Abstract:
There is provided a collector unit for illumination systems with a wavelength of ≦193 nm, preferably ≦126 nm, and especially preferably in the region of EUV wavelengths. Rays of a beam bundle impinge on the collector unit, and the beam bundle emerges from an object in an object plane. The collector unit includes at least one mirror shell that receives the rays of the beam bundle emerging from the object and shows an optical effect, and a periodic structure with at least one grating period applied to at least a part of the mirror shell. An illumination system and an EUV projection exposure system are also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP03/02115, filed Mar. 1, 2003, which claims priority of German Patent Application No. 102 14 259.9, filed Mar. 28, 2002.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The invention relates to a collector unit for illumination systems with a wavelength of ≦193 nm, preferably ≦126 nm, especially preferably with wavelengths in the EUV region with at least one mirror shell which receives the rays of a beam bundle coming from an object and has an optical effect with regarding the rays of the beam bundle.  
         [0004]     Preferably, the rays of the beam bundle impinges under an angle of &lt;20° to the surface tangent of the mirror shell.  
         [0005]     Moreover, the invention also provides an illumination system with such a collector, a projection exposure system with an illumination system in accordance with the invention as well as a method for exposing microstructure.  
         [0006]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0007]     Nested collectors for wavelengths ≦193 nm, especially wavelengths in the region of X-rays, are known from a large number of publications.  
         [0008]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 discloses a collimator for X-rays, with the collimator having several nested paraboloidal reflectors. The collimator according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 is used for the purpose of shaping an isotropically radiated ray beam of an X-ray light source into a parallel beam.  
         [0009]     U.S. Pat. No. 1,865,441 discloses a nested collector for X-ray beams. The nested collector in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 is used for collimating isotropic X-rays emitted from a source into a parallel ray beam.  
         [0010]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,930 shows a nested collector for a pinch plasma light source which is used to collect the rays emitted by a light source and to focus the same in a waveguide.  
         [0011]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 shows several arrangements of multi-channel optics which are used to focus the radiation of a source, especially X-rays, by multiple reflections.  
         [0012]     In order to achieve an especially high transmission efficiency, the invention pursuant to U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 proposes elliptically shaped reflectors.  
         [0013]     DE 30 01 059 C2 discloses an arrangement for use in X-ray lithography systems which comprises nested parabolic mirrors. The nested parabolic mirrors are arranged between X-ray source and mask. These mirrors are arranged in such a way that a diverging X-ray beam bundle impinging onto the nested collector is shaped into an X-ray beam bundle emerging from the nested collector in parallel.  
         [0014]     The arrangement according to DE 30 01 059 is merely used for achieving a favourable collimation for X-ray lithography.  
         [0015]     The arrangement of nested reflectors as known from WO 99/27542 is used in an X-ray proximity lithography system to refocus light of a light source, so that a virtual light source is formed. The nested shells can have an ellipsoid shape.  
         [0016]     A nested reflector for high-energy photon sources is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,072 which is used for forming the diverging X-rays into a ray beam extending in parallel.  
         [0017]     WO 00/63922 shows a nested collector which is used for collimating a neutron beam.  
         [0018]     WO 01/08162 discloses a nested collector for X-rays which is characterized by a surface roughness of the inner, reflective surfaces of the individual mirror shells of less than 12 Å. The collectors as shown in WO 01/08162 also comprise systems with multiple reflections, especially also Wolter systems, and are characterized by a high resolution as is required for X-ray lithography for example. A further problem in illumination systems for wavelengths ≦100 nm in addition to the collection of the radiation emitted by the light source is that the light sources of such illumination systems also emit radiation of a wavelength which may lead to an undesirable exposure of the light-sensitive object in the wafer plane of the projection exposure system and optical components of the exposure system such as multilayer mirrors are heated in an impermissible way by such radiation and will rapidly degrade. Transmission filters made of zirconium can be used for filtering out such undesirable radiation. Such filters furthermore have the disadvantage of high losses of light. Moreover, they can be destroyed very easily by thermal loads. A further problem of illumination optics for EUV lithography is that the losses of light will grow strongly with the number of optical components.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0019]     It is thus the object of the present invention to provide a collector unit for an illumination system for microlithography with wavelengths of ≦193 nm, preferably ≦126 nm, especially preferably for wavelengths in the EUV range, which collector meets the requirements placed on uniformity and telecentricity required for illumination optics on the one hand and allows a spectral filtering towards the useful wavelength on the other hand. It is to prevent in particular that radiation of wavelengths other than the used wavelength will reach the illumination system. Moreover, the component is to be compact and minimize the losses of light when used in an EUV illumination system.  
