Abstract:
A device for rotating, setting and locking driven pivotal ground anchors and for applying a predetermined tension to test load the locked anchor, comprises a horizontal base plate having an opening through which an anchor rod or cable can project, an upright post extending from the base terminating in a moveable arm carried by the post, which can be attached to the anchor cable through an intermediary cable, chain, or other fastener. The arm is rotatable through a socket drive rotatably carried at the top of the post, which can be actuated by a hand or power torsion wrench to cause rotation of the arm, to draw the anchor up, to rotate it in the ground to its set position and to apply a predetermined tension determined by the setting of the torque wrench to thereby proof test the holding power of the anchor. Various means can be provided to secure the anchor under tension.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to ground anchors and more specifically to devices and methods for pivoting, setting and loading driven ground anchors. 
     2. Background 
     Ground anchors or earth anchors of the driven and pivoting or tilting type are well known and generally include a main body portion having a leading edge adapted to be driven into the ground by a drive rod, a trailing edge including an outturned lip and a tensioning connection such as a cable rod or guide wire attached to a point intermediate the leading and trailing edges generally positioned from about the midpoint of the overall length of the anchor or towards the trailing edge. Upon exertion of a withdrawal force on the cable, rod or wire (herein cable), after driving of the anchor into the ground, the trailing edge outturned lip will bite into the earth causing the anchor to rotate or pivot to a set position generally at a right angle to the wire attached to the anchor. 
     In order to apply a force to the tensioning connection member, whether it is a rod end attached to the anchor or a cable or a guide wire, structures capable of applying an upward pull are used. It will be understood that throughout this specification and in the claims that the terms upward, vertical, horizontal or the like are used to describe the respective directions when the anchor is driven downwardly into the ground from a generally horizontal surface. Such terms should be understood to apply respectively to other orientations where, for example, the anchor may be driven into the ground at an angle and where the tension force applied to the anchor will be applied at an angle to the horizontal, or even those situations where the anchor is driven horizontally into the ground, for example when setting a revetment or retaining wall. It is therefore intended that directional terms used in this document are relative dependent upon the installation and such terms should be construed appropriately to each differing installation. These structures may range from simple hand grasped devices to pull up on the cable of small anchors to high pressure hydraulic ram structures for use with large anchors. Such driven pivoting anchors are available from the assignee of this application, Foresight Products, LLC, of 6430 East 49 th  Drive, Commerce City, Colo. 80022, and range in size from small Duckbill® anchors (trademark of Foresight Products, LLC), which may be only a few inches in length, to large Stingray® and Mantaray® anchors (trademarks of Foresight Products, LLC), which may have a side-to-side span of a foot or greater in length and an axial length greater than a foot, and which may require the application of 10 to 20 tons of tensioning force to proof test the holding power of the anchor. 
     For small to medium size anchors, however, rotation of the anchor setting and loading locking it has generally been accomplished by relatively unsophisticated and tension force pressure guessing means. It has been common, for example, to use automobile ratcheting car jacks over which a cable has been looped and then tied to the ends of the anchor cable so that upon ratcheting of the car jack the moving jack member will pull up on the anchor cable. Obviously when the car jack, being hand operated, is no longer moving easily, it can be said that the anchor setting has been proof tested, however there is no measurement of the force applied, and that force will vary considerably depending upon the length of the lever arm used to operate the jack and the strength of the person pressing down on the lever arm. 
     While hydraulic ram devices can be equipped with pressure cages to give an instantaneous readout of the pressure applied to the anchor cable or rod, as the case may be, generally for smaller mechanical or hand operated tension loading devices it has been difficult to determine when the anchor has been tested to its desired set point. 
     It would therefore be an improvement in the art to provide an inexpensive anchor setting, locking, loading, and proof testing structure and method of load locking and proof testing of such driven rotatable earth anchors. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The instant invention utilizes a standard adjustable torque wrench, or a torque settable electric or pneumatic wrench or ratcheting driver to rotate a lever arm positioned atop an upright post extending up from a base. The lever arm can be attached directly to, or a have a cable which is attached to, the anchor cable, rod or wire. The arm is rotatable with respect to the base and the upright post structure and can be rotated by a standard torque wrench, which can be preset to a predetermined torque load, which when applied a the socket attached to the lever arm will create a predetermined lifting or tension force on the anchor cable. It will therefore be understood that in dimensioning a device according to this invention, the arm will ideally have a length where a relatively small arc movement, less than 180°, of the arm will cause the anchor to pivot to its set position and that further force tending to rotate the arm will thereafter apply a tension load to the anchor to proof test the anchor. 
