Abstract:
An improved method and consolidated apparatus for recovery of sulfur from acid gases using the modified-Claus process and Claus tail gas treating process of the hydrogenation/amine absorption type as classically practiced in the oil &amp; gas industry. By implementing innovations to the acid gas processing strategy a wider range of feedstocks can be processed and improved performance is seen when processing conventional feedstocks; in addition, through consolidation and integration of the typical practice an improved apparatus is realized.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present non-provisional patent application is related to and claims priority benefit of an earlier-filed provisional patent application titled METHOD AND CONSOLIDATED APPARATUS FOR RECOVERY OF SULFUR FROM ACID GASES, Ser. No. 61/227,568, filed 22 Jul. 2009. The identified earlier-filed application is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to an improved method for the recovery of sulfur from acid gases using the modified-Claus process with the Claus tail gas treating process of the hydrogenation/amine absorption type as classically practiced in the oil &amp; gas industry. By implementing innovations to the acid gas processing strategy a wider range of feedstocks can be processed and improved performance is seen when processing conventional feedstocks; in addition, through modification, consolidation and integration of the conventional practice an improved apparatus is realized. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The modified-Claus process for recovery of elemental sulfur from acid gases is in widespread use throughout the oil &amp; gas industry. It is a very well-known process and quite familiar to those practiced in the art. In order to control the sulfur emissions to the atmosphere a stand-alone modified-Claus sulfur recovery unit (SRU) is normally not sufficient to meet most environmental regulations. To further the overall sulfur recovery, the addition of a Claus tail gas treating unit of the hydrogenation/amine absorption type has now become an industry standard. A tail gas treating unit (TGTU) is nearly always required to meet overall sulfur emission requirements. 
         [0004]    The traditional industrial approach is to treat the modified-Claus SRU and the downstream TGTU as two segregated operating units. However, given that environmental regulations are becoming more stringent with respect to sulfur emissions, it is becoming a requirement to operate both the SRU and TGTU all of the time. Thus, the present invention is a consolidation of the SRU and TGTU into a single integrated unit with new design features. This consolidated approach results in a novel process described as an Acid Gas Conversion Unit (AGCU). 
         [0005]    The AGCU was developed in response to the industry requirement for higher reliabilities and availabilities to meet environmental regulations. In former times it was permissible to flare acid gases when the SRU was down. Today both the SRU and TGTU are required to operate together all of the time as SRU only operation or acid gas flaring is not allowed. The requirement of continuous online acid gas processing for sulfur recovery results in redundancy of the SRU and TGTU. This, of course, results in substantial investment cost as multiple SRUs and TGTUs are now required. It was noticed that from past practice of SRU and TGTU design that certain normal practices to allow operating flexibility and reliability for single SRU and TGTU are repeated in the time when redundant units were now being required. The AGCU eliminates these single unit design margins and results in an acceptable design margin for the redundant situation. 
         [0006]    In addition to the above mentioned consolidated approach, the AGCU has implemented new acid gas processing strategies to provide a wider range of flexibility in handling problematic acid gases. These include very lean (low hydrogen sulfide content) acid gases and acid gases with contaminants such as mercaptan and BTEX (aromatic hydrocarbons). There have been an increased number of such applications as more sour gas fields are being developed and many coal and coke gasification facilities are being constructed. In addition to the innovative acid gas processing strategy, additional improvements to improve operation are incorporated in the AGCU. For example, the use of a combination of packing and trays in the Amine absorber section to minimize the amount of carbon dioxide pickup and maximize the removal of hydrogen sulfide. This improves environmental protection at the same time as improving the operability of the Claus thermal reactor. 
         [0007]    The AGCU represents an improved method for sulfur recovery from acid gases and represents the lowest complexity factor by consolidation and integration while still meeting the conventional SRU and TGTU environmental emission standards. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention considers the modified-Claus sulfur recovery unit and downstream tail gas treating unit as an integrated whole. The integration strategies result in a much smaller processing unit, while achieving the same level of sulfur recovery efficiency. 
         [0009]    There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, some of the features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter. 
         [0010]    In this respect, before explaining at least one part of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction or to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of the description and should in no way be limiting. 
         [0011]    The AGCU is a tightly integrated processing unit that consists of a series of individual sections:
       a. a Claus Thermal Reaction section for combusting one-third of the acid gas H 2 S to SO 2  and thermally promoting the Claus Reaction;   b. a Claus Catalytic Reaction section for catalytically continuing the Claus Reaction and recovering the produced sulfur;   c. a Hydrogenation section for generating reducing gas and hydrogenating the tail gas from the Claus Reaction section;   d. a Quench section for cooling the hydrogenated tail gas;   e. an Amine section for recovering the H 2 S from the quenched tail gas and;   f. an Incineration section for incinerating the tail gases prior to discharge to the atmosphere.       
 
