Abstract:
Liquid crystal materials that exhibit bookshelf structures are provided. When these bookshelf materials are incorporated into a bistable host material, the mixture exhibits a higher switching angle and increased A to C phase transition than bistable hosts without the bookshelf material. These bookshelf materials and bistable compositions are useful in liquid crystal displays, for example.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is in the field of electrooptical devices and liquid crystal materials used in such devices. More particularly, the invention relates to bookshelf-type liquid crystal materials and devices employing such liquid crystal materials. 
     Liquid crystals have found use in a variety of electrooptical and display device applications, in particular those which require compact, energy-efficient, voltage-controlled light valves such as watch and calculator displays. 
     Thermotropic liquid crystal molecules typically possess structures which combine a rigid core coupled with two relatively “floppy” tails. Such LC molecules are generally rod-like in shape with the rigid core generally along the long axis of the molecule. Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) materials have been prepared by the introduction of one or more chiral nonracemic LC molecules having one or more stereocenters in at least one of the tails to introduce chirality. The first FLC compound to be characterized was DOBAMBC which contains an (S)-2-methylbutyloxy chiral tail. Pure DOBAMBC exhibits a smectic C* phase with a ferroelectric polarization of −3 nC/cm 2 . 
     Electro-optic effects with sub-microsecond switching speeds can be achieved using the technology of N. A. Clark and S. T. Lagerwall(1980) Appl. Phys. Lett. 36:899 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,924. These investigators have reported display structures using FLC materials, the so-called Surface-Stabilized FLC (SSFLC) devices, having not only high speed, but which also exhibit bistable, threshold sensitive switching. Such properties make FLC-based devices excellent candidates for light modulation devices including matrix addressed light valves containing a large number of elements for passive displays of graphic and pictorial information, optical processing applications, as well as for high information content dichroic displays. 
     It is, however, well known in the art of FLC materials and devices that a typical FLC device does not exhibit true optical bistability, that is, the memory or the zero applied field orientation of the optic axis of the SSFLC device is typically different from that of its driven orientation. Descriptions of the construction and operation of a conventional bistable FLC device can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,748,164 and 5,808,800. The FLC materials used in these conventional devices exhibit smectic layer spacing shrinkage at the smectic A to smectic C transition and further into the smectic C phase. The most significant consequence of the decrease in smectic layer thickness is the formation of chevron smectic layer structures. In addition to inducing many defects, formation of such chevron structures, in effect, adds an extra interface at the chevron interface which is a nominally planar interface roughly parallel to the plane of the FLC film. This extra interface is internal to FLC materials, and together with the two surfaces bounding the FLC materials and the external electric field, determines the orientation of the optic axis of the FLC device. The added constraint imposed by the chevron interface is that the orientation of the optic axis of the FLC devices under an applied electric field depends on the strength of the applied field, and is, thus, different from the memory orientation of the device in the absence of the applied field. See, for example, Rieker, T. et al. (1987) Physical Rev. Letts. 59(23):2658 for a discussion of chevron layer structure in SSFLC cells. 
     FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a typical electrooptical response (output light intensity as a function of applied voltage) of a conventional bistable FLC device. This conventional bistable device does not exhibit a true bistable switching and does not exhibit analog behavior. FLC compositions exhibiting bookshelf geometry will, in contrast, be substantially chevron-free when aligned in SSFLC devices and exhibit true bistable electrooptical response as schematically illustrated in FIG.  1 B. 
     Much attention has focused on the construction of FLC electrooptical devices with true optically bistability which are extremely desirable in practical applications to achieve stable memory performance, high contrast ratio, wide viewing angle and high speed response. However, only a few FLC materials have been identified which exhibit true bistability. A small class of naphthalene-based LCs were reported to be useful for preparation of FLC mixtures exhibiting optical bistability (Mochizuki et al. (1991) Ferroelectrics 122:37-51, U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,556, EP published application 405,868 (published Feb. 1, 1991) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,685). These FLC materials are said to have bookshelf geometry and to exhibit no smectic layer spacing shrinkage at the smectic A (SmA) to the chiral smectic C (SmC*) transition and into the SmC* phase range, unlike many conventional FLC materials. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,568,299, 5,856,815 and 5,943,112 report applications of the naphthalene-based FLCs of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,169,556 and 5,348,685. Additional naphthalene-core LCs are reported to provide improvement in response times and/or temperature dependency of response time in U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,108. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,082, 5,437,812 and 5,482,650 report achiral LC compounds having perfluoroether terminal groups exhibiting smectic phases or latent smectic phases that are said to provide “reduced temperature dependence of the smectic interlayer spacing” and “spontaneous generation of a bookshelf layer structure ideal for a ferroelectric liquid crystal device.” Preferred chiral LCs of these patents have a phenylpyrimidine core. A number of LC molecules have been reported to be useful in combination with these achiral bookshelf LCs. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,474,705, 5,702,637 and 5,972,241, as well as published EP application EP 736,078 (published Jun. 24, 1998) report chiral LC compounds also having a perfluoroether terminal portion or a chiral fluorinated terminal portion with preferred LC compounds having phenylpyrimidine cores. These patents report that the chiral LC molecules disclosed can be admixed with the achiral fluoroether-containing compounds of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,082, 5,437,812 and 5,482,650 to exhibit “reduced temperature dependence of the smectic interlayer spacing” and “spontaneous generation of a bookshelf layer structure ideal for a ferroelectric liquid crystal device. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,491, 5,855,812 and 5,928,562 report a process for controlling cone tilt angle in tilted smectic FLC compositions. The compounds disclosed contain fluoroether or fluoroalkyl groups in the LC tail. The patents further report that the compounds useful in the invention can be admixed with the achiral fluoroether-containing compounds of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,262,082, 5,437,812 and 5,482,650 to exhibit “reduced temperature dependence of the smectic interlayer spacing” and “spontaneous generation of a bookshelf layer structure.” 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,619, 5,082,587, 5,399,291, 5,399,701 report chiral and achiral LC molecules having tilted smectic mesophases or latent tilted smectic mesophases and having fluorocarbon terminal portions. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,750,214 and 5,858,273 report liquid crystal devices with certain alignment control, which is said to be useful in improving a switching characteristic of a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition having bookshelf structure. The patents refer to the use of FLC compositions in the method in which at least one component of the FLC composition has a fluorocarbon terminal portion. The patents refer specifically to the use of compounds of bookshelf LCs of U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,019,911 and 6,007,737 report various liquid crystal compositions having structures related to the naphthalene and phenyl pyrimidines that are noted above to exhibit spontaneous generation of bookshelf structure. However, none of the LC compounds disclosed in these patents is identified as exhibiting bookshelf structure or as useful in the preparation of chevron-free FLCs. 
     Various naphthalene-containing liquid crystals of general formula:                           
     where M, N and P are various ring structures; A, B and D are linkers; R and Rf are tails and X, Y and Z are substitutents such as hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, methyl, methoxy, cyano or nitro; are reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,241 (Johnson, Oct. 26, 1999) U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,637 (Dec. 30, 1997) U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,587 (Janulis, Jan. 21, 1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,883 (Epstein, May 23, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,291 (Janulis, Mar. 21, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,273 (Asaoka, Jan. 12, 1999); U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082 (Janulis, Nov. 16, 1993); U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,650 (Janulis, Jan. 9, 1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,812 (Janulis, Aug. 1, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,619 (Janulis, Dec. 12, 1989); U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,701 (Mar. 21, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,747 (Janulis, Oct. 19, 1993); U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,705 (Janulis, Dec. 12, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,747 (Janulis, Oct. 19, 1993); U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,587 (Janulis, Jan. 21, 1992); WO 00/31210 (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, published Jun. 2, 2000); European Patent 736078 (June, 1998); European Patent 255236 (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, May, 1994); WO 99/33814 (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, publication date Jul. 8, 1999); U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,562 (Kistner, Jul. 27, 1999); U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,812 (Radcliffe, Jan. 5, 1999); U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,491 (Kistner, Aug. 19, 1997); These patents and applications do not disclose bistable hosts. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,057,007, 6,084,649, report tristable liquid crystal devices comprising a tilted smectic or induced tilted smectic LC composition. Many of the LC molecules specifically exemplified have phenylpyrimidine cores and a chiral or achiral terminal fluorocarbon group. 
     There are two types of bookshelf materials known to date: naphthalene and partially-fluorinated poly-ether derivatives. Naphthalene derivatives have been reported to be easier to align than partially-fluorinated poly-ether derivatives but they typically have high viscosity and low switching angle (below 18°) which result in slow switching speed, low light throughput, and low A-C* transition. These disadvantages limit the color depth, contrast and brightness of the display and result in narrow operating and storage temperatures. 
