Abstract:
This invention relates to Anacardium sp. specific genomic DNA sequence and the methods for utilization of these sequences in detection of Cashew husk in tea samples. Particularly this invention relates to a very sensitive, accurate and efficient method of identification of  Anacardium occidentale  (cashew) species. The method is designed to detect presence of any part of cashew plant including the dried and ground apple in market samples of made tea. The main application of this invention is to detect the adulteration of loose as well as branded tea by any part of cashew plant and thus is a part of quality control measures, in addition to the taxonomical authentication of cashew plants.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to Viola specific DNA sequences and methods for identification of Viola species using the said sequences. The invention also relates to a method for detection of adulteration in ‘banafsha’ by polymerase chain reaction method. Particularly this invention relates to a very sensitive, accurate and efficient method for identification of Viola species from even the powdered form of the plant or its admixtures with other plant species. More particularly, the method is designed to test the genuineness of ‘banafsha’. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Viola belonging to the family Violaceae is a genus of mostly perennial herbs. They are almost cosmopolitan but mostly distributed in the temperature zones and restricted to the mountains in the tropics (Anonymous, 1965, Indian Pharmacopoeia, 2 nd  Edn. Govt. of India; Anonymous, 1976, Wealth of India, PID, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. X: 514-517). There are about 400 species of Viola, of which about 30 species are found in India. Viola species commonly known as “violets” or “pansies” hybridize freely in nature and, therefore, are difficult to be distinguished taxonomically (Anonymous, 1976, Wealth of India, PID, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. X: 514-517). The plants are available as different cyto types with 2n=20, 37, 54 etc. in nature (Canne, J. M., 1987, Canad J. Bot., 65; 653-655). Most of the Viola species yield perfumes and medicaments, while some are ornamentals (Woodland, D. W., 1991, Contemporary plant systematics, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, Cliffs). The most important among these species, which is known for its medicinal significance in indigenous system of medicine, is  Viola odorata  L., which is considered to constitute the genuine drug called “Banafsha” (Handa, K. L., Kapoor, L. D., Chopra, I. C. and Nath, S., 1951, Indian J. Pharmacy, 13: 29-48). The whole plant is used in medicine and is available usually in 3 forms: 1) the dried aerial parts of the herb i.e. the stem, leaves and flowers; 2) only dried flowers and 3) aerial parts without flowers. The plant is valued as sedative, expectorant, diaphoretic, antipyretic, diuretic, emetic, purgative, hypotensive and as a laxative (Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D., 1933, Indian Medicinal Plants, I: 205-212, Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad; Chopra, R. N., Nayer, S. L. and Chopra, I. C., 1956, Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi). It has also been reported to be antimycotic and antibacterial and is used for the treatment of eczema and inflammation. The flowers are credited with emollient and demulcent properties and are used as remedy for cough, sore throat, hoarseness, ailments of infants, billiousness and lung troubles and are also listed in French Pharmacopoeia (Lamaison, J. L., Petitjean, C. F. and Carnet, A., 1991, Plantes-Medicinales- et Phytotherapie, 25: 79-88). In Unani system of medicine, this plant is the main ingredient of “Joshanda” consisting of mixtures of drugs and it is mostly used for cold, catarrhal, cough, and associated fevers (Khetrapal, K., Khanna, T., Arora, R. B. and Siddiqui, H. H., 1987, Indian J. Pharmacy, 19: 200-204). The drug is prescribed mainly in the form of decoction, jam or syrup. 