         [0018]    While the AGCU represents a proven design concept based upon conventional practice the following features of the AGCU process illustrate the uniqueness of the process: 
       Claus Catalytic Section Reduced to Single Stage 
       [0019]    In a conventional Claus sulfur recovery unit, two or more catalytic stages are provided downstream of the Thermal Reaction Section. The present invention employs only one Claus catalytic stage, wherein the reaction of H 2 S and SO 2  leaving the Thermal Reaction stage continues at lower temperature. Due to the single catalytic stage, one or more Claus Reactors, one or more Sulfur Condensers, and two or more reheat devices are removed compared to prior art. 
       Recycle of Regenerator Acid Gas to Claus Reactor 
       [0020]    Prior art recycled the acid gas from the amine regenerator to the front end of the SRU. The present invention routes this recycle stream just upstream of the Claus Reactor. This achieves a higher temperature in the Thermal Reaction Section. Better flame stability and sulfur conversion are achieved at the elevated temperature in the Thermal Reactor. Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) generation in the Thermal Reactor is also reduced. In most applications, the entire acid gas recycle stream will be routed to the Claus Reactor. Design variations may include splitting this stream between the Acid Gas KO Drum and the Claus Reactor. 
       Combination of Packing and Trays in Amine Absorber/Multiple Feed Points in Absorber 
       [0021]    The present invention minimizes the amine (including, but not limited to MDEA) circulation rate by optimizing the Amine Absorber internals. The Acid Gas Conversion Unit Absorber contains one of more packed beds as well as two or more trays. Multiple feed points are provided for flexibility and ensuring the most selective gas treating for a given feed composition (removing H 2 S, rejecting CO 2 ). 
         [0000]    Many Equipment Items are Consolidated into Shared “Shells” 
         [0022]    While those skilled in the art of sulfur recovery units are familiar with combining equipment in small to mid-sized units (i.e., combined sulfur condensers or combined Claus reactors), the present invention takes this consolidation to another level. The services that were once segregated to the SRU and TGTU are now consolidated. The present invention combines the single Claus Reactor and Hydrogenation Reactor in a common shell. It also combines the Sulfur Condensers and Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger (if required) into a common heat exchanger. In addition, the Quench and Absorber towers are stacked or combined. The use of combined shells and stacked equipment reduces the capital cost of the equipment as well as the required plot space. 
       Single Pass Waste Heat Exchanger Optimized for Both Bypass Reheat and Heat Recovery 
       [0023]    The outlet temperature of the single pass Thermal Reactor Waste Heat Exchanger is carefully chosen for the present invention. This allows economic heat recovery from the Thermal Reactor effluent in the form of steam generation, while maintaining a hot enough process stream to provide bypass reheat. A slipstream of hot gas from the Waste Heat Exchanger is mixed with the 1 st  Sulfur Condenser effluent and the amine section acid gas to achieve the desired inlet temperature to the Claus Reactor. This removes the requirement for a reheat device in this section. 
         [0024]    Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become obvious and it is intended that these objects are within the scope of the present invention. To the accomplishment of the above and related objects, this invention may be embodied in the form illustrated in the accompanying drawing, attention being called to the fact, however, that the drawing is illustrative only, and that changes may be made in the specific construction illustrated and described within the scope of this application. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]    Various other objects, features, and attendant advantages of the present invention will become fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
           [0026]      FIG. 1  is a block flow diagram of an Acid Gas Conversion Unit in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  is a block flow diagram of a modified embodiment of the Acid Gas Conversion Unit. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  is a block flow diagram of a further modified embodiment of the Acid Gas Conversion Unit. 
           [0029]      FIG. 4  is a block flow diagram of a further modified embodiment of the Acid Gas Conversion Unit. 
           [0030]      FIG. 5  is a block flow diagram of a further modified embodiment of the Acid Gas Conversion Unit. 
           [0031]      FIG. 6  is a graph designated as “Table 3—AGCU Effect on Combustion Temperature and BTEX Destruction.” 
           [0032]      FIG. 7  is a graph designated as “Table 4—COS Production in Thermal Stage.” 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0033]    As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. In the discussion of the drawings, not all components required for operation of the invention are shown. 
         [0034]    Turning now descriptively to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates an acid gas conversion unit system  1  (“AGCU”) for converting acid gas into water and elemental sulfur that consolidates the conventional modified-Claus sulfur recovery process and downstream tail gas treating process into an integrated whole. The basic concept of the ACGU  1  is shown in its two basic forms in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In  FIG. 1 , the AGCU  1  is shown for those applications where no source of external hydrogen exists and a method for generation of reducing gases is required. Whereas  FIG. 2  is shown for those applications where a source of external hydrogen  2  exists for a Hydrogenation section  3 . The figures illustrate how the AGCU  1  consolidates a modified-Claus sulfur recovery unit (“SRU”) and downstream tail gas treating unit (“TGTU”) into an integrated whole. The integration strategies result in a much smaller processing unit, while maintaining the same level of sulfur recovery efficiency. The present invention is a consolidated processing unit that consists of a series of individual sections which involve design innovations. Those sections are described below. 
       Claus Thermal Reaction 
       [0035]    An acid gas feedstock  10  first passes though an Acid Gas KO Drum (not shown) to remove any entrained water and/or amine carryover. This prevents damage to a Burner  11  and refractory in a downstream Thermal Reactor  12 . If the application is in a refinery there is often a second acid gas, sour water stripper gas, which in addition to hydrogen sulfide also contains ammonia. 
         [0036]    Air is supplied via Line  14  to Burner  11  by Combustion Air Blowers (not shown). The air flow to Burner  11  is regulated to ensure the complete oxidation of all feed gas hydrocarbons and to combust one-third of the H 2 S as required, obtaining a controlled H 2 S to SO 2  ratio in the downstream tail gas. 
         [0037]    In the modified Claus process, one third of the H 2 S in the feed gas stream  10  is burned to form sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). The resulting SO 2  then reacts with the balance of the H 2 S to form elemental sulfur (S n ) and water (H 2 O) in the vapor phase. 
         [0000]      H 2 S+3/2O 2 →SO 2 +H 2 O
 
