Abstract:
In one embodiment, executing an embedded application within the context of a first client application, wherein executing the embedded application comprises: executing application logic to adjust states of one or more display objects; rendering one or more of the one or more display objects that are associated with a stage definition in a display region of the first client application; and in response to a trigger event, causing the first application to generate a interface component in the display region and pausing the rendering of the embedded application by: generating a static image based on the states of the one or more display objects associated with the stage definition; associating the static image with the stage definition; and disassociating the one or more display objects from the stage definition.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/774,647, filed on May 5, 2010, which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure generally relates to optimizing pop-up windows in a web browser environment having a Flash or other plug-in rendered media object embedded in an underlying structured document for display. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    A web browser is a software application, which may be executed on a network device, for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information or network resources on a computer network, such as the World Wide Web, the Internet, or an Intranet. Examples of web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome. Typically, an information or network resource is identified by a unique Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), and may be in a variety of formats, such as web page, image, video, audio, and executable. A web browser may retrieve specific information or network resources using their corresponding URIs. 
         [0004]    Web browsers have become increasingly sophisticated as time passes and are able to support more and more functionalities. Initially, web pages were static and encoded using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). Later, various programming languages, such as Java, JavaScript, VBScript, and PHP, have been developed that enable dynamic web pages to be implemented and significantly improve the interactive experiences for network users. Additionally, various objects or references to objected embedded in an underlying web page can be consumed and rendered by a plug-in to a browser. Presently, network users may perform various activities on a computer network, such as the Internet, through their web browsers. For example, a network user may conduct business (e.g., Internet banking), socialize with families and friends (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter), and seek recreation and entertainment (e.g., YouTube and Zynga) all on his computer. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    The present disclosure generally relates to optimizing pop-up windows in a web browser environment having a Flash or other plug-in rendered media object embedded in an underlying structured document for display. 
         [0006]    Particular embodiments, execute an embedded application within the context of a first client application. To execute the embedded application, particular embodiments execute application logic to adjust states of one or more display objects; render one or more of the one or more display objects that are associated with a stage definition in a display region of the first client application; and in response to a trigger event, cause the first application to generate a interface component in the display region and pausing the rendering of the embedded application by generating a static image based on the states of the one or more display objects associated with the stage definition; associating the static image with the stage definition; and disassociating the one or more display objects from the stage definition. 
         [0007]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosure are described in more detail below in the detailed description and in conjunction with the following figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1A  illustrates an example web page with an embedded Flash display. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1B  illustrates an example web page with a pop-up window. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example method for optimizing pop-up windows. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3A  illustrates an example stage associated with a set of game objects. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3B  illustrates an example stage associated with a static image. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example network environment. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example computer system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    The present disclosure is now described in detail with reference to a few embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It is apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present disclosure may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure. In addition, while the disclosure is described in conjunction with the particular embodiments, it should be understood that this description is not intended to limit the disclosure to the described embodiments. To the contrary, the description is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0016]    A web page is a structured document or resource of information that is suitable for a computer network, such as the World Wide Web, the Internet, or an Intranet. A web page is identified by a unique Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and may be accessed through a web browser and displayed on the screen of a network device. Sophisticated web pages are dynamic, such that a dynamic web page is constructed at the time it is requested by a network user via his web browser. As a result, the actual content included in a dynamic web page may vary from time to time. Moreover, sophisticated web pages may include multimedia content (e.g., image, video, or audio), or embedded references thereto, as well as text content. For example, a network user may watch video, listen to audio, or play games embedded in web pages. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1A  illustrates an example web page  100 . Web page  100  is specifically designed to enable network users to play games online via their web browsers. In this context, these network user may also be referred to as game players. There is a list  120  of available games from which a game player may select to play. There are several featured games  130  that may be popular among the game players. The game that is currently being played is displayed in the center of web page  100 , as an embedded Flash component  110 . In this sense, the Flash component may be considered as a “container” of the game application. 
