Abstract:
Using arrays of optical fibers connected to specially configured electronics, e.g., a phototransistor, an LED, an amplifier, a detector, and display, software and PCMCIA A/D board available on a personal computer, continuous real-time acquisition, processing, and visualization of change in a monitored medium is provided. Many of the individual circuit elements above may be replaced with a power meter in an alternative embodiment. In a specific application, scour data are collected on the depth of sediment below a body of water. As the sediment is eroded by an event, the ends of the optical fibers in the array display a different reflection or transmission coefficient indicating that water has replaced sediment. By knowing which of the optical fiber ends in the array is indicating the changed reflection or transmission coefficient, an estimate of how much scour has occurred is provided. A method of employment of the system is also provided.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST  
       [0001] Under paragraph 1(a) of Executive Order 10096, the conditions under which this invention was made entitle the Government of the United States, as represented by the Secretary of the Army, to the entire right, title and interest in any patent granted thereon by the United States. This and related patents are available for licensing. Please contact Sharon Borland at 703 428-9112. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Scour is a severe problem that results in millions of dollars of damage to infrastructure and loss of life annually. Scour occurs during times of high tides, hurricanes, rapid river flow and icing conditions when sediment, including rocks, gravel, sand, and silt are transported by the currents, undermining bridge pier foundations, submarine utility cables and pipelines, and filling in navigational channels. Scour is dynamic; ablation and deposition can occur during the same high-energy hydrodynamic event, so the worst-case net effect cannot be easily predicted nor previously monitored in real-time.  
           [0003]    Several bridge scour monitoring technologies exist, including several patented electromagnetic sensors, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,338, Time Domain Reflectometry System for Real-Time Bridge Scour Detection and Monitoring, to Yankielun, N. E. and L. Zabilansky, Jul. 21, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,471, Water/Sediment Interface Monitoring System Using Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave, to Yankielun and Zabilansky Aug. 4, 1998; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,393, Scour Probe Assembly, to Yankielun, Jul. 4, 2000.  
           [0004]    These technologies, employing metallic time domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency-modulated continuous wave FM-CW reflectometry have proved highly successful in detecting, monitoring and measuring scour and deposition of sediments in freshwater. However, they are of limited utility, or even unusable in conductive media such as brackish water, seawater, or in clays and some contaminated soils. Consequently, the technologies may be deployed only in inland (fresh) bodies of water having sediments comprising non-cohesive (non-clay-based) soils.  
           [0005]    Dr. Yankielun developed an optical TDR-based (OTDR) scour probe that relies on “micro-bending” in an optical fiber. This micro-bending is caused by the impinging pressure of sediments on a specially configured optical fiber to indicate the extent of scour depth. The technology is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,189, Scour Sensor Assembly, to Yankielun, Feb. 25, 2003. While circumventing the problems encountered by conventional metallic TDR in saline waters and cohesive soils, the system uses an expensive OTDR unit.  
           [0006]    An embodiment of the present invention employs an optical reflection coefficient-based technique. See U.S. published patent application 20030117154 A1, Method and Instrument for Electronically Recording and Imaging Representations of the Interaction of an Object with Its Environment, by Yankielun and J. H. Clark, Jun. 26, 2003, incorporated herein by reference. Using this technique, one may detect, monitor and measure sediment transport in conductive water/sediment environments economically, continuously and in real-time.  
           [0007]    This new technology improves the ability to perform sediment transport research, monitoring, and measurement in coastal zones, saltwater estuaries, embayments and other highly conductive waters, especially in cold regions and in the presence of ice. The system is not only applicable to saline and highly conductive environments but will function as well in freshwater regimes. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 depicts the physical geometry of light as it travels from a first medium to a second medium and is reflected back from the second medium as is known in prior art.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 shows a clad optical fiber presented normally to the interface between the first and second media of FIG. 1, as is known in the prior art.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a vertical view of an embodiment of the present invention as it may be installed in a typical configuration.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a schematic of an embodiment of the present invention, showing a single optical fiber collector for clarity.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 depicts representative circuits that may be used in the schematic of FIG. 4.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 depicts fiber optic ports used in an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 7 shows a display that may be used with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of the present invention as it would be installed in sediment below a body of water.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 9 depicts an alternative to some of the representative circuits employed in FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]    In general, a system is provided for monitoring and alerting to change in media. It comprises optical means for sensing change in characteristics of media and transmitting data representing the change; an array of these optical means in which an end of each optical means is affixed to a support having a long axis and each optical means is exposed orthogonal to the media with respect to the long axis; a means for energizing each optical means; a processing means communicating with the optical means; and a means for coupling together the optical means, the energizing means and the processing means. The array may be configured to provide a pre-specified level of detail regarding the change. Real time alerting is associated to the change and information related to the change is displayed and recorded by the processing means. Depending on its application, the system may include a control device and an anchoring device for installation.  
