Abstract:
Provided herein are compositions, methods and uses that relate to or result from the identification of markers that can distinguish between cells at different stages of pluripotency. Certain embodiments provide markers that can distinguish between parental cells (i.e. differentiated cells), partially pluripotent (i.e. partially reprogrammed) and pluripotent (i.e. fully reprogrammed cells). Also provided here are uses of such differential markers, for example, in identification of cell potential, in diagnostics, in differential separation, and in creating efficient workflows that involve fewer steps and lesser time in identifying or separating a desired reprogrammed clone or cell line from a mixture of cells at various stages of pluripotency. In certain embodiments, the activity of these markers can be manipulated to influence cell potential for research or medical purposes.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to life sciences and medical sciences. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to markers capable of identifying cells based on their level of pluripotency and methods and compositions based on the identification and/or use and/or manipulation of these markers. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0002]    The following figures, which are described below and which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments that are not to be considered limiting to the scope of the invention. 
           [0003]      FIG. 1(A)  shows the fluorescent staining of human BJ fibroblast (left panel) and iPSC derived from BJ fibroblasts (right panel) with Alexa. Fluor 488 (AF488) dye labeled conjugate CD44 antibody (Life Technologies, CA, USA).  FIG. 1(B)  shows the emergence of iPSCs in a lawn of CD44-AF488− positive cells (BJ fibroblasts) using a live monitoring system. BJ Human fibroblasts were reprogrammed with CytoTune, and cultured under feeder-free culture conditions. 
           [0004]      FIG. 2  shows that anti-CD44 antibody can distinguish between reprogrammed cells and partially reprogrammed cells. BJ fibroblasts were reprogrammed with the CytoTune™-iPS reprogramming kit and stained with anti-CD44-AF 488 antibody, and with two known pluripotent markers, Oct4 and Tra-1-81. 
           [0005]      FIG. 3  shows that differential CD44 expression was utilized to separate a CD44+/SSEA4− BJ fibroblast population from a CD44−/SSEA4+ iPSC population. Using an anti-CD44-biotin conjugated antibody system and Dynal® MyOne™ Streptavidin magnetic beads, 99% of the BJ fibroblasts were depleted from the iPSC enriched sample. 
           [0006]      FIG. 4  provides experimental confirmation of the differential CD44 expression pattern between mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders and iPSCs. Panel  4 A) shows a CD44 antibody-AF488 staining of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) alone (left panel), and H9 ESCs cultured on MEFs (right panel). Panel  4 B) shows results of a FACS analysis of CD44 antibody-AF488 stained MEF alone, and H9 ESCs cultured on MEF. There was good separation between MEFs and ESCs showing that CD44 is a good marker for distinguishing between these cells. 
           [0007]      FIG. 5  shows the use of differential CD44 expression to separate MEFs from iPSCs. Using the anti-CD44-biotin conjugated antibody system and Dynal® MyOne™ Streptavidin magnetic beads, 95% of the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were depleted from the iPSC enriched sample. 
           [0008]      FIG. 6  demonstrates that based on CD44&#39;s affinity for ligands such as hyaluronic acid, antibody-free technologies can be developed to sequester and separate CD44 expressing cells (such as parental fibroblasts, MEFs) from non-CD44 expressors. 
           [0009]      FIG. 7  shows comparative expression data from a Bead Array experiment for CD44 with other fibroblast markers such as CD13 (from New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF)).  FIG. 7  shows a comparative analysis of expression of three genes: a housekeeping gene (left), CD13 (middle) and CD 44 (right) in BJ fibroblasts, H9 ESCs, iPSCs and partially reprogrammed iPSCs. CD44 was highly expressed in BJ fibroblasts and partially reprogrammed iPSCs, but was poorly expressed in H9 ESCs and iPSCs (fully reprogrammed cells). Correspondingly, marker CD13 showed poor expression in partially reprogrammed iPSCs, H9 ESCs and iPSCs thereby indicating that the marker CD 13 cannot clearly distinguish between partial and fully pluripotent cells. 
           [0010]      FIG. 8  shows that comparative expression data for CD44 and another fibroblast marker, CD271 (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany), which was obtained by another bead array experiment. CD271 marker is commercially available and is used in human anti-fibroblast microbeads to separate human fibroblasts in a mixture of cells. The expression of the CD271 marker is not high enough in fibroblast compared to pluripotent cells to be significant. As seen in panel  8 (B), CD44 was highly expressed in BJ fibroblasts and in partially reprogrammed iPSCs (par iPSC), but was poorly expressed in H9 ESCs and in iPSCs. Correspondingly, marker CD271 showed equivalent expression in parental cells, H9 ESCs, partially reprogrammed iPSCs (par iPSCs), and iPSCs (see panel  8 (B)), thereby indicating that the CD271 marker cannot clearly distinguish between parental, partial and fully pluripotent cells. 
           [0011]      FIG. 9  shows the summary of comparative expression data for CD44 (left bar), CD 13 (middle bar) and CD271 (right bar) in various cells. 
           [0012]      FIG. 10  shows an exemplary use of the markers identified in this disclosure in a typical stem cell workflow. 
           [0013]      FIG. 11 : FACS analysis of BJ shows high expression of CD44 and absence of SSEA4 while the pluripotent control H9 ESC cultured under feeder-free condition show presence of the pluripotent SSEA4 and absence of CD44 marker. BJ fibroblasts reprogrammed with CytoTune for 26 days shows a combination of SSEA4+/CD44−, SSEA4+/CD44+ and SSEA4−/CD44+ population of cells. Following depletion of the control H9 ESC and the BJ reprogrammed cells, the CD44 population is eliminated from the BJ reprogrammed cells without altering the SSEA4 positive population in the control ESC and the BJ reprogrammed cells. The enrichment of the SSEA4 positive cells and elimination of CD44 population in reprogramming fibroblasts allows selection of the desired population for further expansion and downstream application. Panel  11 (A) depicts unstained BJ fibroblasts. Panel  11 (B) depicts unstained H9 ESC. Panel  11 (C) depicts unstained reprogrammed fibroblasts (i.e. fibroblasts subjected to 26 days of reprogramming). Panel  11 (D) depicts stained undepleted BJ fibroblasts. Panel  11 (E) depicts stained undepleted H9 ESC. Panel  11 (F) depicts stained undepleted reprogrammed fibroblasts (i.e. fibroblasts subjected to 26 days of reprogramming). Panel  11 (G) depicts stained H9 cells that have been subjected to targeted depletion against CD44. Panel  11 (H) depicts stained reprogrammed fibroblasts (i.e. fibroblasts subjected to 26 days of reprogramming) that have been subjected to targeted depletion against CD44. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
