Abstract:
There is described a method for operation of a burner, whereby a fuel is supplied to the burner, sprayed into the combustion air, mixed with the combustion air to give a fuel/air mixture and burnt in a combustion chamber. With regard to a combustion particularly low in pollutants and, in order to reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions with relation to achieving a given nitrogen oxide emission level, a change in parameters characterizing the fuel is determined. Such a parameter may, for example, be the Wobbe index. There is further described a device for carrying out said method, comprising a fuel treatment device, with an analytical device for the analysis of the current fuel composition and a monitoring and control system.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2005/054941, filed Sep. 30, 2005 and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefits of European application No. 04024184.6 EP filed Oct. 11, 2004, both of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method for operating a burner, in which a fuel is supplied to the burner, sprayed into the combustion air and mixed with the combustion air into a fuel/air mixture and burned in a combustion chamber. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the light of international efforts for reduce pollutant emissions from heating systems, particularly gas turbines, burners and methods of operation for burners have been developed in recent years which have particularly low nitrous oxide (NO x ) emissions. In such cases emphasis has frequently been placed on the fact that such burners are able to be operated not just with one fuel but where possible with a wide variety of fuels, for example oil, natural gas and/or synthetic gas (e.g. coal gas) as required or even in combination in order to increase security of supply and flexibility during operation. Such burners are described for example in EP 0 276 696 B1. 
     An associated problem is that of a stable combustion in the burner, which is based on a stable location of the combustion zone in the burner. This alters drastically if changes occur in the composition of the fuel, meaning for example a combustion gas having a high proportion of high-grade saturated hydrocarbons, such as C 2+  alkane, ethane or propane. Under such circumstances there is a danger of flame blowbacks in the burner. Patent WO 03/062618 A1 thus in particular monitors the C 2+  alkane of the inflow combustion gas through infrared absorption. To avoid a blowback, with an increased proportion of C 2+  alkane, the combustion gas characteristic is regulated by intervening for example in the combustion gas supply, but also by injecting water or steam. 
     The problem in designing burners for all possible different operating conditions and fuels, especially when there is also a variation in the fuel composition or if there are fluctuations in fuel quality, lies in the fact that the volumes needed during operation in each case (fuel mass flow) of the individual fuels are completely different, making it difficult to use the same supply system and the same spray openings for all fuels. The use of different supply systems for liquid and gaseous materials is thus known in the prior art. A further problem then presents itself however if alternate gaseous fuels with entirely different specific calorific values, for example natural gas and coal gas, are to be used. The completely different volume ratios when using these two fuels and the different chemical processes during their combustion demand a modification and expansion of the known systems. 
     Modern low-NO x  combustion systems are usually based on the so-called “jet in crossflow” mixing-in concept. Low-pollutant combustion, especially with low NO x  emissions, can in this case be undertaken by corresponding designs of the mixing-in of the fuel into the cross-flow combustion air. An important design variable in such cases is the penetration depth of the fuel jets into the cross-flow air. This mechanical design adapted in the best possible manner is then correspondingly only used for a specific fuel composition. The invention now uses as its starting point the problem that, with a temporary alteration to the fuel composition or if the fuel is changed, the result can be an alteration of the mixing field, which, with an unfavorable mixture, usually leads to increased NO x  emissions. 
     Based on this observation, an object of the invention is to specify a method for operation of a burner with which a low nitrous oxide combustion is possible even if there is a change to the fuel composition. A further object of the invention is to specify a suitable device for executing the method. 
     The first object is achieved in accordance with the invention by a method for operation of a burner, in which a fuel is supplied to the burner, sprayed into the combustion air and mixed with the combustion air into a fuel/air mixture and burned in a combustion chamber, in which case, to reduce the nitrous oxide emissions, a fuel characteristic is set explicitly to a predetermined nitrous oxide emission, with a change in a parameter characterizing the fuel being determined and with a penetration depth of the fuel jets into the combustion air adapted to the change being effected. 
     In this case the invention starts from the knowledge that the influence of fuel composition fluctuations on the NO x  emissions should if possible not be compensated for by expensive burner-side measures or by expensive adaptations to the mechanical design in the combustion chamber, in order to achieve sufficient flexibility and timely adaptation to the predetermined nitrous oxide emissions. Constructive measures could only reduce the sensitivity to fluctuations in fuel quality—and thereby mixing field variations—to a limited extent, but could not eliminate them completely. This is attributable to the fact that, for a quite specific fuel composition in each case (fuel characteristic) the injection and mixing-in facilities of the burner are “optimized”. Designs with a plurality of injection spray points for the fuel—well distributed over the cross section through which the flow is conducted—or the use of static mixers for setting a desired mixture field, in the absence of the required flexibility—especially with shorter-term variations in fuel composition—are not suitable for guaranteeing compliance with permitted emission limits for NO x  emission during operation of the burner or of the combustion system. On the other hand the invention starts from the knowledge that, by spraying the fuel into the combustion air with a most favorable possible penetration level of the fuel jets, the mixing field will be adjusted in respect of a low-emission combustion. This mixing field can even be maintained during operation, taking into account the parameter characterizing the fuel. 
