Abstract:
The present invention relates to an improved bakery product containing a combination of betaine and enzyme in an effective amount to improve the textural properties of a bakery product when baked. The improved properties are selected among increased softness, reduced staling, increased shelf-life, and combination thereof. The present invention relates also to a process for improving the properties of a bakery product, which process comprises combining flour, water, enzyme and betaine, and optional further ingredients and processing the resulting mixture to provide a bakery product, said betaine and enzyme being provided in an effective amount to improve the properties of said bakery product when baked. Furthermore the present invention relates to a baking ingredient consisting essentially of a combination of enzyme and betaine, and optionally an emulsifier, said enzyme and betaine and possible emulsifier being all provided in effective amounts capable of improving the textural properties of a bakery product when baked.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to improved bakery products containing betaine and enzyme. The present invention also relates to processes for improving the textural properties of bakery products, as well as the freshness of said bakery product. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention an emulsifier is used for giving a further improving effect to the enzyme/betaine combination. The invention also relates to an improved baking ingredient based on enzyme and betaine and to a method of using betaine in baking. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Enzymes are commonly used in their purified form, often together with emulsifiers, in food preparations to improve the softness of bakery products, to retard moisture migration from the bakery product, to retard staling of the bakery product and to impart a smoother and softer texture to the product. In food production it is essential to find an alternative to the traditional chemical-based technologies and to replace synthetic chemicals in many processes. 
         [0003]    There is a continuous need in the field of baked products to find a solution to increase softness of the baked product, reduce moisture migration, extend shelf-life, and improve freshness and to produce a desirable appearance, taste and texture. It is known that the quality of a bakery product gradually deteriorates during storage. The crumb loses softness and elasticity and becomes firm and crumbly. This staling is mostly due to the retro gradation of starch, which is a transition of the starch gelatinized during baking from an amorphous state to a crystalline state. The term staling means those undesirable changes in the properties of a baked product, which occur after leaving the oven. Staling is a problem which becomes more serious as more time lies between preparation and time of consumption. The problems mentioned include increase in the firmness of the crumb, evaporation of the moisture from the crumb, loss of flavor and changes in flavor, as well as microbial deterioration. In the food industry there is a continuous effort to make products, which are pleasing to both eyes and to the palate. Baked products&#39; organoleptic properties, such as appearance, flavor and texture, should deteriorate as little as possible. As a result of staling, generally, the appearance, taste and texture become unpleasing to the consumer and this, in turn, results in a shorter shelf-life of the baked product. 
         [0004]    No satisfactory solution to this well known problem has been found so far. For example there has been an attempt to solve this problem by coating baked products with a sealant to increase the water retention thereof. Addition of fats, waxes and simple syrups have also been attempted. Although fats and waxes worked well as sealants, an undesirable mouth feel and appearance was developed in the product. Also waxes and fats were not suitable for icing and glazing, due to the fact that they did not readily adhere to the slick surface. Syrups did not solve the problem either as sealants. They did not prevent moisture migration over prolonged shelf-life nor did they sufficiently prevent moisture migration from products with high water activity. 
         [0005]    In the prior art there are suggestions of ways to diminish the negative aspects of staling of bakery products. The changes in bread start immediately after leaving the oven as a result of a recrystallization process of starch which has been gelatinized during baking. In EP application No. 0412807 it is disclosed that α-amylases or emulsifiers can influence the initial firmness reduction of the crumb. 
         [0006]    It is well known in baking practice, that if an enzyme is added to the dough used for producing baked products, an anti-staling effect is obtained. In addition one or more emulsifiers may be added to the flour or the dough according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,352. Emulsifiers improve dough flexibility and may influence the consistency of the resulting bread and its storage stability. The emulsifier has the effect of reducing the surface tension between oil/water/air interfaces to increase the emulsion stability. 