     Bookshelf liquid crystal compositions that have lower viscosity, higher tilt angle, and higher A-C* transition than previously known compositions to minimize the drawbacks of chevron-type FLCs and allow DC balanced driving schemes that maximize light throughput are desired. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides electrooptical devices that contain bistable bookshelf liquid crystals. Provided are liquid crystal compositions comprising a bistable host material and one or more compounds of formula:                           
     where R1 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: straight chain alkyl chains and internally or terminally branched alkyl chains with from 3 to 12 carbons which are optionally partially fluorinated and may have one carbon replaced with —O—; 
     where A is a cyclohexyl ring, a cyclohexenyl ring or a phenyl ring; 
     D is either O or                           
      and the D&#39;s may be different; 
     a is 0 or 1; 
     b is 0, 1 or 2; 
     c is 0 or 1; 
     d is 0 or 1; 
     R5 is a fluorine atom; 
     R2 is a linker selected from the group consisting of: ethyl; butyl;                           
      and —O—C(═O)—; and 
     E is a naphthalene ring or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene ring                           
     As used herein, “partially fluorinated” means that one or more hydrogens are replaced with a fluorine. “Partially fluorinated” also means that a hydrogen may be replaced with —CF 3 . As used herein, “branched” includes internally or terminally branched. 
     The “compounds of the invention” are those compounds with the general formula above, as well other compounds described herein. The “compositions of the invention” are those compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention in a bistable host. 
     Also provided are the compounds disclosed herein that are not previously known in the art. 
     One group of compounds of the invention are those of the general formula above, wherein one of R1 or R4 is (CH 2 ) n (CF 2 ) m F where n is an integer from 1 to 6 and m is an integer from 1 to 6. Another group of compositions of the invention are those wherein said bistable host material contains at least one naphthalene-containing compound. Another group of compositions of the invention are those with a switching angle greater than 15°. Another group of compositions of the invention are those with an A-C transition temperature greater than 50° C. Another group of compositions of the invention are those aligning in a device with a contrast ratio greater than 20:1. One group of compounds of the invention comprise those wherein the naphthalene-containing liquid crystal includes a partially fluorinated alkoxy tail. One group of compounds of the invention are those where A is a cyclohexyl ring. Another group of compounds of the invention are those where A is a cyclohexenyl ring. Another group of compounds of the invention are those where A is a phenyl ring. 
     One presently preferred group of compounds useful in the compositions of the invention are those containing a compound of formula (A):                           
     where R1 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: straight chain alkyl chains and branched alkyl chains with from 3 to 12 carbons which are optionally partially fluorinated and may have one carbon replaced with —O—; 
     D is either O or                           
      or —O—C(═O)— and the D&#39;s may be different; 
     a is 0 or 1; 
     b is 0, 1 or 2; 
     c is 0 or 1; 
     d is 0 or 1; 
     R5 is a fluorine atom; 
     R2is a linker selected from the group consisting of: ethyl; butyl; —O—C(═O)—; and                           
     Presently preferred groups of compounds of the formula A are those wherein R1 is a partially fluorinated straight chain alkyl group and R4 is a nonfluorinated straight chain alkyl group and R2 is an ethyl group; those wherein R1 is an internally branched alkyl chain and R4 is a partially fluorinated alkyl chain and R2 is an ethyl group; those wherein R1 is a partially fluorinated straight chain alkyl chain and R4 is an alkyl chain where one of the carbons of the chain is replaced with O and another of the carbons of the chain is substituted with —CF 3  or —CH 3 ; and those wherein R1 is a partially fluorinated straight chain alkyl group and R4 is a nonfluorinated straight chain alkyl chain. 
     Another presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula (B):                           
     where R1 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: straight chain alkyl chains and branched alkyl chains with from 3 to 12 carbons which are optionally partially fluorinated and may have one carbon replaced with —O—; 
     D is either O or                           
      or —O—C(═O)— and the D&#39;s may be different; 
     a is 0 or 1; 
     b is 0, 1 or 2; 
     c is 0 or 1; 
     R5 is a fluorine atom; 
     R2 is a linker selected from the group consisting of: ethyl; butyl;                           
      and —O—C(═O)—; and 
     Presently preferred compounds of formula B include those wherein R1 is a partially fluorinated straight chain alkyl group and R4 is an internally branched nonfluorinated alkyl chain. 
     Also provided are compounds of formula (C):                           
     where R1 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of: straight chain and internally or terminally branched alkyl chains with from 3 to 12 carbons which are optionally partially fluorinated and may have one carbon replaced with —O—; 
     D is either O or                           
      or —O—C(═O)— and the D&#39;s may be different; 
     a is 0 or 1; 
     b is 0, 1 or 2; 
     c is 0 or 1; 
     R5 is a fluorine atom; 
     R2 is a linker selected from the group consisting of: ethyl; butyl;                           
      and —O—C(═O)—. 
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host material and a compound of formula:                           
     A presently preferred composition of the invention comprises a bistable host and a compound of formula MDW 1495 shown below. 
     Compositions of the invention contain one or more compounds disclosed herein in a bistable host, resulting in a composition that exhibits the desired properties. The compounds added to the bistable host may be present in the composition at a concentration of between about 2 and 100% by weight and all intermediate ranges therein, including between about 2% to about 35% by weight; between about 5% to about 20% by weight; between about 5% to about 50% by weight; and about 10% by weight. Preferably, the compound or compounds added to the bistable host are present in the composition at between about 5% and 15% by weight. 
     Provided are bistable FLC devices which comprise about 2% to about 100% by weight of one or more compounds of the invention in a bistable host material, and all intermediate ranges therein, including those ranges listed above. Napthalene-containing liquid crystals and non-naphthalene-containing liquid crystals may be present in the same device, providing that the device has the desired characteristics. These device may have other components as known in the art, as long as they do not interfere with the desired characteristics of the device. Preferably, the liquid crystal added to the bistable host is selected from the group consisting of:                           
     The bistable FLC devices of the invention have a switching angle greater than 15°; an A-C transition higher than 50° C.; and align with a contrast ratio greater than 20:1. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of electrooptic response in a typical SSFLC bistable device. 
     FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of electrooptic response in a true bistable device with bookshelf layers. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As used herein, a bistable host is a compound or mixture of compounds that exhibits either true bistability i.e., which in the absence of an electric field, can be left indefinitely in either the on or off position with no measurable degradation of the contrast ratio, or partial bistability, where with no alignment layer or an alignment layer less than about 50 Å of PVA, polyimide or other materials known in the art, the bistability is greater than 50%. 
     Devices incorporating the compositions of the invention may be constructed as known in the art. For example, two substrates, at least one of which is coated with a polymer alignment layer (PVA, polyimide or other materials known in the art) and subsequently rubbed, are assembled to be parallel to form a liquid crystal cell. The gap of the cell is nominally thin and is typically less than 5 microns. The surfaces of the substrates are treated such that there is strong polar interaction, which in addition to proper choice of alignment materials, can often be obtained by increasing the thickness of the alignment layer between the surface and the ferroelectric liquid crystal. 
     One example of a bistable host is MX8870, shown below: 
     MX8870 
     Phase diagram: I 85.5 A 57.8 
     Ps=23.6 nC/cm 2    
     Birefringence n 0 =1.6416, n e =1.4893, ρn=0.152 
     In LV-050 cell at RT and 2.5 V/μm, 100 Hz 
     Switching angle=17.8° 
     Switching time=260 μs 
     MX8870 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 No 
                 Structure 
                 Phase diagram 
                 %  
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MTLC 06606 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTLC 04212 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTLC 02009 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTLC 05311 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTLC 03012 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MDW 158 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 40  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Addition of 10% of the structures listed below to MX8870 resulted in the following results: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 MDW 
                 structure 
                 Phase diagram (neat) 
                 Phase diagram (10% in MX 8870) 
                 θ  (°) 
                 τ  (μs)  
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1449 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 I 
                 101.6 
                 A 
                 62 
                 C 
                 18.4 
                 383 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1386 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 I 
                 83 
                 A 
                 60.6 
                 C 
                 20.5 
                 260 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1372 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 I 
                 82.2 
                 A 
                 58.3 
                 C 
                 21.3 
                 320 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1418 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 I 
                 90.2 
                 A 
                 67 
                 C 
                 19.3 
                 480 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1481 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 I 
                 82 
                 A 
                 58.8 
                 C 
                 21.1 
                 270  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Naphthalene type bistable mixtures 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Square wave 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Phase 
                   
