Abstract:
A multilayer compound semiconductor is contacted with an electrically conducting fluid, and a current is passed between the semiconductor and the fluid. The current passes is monitored, and the current is controlled in response to the monitoring.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of and claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/719,012 filed Sep. 24, 1996 U.S. Pat No. 6,063,642 which is a CIP of and which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/339,811 filed Nov. 15, 1994 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,058), all of the above applications being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety including incorporated material. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is the field of semiconductor processing, and in particular to the field of multilayer compound semiconductor processing. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The background of the invention is given in great detail in the above identified applications. 
     A schematic drawing of the prior art fabrication procedure for a monolithic array of semiconductor laser diodes is shown in FIG. 1. A substrate  2  of n-type GaAs material has a number of layers grown epitaxially. The important cladding layers  6  of n-type AlGaAs and  7  of p-type AlGaAs surround an active layer  4  which normally has a lower bandgap than the cladding layers and may be composed of many layers of AlGaAs, GaAs, InGaAs, or other III-V semiconductor compounds. A layer of exposed and developed photoresist  8  is shown with openings  9  etched in the photoresist. Step b of the prior art procedure uses an etching step to etch vee grooves in the cladding layer  7 , generally through the active layer  4  and into the other cladding layer  6 . A blanket layer of insulating material  12  such as SiO2 is then deposited on the substrate. This step generally requires heating the wafer which can increase the defects generated by heating and cooling the many layers of different material. Another layer of photoresist is then deposited on the wafer, and is exposed and developed in an expensive alignment procedure to give the photoresist portions  14  covering the vee grooves  10 . The SiO2 is then etched away from the areas between the vee grooves  10 , the photoresist is stripped, and blanket metalization layers  18  and  20  are deposited over the front side and the back side of the wafer. The remaining oxide isolates each laser diode from its neighbor. In contrast, the fabrication of a monolithic array of semiconductor laser diodes using the method of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/339,811 filed Nov. 15, 1994 (Now U.S. pat. No. 5,559,058) cited above is shown in FIG. 2, where pulsed anodic oxidization is used to produce trenches  22  covered with native oxide  24 , saving the expensive lithography step of the prior art. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to monitor the electrical parameters and optical parameters of pulsed and continuous production of oxide and other layers on a multilayer compound semiconductor surface. 
     It is an object of the invention to monitor the depth of etching of material from the surface of a multilayer compound semiconductor surface. 
     It is the object of the invention to etch a multilayer compound semiconductor surface to a precise depth with respect to the multilayer structure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The current passed between a conducting fluid and the surface of a multilayer compound semiconductor surface is a function of the thickness of an oxide built up on the surface and of the particular parameters of the multilayer structure. In the case that a “traveling oxide” or other product of a reaction is formed by simultaneous or sequential production and dissolution of the reaction product, the reaction may be monitored by monitoring the electrical and optical properties of the surface, and the reaction may be stopped precisely at an optimum point for semiconductor device production. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows the prior art method of isolating laser devices from each other in a production of monolithic laser diode arrays. 
     FIG. 2 shows a method of isolating laser devices from each other in a production of laser diode arrays using the method of a priority document. 
     FIG. 3 shows a laboratory set up for practicing the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 shows typical voltage and current pulses when practicing the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 shows typical current pulses as a function of time for different stages in the practice of the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 shows a time evolution of isolation trenches formed using the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 shows a sketch of sample L 473 AlGaAs laser material 