         [0020]     This object is achieved in accordance with the invention by a collector unit with at least one mirror shell. The mirror shell has a periodic structure with at least one grating period applied to a part of the mirror shell. The beam bundle impinging upon the mirror shell is diffracted by applying a periodic structure on the mirror shell. The focal points of the different diffraction orders are situated in different planes. If a diaphragm is arranged in a plane in which a diffraction order is focused, then the other diffraction orders which are deflected into other solid angle elements cannot pass through the diaphragm and can thus not reach the subsequent illumination system. In this way it is possible to reach a separation of the used radiation which is at 13.5 nm for example and the radiation of other wavelengths, especially wavelengths ≧100 nm which can be found in the 0 th  diffraction order. It is further possible, through such an arrangement, to prevent the penetration of particles emerging from the light source into a subsequent illumination system.  
         [0021]     A further advantage of the collector in accordance with the invention is that the effective exit space of the diffracted beam bundle is longer than in a system in which the nested collector and the plane grating form two separate components. This offers several advantages. On the one hand, a lower bandwidth can be achieved with the same dispersion as in a system with nested collector and separated planar grating element. On the other hand, the separation of the different diffraction orders is higher than in a system with a nested collector and separated planar grating element. When used in an illumination system, the distance in the light path from the light source to the collector can be reduced at a comparable line density with respect to a planar grating element and an illumination system can thus be configured in a very compact way. By combining the collecting properties of a collector with the filtering properties of a spectral filter in the component in accordance with the invention it is possible to omit one optical element in the illumination system, thus enabling an increase in the transmission of the illumination system by approximately 30%.  
         [0022]     In order to achieve especially high diffraction efficiencies, in an advantageous embodiment the grating is configured as a blaze grating with a blaze angle ε.  
         [0023]     It is especially preferable if the collector unit comprises a plurality of mirror shells which are arranged in a rotationally symmetrical fashion relative to a rotational axis. Each mirror shell is then associated with a ring aperture element of the aperture on the object side.  
         [0024]     Collectors arranged in a rotationally symmetrical way offer further advantages. In the case of a collector which is rotationally symmetrical relative to a rotational axis, the uniformity of the illumination in a plane and the shape of the pupil to be illuminated can be controlled better than in an illumination system with a planar grating element for example. Moreover, such rotationally symmetrical components in an illumination system offer advantages in the alignment of the individual components relative to each other. A further advantage is the symmetrical behaviour, for example during heating.  
         [0025]     The region which is illuminated by the collector unit is situated in a plane for example and consists of ring elements, with each ring element preferably being associated with a ring aperture element. The ring aperture elements and the associated ring elements do not overlap in an advantageous embodiment and the ring elements are substantially continuously adjacent to each other in the plane.  
         [0026]     A substantially uniform illumination in a plane can be achieved with the nested collector unit in accordance with the invention. As a result of the combination of the optical (e.g. collecting) effect of the collector for the radiation emitted by the light source and the filtering for the used wavelength in a single component according to the invention, the transmission in illumination systems can be increased and the overall size of the illumination system can be reduced to a substantial extent.  
         [0027]     The mirror shells can preferably be an annular segment of an ellipsoid, a paraboloid or a hyperboloid. A completely parallel beam bundle is obtained for a paraboloid and thus a light source situated in infinity.  
         [0028]     If the shells are sections of ellipsoids, a converging beam bundle is formed. Collectors with shells which are sections of hyperboloids lead to a diverging beam bundle.  
         [0029]     In order to obtain a substantially homogeneous illumination or uniform illumination it is advantageous when the collector is provided with the largest possible number of shells. Preferably, the collector in accordance with the invention comprises more than four, more preferably more than seven and especially preferably more than ten reflectors in a shell-like arrangement. A further advantage is that the divergence of the partial beam bundles of the respective mirror shell as diffracted in the diaphragm plane is reduced with the increasing number of mirror shells and thus a better separation of the different diffraction orders in the diaphragm plane is achieved.  
         [0030]     It is preferable when the plurality of the mirror shells arranged about a common rotational axis is configured in such a way that multiple reflections occur in a mirror shell. As a result of multiple reflections in a shell it is possible to keep the reflection angles low. Particularly systems with an even number of reflections are insensitive to maladjustments, especially tilting relative to the optical axis. The optical axis in the case of rotationally symmetrical systems is the rotational axis.  
         [0031]     The reflectivity acts nearly linear with the incidence angle relative to the surface tangent in the case of reflection under grazing incidence with small incidence angles of less than 20° relative to the surface tangent in the case of materials such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, carbon or gold, so that reflection losses for a reflection under 16° for example or two reflections under 8° are approximately the same. It is advantageous to use more than one reflection for the maximum achievable aperture of the collector.  
