Abstract:
Method and Apparatus for Combining a Heat Pump Cycle With A Power Cycle. The working fluid for the heat pump cycle will be different than that for the power cycle.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     Priority is claimed to both U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/602,270, filed Aug. 16, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/604,663, filed Aug. 26, 2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not applicable  
       REFERENCE TO A “MICROFICHE APPENDIX” 
       [0003]     Not applicable  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0004]     1. Field  
         [0005]     The present invention relates to cycles. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for combining a power cycle with a refrigeration cycle or heat pump.  
         [0006]     2. General Background  
         [0007]     A general vapor power cycle can include a boiler, turbine, condenser and a pump.  FIG. 1  shows a general power cycle. From “a” to “b” subcooled fluid can be heated to the saturated fluid temperature in the boiler. From “b” to “c” saturated fluid can be vaporized in the boiler, producing saturated gas. From “c” to “d” a superheater option can be used to increase the fluid temperature while maintaining pressure. From “d” to “e” vapor expands through a turbine and does work as it decreases in temperature, pressure, and quality. From “e” to “f” vapor is liquified in the condenser. From f to a liquid is brought up to the boiler pressure. The expansion process between states d and e is essentially adiabatic. Ideal turbine expansion also is isentropic.  
         [0008]     The Carnot cycle is an ideal power cycle which is stated to set the maximum attainable work output from a power cycle or heat engine. Various property diagrams for a Carnot cycle are provided in  FIGS. 2A through 2C .  FIG. 2A  shows a pressure-volume diagram.  FIG. 2B  shows a temperature-entropy diagram.  FIG. 2C  shows an enthalpy-entropy diagram. From “a” to “b” occurs isothermal expansion of a saturated fluid to a saturated gas. From “b” to “c” occurs isentropic expansion. From “c” to “d” occurs isothermal condensation. From “d” to “a” occurs isentropic compression. The thermal efficiency of the entire cycle is calculated by the following formula:  
         n   th     =         T   high     -     T   low         T   high           
 
         [0009]     Refrigeration cycles are essentially power cycles in reverse.  FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration cycle. It is necessary to do work on the refrigerant in order to have it discharge energy, Q H , to a high temperature sink. After discharging energy to the high temperature heat sink the refrigerant is expanded through an expansion valve to drop its temperature allowing it to absorb energy, Q L , from a low temperature heat source. A heat pump also operates on a refrigeration cycle. One difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump is the purpose of each. The refrigerator&#39;s main purpose is to cool a low temperature area and to reject the absorbed heat to a high temperature area. The heat pump&#39;s main purpose is to reject the absorbed heat to a high temperature area, having picked up that heat from a low temperature area. Heat pumps use energy more efficiently than resistance heaters. For each kilowatt of energy used by the compressor of a heat pump, one kilowatt of compression heat is produced plus heat picked up through a refrigeration effect. The refrigeration effect of the heat pump can vary from ten to as high as five hundred percent or higher of the energy input into the compressor. This refrigeration effect is dependent on the temperatures involved and fluid used.  
         [0010]     Up to this point it was believed that the Carnot cycle was the most efficient power cycle that could be used. However, this belief did not consider a refrigeration/heat pump cycle being combined with a power cycle. No one has used a refrigeration cycle or heat pump as a heat source in a power cycle.  
         [0011]     While certain novel features of this invention shown and described below are pointed out in the annexed claims, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details specified, since a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art will understand that various omissions, modifications, substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. No feature of the invention is critical or essential unless it is expressly stated as being “critical” or “essential.” 
       BRIEF SUMMARY  
       [0012]     The apparatus of the present invention solves the problems confronted in the art in a simple and straightforward manner. What is provided is an original process for the removal and use of energy from the ambient environment, including air, water, or earth. This energy is removed in the form of mechanical motion such as work, which may be used either directly or to drive electrical generators, or supply other energy needs.  
         [0013]     In one embodiment the process can consist of a combined refrigeration/power cycle. A first media (Media No. 1) can be vaporized at ambient temperatures, compressed, and condensed at a higher temperature, T H , in a first heat exchanger. This portion of the method and apparatus can be a cycle similar to conventional heat pumps.  
         [0014]     The refrigeration/heat pump cycle can be combined with a second cycle in which a second media (Media No. 2) is vaporized at the higher temperature, T H . Energy can then be extracted from Media No. 2 by flowing it through a mechanical drive turbine or other engine, then condensing Media No. 2 at ambient temperature in the condenser.  
         [0015]     The heat pump cycle using Media No. 1 produces a quantity of available energy at T H  equal to the energy of evaporation of Media No. 1 at ambient temperature plus the energy of compression of Media No. 1. Thus, the energy available at T H  compared to the input of mechanical energy is:
 