     Thus the invention proposes for the first time achieving an especially low nitrous oxide combustion by monitoring the fuel characteristic of the fuel composition, in order, if required, to use suitable measures to once again set an optimum low-pollutant operating mode as regards nitrous oxide if a parameter characterizing the fuel changes. This creates the opportunity of keeping the nitrous oxide emissions below a predetermined limit using a parameter which characterizes the fuel, with a penetration depth of the fuel jets adapted to the change being effected in the combustion air. 
     Preferably in this case the fuel is sprayed into the combustion air and mixed with the combustion air. Fuel and combustion air are mixed in the burner, with the best possible penetration depth of the fuel rays into the combustion air having to be ensured for the injection of the fuel into the combustion air. This means that the mixing field can be adjusted in respect of a low-pollutant combustion and can be maintained even during operation taking into account the parameter characterizing the fuel. 
     In an especially preferred embodiment a change in the parameter characterizing the fuel is registered and transferred to a control system. In this case the parameter characterizing the fuel is preferably continuously detected and evaluated in the control system. The parameter characterizing the fuel can in this case be determined by a suitable measurement of the fuel flow during operation and in this way the timing of the parameter characterizing the fuel can be stored and evaluated. 
     Preferably the fuel characteristic is set explicitly, with the value being set to a reference or required value of the parameter characterizing the fuel at which the predetermined pollutant emission occurs. In this case characteristic performance data determined in advance can already be stored in the control system, with said data representing the relationship between the fuel composition and the nitrous oxide emissions. Alternatively however an in-situ measurement of both the current nitrous oxide emission values and also the fuel composition is simultaneously measured and transferred to the control system. 
     In an especially preferred embodiment the Wobbe index is determined from a parameter characterizing the fuel. What is referred to as the Wobbe index is a normal standard used to characterize the fuel composition and temperature. The Wobbe index allows a comparison of the heat content of different fuels relative to their volume, especially combustion gases, to be made at different temperatures. Since a combustion system, such as a gas turbine for example, is operated such that in the final analysis heat energy is released in a combustion chamber and that the fuel flow is set by controlling the volume flow, fuels with different fuel composition but still with relatively similar Wobbe indexes are generally supplied by the same fuel supply system to the burner. Variations in the fuel composition lead to variations in the nitrous oxide emissions, with a setting of the Wobbe index enabling a permitted highest nitrous oxide emissions in the operation of the gas turbine. 
     In the inventive method the Wobbe index of the fuel is preferably determined by evaluating 
     the relationship 
                 W   ⁢           ⁢   I     =       L   ⁢           ⁢   H   ⁢           ⁢   V         S   ⁢           ⁢     G   ·     T   /     T   Ref                 ,         
with LHV being the lower heat value of the fuel, T its absolute temperature and SG the specific gravity of the fuel relative to the air under standard conditions, and T Ref  being a reference temperature.
 
     In this case, for setting the desired Wobbe index, the temperature of the fuel is preferably set explicitly with respect to a predetermined nitrous oxide emission. According to the above formula the Wobbe index is related in a relatively simple manner to the current fuel temperature, namely inversely proportional to the square root of the fuel temperature. This means that, if the Wobbe index changes, i.e. the Wobbe index deviates from a predetermined required value with low nitrous oxide emissions, the desired Wobbe index and thereby the desired nitrous oxide emission can be set by a corresponding regulation of the fuel temperature. Depending on the situation the fuel can be warmed up or cooled down to the required value to enable a temperature setting of the required value of the Wobbe index to be used to achieve the desired NO x  emission. 
     It is however also possible for a medium to be mixed in with the fuel for setting the fuel characteristic. A modification of the Wobbe index is also especially to be achieved in this way in order to ensure a low-pollution operation of the burner. The preferred medium considered for injection into the fuel is water, steam or nitrogen, but also hydrocarbons with a high heat value for example. 