                 2.5 V/cm, 
                 Pulse wave 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diagram 
                 Ps 
                 100 Hz 
                 5 V/cm, 100 Hz, 500 μs 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MX 
                 Composition 
                 (° C.) 
                 (nC/cm2) 
                 θ(°) 
                 τ(μs) 
                 θ(°) 
                 τ(μs) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8870 
                 MTLC-06606 (5%), MTLC-04212 
                 I 85.5 A 
                 24 
                 17.3 
                 360 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (25%), MTLC-02009 (5%), 
                 58 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-05311 (5%), MTLC-03012 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MDW158 (40%) 
               
               
                 9045 
                 MX8870 (34.7%), MDW1480 
                 I 59 A 
                 119.3 
                 30.6 
                 370 
                   
                 Good Bistability 
               
               
                   
                 (32.1%), MDW1481 (33.2%) 
                 52.7 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in type 4 
               
               
                 9061 
                 MDW 158 (30%), MDW1449 
                 I 86 A 
                 54 
                 29 
                 265 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MDW1384 (5%), 
                 60.6 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1424 (10%), MDW1418 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1386 (10%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1372 (10%), MDW1481 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1485 (10%) 
               
               
                 9063 
                 MX9061 (70%), MDW1484 
                 I 89 A 
                 39 
                 27.1 
                 439 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MTLC-03012 (20%) 
                 67.5 C 
               
               
                 9064 
                 MDW1386 (15%), MDW1449 
                 I 95 A 
                 38.7 
                 25.3 
                 220 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1384 (10%), 
                 70.1 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1481 (15%), MDW158 
               
               
                   
                 (30%), MTLC-03012 (20%) 
               
               
                 9065 
                 MX8870 (80%), MDW1386 
                 I 88 A 
                 38.8 
                 22.2 
                 270 
                 18 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1424 (10%) 
                 67.4 C 
               
               
                 9071 
                 MX8870 (81.3%), MDW966 
                 I 87.8 A 
                 39.6 
                 22.4 
                 245 
                 18.2 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 (9.3%), MDW1386 (9.4%) 
                 68 C 
               
               
                 9072 
                 MDW1384 (10%), MDW1386 
                 I 91.8 A 
                 28.7 
                 22 
                 270 
                 16.7 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MDW158 (25%), MTLC- 
                 68 C 
               
               
                   
                 03012 (25%), MTLC-02009 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MDW966 (5%) 
               
               
                 9076 
                 MX9072 (90%), MDW1497 
                 I 95 A 
                 35 
                 22.5 
                 215 
                 17.2 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
                 66.5 C 
               
               
                 9077 
                 MX9071 (90%), MDW1497 
                 I 93 A 
                 47.7 
                 23.1 
                 190 
                 16.5 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
                 68.5 C 
               
               
                 9079 
                 MX9065 (70%), MDW1497 
                 I 98 A 74 
                 75.5 
                 26.1 
                 231 
                 16.3 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 (30%) 
                 C 
               
               
                 9093 
                 MTLC-04212 (45.4%), MTLC- 
                 I 81 A 63 
                 50.5 
                 22.5 
                 420 
               
               
                   
                 02009 (9.1%), MTLC-05311 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MTLC-03012 (35.3%). 
               