         [0007]    Betaine has been added to baked goods to provide a product which retards the moisture migration and improves the organoleptic properties as an alternative to the combinations of earlier used ingredients. Betaine (also known as trimethylglysine, TMG, glycine betaine, oxyneurine or 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium hydroxide (chemical formula C 5 H 11 NO 2 )) is a natural product found in plants, like sugar beets, spinach and broccoli. Betaine is an organic osmoprotectant, which is highly hygroscopic. It also acts as a humectant in foods since it reduces water activity thereby extending shelf-life, it adds nutritional benefits and improves flavors. It may be available as anhydrous betaine (no water of crystallization) or betaine monohydrate. Betaine also forms an inner salt between its positively charged nitrogen atom and a negatively charged oxygen atom. Betaine supplements are manufactured as byproducts of sugar beet processing. They are available in powder, tablet, and capsule forms. 
         [0008]    Until 1960, betaine was used mainly in pharmaceutical preparations for increasing the concentration of acids in the stomach. Nowadays it has been used in animal feeds to stimulate weight increase. Betaine is used also in cosmetics because it is non-irritating and it has moisturizing properties. In food industry the areas of use are food preservatives, dietary supplements and rehydration drinks. 
         [0009]    Betaine is a nutrient that plays an important role in the health of the cardiovascular system. Studies have suggested that betaine, along with other nutrients, helps to reduce potentially toxic levels of homocysteine, a naturally occurring amino acid that can be harmful to blood vessels thereby contributing to the development of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (reduced blood flow to the legs and feet). In the mammalian body, betaine has a vitamin resembling function. The action mechanism is closely related to the mechanism of folic acid and vitamin B 12 , homocysteine is broken down and toxic levels of this substance are reduced in the bloodstream. Betaine is present in liver, kidney, testes, spleen, pancreas and heart, reducing the risk for serious conditions, such as heart strokes and fatty deposits in the liver. Dimethyl glycine, a derivative of betaine, enhances the immune response. Betaine also plays a major role in protecting kidney cells against highly osmotic urine. 
         [0010]    Betaine is a natural product and hence its use in the food industry is of great interest. The inventors of U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,930 have found that betaine alone accomplishes objectives served by the combination of other components normally added to foods, namely emulsifiers, gums, enzymes, fibers and fruit. The advantages gained included the ability to retard moisture migration from the baked goods, the ability to retard staling of the baked goods and impart a smoother and softer texture to the baked goods. In addition, betaine also eased the preparation of the baked goods by decreasing the viscosity, thereby facilitating the mixing and the processing in preparing the baked product. 
         [0011]    Despite the advantages gained in bakery by the use of betaine as a replacement for emulsifiers and enzymes, there still exists a need for improving the texture such as the softness and the shelf-life of baked products. Now the present inventors have found that combining betaine with an enzyme will surprisingly provide a significant improvement in the properties of baked products. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention relates to an improved bakery product containing a combination of betaine and enzyme in an effective amount to improve the textural properties of a bakery product when baked. The improved properties are selected among increased softness, reduced staling, increased shelf-life, and combination thereof. In addition the inventive combination improves the sensory properties, such as the freshness of a baked product. The added betaine and enzyme preferably provide a synergistic effect for improving at least one of said properties of the bakery product. The bakery products of the present invention comprise also water and flour. Typically a number of other common baking ingredients may be included also. 
         [0013]    The amount of betaine ranges from 0.01 to 5.0 wt % calculated on the weight of the flour and the amount of enzyme ranges from 0.01 to 20 mg enzyme protein per kg of flour. The improved bakery product is preferably a soft bakery product. Typically the water activity (A w ) of the bakery product will be 0.85 or more. The bakery product of the present invention may be a baked, semi-baked or unbaked product. 
         [0014]    An embodiment of the present invention is directed to baked goods further containing emulsifier in an effective amount, which preferably has a synergistic effect on the betaine/emulsifier combination. The emulsifier in combination with the betaine and the enzyme preferably prove at least one of the textural properties of the baked product. 