         [0032]     Systems with two reflections are especially preferable. Collectors with two reflections can be configured as Wolter systems for example with a first segment of a mirror shell which is an annular section of a hyperboloid and a second segment of a mirror shell which is an annular section of an ellipsoid.  
         [0033]     Wolter systems are known from literature, e.g. from Wolter, “Annalen der Physik” (Annals of Physics) 10, 94-114, 1952. Reference is hereby made to J. Optics, Vol. 15, 270-280, 1984, concerning Wolter systems with a real intersection width, i.e. a real intermediate image of the source which is formed by the combination of a hyperboloidal surface with an ellipsoidal surface.  
         [0034]     A special advantage of Wolter systems is that in a Wolter system with two reflections with incidence angles of less than 20° relative to the surface tangent it is possible to choose a collection aperature of NA max ˜0.985 according to an aperture angle of 80°, whereby one is still situated in the highly reflective region of the reflection under grazing incidence with a reflectivity &gt;70%.  
         [0035]     It is provided for in a preferred embodiment of the invention that the periodic grating is applied to the second segment of a shell of a Wolter system.  
         [0036]     In such a case the first segment is preferably a section of a hyperboloid with a virtual focus. The second segment is configured in such a way that it has a focusing effect. This can be achieved in such a way that in the case of a linear grating with constant line density the surface of the second segment is curved in a concave fashion in the meridian section. A meridian section shall be understood in the present application as being a section which comprises the optical axis. The focusing effect of the second segment can also be achieved by a variation of the line density. In such a case the surface in the meridian section can be plane or also convex. In the case of a plane surface in the meridian section, the second segment which is rotationally symmetrical about the optical axis then has the shape of a truncated cone.  
         [0037]     Alternatively, the grating can also be applied to the first segment or both segments. Gratings on both segments are preferable if a high spectral purity is desirable. A grating on the first segment is provided when it is to be prevented for example that the 0 th  order emerges from the collectors, but instead is absorbed on the rear side of the adjacent mirror shell. A diaphragm for blocking the light of the unused order can then be omitted.  
         [0038]     The periodic structure on the second segment which is preferably a blaze grating with a blaze depth B or a blaze angle ε can either be introduced into the core for the galvano-plastic shaping of the individual mirror shells by diamond turning or alternatively by notching the grating into a coating applied to the mirror shell, e.g. a gold coating.  
         [0039]     If the collector unit is configured in such a way that unused diffraction orders emerge from the unit, then this leads to the advantage as compared with planar grating elements that the light intensity of the emerging diffraction orders is distributed to one ring element. The thermal load on a diaphragm element can be reduced considerably as compared with conventional planar grating elements.  
         [0040]     In addition to the collector unit, the invention also provides an illumination system with such a collector unit. The illumination system is preferably a double-facetted illumination system with a first optical element with first raster elements and a second optical element with second raster elements as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,793 B1, the scope of disclosure of which shall fully be included in the present application.  
         [0041]     The first and/or second raster elements can be planar facets or facets with a collecting or dispersing effect.  
         [0042]     The illumination system comprising the collector in accordance with the invention is preferably used in a projection exposure system for microlithography, with such a projection exposure system being shown in PCT/EP 00/07258, the scope of which is hereby fully included in the present application. Projection exposure systems comprise a projection objective downstream of the illumination device, e.g. a four-mirror projection objective as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,717 B1, the scope of disclosure of which is hereby fully included in the present application. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0043]     The invention is now explained in closer detail by way of examples by reference to the enclosed drawings, wherein:  
         [0044]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a collector with a grating which is applied to the second mirror shell;  
         [0045]      FIG. 2  shows the illumination in a diaphragm plane arranged behind the collector for a shell of the collector, with the illumination of the different diffraction orders being shown;  
         [0046]      FIG. 3  shows a mirror shell with a first segment which is the annular segment of a hyperbola, and a second segment which has a circle as a surface line and on which a grating is applied in the meridian section;  
         [0047]      FIG. 4   a  shows the second segment of the shell surface as shown in  FIG. 3  with applied grating and illustrated angles for deriving the line number density on the grating in the meridian section;  
         [0048]      FIG. 4   b  shows the first segment of the shell surface as shown in  FIG. 3  for deriving the radius or curvature of the hyperboloid surface in the meridian section;  
         [0049]      FIG. 5  shows a section of a blaze grating;  