               
                 9094 
                 Achiral 
                 I 149 A 
               
               
                   
                 MDW966, 1040, 1026, 1269, and 
                 141.5 C 
               
               
                   
                 1270. Each 20%. 
                 60 S I  ? Cr 
               
               
                 9095 
                 MX9093 (60%), MX9094 (40%) 
                 I 111 A 
                 30.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 95 C 
               
               
                 9096 
                 MDW1386(10%), MX9095 
                 I 105 A 
                 45.7 
               
               
                   
                 (90%) 
                 85 C 
               
               
                 9101 
                 MX9093 (68%), MDW966 
                 I 93 A 
                 34.5 
               
               
                   
                 (8.5%), MDW1040 (15%), 
                 76 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW536 (8.5%) 
               
               
                 9104 
                 MTLC-03012 (15%), MDW1397 
                 I 101 A 
                 17 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 (35%), MDW336(10%), 
                 54 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1537 (5%), MDW1040 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1498 (5%), MDW3 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW4 (10%) 
               
               
                 9105 
                 MDW1511 (20%), MDW1386 
                 I 97 A 
                 54.2 
                 30.7 
                 250 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
                 79.5 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (10%), MDW1040 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MDW1026 (10%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1383 (10%) 
               
               
                 9106 
                 MDW1511 (25%), MTLC-03012 
                 I 99 A 
                 31.7 
                 28 
                 280 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MTLC-02009 (15%), 
                 86 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1040 (15%), MDW1383 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MDW1026 (10%) 
               
               
                 9107 
                 MDW1372 (25%), MTLC-03012 
                 I 104.5 A 
                 38.3 
                 27.5 
                 450 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MTLC-02009 (10%), 
                 81.5 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-06606 (5%), MDW1441 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MDW1026 (10%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1040 (10%), MDW336 
               
               
                   
                 (5%). 
               
               
                 9108 
                 MDW1229 (25%), MTLC-03012 
                 I 93 A 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MTLC-02009 (10%), 
                 60 C˜RT 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-06606 (5%), MDW1441 
                 Cr 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MDW1026 (5%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1040 (5%), MDW336 (15%) 
               
               
                 9112 
                 MDW1229 (12%), MTLC-04212 
                 I 95 A 
                 30.3 
                 22.6 
                 223 
                 14 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                 (18%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
                 68 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-06606 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MDW1441 (15%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1026 (6%), MDW1040 
               
               
                   
                 (7%), MDW336 (12%) 
               
               
                 9113 
                 MDW1546 (15%), MTLC-04212 
                 I 97 A 
                 37.1 
                 26.6 
                 140 
                 11.5* 
                 88* 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
                 82 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-06606 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MDW1441 (15%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1040 (15%), MDW336 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
               
               
                 9115 
                 MDW1546 (10%), MTLC-06606 
                 I 94 A 
                 50.9 
                 26 
                 420 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-04212 (25%), 
                 79 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-05311 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1441 (15%), MDW1040 
               
               
                   
                 (15%) 
               
               
                 9120 
                 MTLC-04212 (25%), MTLC- 
                 I 83 A 
                 22.1 
               
               
                   
                 05311 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
                 56 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009(15%), MDW158 
               
               
                   
                 (35%) 
               
               
                 9121 
                 MX9115(90%), MDW1331 
                 I 108-92 
                 43.4 
                 25 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
                 A 78 C 
               
               
                 9123 
                 MDW1546 (5%), MTLC-06606 
                 I 103-95 
                 32.3 
                 21.7 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-04212 (25%), 
                 A 68 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-05311 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1441 (15%), MDW1331 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1269 (10%) 
               
               
                 9124 
                 MDW1546 (5%), MTLC-06606 
                 I 105-94 
                 35 
                 21.5 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-04212 (25%), 
                 A 71 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-05311 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1441 (15%), MDW1331 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW966 (5%), MDW1269 
               
               
                   
                 (5%) 
               
               
                 9128 
                 MDW1558 (67.3%), MDW1559 
                 I 93.6-91 
                 49.5 
                 27 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 (20.4%), MDW950 (12.3%) 
                 A 84 C 
               
               
                 9130 
                 MDW1562 (70%), MDW1564 
                 I 59.5 C 
                 33.4 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MDW950(10%) 
               
               
                 9131 
                 MDW1566 (15%), MDW1441 
                 I 103-84 
                 48.4 
                 26 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 (15%), MDW966 (10%), 
                 A 73 C 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1537 (10%), MDW1245 
               
               
                   
                 (20%), MDW1498 (10%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1546 (10%), MDW1251 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
               
               
                 9133 
                 MDW1456 (5%), MTLC-06606 
                 I 103-95 
                 32.3 
                 21.1 
                 144 
                 16.7 
                 151 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-04212 (25%), 
                 A 68 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-05311 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1441 (15%), MDW1331 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1269 (10%) 
               
               
                 9134 
                 MDW1546 (5%), MTLC-06606 
                 I 105-94 
                 35 
                 20.8 
                 160 
                 16.4 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-04212 (25%), 
                 A 71 C 
               
               
                   
                 MTLC-02009 (5%), MTLC-05311 
               
               
                   
                 (5%), MTLC-03012 (20%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW1441 (15%), MDW1331 
               
               
                   
                 (10%), MDW1269 (5%), 
               
               
                   
                 MDW966 (5%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *measured in 1.8 micron glass/glass cell at RT  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bistable mixtures 
               
               
                 Composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MDW 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MTLC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 MX 
                 1396 
                 1397 
                 1498 
                 959 
                 1441 
                 1568 
                 538 
                 1567 
                 1290 
                 987 
                 0312 
                 A-2028 
                 A-2032 
                 1591 
                 1595 
                 1586 
                 1596 
                 1608 
                 1632 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 9136 
                 10 
                 20 
                 15 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 21 
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9136 
                 8.5 
                 17 
                 12. 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 17. 
                 3.4 
                 15 
               
               
                 9137 
                 15 
                 25 
                 5 
                 15 
                 10 
                 5 
                 15 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 9149 
                 10 
                 20 
                 10 
                 10 
                 15 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 9157 
                 10 
                 15 
                 10 
                 10 
                 15 
                 10 
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 9159 
                 9 
                 13. 
                 9 
                 9 
                 13. 
                 9 
                 9 
                   
                 10 
                   
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 9163 
                 10 
                 20 
                 5 
                 10 
                 15 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
                 5 
               
               
                 9165 
                 9.5 
                 19 
                 4.7 
                 9.5 
                 14. 
                   