         [0015]    In addition, the present invention relates to a process for improving the properties of a bakery product, which process comprises combining flour, water, enzyme and betaine, and optional further ingredients and processing the resulting mixture to provide a bakery product, said betaine and enzyme being provided in an effective amount to improve the properties of said bakery product when baked, said improved properties being selected from the group consisting of increased softness, reduced staling, increased shelf-life and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the invention betaine and enzyme operate together in a synergistic manner to enhance the improving effect on the bakery product. 
         [0016]    In a preferred embodiment said process further comprises including an emulsifier in said mixture before baking in an amount sufficient for causing the combination of betaine, enzyme and emulsifier to synergistically improve at least one of said properties of said bakery product when baked. 
         [0017]    Moreover, the present invention relates to a baking ingredients either consisting essentially of a combination of enzyme and betaine or consisting essentially of enzyme, betaine and emulsifier. The ingredient may optionally include a carrier. The ingredient includes the components of the combination in effective amounts capable of improving the textural properties of the bakery product when baked. 
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention relates to improved bakery products wherein a combination of enzyme and betaine provide benefits in excess of those obtainable with the use of an enzyme alone or betaine alone. In the tests of the present invention it has been found that betaine in combination with an enzyme has a greater impact on improving the anti-staling properties than the sum of their separate impacts. This synergistic effect has been surprising. The combination according to the invention is better in enhancing the softness of bread and in reducing staling than the single components of the combination. It was prior known that betaine can replace enzyme and emulsifier in baked products. However a surprising result of the present invention is that betaine has shown even greater positive effects to the freshness and the softness of baked products when it is combined with an enzyme in a bakery product. An embodiment of the present invention is directed to above-mentioned baked goods further containing emulsifier in a synergistically effective amount. This combination has shown great improvement in softness and shelf-life compared to similar bakery products with only enzyme and emulsifier. 
         [0019]    An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a bakery product containing flour and water as well as enzyme and betaine, which enzyme and betaine have a synergistic effect and are capable of increasing softness of the bakery product, improving the shelf-life significantly, retarding staling and preserving the freshness of said bakery product compared to a conventional bakery product with only enzyme and emulsifier used when baked. 
         [0020]    A preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a combination of betaine, enzyme and emulsifier, in which combination the respective components are present in synergistically effective amounts to further increase the softness of the bakery product, to improve the shelf-life and retard staling significantly and to preserve the freshness of said bakery product compared to a conventional bakery product with only enzyme and emulsifier used when baked. In accordance with the present invention the softness of a baked bakery product can increase as much as 5 to 50% compared to similar bakery product with only enzyme and emulsifier. 
         [0021]    Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that the betaine and enzyme provide a retarded rate of crumb firming during storage of the bakery product. It is also believed that they modify selectively the crystallization process during and after baking. 
         [0022]    In preferred embodiments, the betaine is present in the baked products in amounts 0.01-5.0 wt % calculated on the weight of the flour. More preferably the betaine is present in amounts ranging from about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, most preferably from about 0.1 wt % to 0.2 wt %. 
         [0023]    In preferred embodiments, the enzyme is present in the baked products in amounts 0.01 to 20 mg enzyme protein per kg of flour. 
         [0024]    In preferred embodiments, the emulsifier is present in the baked products in amounts 0.01 to 2.0 wt % calculated on the weight of the flour. 
         [0025]    The betaine and enzyme and optionally the emulsifier is preferably provided as a baking ingredient to just be added at baking. In such baking ingredient the amount of betaine per 1 kg of flour is 0.1 to 50 g and the amount of enzyme protein per 1 kg of flour to be used in baking is 0.01 to 20 mg. When an emulsifier is included, the amount per 1 kg of flour is 0.1 to 20 g. 