 E@T   H   =E  Evap.+ E  Mech. Input
 
         [0016]     The ratio of E@T H  to E Mechanical Input depends upon the thermodynamic properties of Media No. 1, the ambient temperature and condensation temperature, T H  at which the cycle is operating.  
         [0017]     The second portion of this process is the cycle of Media No. 2. Media No. 2 is evaporated in Heat Exchanger No. 1 at T H  by the condensation of Media No. 1. Media No. 2 is then passed through a turbine or other engine where mechanical energy is removed, then condensed at ambient temperature in the condenser. The energy of Media No. 2 available for transformation into mechanical energy is the difference of the energy of:  
         [0018]     1. Heating, evaporating and superheating of Media No. 2 in the Heat Exchanger No. 1, and:  
         [0019]     2. The energy of condensation of Media No. 1 at ambient temperature in the condenser, or;
 
Available Energy=E(Heat Exchanger No. 1)−E(Condensation at condenser).
 
         [0020]     The theoretical output of the process is then determined by the product of:  
         E   @     T   H         E   ⁢           ⁢     Mech   .   Input           
 
 of Cycle No.  1  and the per unit available energy of Cycle No.  2 . If the media for Cycle No.  1  and Cycle No.  2  and operating temperatures are properly selected such that the ratio of  
         E   @     T   H         E   ⁢           ⁢     Mech   .   Input           
 
 of Cycle No.  1  is maximized and the available energy of Cycle No.  2  is maximized, then the theoretical mechanical output to mechanical input ratio exceeds unity. Thus, there is a net flow of energy from the ambient environment, which is converted into mechanical energy. 
 
         [0021]     The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]     For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and wherein:  
         [0023]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a power cycle.  
         [0024]      FIGS. 2A through 2C  are schematic diagrams of various diagrams of the properties in a Carnot cycle.  
         [0025]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration cycle.  
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 5  is a pressure-enthalpy diagram for R 11 .  
         [0028]      FIG. 6  is a pressure-enthalpy diagram for R 600 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0029]     Detailed descriptions of one or more preferred embodiments are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in any appropriate system, structure or manner.  
         [0030]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment  10 . In this embodiment a heat pump cycle  20  is used as the heat source for a power cycle  30 . Heat pump cycle  20  can comprise expansion valve  60 , evaporator  70 , compressor  40 , and a condenser. The condenser can be heat exchanger  50 . Power cycle  30  can comprise engine  80 , condenser  90 , pump  100 , and a heat source or boiler. The heat source or boiler can also be heat exchanger  50 .  
         [0031]     In heat pump cycle  20 , a first media (Media No. 1) can be vaporized at ambient temperatures, compressed, and condensed at a higher temperature, T H , in heat exchanger  50 .  
         [0032]     Heat pump cycle  20  is combined with a second cycle  30  in which a second media (Media No. 2) is vaporized at the higher temperature, T H . Energy can then be extracted from Media No. 2 by flowing it through a mechanical drive turbine or other engine  80 , then condensing Media No. 2 at ambient temperature in condenser  90 .  
         [0033]     Heat pump cycle  20  using Media No. 1 produces a quantity of available energy at T H  equal to the energy of evaporation of Media No. 1 at ambient temperature plus the energy of compression of Media No. 1. Thus, the energy available at T H  compared to the input of mechanical energy is:
 
 E@T   H   =E  Evap.+ E  Mech. Input
 
         [0034]     The ratio of E@T H  to E Mechanical Input depends upon the thermodynamic properties of Media No. 1, the ambient temperature and condensation temperature, T H  at which the cycle is operating.  
         [0035]     The second portion of this process is power cycle  30  using Media No.2. Media No.2 can be evaporated in heat exchanger  50  at T H  by the condensation of Media No. 1 of cycle  20 . Media No. 2 is then passed through turbine or other engine  80  where mechanical energy is removed, then condensed at ambient temperature in condenser  90 . The energy of Media No. 2 available for transformation into mechanical energy is the difference of the energy of:  
         [0036]     1. Heating, evaporating and superheating of Media No.2 in heat exchanger  50 , and:  
         [0037]     2. The energy of condensation of Media No. 1 at ambient temperature in condenser  90 , or;
 
Available Energy= E (heat exchanger  50 )− E (Condensation at condenser  90 ).
 