         [0050]      FIG. 6  shows an EUV projection exposure system with a nested collector in accordance with the invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0051]     In  FIG. 1 , two shells are shown in a meridian section of a nested collector in accordance with the invention by way of example, with each mirror shell  100 ,  102  comprising a Wolter system with a first annular section  100 . 1 ,  102 . 1  with a first optical surface  100 . 2 ,  102 . 2  and a second annular segment  100 . 3 ,  102 . 3  with a second optical surface  100 . 4 ,  102 . 4 . The individual shells  100 ,  102  are arranged in a rotationally symmetrical way about the X-axis or the optical axis HA. As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , the ring aperture elements  110 ,  112  associated to the respective mirror shells  100 ,  102  are substantially mutually adjacent to each other, meaning that the aperture on the object side of the collector as shown in  FIG. 1  only shows a gap between the individual ring aperture elements as a result of the finite thickness of the mirror shells. The ring aperture elements of the respective mirror shell receive a partial beam bundle of the beam bundle emitted from a light source  105 , e.g. a laser-plasma source. By suitably choosing the parameters of the periodic structure or grating applied to the second segment  100 . 3 ,  102 . 3  it is possible, as explained below, that for all shells, independent of the received ring aperture element and the shell, the partial beam bundles of different shells are diffracted into a specific diffraction order (which is +1 st  diffraction order  129  in this case) in one and the same focus  127  of the diaphragm plane  125 .  
         [0052]     In the embodiment as shown in  FIG. 1 , the first optical surface  100 . 2 ,  102 . 2  and the second optical surface  1004 ,  102 . 4  are directly adjacent without any gap.  
         [0053]     It can be provided for alternatively that the first optical surface  100 . 2 ,  102 . 2  and the second optical surface  100 . 4 ,  102 . 4  are not directly adjacent. There is then a gap or unused region each between the optical surfaces. Cooling devices for cooling the mirror shells could be arranged in the unused region.  
         [0054]     A diaphragm  130  is further shown in the collector according to  FIG. 1  in the inner of the innermost mirror shell. Nested reflective collectors necessary require a central shading as a result of the finite size of the mirror shells, meaning that below a certain aperture angle NA min  the radiation of the source cannot be received. Diaphragm  130  prevents that light travelling directly through the central shell will reach the subsequent illumination system as stray light.  
         [0055]      FIG. 1  also shows the diffraction orders not focused in the diaphragm plane  125  for the grating on the second segment of the second mirror shell, namely the 0 th  diffraction order  131  and the +2 nd  diffraction order  133 .  
         [0056]      FIG. 2  shows the illumination with a collector in accordance with the invention for a mirror shell, which in this case is the second mirror shell  102  in the diaphragm plane  125 .  
         [0057]     Diaphragm plane  125  is defined by the Z- and Y-axis of a system of coordinates whose origin coincides with the position of the real light source  105 . This system of coordinates is shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0058]     As can be seen from  FIG. 2 , the +1 st  order  129  is focused in the diaphragm plane  125  which in the present case is the paper plane and comprises a diameter ΔR 1 . Orders other than the +1 st  order such as the +2 nd  order or the 0 th  order appear as rings in the diaphragm plane because they are defocused as a result of the converging beam path relative to the diaphragm plane. This can be seen very well in  FIG. 1 . The focus of the 0 th  order  150  is situated in front of the diaphragm plane  125 . The focus  151  of the +2 nd  order is situated behind the diaphragm plane  125  in the X-direction. The width of the circular illumination of the 0 th  order is ΔR 0  and that of the +2 nd  order is ΔR 2 . The mean distance of the respective diffraction order to the optical axis is R 2  or R 0 .  
         [0059]     By introducing a circular diaphragm  154  with radius R 3  it is possible to stop down the 0 th  and 2 nd  order in the diaphragm plane  125 . In this way it is possible to completely stop down the wavelengths contained in other orders and to prevent that they enter into an illumination system situated behind the collector in accordance with the invention.  
         [0060]      FIG. 3  again shows a shell of a nested collector in accordance with the invention with two segments  102 . 1 ,  102 . 3 . The first segment  102 . 1  with a first optical surface is a hyperbola surface which receives the light from the light source  105 . This is also the origin of the reference coordinate system. The distance of the coordinate origin to the central point  170 . 1  of the first segment  102 . 1  in the meridian section projected onto the X-axis is designated as x 1 . The distance from the central point  170 . 1  of the first segment  102 . 1  in the meridian section to the virtual focus  172  projected onto the X-axis is designated as x 1′ . As a result of the configuration of the first segment  102 . 1  as a hyperbola, the same has a virtual focus  172  and projects the real light source  105  to a virtual light source. The virtual light source is then projected by the second segment  102 . 3  with a second optical surface to which the grating element is applied into the diaphragm plane  125  for the +1 st  diffraction order.  FIG. 3  also shows the 0 th  diffraction order  131  and the +2 nd  diffraction order  133 . The distance from the virtual light source which is situated in the virtual focus  172  to the central point  170 . 3  of the second segment  102 . 3  in the meridian section projected onto the X-axis is designated as x 2 . The distance from central point  170 . 3  of the second segment to the focus  127  of the +1 st  diffraction order projected onto the X-axis is designated in meridian section as X 2′ .  
         [0061]     An embodiment is now provided below for a nested collector with a plurality of mirror shells with two segments which are rotationally symmetrical about a common axis HA, which embodiment carries a grating structure in the region of the second reflection, i.e. on the second optical surface of the second segment. This is to ensure that broadband EUV radiation as produced by plasma sources for example is filtered. The characteristic variables of the system which form the basis for the calculation below are stated in table 1.  
                                     TABLE 1                       Characteristic variables of the system:                                    Central wavelength   λ   13.5   nm           Distance source to   x g     2000   mm           diaphragm           Diameter of source   D   2.5   mm           Lateral magnification   M g     4                      
 