     In India,  Viola odorata  wildly grows mainly in Jammu and Kashmir and often cultivated elsewhere particularly in West Bengal, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnateka and Tamilnadu (Sharma, B. D., Balkrishan, N. P. 1993, Flora of India 2: 351-379). Due to the limited distribution and high demand of  Viola odorata,  which is the main source of banafsha, alternate species including  V. betonicifolia, V. biflora, Viola canescens, V. pilosa, V. sylvestris  and  V. tricolor  (some of which grow abundantly through out the hilly regions of India) have been reported to be supplied in the market as banafsha, either in the pure form or after mixing with  V. odorata  (Handa, K. L., Kapoor, L. D., Chopra, I. C. and Nath, S., 1951, Indian J. Pharmacy, 13: 29-48; Dhar, et al, 1968, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 6: 245; Mehrotra, S., Rawat, A. K. S. and Shome, U., 1998, Natural Plant Sci., 4: 14-22) which have led to the questionable efficacy of the drug, undermining the importance of Viola in medicine as originally defined (Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D., 1933, Indian Medicinal Plants, I; 205-212, Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad; Handa, K. L., Kapoor, L. D., Chopra, I. C. and Nath, S., 1951, Indian J. Pharmacy, 13: 29-48). It has also been reported that the roots of  Viola odorata, V. cinerea  and  V. tricolor,  which are emetic in nature, are also used as substitute or adulterants and ipecac drug, which originally comes from dried roots and rhizomes of  Cephaelis ipecacuanha  of family Rubiaceae (Ananymous, 1976, Wealth of India, PID, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol X: 514-517; Chopra, R. N., Nyer, S. L. and Chopra, I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, 1956, Edn. CSIR, New Delhi, 256). It is imperative, therefore, to identify the species composition of banafsha and other herbal medicines before using them in various medicinal preparations, specially by the industrial houses. The classical ways of identifying herbal medicines are based on the morphological anatomical and chemical analysis using a variety of modern tools (Thankamma, A., Radhika, L. G., 1997, Aryavaidyan, XI: 52-56; Chauhan, S. K., Singh, B. P., Agarwal, S., 1995, Indian Drugs, 36: 189-191; Gawan, S. and Grampurohit, N. D., 1999, Indian Drugs, 36: 175-180). However, the structures and chemical profiles of the medicinal herbs are effected during sample processing and also by environmental and developmental factors during plant growth (Li, P., Pu, Z. M., Jiang, X., Liu, H. J., Xu, G. J., 1994, J. Plant Res. Envir., 3: 60-63; Cai, Z. H., Li, P., Dong, T. T. X. and Tsim, K. W. W., 1999, Planta Medica, 65: 360-364), for example, where market samples are in dry and powdered form, it is difficult to identify plant species by morphological characters. Similarly age, origin, harvesting period and the method of drying of plants may lead to the differences in the secondary product formation and may interfere in identification based on chemical analysis. 
     Molecular markers are helpful in such situations, since they are independent of environmental and developmental factors. They can be obtained even from dried and powdered herbs. RAPD markers have been used to distinguish 3 different series of Viola tricolor (Oh, B. J., Ko, M. K., and Lee, C. H., 1998, Plant Breeding, 117: 295-296), to detect individual components of a Chinese medicinal prescription (Cheng, K., Tsay, H., Chen, C. and Chou, T., 1998, Planta Medica, 64: 563-565) and to detect dried roots of 3 Paax species and their adulterants (Shaw, P. C. and But, P. P. H., 1995, Planta Medica, 6I: 466-469). However, these markers are of little value specially in freely hybridizing populations including Viola. Conserved sequences in such cases could be ideal. In fact, rRNA genes and their associated spacer length variability has been utilized to differentiate fungal species (Nazar, R. N., Hu, X., Schmidt, J., Culham, D. and Robb, J., 1991, Physiol. and Mol. Plant Pathol., 39; 1-11; Robb, J., Moukhamedov, R., Hu, X., plate, H. and Nazar, R. N., 1993, Physiol. and Mol. Plant Pathol. 43: 423-36; Moukhamedov, R. S., Hu, X., Nazar, R. N. and Robb, J., 1994, Phytopathology, 83: 256-259), to identify plant varieties and species (Martsinkovskaya, A. I., Moukhamedov, R. S. and Abdukarimov, A. A., 1996, Plant Mol. Biol. Reportr. I4: 44-49) and also to detect cereal composition in admixtures (Ko, H. L. and Henry, R. J., 1996, Plant Mol Biol. Reportr, 14: 33-43). Here, the applicants describe cloning and sequencing of the spacer regions between 5S rRNA genes in five Viola species, utilization of the sequence differences to detect the individual Viola species by a simple polymerase chain reaction and to utilize this technology for authentication of commercial samples of “banafsha”. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The main object of the invention is to provide Viola species specific DNA sequences. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide method for utilisation of the DNA sequences to identify Viola species. 