         [0026]    As used herein the term betaine refers to the compound trimethylglycine and its salts. 
         [0027]    As used herein the term enzyme refers to enzymes which are used in flour baked bakery products. Typical enzymes useful in the present invention are carbohydrate degrading enzymes, protein degrading enzymes and fat degrading enzymes. Examples of anti-staling enzymes include, but are not limited to amylases of bacterial, cereal or fungal origin with varying thermostability, such as endo-alpha-amylases, exo-alpha-amylases, beta-amylases, maltogenic alpha-amylases, as well as pullunalases, glycosyl transferases, amyloglycosidases, 1,4-alpha-glyucan braching enzyme, 4-alpha-glucanotransferases, lipases, phopholipases, galactolipases, acyltransferases, pectate lyases, xylanases, xyloglucan endotransglucosylases, pentosanases, hemicellulases, proteases, peptidases, α-glucosidase and combinations thereof. 
         [0028]    As used herein the term emulsifier refers to emulsifiers which are used in baking. Typical emulsifiers are mono- and diglycerides of various fatty acid compositions, including glycerol monostearate, ethoxylated, succinylated, acetylated or lactylated monoglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, lecithin, phospholipids, polyoxyethylene stearate, polysorbate, propylene glycol monoesters, polyglycerol esters, esters of fatty acids and esters of monoglycerides, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0029]    The term “bakery product” refers to a number of products. As used herein, it is used as defined in U.S. Government Regulations 21 C.F.R. Sec. 170.3, i.e. for the meaning of baked goods and baking mixes, including all ready-to-eat and ready-to-bake products, flours, and mixes requiring preparation before serving. The ingredients of bakery products vary, depending on the product in question. The bakery products of the present invention comprise at least the following ingredients, namely water, flour, enzyme and betaine. The bakery product may also comprise an emulsifier. The bakery products of the present invention typically will also include sweeteners and fat and a wide variety of natural and artificial flavorings and colorants well known in the art. Other ingredients including other nutritive substances, preservatives, anti-oxidants and fillers or yeast may also be present. Bakery products can be either baked to completion or left into semi-baked state, after which a short period of extra time is needed for the final baking. Bakery products can also be left in unbaked state until further use. Freezing can be used to preserve an unbaked product. 
         [0030]    The term “baked product” refers to products cooked by heat in an oven. 
         [0031]    The term “textural properties” refers to physical properties of the bakery product when baked. Important textural properties discussed in relation to the invention are softness, cohesiveness and resilience. These, in addition to further staling, influence the physical characteristics of a bakery product during storage. The overall textural property is often referred to as shelf-life. 
         [0032]    As used herein term softness refers to a bakery product not being firm against pressure. 
         [0033]    As used herein term staling means those undesirable changes in the properties of a bakery product, which occur after leaving the oven. It is known that the quality of a bakery product gradually deteriorates during storage. The crumb loses softness and elasticity and becomes firm and crumbly. 
         [0034]    As used herein term shelf-life refers to the length of time a bakery product will last without deteriorating. 
         [0035]    As used herein term freshness refers to the good characteristics of a bakery product when it has not yet staled or deteriorated. 
         [0036]    The present invention relates mainly to soft bakery products. The bakery products typically have a A w  of 0.85 or more. A w  refers to water activity, which is well known to those skilled in the art. The group of soft baked products comprises, but it is not limited to bread, cake, donut, brownie, waffle, muffin, roll, bagel, strudel, pastry, croissant, pizza, bun, pancake, cupcake, baked nutrition bar, soft cookie, cracker and the like. The preferred bakery product is a baked bread product. 
         [0037]    As used herein the term dough refers to an unbaked mixture of flour, water and other ingredients, which mixture is a precursor to making a bakery product. 
         [0038]    As used herein term flour refers to a powder, which may be either fine or coarse, prepared by sifting and grinding the meal of a grain, especially wheat. 
         [0039]    The invention is further illustrated in the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
       [0040]    A baked product, containing the following ingredients, was prepared for a ranking test. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 % weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sponge: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Medium Whole Wheat Flour 
                 60.0 
               