     Because the pivoting to set earth anchors such as the Duckbill® anchors available from Foresight Products, LLC normally rotate or pivot to their set or locked position in a vertical movement approximately equal to or less than the length of the anchor the actual arc of movement of the lever arm may only be on the order of 45-120°, depending on the length of the arm. It would be understood that the arm could be moved through a range of approximately 180° from a cable attached end down to a cable attached arm end straight up position, which would represent then the maximum lift of the anchor cable for an arm of a given length. 
     In order to accommodate different lengths of anchor cable, or different depths of driving of the anchor, or in some instance to accommodate a greater upward movement of the anchor before it is locked, the upright extending upward from the base to the pivoting arm connection may be adjustable in height and could be repositioned during a load locking operation if upon 180° of arm movement the anchor is not set. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a base plate is provided which is generally rectangular and which supports a telescoping post structure which may be vertically adjustable and which terminates at its top in a rotatable socket carried by the post. The socket has an arm extending from it, which is rotatable with the socket. The socket may have an end opening for receipt of the attachment post of a standard socket wrench. By applying a wrench to the socket, the socket can be rotated with respect to the upright and base and the arm projecting from the socket will therefore have its end remote from the socket rotated through an arc. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a base member is provided with a slot or opening therethrough for receipt of the cable of a ground anchor that has been driven into the ground, an upright post which is vertically adjustable and which may be set at an angle to the base extends from and is attached to the base and terminates at an end opposite the base in a holder for a rotatable socket. Affixed to the socket or a member rotating with the socket is an arm that projects outwardly from the base and which is generally more or less horizontally aligned with the slot or opening in the base. The end of the arm carries a clevis or other means for affixing a cable, chain, or other structure which depends from the arm and is moveable relative to the arm and which can terminate in a hook or other attachment to an eye or loop formed on the end of the anchor cable. The socket can be rotated by a standard wrench, a pneumatic wrench or an electric driven wrench, preferably of the type where the drive connection from a wrench can be adjusted to apply a predetermined maximum torque. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, an anchor setting load locker and proof tester is provided which consists of a base member with a telescoping upright extending from the base member causing a rotatable member having a projecting arm affixed thereto having an end moveable towards and away from the base and a means for attachment of a manual or powered adjustable torque wrench, which when moved to rotate the rotatable member at the top of the upright, or at a position along the upright spaced from the base, the rotatable member having an arm extending outwardly therefrom will cause the arm to pull on the anchor cable to initially set the anchor and to thereafter apply a load to the anchor until the torque setting has been reached. A cable lock member may then act to prevent withdrawal of the cable or slacking of the cable between the anchor and the top of the ground, allowing the excess length of the cable sticking from the ground to be cut off upon release of the lifting pressure of the rotatable arm. 
     In an embodiment of the invention a base member is provided having a height adjustable upright extending from the top surface of the base and terminating at an end remote from the base. The end remote from the base carries a rotatable arm projecting from the upright, which is rotatable under a torque applied to a rotating member carried by the upright and attached to the arm from a torque adjustable driver. A ratchet and pawl or other locking means is provided between a stationary portion carried by the upright and the rotatable portion to hold the rotatable portion in a rotated position until intentionally released. The arm extending from the rotatable portion terminates in a connection for connection to the cable, rod or wire attached to the anchor, which has been driven into the ground. Actuation of force from the torque applying driver will cause a rotation of the arm away from the base, which will apply an upward movement and tension to the anchor cable to a maximum degree determined by the setting on the torque applying device. The ratchet and pawl or similar locking device will prevent counter rotation of the arm until it is released. 
     It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an inexpensive anchor setting load locker and proof testing device for use with driven pivotal ground anchors which can be hand operated utilizing a torque wrench presettable to a predetermined torsion force which will apply a predetermined tension force to the anchor cable. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide an anchor locking and tension load testing structure for use with ground anchors of the pivoting type which consists of a base member positionable atop the ground or atop a member to be held to the ground by the anchor and which includes a height adjustable upright member terminating at or adjacent its end remote from the base in a rotating structure affixed to the upright but rotatable with respect thereto, the rotatable structure being actuatable by a torque wrench or similar adjustable torque applying tool to rotate a lifting arm fixed to the rotatable structure, the lifting arm having an attachment adjacent a free end remote from the upright to attach the arm to the cable or rod of the anchor, whereby upon application of torsion force from the torsion wrench or other torsion applying device to the rotatable member, the arm will pull up on the anchor cable or rod to cause the anchor to rotate to a set locked position and will then apply a tension force to the cable determined by the setting on the torsion wrench. Means may be provided to hold the arm in a tension applying position to allow the cable to be fixed in position through means such as a crimp sleeve or a one-way cable wedge lock, which may be carried on a base member positioned beneath the base of the structure. 
     These and other objects of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a description of the preferred embodiment, it being understood that the description is of one such structure for applying an anchor locking and proof testing force to a ground anchor and that other structures and methods may be employed utilizing the teachings of this invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a partially schematic side view of an anchor setting load locker and tension proof testing structure according to this invention with an anchor shown as positioned in the as-is driven condition in the ground, prior to a load being applied. 