         [0062]     In the case of systems with two segments the projection of the source to the diaphragm occurs in two steps. The first optical reflection surface of the first segment  102 . 1  is configured as a hyperboloid surface in order to create a virtual focus  172  for the second optical reflection surface of the second segment  102 . 3 . A grating structure is introduced there which spectrally splits the light. The surface of the second mirror segment  102 . 3  is curved in a toroidal manner, i.e. the surface line is circular and the toroidal surface comprises in the meridional plane a curvature or a radius. The grating line density and the radius of the toroidal surface must be calculated in such a way that the focus of the +1 st  diffraction order comes to lie in the diaphragm plane. All other orders as well as the 0 th  diffraction order appear in the diaphragm plane as concentric rings about said focus and are stopped by the diaphragm. Advantageously, the grating will be configured as a blaze grating in order to achieve maximum diffraction efficiency. The grating line density of the grating will be chosen in such a way that the orders are sufficiently separated in order to achieve a favourable filtering function. Finally, the geometry of the grating must be chosen in such a way that the aberrations are minimal.  
         [0063]     The formulas will be derived below from which are obtained the grating constant, the blaze angle, the radius of the toroidal surface of the second segment in meridian section and the parameters of the hyperboloid surface.  
         [0064]     At first, the principal geometry with the principal distances is determined. Then the grating surface and the hyperboloid surface with their parameters are determined. Finally, the extensions of the surfaces are determined in such a way that there is a most complete transmission of the aperture. The spaces between source, first projection and second projection are determined as described below. The variables stated in the following derivation are shown in all  FIGS. 3, 4   a  and  4   b.    
         [0065]      FIG. 3  shows a mirror shell with a first segment  102 . 1  and a second segment  102 . 3 .  FIG. 4   a  shows in more detail the second segment  102 . 3  of the mirror shell with the variables required for the derivation and in  FIG. 4   b  the first segment  102 . 1  with the variables required for the derivation.  
         [0066]     Based on the distance x 1  projected onto the X-axis between source  105  and focus  127  in the diaphragm plane  125 , the projection is split into two approximately similar projection steps. This ensures that the incident angles will not become excessively large for any of the reflections.  
         [0067]     The axial object width x 1  and the image width x′ 1  is defined for the first projection step and axial object width x 2  and the image width x′ 2  for the second projection step. These are the intersection widths projected onto the optical axis, as shown in  FIG. 3 . Thus the following applies: 
 