         [0000]      2H 2 S+SO 2 →2H 2 O+3 /n S n  
 
         [0038]    The main parameters to achieve the highest sulfur recovery efficiency in the thermal reaction section are combustion temperature, gas mixing and residence time. In the AGCU process, the acid gas from the amine section is recycled just upstream of the Claus Reactor. This produces an increase in the Thermal Reactor temperature compared to the conventional approach of recycling the amine section acid gas to the Acid Gas KO Drum and mixing with the acid gas feedstock  10 . Better flame stability and Claus conversion are thus achieved at the elevated temperature. Carbonyl sulfide, an undesirable byproduct formed in the Claus Thermal Reactor  12  during combustion, is also reduced by the elevated temperature obtained by AGCU process. 
         [0039]    Hot gas exits the Thermal Reactor  12  through a directly connected Waste Heat Exchanger  16  in which the gas is on the tube side. Saturated high pressure (HP) steam (between 300 and 700 psig) is produced in the single pass Waste Heat Exchanger  16  while cooling the process gas. The bulk of the Waste Heat Exchanger  16  effluent is routed via line  17  to a 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18  to further cool the gas and remove the sulfur converted in the thermal stage. Liquid sulfur is gravity drained to a Sulfur Pit (not shown) via a 1 st  Sulfur Seal Pot  20 . Low pressure (LP) steam (30 to 70 psig) is generated in the 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18 , which shares a common shell with a 2 nd  Sulfur Condenser  22  and Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24 . A slipstream line  26  of hot gas is bypassed around the 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18  to heat the gas entering a Claus Reactor  28 . It is noted that in the case of leaner acid gases there is insufficient sulfur produced in the Thermal Reactor  12  to implement the 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18 . An additional note is that in small plants in may not be cost-effective to implement a Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24  and thus, all the gas cooling is accomplished in the Quench section (described below). 
         [0040]    The relative equipment sizes of the Acid Gas KO Drum, Thermal Reactor Burner  11 , and Thermal Reactor  12  are consistent with a conventional SRU-TGTU approach. The Waste Heat Exchanger  16  has lower surface area due to the single pass approach and higher outlet temperature. The 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18  also has a reduced surface area compared to a traditional SRU-TGTU and reduced capital expense is realized due to the common shell with the 2 nd  Sulfur Condenser  22  and Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24 . 
       Claus Catalytic Reaction 
       [0041]    To obtain additional recovery, the thermal section is followed by the catalytic reaction section. The Claus reaction of the remaining SO 2  and H 2 S continues at lower temperature in the single Claus Reactor containing any commercially-available Claus catalyst. 
         [0000]      2H 2 S+SO 2 →2H 2 O+3 /n S n  
 