       [0014]    “Embryonic stem cells” (ESCs) are undifferentiated cells found in early embryos, and typically are derived from a group of cells called the inner cell mass, a part of the blastocyst. Embryonic stein cells are self-renewing and can form all specialized cell types found in the body (they are pluripotent). ESCs include ECSs of human origin (hESCs) and ESCs of non-human or animal origin. ESCs can typically be propagated, under appropriate conditions, without differentiation, due to their self-renewing properties. 
         [0015]    “Pluripotent” or “multipotent” stem cells as used herein, have the ability to develop into more than one cell type of the body. However, pluripotent cells generally cannot form “extra-embryonic” tissues such as the amnion, chorion, and other components of the placenta. “Pluripotency” may be assessed by the “pluritest” (Scripps Research team), a microarray technology based test that provides a detailed molecular model for a normal pluripotent stem cell line. Alternately, it can be done by showing the ability of the pluripotent cell to generate a teratoma after injection into an immunosuppressed mouse (the teratoma assay). 
         [0016]    Reprogramming may be done for any reason, for example, to achieve a less differentiated status in certain instances, or a more differentiated status, or for directed differentiation. That is, reprogramming could be done to alter the differentiation capacity of a cell. In certain instances, “reprogramming” may use one or more stem cell marker genes (i.e. “reprogramming factors”) like Oct4 (also termed Oct-3 or Oct3/4), Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4, Oct3/4, Nanog, SSEA1 (Stage Specific Embryonic Antigens), TRA1-80, etc. to reprogram a somatic or an adult cell towards a less differentiated status. 
         [0017]    “Partially reprogrammed cell,” or “quasi-reprogrammed cell,” is defined as a somatic or adult cell which, although exposed to exogenous factors to induce an ESC like stage, does not demonstrate the full range of endogenous pluripotent markers, either at the molecular or cellular level, and does not have the potential to differentiate in vivo or in vitro into cells typical for the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Typically, these cells can revert back to their starting somatic cell type, or continue to express a cellular marker or molecular signatures of the starting cell type. Another way to describe a partially reprogrammed cell may be as a cell that is not fully pluripotent, but not entirely somatic, and is at a stage somewhere in between somatic and fully pluripotent. For example, a partially reprogrammed cell may express some markers associate with pluripotency but yet may not form embryoid bodies (i.e. will not be able to randomly differentiate). For example, a partially reprogrammed cell may further or alternatively have methylation patterns reminiscent of its parental cell type that would be lost or lessened in a more fully reprogrammed cell. In one embodiment, a partially reprogrammed cell may be defined as a cell expressing at least one of the following markers: beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, CD44, cadherin 11 and colectin 12, just as the parental somatic cell. In a particular embodiment, a partially reprogrammed cell may be defined as a cell expressing, or robustly expressing, or highly expressing the CD44 marker. 
         [0018]    “Fully reprogrammed cell” is defined as a somatic or adult cell which has demonstrates the ability to propagate indefinitely while maintaining a stable karyotype. These cells continue to express typical ESC like morphologies and cellular and molecular signatures of pluripotency. They also demonstrate the ability to differentiate into cells typical of the three embryonic germ layers and demonstrate an ESC like molecular phenotype. In one embodiment, a fully reprogrammed cell may be defined as a cell not expressing, or negligibly expressing, or poorly expressing at least one of the following markers: beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, CD44, cadherin 11 and colectin 12, compared to a parental somatic cell. In a particular embodiment, a fully reprogrammed cell may be defined as a cell not expressing, or negligibly expressing, or poorly expressing the CD44 marker. 
         [0019]    “Somatic stem cells” are non-embryonic stem cells that are not derived from gametes (egg or sperm cells). These somatic stem cells may be of fetal, neonatal, juvenile or adult origin. 
       DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    Human fibroblasts are the most common somatic cell type used for reprogramming. In order to address the current challenge in the stem cell workflow where scientists have to differentiate between parental fibroblasts, partially reprogrammed fibroblasts and fully reprogrammed iPSCs (and ESCs or pluripotent cells), a new marker was identified by comparative global transcriptome analysis of parental fibroblasts, ESCs and iPSCs. As discussed in detail in the examples below, the property of an exemplary marker such as the CD44 marker, in clearly distinguishing or identifying pluripotent cells over feeder layer cells like mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), or in distinguishing parental mesenchymal and partially reprogrammed mesenchymal cells from fully reprogrammed mesenchymal cells fulfills an unmet need in an important part of the stem cell workflow. In its broadest aspect, the ability of markers such as beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, CD44, cadherin 11 and colectin 12, etc. to clearly distinguish pluripotent cells from non-pluripotent and/or partially pluripotent cells is useful for developing tools used, for example, during a reprogramming experiment, and helps an unmet need of quickly or accurately identifying pluripotent cells from a mixture of a variety of cells at various stages of reprogramming. 