     Yet another object is to provide PCR based method for authentication of the composition of ‘banafsha’. 
     Still another object is to provide a method for detection of adulteration of ‘banafsha’ and ‘ipecac’ drugs. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides Viola specific DNA sequences and methods for identification of Viola species using the said sequences. The invention also provides a method for detection of adulteration in ‘banafsha’ by polymerase chain reaction method. Particularly this invention relates to a very sensitive, accurate and efficient method for identification of Viola species from even the powdered form of the plant or its admixtures with other plant species. More particularly, the method is designed to test the genuineness of ‘banafsha’. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING FIGURES 
     FIG.  1 : Diagrammatic illustration of 5SrRNA gene and their associated spacer regions along with species specific primer combinations: M27 and M28 are forward and reverse consensus 5S rRNA gene primers respectively. BT61.F/BT61.R, BT811.F/BT811R, BT71.F/BT71.R, BT91.F and BT101.F are the specific primers based on the DNA sequence of  V. odorata, V. pilosa, V. canesoens, V. betonicifolia  and  V. tricolor  respectively. F and R are forward and reverse primers respectively. The expected amplification product size in (base pairs) using either one consensus and the other Viola specific primer or both of the Viola specific primers are shown. The 5SrRNA coding region is ˜120 bps long. 
     FIG.  2 : Species specific PCR products individually as well as in admixtures: lanes  1  to  5  are  V. odorata, V. canescens, V. pilosa, V. betonicifolia  and  V. tricolor  respectively. Lane X is mixture of all the 5 species DNA. B is blank lane without template DNA and M is mol. wt. marker e.g. 100 bp ladder. + and − shows presence or absence of the amplification product. Sets of primers used for the species shown on top of the gels were as illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG.  3 : PCR product obtained using  V. pilosa  or  V. canescens  specific primers with admixtures of Viola species DNA minus  V. pilosa  or  V. canescens:  lanes  1  and  2  are with  V. pilosa  specific primers while lanes  3  and  4  are with  Viola canescens  specific primers. Lanes  1  and  3  were obtained with all DNA templates minus  V. canescens  while lanes  2  and  4  have all DNA templates minus  V. pilosa  DNA. Lane B is blank lane with no DNA and M is mol. wt. marker 100 bp ladder. 
     FIG.  4 : PCR products of 28 individual plants of  Viola pilosa  obtained from 2 independent plots: lanes  1  to  28  represent individual plants. M is mol. wt. marker λ Hind III/Eco R I double digest. Panel A shows PCR products using 5S rRNA gene consensus primers set M27 and M28 while panel B shows RAPD products of same plants using OPE-09 primer. 
     FIG.  5 : Intra-species genetic homogeneity in  Viola bentonicifolia;  lanes  1  to  12  represent different plants. M is mol. wt. marker 100 bp ladder. Panel A 1  shows PCR products using  V. betonicifolia  specific set of primers. Panel A 2  is same PCR product after denaturation. Panel B shows RAPD patterns of the same plants using OPE-09 primer. 
     FIG.  6 : Survey of  Viola canescens  in market samples of banafsha: Panel A shows  V. canescens  specific primers. Lanes  1  to  18  represents samples from various markets of India as listed serially in table 3. C is positive control lane. M is mol. wt. marker 100-bp ladder. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides species specific DNA sequences and their utilization in identification of Viola species and authentication of ‘banafsha’ by polymerase chain reaction, which comprises: a) unique sequences of 5 Viola species, b) unique set of Viola species specific PCR primers, c) a PCR based method to identify Viola species and d) a PCR based method to detect adulteration of banafsha even in dry powdered form. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention genomic DNA from 5 different Viola species was used (table 1). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of Viola species used in this work. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S. No. 
                 Species Name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1. 
                 
