Abstract:
This invention relates to interfacing high speed, low voltage, data streams with CMOS circuits and, more specifically, to converting low voltage, differential, ECL signal levels to higher voltage levels which are compatible with CMOS circuits while maintaining high speed and sufficient drive capability for larger system applications. This is accomplished primarily by making the first stage inverters 5 and 6 as geometrically small as possible and providing additional cross-coupled buffers 7 and 8 capable of driving large capacitive loads.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Cross-Reference to Related Application 
     This invention is related to the invention disclosed and claimed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application, filed of even date with the filing date of this Application and bearing Attorney&#39;s Docket No. TI-21557, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in this Application. 
     2. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the interfacing of high speed, low voltage, data streams with CMOS circuits and, more specifically, to converting low voltage, differential, ECL signal levels to higher voltage levels which are compatible with CMOS circuits while maintaining high speed and sufficient drive capability. 
     3. Brief Description of the Prior Art 
     Differential Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) circuitry is often used in high speed data transmission applications due to its small signal nature and resulting higher speed of operation. The differential aspect of these low level signals provides improved signal-to-noise, due to common mode operation at the receiving end of the transmission. However, it is important that these low level ECL signals be converted to higher levels without a significant degradation in speed and that the output of the converter has sufficient drive capability to make it useful for a particular application. 
     Existing circuits of this type often make the ECL to CMOS level conversion at the expense of speed and/or drive capability. Inherently, the lower ECL levels can be switched faster than the larger CMOS levels, but attempts to speed up the conversion process often diminish the output drive capability of the circuit. Representative prior circuits of this general type are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,588 to Fiedler, U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,268 to Van Brunt and U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,381 to Flannagan et al. None of these patents discloses or suggests the novel features of the present invention.. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention addresses the conversion of small ECL level signals to CMOS level (typically 5 volt or greater) signals with the highest possible speed and drive capability. The basic approach in the invention is to keep the circuitry simple with as few parts as possible, since generally, the fewer the number of parts, the faster the circuit will be. 
     Briefly, a differential pre-amplifier with constant current source is used to dynamically sink and source current in the two legs of the amplifier based on the ECL signal levels at the input of the amplifier. In order to achieve the highest possible speed, the load capacitance at the output of the differential pre-amplifier is kept as small as possible. This is accomplished by designing the first stage inverters or other form of buffers, which are driven by the differential pre-amplifier, with the smallest possible geometries on the integrated circuit;. Drive capability is then provided by means of an additional buffer which may take the form of an inverter. Drive capability for large capacitive loads is then provided by means of additional buffers at the outputs of the circuit. 
     In the preferred embodiment, a provision for driving higher loading conditions such as may be found in systems applications is included. The achievement of this level of drive capability often involves multiple buffering and complexity in the circuitry which in turn causes a degradation in speed. To overcome this, a cross-coupled emitter follower is used to address both the speed and drive capability requirements. The normal load resistors in these cross-coupled emitter followers are replaced by N-channel MOSFETs. The emitter followers are designed with higher load capability through the expedient of driving the gates of these MOSFET loads from the complementary cross-coupled signal to help speed up the response of the output signal. If, for example, the output of the emitter follower is to go high, the load MOSFET is assisted in turning off at a faster rate by this cross-coupling. The minimization of the capacitive loading on the differential pre-amplifier and the provision of larger geometry bipolar emitter followers with complementary feedback to provide necessary drive capability for large capacitive loads results in a uniquely fast and powerful converter. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the ECL to CMOS levels involved in the conversion. 
     FIG. 2 shows a block diagram for the ECL to CMOS converter. 
     FIG. 3 shows a schematic circuit diagram for the ECL to CMOS converter. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the operation for an optional pull-up transistor at the complementary outputs of the circuit to provide rail-to-rail voltage swing. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the ECL to CMOS conversion process. As shown, at the present state of the art, the differential ECL input pulse V i  can have an amplitude as low as 0.3 volts while the resulting complementary CMOS output pulse V o  can be as large as 5 volts or greater. In FIG. 1, t d  indicates the delay time between the ECL input and CMOS output pulses while t r  and t f  represent the rise and fall times of the CMOS output pulse. The goal of the circuit is to keep these parameters as small as possible in order to maintain high speed operation. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the differential pre-amplifier consists of a basic differential amplifier 1 and a constant current source 2. Complementary ECL inputs ECL- and ECL+ are coupled to the inputs of the differential pre-amplifier. The differential outputs of the pre-amplifier drive circuit nodes A and C. A goal of the circuit design is to maintain the capacitance at these two nodes, shown as phantom capacitors 3 and 4 respectively, as low as possible. The outputs of the differential pre-amplifier drive inverters 5 and 6. These inverters are labeled I x , where x indicates minimum geometries for the design rules being used. Keeping these inverters small tends to lower the capacitance at nodes A and C which in turn enhances the speed of the circuit. While inverters are used in the preferred embodiment, it is equally within the contemplation of the invention that non-inverting buffers can be employed as an alternative. This element, whether inverting or not, may alternatively be referred to as an inverter, buffer, buffer stage or intermediate buffer. Although the outputs of inverters 5 and 6 switch between CMOS levels V d  and V s  and have a fast response, their drive capability is limited. For purposes of this description, V d  and V s  are assumed to be five volts and ground, although they are not limited to these values. 