 x   g   =x   1   +x′   1   +x   2   +x′   2  
 
         [0068]     The lateral magnifications of the individual projection steps are:  
             M   1     =     -       x   1   ′       x   1           ;           ⁢       M   2     =       x   2   ′       x   2           ,       
 
 and the entire projection is: 
 
M g =M 1 M 2  
 
         [0069]     Finally, it is necessary to determine the diameter for every other mirror segment  102 . 3 . For this purpose the radius r is defined at the central point  170 . 3  of the second mirror segment  102 . 3 . The central point  170 . 3  of the second mirror segment  102 . 3  was defined in  FIG. 3 . The radius r is the radial distance of the central point  170 . 3  from the optical axis HA.  
         [0070]     The distances x 2 , x′ 2  and r lead to the distances between source point of the projection (in this case the virtual focus  172  and central point  170 . 3 ), which is designated with s 2 , and between the central point  170 . 3  and the image point (in this case the focus of the 1 st  order  127  in the diaphragm plane  125 ), which is designated as s 2′ . The following applies: 
 
 s   2   ={square root}{square root over (x     2           2     +r     2     )};    s   2   ′={square root}{square root over (x     2     ′     2     +r     2     )} 
 
 s 2  and s 2 ′ thus designate the non-projected distances. 
 
         [0071]     The grating line density n is thus obtained from the demand that the 0 th  diffraction order is separated with sufficient distance g from the 1 st  order in the diaphragm plane  125 . The distance g for the central rays  174 . 1  of the partial beam bundles diffracted into the 1 st  order and  174 . 0  of the partial beam bundles diffracted into the 0 th  order are shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0072]     Based on the source size and by taking the lateral magnification into account, the size of the image of the light source in the focus  127  of the 1 st  diffraction order is obtained in the region of the diaphragm plane  125 . It is now necessary to demand that the 0 th  diffraction order has a distance therefrom, with the distance being a multiple of the image size. It can be assumed for example that in the case of a distance f of ten times a sufficient separation of the useful wavelength from the other radiation is achieved: 
 
 g=f·d″ 
 
 d″ designates the diameter of the image of the light source  105  in the diaphragm plane  125 . The diameter D of the light source  105  is stated as in table 1. 
 
         [0073]     It is now possible, from this condition for the separation of the 0 th  and 1 st  diffraction order, i.e. the distance g, to determine the required diffraction angles α and β relative to the surface normal  180  in the central point  170 . 3  of the second segment and the tilting γ of the surface normal  180  in the central point  170 . 3  relative to the y-axis. For this purpose, the angle δ between the central rays  174 . 1 ,  174 . 0  between 0 th  and 1 st  diffraction order is calculated, which is correlated as follows with the required distance g in the diaphragm plane  125 :  
       δ   =       arctan   ⁢     r     x   2   ′         -     arctan   ⁢       (     r   -   g     )       x   2   ′               
 
         [0074]     Moreover, the angles α′, β′ of the incident and emergent partial beam bundles of the 1 st  order relative to the y-axis are obtained:  
           α   ′     =     arctan   ⁢           ⁢       x   2     r         ;           ⁢       β   ′     =     arctan   ⁢           ⁢       x   2   ′     r             
 
         [0075]     Now it is possible to determine the desired angles: 
 
α=(α′−β′−δ)/2 
 
γ=α−α′
 
β=β′−γ
 
         [0076]     By using the diffraction formula: 
 
sin α+sin β= n·k·λ 
 
 it is now possible to calculate the line number density n for the used wavelength for the +1 st  diffraction order with k=1. The blaze angle is obtained in respect of: 
 
ε=(|α|−|β|)/2 
 
         [0077]     The radius RM of the second mirror segment in the meridian section, i.e. the curvature of the surface which is rotationally symmetrical about the optical axis HA, is determined via the focus condition for toroidal gratings. The focus condition demands F 20 =0. This condition can be taken from the Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 2, Chapter 4 “Diffraction grating optics”, edited by G. V. Marr, Elsevier Science on page 69.  
         [0078]     From the condition F 20 =0 the following follows for the radius RM of the toroidal surface in the meridian section:  
         R   M     =         cos   ⁢           ⁢   α     +     cos   ⁢           ⁢   β             cos   2     ⁢     α   /     s   2         +       cos   2     ⁢     β   /     s   2   ′                 
 
         [0079]     Once the characteristic variables were calculated for the second mirror segment which carries the grating, the characteristic variables for the first mirror segment  170 . 1  with a hyperbola-shaped surface  200  in the meridian section are to be calculated. Reference is hereby made to  FIG. 4   b  concerning the designations. The general equation for a hyperbola in the meridian section, i.e. in the x-y-plane as shown in  FIG. 4   b  with the one vertex at the coordinate origin, is the following:  
               (     x   +   c     )     2       a   2       -       y   2       b   2         =   1       
 