                   Viola odorata 
                 
               
               
                 2. 
                 
                   Viola pilosa 
                 
               
               
                 3. 
                 
                   Viola canescens 
                 
               
               
                 4. 
                 
                   Viola betonicifolia 
                 
               
               
                 5. 
                 
                   Viola tricolor 
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In another embodiment of the present invention genomic DNA from various market samples of banafsha were used (table 2). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of various markets of India from 
               
               
                 which “banafsha” samples were obtained. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 S. No. 
                 Market 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1. 
                 Srinagar (J &amp; K) 
               
               
                   
                 2. 
                 Jamnu (J &amp; K) 
               
               
                   
                 3. 
                 Pathankot (Punjab) 
               
               
                   
                 4. 
                 Amritsar (Punjab) 
               
               
                   
                 5. 
                 Chamba (H.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 6. 
                 Shimla (H.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 7. 
                 Dharamshala (H.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 8. 
                 Jogindemagar (H.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 9. 
                 Kulln (H.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 10. 
                 Delhi (Khari baori) 
               
               
                   
                 11. 
                 Delhi (Karol bagh) 
               
               
                   
                 12. 
                 Lucknow (U.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 13. 
                 Dehradun* (U.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 14. 
                 Gwalior (Morar) 
               
               
                   
                 15. 
                 Hyderabad (A.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 16. 
                 Aurangabad$ 
               
               
                   
                 17. 
                 Aurangabad$ 
               
               
                   
                 18. 
                 Sholapur@ (Maharashtra) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Note:  
               
               
                   
                 *Sarnimal bazar;  
               
               
                   
                 $Pandariba road;  
               
               
                   
                 @East mangalwar road  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In yet another embodiment of the present invention plasmid pMOS Blue T-vector DNA was used. 
     Genomic DNA extraction: The genomic DNA was isolated using the protocol of Saghai-Maroof et al. (Saghai-Maroof, M. A., Soliman, K. A., Jorgenson, R. A. and Allard, R. W., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 81: 8014-18) as modified by us earlier (Singh, M., Sharma, C., and Ahuja, P. S., 1999, Plant Mol Biol Reportr 17: 73). 
     PCR amplification, subcloning and sequencing of the amplified products: The consensus primers complementary to and based on the sequences of the 3′ and 5′ ends of the 5S rRNA gene coding regions for plant as described earlier (Kanazin, V., Ananiev, E. and Blake, T., 1993, Genome, 36: 1023-28; Cox, V., Bennett, M. D. and Dyer, T. A., 1992, Theor Appl Genet, 83: 684-90) were got synthesized from “Bangalore Genei (Pvt) Ltd”, India. The sequences of these forward and reverse primers were (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-TTTAGTGCTGGTATGATCGC-3′ (M27) and 5′-TGGGAAGTCCTCGTGTTGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) (M28) respectively. They were used to amplify the non coding spacer regions between 5S rRNA genes. A 25 μl PCR reaction mix contained 2.5 μl of 10× PCR buffer, 1 μl of dNTPs (stock of 2.5 mM each), 1 μl each of forward and reverse primers (10 pico moles), 1.5 mM M g Cl 2  and 0.5 units of Taqpolymerase. The PCR was performed in a Robocycler (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) machine programmed for an initial heating at 94° C. for 3 min and then for 40 cycles at 94° C., 30 sec; 68° C., 30 sec and 72° C., 30 sec. The final extension cycle at 72° C. was kept for 7 more minutes. The PCR products were analyzed in a 1.4% agarose gel and visualized in an ethidium bromide staining under UV light. The lowest densely visible bands in each of the five species were excised from the agarose gels and purified using QIA quick gel extraction Kit (Qiagen). The purified DNA was ligated in the pMOS Blue t-vector overnight at 16° c. as per manufacturers instruction (Amersham Life Sciences). The ligated mixture was transformed into  E. Coli  MOS Blue cells and selected onto X-Gal, IPTG and ampicillin (100 μg/ml) containing Luria Bertani (LB) agar plates. Ten white colonies identified by colour selection were grown in 5 ml LB liquid medium overnight. The mini preparations of the plasmids were performed using alkaline lysis method (Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., 1989, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2 nd  Edn., Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, NY). The correct DNA inserts were verified by restriction analysis. Finally one plasmid clone from each plant was selected and its DNA prepared using Qiaquick plasmid DNA isolation Kit (Qiagen) which was then subjected to sequencing in both the directions using the T7 promoter primers (SEQ ID NO: 11) (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′) and M13 forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 12) (5′-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC-3′) respectively on an applied Biosystems model 377 automatic DNA sequencing system. 
     Sequence analysis and species specific primer design: The sequencing data obtained from spacer regions between 5S rRNA genes were analyzed using the PC Gene software. The complementary sequence from spacer regions specific to a particular Viola species which were dissimilar to other species were selected to be used as species specific primers. These primers are listed in table 3. The specific sets of primers used to obtain a species specific PCR product and the sizes of the products are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Species specific primers used in this study. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S. No 
                 Primer code 
                 Sequence 
                 Total bases 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 BT61.F 
                 5′--GGTGAGAACTCTCGAGGGTCGGGA--3′ 
                 24 
               