     FIG.  8 . shows a typical Power vs Current curve for a laser produced by the method of the priority document invention. 
     FIG.  9 . shows high Power vs Current curves for two samples produced by the method of the present invention. 
     FIG.  10 . shows a sketch of sample L362 (GRIN-SCH) AlGaInAs laser material. 
     FIG. 11 shows a sketch of sample E1795 (GRIN-SCH) AlGaInAs construction. 
     FIG.  12 . shows a sketch of AlGaInP laser material. 
     FIG. 13 shows a pulsed anodic oxidation luminescence (PAL) spectrum from the AlGaAsP material 
     FIG. 14 shows a sketch of sample 92-019 AlGaAsSb based laser material. 
     FIG. 15 shows a sketch of sample 871 II-VI laser material. 
     FIG. 16 shows a sketch of a sample of GaAlAsSb material. 
     FIG. 17 shows a sketch of the current magnitude of the trailing edge of a pulse in the material of FIG.  16 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method of controlling the production of features in a compound semiconductor material. The etching of the material by the present invention is an order of magnitude faster than those formed by prior art methods. The material formed by the present invention is especially useful in the fabrication of electrical and optoelectronic devices, including capacitors, transistors, waveguides, and lasers such as stripe-guided, (both gain guided and index guided) lasers and surface emitting lasers. The native oxide formed by the method of the present invention can also be used to define patterns on the surfaces of Group III-V and of Group II-VI semiconductors to create a variety of surface topographies and configurations. 
     Conventional prior art anodization of compound semiconductor materials produces poor quality, non uniform material when the current density is high. We have found that, with the correct choice of electrolyte, pulsed anodic oxidation produces oxide an order of magnitude faster than the prior art continuous anodization. The oxide produced shows excellent resistance and sufficiently low surface state density to allow production of high quality lasers and monolithic diode array laser bars. 
     The method of the present invention entails exposing a conducting compound semiconductor material to an oxygen containing fluid, and pulsing current between the conducting substrate and the fluid, to convert at least a portion of the conducting semiconductor material to the native oxide. The conducting fluid preferably contains liquid water, although the present method is not limited to a water solution and a number of other fluids which are known in the art, such as N-methylacetamide with NH 4 OH, ammonium pentaborate, methanol, H 2 O 2 , or oxygen containing plasmas might be used. 
     A laboratory set up for practicing the method of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3, where a beaker  26  is filled with a liquid solution  28  containing oxygen. The preferred solution is water, with an acid (for example, phosphoric acid) added to increase the conductivity of the solution. The most preferred solution contains ethylene glycol, which controls the diffusion of the ions and molecules in the solution and can be used to change the relative growth and etch rates of the anodic oxide produced by the method of the subject invention The OH −  anion participates in oxidation, and the concentration has to be high at the semiconductor surface. However, the (H2PO4) −  ion acts as an etchant for III-V semiconductor oxide material, so its concentration should be low at the semiconductor liquid interface. Since the OH− ion is smaller, it will be transported faster through the viscous solution and greater oxidation and less etching will occur. The most preferred ratio of glycol water acid (GWA) is 40:20:1. However, the solution works well over a wide range of water to glycol ratios and pH of the solution. The glycol to water ratio can be used to change the ratio of oxide growth to oxide etch, and determines along with the pulse length, pulse voltage, and pulse repetition rate the equilibrium thickness of the native oxide. The semiconductor material  30  to be oxidized is immersed in the solution, and electrically connected to a source of pulsed current  31 . A cathode  32 , generally of platinum or other noble metal, is immersed in the solution  28 . The cathode  32  is connected to the pulse generator  31  through a variable resistor  40  and a small (10 ohms) resistor  38 . The voltage across resistor  38  is monitored by an oscilloscope  36 . Voltage and current traces of the pulsed oxidation of the semiconductor material are shown schematically in FIG.  4 . The pulse width, repetition rate, and pulse amplitude were varied to obtain optimal settings for uniform oxide growth. The settings were pulse width about 100 microseconds to 10 milliseconds, the repetition rate from 10 to 200 Hz, a pulse amplitude from 50 to 150 volts, and a current density from 5 to 150 mA/cm 2 . At the longer pulse lengths, the current must be set lower to avoid non uniform oxidation. More preferred pulse widths were between 200 and 5000 microseconds. Even more preferred pulse widths were between 100 and 1000 ms. Most preferred pulse conditions were pulse widths about 500 to 800 microseconds, the repetition rate from 30 to 100 Hz, a pulse amplitude from 110 to 130 volts, and a current density from 50 to 130 mA/cm 2 . 
