Abstract:
A portable receiver comprised of several antennas that are connected to a receiver unit for receiving a signal transmitted by an electromagnetic induction process. The antennas are made in the form of coils, that are carried by a support in such a way that the respective turns of the coils are oriented along different respective axes of an axis system associated with the support. The invention further includes a phase shifting means oriented between the antennas and the receiver unit. The phase shifting means is designed to produce a temporal phase shift corresponding to an angle of (n−1)π/n, at the frequency of the signal received between induced signals delivered by the antennas (n being the number of antennas).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Applicant claims priority to French patent application 9904326 filed Apr. 17, 1999. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a portable receiver of the type comprising several antennas which are connected to a receiver unit for receiving a signal transmitted by electromagnetic induction, said antennas being made in the form of coils which are carried by a support in such a way that the respective turns of said coils are oriented along different respective axes of a reference axis system associated with said support. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Portable receivers of the kind indicated above can be used especially in an anti-theft system for motor vehicles. In this case, the signal receiver is usually incorporated into what is called an “identifier”, which is intended to be carried by the owner of the vehicle or by an authorized person and which may furthermore include a signal transmitter placed on the same support as the signal receiver. This support may, for example, be made in the form of a smart card or in the form of a card incorporated into a badge, into the head of the contact key of a motor vehicle or into other articles likely to be carried by the owner of the motor vehicle or by a person authorized to drive the vehicle. Thus, signals may both be received by the identifier from an identification unit, forming part of the anti-theft system and located on board the vehicle, and be transmitted by the identifier to said identification unit. 
     Under these conditions, when a driver wishes to enter his vehicle, a dialogue between the identification unit and the identifier is established in a known manner. If the identification unit detects the presence of a correct identifier in a known manner, for example by comprising a code transmitted by the identifier with a reference code prerecorded in a memory of the anti-theft system, the identification unit, should the two codes be identical, transmits an authorization signal which can be used to authorize or carry out one or more functions of the motor vehicle, for example to unlock the door locks of the motor vehicle and/or release an engine-immobilizer system. 
     At the present time, the problem of how to achieve reception homogeneity of the signals by an identifier placed in the magnetic field transmitted by the antenna of the transmitter-receiver of the identification unit located on board the vehicle is well known. In other words, the signal received by the receiver of the identifier should have as large and as constant an amplitude as possible, whatever the position and/or orientation of the identifier in space, corresponding to the working range of the transmitter of said identification unit. 
     To solve this problem, a first known solution consists in generating what is called a “rotating field” on the transmission side, that is to say within the identification unit located on board the vehicle. For this purpose, an antenna, two coils are used, the axes of revolution of and the currents flowing through said coils are offset by 90°. This is relatively easy to achieve if the modulation used for transmitting the digital data is of the OOK type (on-off modulation). However, if the modulation is of the PSK type (frequency shift modulation) or FSK type (phase shift modulation), the phase between the two currents flowing through the respective coils must be kept constant. This means that almost identical RLC circuits have to be used so that, during the transitions (changes in value of the data), the phases remain coherent. This is difficult to achieve, particularly in high-volume mass production. 
     It is also possible to produce a “rotating field” on the reception side, that is to say within the receiver of the identifier, by making the latter, for example, as shown schematically in FIG. 1 of the appended drawings. FIG. 1 shows an identifier  1  made, for example, in the form of a card  2  (the support) which may have the dimensions of a smart card and which carries two antennas  3  and  4 , a receiver unit  5  and, optionally, a transmitter unit  6  which may also be provided on the card  2 . Each of the two antennas  3  and  4  is made in the form of a coil L 1  and L 2 , which coil is preferably wound on a core  7  or  8 , preferably made of ferrite, and is electrically connected to the receiver unit  5  and, where appropriate, to the transmitter unit  6  if one has been provided. The turns of the two coils L 1  and L 2 , or more precisely the normals to the surfaces of the turns of the two coils L 1  and L 2 , are oriented along the axes  9  and  11 , respectively, these being perpendicular to each other and lying in the plane of the card  2 . The two antennas  3  and  4  may be antennas tuned to the frequency of the signal to be received. In this case, capacitors C 1  and C 2  are connected in parallel to the coils L 1  and L 2 , respectively, in order to form, with the latter, parallel resonant RLC circuits, R being the resistance of the coil L 1  or L 2 , L being its inductance and C being the capacitance of the capacitor C 1  or C 2 . 
     Under these conditions, when the card  2  is in a magnetic field H which varies with time, for example an alternating magnetic field produced by the antenna of the transmitter-receiver of the identification unit located on board a motor vehicle, the two RLC circuits of the card  2  described above constitute two channels for receiving the carrier wave of the signal transmitted by said identification unit and for sending it to the receiver unit  5  of the card  2 . The problem in this case is the electronic processing of the two channels. The voltages or electromotive forces induced in the two coils L 1  and L 2  may, in certain positions of the card  2  with respect to the direction  12  of the magnetic field H, be in phase or in phase opposition. It is therefore not possible to make a direct summation of the two voltages by putting the two RLC circuits in series, since there are cases in which the resultant voltage would be zero. 
     This is because, assuming that the card  2  lies in the Ox-Oy plane of an orthonormal fixed coordinate system Ox, Oy, Oz, that the direction  12  of the magnetic field H is parallel to the Ox axis of said orthonormal coordinate system and that the induction B is given by the formula: 
     