         [0018]    An embodiment of the present invention monitors and alerts to change in media adjacent an installed part of the embodiment. It comprises an array of optical fibers affixed to a support, each optical fiber having an end exposed orthogonal to the media; a source to energize each optical fiber during operation; an optical coupler or splitter for each optical fiber; and a sub-system connected to each optical fiber during operation. The sub-system processes received data to provide real time alerting to the change and records and displays information corresponding thereto. An optical signal is maintained on each optical fiber during operation and the array may be configured to provide a pre-specified level of detail regarding a change.  
         [0019]    The change may be indicated by a change in reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, and combinations thereof. Data transmitted on the optical fibers, as well as the signals that energize the individual fibers, may be multiplexed in a pre-specified sequence.  
         [0020]    The sub-system may further include a multi-channel multiplexed data acquisition printed circuit board incorporating an analog-to-digital converter connected to a personal computer having a display and software loadable on the personal computer for processing the data.  
         [0021]    In one application, an embodiment of the present invention may be fitted with either or both of a control device and a heavy anchor for buried installation in sediments below a body of water.  
         [0022]    A method for monitoring and alerting to change in media is also provided. In one embodiment, the method includes:  
         [0023]    providing arrays of optical fibers in which the arrays are each affixed to a support having a long axis;  
         [0024]    exposing an end of each optical fiber orthogonal to the media with respect to the long axis;  
         [0025]    configuring each array to provide a pre-specified level of detail regarding the change;  
         [0026]    impressing an optical signal from a source on each optical fiber;  
         [0027]    collecting the impressed optical signal and a response signal of the media to the impressed optical signal;  
         [0028]    providing a sub-system to communicate with each optical fiber such that the sub-system processes the response to enable real time alerting to change and displays and records the change; and providing a coupler for connecting each optical fiber to the source and the sub-system.  
         [0029]    Refer to FIGS. 1 and 2. Optical reflection  102  and transmission  101 ,  103  modes may be employed for the detection and measurement of the change in characteristics of material in contact with the terminal end of an optical fiber as shown at  201  in FIG. 2. In the case of reflection  102 , optical principles following Snell&#39;s Law apply as follows. At an arbitrary refractive index interface boundary, ab, the reflection coefficient, ρ ab  is defined as:  
               ρ     a                 b       =                η   a          cos        (     θ   b     )         -       η   b          cos        (     θ   a     )                 η   a          cos        (     θ   b     )         +       η   b          cos        (     θ   a     )                          (   1   )                               
 
         [0030]    where:  
         [0031]    η a =refractive index of material a at the interface boundary ab  
         [0032]    η b =refractive index of material b at the interface boundary ab  
         [0033]    θ a =incident angle (with respect to vertical) of energy (light) in material a  
         [0034]    θ b =refractive angle (with respect to vertical) of energy (light) in material b.  
         [0035]    Thus, with an incident angle (θ a  goes to zero) normal to the boundary ab and the associated refractive angle (θ b  goes to zero) that also is normal to the boundary ab, the reflection coefficient for an incident wave  101  that is normal to an arbitrary refractive index boundary discontinuity as at ab is:  
               ρ     a                 b       =              η   a     -     η   b           η   a     +     η   b                      (   2   )                               
 
         [0036]    Complementing the reflection coefficient is the transmission coefficient, τ ab , representing the fraction of light energy that passes through the refractive index boundary ab, such that:  
         τ ab =1−ρ ab   (3)  
         [0037]    The relationship  200  between Eqns. (2) and (3) is illustrated in FIG. 2. Thus, the fraction of incident energy that is reflected is dependent on the relative magnitudes of the refractive indices, η a , η b , of the two materials that meet at an interface boundary ab.  