                 14. 
                   
                 9.5 
                   
                   
                   
                 9.5 
                 4.7 
                 5 
               
               
                 9166 
                 9 
                 18 
                 4.5 
                 9 
                 13. 
                   
                 13. 
                   
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                 9 
                 4.5 
                 10 
               
               
                 9170 
                 10 
                 20 
                   
                 10 
                 12 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                   
                   
                 8 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 9171 
                 9 
                 18 
                   
                 9 
                 10. 
                   
                 13. 
                   
                 9 
                   
                   
                   
                 6.3 
                   
                 10 
                 7.2 
                   
                 7.2 
               
               
                 9172 
                 7 
                 8 
                   
                 10 
                 10 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
                 5 
                 10 
                 8 
               
               
                 9173 
                 6.7 
                 12. 
                   
                 9.5 
                 9.5 
                   
                 14. 
                   
                 11. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 14. 
                 4.8 
                 9.5 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 9195 
                 10 
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                 12 
                   
                 13 
                   
                 12 
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 9196 
                 10 
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                 10 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 9.1 
                   
                 10. 
                   
                 5.8 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 9197 
                 10 
                 15 
                   
                 10 
                 8 
                   
                 10 
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
                   
                 10 
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                 9198 
                 8 
                 16 
                   
                 8 
                 9.6 
                   
                 12 
                   
                 8 
                   
                   
                   
                 5.6 
                   
                 10 
                 6.4 
                   
                 6.4 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrooptical property 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 LV-050 at RT 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Pulse wave 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Square wave 
                 5 V/μm 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 V/μm, 
                 100 Hz, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Electric rise 
                 Viscosity 
                 Ps 
                 100 Hz 
                 400 μs 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MX 
                 Phase diagram (° C.) 
                 time (μs) 
                 (mP*S) 
                 (nC/cm 2 ) 
                 θ 
                 τ 
                 θ 
                 τ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 9136 
                 I 91-87 A 70.5 C 
                 437 
                 477 
                 32.7 
                 27.8 
                 220 
                 18 
                 130 
               
               
                 9136y 
                 I 94-91 A 68.5 C 
                 160 
                 290 
                 49.2 
                 22.9 
                 180 
                 15.5 
                 115 
               
               
                 9137 
                 I 95-92 A 72 C 
                 230 
                 464 
                 54.6 
                 26.7 
                 131 
                 15.2 
                 80 
               
               
                 9149 
                 I 95-93 A 69.5 C 
                 265 
                 435 
                 47 
                 26.5 
                 140 
                 13 
                 70 
               
               
                 9157 
                 I 95-93 A 77 C 
                 335 
                 318 
                 27 
                 26 
                 210 
                 16 
                 90 
               
               
                 9159 
                 I 96-94.5 A 74 C 
                 202 
                 282 
                 38.7 
               
               
                 9163 
                 I 93.7-89 A 67 C 
                 125 
                 213 
                 40.3 
                 22.4 
                 120 
               
               
                 9165 
                 I 94-90 A 70.5 C 
                 135 
                 214 
                 40.5 
                 23 
                 123 
               
               
                 9166 
                 I 92-88 A 71.5 C 
                 135 
                 200 
                 39 
                 23.5 
                 133 
                 14.3 
                 62 
               
               
                 9170 
                 I 94.5-92 A 71 C 
                 150 
                 233 
                 43 
                 23.1 
                 120 
                 15.5 
                 56 
               
               
                 9171 
                 I 93-90.5 A 73.5 C 
                 165 
                 282.6 
                 40.9 
                 23.7 
                 123 
                 16.4 
                 60 
               
               
                 9172 
                 I 93.6-91.5 A 75.5 
                 125 
                 190 
                 33 
                 22.9 
                 127 
                 14.4 
                 65 
               
               
                 9173 
                 I 93.5-91 A 74.5 C 
                 127 
                 186 
                 34.5 
                 23.5 
                 126 
                 15.2 
                 58 
               
               
                 9195 
                 I 95-93.5 A 77 C 
                 110 
                 214 
                 45.5 
                 23.8 
                 85 
               
               
                 9196 
                 I 93.7-91.5 A 72 C 
                 105 
                 159 
                 36.7 
                 22.4 
                 144 
                 17 
                 55 
               
               
                 9197 
                 I 93.7-91.5 A 66.5 
                 112 
                 134 
                 31.4 
                 19.5 
                 120 
               
               
                 9198 
                 I 93.5-91.5 A 72.5 
                 162 
                 206 
                 34.7 
                 23.7 
                 210 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Other bistable host compositions are useful, as well. Other bistable host compositions are known in the art.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Following are the structures corresponding to the abbreviations used. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MPW structures 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MDW 
                   
               
               
                 NUMBER 
                 STRUCTURE  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1480 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1481 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  158 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1449 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1384 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1484 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1386 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1424 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1372 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1229 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1546 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1331 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1558 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  950 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1562 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1566 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1441 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1456 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  139 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1498 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  959 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
          
           
               
                  144 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
          
           
               