         [0021]    In a reprogramming experiment, cells generally proceed from a differentiated state to a partially differentiated state to a pluripotent state. By using markers identified in this disclosure, one of skill in the art would be able to monitor the journey of a cell along its path, possibly in either direction (towards differentiation or dedifferentiation), based on the appearance and/or disappearance of one or more candidate markers identified herein. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment, CD44 was identified as a suitable pluripotent marker as it is highly expressed in mouse and human fibroblasts and in partially reprogrammed fibroblasts, but is negligible or absent in ESCs and iPSCs, thus making it a good differential marker that can distinguish between these cell types. This differential profile of CD44 was further exploited to identify and separate a fully reprogrammed cell from a mixture of parental fibroblast and partially reprogrammed fibroblasts, using an anti-CD44 antibody attached to a bead or a solid support. Such quick and efficient separation techniques enable cleaner reprogrammed cell preparations particularly needed for downstream clinical applications. This technology can also be used, for example, to monitor differentiation in real-time by utilizing a fluorescent stain, or a live stain and the monitoring of progression through the various stages of differentiation. In certain embodiments, markers such as CD44 may identify specific stages of a reprogramming workflow based, for example, on its expression (or level of expression) or absence of expression during reprogramming. 
         [0023]    Besides distinguishing between partially and fully reprogrammed cells, another useful application of CD44 differential expression is in MEF co-culture systems. In current feeder-dependent culture systems, PSCs, ESCs and iPSCs are co-cultured on a mitotically inactivated feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). MEFs are then separated from the final desired ESC or iPSC cell products by sequential passaging to get rid of the MEFs. This takes enormous time and resources and is tedious. Described herein are methods to perform a quick and single step separation technique of MEFs from iPSCS or ESCs. Based on the observation that CD44 is highly expressed in MEFs but not (or negligibly) in iPSCs and ESCs, the unwanted MEFs can be quickly eliminated from a preparation of fully reprogrammed fibroblast cells by using, for example, an anti-CD44 antibody linked bead or solid support. 
         [0024]    Other mesenchymal markers were also identified by comparative global transcriptome analysis of parental fibroblasts, ESCs and iPSCs and are shown in Table 1 and discussed in Example 1. 
         [0025]    In its broadest embodiment, the ability of markers such as beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, CD44, cadherin 11 and colectin 12, etc. to clearly distinguish pluripotent cells from non-pluripotent and/or partially pluripotent cells forms the basis for the development of compositions and methods for distinguishing between the above cells in a mixed cell population, or compositions and methods to separate one of more of the above cells from the rest of the cell mixture, or compositions and methods of evaluating agents that may modulate reprogramming by treating a somatic cell preparation with the agent for a sufficient time to permit (or inhibit) reprogramming; or compositions and methods of evaluating agents that may modulate differentiation by treating a pluripotent cell preparation with the agent for a sufficient time to permit (or inhibit) differentiation; staining the somatic cell preparation with an anti-CD44 antibody; and identifying a cell that shows a lack of staining with the anti-CD44 antibody. In some embodiments, a ligand is generated to a marker. In some embodiments, and in many exemplary embodiments described herein, the ligand is an antibody. However, as would be known by one of skill in the art, ligands other than antibodies will be substitutable in depending on the situation. 
         [0026]    In some embodiments, this difference in marker expression may be applied to various mammalian cells, such as cells from mouse, humans, rats, guinea pigs, primates, chicken, pig, dog, etc. In a particular embodiment, this difference can be applied to specific types of cells, for example, mesenchymal cells, and more particularly to cells such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, blood cells, etc. In certain embodiments, this differential expression can be harnessed to develop tools that aid in the elimination, for example, of MEFs from ESC and iPSC culture, or for the generation of a more homogeneous ESC/iPSC (or pluripotent) populations for downstream applications using, for example, Dynal® MyOne™ Streptavidin magnetic beads to bind to biotin labeled CD44 antibody and pulling away unwanted MEF or non-reprogrammed or partially reprogrammed cells away thus forming a more homogeneous population of pluripotent cells (i.e. ESCs or iPSCs etc.). In other embodiments, any CD44-specific ligand system can be used to separate MEF cells or non-reprogrammed or partially reprogrammed cells to form a more homogeneous population of pluripotent cells (i.e. ESCs or iPSCs etc.). In one embodiment, this (or other methods and compositions described herein) are applied to cells during or after the transdifferentiation process. 
         [0027]    In another embodiment, CD44 differential staining can be used during early reprogramming to better identify unreprogrammed, partially reprogrammed and fully reprogrammed colonies by using an anti-CD44-fluorescent labeled antibody. In further embodiments, additional uses of markers such as CD44 in stem cell applications could include: (i) any marker—antibody coated Dynal beads (such as, anti-CD44 antibody coated magnetic beads) to capture epithelial cells from body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine etc. as a noninvasive method for cell collection for genetic analysis, forensic analysis, clinical analysis, etc., or for any use where somatic cells are necessary for reprogramming; (ii) creation of a suspension, feeder-dependent ESCs or iPSC culture system by immobilizing anti-marker antibody (such as, antiCD44 antibody coated on any bead) and capturing inactivated MEF cells on the beads to create a MEF suspension bead system for ESCs or iPSC culture; (iii) creating an efficient way to generate conditioned media by using an ESCs or iPSC suspension culture system described above in (ii); (iv) identifying and evaluating a test agent that may enhance or regress differentiation. 
         [0028]    To identify an agent that causes or regresses or turns back differentiation, an exemplary workflow may involve using a fluorescent labeled or live stain-labeled antibody directed to a differential marker such as, for example, CD44 to identify and visualize partial and/or fully differentiated cells in real time after treatment with the test or candidate agent. One of skill in the art would know, based on the teachings of this disclosure, to follow somatic cell dedifferentiation or stem cell differentiation, or, to follow the progression of a stem cell through various stages of differentiation to a pluripotent cell, such as, through partial pluripotency, finally to a fully pluripotent cell (and vice versa), with or without treatment with a test agent. Using such methods, agents capable of increasing/decreasing the efficiency, speed and quality of differentiation may be identified. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, a method is described for identifying a pluripotent cell within a mixture of cells, the method comprising contacting the mixture of cells with an antibody wherein the antibody has the capacity to bind a differentiated cell or a partially reprogrammed cell but does not bind the pluripotent cell; visualizing the antibody; and identifying the pluripotent cell based on the lack of antibody binding. In one embodiment, the antibody is directed towards CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 or colectin 12. In one embodiment, the antibody is directed towards CD44. 
