Abstract:
A phase lock loop with an improved capture and lock characteristics. A first displacement error signal, a quadrature error signal, and a second displacement error signal arc generated, the second displacement error signal combining the benefits of the first displacement error signal and the quadrature error signal to more closely approximate an ideal error signal and avoid false lock.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to phase lock loops. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for improving the capture and lock characteristics of bi-phase phase lock loops. 
     A phase lock loop (PLL) is a circuit which effectively locks the phases of an input signal and a reference signal. A conventional PLL can be described as a noninductive, tunable active filter with an adjustable bandwidth. When the phase difference between the reference signal and the input signal is constant, the phase loop is locked. If either the input or reference signal changes phase, a phase detector in the PLL will produce an error signal which is proportional to the magnitude and polarity of the phase change. This error signal effects a change in the phase of the reference signal, so that a lock is established once again. PLLs are used in a wide variety of applications, including FM radio demodulation (as the audio signal is simply the error signal), frequency shift keying (FSK) demodulation, frequency synthesis, data synchronization, signal conditioning, and motor speed controls, among other applications. In the field of generator excitation systems, thyristor bridges are used to control the excitation of the generator, and a phase lock loop can be employed to maintain gate control over the thyristor bridges. 
     Known PLLs do not provide adequate speed and reliability when the phase input to the PLL is reversed. Where there is a relatively large phase change, existing PLLs do not perform satisfactorily and made have a region of error or “false lock”. 
     The angle between two sinusoidal signals may be described by the arctan of one signal divided by the other. PLL&#39;s may use an error signal formed by this mathematics to improve locking characteristics but such methods are computationally complex ,require embellishment and are not sufficiently robust for certain applications. 
     It would be highly desirable to enhance the lock and capture characteristics and range in a phase lock loop, especially for bi-phase phase lock loops such as those used in connection with generator excitation systems. It would further be desirable to increase the linear range of operation of a PLL beyond the 90 degrees of conventional PLLs. It would further be desirable to achieve improved locking without exceeding the original bandwidth of the PLL. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention overcomes the above-noted problems of the prior art, and achieves additional advantages, by providing for a PLL and method which improves locking performance in a computationally simple yet robust manner. According to exemplary embodiments, the error in a phase lock loop is determined by generating a first displacement error signal ed, where ed=Vcos*Cos(phase)+Vsin*Sin(phase), and where Vcos and Vsin are sinusoidal voltage signals; generating a quadrature error signal eq. where eq=−Vcos*Sin(phase)+Vsin*Cos(phase); generating a second displacement error signal ec, where ec=ed, when the quadrature error signal eq is less than or equal to zero, where ec=ed+3*eq, when ed is greater than or equal to zero and eq is greater than zero, and where ec=ed −3*eq, when ed is less than zero and eq is greater than zero; and determining the PLL error using the second displacement error signal ec. 
     The signal cc replaces the conventional error signal ed to achieve improved PLL capture and lock characteristics in a robust yet computationally simple manner. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features and advantages of the present invention will be understood more completely by reading the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is an example of a bi-phase phase lock loop suitable for implementing the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a graphical depiction of the error characteristics of the PLL of FIG. 1 using a conventional locking technique; 
     FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction of the error characteristics of the PLL of FIG. 1 using a technique according to the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 4-7 shows MATLAB simulations comparing conventional locking technique with an implementation of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a bi-phase phase lock loop (PLL) suitable for implementing the present invention is shown. A demodulator  10  is connected to receive inputs Vcos and Vsin, which are sinusoidal voltage signals offset from each other by approximately 90 degrees. The demodulator  10  is also connected to receive cosine and sine phase signals from a feedback loop which will be described later in more detail. Based on these input signals, the demodulator  10  generates an error signal ed, which in conventional PLLs is typically defined as: 
     
       
           Ed =Vcos*Cos(phase)+Vsin*Sin(phase)  (1)  
       
     
     That is, the demodulator  10  generates and sums these products, and outputs the result as the error signal ed. The signal ed is then processed in two separate, parallel paths. In a proportional path, the error signal ed is supplied as an input to an amplifier  12 , which linearly amplifies the error signal ed by a gain factor Kp. Kp is conventionally set to achieve a desired bandwidth for the loop. In an integral path, the error signal ed is provided to an integrator  14  (where s is the Laplace operator)., which integrates the error signal using an integration factor of Ki. Ki is conventionally set to achieve zero phase error in the steady state within a desired settling time . The integrated error signal may be limited in limiter  15 . The amplified and integrated error  10  signals from the proportional and integral paths, respectively, are provided as inputs to a summer  16 , which arithmetically sums the signals to generate a summed output. The summed output can be limited in limiter  17 , and then is provided to a second integrator  18 , which integrates the summed output using an integration factor of 2 pi. This factor of 2 pi only implies a scaling from hertz to radians per second. The integrated summed signal is provided as the output of the PLL, and represents a phase error between the input sinusoidal signals. 
