Abstract:
A pseudo-chaotic coding/modulation method. The coding method exploits symbolic dynamics of a chaotic map at the transmitter to encode data. The encoding synthesizes the chaotic map based upon the data to be transmitted. In a preferred embodiment, pseudo-chaotic iterates are generated from a digital implementation of a Bernoulli shift map. The output of the shift map is translated by a mapping, preferably implemented by a digital signal processor, to allow transitions between states in a transmitted signal to differ, and the translated map is used to drive a modulator (for example PPM, FSK, PSK, QAM, etc.). In the specific case of pulse-position modulation (PPM) the translated map is used to modulate pulse train positions within a periodic synchronization frame. The preferred embodiment uses a shift register to implement an approximation of the Bernoulli shift map acting as a form of convolutional code with a number of states equal to the symbolic states defined on the chaotic map. A receiver may use fewer states and still decode the data signal, allowing receiver scalability.

Description:
[0001] This invention was made with government assistance provided by the Army Research Office (DAAG55-98-1-0269). The government has certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The field of the invention is data communication. The invention is particularly applicable to ultra-wide bandwidth impulse-radio communication systems.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The continually increasing reliance on wireless forms of communication creates reliability and privacy problems. Data should be reliably transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver. In particular, the communication should be resistant to noise, interference, and possibly to interception by unintended parties.  
           [0004]    In the last few years there has been a rapidly growing interest in ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) impulse radio (IR) communication systems. These systems make use of ultra-short duration pulses that yield ultra-wide bandwidth signals characterized by extremely low power spectral densities. UWB-IR systems are particularly promising for short-range wireless communications as they combine reduced complexity with low power consumption, low probability of detection (LPD), immunity to multipath fading, and multi-user capabilities. Current UWB-IR communication systems employ pseudo-random noise (PN) coding for channelization purposes and pulse-position modulation (PPM) for encoding the binary information.  
           [0005]    Others have proposed a periodic sequences of pulses in the context of chaos-based communication system. Additional work has relied upon the self-synchronizing properties of two chaotic systems. In such a system, data is modulated into pulse trains using variable time delays and is decodable by a coherent receiver having a chaotic generator matched to the generator used in the transmitter. Such system is known in the art as a Chaotic Pulse Position Modulation (CPPM) scheme.  
           [0006]    Such chaotic dynamical systems have been proposed to address the problem of communication privacy. Chaotic signals exhibit a broad continuous spectrum and have been studied in connection with spread-spectrum applications. The irregular nature of a chaotic signal makes it difficult to intercept and decode. In many instances a chaotic signal will be indistinguishable from noise and interference to receivers not having knowledge of the chaotic signal used for transmission. In the context of UWB systems the use of nonperiodic (chaotic) codes enhances the spread-spectrum characteristics of the system by removing the spectral features of the signal transmitted. This results in a lower probability of interception/detection (LPI/LPD) and possibly less interference towards other users. This makes the chaos-based communication systems attractive.  
           [0007]    There remains a need for improved chaotic coding/modulation methods to produce such attractive communication systems. It is an object of the invention to meet that need.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The invention is a pseudo-chaotic coding/modulation method. The coding method of the invention exploits symbolic dynamics of a chaotic map at the transmitter to encode data. This produces an encoding system that synthesizes the chaotic map based upon the data to be transmitted.  
           [0009]    In a preferred embodiment, pseudo-chaotic iterates are generated from a digital implementation of a Bernoulli shift map. The output of the shift map is translated by a mapping, preferably implemented by a digital signal processor, to allow transitions between states in a transmitted signal to differ, and the translated map is used to drive a modulator (for example PPM, FSK, PSK, QAM, etc.). In the specific case of pulse- position modulation (PPM) the translated map is used to modulate pulse train positions within a periodic synchronization frame. The preferred embodiment uses a shift register to implement an approximation of the Bernoulli shift map acting as a form of convolutional code with a number of states equal to the symbolic states defined on the chaotic map. A receiver may use fewer states and still decode the data signal, allowing receiver scalability.  
           [0010]    A preferred transmitter accepts digital data for coding. The digital data is allocated to symbolic states according to a chaotic map. The pseudo-chaotically coded data is converted to analog form and modulated into synchronization frames in a transmitted signal.  