         [0030]    In one embodiment, the antibody is linked to a marker that allows direct visualization. In one embodiment, the method further comprises identifying the differentiated cell or the partially reprogrammed cell based on antibody binding. In one embodiment, the mixture of cells is evaluated or characterized based on the proportion of pluripotent, differentiated and partially reprogrammed cells in the mixture. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, a method is described for identifying a differentiated cell or a partially reprogrammed cell within a mixture of cells, the method comprising contacting the mixture of cells with an antibody wherein the antibody has the capacity to bind a differentiated cell or a partially reprogrammed cell but does not bind the pluripotent cell; visualizing the antibody; and identifying the differentiated cell or the partially reprogrammed cell based on antibody binding wherein the antibody is directed towards CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 or colectin 12. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, a method is described for evaluating the ability of an agent to affect the progress of a cell from a differentiated or partially reprogrammed state to a pluripotent state, the method comprising identifying the pluripotency state of the cell in the presence of the agent and comparing the result to that seen in the absence of the agent. 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, a method is described for evaluating the ability of an agent to affect the progress of a cell from a pluripotent state to a differentiated or partially differentiated state, the method comprising identifying the pluripotency state of the cell in the presence of the agent and comparing the result to that seen in the absence of the agent. 
         [0034]    In one embodiment of the described methods, the cell is a mammalian cell. In one embodiment, the cell is, for example, human, mouse, rat, monkey, pig, dog, or guinea pig. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, a method is described for separating a pluripotent cell from a mixture comprising the pluripotent cell and a differentiated cell or a partially reprogrammed cell or both, the method comprising contacting the mixture of cells with an antibody wherein the antibody is bound to a solid surface; separating the pluripotent cell from the mixture based on it not binding to the solid surface wherein the antibody is directed towards CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 or colectin 12. In one embodiment, the solid surface is selected from the group comprising a bead, a plate, or a slide. In one embodiment, the method results in an enriched population of pluripotent cells as compared to the mixture. In one embodiment, the method is performed during a reprogramming of the mixture of cells. In one embodiment, the method is performed on a patient sample. In one embodiment, the bead is a Dynal bead. 
         [0036]    In one embodiment, a composition is described comprising an antibody and a cell preparation wherein the antibody is directed towards CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 or colectin 12. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises a solid support. In one embodiment, the cell preparation comprises a pluripotent cell, a differentiated cell or a partially reprogrammed cell or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises an exogenously introduced reprogramming factor. In one embodiment the antibody is conjugated to a drug or other active agent capable of affecting the cell (i.e. affecting viability etc.). 
         [0037]    In one embodiment, a method is described for diagnosis of the differentiation state of a cell, the method comprising identifying the expression level of a marker in a cell, the marker selected from the group consisting of CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 and colectin 12 and wherein the expression of the marker identifies the cell as a differentiated or partially differentiated cell or the lack of expression of the marker identifies the cell as a pluripotent cell. In one embodiment, the determined pluripotency (or partial or lack thereof) of a cell may correlate with a certain prognosis or a certain treatment regime. Such a correlation would be ascertainable and/or known by one of skill in the art. 
         [0038]    In one embodiment, a method is described for enhancing reprogramming of a cell towards pluripotency, the method comprising the inhibition of the expression of a marker gene wherein the gene is selected from the group consisting of CD44, beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, cadherin 11 and colectin 12. In one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing at least one reprogramming factor (i.e. nucleic acid, small molecule, protein etc.) into the cell. In another embodiment, differentiation (or loss of pluripotency) is induced or enhanced by expression of these marker genes. 
         [0039]    In one embodiment, inhibition of gene expression can refer to inhibition of any step in the production of protein from a nucleic acid capable of encoding such a protein (or proteins). 
         [0040]    In one embodiment, the ability to distinguish pluripotent (i.e. fully reprogrammed or ESC or other stem cell types) from less pluripotent cells (i.e. partially reprogrammed or differentiated cell types) will be a critical step in methods known to one of skill in the art. Such embodiments are envisioned herein. In one embodiment, such methods include the administration of an agent to a cell preparation (or patient) and the analysis of the cell population (i.e. before and after administration) where that analysis can measure whether the agent affects the proportion of cells exhibiting a particular level of pluripotency (i.e. zero to full). In one embodiment, the agent is selected based on its ability to impact the activity of a marker identified herein. 
         [0041]    In one embodiment, a kit is described for performing a method described herein, the kit comprising at least on element described as used in the method. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Identification of a Differential Markers by Global Gene Expression Data 
       [0042]    Exemplary markers were identified by global transcriptome analysis of human fibroblast BJ cells (ATCC #CRL-2522) and their expression was compared to H9 ESC (WiCell) and CytoTune-generated iPSC reprogrammed cell lines, as shown below in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AVGSignal- 
                 AVGSignal- 
                 x upreg- 
                 x upreg- 
               