                  156 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  538 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  129 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  98 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  966 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1384 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1497 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1040 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1026 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1269 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1397 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  336 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1564 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MTLC- 04212 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1559 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1248 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1228 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1511 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1537 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1245 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1251 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1383 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  536 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1537 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1270 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1418 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1485 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1396 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1568 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1567 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1290 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  987 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1795 (A2028) 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1744 (A2032) 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1591 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1595 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1586 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1596 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1608 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1632 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The preparation and use of devices incorporating the liquid crystal compounds and compositions of the invention are well known in the art. 
     SYNTHESIS EXAMPLES 
     Example synthesis for several compounds of the invention appears below. Synthesis of other compounds proceeds through analogous methods, or methods known in the art without undue experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art. Synthesis of the compounds in the bistable mixtures is known to one of ordinary skill in the art.                           
     Scheme-1: Synthesis of 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic Acid (R)-1-Methyl-heptyl Ester (14) (MDW-1386) 
     2-Benzyloxy-6-bromo-naphthalene (3) 
     To the commercially available 6-bromo-naphthalene-2-ol (1) (1 equi.) and benzyl bromide (2) (1 equi.) in DMF (3mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1), washed with brine, over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. 
     Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 2-benzyloxy-6-bromo-naphthalene (3), a white solid (91%) 
     4-(6-Benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl)-2-methyl-butyl-3-yn-2-ol (5) 
     Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution of 2-benzyloxy-6-bromo-naphthalene (3) (1 equi.) and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (4) (1.2 equi.) in diisopropylamine (15 mL/mmole) for 15 min. Pd catalyst (0.01 equi.) was added to the reaction mixture and nitrogen bubbling was continued for another 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 15 h, cooled to room temperature, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (50% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane afforded 4-(6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl)2-methyl-butyl-3-yn-2-ol (5) a white solid (96%). 
     2-Benzyloxy-6-ethynyl-naphthalene (6) 
     Sodium hydride (0.2 equi.) was added to the solution of 4-(6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl)-2-methyl-butyl-3-yn-2-ol (5) (1 equi.) in toluene (10 mL/mmole) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 120 C for 1 h while half of the toluene was distilled from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, passed through 2″ silica gel plug, concentrated in vacuo to give pure 2-benzyloxy-6-ethynyl-naphthalene (6) a yellow solid (93%). 
     4-(6-Benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-ylethynyl)-benzoic Acid Ethyl Ester (8) 
     Nitrogen gas was bubbled through a solution of 2-benzyloxy-6-ethynyl-naphthalene (6) (1 equi.) and commercially available 4-iodo-benzoic acid ethyl ester (7) (1 equi.) in diisopropylamine (15 mL/mmole) for 15 min. Pd catalyst (0.01 equi.), prepared as described in (1), was added to the reaction mixture and nitrogen bubbling was continued for another 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 15 h and cooled to room temperature. A white solid separated. The white solid was further purified by chromatography on silica gel (THF) and recrystallized from acetonitrile to give 4-(6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-ylethynyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (8) a white solid (93%). 
     4-[2-(6-Hydroxy-naphthalene-2-yl)-ethynyl]-benzoic Acid Ethyl Ester (9) 
     The solution of 4-(6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-ylethynyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (8) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove catalyst, concentrated in vacuo and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 4-[2-(6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-yl)-ethynyl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (9) as a brown solid (91%). 
     4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic Acid Ethyl Ester (11) 
     To the solution of 4-[2-(6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-yl)-ethynyl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (9) (1 equi.) and 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-tosylate (10), prepared as described in (2), (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (10% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid ethyl ester (11) a white solid (90%). 
     4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic Acid (12) 
     The solution 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid ethyl ester (11) (1 equi.) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h., cooled to room temperature, quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%). The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to give 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid (12) as a white solid (85%). 
     4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic Acid (R)-1-Methyl-heptyl Ester (14) 
     To the solution of 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid (12) (1 equi.), (R)-2-octanol (13) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (3% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane 4-{2-[6-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy-naphthalene-2-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid (R)-1-methyl-heptyl ester (14) a white solid (33%).                           
     Scheme-2: 3-Fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic Acid 6-[2-(4-Pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-yl Ester (28) (MDW-1449) 
     6-Hydroxy Methyl-naphthalen-2-ol (16) 
     To the slurry of lithium aluminum hydride (2 equi.) in THF (3 mL/mmole), a solution of 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (15) (1 equi.) in THF (3 ml/mmole) was added at ice temperature over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, cooled to ice temperature, added diethyl ether (20 mL/mmole), quenched slowly with water (1 mL/g LAH), 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL/g LAH), and water (3 mL/g LAH) succesively. MgSO4 (5 g/100 mL reaction solution) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred for 30 min, filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to give 6-hydroxy methyl-naphthalen-2-ol (16), a white solid (79%). 
     (6-Benzyloxy -naphthalen-2-yl)-methanol (17) 
     To a solution of 6-hydroxy methyl-naphthalen-2-ol (16) (1 equi.) and benzyl bromide (2) (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (20% THF/hexanes) and recrystallization from EtOAc-Hexane (1:2) afforded (6-benzyloxy-naphthalen-2-yl)-methanol (17) a white solid (88%). 
     2-Benzyloxy-6-bromomethyl-naphthalen (18) 
     To a solution of (6-benzyloxy-naphthalen-2-yl)-methanol (17) (1 equi.) in CH2Cl2 (4 mL/mmole), a solution of phosphorus tribromide (4 mL/mmole), (0.4 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with dichloromethane, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 2-benzyloxy-6-bromomethyl-naphthalene (18) a white solid (92%). 
     (6-Benzyloxynaphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-triphenyl-phosphonium Bromide (19) 
     The solution of 2-benzyloxy-6-bromomethyl-naphthalen (18) (1 equi.), and triphenylphosphine (1.1 equi.) in DMF (0.6 mL/mmole was stirred at 95 C for 15 h, cooled to room temperature, and quenched with ethyl acetate. The resulting white solid of (6-benzyloxynaphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide (19) was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate. Yield 98%. 
     (4-Pentyl-cyclohexyl)-methanol (21) 
     To a slurry of lithium aluminum hydride (2 equi.) in diethyl ether (4 mL/mmole), a solution of commercially available 4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (20) (1 equi.) in diethyl ether (3 ml/mmole) was added at ice temperature over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, cooled to ice temperature, quenched slowly with water (1 mL/g LAH), 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL/g LAH), and water (3 mL/g LAH) consecutively. MgSO4 (5 g/100 mL reaction solution) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred for 30 min, filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to give (4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-methanol (21) a colorless oil (95%). 
     4-Pentyl-cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde (22) 
     To a slurry of (4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-methanol (21) (1 equi.), benzyltriethylammonium chloride (0.05 equi.), potassium carbonate (0.15 equi.), and sodium periodate (1.5 equi.) in chloroform-water (1:1) (2 mL/mmole), ruthenium chloride (0.03 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 C for 2 h. 2-Propanol (0.3 equi.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 30 min at 60 C, cooled to room temperature, filtered through celite, extracted with dichloromethane, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane) afforded 4-pentyl-cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde (22) as a colorless oil (83%). 
     2-Benzyloxy-6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-vinyl-naphthalene (23) 
     The solution of (6-benzyloxy-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide (19) (1 equi.), 4-pentyl-cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde (22), and potassium tert-butoxide (1.3 equi.) in tert-butyl methyl ether (6 mL/mmole) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, then quenched with water, extracted with diethyl ether, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (1.25% EtOAc/hexane) afforded 2-benzyloxy-6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-vinyl]-naphthalene (23) as a white solid (74%). 