     As expected, the current flow in the circuit decreases as the oxide becomes thicker. However, the magnitude of the leading edge of the voltage pulse, as read across the resistor  38  by the oscilloscope  36 , does not change with time. Representative oscilloscope traces shown in FIG. 4 show that the initial pulse, t o , an intermediate pulse in the oxidation sequence t i , and the last pulse of the oxidizing sequence t f  all have the same magnitude of leading edge. The trailing edge decreases with time corresponding to the growth of the oxide. The pulse shape can be explained by modeling the solution/oxide/semiconductor system as a Schottky barrier diode which changes to an MOS capacitor as the oxide thickens. At the beginning of each voltage pulse, the capacitance of the oxide acts to short out the oxide resistance. After the capacitor charges, the current decreases to a steady state value within the pulse. As the oxide thickens, the resistance increases, and the steady state current decreases from pulse to pulse. As long as the voltage pulse width is long enough for the capacitor to achieve a quasi steady state, this performance is invariably repeated. The oxide growth terminates when the oxide resistance is large enough to render the available voltage pulse insufficient to drive the anodic reaction. When this happens, the trailing edge of the pulse no longer decreases with time and the shape of the pulse looks like the pulse labeled t f  in FIG.  5 . This pulse shape variation provides convenient, real time monitoring of the oxide thickness. If the initial voltage pulse amplitude is not large enough to begin the reaction, no oxide will form and the pulse will remain rectangular. 
     When the pulse anodization occurs in a solution which etches the oxide, a “traveling oxide” effect occurs. After a time, the current pulse attains a steady state shape, and the oxide “sinks into” the surface of the semiconductor. The oxide thickness remains constant in time, the oxide dissolves at the same average rate as it forms, and the semiconductor material is removed as sketched in FIG. 6 where a trench  22  is formed in the cladding layer  6  extending through the active layer  4  to the lower cladding layer  7 . The native oxide  24  is left on the sides and bottom of the trench  22 . At the end of the process, a ridge of ridge height h r    23  is left under the protecting photoresist  8 . The oxide etch rate has been measured to be 16 nm/min for Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 As native oxide formed by the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 shows an uncomplicated structure having 2 cladding layers and 1 active layer. In many laser type structures, there are in fact many different layers including grading layers, doping layers, etc. In general, each of these layers etches and oxidizes at a different rate given the same solution and the same pulse parameters. Ideally, one would set the etch and oxidation conditions differently for each layer and each material to produce a smooth and optimal film. In practice, this would entail changing the pulse amplitude, repetition rate, pulse length and/or pulse rate during the anodization to produce a trench  22  with smooth sidewalls and smooth bottom. 
     Pulsed anodic oxides were produced in n-type and p-type GaAs bulk wafers, and in p-type AlGaAs, p-type Ga 0.5 In 0.5 As, n-type InP, p-type GaSb, p-type ZnTe, and in many layered combinations of III-V and II-VI semiconductor material on GaAs substrates. Attempts to oxidize semi-insulating GaAs were unsuccessful, even with current densities as high as 200 mA/cm 2 . We believe the lack of success with the semi-insulating GaAs has to with the lack of charge carriers in the semiconductor and the barriers at the interfaces, both of which are affected by doping levels. 
     Typical oxidation times were from 5 to 10 minutes with the pulse duration of 700 microseconds, repetition rates of 50 Hz, pulse amplitude of 120 V, and current densities of 120 mA/cm 2 . Deposited oxides ranged from 0.1 to 0.15 micron in thickness. 
     Researchers have raised questions about the stability of anodic oxides to subsequent processing. It is true that these oxides are easily dissolved in basic solutions such as most photoresist developers. We have developed a technique that uses a metal ion free photoresist developer (Shipley Microposit MF 319) which does not rapidly dissolve the oxide, and allows further processing on top of the oxide including lift off processing. The anodic oxides are stable in deionized water, TCE, acetone, and methanol. 