     As an alternative to the Wobbe index, the so-called impulse flow density ratio can also be determined and evaluated as a parameter characterizing the operating state. Impulse flow density ratio: The mixture quality with “jet in crossflow” depends, with a given geometry, on the impulse flow density ratio, i.e. on the quotient of the impulse flow density ratio of the jet and on the impulse flow density ratio of the crossflow.
 
Impulse  I=M·c=p·c·A·c  
 
Impulse density  I=I/A  (surface)= pc   2  
 
     Impulse flow density of the air is essentially given by ambient conditions and gas turbine performance. Impulse flow density of the fuel, apart from depending on the gas turbine performance also only depends on the fuel composition. The heating value gives the mass flow and thereby with the density for fixed geometry the impulse flow density. The impulse flow density is thus not a fuel characteristic but a variable which depends on the fuel composition. This variable can also be regulated to a desired required value if it changes by monitoring the fuel composition during the operation of the burner. 
     Preferably the method is applied when a burner of a gas turbine is operated. The demands for low-pollutant combustion during operation of gas turbines, especially with stationary gas turbines for energy production, have increased continuously in recent years. The method In accordance with the invention makes low-emission operation possible, with the regulation measures described above already being able to be undertaken on the fuel side during the operation of the gas turbine system if there are variations in the composition of the fuel. Expensive constructive measures on the burner side can be dispensed with. 
     A liquid or gaseous fuel is preferably used for operation. The method can be used example with oil, natural gas or with a synthetic gas, e.g. coal gas. 
     An object of the invention directed to a device is achieved by a device for carrying out the method with an analysis device for analysis of the current fuel composition during burner operation and with a checking and control system for determining a deviation and for setting the parameter characterizing a fuel to a required value, at which the predetermined pollutant emission is present. 
     The advantages of the inventive device are produced in the same way as the above-described advantages relating to the method. 
     The checking and control system is preferably designed in this case for setting the fuel temperature of the fuel, i.e. a heating up or cooling down the fuel as required. 
     The checking and control system also preferably includes means for controlled injection of an inert medium, especially steam, water or nitrogen or of a hydrocarbon, into the fuel. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be explained in greater detail below with reference to an exemplary embodiment. The diagrams are schematic and not to scale: 
         FIG. 1  a gas turbine system, 
         FIG. 2  a schematic diagram of a fuel processing device for low nitrous oxide operation of the gas turbine system in accordance with  FIG. 1  and 
         FIG. 3  a schematic diagram showing the relationship of the Wobbe index as a function of the combustion gas temperature for different fuel compositions. 
     
    
    
     The same reference symbols have the same meaning in the figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     A gas turbine system in accordance with  FIG. 1  has a gas turbine  1  which has a compressor  3 , a combustion chamber  9  and also a turbine  17  downstream of the combustion chamber  9 . The compressor  3  and the turbine  17  are if necessary coupled to each other via a common rotor shaft  5 . Connected downstream from the turbine  17  is an electrical generator  19  for example, coupled via a generator shaft  25  to the turbine  17 . The combustion chamber  9  comprises a combustion area  11  as well as a burner  13  protruding into the combustion area  11  for combustion of a liquid or of a gaseous fuel  15 . During operation of the gas turbine  1  air  7  is sucked into the compressor  3  and compressed there. The compressed air  7  is supplied to the burner  13  as combustion air and mixed with fuel  15 . The fuel/air mixture produced by this process is burned in the combustion chamber  11 , producing hot combustion gases. The hot combustion gases are supplied to the turbine  17 , where they expand to generate work and cause both the compressor-side rotor shaft  5  and also the generator shaft  25  to rotate. In this way electrical power is created, which the generator  19  outputs for distribution in an electrical network. On the downstream side of the turbine  17  the partly cooled and expanded combustion gases are output as exhaust gas  21 . These exhaust gases  21  are polluted, in particular nitrous oxide is present in the exhaust gas which forms at the high combustion temperatures in the combustion area  11 . Increased nitrous oxide emissions also occur if the fuel/air mixture undergoes a change of the mixing field, as occurs for example when the fuel composition alters over time or when the fuel is to be changed for example. This generally leads to a less favorable mixture and to a considerable increase in the rate of nitrous oxide formation during the combustion processes. Previous measures from the prior art have merely been restricted in such cases to making new adaptations to the design of the combustion system, i.e. burner-side measures to enable pollutant emissions which are still acceptable when the composition of the fuel changes. 
