GSI). A “load data” command reads the irregular or regular matrix data into the inventive system entitled GSlview. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of LIDAR data in common separated vector (csv) or binary (bin) format to be read in. 
       FIG. 3  shows the graphical user interface (GUI) for a required Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone. 
       FIG. 4  shows how the inventive system handles LIDAR data by slicing data into different desired elevation bins. In addition, the system allows the user to specify both the pixel-size resolution and the spatial data search domain for data capture. Furthermore, a method box allows the user to specify a data measurement item for generating an image. For example, a GUI specifies the image that generates the minimum data value computed from the data points in the data search spatial domain for each cell of the matrix to generate an image. 
       FIG. 5  shows further that the system has generated six images listed on the left side of the GUI panel. Note that in this case, two resolutions are provided with five ranges. In addition, the x-scale and y-scale of the pixel is 0.01 meter and 0.05 meter respectively. For 0.01-meter resolution the images cover four spatial cell resolutions: (a) 0.1 meter, (b) 0.5 meters, (c) 2 meters and (d) 4 meters; the displayed image is at the 1-meter range level. 
       FIG. 6  shows the inventive system providing a measurement tool for measuring the distance and height from two locations of interest. Since both the distance and the difference in elevation are given, the slope can be calculated. 
       FIG. 7  shows a composite of three spatial cell resolutions. 
       FIG. 8  is an enlarged view of  FIG. 7 . The inventive system clearly shows:
         Three levels of spatial domain resolutions used to capture data points   One type of data cell only has only one data point.   A second type of data cell has two data points.   A third type of the data cells has three data points.   The big-size cells overlap spatially.   The spatial cell structure is not a TIN.       

     It should be emphasized again that no interpolation is used to capture data points under the inventive system. 
       FIGS. 9 and 10  show that the GSIview system georegisters LIDAR data with a multispectral imagery counterpart DOQQ. Georegistering, for purposes of this disclosure, is meant to include a single location ground control point (GCP) as well as more extensive descriptions. This capability demonstrates that the inventive system performs georegistration without altering the original spectral and elevation data, and it uses the DOQQ data to remove false results if necessary. Here, georegistration means image registration with input of multiple images in which each pixel&#39;s location is referenced to a particular geodetic location, latitude and longitude (lat-long). Such a geodetic location references image is defined as a geoimage in this patent application. 
       FIG. 11  shows a visualization of features and objects from LIDAR-derived bands. A color infrared scene can be simulated, where vegetation appears as red or pinkish pixels. 
       FIG. 12  shows a region of interest (ROI) and a multiple signature extraction. Once an object or region of interest is colored, it is easier to see and it is easier for the user to delimit a region of interest to extract one or more spectral signatures. A parameter adjustable rule set is developed to extract objects and features of interest. In this case, the object is a collection of trees. 
       FIG. 13  shows the result of tree extraction by using a parameter-adjustable rule set. The extracted trees are colored in transparent green. The adjustable parameters for the rule set development include, but are not limited to, the following items:
         The number of spectral signatures in various combinations;   The size of the object searching grid area;   The signature matching level;   The density of signature matching level.       

     In general, using a single sensor to perform object and feature extraction results in varying levels of errors of omission and errors of commission. Therefore, the inventive system uses a multi-sensor fusion approach to reject false results. For LIDAR-based object and feature extraction, the use of georegistered multispectral imagery to reject false results produced in the LIDAR domain is an excellent strategy, and the inventive system provides this capability. However, the two sets of images must be converted into geoimages, and then georegistered. One innovative aspect of the invention is to provide such a means by which, after LIDAR and multi-spectral imagery are georegistered, the original pixel&#39;s digital number (DN) values and their geolocations (lat-long) are not altered. Co-pending United States patent applications for this feature are identified by Ser. Nos. 11/074,245, and 10/412,954, filed Mar. 7, 2005 and Apr. 15, 2003, respectively, and are hereby incorporated by reference. The method is known as the Virtual Transverse Mercator (VTM®) projection (Hsu patent no. 7,343,051, issued Mar. 7, 2008). Using UTM zones results in mismatched zones or disorientated images. VTM projection will eliminate those inconsistencies. 
       FIG. 13  is obtained by using the spectral signatures extracted automatically from a user-selected region of interest, from which the characteristics of each spectral signature is defined with a vector of integers. To complement this user-directed feature extraction module, the inventive system permits the user to deploy a user-handoff approach to extract a set of most generalized spectral signatures from a given scene. This module is called IMaG Automated Signature Generation (ASG) system. A set of user-specified numbers of the most generalized object/feature signatures is extracted. In addition, each pixel in the scene is associated with each of the automatically extracted signatures according to a certain degree of matching association. For each ASG signature, a corresponding image is generated. 
     Similar to  FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 14  shows a color composite generated from a combination of three ASG signatures. The point of interest in  FIG. 14  is the structure at the middle of the image with a cross-sign shape that can be a hospital. 
     The georegistered image counterpart of  FIG. 14  is a multispectral DOQQ, as shown in  FIG. 15 . A visual comparison between  FIGS. 14 and 15  centered on the “cross-sign” building area reveals that an annex building has been added to the 2005 DOOQ scene. The new building location in  FIG. 14  was previously a “dark” empty region. This comparison leads the inventive system to provide a means for change detection. For this case the change detection detects structural unit changes. By the same principle, change detection can be performed using two sets of georegistered multispectral imagery. 
       FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram summarizing the inventive system in terms of system component modules. Module  101  represents input data sources that include LIDAR and other sensor data and imagery. Module  102  performs geoimage generation and georegistration using the data from module  101 . Module  201  is the major LIDAR data processing system that accepts csv data and converts it to a set of images by parameter-specified pixel resolution levels and search-area-size levels. The GSlview system interacts with the geoimage and georegistration module  102  as well. Module  202  is the output from module  201 , fusing multiple data types, when present, and fusing them; and it interacts with module  102 . Module  301  is IMaG ATC-Maker® that extracts multiple spectral signatures from a region of interest, and then passes them over to module  501  for object and feature extraction using parameter adjustable rule sets. Data from modules  301  and  501  can be applied to module  401  for object and feature extraction using IMaG ground system that uses a photo-interpretation lexicon as its programming language. 
     Module  302  is an Automated Signature Generation (ASG) system that uses an image cube and automatically extracts a set of spectral signatures whose number is specified by the user. Unlike IMaG ATC-Maker®, ASG-generated spectral signatures are not specific to a given pixel location. Instead, the signatures are generalized across the entire scene; therefore, it can be called the most generalized spectral signatures. In addition, for each ASG signature, there is a corresponding image in which each pixel is associated with all the extracted ASG signatures by a probability-like function. 
     In addition, the ASG system  302  can accept independent sources, or module  601 , whose signatures are preset. Therefore ASG accepts either (1) no-preset, or (2) preset, or (3) a combination of preset and no-preset signatures to generate the most generalized signatures. The output is applied to either module  501  (IMaG Ground System), or module  301  (IMaG ATC-Maker®) or both for object and feature extraction. 
     Lastly, with the input of multi-temporal data and imagery, the inventive system is capable of performing general change detection or specific environmental assessment from change detection. In general, change detection is performed at module  401 , IMaG Ground System. 
     Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the examples chosen for purposes of disclosure and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention. 
     Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.