     The following examples are given to illustrate the scope of the present invention. Since the Examples are given for illustrative purposes only, the invention should not be limited thereto. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A single Al x Ga 1-x As/GaAs wafer with layers sketched in FIG. 7 was used to fabricate a series of lasers using the method of the present invention and using prior art methods of deposition of SiO 2  for comparison purposes. Lasers were made of various ridge heights to determine the effect the ridge height had on threshold current, slope efficiency, near field, and far field of the lasers. To reduce the effects of thermal gradients and other transients, most of the tests were done with a pulsed drive voltage. Several lifetime tests of the lasers operating continuously were done to evaluate the method of the present invention. 
     The material selected for use was a single quantum well graded index separate confinement heterostructure (SQW-GRINCH) structure grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCV). For convenience, this sample is referred to as L473. The top layer is a high conductivity p type layer to facilitate ohmic contacts. The first graded p layer is a barrier reduction layer. The purpose of the barrier reduction layer is to reduce the potential drops caused by abrupt discontinuities in the conduction and valence band edges that occur by growing GaAs on Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 As. 
     The 1.4 micron thick layer of Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 As serves as an optical confinement layer due to its lower index of refraction, approximately 3.27 at a lasing wavelength of 801 mn. In contrast, Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As has a refractive index of 3.45. The active layer of Al 0.08 Ga 0.92 As has an index of approximately 3.64. The second graded p type region provides one side of the potential well for confining the carriers in the quantum well active layer. The n layers perform the same functions as the corresponding layers in the p region. 
     L473 was cleaved into several pieces, and each piece was processed into lasers of various pulse ridge heights. Oxidation times of 3, 10, 20, 60 and 90 minutes were chosen. Semiconductor consumption rates of about 20-22 nm per minute had been established on bulk wafers. Based on this rate, the 3 minute anodization would consume only the high conductivity cap; the 10 minute sample would be the time at which the terminal oxide thickness would form, the 20 minute sample would consume a portion of the Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 As optical cladding layer so it should begin to effect the index guiding properties of the laser; the 60 minute sample would have a ridge height of approximately 1.2 micron, which is comparable with conventional ridge guide devices; and the 90 minute sample would come close to the active layer so we could observe the effects of carriers in the active layer interacting with the anodic oxide. A 40:20:1 GWA solution was used, with a pulse repetition rate of 50 Hz, a pulse length of 700 microseconds, pulse voltage of 120 volts, and a current density approximately 90 mA/cm 2 . The mask used to define the laser stripes had feature widths of 5, 50, and 100 microns on 500 micron centers. The 5 micron stripes were used for this experiment. The oxidation was performed on the samples with parameters listed in Table 1. Samples 4 and 5 showed a difference in the shape of the trailing edge of the pulse at about 35 minutes after the start of the oxidation. We believe this occurs because the oxidation rate is a function of the chemical composition and doping. As the chemical composition changed, the rate of oxide growth slowed, and the relative etch rate to oxide growth rate ratio changed. The oxide which had been a light blue color was now turning purple or dark brown which indicates a thinner oxide. In order to keep the same oxide thickness, the voltage applied was raised so that the same blue color oxide was obtained at the end of the process. In production the color of the oxide could be monitored continuously and kept at the same color to give uniform oxide thickness. The current density shown in table 1 is the initial current density for samples 4 and 5. After anodization, the ridge height was measured for using a Dektak II profiler, and the oxide thickness was measured by stripping the oxide and remeasuring the ridge height. The final oxide thickness, ridge height, and etch rate are tabulated in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pulse Anodization Parameters and Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 surface 
                   