         [0080]     The hyperbolic surface is obtained on the one hand from the condition that the source point and the virtual focus  172  of the light source is equal to the focal points of the hyperbola. This is the case when the distance between the focal points of the hyperbola corresponds precisely to 2c. On the other hand, it applies to each point of the hyperbola that the difference of the distances to the focal points is precisely 2a. Finally, the following interrelationship applies to the hyperbola: 
 
 b={square root}{square root over (c     2     −a     2     )} 
 
         [0081]     The constants of the hyperbola can thus be determined. At first one calculates 2c=x 1 +x′ 1 . One now starts from the border point of the grating surface to which the hyperbola shall be adjacent, thus also leading to a and thus also b.  
         [0082]     Concerning the principles of diffractions on gratings, reference is hereby made to Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 2, Chapter 4, “Diffraction grating optics”, edited by G. V. Marr, Elsevier Science.  
         [0083]     Table 2 shows a 6-shell, nested collector according to the invention which is rotationally symmetrical about the main axis HA. Each shell comprises a first and second segment with a first and second optical surface which corresponds in this case with the segments. The first segment is a hyperboloid-shaped surface and a periodic grating structure is applied to the second segment.  
         [0084]     The variables used in table 2 have all been defined previously. The chosen reference coordinate system lies with its origin (0,0,0) at the place of light source  105 .  
         [0085]     The reference numerals designate the following:  
         [0086]     x 1 : The distance in the direction of the x-axis from the light source  105  to the central point  170 . 1  of the first mirror segment  
         [0087]     x 1′ : The distance in the direction of the x-axis from the virtual focus  172  to the central point  170 . 1  of the first mirror segment  
         [0088]     x 2 : The distance in the direction of the x-axis from the virtual focus  172  to the central point  170 . 3  of the second mirror segment  
         [0089]     x 2′ : The distance in the direction of the x-axis from the focal point  127  of the  1 st order to the central point of the second mirror segment  
         [0090]     x g : x 1 : The distance in the direction of the x-axis from the light source  105  to the focal point  127  of the 1 st  diffraction order  
         [0091]     M 1 : First lateral magnification  
         [0092]     M 2 : Second lateral magnification  
         [0093]     M g : Lateral magnification of the entire projection  
         [0094]     x 1a : x-coordinate of the start of the first segment  
         [0095]     x 1e : x-coordinate of the end of the first segment  
         [0096]     y 1a : y-coordinate of the start of the first segment  
         [0097]     y 1e : x-coordinate of the end of the first segment  
         [0098]     a,b: Parameters of the hyperbola  
         [0099]     x 2a : x-coordinate of the start of the second segment  
         [0100]     x 2e : x-coordinate of the end of the second segment  
         [0101]     y 2a : y-coordinate of the start of the second segment  
         [0102]     y 2e : x-coordinate of the end of the second segment  
         [0103]     RM: Radius of the second segment in the meridian plane  
         [0104]     n: Line number density of the grating  
         [0105]     α: Angle of the incident central ray relative to the normal in the central point of the second mirror shell  
         [0106]     β: Angle of the central ray diffracted into the 1 st  order relative to the normal in the central point of the second mirror shell  
         [0107]     ε: Blaze angle  
         [0108]     λ min : Minimal wavelength passing through the diaphragm  
         [0109]     λ max : Maximum wavelength passing through the diaphragm  
                                                                                       TABLE 2                           6-shell nested collector with grating structure                1st shell   2nd shell   3rd shell   4th shell   5th shell   6th shell   Meas.                        General   x 1     100.114892   140.162863   160.218694   180.2793   190.370309   210.470452   mm           x′ 1     −300   −300   −300   −300   −300   −300   mm           x 2     700   725   750   765   775   785   mm           x′ 2     1600   1575   1550   1535   1525   1515   mm           x g     2100.11489   2140.16286   2160.21869   2180.2793   2190.37031   2210.47045   mm           M 1     2.9965572   2.14036724   1.87244067   1.6608456   1.575876   1.42537823           M s     2.28571429   2.17241379   2.06666667   2.00653595   1.96774194   1.92993631           M g     6.8492736   4.64976332   3.86971073   3.33904549   3.10091729   2.75088919       Hyperbola   x 1a     100   110   140   150   160   160   mm           y 1a     21.0405187   35.9120412   59.9620182   81.2450696   109.683484   138.673888   mm           x 1e     200.114892   250.162863   300.218694   330.2793   350.370309   370.470452   mm           y 1e     33.2205342   62.4494492   101.899121   141.314549   190.37592   249.594333   mm           a   149.181725   147.928003   145.883216   143.342957   139.455046   134.358078   mm           b   15.6464966   24.8456391   34.9011081   44.1904583   55.2475347   66.6926302   mm       Grating   x 2a     200.114892   250.162863   300.218694   330.2793   350.370309   370.470452   mm           y 2a     33.2205342   62.4494492   101.899121   141.314549   190.37592   249.594333   mm           x 2e     599.885108   599.837137   599.781306   599.7207   599.629691   599.529548   mm           y 2a     46.7781676   77.5482083   118.096942   158.67946   209.614574   270.391474   mm           RM   27990.9783   16117.4175   10275.4222   7603.2649   5794.20955   4589.54812   mm           N   108.512273   179.3455962   265.913757   348.65787   448.752461   558.371904   l/mm           ε   1.02297802   0.98703035   0.95203537   0.92996608   0.91198563   0.89069416   deg.           α   −88.671686   −86.9571724   −84.750416   −82.5924967   −79.941059   −76.8589582   deg.           β   86.6257299   84.9831117   82.8463457   80.7325645   78.1170877   75.0775699   deg.           λ min     1.1851E−05   1.1983E−05   1.2016E−05   1.2024E−05   1.2032E−05    1.203E−05   mm           λ max      15239E−05   1.5073E−05   1.5022E−05   1.5008E−05    1.498E−05   1.4887E−05   mm                  
 
