Abstract:
A non-petroleum base newspaper printing ink comprising a blend of Gilsonite (uintaite) flakes and tall oil fatty acids, together with carbon black pigment. The proportions of the Gilsonite and the tall oil fatty acids may be varied, as viscosity requirements change due to differences in press speeds, newsprint characteristics, and the like. The ink thus has readily adjustable viscosity, together with an enhanced flow and penetration characteristics, while being extremely economical to manufacture.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     Printing inks, particularly newspaper printing inks which have a non-petroleum base, so as to be environmentally acceptable, while providing reduced misting with extra mileage and good quality. 
     (2) Description of the Prior Art 
     Richter et al. U.S. Pat. No. 1,738,798 
     Ludwigsen U.S. Pat. No. 1,860,043 
     Bernardi U.S. Pat. No. 2,348,594 
     Carman U.S. Pat. No. 2,385,793 
     Bernardi et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,416,676. 
     The foregoing references are discussed in a Prior Art Statement, being submitted separately. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, a non-petroleum base ink is formulated from carbon black pigment and a blend of Gilsonite (uintaite) with tall oil fatty acid. The resultant printing ink provides an ink having enhanced viscosity, flow and penetration characteristics, while being exceptionally economical to manufacture. As a result, the ink is highly suitable for printing at contemporary press speeds, is quick drying and, thus, avoids the conventional problems of &#34;offset&#34; and &#34;strike thru&#34;. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present ink, having a non-petroleum base, is without dependence upon a diminishing petroleum supply, may be readily disposed without especial precaution, is environmentally acceptable and competitive in cost with the materials used in commercial letterpress and offset inks. 
    
    
     Typical formulations include: 
     EXAMPLE I 
     A. Formulation of &#34;ANPA-247&#34; Letterpress Ink 
     
         ______________________________________                         % byMATERIAL      SOURCE          WEIGHT______________________________________Elftex Pellets         Cabot Corporation                         16.5115 Carbon Black         125 High Street         Boston, MA 0211070/30 FA-1-Gilsonite         Arizona Chemical Corp.                         83.5Blend         Wayne, NJ 07470TOTAL                         100.0______________________________________ 
    
     which breaks down to: 
     
         ______________________________________              %______________________________________Carbon             16.5Gilsonite          25.1Tall Oil Fatty Acid*              58.4______________________________________*FA-1 Tall Oil Fatty Acid, specified as follows:             Speci-Product Characteristics             fication  Typical Lot______________________________________Color, Gardner, 1963             9      max           5Acid Value        190    min.          194Saponification Value                   197Iodine Value                           131CompositionMoisture, %                     Less than                                  0.1Ash, %                          Less than                                  0.001Rosin Acids, %    5.0    max           4.5Unsaponifiables % 3.0    max           2.7Fatty Acids Total, %                   92.8Fatty Acid CompositionLinoleic, Non-Conjugated, %            34Linoleic, Conjugated, %                9Oleic, %                               44Saturated, %                           5Other Fatty Acids, %                   8Specific Gravity, 25°/25° C.                                  0.906Weight Per Gallon, 25° C., Lbs. 7.53Viscosity, Gardner-Holdt, 25° C.                                  AViscosity, SUS, 100° F.         100Flash Point, Open Cup, °F.      400Fire Point, Open Cup, °F.       440______________________________________ 
    
     Procedure 
     70 Parts by weight of FA-1 grade tall oil fatty acids are heated with 30 parts of ZECO 11 A grade Gilsonite from Ziegler Chemical Corporation at 300° F. After solution of the solid Gilsonite, the blend is cooled and filtered. After the blend is made, carbon pigment is dispersed within the blend with a Morehouse Mill. The carbon black pellets were ground to a National Printing Ink Research Institute grindometer reading of one (1). Viscosity adjustment can be made by adding small amounts of tall oil fatty acid as a final step, if necessary. 
     B. Physical Properties of &#34;ANPA-247&#34; 
     
         ______________________________________Brookfield Viscosity   420 PoisesInkometer Tack* (400 RPM-1 minute)                  3.0______________________________________ *Graphic Arts Technical Foundation Inkometer 
    
     C. Environmental Data 
     Gilsonite has been the subject of long-term animal studies, which indicate it is a non-toxic organic substance which is noncarcinogenic. In accordance with Section 710.4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act, Gilsonite, as a naturally occurring mineral, is automatically included in the initial inventory. The Chemical Abstract Registry Number is 12002-43-6. 
     D. Comparison with Commercial Letterpress Inks 
     The Easton (PA) Express tests showed ANPA-247 ink to print well, to be low-misting, and to have high mileage. Laboratory tests at ANPA/RI for misting, viscosity, and tack, shown in the following table, point out the differences between it and standard letterpress ink as used at The Express. 
     