         [0018]    Adobe Flash (formerly known as Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform for adding animation and interactivity to web pages. A Flash component (e.g., Flash component  110 ) may be embedded in a web page (e.g., web page  100 ) to create animation, advertisements, or games and to integrate video into the web page. Flash may also be used to develop rich Internet applications. Flash can manipulate vector and raster graphics and support bidirectional streaming of audio and video. It contains a scripting language, called ActionScript. ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language having a syntax similar as that of JavaScript but with a different associated set of class libraries. ActionScript may be used to create almost all of the interactivity seen in Flash applications. Flash in the SWF format, traditionally called “ShockWave Flash” movies, “Flash movies”, or “Flash games”, usually have a .swf file extension and may be an embedded object of a web page. Flash video files have a .flv extension and are either used from within the .swf files or played through a fly-aware player or web browser. More recently, the Flash libraries are used with the Extensible Markup Language (XML) capabilities of the web browsers to render rich content in the browsers. This technology is known as Asynchronous Flash and XML. To interoperate with browser client applications, the Flash client application can be installed as a so-called browser plug-in. The browser plug-in can be activated or initialized when an objected embedded in a given web page or other structured document is encountered. For example, when a browser client encounters a *.swf object, the Flash client plug-in can be activated to process the object and render an output. 
         [0019]    In particular embodiments, a game application may include several components. For example, a game may include game logic and definitions of multiple objects to be rendered. The game logic can receive inputs such as key strokes and mouse clicks and process the inputs to adjust the state of one or more of the graphical objects to be rendered. A rendering component of the Flash plug-in may iteratively process the graphical objects at some frame rate to render the resulting graphical output. There may be multiple objects involved in a game, including the characters and other types of objects. For example, with a war game, the characters may be the soldiers fighting on both sides of the war. In addition, there may be weapons used by the soldiers and the objects around the battlefield (e.g., buildings, trees, animals, mountains, rivers, and so on). Each game object may be defined according to a predetermined syntax. For example, the definition of a game object may include its shape, texture, physical capabilities, its connection or relationship with other game objects, and so on. Second, there may be a set of game logic that controls the development and progression of the game. The game logic indicates what should happen in response to an event occurring in the game. For example, with the war game, if one solider shoots another solider, the game logic may indicate that the other solider should be wounded or even die as a result of the shooting event. 
         [0020]    In particular embodiments, a game application may be embedded in a web page (e.g., web page  100 ) so that the game players may play the game via their web browsers. In particular embodiments, a Flash component (e.g., Flash component  110 ) may be included in the web page and a Flash plug-in may be used to render the game scenes within the context of the browser client window. In particular embodiments, the display of a game may be referred to as the “stage” of the game. Thus, the stage of the game may be implemented as the Flash component embedded in the web page. For example, the stage is essentially a data structure that defines some of the basic elements of the game, such as aspect ration and display size. Data objects attached to or associated with the stage are rendered by the Flash plug-in. At any given time, a game scene may be rendered and displayed on the stage by attaching one or more game objects to the stage. Each game scene may include a set of game objects. In particular embodiments, the game objects of a game scene may be arranged in a hierarchical structure under the stage.  FIG. 3A  illustrates an example stage  310  associated with a set of game objects arranged in a hierarchy. Each circular node in the hierarchy represents a particular game object. Of course, different game scenes may include different game objects, and similarly, the same game object may have different appearances in different game scenes. Consequently, in particular embodiments, to render and display each game scene on the stage, a Flash plug-in module may process the definition of the game objects under the stage according to the game logic to determine the current game scene that should be displayed on the stage, and then render and display the current game scene within the context of the browser client window. 