         [0042]    The slipstream of hot gas via line  26  from the Waste Heat Exchanger  16  is mixed with the 1 st  Sulfur Condenser  18  effluent and the amine section acid gas in line  30  to achieve the desired inlet temperature to the Claus Reactor  28 . This removes the requirement for an additional reheat exchanger. The conversion reaction in the Claus Reactor  28  improves as the inlet temperature is lowered. However, the reactor temperature must remain safely above the sulfur dew point temperature to avoid condensing sulfur in the catalyst pores, thereby deactivating the catalyst. 
         [0043]    The temperature in the Claus Reactor  28 , lower than that in the Thermal Reactor  12 , allows the exothermic Claus reaction to approach equilibrium. The sulfur produced by this reaction is cooled and condensed in the 2″ d  Sulfur Condenser  22  before draining to the Sulfur Pit via a 2 nd  Sulfur Seal Pot  32 . Low pressure steam is generated in the Sulfur Condensers  18  and  22 . 
         [0044]    The Claus Reactor  28  is slightly larger than a 1 st  Claus Reactor in a traditional SRU-TGTU, but major capital savings are realized due to the single Catalytic Stage. An entire Claus Reactor, Sulfur Condenser, and two indirect reheaters are removed with the integrated Acid Gas Conversion Unit. The single Claus Reactor is also optimized by sharing a common shell with the downstream Hydrogenation Reactor. 
       Hydrogenation 
       [0045]    The Claus tail gas from the 2″ d  Sulfur Condenser  22  flows to the hydrogenation section  3  via line  33  for reduction of all sulfur bearing compound to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). The tail gas is heated up to reaction temperature in an Inline Burner Mixer  34  by mixing it with hot combustion products from a Reducing Gas Generator  36 . The reducing gas (H 2  and CO) is available in the tail gas itself and is also generated in the Reducing Gas Generator  36 . The reduction reactions take place in a catalyst bed (not shown) in a Hydrogenation Reactor  38 , which shares a common shell with the Claus Reactor  28 . It is noted that in applications where a source of external hydrogen is available, as shown in  FIG. 2 , it is preferable to use an indirect High Pressure Steam Heater  40  in lieu of the Inline Burner Mixer  34 . High pressure steam may be provided from the Waste Heat Exchanger  16  via line  41 . 
         [0046]    The main hydrogenation reactions are given below. These reactions go nearly to completion. 
         [0000]      SO 2 +3H 2 →H 2 S+2H 2 O
 
         [0000]      S+H 2 →H 2 S
 
         [0047]    A portion of the tail gas carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are also hydrolyzed. 
         [0000]      COS+H 2 O→H 2 S+CO 2  
 
         [0000]      CS 2 +2H 2 O→2H 2 S+CO 2  
 
         [0048]    Each of these reactions is exothermic, generating a temperature rise in the Hydrogenation Reactor  38  catalyst bed. The Hydrogenation Reactor  38  effluent is cooled in the Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24 . The Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24  shares a common shell with the Sulfur Condensers  18  and  22 , another example of the integration of the Acid Gas Conversion Unit  1 . The relative size of the Reducing Gas Generator  36  and Mixer  34  is unchanged from a traditional SRU-TGTU approach. Capital savings are realized in the common reactor shell arrangement of the AGCU Claus and Hydrogenation Reactors  28  and  38 . 
       Quench Section 
       [0049]    Hot effluent from the Hydrogenation Reactor  38  flows through the Hydrogenation Waste Heat Exchanger  24  to a Quench section  44  which includes a Quench Tower  46  so that the gas can be cooled prior to amine treatment in a downstream Absorber  48 . The hot effluent is initially cooled with an injection of quench water via a Quench Desuperheater  50 . The desuperheated tail gas flows from the Quench Desuperheater  50  to the Quench Tower  46  for further cooling via contact with circulating quench water. The excess water that is condensed from the tail gas will contain H 2 S and is exported via level control. 
         [0050]    The AGCU Quench Section  44  results in a reduced Quench Tower  46  height due to the reduced number of theoretical stages required to cool the gas and condense out water as the Quench Desuperheater  50  functions as an additional stage. The plot footprint is reduced by combining the Quench Tower  46  and Absorber  48 . 
       Tail Gas Absorption 
       [0051]    Cooled tail gas from the Quench Tower flows to the Absorber  48  for removal of the bulk of the H 2 S with amine solvent. The H 2 S is removed by selectively treating with amine solvent in the Absorber  48 . Selective treating involves quick contact of the gas with cold solvent allowing the solvent to pick-up nearly all the H 2 S, while rejecting as much CO 2  as possible. Cool lean amine enters the top of the Absorber  48  and counter-currently contacts the tail gas. The treated gas exits out the Absorber  48  overheads and flows to an Incinerator  51  via line  52 . The H 2 S-laden rich amine from the Absorber  48  bottoms is pumped to an Amine Regenerator  54  for recovery of the H 2 S. 
         [0052]    The main overall reactions occurring in the Absorber  48  are: 
         [0000]      H 2 S+R 3 N→R 3 NH + +HS − 
 