     The invention by contrast does not provide for any measures for changing the design of the burner in order to resolve this problem, but instead explicitly influences the fuel characteristics during operation in order to adhere to the predetermined nitrous oxide emissions as an upper limit value. To this end the gas turbine  1  is equipped in the supply system for the fuel  15  with a fuel processing device  23 , with said device  23  allowing both an analysis of the current fuel characteristic in the operation of the gas turbine  1  and also an explicit setting of a fuel characteristic in respect of the predetermined nitrous oxide emission for reducing nitrous oxides. In this way a change in a parameter characterizing the fuel  15  is determined and monitored. Furthermore the penetration depth of the fuel jets into the combustion air is adapted to the change. 
       FIG. 2  shows a greatly simplified diagram of the fuel processing device  23 . The device  23  includes an analysis device  27  for the fuel  15  and a checking and control system  29  connected downstream from the analysis device  27 . To explicitly monitor a fuel characteristic an analysis partial flow  31  is separated for example from the volume flow of the fuel  15  and supplied to the analysis device  27  for analysis purposes. The analysis of the fuel composition is undertaken in the analysis device  27 . In this case a parameter characterizing the fuel  15 , such as the Wobbe index for example, which has direct influence on the current nitrous oxide emission, is determined and this value is passed as an output signal  33  to the checking and control system  29 . When this is done, the parameter characterizing the fuel  15  is continuously detected in the analysis device  27  and evaluated in the checking and control system  29 . The required value is compared to the actual value in the checking and control system and the fuel characteristic is explicitly set so that the setting or regulation is made to the reference or required value of the parameter characterizing the fuel in which the predetermined nitrous oxide emission is present. The Wobbe index WI (see  FIG. 3 ) is particularly suitable for use as the parameter characterizing the fuel  15 . This can be regulated directly via a setting of the combustion temperature T in order to reach a desired value. A required correction of the Wobbe index WI if a deviation from the required value is established can alternatively also be achieved by injection of a medium into the fuel. Steam, water or nitrogen are considered as a suitable inert medium for use in regulating the Wobbe index WI to the required value. The impulse flow density ratio can alternatively also be determined and evaluated as a possible parameter. The fuel processing device  23  makes possible an in-situ regulation of a parameter characterizing the fuel as regards the lowest possible nitrous oxide emissions. The fuel  15  handled in this way in the fuel processing device  23  will then be fed to the burner  13 , mixed with combustion air  7  to a fuel/air mixture internally and burned in the combustion area  11  as already described in detail above. 
     The Wobbe index WI is especially characteristic for the current fuel composition. The Wobbe index WI has a simple relationship to the fuel temperature T, as explained in greater detail in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  shows a diagram in which, for different fuel compositions, the dependency of the Wobbe index WI as a function of fuel temperature T is shown. Characteristic curves K 1 , K 2  and K 3  represent a particular fuel composition in each case. The Wobbe index WI is inversely proportional to the square root of the fuel temperature T. Since the Wobbe index characterizes the fuel composition, the Wobbe index WI can also be seen in conjunction with the relevant nitrous oxide emissions in the operation of a gas turbine  1 . There is thus an “optimum” value for the Wobbe index WI SOL , in which correspondingly lower nitrous oxide emissions are to be recorded. For a change of the fuel composition during operation of the gas turbine  1  the effect is thus to produce a change in the Wobbe index WI. This can be established by means of the analysis device  27 . Using a setting of the fuel temperature T, the Wobbe index WI at the temperature T OPT  (K 2 ) can be set back to the required value of the Wobbe index WI SOL , so that a desired value of nitrous oxide emissions is not exceeded. 
     The invention proposes changing the penetration depth of the fuel jets and thereby changing and correcting the mixing field through different measures during the operation of the gas turbine, if the composition of the fuel changes. To this end it is proposed that a parameter characterizing the fuel be monitored and set in respect of the desired nitrous oxide emission. The change in the fuel composition is passed to a checking and control system, either as a manual entry or via a measurement and analysis system  27  integrated into the control system which continuously measures the fuel composition. A suitable measure can be taken via a suitable conversion specification—for example by regulating the Wobbe index. Options are for example the change of the fuel temperature through preheating or reducing a fuel preheating, the admixture of steam, nitrogen or such like, or water to liquid fuels such as heating oil. A directly suitable variable for description of the corresponding fuel characteristic is the Wobbe index, for which, although there are different definitions, all of these can be related back to the fact that media with the same Wobbe index cause the same pressure loss at the fuel nozzle with the same heat input. The penetration depth of the fuel jets into the combustion air is linked to the pressure loss, so that the use and setting of a parameter characterizing the fuel such as the Wobbe number represents a relatively simple conversion specification for regulation to the desired nitrous oxide emission for variations of the fuel composition. Other adjustment variables, such as the impulse flow density ratio for example, are also conceivable.