     6-[2-(4-Pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-ol (24) 
     The solution of 2-benzyloxy-6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-vinyl]-naphthalene (23) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove catalyst, concentrated in vacuo and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-ol (24) as a brown solid (88%). 
     4-Bromo-2-fluoro-1-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (26) 
     To a solution of commercially available 4-bromo-2-fluorophenol (25) (1 equi.) and 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-tosylate (10) (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 4-bromo-2-fluoro-1-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (26) a colorless oil (87%). 
     3-Fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic Acid (27) 
     To a solution of 4-bromo-2-fluoro-1-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (26) (1 equi.) in THF (5 mL/mmole) butyllithium (1.3 equi.) was added at −78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 h, quenched with solid CO2, extracted with ethyl acetate, and washed with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide solution acidified with 10% hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to give 3-fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid (27) as a white solid (55%). 
     3-Fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic Acid 6-[2-(4-Pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-yl Ester (28) 
     To a solution of 3-fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid (27) (1 equi.), 6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-ol (24) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane gave 3-fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid 6-[2-(4-pentyl-cyclohexyl)-ethyl-naphthalen-2-yl ester (28) a white solid (61%).                           
     Scheme-3: Synthesis of 6-[3-Fluoro-4-(,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (MDW-1495) 
     6-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (29) 
     Liquid ammonia (7 equi.) is condensed into a solution of 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (15) (1 equi) in ethanol (1.2 mL/mmole) at −78 C. Sodium (4.3 equi.) was added in 4 portions to the reaction mixture. Each portion gave blue color, but it disappeared quickly. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min, ammonium chloride (4.3 equi.) was added, it was stirred for another 1 h and anmmonia was distilled off by warming reaction pot to room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and 10% hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by recrystallization from acetonitrile gave 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (29) as a white solid (73%). 
     6-Benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid Benzyl Ester (30) 
     To a solution of 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (29) (1 equi.), benzyl alcohol (2.2 equi.), and TPP (triphenylphoshine) (2.5 equi.) in THF (5 mL/mmole), DEAD (diethyl azodicarboxylate) (2.5 equi.) was added dropwise in 5 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 C for 15 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (30) a white solid (68%). 
     6-Benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (31) 
     A solution of 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (30) (1 equi.) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h, cooled to room temperature, and quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%), the resulting white solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to give 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (31) as a white solid (95%). 
     6-Benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (33) 
     To a solution of 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (31) (1 equi.), (R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl-1-ol (32) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (33) as a colorless oil (67%). 
     6-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (34) 
     A solution of 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (33) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo.and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (34) as a colorless oil (86%). 
     6-[3-Fluoro-4-(,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (35) 
     To the solution of 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (34) (1 equi.), 3-fluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid (27) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane gave 6-[3-fluoro-4-(,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (35) a white solid (48%).                           
     Scheme-4: 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohexanecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (44) (MDW-1550) 
     6-Benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (36) 
     To a solution of 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (31) (1 equi.), (R)-1-methylheptyl-1-ol (13) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (3% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (36) as a colorless oil (53%). 
     6-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (37) 
     A solution of 6-benzyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (36) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo, and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (37) as a colorless oil (98%). 
     2-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-buta-1,3-diene (39) 
     To a solution of 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-tosylate (10), (1 equi) and copper (I) bromide (0.05 equi.) in THF (2 mL/mmole), a solution of buta-1,3-diene-2-magnesium chloride, prepared as described in (3), (38) (0.5M in THF) (1.3 equi.) was added at ice temperature over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, quenched with 5% aqueous ammonium chloride (1 mL/mmole), extracted with hexane, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (hexane) gave 2-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nona fluoro-octyl)-buta-1,3-diene (39) a colorless oil (96%). 
     4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (41) 
     To a slurry of aluminum chloride (0.1 equi) in toluene (1 mL/mmole), ethyl acrylate (1 equi.) (1 equi.) was added at ice temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at ice temperature for 10 min. Then a solution 2-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-buta-1,3-diene (40) (0.5M in THF) (1 equi.) was added at ice temperature over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at ice temperature for 10 h, water, extracted with hexane, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (hexanes) gave 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (41) as a colorless oil (88%). 
     4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic Acid (44) 
     A solution 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (41) (1 equi.) and potasium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h., cooled to room temperature and quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%), filtered resulted white solid, washed with water and dried under vacuum to give 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (42) as a white solid (93%). 
     6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (43) 
     To a solution give 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (42) (1 equi.), 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (37) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (43 as a white solid (81%). 
     6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohexanecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (44) 
     A solution of 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohex-3-enecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid-(1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (43) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo.and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyl)-cyclohexanecarbonyloxyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid-(1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (44) a white solid (89%).                           
     Scheme-5: 6-{2-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid-(1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (51) (MDW 1545) 
     6-Trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (45) 
     To a solution 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (37) (1 equi.), and N-phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonamide (1 equi.) in dichloromethane (10 mL/mmole), triethylamine (1.5 equi.) was added at −78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 h and at room temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 6-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (45), as a colorless oil (92%). 
     1-Bromo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (47) 
     To a solution of commercially available 4-bromophenol (46) (1 equi.) and 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-osylate (10) (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) eafforded 1-bromo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (47) a colorless oil (65%). 
     1-(3,3-Dimethyl-butyl-1-ynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (48) 
     Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution of 1-bromo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (47) (1 equi.) and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (4) (1.2 equi.) in diisopropyl amine (15 mL/mmole) for 15 min. Pd catalyst (0.01 equi.) was added to the reaction mixture and continued nitrogen bubbling for another 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 15 h, cooled to room temperature, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (50% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane afforded 1-(3,3-dimethyl-butyl-1-ynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (48) as a colorless oil (83%). 
     1-Ethynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (49) 
     Sodium hydride (0.2 equi.) was added to the solution 1-(3,3-dimethyl-butyl-1-ynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Úonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (48) (1 equi.) toluene (10 mL/mmole) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 120 C for 1 h while half of the toluene from the reaction mixture distilled off. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, passed through 2″ silica gel plug, concentrated in vacuo to give pure solution 1-ethynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (49) as a yellow oil (89%). 
     6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylethynyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (50) 
     Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution of 1-ethynyl)-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (49) (1 equi.) and 6-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid-(1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (45) (1 equi.) in diisopropyl amine (15 mL/mmole) for 15 min. Pd catalyst(0.01 equi.) was added to the reaction mixture and continued nitrogen bubbling for another 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 15 h and cooled to room temperature. A white solid separated. The white solid was further purified by chromatography on silica gel (5% ethyl acetate-hexane) and recrystallization from acetonitrile to give 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylethynyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid-(1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (50) as a white solid (42%). 