         [0110]      FIG. 5  shows a blaze grating with an approximately triangular groove structure. The reference numeral  201  designates the ray impinging upon the blaze grating with the grating period P.  202  designates the ray reflected on the grating into the 0 th  order and  204  the ray diffracted into the +1 st  order.  208  designates the grating normal, α the angle of the incident ray relative to the normal  208  and β the angle of the ray diffracted into the +1 st  order. The following equation is obtained for the blaze angle on the basis of the variables as stated above:  
         s   =            α        -        β          2       ,         
         [0111]     The blaze depth B is obtained as a predetermined blaze angle ε and line number density n as follows: 
 
B=n tan ε, 
 
 with the ray  201  impinging with the angle α relative to the grating normal  208  being diffracted with the blaze efficiency belonging to blaze angle ε under the diffraction angle β relative to the grating normal  208  into the +1 st  diffraction order in the direction towards the diaphragm plane which is not shown here. 
 
         [0112]      FIG. 6  shows the optical components and the progress of the rays of a number of light beams of a projection exposure system with a nested collector according to the invention.  
         [0113]     The collector in accordance with the invention comprises on the second segment a periodic grating structure. In combination with the diaphragm  1202  which is arranged in the vicinity of the intermediate image Z of the source in the +1 st  diffraction order it is possible to prevent undesirable wavelengths from entering the part of the illumination system situated behind the diaphragm  1202 .  
         [0114]     The diaphragm  1202  can also be used to separate with respect to space and pressure the space  1204  comprising the light source  1000  and the nested collector  1003  from the subsequent illumination system  1206 . The separation with respect to space and pressure allows preventing any impurities coming from the light source to reach the illumination system situated behind the diaphragm  1202 .  
         [0115]     The illumination system as shown in  FIG. 6  comprises a nested collector  1003  according to the invention. The first optical element  1102  comprises 122 first raster elements with an extension each of 54 mm×2.75 mm. The second optical element  1104  comprises 122 second raster elements which are assigned to the first raster elements and which each have a diameter of 10 mm.  
         [0116]     The optical elements  1106 ,  1108  and  1110  are substantially used for shaping the field in the object plane  1114 . The reticle in the object plane is a reflection mask. The reticle can be displaced in the shown direction  1116  in the EUV projection system which is configured as a scanning system. The exit pupil of the illumination system is illuminated in a substantially homogeneous way. The exit pupil coincides with the entrance pupil of a downstream projection objective. The entrance pupil of the projection objective is not shown. It is situated at the position of the point of intersection of the principal ray reflected by the reticle with the optical axis of the projection objective.  
         [0117]     A projection objective  1126  with six mirrors  1128 . 1 ,  1128 . 2 ,  1128 . 3 ,  1128 . 4 ,  1128 . 5 ,  1128 . 6  according to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/503,640 projects the reticle onto the object  1124  to be exposed.