           [0011]    Another preferred embodiment accepts digital data for coding. The digital data is encoded by applying a chaotic map having N states, where N=2 M , with M being the number of bits in the shift register implementing the Bernoulli shift map. The symbolic states are defined on the chaotic map according to a Markov partition and the sequence of the states constitutes the encoder output. The pseudo-chaotically coded data is converted to analog form and modulated to produce a modulated signal for transmission.  
           [0012]    The preferred embodiments thus include features to produce useful coding, decoding, and modulation methods. Artisans will understand the important features may be applied to communication systems in different ways while still realizing advantages of the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent by reference to the detailed description and the drawings, of which:  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a preferred pseudo-chaotic coding/modulation method of the invention;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 illustrates a Bernoulli shift map with the definition of the symbolic dynamics in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3( a ) illustrates implementation of the Bernoulli shift map through the M-bit shift register and D/A converter of FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3( b ) illustrates the effect on state quantization by the shift register of FIG. 3( a ) with M=4;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 illustrates an effect of a Gray/binary translation from the Bernoulli shift map to a tent map;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 illustrates a preferred periodic synchronization frame for the modulation conducted by the transmitter of FIG. 1 when pulse-position modulation is used;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 shows the tent map having the same definition of the symbolic dynamics as in FIG. 2 and illustrating the symbolic states definition according to a Markov partition with N=8 states;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 illustrates the transition state diagram associated to the dynamics of the tent map with the state definition illustrated in FIG. 6; and  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 illustrates the trellis diagram associated with the transition state diagram of FIG. 7.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]    Referring now to FIG. 1, a preferred embodiment system constructed according to the invention includes a transmitter/encoder  10  that communicates with at least one receiver/decoder  12  over a channel  14 , typically (but not necessarily) a wireless channel. The encoder  10  accepts a data stream and transmits data into the channel  14  using a pseudo-chaotic encoding. In the preferred embodiment, coding is conducted primarily by a shift register  16  that implements an approximation of a Bernoulli shift and a digital signal processor  18 . The digital signal processor translates dynamics of the Bernoulli shift register, while permitting simple transformations, e.g. a Gray/binary conversion, or the realization of more complex pseudo-chaotic maps, which might be used for spectral shaping purposes and/or to enhance maximum likelihood detection by the receiver/decoder  12 . Output from the digital signal processor is converted by a D/A converter and used to modulate data in a modulator  22 . In a preferred embodiment, pulse-position modulation is used in a periodic synchronization frame. In general, the symbolic dynamics approach enables realization of a Viterbi detector  24  in the receiver with a number NR of states lower than the levels in the transmitter.  
         [0024]    I. Encoding  
         [0025]    A. Shift Map In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1, the shift register  16  implements a shift of an incoming bit stream. In considering the preferred embodiment and the implemented shift, symbolic dynamics theory will be helpful in aiding understanding of the invention. We first consider the shift map and resulting symbolic dynamics. Σ 2  indicates the symbol space of binary “0”s and “1”s, that is Σ 2 ={(s 0 s 1 s 2  . . . ):s i =0 or s i =1}. Then, the shift map Σ 2 →Σ 2  is defined in Equation (1) as:  
         σ(s 0 s 1 s 2  . . . )= s   2 s 3   (1)  
         [0026]    that is the shift map simply “forgets” the first entry in a sequence, and shifts all other entries one position to the left. Incidentally, the shift map is perhaps the simplest example of chaotic dynamics and it possesses all the peculiar features of chaotic systems.  
         [0027]    An equivalent way of studying the shift map is to represent the state x of the corresponding discrete (one-dimensional) dynamical system as a binary expansion, as in Equation (2):  
             x   =         0   ·     b   1            b   2          b   3                   …                ≡       ∑     j   =   1     ∞            2     -   j            b   j                   (   2   )                               
 
         [0028]    where each of the bits b j  is either a “0” or a “1”, and xε[0,1]. Then, the effect of the shift map applied to the binary sequence {b j } j=1   ∞  is described by the so-called Bernoulli shift map of Equation (3):  
           x   k+1 =2x k   mod  1  (3)  
         [0029]    A graph representing the Bernoulli shift map is shown in FIG. 2. Referring to Equation (3), successive iterates of x are obtained by moving the separating point one position to the right (multiplication by 2) and setting to zero the first integer digit (modulo operation). Hence, digits which are initially far to the right of the separating point, and thus have only a very slight influence on the value of x eventually become the first fractional digit. In sum, a small change of the initial conditions eventually makes a large change in x k , confirming the sensitivity to initial conditions of the chaotic Bernoulli shift.  