         [0038]     The theoretical output of overall process  10  is then determined by the product of:  
           E   @     T   H         E   ⁢           ⁢     Mech   .   Input         ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   Cycle   ⁢           ⁢     No   .           ⁢   1     ⁢           ⁢     (     cycle   ⁢           ⁢   20     )     ×             the   ⁢           ⁢   per   ⁢           ⁢   unit   ⁢           ⁢   available     ⁢                       energy   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   Cycle                       ⁢       No   .           ⁢   2     ⁢           ⁢       (     cycle   ⁢           ⁢   30     )     .                   
 
 If the media for Cycle No.  1  and Cycle No.  2  and operating temperatures are properly selected such that the ratio of  
         E   @     T   H         E   ⁢           ⁢     Mech   .   Input           
 
 of Cycle No.  1  (cycle  20 ) is maximized and the available energy of Cycle No.  2  (cycle  30 ) is maximized, then the theoretical mechanical output to mechanical input ratio exceeds unity for overall cycle  10 . Thus, there is a net flow of energy from the ambient environment, which is converted into mechanical energy. 
 
         [0039]     One example of a preferred embodiment  10  using specific fluids is shown in  FIG. 4 . This system uses refrigerant No. R 11  as the media of Cycle No.  1  (cycle  20 ), evaporating at an ambient temperature of 70° F. and condensing in heat exchanger  50  at 190° F. Refrigerant R 600  is used in Cycle No.  2  (cycle  30 ), evaporating in heat exchanger  50  and condensing at the ambient temperature of 70° F.  
         [0040]     Cycle  20  shows refrigerant entering expansion valve  60  at 70° F., at a pressure of 90 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 22.4 BTUs per pound. After passing through expansion valve  60  the refrigerant is at a pressure of 13.39 pounds per square inch and maintain a heat content of 22.4 BTUs per pound. It should be noted that depending on the refrigerant used, an expansion turbine may be used in place of expansion valve  60  to enhance performance of the overall process. Next, the refrigerant enters evaporator  70 . Fed into evaporator  70  can be water at 70° F. having a heat capacity of 78.3 BTUs per pound (or 166.2 BTUs per minute). The refrigerant leaves evaporator  70  at 70° F., at a pressure of 13.39 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 100.72 BTUs per pound. Next the refrigerant is compressed by compressor  40  which can require an input energy of 142 BTUs per pound (or 30.146 BTUs per minute). The refrigerant leaves compressor  40  at 200° F., at a pressure of 90 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 114.9 BTUs per pound. Finally, the refrigerant passing through heat exchanger  50  where it absorbs heat and leaves at 70° F., at a pressure of 90 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 22.4 BTUs per pound. The heat loss by the working fluid in heat exchanger  50  can be 92.5 BTUs per pound (or 196.37 BTUs per minute).  
         [0041]     Cycle  30  shows a working fluid entering engine  80  (which can be a turbine) at 190° F., at a pressure of 173.25 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 256.374 BTUs per pound. Leaving engine  80  the working fluid can be at 70° F., at a pressure of 31.279 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 217.017 BTUs per pound. The mechanical output of engine  80  can be 39.357 BTUs per pound or 39.357 BTUs per minute. Next, the working fluid can enter condenser  90  and leave at 70° F., at a pressure of 31.279 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 59.867 BTUs per pound. To achieve such a change in properties of the working fluid water at 70° F. can be fed through condenser  90  and exiting at 157.15 BTUs per pound (or 157.15 BTUs per minute). Next, the working fluid is pumped by pump  100  and leaves at 70° F., at a pressure of 194.09 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 60.22 BTUs per pound. The mechanical input to pump  100  can be 0.3618 BTUs per pound or 0.3618 BTUs per minute. Next, the working fluid enters heat exchanger  50  and exits at 190° F., at a pressure of 173.25 pounds per square inch, and having a heat content of 256.374 BTUs per pound. The heat gain for the working fluid entering heat exchanger  50  can be 196.154 BTUs per pound (or 196.154 BTUs per minute).  