                 Current 
                 Oxide 
                 Ridge 
                   
               
               
                 sam- 
                 area 
                 Duration 
                 Density 
                 Thickness 
                 Height 
                 Etch Rate 
               
               
                 ple 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 (minutes) 
                 (mA/cm 2 ) 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm/min) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 .97 
                 3 
                 89.7 
                 78 
                 153 
                 51 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.04 
                 10 
                 86.3 
                 127 
                 277 
                 27.7 
               
               
                 3 
                 .95 
                 20 
                 91.6 
                 153 
                 429 
                 21.5 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.13 
                 60 
                 86.0 
                 87 
                 1,177 
                 19.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 .99 
                 90 
                 87.9 
                 104 
                 1,597 
                 17.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The samples were lapped to a thickness of 100 microns, and n-side metallization was done. The p-side metallization was done through a lift off mask to make individual electrical contact to each stripe laser for testing in bar form. The lift off would not be necessary if the sample were to be cleaved into individual laser chips, or used as multiple laser bars. The pulsed anodic oxide is stable in the Shipley Microposit MF 319 developer and the acetone and methanol used to lift off the metal. 
     After metallization, the lasers were cleaved into cavity lengths of 500 microns using standard scribe and roll techniques. Some bars were further cleaved into 500 micron by 500 micron chips for mounting on small copper heat sink blocks for CW testing. Threshold, slope efficiency, and leakage current were measured using 0.5 msec pulses at low repetition rate to reduce the effects of heating and other transients. A typical power vs current curve is shown in FIG. 8 for a laser of the sample 5 group. Results are shown in Table 2. No slope efficiency is shown for samples 1-3, since they are gain guided lasers which do not have a linear power vs current curve at high power levels. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Threshold Current and Slope Efficiency 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ridge 
                   
                 Standard 
                   
                 Standard 
               
               
                   
                 Height 
                 Average 
                 Deviation 
                 Average η s   
                 Deviation 
               
               
                 sample 
                 (nm) 
                 I th  (mA) 
                 I th  (mA) 
                 (W/A) 
                 η s  (W/A) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 153 
                 38.4 
                 2.4 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 2 
                 277 
                 28.5 
                 1.3 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 3 
                 429 
                 27.1 
                 3.1 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 4 
                 1177 
                 13.8 
                 2.1 
                 .592 
                 .051 
               
               
                 5 
                 1597 
                 14.5 
                 1.5 
                 .740 
                 .101 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     High voltage rollover in the Power vs current curves is a sign of leakage through the insulator in index guided lasers. Samples 4 and 5 were tested up to facet blow out caused by catastrophic optical damage in the facets of the laser. If the lasers slope efficiency is linear up to facet blow out, the oxide is as good as it needs to be. FIG. 9 shows sample 5 to be linear up to the facet blow out, while sample 4 is linear to 150 mA. One reason for the rollover of sample 4 could be because the oxide is slightly thinner than that of sample 5. The increased ridge height in sample 5 could also give better overlap of the optical field and the gain distribution. 
     The stress distributions due to the oxide could be measured by measuring the degree of polarization of the lasers. Devices with oxide thickness of 100 nm and 175 nm were measured to have no difference in the degree of polarization and hence no appreciable stress is present. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     AlGaInAs Laser Diode Laser Bars 
     A laser wafer with a AlGaInAs quantum well, denoted L362, which is sketched in FIG. 10, was divided in two. One half the wafer was processed into gain guided laser diode bars by the method of the present invention as shown in FIGS. 6 a-c , the other half was processed into bars of 100 micron wide by 500 micron long lasers by a prior art process of depositing SiO 2 , opening 100 micron wide slots in the SiO 2 , and metalization. Ridge heights of 200 nm and oxide thicknesses of 100 nm were used. The threshold currents I th  and differential quantum efficiencies (DQE) are given in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Threshold Currents and Differential Quantum Efficiencies for L362 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pulsed anodic oxide 
               
               
                   
                 Device type 
                 SiO 2  insulation 
                 insulation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Threshold current I th   
                 114.2 mA 
                 98.7 mA 
               
               
                   
                 DQE 
                 42.6% 
                 44.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     AlGInAs Laser Diodes 
     A laser wafer with a AlGaInAs quantum well, denoted E1795, which is sketched in FIG. 11, was divided in two. One half the wafer was processed into gain guided laser diode bars by the method of the present invention as shown in FIGS. 6 a-c , the other half was processed into bars of 100 micron wide by 500 micron long lasers by a prior art process of depositing SiO 2 , opening 
     100 micron wide slots in the SiO 2 , and metalization. Ridge heights of 200 nm and oxide thicknesses of 100 nm were used. The threshold currents I th  and differential quantum efficiencies (DQE) are given in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Threshold Currents and Differential Quantum Efficiencies for E1795 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pulsed anodic oxide 
               
               
                   
                 Device type 
                 SiO 2  insulation 
                 insulation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Threshold current I th   
                 139.6 mA 
                 108 mA 
               
               
                   