         FIG. 2  is a view similar to  FIG. 1  showing the structure in a tension applying position with the anchor lock in its rotated position and tension applied through a one-way cable wedge lock carried by a desk or other member showing a compression in the surface. 
         FIG. 3  is a partial view similar to  FIG. 2  showing the use of a cable crimp to lock the anchor in a tensioned position. 
         FIG. 4  is a top plan view of an anchor setting load locker and proof tester according to this invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a view similar to  FIG. 4  showing a ratchet and pawl lock to retain the arm in the tension applying position of  FIG. 2 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an anchor load locker and tension proof testing structure  10  for locking and testing a ground anchor  11  after it has been driven into the ground  12 . The anchor shown is generally of the Duckbill type or a planing fin anchor style shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,854, or in U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,673, all which could be of a wider range structure such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,289, the teachings of all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Preferably the anchor shown is of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. D572,546, and is available from Foresight Products, LLC. Alternatively the anchor could be one having greater side span of wings such as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,289. Such anchors are driven into the ground, usually by inserting a driving post (not shown herein but shown, for example, in the &#39;673 patent) into an opening  13  in a trailing end of the anchor. When the anchor has been driven to a sufficient depth, the driving post is withdrawn. The anchor may be provided with an outturned lip  14  at its trailing end and will have an attachment point  15  on a side opposite the side of the outturned lip. The attachment point may be positioned towards the trailing end of the anchor, and a cable  16 , rod or wire may be affixed to the attachment point  15  in any of a number of different connections. Smaller anchors use cables  16 , which are received through eyeholes  17  at the anchor and which terminate in a closed loop  18  at the end of the cable remote from the anchor. Generally, the length of cable  16  is chosen so that only a relatively small length will extend beyond the surface  20  when the cable is fully driven into the ground. 
     Applying an upward lift to the cable  16  will cause the anchor  11  to rotate in the ground to position similar to that shown in  FIG. 2  where the length of the anchor from leading end to trailing end now lies generally normal to the under tension cable  16 . Once the anchor has been rotated to the position shown in  FIG. 2  it can be said to be set or locked in that if properly matched to the soil conditions the anchor will not be drawn further upwardly towards the surface by application of forces to the cable  16  normal to the holding specification of the given anchor. 
     It is desired to proof test this by application of a withdrawing force, which approximates, but does not exceed, the desired holding force. 
     According to the present invention, an anchor locking and load proof testing structure is provided which consists of a base member  30  to which is mounted as by welding, an upright  31  which arises above the top of the base and terminates in a top  32 . As shown, the upright or post  31  may be height adjustable and may, for example, consist of telescope square posts  33  and  34  having alignable openings  35  and  36 . A quick disconnect pin or snap  37  can be inserted into the aligned openings, preferably on both sides of the post to vertically adjust the setting of the upright post assembly. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the top of post member  33  carries a socket member  40 , which is rotatable with respect to the post. The socket may be a somewhat standard socket, may be held in a non-rotating collar  41  fixed to the post by a rivet or other headed member  42  affixed to the socket. The socket itself may be fixedly received interior of a rotating collar  45 . An arm  50  is attached to the socket for rotation therewith and may, for example, be welded to the collar  45  or otherwise affixed to the socket. The arm extends outwardly beyond the post, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  and may overlie a slot  47  in the base  30 . Slot  47  can then provide for the base to be received with the cable  16  extending upward through the slot. In this manner the arm can be swung from a position such as shown in  FIG. 4  where it extends upwardly beyond the base to a position where the arm is raised above the position shown in  FIG. 2  to a point where the arm cable attachment  60  may lie more vertically above the base. In the embodiment illustrated, the cable attachment  60  is a simple shackle  61  received through an opening  62  in the arm. The shackle is preferably removable or openable so that it can be attached to different intermediate cables  65  to accommodate different lengths of cable  16 . 
     The intermediate cable  65  terminates in a hook  66 , which is received through the loop end  18  of cable  16 . A torsion wrench  80  of a standard design may be used with the post  81  of the wrench received in the socket  40 . Such torsion wrenches are adjustable at the handle end  82  to preset maximum foot pounds of torque applied at the post  81 . For a standard ground anchor  11  of a length of approximately 4-6 inches, a torque wrench having a length of about approximately 18 inches and a torque range from 20-150 foot pounds would be appropriate to work with an arm  50  of 4-6 inches in length. The torque wrench  80  is set to the desired foot pounds of torque, for example 100 foot pounds, and the wrench is then inserted into the socket as is used to rotate the socket and the arm to lift the arm to the locked position shown in  FIG. 2  and to then apply a torsion load to the socket until the wrench clicks at its setting. At that point the tension on the cable is known from the setting on the torque wrench, and the anchor has been proof tested. 