         [0042]     The working fluid for cycle  20  can be R 11 . The working fluid for cycle  30  can be R 600 . The ratios of flow rates for R 11  to R 600  can be 2.123 to 1. For example, the flow rate of R 11  can be 2.123 pounds per minute and the flow rate of R 600  can be 1 pound per minute.  FIG. 5  is a pressure-enthalpy diagram for R 11 .  FIG. 6  is a pressure-enthalpy diagram for R 600 . In both  FIGS. 5 and 6  pressure is on the y-axis and enthalpy is on the x-axis. Tables 1A and 1B list various thermophysical properties for R 11 . Tables 2A and 2B list various thermophysical properties for R 600 .  
                                                                                                                                                                       TABLE 1A                       Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor                                        Density,   Volume,   Enthalpy,   Entropy,   Specific Heat c p ,       Temp,*   Pressure,   lb/ft 3     ft 3 /lb   Btu/lb   Btu/lb · ° F.   Btu/lb · ° F.            ° F.   psia   Liquid   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor               −166.85a    0.001   110.41   24230.   −24.922   73.328   −0.07085   0.26467   —   0.1005       −160.00    0.002   109.93   14650.   −23.116   74.019   −0.06474   0.25940   0.1840   0.1019       −150.00    0.003   109.23   7355.6   −21.267   75.045   −0.05867   0.25235   0.1860   0.1038       −140.00    0.006   108.52   3882.0   −19.398   76.088   −0.05273   0.24597   0.1878   0.1058       −130.00    0.012   107.81   2143.2   −17.511   77.149   −0.04692   0.24022   0.1894   0.1077       −120.00    0.022   107.09   1232.5   −15.610   78.226   −0.04123   0.23502   0.1909   0.1095       −110.00    0.037   106.37   735.62   −13.694   79.318   −0.03568   0.23032   0.1922   0.1114       −100.00    0.062   105.65   454.14   −11.767   80.425   −0.03024   0.22608   0.1933   0.1133       −90.00    0.100   104.92   289.15   −9.829   81.546   −0.02493   0.22225   0.1943   0.1151       −80.00    0.156   104.19   189.37   −7.880   82.681   −0.01973   0.21880   0.1953   0.1170       −70.00    0.239   103.46   127.27   −5.923   83.827   −0.01464   0.21568   0.1962   0.1188       −60.00    0.355   102.73   87.583   −3.957   84.986   −0.00966   0.21288   0.1970   0.1206       −50.00    0.517   101.99   61.601   −1.983   86.155   −0.00478   0.21036   0.1978   0.1225       −40.00    0.738   101.25   44.203   0.000   87.335   0.00000   0.20810   0.1986   0.1243       −30.00    1.032   100.50   32.310   1.991   88.524   0.00469   0.20608   0.1994   0.1262       −20.00    1.419   99.75   24.022   3.989   89.721   0.00928   0.20427   0.2002   0.1280       −10.00    1.918   99.00   18.143   5.997   90.927   0.01380   0.20267   0.2011   0.1298        0.00   2.554   98.24   13.903   8.013   92.139   0.01823   0.20124   0.2020   0.1316        5.00   2.931   97.86   12.233   9.024   92.747   0.02041   0.20059   0.2024   0.1325       10.00   3.352   97.48   10.798   10.038   93.357   0.02258   0.19998   0.2029   0.1334       15.00   3.822   97.09   9.5606   11.054   93.967   0.02473   0.19941   0.2033   0.1343       20.00   4.343   96.71   8.4906   12.072   94.579   0.02686   0.19887   0.2038   0.1352       25.00   4.920   96.32   7.5621   13.093   95.192   0.02898   0.19837   0.2043   0.1361       30.00   5.557   95.93   6.7536   14.117   95.806   0.03108   0.19790   0.2048   0.1370       35.00   6.259   95.54   6.0477   15.143   96.420   0.03316   0.19747   0.2053   0.1379       40.00   7.031   95.14   5.4294   16.172   97.035   0.03523   0.19706   0.2059   0.1388       45.00   7.876   94.75   4.8863   17.203   97.650   0.03728   0.19668   0.2064   0.1397       50.00   8.800   94.35   4.4080   18.238   98.265   0.03931   0.19633   0.2070   0.1406       55.00   9.809   93.95   3.9856   19.275   98.880   0.04134   0.19601   0.2075   0.1415       60.00   10.907   93.55   3.6116   20.315   99.495   0.04334   0.19571   0.2081   0.1424       65.00   12.099   93.14   3.2795   21.358   100.109   0.04534   0.19543   0.2087   0.1433       70.00   13.392   92.73   2.9841   22.405   