       
           B=B   0  sin ω t    (1)  
       
     
     in which B 0  is a constant that depends on the intensity of the magnetic field H and on the permeability μ of the medium, in particular the permeability of the core  7  or  8 , and ω is the angular frequency of the carrier wave of the signal transmitted by the identification unit, the magnetic flux φ 1  which passes through the coil L 1  is, as is well known, given by the formula: 
     
       
         φ 1   =B   0   S   1  cos α sin ω t    (2)  
       
     
     in which S 1  is the area of the turns of the coil L 1  and α is the angle that the axis  9  of the coil L 1  makes with the direction  12  of the field H (FIG. 1 shows one particular position of the card  2  in which the angle α here is equal to π/2). It is also known that the electromotive force e 1  induced in the coil L 1  is given by the formula:                e   1     =         d   1     dt     =       B   0          S   1        ω                 cos                 α                 cos                 ω                 t               (   3   )                                
     Likewise, the electromotive force e 2  induced in the coil L 2 , the axis  11  of which makes an angle of π/2 with respect to the axis  9  of the coil L 1 , is given by the following two formulae:                e   2     =         d   2     dt     =       B   0          S   2        ω                 cos                   (       π   2     -   α     )                   cos                 ω                 t               (   4   )                                e   2   =B   0   S   2 ω sin α cos ω t    (5) 
     Assuming that the two areas S 1  and S 2  are equal and writing 
     
       
           B   0   S   1   ω=B   0   S   2   ω=K    (6)  
       
     
     we then obtain the following formulae for e 1  and e 2 : 
     
       
           e   1   =K  cos α cos ω t    (7)  
       
     
     
       
           e   1   =K  sin α cos ω t    (8)  
       
     
     from which it follows that 
     
       
           e   1   −e   2   =K  (cos α−sin α)cos ω t    (9)  
       