               
                 Surface 
                   
                   
                   
                 AVG 
                 H9 ESC 
                 BS3C iPSC 
                 ulation 
                 ulation 
               
               
                 protein 
                 TargetID 
                 binds to 
                 LifeTech Ab 
                 Signal-BJ 
                 on iMEF 
                 on iMEF 
                 over ESC 
                 over iPSC 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Beta2 
                 B2M 
                   
                 yes, against 
                 37142 
                 2308 
                 1691 
                 16 
                 22 
               
               
                 microglobulin 
                   
                   
                 human 
               
               
                 endosailin 
                 CD248 
                 collagen and fibronectin 
                   
                 13897 
                 354 
                 339 
                 39 
                 41 
               
               
                 CD44 
                 CD44 
                 hyaluronic acid and other 
                 conj (incl 
                 8652 
                 294 
                 318.8 
                 29 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ligands, such as osteopontin, 
                 biotin) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 collagens, and matrix 
               
               
                   
                   
                 metalloproteinases 
               
               
                 Cadherin 11 
                 CDH11 
                 CDH2? 
                   
                 18365 
                 822 
                 448.1 
                 22 
                 41 
               
               
                 Colectin12 
                 COLEC12 
                 carbohydrates including Gal-type 
                   
                 12256 
                 1043 
                 590.5 
                 12 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ligands, D-galactose, L- and D- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fucose, GalNAc, T and Tn 
               
               
                   