         [0021]    Rendering a game scene for display may require a great amount of computer resources (e.g., processor time or cache) due to the large number of operations that need to be performed, some of which being very computational intensive. For example, in connection with a single game scene, the application may need to determine which objects are in the game scene, each object&#39;s position in the game scene, each object&#39;s appearance including shape, texture, orientation, and lighting, resolve possible conflicts and errors among the objects, and so on. In addition, a game can be displayed at least at 28 or 30 frames per second, and often at 45, 50, or 60 frames per second, which means  30 ,  45 , or  60  renderings per second. This may result in a network device devoting most, if not all, of its available resources to the continuous rendering of the game scenes embedded in a web page. 
         [0022]    If, while a game is being played via a web page (i.e., while the game scenes are continuously rendered and displayed), any other action occurs within the context of the web page or within the context of the web browser displaying the web page but outside of the context of the game application itself, there may not be sufficient computer resources to respond to this other action quickly. For example, a pop-up window is a user-interface component that is often used to communicate a message to the game player. Typically, a pop-up window appears (i.e., pops up) on top of another window (e.g., the web browser) temporarily to display the message and goes away after the message has been received by the game player. The pop-up window may also enable the game player to provide a response to the message.  FIG. 1B  illustrates example web page  100  now with a pop-up window  140  on top of it. In particular embodiments, pop-up window  140  may be triggered by any event, including an event occurring within the context of the game application embedded in web page  100  or within the context of web page  100  but outside of the context of the embedded game application. In this example, pop-up window  140  asks the game player whether he wants to send a message to his friend, and the game player may respond either “Yes” or “No” by clicking on the appropriate button. Once the game player clicks on one of the buttons, pop-up window  140  disappears. The message is either send or not send to the friend of the game player depending on the game player&#39;s response. In particular embodiments, pop-up window  140  may be implemented using a suitable scripting language, such as JavaScript, and therefore, is not handled by Flash, which is responsible for rendering the game scenes for display in Flash component  110 . The Flash plug-in supports external interfaces that allow for interactivity between a Flash component and an external module, such as a JavaScript module executing within the context of a structured document. Accordingly, the game logic of the Flash-based game application, for example, may make calls to a JavaScript library embedded in the same underlying webpage to display a pop-up window. The JavaScript module executing within the context of the web page can also make calls to the Flash-based game application. 
         [0023]    Suppose pop-up window  140  appears while a game player is playing the game embedded in web page  100 . Because the rendering of the game scenes may require a large amount of computer resources, it may take some time (e.g., up to 30 seconds) for pop-up window  140  to appear on web page  100  as the handling of pop-up window  140  competes for the available computer resources with the rendering of the game scenes.  FIG. 2  illustrates an example method for optimizing pop-up windows under such circumstances in order to improve the interactive experiences for the game player. The process illustrated in  FIG. 2  is executed within the context of the Flash client plug-in and, in some implementation, may be implemented using ActionScript or any other suitable programming language. 
         [0024]    In particular embodiments, suppose a game application is embedded in a web page. The game scenes are rendered and displayed within a Flash component included in the web page, and the display is referred to as the stage of the game application. The game application includes the definitions of the game objects and game logic. The game scenes are continuously rendered and displayed by the browser client plug-in. The display rate may be constant or varying. Each game scene is rendered on the stage by the client plug-in based on the game object definitions as modified by the game logic. In particular embodiments, to render a game scene, client plug-in processes the set of game objects under the stage (e.g., stage  310 ) based on their respective current states as modified by game logic and renders the game scene using the definitions of the game objects under the stage. While the game is being played, suppose an event occurs that triggers a user-interface component (e.g., a pop-up window) outside of the context of the game application embedded in the web page to be displayed (step  202  of  FIG. 2 ). In particular embodiments, the triggering event may be an event within the context of the embedded game application or within the context of the web page but outside the context of the embedded game application. In particular embodiments, the pop-up window is handled outside the context of the embedded game application (e.g., implemented by JavaScript), and therefore, is not a part of the rendering done by Flash. 