     
     It may therefore be seen that if the card  2  is rotated about the Oz axis, there are two positions for which the difference e 1 −e 2  becomes zero at any instant. These two positions are the positions in which the angle α is equal to π/4 or 5π/4, for which positions the difference (cos α−sin α) is zero. For both these positions of the card  2  in the Ox-Oy plane, no signal can be received by the receiver unit  5 . The same would have applied if, instead of taking the difference between the voltages e 1  and e 2 , their sum had been taken, except that, in this case, the two positions for which the sum is zero correspond to values of α equal to 3π/4 and 7π/4. 
     Likewise, if the card  2  lies in the Ox-Oz plane, and if the card is rotated about the Oy axis, there are again two positions of the card  2  for which the sum or the difference of the voltages e 1  and e 2  is zero. Finally, if the card  2  lies in the Oy-Oz plane, the voltages e 1  and e 2  are both zero and, in this case, no signal can be received by the receiver unit  5  whatever the position of the card  2  in the Oy-Oz plane or in a plane parallel to this plane. 
     Document FR-A-2,763,186 describes a portable signal receiver, in which the abovementioned drawbacks may be avoided, at least in some cases. In that document, the signal receiver is made in the form of a card similar to that shown schematically in FIG. 5 of the appended drawings. This card is itself similar to that already described with reference to FIG.  1  and furthermore includes a third antenna  13  which is, for example, made in the form of an air coil L 3 , but which may also be provided with a ferrite core if so desired. The turns of the coil L 3 , or the normal to their surface, are oriented in a direction  14  perpendicular to the plane of the card  2 . As shown in FIG. 4 of the aforementioned document, an amplifier is associated with each of the three antennas in order to amplify the voltage induced in the coil of the corresponding antenna and the amplified voltages supplied by the three amplifiers are summed in an adder, the output of which is connected to the receiver unit carried by the card. 
     Under these conditions, assuming that the card  2  lies in the Ox-Oy plane of an orthonormal trihedron Ox, Oy, Oz and that the magnetic field generated by the transmitting antenna located on board a motor vehicle is parallel to the Oz axis of said orthonormal trihedron, the voltages induced in the coils L 1  and L 2  of the two antennas  3  and  4  will be zero, while the voltage induced in the coil L 3  of the third antenna  13  will be a maximum. The same would of course apply in the case of any position of the card  2  in space, in which its plane is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field generated by said transmitting antenna. A three-antenna arrangement therefore makes it possible to solve one of the reception problems described above with regard to the two-antenna card  2  shown in FIG.  1 . 
     However, when the direction of the magnetic field generated by the transmitting antenna is parallel to the plane of the card  2 , the voltage induced in the third antenna  13  is zero and, even in the case of this three-antenna card, there are positions of the card in which the sum or the difference of the two voltages induced in the coils L 1  and L 2  is zero. Thus, there are still positions of the card  2  in which it is impossible for the receiver unit of the card to receive any signals. This drawback may be avoided in a second embodiment of the portable receiver described in the aforementioned document FR-A-2,763,186, in which, instead of the aforementioned adder, a maximum detector is provided which transmits only the largest of the three voltages induced in the coils of the three antennas to the receiver unit. 
     Nevertheless, with both embodiments described in the aforementioned document, the problems of how to achieve reception homogeneity are solved only at the price of a relatively high degree of complexity in the hardware (three antennas, three amplifiers and an adder or a maximum detector). This known solution is therefore both bulky and expensive in terms of components and, above all, it increases the standby currents so that it is also expensive in terms of electric energy consumed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a portable receiver of the type defined in the preamble, which is simpler and less expensive and which consumes less energy than the known portable receiver. 
     The portable receiver according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that it furthermore includes, between said antennas and said receiver unit, means for producing a temporal phase shift between the induced signals delivered respectively by said antennas, said phase shift corresponding to an angle of (n−1) π/n at the frequency of the signal to be received, n being the number of antennas. 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, in which two antennas are provided, the coils of which have their respective turns oriented at 90° to each other, a first of the two antennas is connected to a first phase-shifter circuit which phase-shifts the induced signal delivered by the first antenna by +45°, while the second antenna is connected to a second phase-shifter circuit which phase-shifts the induced signal delivered by the second antenna by −45°. The two phase-shifter circuits may consist of simple RC circuits, as will be seen in detail later. In this embodiment, if the magnetic field generated by the transmitting antenna located on board the motor vehicle is parallel to the plane of the card, the voltages V 1  and V 2  induced in the coils of the two antennas, and phase-shifted by +π/4 and −π/4 respectively, may be expressed by the following formulae:              V1   =     K                 cos                 α                   cos        (       ω                 t     +     π   4       )                 (   10   )               V2   =     K                 sin                   α   ·     cos   (         ω                 t     -     π   4       =     K                 sin                 α                   sin        (       ω                 t     +     π   4       )                         (   11   )                                
     hence:                V1   -   V2     =     K                 cos                     α        [       cos        (       ω                 t     +     π   4       )       -     sin                 α                   sin        (       ω                 t     +     π   4       )           ]       .               (   12   )                 V1   -   V2     =     K                   cos        (       ω                 t     +     π   4     +   α     )                 (   13   )                                
     From formula (13), it may therefore be seen that the difference between the voltages V 1  and V 2  has a constant modulus K and is simply phase-shifted by (π/4+α) with respect to the signal of angular frequency ω or of frequency f (ω=2πf) which has given rise to it. Under these conditions, the receiver unit will be able to receive a signal whatever the value of the angle α, that is to say whatever the position of the card in any plane parallel to the direction of the magnetic field transmitted by the transmitter antenna located on board the motor vehicle. 
     In a second embodiment of the present invention, in which two antennas are also provided, the coils of which have their respective turns oriented at 90° to each other, a first of the two antennas may be electrically connected directly to a first output terminal, while the second antenna may be connected to a second output terminal via a phase-shifter circuit which phase-shifts the induced signal delivered by the second antenna by 90°. The phase-shifter circuit may consist of a delay line designed to introduce a delay of ¼f, being the frequency of the signal to be received. 
     In this case, it may again be shown that the difference between the voltages V 1  and V 2  (V 2  being phase-shifted by +π/2 with respect to V 1 ) is given by the formula: 
     