         [0000]      CO 2 +R 3 N+H 2 O→R 3 NH + +CO3 − 
       Where R 3  may be methyl-diethanol amine (MDEA)       
 
         [0054]    The H 2 S reaction is much faster than the CO 2  reaction, especially at lower operating temperatures. Minimizing the solvent temperature allows more CO 2  to slip out the Absorber  48  overheads and also minimize the solvent circulation rate. The AGCU Absorber  48  internals have been optimized to allow flexibility in the feed location, thereby ensuring the most selective treating for a given gas composition. The Absorber  48  contains one or more packed beds and 2 or more trays and is stacked with the Quench Tower  46  to obtain the smallest plot footprint. 
         [0055]    The solvent is regenerated by steam-stripping the H 2 S and CO 2  from the rich solvent from the Absorber  48  in the Amine Regenerator  54 . The steam is provided by boiling the solvent with the heat provided first by feed/bottoms interchange and then by a Regenerator Reboiler (not shown) within the amine Regenerator  54 . The concentrated acid gas leaving the Amine Regenerator  54  overhead system is recycled to AGCU  1  upstream of the Claus Reactor  28  via line  56 , which connects to line  30 . The stripped solvent, or lean amine, is cooled, filtered, and then recycled back to the top of the Absorber  48 . 
         [0056]    The amine circulation for the AGCU  1  is increased compared to a conventional SRU-TGTU approach. This additional circulation is required due to the reduced recovery in the Claus catalytic section of the unit (single stage). Despite the minor increase in size of to the amine exchangers and pumps, this is offset by the substantial savings in the Claus Catalytic section of the unit. 
       Incineration 
       [0057]    The overhead streams from the Absorber flows to the Incinerator  51 . The relative size of the Incinerator  51  is unchanged from a traditional SRU-TGTU concept. 
       Preferred Embodiments 
       [0058]    There are four preferred embodiments to this method and consolidated apparatus for the recovery of sulfur from acid gases. The various embodiments reflect the usefulness of the process over a wide range of application in the oil &amp; gas industry with selection of the optimum embodiment for a given application being dependent on the composition of the acid gases. The AGCU  1  approach as described
       Very Lean Acid Gases with Contaminants   Very Lean Acid Gases without Contaminants   Moderately Lean Acid Gases   Refinery Acid Gases
 
