Abstract:
A test apparatus for testing such electrical circuit elements as components of printed circuit boards or integrated circuit chips includes a number of substantially indentical pin modules or units, one for each pin under test. The several modules are separately programmed by a CPU to provide a suitable state at the pin under test, i.e., excitation signal, read signal or impedance. Power to the unit under test is provided by the pin module.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the field of electrical engineering, and particularly to accessory means for use in the testing and operation of electrical devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     One of the most complex problems facing test system design today is the need to provide system functions to each point of an electrical device or circuit under test. Common methods of doing this utilize switching systems to select a certain type of test function for each point to be tested. This switching is complex and expensive, and also generally is both physically large and consumes high levels of power. The circuitry of the switch also induces other problems and inaccuracies into the test circuit. The resistance or reactance of the switches, along with the separation of the device under test from the test equipment, all contribute this. 
     In the testing of large volumes of a single product it is common to find test systems designed and dedicated to this single function. If more flexibility is desired, it is sometimes possible to build a system up of standard units needing only a special interface, cable and so forth for a specific device to be tested. Beyond these application there is a wide range of what may be considered to be &#34;universal&#34; testers. These are customized to the testing of a specific part, not primarily by changing hardware although this is sometimes done and test heads are commonly changed, but by the changing of configuration through software. 
     The most common type of test system is commonly referred to as a &#34;shared resource&#34; design. This design uses a limited number of pieces of standard test equipment that is switched between many points of test connection by a switch matrix commonly known as a &#34;cross-point switch&#34;. While these designs provide great flexibility in the application of proven standard test equipment, they suffer several serious limitations. The switch unit, if capable of high frequencies and high power levels in particular, is large, complex, and expensive. Its effect on the paths within the circuit may sometimes make the data collected invalid. 
     To solve these problems in the testing of complex, high speed parts, such as VLSI integrated circuits, some users have gone to a &#34;tester per pin&#34; design. This methodology duplicates all needed test equipment for each point to be tested. It can readily be seen that this design, while powerful, is priced out of all but the most demanding applications. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A new test system has been created. This has been entitled &#34;function per pin&#34;. The system configuration consists of a series of identical units, one for each point or pin under test. These are &#34;pin modules&#34;. The modules are programmed for test setup and for the conducting of the test by a standard computer system. System power is provided by power supplies for the various computer and control circuits. Power to the unit under test is provided by the pin modules. 
     Various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and object attained by its use, reference should be had to the drawing which forms a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     In the drawing, in which like reference numerals identify corresponding parts throughout the several views, 
     FIG. 1 is a partial block diagram of a system embodying the invention, 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a &#34;pin module&#34; used in the invention, and 
     FIG. 3 is a wiring schematic of a programmable current limit component of a pin module. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Turning first to FIG. 1, there is shown a unit 10 to be tested, which may, for example, be a circuit board or an integrated circuit. The nature of the circuit is not relevant here: all that is important is that it includes terminals or test pins 11, 12, 13 . . . of input or output interest. By this is meant points at which predetermined electrical eneregization or electrical loading must be supplied, or points at which predetermined signals must appear or be supplied, if the circuit is operating properly. The pins are connected by conductors 21, 22, 23 . . . to individual ones of a plurality of &#34;pin modules&#34; 31, 32, 33 . . . better shown in FIG. 2. Each module is energized on a power bus 40 from a power source 41, which also energizes a computer 42 on a bus 43. Computer 42 controls the operation of modules 31, 32, 33 . . . through an address bus 44 and a timing/control bus 45, and receives signals from and supplies signals to the modules on a data bus 46. 
     Modules 31, 32, 33 . . . are identical, and are as shown in FIG. 2. Unit 31, for example, includes a programmable power distributor 50 including a programmable voltage source 51 a power gain stage 52 connected to source 51 by a conductor 53 and to power bus 40, and a programmable current limit component 54 connected to gain stage by conductor 55 and to a common output terminal 56 by conductor 57. Terminal 56 is connected to conductor 21 of FIG. 1. 
     Source 51 is also connected by a bus 60 to a bus interface 61 to which unit 54 is also connected by a bus 62. Interface 61 receives busses 44, 45, and 46 from computer 42 of FIG. 1. 
     Terminal 56 is connected by a conductor 70, an isolation unit 71, and a conductor 72 to a programmable signal processor 73, which is also connected to interface 61 through a bus 74, and which may receive an input 75 from unit 54. Processor 73 is connected by a conductor 76 to a data converter 77, which is connected by a data bus 78 with interface 61 and from there to bus 46. It will be appreciated that power supply 41, computer 42, and modules 31, 32, 33 . . . have a common ground. 
     It will be appreciated that if a particular module is to supply a voltage to or produce a load at its terminal 56, its processor 73 is isolated from terminal 56 by isolator 71. Likewise, if the module is to receive a signal from terminal 56, component 54 must be in a condition equivalent to an open circuit, to avoid loading the signal lines undesirably. A component suitable for this use is shown in FIG. 3 to comprise a current sensing stage 80, an absolute value stage 81, an output stage 82, and an output control stage 83. Output stage 82 comprises a pair of MOSFET transistors 90 and 91 and acts as a variable resistance element to control the flow of current in either direction between conductors 55 and 57. The current flows through a sensing resistor 92 in stage 80, which includes an operational amplifier 93. The output at terminal 94 is scaled at a desired value, such as 5 volts per ampere of current in resistor 92, a positive voltage representing flow of current from 55 to 57, and as supplied to stage 81 and conductor 95. The output at terminal 96 of stage 81 may have the same scaling, but is always positive regardless of current direction: it is supplied on conductor 75 to processor 73, and on conductor 97 as one input to stage 83: a second input is supplied through a digital-to-analog converter 98. 
     Stage 83 includes a differential amplifier 99 and functions as an adder-subtractor circuit, supplying to output stage 82 a source voltage on conductor 100 and a gate voltage on conductor 101. When zero current is being called for by the program, through converter 98, voltage 101 is caused to follow voltage 100, and conductor 57 is, in effect, open circuited. If a voltage from converter 98 is input, MOSFETs 90 and 91 receive a positive enhancement voltage causing them to turn on by whatever amount is needed to provide a current sensor voltage equal to the converter output voltage. 
     The general operation of the pin module system will now be understood. Pin modules as in FIG. 2 are connected to a minimum of two pins of the unit to be tested. The program in computer 42 acts on units 51, 54, and 73 in the various modules so that at each pin an appropriate voltage with respect to ground, including ground itself, is supplied on its conductor 57, with current limiting for safety if desired, or so that a signal expected or needed at conductor 70 is appropriately supplied or processed at unit 73, or so that a load of predetermined nature, including open and short circuits, is applied between terminal 56 and the like terminal of another module.