         [0025]    In response to the triggering event, a code module executing within the context of the client plug-in clears currently existing rendering conflicts, if any (step  204  of  FIG. 2 ). Rendering conflicts may result from some type of error occurring within the game itself, including the game logic or the game object definitions. Alternatively, rendering conflicts may result from how different web browsers handle web pages and programming code differently. Once all rendering conflicts have been cleared, the code module may pause the continuous rendering of the game scenes (step  206  of  FIG. 2 ), as described below. In particular embodiments, only the rendering of the game scene is paused; the game itself and the game logic continue to develop and progress. In particular embodiments, the game application logic keeps a record of the game logic progression and continues to execute according to its timeline and adjust the state of any game objects so that when the rendering of the game scenes are resumed later, the most current game object state is rendered. 
         [0026]    In particular embodiments, the code module causes the client plug-in to render the current game scene as a static image (e.g., a bitmap image) using the game object definitions (step  208  of  FIG. 2 ). This rendering may be performed in the same way as rendering any other game scenes and may be done using Flash. Particular embodiments then replace the game object definitions of the stage with the bitmap of the statically rendered image (step  210  of  FIG. 2 ). The game object definitions continue to be maintained in memory, but for a period of time, are not associated with, or attached to, the stage and therefore are not processed by the client plug-in.  FIG. 3B  illustrates an example representation of a stage  320  having a static image bitmap under it. The static image in  FIG. 3B  may replace the set of game objects in  FIG. 3A . Since the Flash plug-in processes the set of game objects under the stage to render the game scene, replacing the game object definitions with the static image, the Flash plug-in no longer needs the same level of computing resources required to process the complex game object definitions. In one embodiment, the Flash client plug-in Flash may take the already rendered static image under the stage and display it without much further processing. As a result, merely displaying the static image requires much less computer resources than to render and display game scenes one at a time. 
         [0027]    Particular embodiments may display the static image (step  212  of  FIG. 2 ) in the Flash component included in the web page while processing and displaying the pop-up window (step  214  of  FIG. 2 ). Because computer resources have been freed up from rendering the game scenes, there are more computer resources to execute the JavaScript code that implements the pop-up window. As a result, the pop-up window may be processed and displayed in a shorter time as its processing no longer needs to compete with the resource intensive processes associated with rendering of the game scenes. 
         [0028]    Once the pop-up window has been handled (e.g., the game player has responded to the message included in the pop-up window), the pop-up window may go away and the rendering of the game scenes may resume. In one implementation, the JavaScript code module may make a call to the embedded game signaling that it should resume rendering of the game application. The JavaScript module may be configured to signal the game application after a user has completed or responded to the pop-up window or after a threshold period of time after the pop-up window was presented to the user. Particular embodiments may replace the static image associated with the stage with the original set of game objects under the stage (step  216  of  FIG. 2 ). Programmatically, this can be accomplished by re-attaching the game object definitions to the stage and disassociating the static bitmap image. By replacing the static image with the game object definitions, when any subsequent game scenes need to be displayed in the Flash component included in the web page, Flash may resume rendering of the game scenes based on the game object definitions and the game logic as before since Flash processes the objects associated with the stage (step  218  of  FIG. 2 ). In this manner, a pop-up window can be implemented more quickly (by reducing resource contention), while the rendered static bit map preserves some aspect of visual continuity for the user as the pop-up window is rendered over a portion of the game display window. 
         [0029]    Of course, pop-up windows are just one type of user-interface component that may be implemented to interact with game players, and the present disclosure contemplates any suitable user-interface components. The same concept described in  FIG. 2  may be applied when any other type of user-interface components outside of the context of an embedded game application is triggered. In addition, games represent only one type of application, in connection with which the present application can be used. The present disclosure contemplates any situation where one application is embedded in another application. In addition, while the embodiments described above operate in connection with Flash, the present invention can be used in connection with other types of plug-in clients, such as Microsoft&#39;s Silverlight rendering technologies. 