         [0030]    B. Symbolic Dynamics  
         [0031]    Symbolic dynamics may be defined as a “coarse-grained” description of the evolution of a dynamical system. The idea is to partition the state space and to associate a symbol to each partition. Then, a trajectory of the dynamical system can be analyzed as a symbolic sequence. In the case of the Bernoulli shift map, shown in FIG. 2, the state space is represented by the invariant interval I=[0,1]. As mentioned, the first step for characterizing the symbolic dynamics of a given dynamical system consists of introducing a proper partition of the state space. To ensure that the symbolic dynamics give rise to a topological Markov chain, a so-called Markov partition has to be selected. In the case of the Bernoulli shift map (with N=2), a Markov partition may be selected by simply splitting the interval I [0, 1] with respect to the critical point c=0.5 and, correspondingly, we define the two subintervals I 0 =[0, 0.5) and I 1 =[0.5, 1), as illustrated in FIG. 2.  
         [0032]    In order to obtain a symbolic description of the dynamics of the chaotic map under consideration, FIG. 2 associates the binary symbol “ 0 ” to the subinterval I 0  and the symbol “1” to the subinterval I 1 . Then, the evolution of the state of the Bernoulli map can be described in terms of a symbolic sequence S={010010 . . . }.  
         [0033]    C. Shift Register and DSP  
         [0034]    The basic idea behind the symbolic dynamics encoder  26 , which includes the shift register  16 , DSP  18 , and D/A converter  20  in FIG. 1, is that the Bernoulli shift process may be implemented by means of an infinite length shift register R where at each step the most significant bit (MSB) is discarded. The shift operation corresponds to a multiplication by a factor 2, while discarding the MSB at each step is equivalent to a modulo 1 operation.  
         [0035]    A practical shift register, of course, has finite length and on the other hand it is impossible to specify the initial conditions with infinite precision. Encoding binary data exploiting the Bernoulli shift map requires consideration of a finite-length shift register R that is fed with a binary data stream c(k) to be transmitted. We assign the most recent bit of data the least significant bit (LSB) position in the shift register  16 . At each step (or clock impulse) the new bit of data is copied into the LSB position of the shift register while the (old) MSB is discarded. The situation is depicted in FIG. 3( a ).  
         [0036]    We assume that the binary data stream c(k) feeding the shift register is an i.i.d. (independently identically distributed) sequence. A randomization of a data stream may be obtained, if desirable, by use of a data compressor and/or a data scrambler  28 , as shown in the preferred FIG. 1 embodiment, to pre-code the data stream prior to entry into the shift register  16 .  
         [0037]    1. State Quantization  
         [0038]    In practice, due to the finite length of the shift register R, the dynamics of the Bernoulli shift can only be approximated, as the admissible states assume only discrete values. Namely, by considering a M-bit shift register, the generic state x can be expressed as:  
             x   =         0   ·     b   1            b   2                   …                   b   M                  ≡       ∑     j   =   1     M            2     -   j            b   j                   (   4   )                               
 
         [0039]    to be compared with Equation (2), where b 1  and b M  represent the MSB and the LSB, respectively. Obviously, the approximation can be made arbitrarily precise by increasing the length M of the shift register. The effect of the state quantization on the Bernoulli shift map is shown in FIG. 3( b ), for the case M=4.  
         [0040]    D. Control of Chaos in the Transmitter  
         [0041]    The preferred embodiment transmitter implements a form of predictive control with respect to the symbolic dynamics of the Bernoulli shift, with the state definition given by Equation (4). The symbolic dynamics of the Bernoulli shift with the Markov partition are determined solely by the successive values of the MSB in the shift register R. Referring to Equation (4), the first bit on the right of the separating point determines whether the iterate falls within I 0  or I 1  (the remaining bits deciding only the relative position within I j  with j=0, 1). The value of the MSB at step k coincides with the value of the LSB M steps before, at step (k−M). In turn, the LSB contains the current bit of data c(k). In this sense, the scheme is predictive in its nature.  