                 DQE 
                 41.9% 
                 44.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 4 
     (AlGa) 0.5 In, 0.5 P Visible Lasers 
     A laser wafer sketched in FIG. 12 was processed by the method of this invention to form a 120 nm thick oxide layer with a resultant ridge height of 86 mm. The oxide was found to be unstable when exposed to ambient air for several hours. There was no “travelling oxide” because the GWA solution did not etch the oxide when the pulse was off. We discovered that we could make a stable oxide, however, by reversing the polarity of the pulses. In the reversed current mode, the oxide etched and we could make a ridge 200 nm high, with a 120 nm thick oxide layer terminating in the AlInP cladding layer using a cycle of three polarity flips. In a production mode, the positive voltage pulse could be followed by a negative pulse to both grow and dissolve the oxide at a constant rate. In fact, a thin oxide could be used at the beginning of the process which would grow the oxide faster, and the etching of the oxide could be controlled by the reversed current. At the end of the process, the etch rate could be slowed down and the oxide thickness could be increased to the required value. This oxide was stable after exposure to air and baking at 150° C. for one hour. 
     During the anodization process, we found that red light was emitted from the portion of the wafer undergoing anodization. When the oxidation process first begins, no light is emitted. After 45 seconds, the emission starts and increases until the oxide reaches its final thickness, where the light emission saturates. The spectrum of the light was measured and is given in FIG.  13 . The spectrum is similar to the photoluminescence spectrum and is blue-shifted with respect to the lasing wavelength. This data can be used to predict the lasing wavelength. We found that the light is emitted after the anodizing pulse, and surmise that the charged capacitor formed by the wafer, the oxide, and the GWA solution drives a reverse current into the wafer. This current forms electron hole pairs which recombine in the active layer to emit light. In fact, when the current was reversed by changing the polarity on a wafer with no oxide, the light was emitted continuously, with no etching or apparent damage to the wafer. This suggests that the phenomenon could be used as a simple diagnostic tool to check the active layer uniformity and to check for defects which would trap the electron hole pairs and reduce the light emission. Presently, the material must be scanned with a laser to detect such non uniformities and defects. The comparison of the Pulsed Anodization Luminescence (PAL) and the Photoluminescence (PL) is shown in Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of PL and PAL and Laser Wavelength data for 
               