               
                   
                 Vital Wheat Gluten 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 PANODAN ® 205 K 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Instant Yeast 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 50.0 
               
               
                   
                 GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 
                 20 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 Dough: 
               
               
                   
                 Medium Whole Wheat Flour 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 Salt 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Propionate 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 Honey 
                 11.0 
               
               
                   
                 Molasses 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 Instant Yeast 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 DIMODAN ® PH 300 
                 0.375 
               
               
                   
                 High fructose corn syrup 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 Vegetable Oil 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 Azodicarbonamide 
                  25 ppm 
               
               
                   
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 120 ppm 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Betafin BF 20 
                 variable amount  
               
               
                   
                   
                 according to Table I 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    Baking was started by making the sponge. The ingredients were placed in a bowl and mixed for 1 minute on low speed, then 3 minutes on medium speed with a dough hook. The dough was fermented in a cabinet set at 30° C. for 3 hours. The additional ingredients were then added to the bowl and the dough was mixed for 1 minute on low speed and 8 minutes on medium speed. The resulting dough was let to rest for 5 minutes, then was divided into pieces and rounded. The dough was then moulded into cylinders using a bread moulder, placed in a greased pan, and allowed to raise (proof) at 40° C., 85% relative humidity for 60 minutes. The dough was placed in an oven and it was baked in 200° C. for 24 minutes. 
         [0042]    PANODAN® 205K is a diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyceride, which is provided by Danisco A/S. DIMODAN PH 300 is a distilled mono-glyceride produced from the esterification between a triglyceride with glycerol available from Danisco A/S. GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045 is a bakery enzyme combination available from Danisco A/S. Betafin BF 20 is a sugar beet derived betaine product available from Danisco company Finnfeeds Finland Oy. 
         [0043]    In the test the panelists were asked to rank three samples in order of sweetness, bitterness, gumminess, freshness and overall liking. A chi square test was made to determine statistical difference of the overall ranking. For significance at the 0.05 probability level, the chi square for the test needs to exceed 5.99. 
         [0044]    The results are shown in Table I. According to the results only the freshness question showed significance at this probability level. The overall liking test showed significance at the 0.1% level. 
         [0045]    The higher level of betaine (0.4% Betafin BF 20) was shown to be statistically different and ranked higher from both the control and the lower level of betaine (0.2%) for freshness. For overall liking the difference between the higher and the lower level of betaine (0.2% and 0.4%) showed a weak significance and 0.4% betaine was ranked better in overall ranking. 
       Example 2 
       [0046]    A baked product, containing the following ingredients, was prepared: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 % weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sponge: 
                   
               
               
                 White Bread Flour 
                 75.0 
               
               
                 Oil 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 DIMODAN ® PH 300 
                 0 or 0.5 according to Table II 
               
               
                 Instant Yeast 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Water 
                 43.0 
               
               
                 GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 
                 0 or 20 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 according to Table II 
               
               
                 Dough: 
               
               
                 White Bread Flour 
                 25.0 
               
               
                 Salt 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Calcium Propionate 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Instant Yeast 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 High fructose corn syrup 
                 12.0 
               
               
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 30 ppm 
               
               
                 Water 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 Betaine 
                 variable amount 
               
               
                   