     To provide the desired drive capability, two buffer circuits 7 and 8 are added. Basically, these buffers are emitter followers with cross-coupled load transistors which are driven from the complementary side of the circuit. nodes D and B, to speed up the switching time of the buffers. The outputs of buffers 7 and 8 are capable of driving larger system type capacitive loads, emulated as phantom capacitors 11 and 12. These are not part of the circuit, but simply represent the larger loading capability at the outputs. 
     Also shown are optional output pull-up stages 9 and 10 which can be added for those applications requiring that the output swing between the CMOS rails, Vd and V s . 
     FIG. 3 shows a detailed schematic for an implementation of the circuit. As discussed earlier, the CMOS levels of V d  and V s  may be +5V and ground. Here the differential pre-amplifier consists of transistors 22 and 23 and resistors 20 and 21 along with a constant current source 24. The small differential ECL level inputs signals, labeled ECL+ and ECL-, at the base of transistors 22 and 23, respectively direct the sourcing and sinking of current in the two legs of the amplifier. The outputs of the differential pre-amplifier drive the minimum capacitance at nodes A and C and are the inputs to inverters on each side of the complementary circuit. These inverters are comprised of transistor pairs 25-26 and 27-28. Each inverter includes a p-channel transistor 25 or 27 and an n-channel transistor 26 or 28. These inverters are designed to have the minimum component dimensions possible for the chosen process design rules being used in the design so as to keep the capacitance at nodes A and C low. The output of these inverters, shown at nodes B and D, are at CMOS levels and complementary to the signals from the differential pre-amplifier, i.e., if the ECL+ signal goes high, the amplifier output at node A tends to go low and the inverter output at node B goes high. These first stage inverters, however, have only limited drive capability due to the size of their components. 
     To provide the desired drive capability, buffer circuits are added at the outputs of the first inverters at nodes B and D. These buffers consist of two bipolar transistors 29 and 31 and two n-channel transistors 30 and 32. These circuits are much like normal emitter followers with the exception that the gates of the two n-channel load transistors are cross-coupled to the corresponding complementary signals from nodes D and B, respectively. This feature is used to speed up the response time of the ECL to CMOS converter. For example, if the output of the buffer 29-30 is going high, the input to the gate of load transistor 30, driven from the output of inverter 27-28 at node D, is going low to help turn off transistor 30 faster and speed up operation of the circuit. As a result, this ECL to CMOS converter can drive the large system level loads, indicated as phantom capacitors 35 and 36 and still operate at relatively high speeds. Since the emitter followers are non-inverting, the complementary output signals will have the same polarity as the outputs of the first inverters at nodes B and D. 
     Optional p-channel pull-up transistors 33 and 34 can be added for applications which require full complementary CMOS levels which swing between V d  and V s . As shown in FIG. 3, these optional transistors are driven at their gates by the same cross-coupled complementary signals from nodes A and B as used to drive transistors 30 and 32. The operation of these pull-up transistors is illustrated in FIG. 4. 
     Without the pull-up transistors, when the output of the converter goes high, the signal level will quickly rise and settle at a voltage equal to V d  -V be , where V be  is the base-to-emitter voltage of bipolar transistors 29 and 31. This is illustrated in FIG. 4 which shows the rise in output voltage when the ECL input voltage changes state. In the ideal waveform shown, the output voltage rises instantaneously to the supply voltage, V d , and remains there until the input again changes state. In the actual circuit, however, the rise in output voltage is rapid but less than instantaneous, and settles at the value V d  -V be  as shown in FIG. 4. 
     When pull-up transistors 33 and 34 are added to the circuit, however, the output signals can pull all the way up to V d , although at a slightly slower rate as illustrated in FIG. 4. For example with reference to FIG. 3, if the output of the emitter follower consisting of transistors 29 and 30 is to go high, then the voltage at the gate of transistor 33 will be low. This turns transistor 33 on to pull the output CKB all the way up to the supply voltage, V d . 
     Thus there is provided a high speed, low cost, ECL to CMOS converter which can drive large capacitance loads found in many system applications. 
     While the invention has been described in the context of a preferred embodiment, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified in numerous ways and may assume many embodiments other than that specifically set out and described above. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all modifications of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the inventions.