Recovery of Sulfur from Very Lean Acid Gases with Contaminants
       
 
         [0063]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the AGCU  1  with integrated Acid Gas Enrichment Unit (AGE)  70  is an effective way to achieve enrichment and sulfur recovery in a single consolidated unit. The semi-rich amine from the tail gas Absorber  48  is cascaded to an AGE Absorber  72  via line  74  to achieve the lowest possible total amine circulation rate. A common amine regeneration section  76  is employed for maximum equipment consolidation and lowest capital investment. The acid gas concentration is typically increased to at least 20% H 2 S in this arrangement. 
         [0064]    The typical approach to acid gas enrichment enriches the entire acid gas feed stream and then routes the entire regenerated/enriched acid gas to the front of the Claus unit as previously described. The AGCU  1  offers several different means which improve furnace temperature and increase contaminant destruction, while decreasing the size of the enrichment and regeneration sections. These different means are described below:
       1. The bulk of the feed contaminants slip through the AGE Absorber  72  because the tower operates at low pressure and most contaminants are limited by their physical solubility. This means that the regenerated acid gas is relatively free of contaminants. This enables the recycle acid gas to be routed to the Claus Reactor  28  instead of to the Thermal Reactor  12 . This is analogous to split-flow operation and can significantly increase the Thermal Reactor  12  combustion temperature. If the entire feed stream is enriched, then the fraction to the Claus Reactor  28  is limited to 60%.   2. For acid gas streams that require only a small amount of enrichment (feed contains 10 to 20% H 2 S) only a portion of the feed acid gas is enriched. The higher the H 2 S content of the feed, the lesser the degree of enrichment required, and the smaller the quantity of acid gas that must be enriched. The major advantage of this arrangement is the size reduction of the AGE  70  and the regeneration equipment, as well as the reduced steam demand in the Regenerator Reboiler.   3. For extremely lean acid gases (&lt;10% H 2 S) the extent of enrichment can be increased beyond the normal enrichment process by recycling a portion of the recycle acid gas to the front of the AGE Absorber  72 . The lower the H 2 S content of the feed, the higher the quantity of recycle that is required.       
 
         [0068]    Together, the above means offer a great deal of flexibility in both process design and actual unit operation. The various AGCU/AGE flow arrangements are especially adept at treating acid gas feeds with varying feed content. An AGCU  1  can be designed for a particular “worst case” H 2 S content and contaminant level, and then operated at the minimum enrichment fraction to produce the desired combustion temperature. This lowers the operating costs for off-design cases. 
         [0000]                                                                                          TABLE 1                   Sample Flow Distributions for AGCU with Integrated AGE, Contaminated Feed (see FIG. 3)                    Acid Gas Distribution Splits           Line       (%, see Legend below)            No.   % H 2 S   “A”   “B”   “C”   Comments                    1   2   100   50   40 (min)   AGE with AG recycle to front of AGE Absorber       2   5   100   25   40 (min)   AGE with AG recycle to front of AGE Absorber       3   10   100   0   100   Conventional AGE arrangement       4   10   100   0   40-100   Similar to conventional AGE arrangement, but                           adds “split-flow” to increase Furnace                           temperature       5   10-20   0 &lt; A &lt; 100   0   C = f (A)   Partial enrichment; values of “A” &amp; “C” must                           insure a reducing environment in Furnace                           (zero free O 2 ); vary “A” to achieve desired                           combustion temperature       6   &gt;20%   NA   NA    0   AGE not required               Table Legend:       Split A - Percent Feed Acid Gas to AGE       Split B - Percent Recycle Acid Gas to AGE       Split C - Percent Recycle Acid Gas to Thermal Reactor            
Recovery of Sulfur from Very Lean Acid Gases without Contaminants
 
         [0069]    Acid gases derived from syngas treating are common in gasification and coal-to-methanol facilities. They typically are very lean, have a high CO 2 /CO/H 2  content, and have very few contaminants (&gt;C4+). In these types of units, a reducing gas mixture (H 2  and CO) is usually available for tail gas hydrogenation. Usually, there is also a source of relatively pure oxygen that is used in the upstream syngas process. 
         [0070]    The AGCU  1  with integrated AGE  70  is an effective way to achieve enrichment and sulfur recovery in a single consolidated unit ( FIG. 4 ). The arrangement is very similar to  FIG. 3 . However, in this application, the Reducing Gas Generator  36  can be replaced with a Steam Heater  40  and a supply of reducing gas  2 . Oxygen enrichment has also been added to increase the combustion temperature. Since the acid gas is contaminant-free, the minimum required combustion temperature is 1800 F and split-flow operation is permitted. 
         [0071]    The major difference between the two arrangements ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ) is the distribution of the feed acid gas. In  FIG. 4 , the gas is split between the AGE  70  and the inlet to the Claus Reactor  28 . This allows routing lean acid to the Claus Reactor  28  and rich acid gas to the Burner  11 . The same three means for operating the previous embodiment may be applied to this embodiment. 
         [0000]                                                                                          TABLE 2                   Sample Flow Distributions for AGCU with Integrated AGE, “Clean” Feed (see FIG. 4)                    Acid Gas Distribution Splits           Line       (%, see Legend below)            No.   % H 2 S   “A”   “B”   “C”   Comments                    1   2   100   50   40 (min)   AGE with AG recycle to front of AGE Absorber       2   5   100   25   40 (min)   AGE with AG recycle to front of AGE Absorber       3   10   100   0   100   Conventional AGE arrangement       4   10   100   0   40-100   Similar to conventional AGE arrangement, but                           adds “split-flow” to increase Furnace                           temperature       5   10-20   20 &lt; A &lt;   0   C = f (A)   Partial enrichment; values of “A” &amp; “C” must               100           insure a reducing environment in Furnace                           (zero free O 2 ), vary “A” to achieve 1800 F       6   &gt;20%   NA   NA    0   AGE not required               Table Legend:       Split A - Percent Feed Acid Gas to AGE       Split B - Percent Recycle Acid Gas to AGE       Split C - Percent Recycle Acid Gas to Thermal Reactor            
Recovery of Sulfur from Moderately Lean Acid Gases
 