         ______________________________________MISTING, VISCOSITY, TACK OF ANPA-247                  Brookfield                            Inkometer    Densitometer  Viscosity TackINK      Reading of Mist                  Poises    400 R.P.M.______________________________________Blank Board    0.14ANPA-247 0.22          420.0     3.0Standard Ink    0.58          31.5      1.75______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE II 
     A. Formulation of ANPA-247B Letterpress Ink 
     The foregoing Example I refers to runs on regular letter-press. The 247B ink, which was made to run on an Anilox press, was formulated as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                          % byMATERIAL      SOURCE           WEIGHT______________________________________Elftex Pellets 115         Cabot Corportion 18.1Carbon Black Pigment         125 High Street         Boston, MA 02110Gilsonite (Zeco 11A)         Ziegler Chemical 16.4         &amp; Mineral Corp.         P.O. Box 455         Great Neck, NY 11021FA-1 Grade Tall Oil            65.5Fatty Acids                          100.0______________________________________ 
    
     This formulation increases mileage of the ink significantly, compared to commercial letterpress ink. 
     The ANPA-247B blend can also be used for offset inks. An ink with about 20% carbon content and the remainder being the above-described blend, has been printed successfully on a Goss Urbanite offset press. 
     B. Comparison with Commercially Available Oil Base Inks 
     The Easton (PA) Express, when running ANPA-247 non-petroleum ink, had pointed out that the mileage for the ink was very good. By their estimates, it was at least 30% better. Consequently, a sample of their regular production oil base ink was obtained and a comparison was run on the two inks on a Hoe Letterpress. 
     Each ink was run on about 900 lbs., or one roll of paper each, and the amounts of ink were weighed before and after the run to determine the amount consumed. The same plates and impression pressures were used. ANPA-247 produced 35% more pages per pound at a comparable solids print density of 0.98, which is the density used at The Express. 
     It is apparent from the above formula tabulation that the amount of Gilsonite in the ink may be varied from about 16% to about 25%. If the Gilsonite content is reduced significantly, strike thru and smearing of the newsprint are accentuated. If the Gilsonite content is increased significantly above 25%, viscosity will increase to the extent that poor flow and uneven lay or coverage will result in printed copy. Also, less mileage will ensue, since the amount of pigment will need to be reduced in order to allay the increased viscosity, inasmuch as pigment content increases viscosity. Thus, reduction in pigment content would decrease mileage. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     
         ______________________________________Carbon black pigment    17%Gilsonite (uintaite)    18.6%Tall oil fatty acid     64.4%______________________________________ 
    
     The foregoing example was used at Allentown Call providing a more fluid ink, for printing at faster speeds than the Example I ink. 
     In printing with contemporary high speed presses, which may produce 80,000 impressions per hour, one cannot use inks which require oxidation or drying, so as to prevent smear. The present ink is adapted to have a special viscosity, enabling it to be absorbable in contemporary newsprint. The Gilsonite ingredient enhances the viscosity, such that there is less penetration into the newsprint fibers while eliminating smearing. The Gilsonite may be obtained commercially at $0.11 per pound. The letterpress ink may be formulated, so as to have a viscosity in the range of 20-500 poises. Operating at press speeds of 50,000 impressions per hour, it was found that the ink having a viscosity of 90 poises did not dry fast enough. Ink viscosity of approximately 35 poises was approximately correct. In addition, the &#34;flow&#34; characteristic of the ink, that is, the ability to flow over the plate surfaces while covering the dots on the plate, is a critical parameter. It is found that at a plate temperature of 25° C. (77° F.), enough Gilsonite must be employed to retard the flow within a sufficient range. 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     
         ______________________________________ANPA-247 OFFSET INK______________________________________FA-1 tall oil fatty acids              54.90%Gilsonite          23.53%Carbon black       21.57%              100%______________________________________ 
    
     The acid fountain solution had a pH of 3.5-4.0 and was made from Varn Products Company concentrate. 
     Flow characteristics and viscosities of various ink formulations have been determined, as follows: 
     Formulation % 
     
         ______________________________________FLOW IN INCHES 25° C. (77° F.)______________________________________       Ink 287B 283    247-1  276  293______________________________________FA-1        66.2     64.14  56.4   66.1 70.1Carbon       9.5     17.02  19.8   16.2 12.3ZECO 11A    24.3     18.54  23.8   17.7 17.6______________________________________TIME, MINUTES       Ink 287B 283    247-1  276______________________________________1           61/8     3      11/8   33/8  91/42           81/4      41/8  17/8   43/4 121/43           93/4     5      23/8   53/4 143/4______________________________________ 
    
     BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY 
     The lower limit of viscosity and upper limit of flow has not been determined to date. The ink appears to have less strike-through even at low viscosities and at long flow length versus petroleum inks. 
     Principal advantages of the ink include the capability of printing at high press speeds, the low cost of formulation and the elimination of petroleum, so as to avoid any chance of petroleum toxins in some inks. The ingredients, Gilsonite, may be fed to animals and indeed, fatty acids are edible. 
     It is found that letterpress and offset inks having a viscosity in the range 20-over 1000 poises may be suitable. The over 1000 poises ink would be the upper limit when the inking cylinder actually contacts a reservoir of ink. Ink of such viscosity would be difficult to pump in some modern press usage. The ink viscosity is related, of course, to the density of the newspaper stock and, the thickness of the page, as well as press speed. 
     A low viscosity letterpress and flexographic ink formulated for fast drying and decreased set-off onto other sheets of paper in the folded newspaper is: 
     EXAMPLE V 
     
         ______________________________________Carbon black pigment             12.3%Gilsonite (uintaite)             17.6%Tall oil fatty acid             70.1%             100%______________________________________ 
    
     Manifestly, various proportions of the Gilsonite and tall oil ingredients may be employed without departing from the spirit of invention.