         [0038]    For a sediment scour monitoring implementation using an embodiment of the present invention, the value of η a  is fixed as the refractive index, η ƒ , of the fiber optic transmission medium. The value of the refractive index, η b , varies if the “b” component of the boundary is water or saturated sediment. Although somewhat temperature dependent, water has a nominal refractive index of η ω , =1.3. Weast, R. C. (ed),  CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 58 th  edition, 1977. The core of the plastic optical fiber used in an embodiment of the present invention has an index of refraction of η ƒ =1.492. Industrial Fiber Optics, Inc., Product Catalog, Tempe, Ariz., 1999. Other optical fibers (either plastic or glass) with different characteristics may serve as well. The refractive index for other optical fibers may vary from this value, but should be selected to be different from that of water. The index of refraction, of the sedimentary material that may come in contact with the end of the clad optical fiber varies according to local mineralogy, granularity and packing efficiency as related by the sediment grain structure and the amount of water saturation thereof. The index of refraction from any sedimentary material is generally significantly different from both that of the overlying water and the optical fiber, even water that is muddy from runoff.  
         [0039]    Refer to FIG. 3. The fiber optic scour sensor  300  consists of a vertical array of numerous, single point optical fibers  302  appearing approximately flush with the profile of a vertical support structure  301 . The opto-electronics packages  304  are indicated by the symbol “E” and the multiplexer  305  is identified as “MUX” with output  306  to an appropriate processor/display such as shown at  410  of FIG. 4. The optical fiber used in an embodiment of the present invention is a 1-mm, step index plastic fiber with a numerical aperture, NA, of 0.51, a core refractive index, η co , of 1.492, a cladding refractive index, η cl , of 1.402, and an attenuation of &lt;0.20 dB/m. (Industrial Fiber Optics, Inc. 1999). Other optical fibers (either plastic or glass) with different characteristics may serve as well.  
         [0040]    Refer to FIG. 4, a block diagram  400  of a single sensor “module” and related energy sources, processors, controls and display used in an embodiment of the present invention. For clarity, the multiplexer  305  of FIG. 3 is not shown in FIG. 4. Each optical fiber  302  is part of an array (as shown in FIG. 3) inserted in a vertical support structure  301  and connected to its own optical coupler  403 . Each optical coupler  403  is also connected to a multiplexer  305  for use with common source illumination circuitry  404 ,  405 , processing circuitry  406 ,  407 ,  408 ,  409 , and processor/display  410 . In application specific embodiments, the processing circuitry may be embodied in the processor/display  410 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the components  406 ,  407 ,  408 ,  409  may be incorporated on a printed circuit board internal to the processor display  410  or in an alternative embodiment they may be located within the probe assembly along with the other components  403 ,  404 ,  405 .  
         [0041]    The light source  405 , typically an LED, is energized using a signal generator  404 . This signal is passed through the multiplexer  305  to each of the optical couplers (splitters)  403 . The return signal from the end of the optical fiber  302  is fed from the optical splitters  403  to the multiplexer  305  from which it is sent to the optical receiver  406 , typically a phototransistor. The signal from the optical receiver  406  is sent to a high pass filter  407  to attain a “cleaner” signal which is then amplified by an amplifier  408  before passing to a detector  409  as input to a processor/display  410 . The display may also contain control features, such as a keyboard for use by an operator in calibrating or operating the system  400 . The multiplexer  305  permits each of the optical fibers  302  and their associated optical splitter  403  to share common source  405  and processing  406 ,  407 ,  408 ,  409  devices in a pre-specified sampling sequence.  