               
                 2. 
                 BT61.R 
                 5′--GCCCCGATCCGACACCCGAGC--3′ 
                 21 
               
               
                 3 
                 BT101.F 
                 5′--CCCTCACTCCTCGAGAATATG--3′ 
                 21 
               
               
                 4. 
                 BT91.F 
                 5′--CTATTTACTTCTCTCACCGCG--3′ 
                 21 
               
               
                 5. 
                 BT811.F 
                 5′--TTTGTAAACACGGAGGGGGC--3′ 
                 20 
               
               
                 6. 
                 BT811.R 
                 5′--ACAAACCCACGATTGGATTG--3′ 
                 20 
               
               
                 7. 
                 BT71.F 
                 5′--TTGTAAACACAGAGGAGGG--3′ 
                 19 
               
               
                 8. 
                 BT71.R 
                 5′--CACGATTGGATTACACGC--3′ 
                 18 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In an embodiment BT 61.F and BT 61.R sequences when used as a primer, provides a single band as PCR product of 150 bps in the species  Viola odorata.    
     In another embodiment BT 71.F and BT 71.R sequences when used as a primer, provides a single band as PCR product of 200 bps in the species  Viola canescens.    
     In still another embodiment BT 811.F and BT 811.R sequences when used as a primer, provides a single band as PCR product of 200 bps in the species  Viola pilosa.    
     In yet another embodiment BT 91F and M-28 sequences when used as a primer, provides a single band as PCR product of 311 bps in the species  Viola betonicifolia.    
     In an embodiment BT 101.F and M-28 sequences when used as a primer, provides a single band as PCR product of 190 bps in the species  Viola tricolor.    
     In an embodiment the sequences specific to Viola species at an optimized PCR annealing temperatures of 68° C. for  V. odorata,  62° C. for  V. canescens,  62° C. for  V. pilosa,  52° C. for  V. botonicifolia  and 52° C. for  V. tricolor.    
     In an embodiment, the sequences specific to Viola species at an optimized PCR annealing time, said time being 15 second for  V. odorata,  24 second for  V. canescens,  22 second for  V. pilosa  and 30 second for  V. betonicifolia  and  V. tricolor  respectively. 
     In yet another embodiment, the sequences specific to Viola species at an optimized PCR extension time of 18 second for  V. odorata,  17 second for  V. canescens, V. pilosa, V. betonicifolia  and  V. tricolor  respectively. 
     In yet another embodiment the sequences specific to Viola species at an optimized concentration of MgCl 2  ions of 0.85 mM for  V. odorata,  1.5 mM for  V. canescens,  1.1 mM for  V. pilosa,  0.55 mM for  V. betonicifolia  and 0.45 mM for  V. tricolor  respectively. 
     In yet another embodiment the sequences specific to Viola species at an optimized primer concentration of 8-10 picomoles. 
     In yet another embodiment the sequences specific to Viola species give the same PCR product with DNA isolated from Viola different plant parts i.e. from roots, rhizome and flowers. 
     The following examples are given by way of illustration of the present invention and should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Majority of the Viola species specific primers amplify only corresponding species: 
     PCR amplification products using a set of primers, either one of the species specific and the other consensus or both species specific primers (as illustrated in FIG. 1) were obtained for all five species. The PCR reaction contained 2.5 μl of 10× PCR buffer, 1 μl of dNTPs (mix of 2.5 mM each), 2-10 ng DNA, 8-10 picomole of each primer, 0.5 units of Taq polymerase and a variable concentration (0.45-1.5 mM depending upon the Viola species as shown in table 4) of MgCl 2  in a 25 μl reaction mix. The DNA was denatured at 94° C. for 3′ and then subjected to PCR upto 40 cycles. A last extension cycle of 2 min in each case was also given at 72° C. The annealing and extension temperatures and the times along with MgCl 2  concentration were optimized for each of 5 Viola species with each set of primers (table 4) and are discussed below: 