         [0042]    The present invention solves the control problem a priori, by direct “synthesis” of the pseudo-chaotic signal, starting from the binary data to be transmitted. From this perspective, the injection of a new bit of data in the LSB of the shift register  16  may be interpreted as a perturbation of the state of the dynamical system, in order to make it follow the desired symbolic sequence. The strength of the perturbation is of the order of 2 −M , thus can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the number M of bits of the shift register.  
         [0043]    E. Map Shaping/Translation  
         [0044]    The digital signal processor  18 , in FIG. 1, may be realized by a Gray/binary converter. The purpose of the Gray/binary conversion is to translate the dynamics of the Bernoulli shift map, given by Equation (3), into those of the tent map, described by:  
           x   k+1 =1−2|x k −0.5  (5)  
         [0045]    as illustrated in FIG. 4. This is done in order to achieve a greater robustness of the system in presence of noise by avoiding (zero-order) discontinuities in the map. The tent map has very similar dynamics to the Bernoulli shift map; in particular, both admit the same constant invariant density. Also, their symbolic dynamics with respect to the Markov partition can be related to each other.  
         [0046]    In the preferred embodiment, however, the digital signal processor  18  is capable of generating more complex chaotic maps. This may be useful for spectral shaping purposes and/or for enhancing the Maximum-Likelihood detection.  
         [0047]    F. Modulation to Produce a Transmitted Signal.  
         [0048]    The signal from the digital signal processor is transformed into an analog signal by the D/A converter  20 , which is used to drive the modulator  22 . In the case of PPM a constant offset is then added to this analog signal to form the modulation signal m(t) and used to drive a Pulse Position Modulator. Please note that the following two sections assume the modulator  22  conducts PPM.  
         [0049]    1. Synchronization Frame  
         [0050]    In the preferred embodiment, each pulse is allocated, according to the pseudo-chaotic modulation signal, within a periodic synchronization frame, as shown schematically in FIG. 5. This assumes the existence of a periodic reference (with period T f ) such that only one pulse train (or in the simplest case a single pulse) for each user (User A or User B in FIG. 5) is transmitted within each frame time T f , coinciding with the symbol period. In FIG. 5, each frame time includes a “guard” time interval, t g , (proportional to the constant offset) for avoiding overlapping between adjacent pulse trains. Each pulse can occur at any of N=2 M  (discrete) time instants, where M is the number of bits of the shift register  16  and of the D/A converter  20 . In FIG. 5, the timeslot corresponding to each level of the pulse-position modulation has been denoted by t s . Note that the value of t s  is limited from below by the system time-base resolution.  
         [0051]    Consider the case of data encoding in accordance with the symbolic dynamics of the tent map. Consider the exemplary partition with respect to the critical point c=0.5, and indicate with t c  the corresponding time delay from the beginning of the frame. Then, by indicating with t k  the relative time (again referred to the beginning of the frame) at which the k-th pulse train begins, if t k &lt;t c  a “0” is being transmitted, while a “1” is being transmitted if t k &gt;t c . The situation is shown in FIG. 5. The use of a synchronization frame enhances the robustness of coding in the presence of noise and spurious pulses by preventing error propagation phenomena.  
         [0052]    2. Multilevel PPM  
         [0053]    Modulation conducted in accordance with the invention may be considered a N-PPM multilevel modulation with input bit “coded” through the pseudo-chaotic map with rate 1/M, where M=log 2 (N), realizing a sort of random coded modulation. For every user bit, a number of M channel bits are transmitted and detected. NR indicates the number of levels at the receiver. According to the invention, this may differ from the number N of levels at the transmitter. In particular, the relation N R ≦N holds, allowing a certain degree of freedom in the design of the receiver  12 , and admitting classes of receivers having different complexity levels which are still capable of decoding a signal modulated in accordance with the invention.  
         [0054]    II. Decoding  
         [0055]    The receiver  12  decodes the signal from the channel  14 . The receiver  12  includes a demodulator  30 , a decoder  32  matched to the chaotic map, an output mapper and a decompression/descrambling block  34 .  
         [0056]    A. Pulse Position Demodulation  
         [0057]    In FIG. 1, the ideal detection of the incoming pulses (affected by noise) is achieved by a pulse position demodulator (PPD)  30  consisting of a pulse correlator matched to the pulse shape and a decision circuit. In the simple case of a single pulse per frame, the PPD  30  may be realized by an Integrate and Dump (I&amp;D) filter which estimates the position of the pulse within each frame time. We assume that a normalized signal d(t)εε[0, 1] is available as output of the PPD.  