         [0042]    Refer to FIG. 6 illustrating a typical commercially available optical coupler  403 . The optical fibers  302  are stripped of cladding as at  607  within a coupling medium  606  that is encased in a light tight case  605 . This enables energy impinging on each of the two fibers of the optical splitter  403  to be “shared” for purposes of both transmitting and receiving light energy. Light energy entering, for example, Port  2   602  is divided in half, with equal components exiting through Ports  3   603  and  4   604 . Virtually no light entering Port  2   602  exits through Port  1   601 . The device functions similarly for light entering any of the four ports  601 ,  602 ,  603 ,  604 . The optical coupler  403  permits a single optical fiber  302  to act simultaneously as a receiver and transmitter of light energy. An optical receiver  406  (phototransistor, photo-diode or similar device), designated as a phototransistor in FIG. 4, is connected to one port of the splitter  403 . In one embodiment of the present invention, a light source  405 , shown as an LED in FIG. 4 and typically emitting visible (660-nm) red light, is connected to another port of the splitter  403 . In an embodiment of the present invention as represented in FIG. 4, the last port is a dark termination  411  implemented by covering the aperture of the port with black plastic tape (not shown separately) or otherwise providing an optically non-reflective termination. If referencing to FIG. 6, Port  3   603  is connected to the light source  405 , Port  4   604  is connected to the optical receiver  406 , Port  2   602  is terminated in the vertical support  301 , and Port  1   601  is a dark termination  411 , e.g., covered with black plastic tape thus providing a non-reflective termination. All optical fibers  302  inserted in the vertical support  301  may be configured similarly.  
         [0043]    Since the optical fibers  302  may be exposed to some degree of ambient light when submerged in shallow water, pickup of background light along with the reflected light from the light source  405  would also be sensed by the optical receiver  406  and interfere with accurate scour depth measurement. There are at least two potential solutions to eliminate this interference.  
         [0044]    Refer to FIGS. 4 and 5. Using a light source  405  operating at a wavelength different from that of ambient light and appropriate optical bandpass filtering  407  at the photo sensor (receiver)  406  eliminates interference from the ambient light.  
         [0045]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the time-varying intensity of natural ambient lighting is exploited. In most circumstances the intensity of natural ambient light tends to vary relative slowly with time (e.g., diurnal cycle, passage of clouds, etc.). To eliminate the interfering effects of ambient lighting, a 3-kHz square wave source  404  is used to modulate a visible light source  405 , typically an LED. The signal received by each phototransistor (receiver)  406  is sent to a high-pass filter  407 , thus eliminating any of the low-frequency components of the signal and permitting further analog processing of the received 3-kHz signal. This filtered signal is forwarded to an amplifier  408  and peak rectified in a detector  409 , resulting in a DC voltage proportional to the intensity of the received signal. The output of the peak rectifier  409  is digitized using a 16-bit PCMCIA A/D card (not shown separately) as may be installed in a processor/display  410  such as a laptop computer, desktop computer, or a dedicated application specification processor. The subsequent data stream is processed, stored and may be displayed in real time on the display associated with the processor/display  410 . Values suitable for use with this embodiment of the present invention include at V1 a 10-Volt P-P 3-Khz generator, at V2 a 15 V power source, a red light LED  405 , a phototransistor  406 , an 1N914 diode, resistors having values as follows: R 1 =470 Ω, R 2 =20 KΩ, R 3 =4.7 KΩ, R 4 =60 KΩ, a “variable resistor” or “potentiometer” VR 1 =47 KΩ, and capacitors having values: C 1 =0.01 μF, C 2 =0.047 μF.  
         [0046]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the data acquisition, processing and display software is written in LABVIEW®, a GUI-based language. Other convenient or appropriate computer language may be employed. Custom displays or display formats suitable for use on existing CRTs or LCDs may be developed for clear indication of scour conditions. For example, FIG. 7 depicts a dual display  700  suitable for use with a personal computer. It includes a vertical “thermometer-like” display  701  to show the dynamic change in scour level and a numeric display  702  to give an absolute or relative indication of scour depth in engineering units, accurate to the spatial resolution, i.e., the separation of optical fibers  302  in the sensor  300  of FIG. 3. Further, an alert function may be programmed into the processor to indicate when scour has reached a critical level such as displayed at the arrow  703 .  