                 according to Table II 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    Baking was started by making the sponge. The ingredients were placed in a bowl and mixed for 1 minute on low speed, then 3 minutes on medium speed with a dough hook. The dough was fermented in a cabinet set at 30° C. for 3 hours. The additional ingredients were then added to the bowl and the dough was mixed for 1 minute on low speed and 8 minutes on medium speed. The resulting dough was let to rest for 5 minutes, then was divided into pieces and rounded. The dough was then moulded into cylinders using a bread moulder, placed in a greased pan, and allowed to raise (proof) at 40° C., 85% relative humidity for 60 minutes. The dough was placed in an oven and it was baked in 220° C. for 22 minutes. 
         [0048]    A combination of an enzyme (GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045), an emulsifier (DIMODAN® PH 300) and betaine (Betafin BF 20) (0.1% and 0.2% calculated from the weight of the flour) was tested in comparison with only betaine added—samples (0.1-0.5% calculated from the weight of the flour, no added enzyme nor emulsifier) as well as control samples (no added enzyme, emulsifier nor betaine). The combination of the enzyme, the emulsifier and betaine yielded significantly softer bread (about 10%) throughout the shelf-life study when compared to enzyme with emulsifier without betaine added or betaine added alone. The numerical values of the above-mentioned test are shown in Table II. 
         [0049]    DIMODAN® PH 300 is a distilled monoglyseride emulsifier available from Danisco A/S. GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045 is a bakery enzyme combination available from Danisco A/S. Betafin BF 20 is a sugar beet derived betaine product available from Danisco company Finnfeeds Finland Oy. 
         [0050]    On day 1 the combination of three components gave about 35% better results of softness of bread compared to the control sample and enzyme plus emulsifier gave 19% better softness of bread when compared to the control sample. Pure betaine added (0.4%) gave 11% better results compared to the control sample on day 1. 
         [0051]    On day 11, the 0.1% and 0.3% betaine only variables were significantly firmer than the control sample, but the 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.5% betaine only—samples were not significantly different from the control sample. Betaine alone at levels of 0.1-0.5% does not appear to extend the shelf-life of a bread product. On day 11 the softness of the bread with the combination of betaine, enzyme and emulsifier was about 50 to 52% better compared to the control sample. The combination of the enzyme and the emulsifier was 44% softer than the control sample. 
         [0052]    It is clear that a synergy exists between enzyme, emulsifier and betaine in softening the bread and also extending the shelf-life of a bread product. The test result shows about 13% softer bread right after baking on Day 1 and about 5% better softness on Day 11 compared to the prior art method of enzyme plus emulsifier. 
       Example 3 
       [0053]    A baked product, containing the following ingredients, was prepared: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 % weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sponge: 
                   
               
               
                 White Bread Flour 
                 75.0 
               
               
                 Oil 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 DIMODAN ® PH 300 
                 0 or 0.5 according to Table III 
               
               
                 Instant Yeast 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Water 
                 43.0 
               
               
                 GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 
                 0 or 20 mg/kg 
               
               
                   
                 according to Table III 
               
               
                 Dough: 
               
               
                 White Bread Flour 
                 25.0 
               
               
                 Salt 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Calcium Propionate 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Instant Yeast 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 High fructose corn syrup 
                 12.0 
               
               
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 30 ppm 
               
               
                 Water 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 Betaine 
                 variable amount 
               
               
                   
                 according to Table III 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0054]    A baked product was prepared similarly to Example 2 and the variable amounts of GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045, DIMODAN® PH 300 and Betafin BF 20 are shown in Table III. 
         [0055]    DIMODAN® PH 300 is a distilled monoglyseride emulsifier available from Danisco A/S. GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045 is a bakery enzyme combination available from Danisco A/S. Betafin BF 20 is a sugar beet derived betaine product available from Danisco company Finnfeeds Finland Oy. 
         [0056]    A combination of enzyme (GRINDAMYL™ MAX-LIFE U1045) and betaine (Betafin BF 20) as well as a combination of emulsifier (DIMODAN® PH 300) and betaine (Betafin BF 20) were tested in comparison with only enzyme or emulsifier control samples with no added betaine. The combination of the enzyme and betaine yielded significantly softer bread (about 5 to 25%) throughout the shelf-life study when compared to enzyme without betaine added or emulsifier with betaine added or emulsifier only. 
         [0057]    On day 1 the combination of enzyme and betaine (0.2%) gave about 13% better results of softness of bread compared to the only emulsifier added-sample and about 7% better results of softness of bread compared to the emulsifier plus betaine added-sample and only enzyme added-sample. 
         [0058]    On day 9, the combination of enzyme and betaine (0.2%) gave about 24% better results of softness of bread compared to the only emulsifier added-sample, about 19% better results of softness of bread compared to the emulsifier plus betaine added-sample and about 13% better results of softness of bread compared to the only enzyme added-sample. The emulsifier added to the dough with or without betaine did not show a significant effect regarding the softness of the bread. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 Rank sum 
                 Differences 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sweetness 
                 A = Non-added betaine control sample 
                 9 
                 5 
                 6 
                 37 
                 −1 
                 A = least sweet 
               