         [0030]    Particular embodiments may be implemented in a network environment.  FIG. 4  illustrates an example network environment  400  suitable for providing software validation as a service. Network environment  400  includes a network  410  coupling one or more servers  420  and one or more clients  430  to each other. In particular embodiments, network  410  is an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, or another network  410  or a combination of two or more such networks  410 . The present disclosure contemplates any suitable network  410 . 
         [0031]    One or more links  450  couple a server  420  or a client  430  to network  410 . In particular embodiments, one or more links  450  each includes one or more wireline, wireless, or optical links  450 . In particular embodiments, one or more links  450  each includes an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet, or another link  450  or a combination of two or more such links  450 . The present disclosure contemplates any suitable links  450  coupling servers  420  and clients  430  to network  410 . 
         [0032]    In particular embodiments, each server  420  may be a unitary server or may be a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multiple datacenters. Servers  420  may be of various types, such as, for example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail server, message server, advertising server, file server, application server, exchange server, database server, or proxy server. In particular embodiments, each server  420  may include hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by server  420 . For example, a web server is generally capable of hosting websites containing web pages or particular elements of web pages. More specifically, a web server may host HTML files or other file types, or may dynamically create or constitute files upon a request, and communicate them to clients  430  in response to HTTP or other requests from clients  430 . A mail server is generally capable of providing electronic mail services to various clients  430 . A database server is generally capable of providing an interface for managing data stored in one or more data stores. 
         [0033]    In particular embodiments, one or more data storages  440  may be communicatively linked to one or more severs  420  via one or more links  450 . In particular embodiments, data storages  440  may be used to store various types of information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in data storages  440  may be organized according to specific data structures. In particular embodiment, each data storage  440  may be a relational database. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that enable servers  420  or clients  430  to manage, e.g., retrieve, modify, add, or delete, the information stored in data storage  440 . 
         [0034]    In particular embodiments, each client  430  may be an electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components and capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by client  430 . For example and without limitation, a client  430  may be a desktop computer system, a notebook computer system, a netbook computer system, a handheld electronic device, or a mobile telephone. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable clients  430 . A client  430  may enable a network user at client  430  to access network  430 . A client  430  may enable its user to communicate with other users at other clients  430 . 
         [0035]    A client  430  may have a web browser  432 , such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOO TOOLBAR. A user at client  430  may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other address directing the web browser  432  to a server  420 , and the web browser  432  may generate a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and communicate the HTTP request to server  420 . Server  420  may accept the HTTP request and communicate to client  430  one or more Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) files responsive to the HTTP request. Client  430  may render a web page based on the HTML files from server  420  for presentation to the user. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable web page files. As an example and not by way of limitation, web pages may render from HTML files, Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) files, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) files, according to particular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts such as, for example and without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT, JAVA, MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and scripts such as AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the like. Herein, reference to a web page encompasses one or more corresponding web page files (which a browser may use to render the web page) and vice versa, where appropriate. 
         [0036]    Particular embodiments may be implemented on one or more computer systems.  FIG. 5  illustrates an example computer system  500 . In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  500  perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  500  provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer systems  500  performs one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems  500 . 
         [0037]    This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems  500 . This disclosure contemplates computer system  500  taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system  500  may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system  500  may include one or more computer systems  500 ; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems  500  may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems  500  may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems  500  may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate. 
         [0038]    In particular embodiments, computer system  500  includes a processor  502 , memory  504 , storage  506 , an input/output (I/O) interface  508 , a communication interface  510 , and a bus  512 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement. 
         [0039]    In particular embodiments, processor  502  includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor  502  may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory  504 , or storage  506 ; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory  504 , or storage  506 . In particular embodiments, processor  502  may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. The present disclosure contemplates processor  502  including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor  502  may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation look-aside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory  504  or storage  506 , and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor  502 . Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory  504  or storage  506  for instructions executing at processor  502  to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor  502  for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor  502  or for writing to memory  504  or storage  506 ; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor  502 . The TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor  502 . In particular embodiments, processor  502  may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. The present disclosure contemplates processor  502  including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor  502  may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors  502 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor. 