100.723   0.04732   0.19518   0.2093   0.1442        74.67b   14.696   92.35   2.7369   23.386   101.297   0.04916   0.19496   0.2099   0.1451       75.00   14.790   92.33   2.7206   23.455   101.337   0.04928   0.19495   0.2100   0.1452       80.00   16.301   91.91   2.4851   24.507   101.949   0.05124   0.19473   0.2106   0.1461       85.00   17.929   91.50   2.2741   25.564   102.560   0.05318   0.19454   0.2113   0.1470       90.00   19.681   91.08   2.0846   26.624   103.170   0.05511   0.19437   0.2119   0.1479       95.00   21.563   90.66   1.9142   27.687   103.778   0.05703   0.19421   0.2126   0.1489                                Velocity of   Viscosity,   Thermal Cond,   Surface               Temp,*   c p /c v     Sound, ft/s   lb m /ft · h   Btu/h · ft · ° F.   Tension,   Temp,*                ° F.   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor   Liquid   Vapor   dyne/cm   ° F.                       −166.85a    1.1680   —   352.   —   —   —   —   —   −166.85           −160.00    1.1655   —   356.   —   —   —   —   —   −160.00           −150.00    1.1620   3953.   361.   —   —   —   —   35.26   −150.00           −140.00    1.1588   3895.   366.   —   —   —   —   34.44   −140.00           −130.00    1.1558   3829.   371.   —   —   —   —   33.63   −130.00           −120.00    1.1531   3758.   376.   —   —   —   —   32.82   −120.00           −110.00    1.1506   3684.   381.   —   —   —   —   32.01   −110.00           −100.00    1.1482   3609.   386.   —   —   —   —   31.21   −100.00           −90.00    1.1461   3533.   391.   —   —   —   —   30.41   −90.00           −80.00    1.1442   3457.   396.   —   —   —   —   29.62   −80.00           −70.00    1.1425   3382.   400.   —   —   —   —   28.83   −70.00           −60.00    1.1410   3308.   405.   —   —   —   —   28.04   −60.00           −50.00    1.1396   3235.   409.   —   —   —   —   27.26   −50.00           −40.00    1.1384   3163.   414.   —   —   —   —   26.49   −40.00           −30.00    1.1374   3093.   418.   —   —   —   —   25.72   −30.00           −20.00    1.1366   3024.   422.   1.889   0.0222   0.0595   —   24.95   −20.00           −10.00    1.1360   2955.   426.   1.782   0.0227   0.0587   —   24.19   −10.00            0.00   1.1356   2888.   430.   1.678   0.0231   0.0579   —   23.43   0.00            5.00   1.1354   2855.   432.   1.627   0.0233   0.0575   —   23.05   5.00           10.00   1.1354   2822.   433.   1.578   0.0236   0.0571   —   22.68   10.00           15.00   1.1353   2789.   435.   1.529   0.0238   0.0567   —   22.30   15.00           20.00   1.1354   2757.   437.   1.482   0.0240   0.0563   —   21.93   20.00           25.00   1.1355   2725.   438.   1.436   0.0243   0.0559   —   21.56   25.00           30.00   1.1356   2693.   440.   1.390   0.0245   0.0555   —   21.19   30.00           35.00   1.1358   2661.   442.   1.347   0.0247   0.0551   0.00470   20.82   35.00           40.00   1.1361   2629.   443.   1.304   0.0250   0.0548   0.00475   20.45   40.00           45.00   1.1364   2598.   444.   1.262   0.0252   0.0544   0.00480   20.08   45.00           50.00   1.1368   2567.   446.   1.222   0.0254   0.0540   0.00485   19.72   50.00           55.00   1.1373   2536.   447.   1.183   0.0256   0.0536   0.00490   19.35   55.00           60.00   1.1378   2505.   448.   1.145   0.0259   0.0532   0.00495   18.99   60.00           65.00   1.1385   2474.   450.   1.109   0.0261   0.0528   0.00501   18.63   65.00           70.00   1.1392   2444.   451.   1.073   0.0264   0.0524   0.00506   18.27   70.00            74.67b   1.1399   2415.   452.   1.041   0.0266   0.0521   0.00511   17.94   74.67           75.00   1.1400   2413.   452.   1.039   0.0266   0.0521   0.00512   17.91   75.00           80.00   1.1409   2383.   453.   1.006   0.0268   0.0517   0.00517   17.56   80.00           85.00   1.1419   2353.   454.   0.974   0.0271   0.0513   0.00523   17.20   85.00           90.00   1.1429   2323.   455.   0.943   0.0273   0.0509   0.00528   16.85   90.00           95.00   1.1441   2293.   456.   0.913   0.0276   0.0505   0.00534   16.49   95.00                         *temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale                a = triple point                b = normal boiling point                c = critical point             
 