               
                   
                 B = 0.2% Betafin BF 20 
                 6 
                 10 
                 4 
                 38 
                 −8 
                 B&amp;C tied for medium &amp; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 most sweet 
               
               
                   
                 C = 0.4% Betafin BF 20 
                 5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 45 
                 −7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chi sq: 1, 9 
               
               
                 Bitterness 
                 A 
                 6 
                 6 
                 8 
                 42 
                 −1 
                 A = most bitter 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 4 
                 9 
                 7 
                 43 
                 7 
                 B = medium bitter 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 10 
                 5 
                 5 
                 35 
                 8 
                 C = least bitter 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chi sq: 1, 9 
               
               
                 Gumminess 
                 A 
                 3 
                 10 
                 7 
                 44 
                 4 
                 A = medium gunny 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 6 
                 8 
                 6 
                 40 
                 8 
                 B = medium gummy 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 11 
                 2 
                 7 
                 36 
                 4 
                 C = least gummy 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chi sq: 1, 6 
               
               
                 Freshness 
                 A 
                 11 
                 5 
                 4 
                 33 
                 −3 
                 A = least fresh 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 6 
                 12 
                 2 
                 36 
                 −18 
                 B = medium fresh 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 3 
                 3 
                 14 
                 51 
                 −15 
                 C = most fresh 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chi sq: 9, 3 
               
               
                 Overall liking 
                 A 
                 9 
                 4 
                 6 
                 35 
                 2 
                 A = least liked 
               
               
                 (only 19 answers) 
                 B 
                 7 
                 10 
                 2 
                 33 
                 −11 
                 B = medium liked 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 3 
                 5 
                 11 
                 46 
                 −13 
                 C = most liked 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chi sq: 5, 1509 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 Day 4 
                 Day 8 
                 Day 11 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 D 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 D 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 D 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 202 
                 0.764 
                 0.38 
                 −19.2 
                 298 
                 0.72 
                 0.329 
                 −42.9 
                 412 
                 0.670 
                 0.295 
                 −46.6 
                 491 
                 0.668 
                 0.292 
                 −43.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 250 
                 0.795 
                 0.471 
                 — 
                 522 
                 0.698 
                 0.373 
                 — 
                 772 
                 0.656 
                 0.346 
                 — 
                 870 
                 0.645 
                 0.336 
                 — 
               
               
                 3 
                 282 
                 0.789 
                 0.469 
                 12.8 
                 584 
                 0.699 
                 0.374 
                 11.9 
                 830 
                 0.648 
                 0.345 
                 7.5 
                 958 
                 0.623 
                 0.328 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 259 
                 0.797 
                 0.470 
                 3.6 
                 572 
                 0.694 
                 0.369 
                 9.6 
                 798 
                 0.651 
                 0.340 
                 3.4 
                 948 
                 0.639 
                 0.338 
                 9.0 
               
               
                 5 
                 167 
                 0.764 
                 0.372 
                 −33.2 
                 262 
                 0.707 
                 0.313 
                 −49.8 
                 358 
                 0.666 
                 0.284 
                 −53.6 
                 420 
                 0.661 
                 0.286 
                 −51.7 
               