     6-{2-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1S)-1-Methylheptyl Ester (51) 
     The solution of give 6-[4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylethynyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid-(1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (50) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo.and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 6-{2-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1S)-1-methylheptyl ester (51) as a white solid (93%).                           
     Scheme-6: 6-[2,3-Difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (59) (MDW-1414) 
     6-Benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid Benzyl Ester (55) 
     To a solution of 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (15) (1 equi.), benzyl alcohol (2.2 equi.), and TPP (triphenylphoshine) (2.5 equi.) in THF (5 mL/mmole), DEAD (diethyl azodicarboxylate) (2.5 equi.) was added dropwise in 5 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 C for 15 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 6-benzyloxy -naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (52) a white solid (82%). 
     6-Benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (53) 
     A solution of 6-benzyloxy -naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (52) (1 equi.) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h., cooled to room temperature and quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%), filtered resulted white solid, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to 6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (53) as a white solid (81%). 
     6-Benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (54) 
     To a solution to 6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (53) (1 equi.), (R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl-1-ol (32) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (54) as a colorless oil (72%). 
     6-Hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (55) 
     The solution gave 6-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (54) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo, and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give pure 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (55) as a colorless oil (95%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (57) 
     To a solution of 2,3-difluoro-4-iodo-phenol (56) (1 equi.) and 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-tosylate-(10) (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile gave 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (57) as a colorless oil (98%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic Acid (58) 
     To a solution of difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (57) (1 equi.) in THF (5 mL/mmole) butyllithium (1.3 equi.) was added at −78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 h, quenched with solid CO2, extracted with ethyl acetate, and washed with sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide solution was a cidified with 10% hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to give 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid (58) as a brown solid (54%). 
     6-[2,3-Difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid (1R)-1-Trifluoromethylheptyl Ester (59) 
     To a solution of 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (55) (1 equi.) and 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzoic acid (58) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:(hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from hexane gave 6-[2,3-difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzyloxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (1R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl ester (59) as a white solid (29%).                           
     4-Benzyloxy-benzoic Acid Methyl Ester (3) 
     To a commercially available 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (1) (1 equi.) and benzyl bromide (2) (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (3), a white solid (88%). 
     4-Benzyloxy-benzoic Acid (4) 
     A solution 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (3) (1 equi.) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h., cooled to room temperature, quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%). The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to give 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid (4)) as a white solid (80%). 
     4-Benzyloxy-benzoic Acid (R)-1-Trifluoromethyl-heptyl Ester (6) 
     To a solution of 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid (4) (1 equi.), (R)-1-trifluoromethylheptyl-1-ol (5) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid (R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyl ester (6) as a colorless oil (65%). 
     4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid (R)-1-Trifluoromethyl-heptyl Ester (7) 
     A solution of 4-benzyloxy-benzoic acid (R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyl ester (6) (1 equi.) and palladium-carbon (10%) (0.01 equi.) in ethyl acetate-ethanol (4:1) (25 mL/mmole) was degassed under vacuum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under constant flow of hydrogen gas for 14 h. The reaction mixture passed through 2″ celite-silica gel plug to remove Pd-C catalyst, concentrated in vacuo and recrystallized from acetonitrile-ethanol (3:1) to give 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyl ester (7) as a colorless oil (84%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (10A) 
     To a solution of 2,3-difluoro-4-iodo-phenol (8), prepared as described in [Edger 1990], (1 equi.) and 4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-tosylate (9A), prepared as described in [Sakaigawa], (1 equi.) in DMF (3 mL/mmole), cesium carbonate (1.25 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (10% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (10A) a colorless oil (89%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-1-iodo-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-benzene (10B) 
     2,3-Difluoro-1-iodo-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-benzene (10B) was prepared from 4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-tosylate (9B), prepared as described in [Sakaigawa], as described in the preparation of 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (10A) yielding 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-benzene (10B) as a colorless oil (89%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylboronic Acid (11A) 
     To a solution 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-benzene (10A) (1 equi.) in THF (5 mL/mmole), butyllithium (1.3 equi.) was added at −78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 hr,. Then triisopropylborate (1 equi.) was added at that temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 h and at room temperature for 10 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by recrystallization from hexane afforded 2,3-difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11A), as a white solid (75%). 
     2,3-Difluoro-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-phenylboronic Acid (11B) 
     2,3-Difluoro-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11B) was prepared from 2,3-difluoro-1-iodo-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-benzene (10B) as described in the preparation 2,3-difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11A), yielding 2,3-difluoro-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11B) as a colorless oil (89%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (13A) 
     A bipsasic solution of 2,3-difluoro-4-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11A) (1 equi.), 4-bromo-benzoic acid-ethyl ester (12), (1 equi.), sodium carbonate (2.7 equi.), and tetrakis(triphenylphoshine)palladium catalyst (0.01 equi.) in water-toluene (1:1) (2 mL/mmole) was stirred at 100 C temperature for 12 h., cooled to room temperature, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) and recrystallization from acetonitrile afforded 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13A), as a white solid (88%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (13B) 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13B) was prepared from 2,3-difluoro-4-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-phenylboronic acid (11B) as described in the preparation 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13A) yielding 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13B) as a white solid (88%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid (14 A) 
     A solution of 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13A) (1 equi.) and potassium hydroxide (3.5 equi.) in water-ethanol (1:1) (25 mL/mmole) was stirred at 80 C temperature for 2 h., cooled to room temperature, quenched with hydrochloric acid (5%). The resulting white solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried under vacuum to give 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14 A) as a white solid (80%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid (14B) 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14B) was prepared from 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (13B) as described in the preparation 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14 A) yielding 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14B) as a white solid (88%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid 4-[(R)-1-Trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl Ester (15A) (MDW 1228) 
     To a solution of 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14 A) (1 equi.), (4-hydroxy benzoic acid (R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyl ester (7) (1 equi.), and DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) (0.1 equi.) in THF (25 mL/mmole), DIC (diisopropyl carbodiimide) (1.2 equi.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane(1:1), washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 4-[(R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl ester (15A) as a white solid (65%). 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid 4-[(R)-1-Trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl Ester (15B) (MDW 1248) 
     2′,3′-Difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 4-[(R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl ester (15B) was prepared from 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (14B) as described in the preparation 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-nonafluoro-octyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 4-[(R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl ester (15A) yielding 2′,3′-difluoro-4′-(7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-decyloxy)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 4-[(R)-1-trifluoromethyl-heptyloxycarbonyl]-phenyl ester (15B)) as a white solid (88%). 
     References 
     (1) Dawson et al., Am. Chem. Soc. Sym., 346, ch.38 
     (2) Fleming F. F. and Jiang T., J. Org. Chem., 62, 7890 (1997) 
     (3) Sakaigawa A. and Nohira H., Ferroelectrics, 148, 71 (1993) 
     (4) Edger K. J. and Falling N., J. Org. Chem., 55, 5287 (1990) 
     Although the description above contains many specificities, these are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but rather, providing examples of some of the presently-preferred embodiments of the invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given. All references cited are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herewith.