       Viola odorata:  Using 8 picomole each of the forward and reverse primers (BT61.F and BT61.R) respectively along with annealing at 68° C. for 15 sec, extension time of 18 seconds and a concentration of 0.85 mM of MgCl 2  was optimized to give a band of 150 bps as expected with only  V. odorata  but not with any of the other plants (FIG. 2, panel A, lane  1 ). There was also a similar amplification product when the genomic DNA of all the five plant species were mixed in equal ratio (FIG. 2, panel A, lane X). The PCR product was  V. odorata  genome specific and could be detected reproducibly in mixture of all the 5 plant species. There was no significant difference in the band intensity when the genomic DNA from fresh tissues or the dried tissues were taken. Increasing MgCl 2  concentration or the annealing time led to the appearance of a few faint bands of high molecular weight. 
       Viola canescens:  Use of BT71.F and BT71.R as forward and reverse primers respectively along with an annealing temperature of 62° C. for 24 sec and an extension time of 17 sec along with a MgCl 2  concentration of 1.5 mM gave an expected band of 200 bps with only  V. canescens  as well as in the mixed samples of all 5 Viola species but not individually with any of the other 4 DNA templates (FIG. 2, panel B, lanes  2  and X respectively). Increasing annealing temperature beyond 62oC led to no amplification while reducing temperature led to appearance of several faint bands in addition to 1 prominent expected band. 
       Viola pilosa:  Similarly use of BT811.F and BT811.R set of primers along with cycling parameters of annealing at 62° C. for 22 sec and extension for 17 sec along with a MgCl 2  concentration of 1.1 mM gave a band of expected size of 200 bps with  V. pilosa  and  V. canescens  but not with any of the other plants tested (FIG. 2, panel C, lanes  2  and  3 ). Similar amplification product was obtained when the genomic DNA of all the five plant species were mixed in equal ratio (lane X). To demonstrate that  V. pilosa  specific primers detect both  V. pilosa  and  V. canescens  but  V. canescens  specific primers detect only  V. canescens  specifically, the applicants used species specific primers for these species to amplify mixtures of 4 Viola species DNA templates minus  V. pilosa  or  V. canescens.  As shown in FIG. 3 V. pilosa  specific primers detect both  V. pilosa  and  V. canescens  but not vice versa. 
       Viola betonicifolia:  Using BT91.F and M28 as forward and reverse primers respectively along with an annealing temperature of 52° C. for 30 sec, an extension time of 17 sec, and MgCl 2  concentration of 0.55 mM gave an expected band of 311 bps with only  V. betonicifolia  or in a mixture of all 5 species but not with any of the other plants individually (FIG. 2, panel D, lanes  4  and X respectively). 
       Viola tricolor:  Using BT101.F and M28 set of primers along with an annealing temperature of 52° C. for 30 sec, an extension time of 17 sec, along with a MgCl 2  concentration of 0.45 mM gave an expected band of 190 bps with only  V. tricolor  or in a mixture of all 5 species but not with any of the other plants (FIG. 2, panel E, lanes  5  and X respectively). Surprisingly  V. tricolor  and  V. betonicifolia  required almost similar amplification conditions (Table 4). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Standardized parameters for PCR amplification. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S.N. 
                 Parameter 
                 V.O. 
                 V.P. 
                 V.C. 
                 V.B. 
                 V.T. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 MgCl 2  (mM) 
                 0.85 
                 1.1 
                 1.5 
                 0.55 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Annealing 
               
               
                   