       
         V 1 −V 2 = K  cos(ω t −α)   (14)  
       
     
     Here again, it may be seen that the difference voltage V 1 −V 2  has a constant modulus K whatever the value of the angle α, and therefore whatever the orientation of the card in any plane parallel to the direction of the magnetic field transmitted by the transmitting antenna. 
     The first and second embodiments of the invention described above make it possible to solve the problem of how to achieve reception homogeneity when the plane of the card is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field generated by the transmitting antenna located on board the motor vehicle. However, the problem is not solved when the plane of the card is perpendicular to said magnetic field. In the latter case, the problem can be solved in a manner known per se using three antennas, the coils of which have their respective turns oriented in directions which are perpendicular to one another in pairs. In this case, said temporal phase-shifting means may be designed to produce a phase shift of 120° between the three induced signals derived by the three antennas, respectively. Said phase-shifting means may comprise delay lines. In particular, if one of the antennas is connected directly to a first output terminal and the other two antennas are in cascade with respect to a second output terminal, two delay lines may be provided which are placed between the second and third antennas and between the third antenna and the second output terminal, respectively, the two delay lines being designed to introduce a delay of ⅓f and a delay of ⅔f respectively, f being the frequency of the signal to be received. 
     In the three embodiments of the portable receiver according to the invention, the aforementioned first and second output terminals may be electrically connected to the inputs of a differential amplifier, the output of which is electrically connected to said receiver unit. 
    