         [0043]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Density, 
                 Volume, 
                 Enthalpy, 
                 Entropy, 
                 Specific Heat c p , 
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 Pressure, 
                 lb/ft 3   
                 ft 3 /lb 
                 Btu/lb 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 psia 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100.00 
                 23.581 
                 90.23 
                 1.7605 
                 28.754 
                 104.384 
                 0.05894 
                 0.19407 
                 0.2134 
                 0.1498 
               
               
                 105.00 
                 25.743 
                 89.81 
                 1.6217 
                 29.825 
                 104.989 
                 0.06083 
                 0.19394 
                 0.2141 
                 0.1508 
               
               
                 110.00 
                 28.053 
                 89.38 
                 1.4960 
                 30.900 
                 105.591 
                 0.06272 
                 0.19383 
                 0.2149 
                 0.1518 
               
               
                 115.00 
                 30.520 
                 88.94 
                 1.3821 
                 31.978 
                 106.191 
                 0.06459 
                 0.19374 
                 0.2156 
                 0.1528 
               
               
                 120.00 
                 33.150 
                 88.51 
                 1.2787 
                 33.060 
                 106.788 
                 0.06646 
                 0.19365 
                 0.2164 
                 0.1538 
               
               
                 125.00 
                 35.950 
                 88.07 
                 1.1846 
                 34.147 
                 107.382 
                 0.06832 
                 0.19358 
                 0.2172 
                 0.1548 
               
               
                 130.00 
                 38.926 
                 87.62 
                 1.0988 
                 35.238 
                 107.974 
                 0.07017 
                 0.19352 
                 0.2181 
                 0.1558 
               
               
                 135.00 
                 42.087 
                 87.17 
                 1.0205 
                 36.333 
                 108.562 
                 0.07200 
                 0.19346 
                 0.2189 
                 0.1569 
               
               
                 140.00 
                 45.439 
                 86.72 
                 0.9489 
                 37.433 
                 109.146 
                 0.07383 
                 0.19342 
                 0.2198 
                 0.1580 
               
               
                 145.00 
                 48.989 
                 86.26 
                 0.8833 
                 38.537 
                 109.727 
                 0.07565 
                 0.19339 
                 0.2207 
                 0.1591 
               
               
                 150.00 
                 52.745 
                 85.80 
                 0.8232 
                 39.646 
                 110.304 
                 0.07747 
                 0.19336 
                 0.2217 
                 0.1602 
               
               
                 160.00 
                 60.905 
                 84.86 
                 0.7172 
                 41.878 
                 111.445 
                 0.08107 
                 0.19333 
                 0.2236 
                 0.1626 
               
               
                 170.00 
                 69.979 
                 83.91 
                 0.6273 
                 44.130 
                 112.566 
                 0.08464 
                 0.19333 
                 0.2257 
                 0.1650 
               
               
                 180.00 
                 80.030 
                 82.93 
                 0.5506 
                 46.403 
                 113.666 
                 0.08819 
                 0.19334 
                 0.2279 
                 0.1677 
               
               
                 190.00 
                 91.120 
                 81.93 
                 0.4849 
                 48.699 
                 114.743 
                 0.09171 
                 0.19337 
                 0.2303 
                 0.1705 
               
               
                 200.00 
                 103.31 
                 80.90 
                 0.4283 
                 51.019 
                 115.793 
                 0.09521 
                 0.19341 
                 0.2328 
                 0.1735 
               
               
                 210.00 
                 116.68 
                 79.85 
                 0.3793 
                 53.364 
                 116.815 
                 0.09870 
                 0.19344 
                 0.2356 
                 0.1768 
               
               
                 220.00 
                 131.28 
                 78.77 
                 0.3367 
                 55.736 
                 117.805 
                 0.10216 
                 0.19348 
                 0.2385 
                 0.1804 
               
               
                 230.00 
                 147.18 
                 77.65 
                 0.2996 
                 58.136 
                 118.760 
                 0.10561 
                 0.19351 
                 0.2418 
                 0.1844 
               
               
                 240.00 
                 164.46 
                 76.50 
                 0.2670 
                 60.567 
                 119.677 
                 0.10905 
                 0.19353 
                 0.2453 
                 0.1888 
               
               
                 250.00 
                 183.19 
                 75.30 
                 0.2384 
                 63.032 
                 120.551 
                 0.11248 
                 0.19353 
                 0.2493 
                 0.1937 
               
               
                 260.00 
                 203.43 
                 74.06 
                 0.2131 
                 65.533 
                 121.378 
                 0.11591 
                 0.19351 
                 0.2537 
                 0.1993 
               