         [0058]    B. Threshold Discriminator  
         [0059]    Demodulated data must be decoded by a decoder  32 . In the simplest case the demodulator output d(t) can be decoded by a simple threshold decoder. The decoder is followed by an output mapper  35  and a decompressor/descrambler  34 . A decision threshold  36  in the decoder  32  should be set according to the partition corresponding to N R =2, for example to the value c=0.5, coinciding with the critical point of the tent map as shown in FIG. 6.  
         [0060]    1. Coding for Noise Resistance  
         [0061]    With the threshold detection, it is reasonable to expect that most of the error events will originate from pulses corresponding to values of the pseudo-chaotic iterates close to the partition point of the tent map (c=0.5), separating the symbol “0” from the symbol “1”. To reduce this particular error event probability a noise “gap” may be created in the chaotic map around its partition point c. This can be obtained by a proper pre-encoding of the data, establishing forbidden sequences of bits. One possibility is to add a code that avoids series of consecutive zeros. This constraint is usually known as run-length limit constraint and denoted by RLL (0, k), where k indicates the maximum number of allowed consecutive zeros.  
         [0062]    C. Viterbi Detection/Maximum-Likelihood Estimation  
         [0063]    The Viterbi detector  24  performs a Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimation of the transmitted sequence. Other techniques for deriving a sub-optimal estimator for a chaotic process in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) may also be used.  
         [0064]    1. The Tent Map as a Markov Chain  
         [0065]    Consider again the Markov partition of the invariant interval I=[0, 1] of the tent map in N “states”. The situation is illustrated in FIG. 6, for the case N=8. From FIG. 6 , transitions between different states are governed by the dynamics of the map. In particular, only certain transitions (in this case two) are allowed from each state. For example, referring to FIG. 6 , it is clear that the interval corresponding to the state 1 can only map to itself or to the state 2. More precisely, the transition taking place depends on which subinterval associated with each state, the generic iterate x k  belongs to. These two possible transitions have been labeled with 0 and 1, respectively.  
         [0066]    Now, the Markov chain associated with the tent map (with the partition in FIG. 6) can be represented by means of an equivalent transition diagram, as illustrated in FIG. 7. The transition branches have been labeled according to the finer partition in subintervals, as discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 7 also shows (within a box) the value of the output corresponding to each state, according to the encoding of the data. The trellis corresponding to the transition diagram of FIG. 7 is shown in FIG. 8  
         [0067]    2. Detector Scalability  
         [0068]    An interesting feature of the invention is the possibility of realizing the Viterbi detector  24  with a number N R  of states lower than the states used by a transmitter to encode data. This is obtained simply by matching the Viterbi detector  24  at the receiver  12  to the map with a lower number of states. Given the transmitter number of states, N, there is a broad range of possibilities for decoding the signal produced by a transmitter implementing the invention. Receivers having Viterbi detectors with complexities N R =2, 4, 8, . . . N, are possible. This scalability property enables receivers having different complexities and performance to decode the same transmitted signal.  
         [0069]    3. Output Mapper/Decoding Other than Gray Conversion  
         [0070]    When a generic chaotic map is implemented by the DSP  18  in the transmitter  10 , the receiver  12  should include a further function after the detector  32  in order to exploit the scalability feature. This additional function reconstructs the transmitted message given the estimated sequence of states provided by the detector  32  itself. This function is an output mapper, that will be, in general, a finite state machine (FSM). For particular cases and for appropriate choices of the input/output labels of the encoding map like in the Bernoulli shift and in the tent map, this FSM is not necessary.  
         [0071]    III. Multi-User Access  
         [0072]    Artisans will appreciate that the invention is amenable of multi-user access. For example, in the case of PPM multiple-access of the channel may be realized by assigning different pulse trains for each user and correspondingly different matched filters at the receiver side. The situation is illustrated schematically in FIG. 5, showing pulse trains associated to two different users, User A and User B. Other multiplexing techniques, like for example time-division multiplexing (TDM), may be also utilized for multiple-access purposes.  
         [0073]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.  
         [0074]    Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.