         [0072]    The acid gases produced from sour gas processing often contain a moderately low concentration of H 2 S and fairly high CO 2 . SRU flame stability may become a problem at these conditions, even with acid gas and air preheat. The AGCU  1  is particularly well-suited for these applications. The AGCU  1  recycle of acid gas from the Amine Regenerator  54  to the Claus Reactor  28  results in a higher thermal stage flame temperature. All of the feed acid gas containing potential impurities is sent to the Burner  11 , with only the relatively contaminant-free recycle stream bypassing the thermal stage. With the recycle routed to the Claus Reactor  28 , the AGCU  1  has the benefit of both increased thermal reactor temperature and longer residence times, both of which improve the BTEX destruction. As seen in Table 3, the moderately lean acid gases show the greatest thermal stage temperature improvement. 
         [0073]    COS and CS 2  formation in the thermal stage is another concern in these facilities as it can reduce the overall sulfur recovery efficiency. COS formation is generally attributed to high CO concentrations (CO production is principally formed from the dissociation of CO 2  in the Thermal Reactor) and CS 2  is believed to be related to the quantity of hydrocarbon in the acid gas. While some COS and CS 2  production will occur whenever CO 2  and hydrocarbons are present in the feed, the relative amounts of these two components are dependent on the temperature and residence time in the Thermal Reactor. Higher temperature and residence times both aid in the hydrolysis of COS and CS 2  in the Thermal Reactor. The AGCU recycle of acid gas from the regenerator to the Claus Reactor improves both of these parameters. This can reduce the production of both COS and CS 2  by as much as 10% each as seen in Table 4. 
         [0000]    Recovery of Sulfur from Refinery Acid Gases 
         [0074]    While sulfur recovery units in refineries often have rich acid gas H 2 S concentrations, they also have their own set of unique challenges including NH 3  and hydrocarbon contaminants, stringent redundancy requirements, and limited plot space. 
         [0075]    In refinery applications, the difficult feed contaminants include NH 3  and hydrocarbons. In addition to amine acid gas, refinery SRUs normally process a Sour Water Stripper (SWS) acid gas containing NH 3  and sometimes HCN. The minimum Thermal Reactor  12  temperature required to destroy NH 3  is 2300 F. This is typically accomplished by routing all the ammonia-bearing SWS acid gas via line  80  to the Burner  11  and bypassing a portion of the amine acid gas via line  81  to a Second Zone  82  of the Thermal Reactor  12 . However, if the amine acid gas contains even small quantities of NH 3  or hydrocarbon, this can become a problem as the bypassed contaminants are not destroyed and can cause operating problems in downstream equipment. Recycling regenerator acid gas to the Claus Reactor  28  overcomes this potential problem, allowing more inlet amine acid gas to be routed to the Burner  11  via line  80  for contaminant destruction and a higher Thermal Reactor temperature as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0076]    Oxygen enrichment is often considered as part of the redundancy strategy and the AGCU is well-suited for oxygen-use. A common philosophy is to normally operate the Claus Thermal Section  28  of the AGCU  1  trains on air only, but design for oxygen enrichment operation when one of the trains is out of service. When oxygen is substituted for some or all of the combustion air in the AGCU  1 , the amount of inert nitrogen is reduced in the process gas. This permits additional acid gas to be processed within the same mechanical envelope. The oxygen-enriched AGCU  1  offers the lowest CAPEX for refinery sulfur recovery. 
       Additional Note 
       [0077]    Many changes and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art upon studying this disclosure. All such changes and modifications that fall within the spirit of this invention are intended to be included within its scope as defined by the appended claims.