     The output of the PLL is also provided to a feedback loop as shown in FIG.  1 . More particularly, the output phase is provided to a processing unit  20  which generates a cosine and a sine value of the output signal, and provides the cosine and sine values as an input to the demodulator  10 . The cosine and sine values are used to determine the error signal ed as described above. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, a graphical depiction of the PLL error characteristics of the PLL of FIG. 1 is shown. The signal ed is the original direct PLL error signal, and is sinusoidal in nature. The error characteristics include an astable region  22 , and a region  24  in which relatively slow recovery can be expected in the event of a phase change, since there is little error in the region  24 . This is referred to as a “false lock”. The desired linear characteristic  26  is also depicted in FIG.  2 . 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the capture and lock characteristics shown in FIG. 2 can be improved significantly using the following technique. In addition to generating a first displacement error signal ed as in equation (1) above, a quadrature error signal eq is generated according to the equation eq=−Vcos*Sin(phase)+Vsin*Cos(phase). Using these two signals ed and eq, a second displacement error signal ec is generated (e.g., in the demodulator  10  of FIG. 1) according to the following parameters: 
     ec=ed when eq≦0; 
     ec=ed+3eq when ed≧0 AND eq&gt;0; and 
     ec=ed−3eq when ed&lt;0 AND eq&gt;0. 
     According to this embodiment, the second displacement error signal ec replaces the first displacement error signal ed in FIG.  1 . The second displacement error signal cc provides one example of an approximation to an ideal or desired linear characteristic. This example is computationally simple, yet robust and highly effective, as will be demonstrated with respect to FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction of PLL error of FIG. 1 using the technique just described. FIG. 3 shows the first displacement error signal ed as signal  30 , quadrature error signal eq as signal  32 , and second displacement error signal ec as signal  34 . An ideal error signal is shown as waveform  36 . As can be seen from this depiction, the second displacement error signal, though relatively simple, closely approximates the ideal error signal  36 . 
     Referring now to FIGS. 4-7, simulations using a MATLAB simulator are shown for a PLL for a 60 Hz line setting the integral path of the controller to 100 Hz. FIG. 4 shows the result of a disturbance introduced into the integral path of the PLL of FIG. 1 using only the conventional error signal ed. FIG. 5 shows the quadrature error signal of the same disturbance in the same PLL. FIG. 6 shows, the same disturbance, the total error for the same PLL using the second displacement error signal ec. FIG. 7 shows, for the same disturbance, the quadrature error signal for the same PLL. It should be appreciated that the use of the second displacement error signal ec significantly improves the capture and lock characteristics of the same PLL under large signal conditions in the example shown in FIGS. 4-7. It should also be appreciated that the use of the second displacement error signal ec does not substantially affect the total error, compared to the use of only the first displacement error signal ed, until the phase error exceeds approximately ninety degrees. Eq is negative upto this 90 degree point and by prior explanation eq is not used to form part of ec until eq is positive . Thus, the second displacement error signal ec effectively represents a supplementary signal which can be used to extend the linear range of operation of the PLL beyond the use of only the first displacement error signal ed. 
     The foregoing description includes many details, which should not be construed as limitations of the invention. Many of the described details can be varied without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims and their legal equivalents.