               
                 (AlGa) 0.5 In 0.5 As Laser 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Peak Wavelength (nm) 
                 Half width (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PAL 
                 650 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 PL 
                 649 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 Laser 
                 665 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 5 
     AlGaAsSb Based Laser Material 
     A laser wafer sketched in FIG. 14 was processed to produce stripe lasers operating at a wavelength near 2 microns. Oxide layer thicknesses of 120 mn were produced in 5 minutes using the method of the present invention. The oxides are particularly robust and stable, and do not change color after baking for 1 hour at 120° C. or after exposure in air for several months. Prior art processing methods produce more strain in the devices than those produced by the method of the present invention and are much more complicated to produce. The lasers have comparable, but slightly higher thresholds than lasers produced by prior art methods. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     II-VI Laser Material 
     A wafer with a layer graded from p++ —ZnTe to ZnSe sketched in FIG. 15 was anodicalily oxidized d in GWA solution. using the method of the invention. The current pulses showed a build up of an insulating layer, presumably of undoped ZnO. When a 90% ethylene glycol, methanol, and KOH to raise the pH of the solution to 10 was used as the solution, with a pulsed current of 100 mA/cm 2 , ridge heights of 2 microns were produced in 7 minutes. The oxide was a orange color. In this sample, after 3 minutes, the current was reversed, and the entire surface of the sample produced green light as expected. After about 5 seconds, the current was again reversed to complete the trenches. In this case, again, the luminescence could be used as a simple diagnostic for the quality of the material, the composition of the active area, and especially for the presence of defects. The material exibits green light luminescence with no oxide under reverse current, and shows the usual build up of the luminescence under the pulsed anodic oxidation after the end of each oxidizing current pulse. 
     In the II-VI materials presently used for laser devices, defects grow from a small beginning and propagate into the active region and destroy the laser. We could use the “traveling oxide” to trench around the device area and stop defects from propagating to an active area. If all the material contained in the multilayered epitaxially grown material was trenched to the substrate wafer, which has many fewer defects than the II-VI layers, there would be far fewer “initiation” places in reach of the active device, since the defect would have to be located just under the device. The process outlined in FIG. 2 could be continued until the trench  22  extends all the way through the lower cladding layer  7 , and through whatever other layers used for grading purposes exist, until the trench extends to the substrate  2 . Another possibility exists, of trenching to a depth and leaving a relatively wide stripe of semiconductor material, and then using another photolithography step to define a relatively narrower stripe of semiconductor material, and etching shallower trenches to form ridge or gain guided lasers which are again protected and insulated by the native oxide material. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     GaAsInSb Laser Material 
     FIG. 16 gives the structure of the top of a multilayer laser material. The aluminum content of some of the layers is quite high. At the 90% Al level, the normal oxidizing liquid (GWA) does not produce a traveling oxide. In order to trench the wafer, a buffered oxide etch (BOE), (which is a standard solution of buffered HF) solution is added to the GWA solution to make an electrolyte GWA (40:20:1):BOE (10:1)=300:1. The etch rate of the oxide produced is then fast enough to thin the oxide between pulses sufficiently that the system etches at a constant rate. 
     The electrical etching rate of the material for pulses and continuous current of constant voltage is primarily determined by the resistance which is given by the thickness of the oxide. Small effects due to the resistance of the underlying layers is also seen. FIG. 17 is a plot of the trailing edge current versus time for 80-100 volt pulses of 500 microsecond width and repetition rate of 100 per sec. The sample area was 1 square cm. No variable resistor was used in the circuit 
     During the etching process, the trailing edge current of a pulse curve on the oscilloscope such as given by FIG. 5 is tracked as shown in FIG.  17 . At first, while the p-type GaSb cap layer is being etched, the trailing edge current drops very quickly, then it starts to rise and fall again as the etch front gets into the p-clad AlGaAsSb layer. After the trailing edge current becomes stable while the etch front is in the relatively thick p-clad layer, there will be another rise in the trailing edge current as the etch front starts to move near p-guide AlGaAsSb. Ideally, the etching process should be stopped at the interface between the clad and guide layers. However, the etching is not completely uniform over the sample, and the etching is stopped at the point marked T 1  on FIG.  17 . After the trailing edge current reaches the second peak of FIG. 17, the etch surface of the sample gets smoother. A severe lateral undercut of the clad layer will result if the etch process continues past the point T 2  on FIG.  17 . The interval between T 1  and T 2  is about 2 minutes. 
     The final oxide color in the uniformly etched channels is usually indistinguishable. If the etching is not uniform, the final surface of the channels looks like it has black spots. The black spots are presumed to be the remnants of the clad material. 
     The oxide produced by the GWA-BOE mixture is not a good oxide, and so it must be removed with a quick dip in diluted BOE (6:1) for 15 seconds, followed by a DI water rinse. If the sample is left in the BOE material longer than 15 seconds, the BOE starts to attack the sample material. 
     Following the BOE dip and DI rinse, a new native oxide is made on the surface by the normal GWA treatment. 
     The trailing edge current gives a reproducible picture of the various layers removed during the etching process. Since the etch rate is relatively independent on the current, as long as there is always oxide present to etch away, the etch rate is remarkably uniform. At places where a nonuniform current forms, the oxide just gets thicker. Since the oxide thickness is very much smaller than any layer thickness, the uniformity is hardly affected. 
     In the case that the oxide layers produced are not left in place and used for insulation, the electrical quality of the oxide is not an issue, and the current does not have to be pulsed. A continuous current may be used for the etching and for the monitoring of the process. In fact, a combination of pulsed oxidation and a continuous current at much lower voltage may be used to monitor the process taking place between the higher voltage current pulses. 
     The above analysis and examples are of the growth and etching of oxides of the compound semiconductors. For the purposes of producing a new compound on the surface of the semiconductor, however, any combination of electrically conducting fluid which reacts with the semiconductor may be used. In the same way, if the newly formed compound may react with or dissolve in the electrolyte, and an etching process will result. 
     Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.