         [0040]    In particular embodiments, memory  504  includes main memory for storing instructions for processor  502  to execute or data for processor  502  to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  500  may load instructions from storage  506  or another source (such as, for example, another computer system  500 ) to memory  504 . Processor  502  may then load the instructions from memory  504  to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor  502  may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor  502  may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor  502  may then write one or more of those results to memory  504 . In particular embodiments, processor  502  executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  504  (as opposed to storage  506  or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  504  (as opposed to storage  506  or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor  502  to memory  504 . Bus  512  may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor  502  and memory  504  and facilitate accesses to memory  504  requested by processor  502 . In particular embodiments, memory  504  includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. The present disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory  504  may include one or more memories  504 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory. 
         [0041]    In particular embodiments, storage  506  includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage  506  may include an HDD, a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage  506  may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage  506  may be internal or external to computer system  500 , where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage  506  is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage  506  includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage  506  taking any suitable physical form. Storage  506  may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor  502  and storage  506 , where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage  506  may include one or more storages  506 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage. 
         [0042]    In particular embodiments, I/O interface  508  includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system  500  and one or more I/O devices. Computer system  500  may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system  500 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch-screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces  508  for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface  508  may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor  502  to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface  508  may include one or more I/O interfaces  508 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface. 
         [0043]    In particular embodiments, communication interface  510  includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system  500  and one or more other computer systems  500  or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface  510  may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface  510  for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  500  may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system  500  may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system  500  may include any suitable communication interface  510  for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface  510  may include one or more communication interfaces  510 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface. 
         [0044]    In particular embodiments, bus  512  includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system  500  to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus  512  may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCI-X) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus  512  may include one or more buses  512 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect. 
         [0045]    Herein, reference to a computer-readable storage medium encompasses one or more non-transitory, tangible computer-readable storage media possessing structure. As an example and not by way of limitation, a computer-readable storage medium may include a semiconductor-based or other integrated circuit (IC) (such, as for example, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific IC (ASIC)), a hard disk, an HDD, a hybrid hard drive (HHD), an optical disc, an optical disc drive (ODD), a magneto-optical disc, a magneto-optical drive, a floppy disk, a floppy disk drive (FDD), magnetic tape, a holographic storage medium, a solid-state drive (SSD), a RAM-drive, a SECURE DIGITAL card, a SECURE DIGITAL drive, or another suitable computer-readable storage medium or a combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. Herein, reference to a computer-readable storage medium excludes any medium that is not eligible for patent protection under 35 U.S.C. §101. Herein, reference to a computer-readable storage medium excludes transitory forms of signal transmission (such as a propagating electrical or electromagnetic signal per se) to the extent that they are not eligible for patent protection under 35 U.S.C. §101. 
         [0046]    This disclosure contemplates one or more computer-readable storage media implementing any suitable storage. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements one or more portions of processor  502  (such as, for example, one or more internal registers or caches), one or more portions of memory  504 , one or more portions of storage  506 , or a combination of these, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements RAM or ROM. In particular embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium implements volatile or persistent memory. In particular embodiments, one or more computer-readable storage media embody software. Herein, reference to software may encompass one or more applications, bytecode, one or more computer programs, one or more executables, one or more instructions, logic, machine code, one or more scripts, or source code, and vice versa, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, software includes one or more application programming interfaces (APIs). This disclosure contemplates any suitable software written or otherwise expressed in any suitable programming language or combination of programming languages. In particular embodiments, software is expressed as source code or object code. In particular embodiments, software is expressed in a higher-level programming language, such as, for example, C, Perl, or a suitable extension thereof. In particular embodiments, software is expressed in a lower-level programming language, such as assembly language (or machine code). In particular embodiments, software is expressed in JAVA. In particular embodiments, software is expressed in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), or other suitable markup language. 
         [0047]    The present disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Similarly, where appropriate, the appended claims encompass all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.