     This invention has been found to work with a torque wrench known as a Pittsburgh clicker torque wrench with a ½ inch drive, Item No. 00239 from Harbor Freight Tools. 
     In place of the torque wrench, pneumatic or electric torque setting drills or drives or wrenches may be used. Such tools are commonly used, for example, in automotive shops or in industrial shops where the chuck, which may hold the socket pin, is adjustable to a given torque setting. When the torque setting is exceeded the chuck drive will click past the drive position while substantially maintaining the set torque in successive clicks. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , this structure may be used with a one-way cable wedge lock  90 , which is affixed to a plate  91 , generally 4 to 5 inches in diameter, which may lie on the surface of the ground or which may overlie a structure to be anchored to the ground such as, for example, a turf mat such as a high performance turf reinforcement mat of the type shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,399. When used in that environment the mat  92  may, upon release of the tension be depressed slightly into the surface  20 . The use of one-way wedge cable locks is known in the industry and, for example, a lock from Ningbo Zhongdi Industries as Model 6064 V has been found acceptable. 
     Alternatively, it may be desired to use a crimp cable lock  100  shown in  FIG. 3 , which consists of a deformable sleeve received around the cable  16  and crimpable by a crimp tool into fixed position on the sleeve. Such crimp locks can be used with underlying structures  101  which may be desired to be semi-permanently held in position, such as, for example, the base member of a bicycle rack, or may simply be a plate designed to maintain the tension on the anchor until such time as another member has been secured to the free end loop  18  of the cable  16 . 
     Normally, for example, when using reinforcement mats with one-way cable locks as shown in  FIG. 2 , the cable will be cut off atop the cable lock and the plate  91  will remain in place. In other instances it is desired to leave the cable  16  projecting so that it may be used for guying structures such as fence ends, trees, building walls and the like, but which will not be attached until subsequent to installation and locking of the anchor. In such instances the crimp  100  and the use of a surface plate  101  may be utilized. 
     In order to maintain the tension on the cable  16  during the crimping of the sleeve  100 , a ratchet and pawl or other locking structure  120  may be used to hold the socket  40  in its tension position with the arm held at the full load position such as shown in  FIG. 2 . As shown, a simple pawl  121  may be carried on the post through a bracket  122  providing a rotation point  123  for the pawl. The pawl is engageable with the teeth of the ratchet  120  attached to the socket. In this manner the socket cannot back rotate to relieve the tension on the cable until the pawl has been lifted. 
     While the upright post  31  has been previously been described as rigidly fixed to the base  30  and extends upwardly therefrom, there are situations where it may be desired to have posts pivotal with respect to the base. Such situations can include installations where the base is on a sloped ground surface and it is desired to have the post extend perpendicular to level ground or in those instances where it is desired to pull the anchor at an angle other than perpendicular or normal to the ground surface. While as shown in  FIG. 2  an anchor can be set and pulled at a slight angle with respect to the base when the arm  50  extends sufficiently outwardly from the edge of the base that the pulling is at an angle to the upright post, in other circumstances, for example when the anchor is to be used to guy a tree or fence end post, it will be desired that the cable  16  extend out of the ground at an angle to the ground determined by the desired height of the guy attachment and the desired distance from the attachment to the anchor. In such instances the anchor itself has normally been driven into the ground at an angle to the surface, and it will therefore be desirable to set and load the anchor with the cable at that angle. 
     For such situations the lower end of the post  34  as shown in  FIG. 3  may be provided with a rounded bottom  104 , which rests atop plate  30  and is pivotal about a pin  105  carried in a bracket  106  affixed to the base  30 . The post section  34  then may be rotated about the pivot  105 . An arcuate brace  108 , preferably fixed to the base  30  on both sides of the post is provided with a series of openings  109  therein that can be aligned with corresponding openings  36  in the post to pin the post at an angle to the base. Thus, when the base is on level ground, the post can be angled towards or away from the slot  47  whereby the cable  16  can be tensioned in a desired angular relationship to the ground surface and to the plate  91  or structure  101 . 
     While in the foregoing specification, embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed in considerable detail for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the details given herein may vary considerably within the spirit and scope of the invention. Particular details such as the construction of the plate, the upright, the arm, and the mounting of the socket for attachment of the ratcheting torque wrench or other torque applying tool may all be modified. For example, the base could be provided with spikes or cleats on its bound surface to hold it in position on the ground during the attaching process, the uprights shown as the rectangular telescope posts could be nestled respectively threaded devices, the socket attached to the upright could be a drive post, and a double socket ended connector could be utilized between the wrench drive and the post, the upright could be braced or could be in the form of a pair of uprights spanned by a horizontal member with the rotating member attached to the middle of the horizontal member. Many other adjustments and modifications will be apparent to those or ordinary skill in the art.