                   
                 antigens in a calcium-dependent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 manner and internalizes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 specifically GalNAc nurse-like 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cells. Binds also to sialyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Lewis X or a trisaccaride and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 asialo-orosomucaid (ASOR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    The data was generated using humanWG-6 v3.0 BeadChip Array (Illumina), and a few other markers that also showed differential expression were identified, and are listed above in Table 1. Markers that were differentially expressed in BJ fibroblasts (col. 5) compared to H9 ESCs (col. 6) and CytoTune-derived iPSC cell lines (col. 7) were beta 2 microglobulin, endosialin, CD44, cadherin 11 and colectin 12. These candidate markers showed &gt;10 fold upregulation of each marker&#39;s expression when comparing it to BJ fibroblast expression. Of these, CD44 was of particular interest and was studied further as it was highly expressed in both human and mouse fibroblasts, and could easily be detected using the IM7 monoclonal antibody clone against CD44. CD44 showed about 29 fold more expression in BJ fibroblasts than in ESCs (col. 8), and about 27 fold more expression in BJ fibroblasts than in iPSCs (col. 9), making it an ideal marker to distinguish between pluripotent and non-pluripotent cells. 
       Example 2 
     Confirmation of the Differential Pattern of CD44 Expression in Parental Fibroblasts and iPSCs 
       [0044]    CD44 is highly expressed in human fibroblasts, a somatic cell type most commonly used as the parental cell type for reprogramming. Consequently, anti CD44 antibody (BD Pharminogen, Cat#550538 or Life Technologies Cat #RM5700) conjugated with AF 488 (Life Technologies, Cat#A11006) showed robust staining ( FIG. 1   a : left panel). In contrast, iPSC derived from BJ-fibroblast do not stain positive with anti-CD44-AF 488 although the edges of the colonies that are differentiated do show relatively higher labeling ( FIG. 1   a : right panel). FACS analysis of fibroblasts and iPSC stained with anti-CD44-AF488 showed a distinct separation of the robust positive BJ fibroblasts (with ˜1000 arbitrary fluorescence units) and the negative iPSC (with &lt;10 arbitrary fluorescence units—data not shown). 
         [0045]      FIG. 1(   b ) shows the reprogramming of parental fibroblasts and the visualization of the emerging iPSCs using a live monitoring system. Parental BJ human fibroblasts were reprogrammed with CytoTune™-iPS reprogramming kit (Life Technologies, Cat #A1378001) under feeder-free culture conditions. 
         [0046]    Cells were stained with anti-CD44-AF 488 antibody and 36 independent images were captured using the INCUCYTE™ live monitoring system (Essen BioScience, Michigan, USA). Emerging iPSCs, observed as dark holes within a lawn of CD44-AF488-positive cells (unreprogrammed and partially reprogrammed cells that stain positive for the CD44 marker), were marked with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 on the images. 
       Example 3 
     CD44 can Distinguish Between Fully Reprogrammed Fibroblasts and Partially Reprogrammed Fibroblasts 
       [0047]    To further examine if CD44 can be utilized to distinguish unreprogrammed and partially reprogrammed cells from completely reprogrammed cells, BJ fibroblasts reprogrammed with CytoTune™-iPS reprogramming kit for 3 weeks were stained with anti-CD44-AF 488 antibody and with two known pluripotent markers, Oct4 (Life Technologies, Cat #A13998) and Tra-1-81 (Life Technologies, Cat #411100).  FIG. 2  shows colonies with distinct ESC like morphology stained negative for CD44 and positive for the pluripotent specific markers. Interestingly, heterogeneous colonies show clear separation of the Oct4+/TRA1-81+/CD44− reprogrammed areas and Oct4+/TRA-1-81−/CD44+ unreprogrammed/partially reprogrammed cells. Dual staining of pluripotent specific antibody Oct4 or Tra-1-81 (red) and fibroblast specific CD44 (green) in BJ fibroblasts reprogrammed with CytoTune for 3 weeks. 
       Example 4 
     Utilization of Differential CD44 Expression to Separate Parent Fibroblasts from Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) 
       [0048]    To provide proof of concept for utilization of CD44 differential expression in the reprogramming workflow, well-established iPSC clones were mixed with BJ human fibroblasts. These two cell populations showed clear separation by FACS analysis as seen in  FIG. 3 , where CD44+/SSEA4− BJ fibroblasts and CD44−/SSEA4+ iPSC showed distinct scatter patterns (left panel). Following treatment of cells with anti-CD44 antibody coupled to biotin (BD Pharmingen, Cat#553132), incubation with Dynal® MyOne™ Streptavidin magnetic beads, and subsequently the antibody bound fraction was pulled down with a magnet. The remaining unbound fraction was removed in the supernatant and subjected to incubation with CD44 antibody conjugated to AF 488 and SSEA4-AF 647 antibody (Life Technologies, Cat SSEA4-421). As observed in  FIG. 3 , the CD44+/SSEA4− BJ fibroblast cell population was completely eliminated from the iPSC population with over a 99% removal percentage of fibroblast cells from a heterogeneous mixture of fibroblastic and iPSC cells. 
       Example 5 
     Confirmation of the Differential Pattern of CD44 Expression in Parental Fibroblasts and MEFs 