    
     Further features and advantages of the invention will emerge in the course of the description which follows, given with reference to the appended drawings in which: 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a front view showing schematically a two-antenna portable receiver to which the present invention is applicable; 
     FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a first embodiment of phase shifter means that can be used with the portable receiver of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing the waveforms occurring in the circuit of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a second embodiment of the phase shifter means that can be used in the portable receiver of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates, schematically, and in front view, a known three-antenna portable receiver to which the invention may be applied; 
     FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a third embodiment of the invention in the case of the three-antenna portable receiver shown in FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Since the portable receiver  1  illustrated in FIG. 1 has already been described above, it will not be described again in detail. It should simply be noted that, to solve the problem of how to achieve reception homogeneity, phase-shifter means  15  (FIG. 2) are inserted, on the one hand, between the two antennas  3  and  4  and, on the other hand, the receiver unit  5  (not shown in FIG.  2 ). 
     In the embodiment in FIG. 2, the phase-shifting means  15  comprises two phase-shifter circuits  15   a  and  15   b  which are respectively associated with the two antennas  3  and  4  tuned to the frequency f of the signal to be received. The output or non-grounded side of the tuned antenna  3 , which is formed by the coil L 1  and by the capacitor C 1 , is connected to one of the plates of a capacitor C 12  of the phase-shifter circuit  15   a,  the other plate of which is connected, on the one hand, to an output terminal  16  and, on the other hand, to one of the ends of a resistor R 1 , the other end of which is grounded. On the other side, the output of the other tuned antenna  4 , which is formed by the coil L 2  and by the capacitor C 2 , is connected to one of the ends of a resistor R 2  of the second phase-shifter circuit  15   b,  the other end of which is connected, on the one hand, to another output terminal  17  and, on the other hand, to one of the plates of a capacitor C 22 , the other plate of which is grounded. 
     If the filters R 1 , C 12  and R 2 , C 22  thus formed have their cutoff frequency equal to the central frequency of the antenna  3  or  4 , the first phase shifter  15   a  produces a phase shift of +45° and the second phase shifter  15   b  produces a phase shift of −45°. Under these conditions, if the direction  12  of the aternating magnetic field H generated by an antenna located on board a motor vehicle is parallel to the plane of the card  2 , the voltages V 1  and V 2 , which are available on the output terminals  16  and  17  respectively, are given respectively by the formulae (10) and (11) indicated above. 
     The two output terminals  16  and  17  may, for example, be connected to the inputs of a differential amplifier  18 , the output  19  of which may be connected to the receiver unit  5  carried by the card  2  of FIG.  1 . In this case, the difference voltage V 1 −V 2  available on the output  19  is given by formula (13) indicated above. 
     The two resistors R 1  and R 2 , the two capacitors C 12  and C 22  and the differential amplifier  18  may be easily incorporated on the card  2  of FIG.  1 . 
     In FIG. 3, the sinusoids A and B correspond to the voltages V 1  and V 2  respectively, these being phase-shifted by π/2 with respect to each other, while the sinusoid C corresponds to the difference voltage V 1 −V 2 . 
     FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of the invention, again for a portable receiver  1  with two antennas  3  and  4 , as illustrated in FIG.  1 . In FIG. 4, the elements that are identical or that play the same role as in the embodiment in FIG. 2 are denoted by the same reference numbers and will not be described again in detail. 
     The embodiment in FIG. 4 differs from that in FIG. 2 in that the output of the tuned antenna  3  is connected directly to the output terminal  16 , whereas the output of the tuned antenna  4  is connected to the output terminal  17  via a delay line  15  which is designed to introduce a delay Δt of ¼f, f being the frequency of the signal to be received. For example, if f=125 kHz, Δt=2 μs. At the frequency f, this delay Δt corresponds to a phase shift of π/2 in the voltage V 2  with respect to the voltage V 1 . In this case, the same result as with the embodiment in FIG. 2 is therefore obtained. 
     The delay line  15  may be produced in any known manner, for example using inductors and capacitors. 
     FIG. 6 shows a third embodiment of the invention applicable to a known portable receiver  1 , which has three antennas  3 ,  4  and  13 , as shown in FIG.  5 . In the embodiment in FIG. 6, the elements that are identical or that play the same role as those in the previous embodiments are denoted by the same reference numbers and will not be described again in detail. 
     In the embodiment in FIG. 6, one of the ends of the parallel resonant circuit formed by the coil L 1  and the capacitor C 1  (tuned antenna  3 ) is connected directly to the output terminal  16 , while the other end of this parallel resonant circuit L 1 , C 1  is connected to one of the ends of the parallel resonant circuit formed by the coil L 2  and by the capacitor C 2  (tuned antenna  4 ). The other end of the parallel resonant circuit L 2 , C 2  is electrically connected via a first delay line  15 A to one of the ends of a third parallel resonant circuit formed by the coil L 3  and by the capacitor C 3  (tuned antenna  13 ). The other end of this parallel resonant circuit L 3 , C 3  is electrically connected to the output terminal  17  via a second delay line  15 B. 
     The two delay lines  15 A and  15 B are designed to introduce a delay Δt 1  of ⅓f and a delay Δt 2  of ⅔f respectively, f being the frequency of the signal to be received. If the frequency f is equal to 125 KHz, the delays Δt 1  and Δt 2  are 2.66 μs and 5.33 μs respectively, these corresponding to phase-shift angles of 2π/3 (120°) and 4π/3 (240°). 
     Under these conditions, the voltage induced in the coil L 2  and delayed by the delay line  15 A is phase-shifted by 120° with respect to the voltage induced in the coil L 1 . The voltage induced in the coil L 3  and delayed by the delay line  15 B is phase-shifted by 240° with respect to the voltage induced in the coil L 1  and by 120° with respect to the voltage induced in the coil L 2 . The difference voltage available across the terminals  16  and  17  is the vector sum of the three voltages induced in the coils L 1 , L 2  and L 3 , respectively. 
     From the above text, it may be seen that, in the various embodiments of the invention that have just been described above, what is provided for solving the problem of how to achieve reception homogeneity is only a differential amplifier and one or two phase-shifter circuits, or a delay line in the case of a two-antenna receiver, and only a differential amplifier and two delay lines in the case of a three-antenna receiver, instead of three amplifiers and an adder or three amplifiers and a maximum detector circuit in the case of the known receiver described in document FR-A-2,763,186. 
     It goes without saying that the embodiments of the invention that have just been described above have been given purely by way of indication and imply no limitation, and that many modifications may be easily made by a person skilled in the art without in any way departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, in particular, the card  2 , which carries the two antennas  3  and  4  or the three antennas  3 ,  4  and  13 , the receiver unit  5 , the transmitter unit  6  and the phase-shifting means  15  and the differential amplifier  18 , does not necessarily have to have the dimensions of a smart card or credit card, but could consist of any other support, preferably a flat support, and this support may have small enough dimensions for it to be housed, for example, in the head of a contact key, allowing a motor vehicle to be started, in a badge or in any other article intended to be carried by the owner of the vehicle or by an authorized person.