               
                 270.00 
                 225.26 
                 72.78 
                 0.1906 
                 68.074 
                 122.152 
                 0.11934 
                 0.19346 
                 0.2587 
                 0.2057 
               
               
                 280.00 
                 248.77 
                 71.43 
                 0.1706 
                 70.659 
                 122.867 
                 0.12278 
                 0.19336 
                 0.2645 
                 0.2131 
               
               
                 290.00 
                 274.03 
                 70.01 
                 0.1528 
                 73.294 
                 123.513 
                 0.12623 
                 0.19322 
                 0.2713 
                 0.2219 
               
               
                 300.00 
                 301.12 
                 68.51 
                 0.1367 
                 75.985 
                 124.082 
                 0.12970 
                 0.19301 
                 0.2794 
                 0.2326 
               
               
                 310.00 
                 330.14 
                 66.92 
                 0.1222 
                 78.742 
                 124.559 
                 0.13320 
                 0.19273 
                 0.2894 
                 0.2457 
               
               
                 320.00 
                 361.18 
                 65.21 
                 0.1090 
                 81.578 
                 124.926 
                 0.13675 
                 0.19235 
                 0.3020 
                 0.2625 
               
               
                 330.00 
                 394.36 
                 63.35 
                 0.0970 
                 84.510 
                 125.159 
                 0.14037 
                 0.19184 
                 0.3188 
                 0.2848 
               
               
                 340.00 
                 429.78 
                 61.29 
                 0.0859 
                 87.565 
                 125.220 
                 0.14408 
                 0.19117 
                 0.3423 
                 0.3159 
               
               
                 350.00 
                 467.60 
                 58.97 
                 0.0755 
                 90.787 
                 125.054 
                 0.14794 
                 0.19026 
                 0.3778 
                 0.3628 
               
               
                 360.00 
                 507.98 
                 56.24 
                 0.0657 
                 94.248 
                 124.561 
                 0.15203 
                 0.18901 
                 0.4376 
                 0.4418 
               
               
                 370.00 
                 551.15 
                 52.86 
                 0.0561 
                 98.092 
                 123.541 
                 0.15651 
                 0.18718 
                 0.5570 
                 0.6042 
               
               
                 380.00 
                 597.49 
                 48.25 
                 0.0458 
                 102.678 
                 121.417 
                 0.16180 
                 0.18412 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                  388.33c 
                 639.27 
                 34.59 
                 0.0289 
                 112.749 
                 112.749 
                 0.17350 
                 0.17350 
                 ∞ 
                 ∞ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Velocity of 
                 Viscosity, 
                 Thermal Cond, 
                 Surface 
                   
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 c p /c v   
                 Sound, ft/s 
                 lb m /ft · h 
                 Btu/h · ft · ° F. 
                 Tension, 
                 Temp,* 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 dyne/cm 
                 ° F. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100.00 
                 1.1454 
                 2263. 
                 456. 
                 0.884 
                 0.0278 
                 0.0502 
                 0.00540 
                 16.14 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 105.00 
                 1.1468 
                 2234. 
                 457. 
                 0.856 
                 0.0281 
                 0.0498 
                 0.00546 
                 15.79 
                 105.00 
               
               
                 110.00 
                 1.1483 
                 2204. 
                 458. 
                 0.829 
                 0.0283 
                 0.0494 
                 0.00552 
                 15.45 
                 110.00 
               
               
                 115.00 
                 1.1500 
                 2174. 
                 458. 
                 0.804 
                 0.0286 
                 0.0490 
                 0.00559 
                 — 
                 115.00 
               
               
                 120.00 
                 1.1517 
                 2145. 
                 459. 
                 0.778 
                 0.0288 
                 0.0486 
                 0.00565 
                 — 
                 120.00 
               
               
                 125.00 
                 1.1536 
                 2115. 
                 459. 
                 0.754 
                 0.0291 
                 0.0483 
                 0.00572 
                 — 
                 125.00 
               
               
                 130.00 
                 1.1557 
                 2086. 
                 459. 
                 0.731 
                 0.0293 
                 0.0479 
                 0.00578 
                 — 
                 130.00 
               
               
                 135.00 
                 1.1579 
                 2057. 
                 459. 
                 0.708 
                 0.0296 
                 0.0475 
                 0.00585 
                 — 
                 135.00 
               
               
                 140.00 
                 1.1602 
                 2027. 
                 459. 
                 0.687 
                 0.0299 
                 0.0471 
                 0.00592 
                 — 
                 140.00 
               