                 Temp (° C.) 
                 68 
                 62 
                 62 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                 Time (sec) 
                 15 
                 22 
                 24 
                 30 
                 30 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Extension time (sec) 
                 18 
                 17 
                 17 
                 17 
                 17 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Conserved 5S rRNA gene based primers (3′ and 5′) gave an identical amplification product in a population of 28 individual plants of  Viola pilosa:    
     In order to find out 5S rRNA associated spacer length and sequence variability within the individuals of a species, the applicants analyzed 28 individuals plants of  V. pilosa  selected randomly from 2 plots (from IHBT campus, Palampur and Jogindernagar Herbal Garden, Jogindernagar), for their amplification products using consensus 5S rRNA primers M27 and M28. As shown in FIG. 4A, all the plants gave identical banding patterns. When these plants were subjected to RAPD analysis using OPE-09 primer they again showed identical banding patterns (FIG. 4, panel B). When 2 more primers were analyzed they showed some differences in many of the plants as expected (data not shown). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
       Viola betonicifolia  specific primers gave an identical amplification product in 12 individual plants collected from nature: 
     Similar to example 1, 12 individual plants of  V. betonicifolia  were analyzed for their amplification products using  V. betonicifolia  species specific set of primers (BT91.F and M28 as illustrated in FIG.  2 ). As shown in FIG.  5 A 1 , all the plants gave identical banding patterns. These PCR products when denatured and analyzed in a I.8% agarose gel again revealed identical banding patters (FIG. 5, panel A 2 ). When these plants were subjected to RAPD analysis using OPE-09 primers they showed little differences, for example, in lane no  2  and  3  the 3 rd  band from top is present only in 4 samples which is different in size in lane number  8  (FIG. 5, panel B). 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Market samples of banafsha revealed that majority of them were fake samples: 
     In order to find out the genuineness of banafsha, the applicants analyzed 18 market samples of banafsha collected from different markets during 1997-99 for their amplification products using  V. canescens  specific primers. FIG. 6 shows that 7 samples were positive for  V. canescens  which does not represent genuine banafsha. This example clearly demonstrate that the developed PCR band approach works well for market samples. 
     The main advantages of the present invention are: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1. 
                 It is specific to  Viola odorata, V. pilosa, V. canescens, V. betonici-   
               
               
                   
                   folia  and  V. tricolor.   
               
               
                 2. 
                 It is highly sensitive and only nanogram amounts of DNA is required. 
               
               
                 3. 
                 It can work equally well for degraded DNA. 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Only mg amounts of samples are required. 
               
               
                 5. 
                 It can work well for the processed and powdered samples. 
               
               
                 6. 
                 It can detect presence of Viola species even in admixtures of samples 
               
               
                   
                 and herbal formulations. 
               
               
                 7. 
                 The presence of Viola species specific PCR products can be visual- 
               
               
                   
                 ized in a simple agarose gel and no hazardous radioactive label- 
               
               
                   
                 ing or time consuming and complex systems are needed. 
               
               
                 8. 
                 It is rapid. 
               
               
                 9. 
                 It has a potential for automation. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
             12 
           
           
             1 
             24 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            1
ggtgagaact ctcgagggtc ggga                                            24
 
           
             2 
             21 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            2
gccccgatcc gacacccgag c                                               21
 
           
             3 
             21 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            3
ccctcactcc tcgagaatat g                                               21
 
           
             4 
             21 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            4
ctatttactt ctctcaccgc g                                               21
 
           
             5 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            5
tttgtaaaca cggagggggc                                                 20
 
           
             6 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            6
acaaacccac gattggattg                                                 20
 
           
             7 
             19 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            7
ttgtaaacac agaggaggg                                                  19
 
           
             8 
             18 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            8
cacgattgga ttacacgc                                                   18
 
           
             9 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            9
tttagtgctg gtatgatcgc                                                 20
 
           
             10 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            10
tgggaagtcc tcgtgttgca                                                 20
 
           
             11 
             20 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            11
taatacgact cactataggg                                                 20
 
           
             12 
             24 
             DNA 
             Artificial Sequence 
             
               Description of Artificial Sequence Primer 
             
           
            12
cgccagggtt ttcccagtca cgac                                            24