       [0049]    Murine Embryonic fibroblasts or MEFs are commonly used as feeders for feeder-dependent culture of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) such as human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The feeder-layer is mitotically inactivated with Mitomycin C or via irradiation so the cells do not proliferate but provide support to the growing PSC. In instances where MEF needs to be removed from the cultures, cells are passaged on to feeder-free conditions in the presence of MEF conditioned media for a generation to dilute out the residual MEF. This process adds time and variables to the culture and hence not ideal for certain applications. An appealing alternative would be physical removal of MEFs from the PSC culture to result in an enriched population of cells of interest that can then be utilized for downstream use or analysis. A tool that preferentially eliminates fibroblasts could also offer a valuable tool to remove parental fibroblasts during the process of somatic reprogramming. The intermediate steps during reprogramming consist of a combination of unreprogrammed parental fibroblasts, partially reprogrammed and completely reprogrammed cells. Markers that would discriminate the different stages will allow for elimination of the unwanted cells from the reprogrammed cells. 
         [0050]    In order to test the pattern of CD44 expression in fibroblasts versus PSCs, anti-CD44 antibodies were coupled with secondary antibody tagged to AlexaFluor488, and were used to stain MEF feeder cells alone, and undifferentiated H9 ESCs cultured on MEF feeders. Robust expression was observed in MEFs while ESCs remains unstained ( FIGS. 4   a  and  b ). MEF showed bright anti-CD44-AF488 signal (˜1000 arbitrary fluorescence units) while ESC showed an absence of antiCD44-AF488 signal (&lt;10 arbitrary fluorescence units). 
       Example 6 
     Utilization of Differential CD44 Expression to Separate Parent Fibroblasts from MEFs in Co-Culture 
       [0051]    Since CD44 was differentially expressed in MEFs and PSCs, use of an antibody or a ligand that bound to CD44 was used for the separation of MEFs from ESCs providing an easy and efficient way to separate ESCs from MEFs. This simple step negates the current practice of having to culture the cells under feeder-free conditions for 1-2 passages to dilute down the MEF feeders thus adding time and variability. Anti CD44 antibody conjugated to biotin in combination with Dynal® Streptavidin magnetic bead was used to successfully separate MEF from PSC via magnetic pull down of the Dynal® Streptavidin magnetic bead thus pulling down the bound CD44 expressing MEF away from the unbound PSC ( FIG. 5 ). FACS scatter plot analysis further demonstrated the clear separation of CD44 stained MEFs (CD44+/SSEA4− MEFs) and ESC (CD44−/SSEA4+ iPSCs), which were depleted over 90% following treatment with anti-CD44 antibody conjugated to biotin in combination with Dynal® Streptavidin magnetic beads, which was pulled down with a magnet ( FIG. 5 ). 
       Example 7 
     Alternate Methods for Capturing CD44 on Fibroblasts 
       [0052]    An additional advantage of generating a differential expression list is that specific markers of choice can be selected, such as surface markers for enrichment, genes specific to key pathways etc. With surface markers, besides antibodies specific to the markers, ligands may be utilized for the enrichment or depletion. For example, hyaluronic acid is known to bind to CD44. Hyaluronic acid can be used in solution or may be coated on surfaces to create a binding surface for trapping CD44 positive cells. 
         [0053]    The relatively higher adherence of fibroblast to plastic can be harnessed to preferentially bind fibroblasts to eliminate them from co-cultures with ESC. This method achieves about &lt;50% depletion thus necessitating multiple rounds of depletion ( FIG. 6 ). Plastic dishes coated with CD44 antibody or hyaluronic acid (HA) can be used to increase this efficiency significantly (Experiments in progress). High adherence of fibroblasts may result in greater attachment of these cells to plastic surfaces or beads in a shorter period of time compared to ESCs, but may be achieved by less than 50%. This feature could be significantly enhanced by coating surface with CD44 antibody or more cost-effective method of using a CD44 ligand such as hyaluronic acid. 
       Example 8 
     Comparison of CD44 Expression with Other Mesenchymal Specific Markers 
       [0054]    Gene expression from multiple samples were grouped into the following four categories: (1) parent human fibroblasts (negative control) (n=2); (2) H9 ESC (positive control) (n=4); (3) true iPSC clones (n=8, 7 CytoTune-derived+1 episomal-derived)—passed the cellular criteria and the PluriTest; and, (4) partially reprogrammed clones (n=2)—failed the PluriTest and did not form EBS (embryoid bodies). Differential expression of well known pluripotent markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) and E-cadherin (CDH1) were analyzed and compared to housekeeping gene ACTB-beta actin expression (control) amongst parental cells, partially reprogrammed and fully reprogrammed cells. They were included to demonstrate the expression of high levels of these transcripts in pluripotent ESC and iPSC lines but not in the negative control or partially reprogrammed cells. Since CD44 is also a known mesenchymal marker, other mesenchymal/fibroblast markers such as CD90 and CD13 were also analyzed (Table 2). High expression is marked in red. As seen from Table 2 and  FIG. 7 , CD44 expression (red bar) is high, not only in parental BJ fibroblasts, but also in partially reprogrammed iPSCs, but is low in completely reprogrammed iPSCs and in the positive control, the H9 ESC cell. Therefore, compared to other mesenchymal markers like CD13 and CD90, CD44 is a preferred marker to clearly help distinguish between partial pluripotency and complete pluripotency. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Expression levels of known pluripotent and mesenchymal 
               