         [0047]    Refer to FIG. 9. Depending on implementation specifics, embodiments of the present invention may have the optical receiver  406 , source  405  and splitters  403  replaced with an optical power meter  901  that measures the reflected photonic power present in an optical path. A power meter  901  provides a more sophisticated (and expensive) implementation that monitors the power of both the transmitted and the reflected optical signal while producing an output proportional to the normalized reflected power. This embodiment also functions under the principle of changing reflectance levels at the end of an optical fiber  302  as a function of a change in the refractive index contrast at the boundary ab of the optical fiber path and the overlying sediment or water column. If the optical path terminates into saturated sediment, there will be a specific and measurable level of reflectance. If the terminal end of the optical path is terminated, instead, into water (as would occur during scour) a different level of reflectance is measured. By noting the difference between reflectance levels occurring with sediment and water, scour may be dynamically monitored. When using an optical power meter  901 , the power meter  901  may be located “high and dry” on the shoreline and coupled to the fiber scour sensor  300  by a series of optical fibers  302 , or via a single optical fiber  302  and fiber multiplexer  305  located in the submerged scour probe  300 .  
         [0048]    Refer to FIG. 8. With the appropriate hardware, an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented using a directly connected optical or metallic umbilical cable  803 . Additionally an embodiment may be implemented with a radio, ultrasonic, or other form of remote telemetry (not shown separately) to transmit scour status from the buried optical probe  300  to an on-shore monitoring and data storage system such as that described as elements  406 ,  407 ,  408 ,  409  and  410 .  
         [0049]    In the case of a highly saline environment, e.g., seawater, the radio telemetry method is impractical because of the losses suffered by the radio signal propagating through a lossy medium. Additionally, an implementation using batteries and a wireless means (all not shown separately), such as a radio or submerged acoustic telemetry link, is most suitable for shorter-term applications in which the probe is either disposable or retrievable for refurbishment and replacement of batteries. An umbilical cable-based system as depicted in FIG. 8 is intended primarily for long-term or permanent monitoring situations where the umbilical cable  803  may be easily and more permanently installed and used in electrically lossy environments. Further, the sub-system that receives and processes sensor data may be operated in a more benign environment than the probe  301 ,  302  itself.  
         [0050]    In one application, an embodiment of the present invention is buried in river bottom sediments  802  below water  801  in a body of water being monitored for scour. It is emplaced via a heavy anchor  804  at a point below the maximum expected depth of scour. Primarily, an embodiment of the present invention is designed for installation by “air jetting” or “hydro jetting”. Alternatively, it may be installed in softer sediments by being “pile driven” or hydraulically forced into the sediment 802. In one embodiment of the present invention, the top of the installed probe is “surveyed in” relative to a local survey benchmark.  
         [0051]    Depending on the desired implementation, output signals of an embodiment of the present invention may be further multiplexed to monitor a distributed array consisting of numerous probes (each having a vertical array of optical fibers  302  as shown in FIG. 3) installed in close proximity to a structure or sediment field of interest.  
         [0052]    There are advantages to the implementation of an optical time domain reflectometer for scour monitoring:  
         [0053]    can operate in brackish, saline or otherwise electrically conductive waters or other fluids,  
         [0054]    able to operate in environments where magnetic or metallic transmission lines may interfere with data taking, and  
         [0055]    media does not have to be transparent nor translucent for operation.  
         [0056]    Numerous industrial, commercial, and military instrumentation and measurement systems can take advantage of this technique. Some potential applications include:  
         [0057]    material depth and clarity change measurement/monitoring in industrial tanks such as plating tanks,  
         [0058]    clarity monitoring and control of weirs,  
         [0059]    environmental monitoring in conductive environs, e.g., between layers of double layer underground storage tanks,  
         [0060]    monitoring of oil reservoirs of internal combustion engines to detect when oil needs to be added and when an oil change is necessary,  
         [0061]    bridge scour measurement/monitoring,  
         [0062]    navigation channel sedimentation monitoring,  
         [0063]    dredging spoils stability monitoring, and  
         [0064]    coastal sediment monitoring.  
         [0065]    Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.  
         [0066]    The abstract of the disclosure is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract, which will allow a searcher to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure of any patent issued from this disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR § 1.72(b). Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodiments of the invention.