               
                 6 
                 222 
                 0.793 
                 0.466 
                 −11.2 
                 504 
                 0.699 
                 0.370 
                 −3.4 
                 751 
                 0.647 
                 0.336 
                 −2.7 
                 874 
                 0.633 
                 0.333 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 7 
                 241 
                 0.799 
                 0.464 
                 −3.6 
                 581 
                 0.688 
                 0.361 
                 11.3 
                 791 
                 0.631 
                 0.322 
                 2.5 
                 937 
                 0.632 
                 0.336 
                 7.7 
               
               
                 8 
                 263 
                 0.794 
                 0.458 
                 −5.2 
                 576 
                 0.695 
                 0.368 
                 10.3 
                 841 
                 0.642 
                 0.328 
                 8.9 
                 988 
                 0.631 
                 0.331 
                 13.6 
               
               
                 9 
                 163 
                 0.765 
                 0.379 
                 −34.8 
                 272 
                 0.719 
                 0.326 
                 −47.9 
                 368 
                 0.671 
                 0.290 
                 −52.3 
                 434 
                 0.665 
                 0.284 
                 −50.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 S = Softness (results in Grams of Force) 
               
               
                 C = Cohesiveness 
               
               
                 R = Resilience 
               
               
                 D = % Difference in Softness from Control 
               
               
                 1 = 0.5% DIMODAN ® PH 300; GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 (no betaine) 
               
               
                 2 = No added Control (no betaine, enzyme or emulsifier) 
               
               
                 3 = 0.1% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier or enzyme) 
               
               
                 4 = 0.2% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier or enzyme) 
               
               
                 5 = 0.5% DIMODAN ® PH 300; GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045; 0.2% Betafin BF 20 
               
               
                 6 = 0.4% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier or enzyme) 
               
               
                 7 = 0.5% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier or enzyme) 
               
               
                 8 = 0.3% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier or enzyme) 
               
               
                 9 = 0.5% DIMODAN ® PH 300; GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045; 0.1% Betafin BF 20 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Day 1 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 7 
                 Day 9 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
                 S 
                 C 
                 R 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 339 
                 0.740 
                 0.369 
                 530 
                 0.681 
                 0.319 
                 777 
                 0.634 
                 0.292 
                 873 
                 0.610 
                 0.279 
               
               
                 2 
                 316 
                 0.733 
                 0.352 
                 528 
                 0.688 
                 0.327 
                 818 
                 0.622 
                 0.291 
                 826 
                 0.627 
                 0.290 
               
               
                 3 
                 314 
                 0.773 
                 0.442 
                 456 
                 0.720 
                 0.386 
                 665 
                 0.668 
                 0.343 
                 764 
                 0.659 
                 0.336 
               
               
                 4 
                 294 
                 0.785 
                 0.440 
                 435 
                 0.721 
                 0.380 
                 619 
                 0.672 
                 0.341 
                 667 
                 0.661 
                 0.333 
               
               
                 5 
                 320 
                 0.777 
                 0.433 
                 455 
                 0.722 
                 0.375 
                 688 
                 0.667 
                 0.337 
                 757 
                 0.655 
                 0.323 
               
               
                 6 
                 293 
                 0.780 
                 0.445 
                 443 
                 0.715 
                 0.375 
                 685 
                 0.671 
                 0.341 
                 752 
                 0.648 
                 0.321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 S = Softness (results in Grams of Force) 
               
               
                 C = Cohesiveness 
               
               
                 R = Resilience 
               
               
                 1 = 0.5% DIMODAN ® PH 300; (no betaine or enzyme) 
               
               
                 2 = 0.5% DIMODAN ® PH 300 + 0.2% Betafin BF 20 (no enzyme) 
               
               
                 3 = GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 (no betaine or emulsifier) 
               
               
                 4 = GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 + 0.2% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier) 
               
               
                 5 = GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 + 0.3% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier) 
               
               
                 6 = GRINDAMYL ™ MAX-LIFE U1045 + 0.4% Betafin BF 20 (no emulsifier)