               
                 markers in grouped samples as shown below. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 House 
                   
                 Non-Pluripotent 
               
               
                   
                 Keeping 
                 Pluripotent 
                 Mesenchymal specific 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Samples 
                 ACTB 
                 ALPL 
                 CDH1 
                 CD13 
                 CD44 
                 CD90 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Negative Control 
                 BJ 
                 22667 
                 168 
                 117 
                 1530 
                 2748 
                 8802 
               
               
                 Human Fibroblast 
                 BJ P7 
                 60036 
                 431 
                 187 
                 5665 
                 8652 
                 1469 
               
               
                 Positive Control 
                 H9 ESC 
                 23043 
                 4943 
                 989 
                 130 
                 280 
                 1693 
               
               
                 H9 ESC 
                 H9 ESC PS3 
                 59895 
                 7800 
                 4633 
                 253 
                 294 
                 2474 
               
               
                   
                 ff H9 
                 16046 
                 2858 
                 4017 
                 126 
                 118 
                 2180 
               
               
                   
                 ff H9 ESC P53ff8 
                 61756 
                 7881 
                 9197 
                 283 
                 189 
                 2280 
               
               
                 Completely 
                 Ep iP5C 
                 22214 
                 5078 
                 2355 
                 134 
                 370 
                 2015 
               
               
                 Reprogrammed iPSC 
                 BS1-D P16 
                 22015 
                 8808 
                 3591 
                 146 
                 286 
                 2259 
               
               
                   
                 BS1-F P16 
                 19887 
                 6203 
                 3596 
                 142 
                 240 
                 2414 
               
               
                   
                 BS1-L P16 
                 21287 
                 6518 
                 3236 
                 127 
                 255 
                 2101 
               
               
                   
                 BS3-C P11 
                 21280 
                 3477 
                 3298 
                 146 
                 204 
                 2008 
               
               
                   
                 BS3-C P32 
                 57159 
                 9239 
                 8555 
                 237 
                 319 
                 1419 
               
               
                   
                 BS3-LLL P17 
                 49472 
                 15376 
                 21542 
                 289 
                 523 
                 113 
               
               
                   
                 BS3-III P16 
                 50444 
                 20565 
                 24226 
                 281 
                 254 
                 1097 
               
               
                 Partially 
                 BS3-III P5 
                 21762 
                 226 
                 108 
                 137 
                 4640 
                 112 
               
               
                 Reprogrammed iPSC 
                 BS3-LLL P5 
                 22483 
                 193 
                 101 
                 132 
                 4493 
                 1076 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    CD13 marker (see U.S. appl, No. US2011/0306516) has been used as a depletion marker to remove un-reprogrammed cells in combination with positive pluripotent markers by FACS sorting. However, as seen from Table 2 and  FIG. 7 , CD13 does not seem to distinguish well between partially reprogrammed and fully reprogrammed iPSC cells. While CD13 does not seem to distinguish between partially reprogrammed iPSC and fully reprogrammed cells ( FIG. 7 , blue bars), CD44 seems to distinguish between the two discrete states ( FIG. 7 , red bars) thereby providing a better handle to identify and select bonafide iPSC clones. US2011/0306516 describes CD13 in combination with TRA for specific enrichment of reprogrammed cells. Based on gene expression data analysis, CD13 is not differentially expressed between partially reprogrammed and reprogrammed cells. 
         [0056]    Another commercially available product from Miltenyi Biotec is specific only for fibroblasts and does not distinguish between partially and fully reprogrammed cells. One of the anti fibroblast microbeads (Miltenyibiotec#1 30-050-60 1) is a specific for a known fibroblast marker LNG FR (CD271), that is also a well known MSC marker utilized for its isolation from bone marrow. (Jones, E. A. et al. (2007) Purification of proliferative and multipotential marrow stromal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow aspirate by selection for CD271 (LNGFR) expression.  MACS  &amp;  more  11-1: 22-25). 
         [0057]    Whole gene expression data generated from parental human fibroblasts (black bar), pluripotent ESC (blue bar) and iPSC clones (pink bar) that were confirmed to be pluripotent and clones that expressed pluripotency but failed to differentiate thus constituting partially reprogrammed cells (orange bar) was used to determine the transcript levels of the markers currently used for fibroblast detection. This suggests that although CD271 may be a good marker for MSC isolation, it is not for the iPSC workflow and its features do not compete with CD44. Similarly, the mouse Feeder removal Microbeads from Miltenyi Bitotec (Miltenyibiotec#130-095-531) is a mouse specific marker with intended use of removal of murine embryonic fibroblast feeder cells from feeder-dependent ESC and iPSC cultures. It does not compete with CD44 since it is species specific to mouse and not applicable to human cells. A summary of the comparative expression of three fibroblastic markers CD44, CD271 and CD13 is shown in  FIG. 9 . While CD44 was highly expressed in MEFs, parental cells and partially reprogrammed cells, it was poorly expressed in PSC, thus making in an ideal marker to differentiate, both, between MEF feeder cells and pluripotent cells, as well as between partially reprogrammed cells and fully reprogrammed cells. On the other hand, fibroblast markers CD271 and CD13 failed to clearly differentiate between partially reprogrammed cells and fully reprogrammed cells as seen in  FIG. 9 . Therefore, this property of CD44 of identifying pluripotency over other cells like MEFs, parental cells and partially reprogrammed cells meets an unmet need in the workflow of a stem cell researcher/user. 
         [0058]    The examples were intended to illustrate, but not limit, certain embodiments of the disclosure. One skilled in the art will understand that various modifications are readily available and can be performed without substantial change in the way the invention works. All such modifications are specifically intended to be within the scope of the invention claimed herein.