               
                 145.00 
                 1.1628 
                 1998. 
                 460. 
                 0.666 
                 0.0302 
                 0.0468 
                 0.00599 
                 — 
                 145.00 
               
               
                 150.00 
                 1.1655 
                 1969. 
                 459. 
                 0.646 
                 0.0304 
                 0.0464 
                 0.00606 
                 — 
                 150.00 
               
               
                 160.00 
                 1.1715 
                 1910. 
                 459. 
                 0.607 
                 0.0310 
                 0.0456 
                 0.00621 
                 — 
                 160.00 
               
               
                 170.00 
                 1.1783 
                 1851. 
                 458. 
                 0.572 
                 0.0316 
                 0.0449 
                 0.00637 
                 — 
                 170.00 
               
               
                 180.00 
                 1.1861 
                 1793. 
                 457. 
                 0.539 
                 0.0322 
                 0.0442 
                 0.00654 
                 — 
                 180.00 
               
               
                 190.00 
                 1.1950 
                 1734. 
                 456. 
                 0.508 
                 0.0328 
                 0.0434 
                 0.00671 
                 — 
                 190.00 
               
               
                 200.00 
                 1.2052 
                 1675. 
                 454. 
                 0.479 
                 0.0334 
                 0.0427 
                 0.00689 
                 — 
                 200.00 
               
               
                 210.00 
                 1.2169 
                 1615. 
                 451. 
                 0.453 
                 0.0341 
                 0.0419 
                 0.00707 
                 — 
                 210.00 
               
               
                 220.00 
                 1.2302 
                 1555. 
                 448. 
                 0.428 
                 0.0347 
                 0.0412 
                 0.00727 
                 — 
                 220.00 
               
               
                 230.00 
                 1.2456 
                 1495. 
                 445. 
                 0.404 
                 0.0354 
                 0.0404 
                 0.00748 
                 — 
                 230.00 
               
               
                 240.00 
                 1.2634 
                 1434. 
                 441. 
                 0.383 
                 0.0362 
                 0.0397 
                 0.00769 
                 — 
                 240.00 
               
               
                 250.00 
                 1.2842 
                 1372. 
                 437. 
                 0.363 
                 0.0369 
                 0.0390 
                 0.00792 
                 — 
                 250.00 
               
               
                 260.00 
                 1.3086 
                 1309. 
                 432. 
                 0.344 
                 0.0377 
                 0.0382 
                 0.00815 
                 — 
                 260.00 
               
               
                 270.00 
                 1.3375 
                 1245. 
                 426. 
                 0.326 
                 0.0385 
                 0.0375 
                 0.00840 
                 — 
                 270.00 
               
               
                 280.00 
                 1.3721 
                 1180. 
                 420. 
                 0.310 
                 0.0393 
                 0.0367 
                 0.00866 
                 — 
                 280.00 
               
               
                 290.00 
                 1.4142 
                 1114. 
                 413. 
                 0.294 
                 0.0401 
                 0.0360 
                 0.00893 
                 — 
                 290.00 
               
               
                 300.00 
                 1.4663 
                 1046. 
                 406. 
                 0.280 
                 0.0410 
                 0.0352 
                 0.00921 
                 — 
                 300.00 
               
               
                 310.00 
                 1.5322 
                 976. 
                 397. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 310.00 
               
               
                 320.00 
                 1.6179 
                 904. 
                 388. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 320.00 
               
               
                 330.00 
                 1.7336 
                 830. 
                 378. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 330.00 
               
               
                 340.00 
                 1.8976 
                 752. 
                 366. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 340.00 
               
               
                 350.00 
                 2.1476 
                 671. 
                 354. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 350.00 
               
               
                 360.00 
                 2.5730 
                 586. 
                 340. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 360.00 
               
               
                 370.00 
                 3.4525 
                 499. 
                 325. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 370.00 
               
               
                 380.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 380.00 
               
               
                  388.33c 
                 ∞ 
                 0. 
                 0. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ∞ 
                 ∞ 
                 0.00 
                 388.33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pres- 
                 Density, 
                 Volume, 
                 Enthalpy, 
                 Entropy, 
                 Specific Heat c p , 
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 sure, 
                 lb/ft 3   
                 ft 3 /lb 
                 Btu/lb 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 psia 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 −150.00  
                 0.021 
                 43.72 
                 2680.0 
                 −54.034 
                 145.702 
                 −0.14904 
                 0.49595 
                 0.4804 
                 0.2930 
               
               
                 −140.00  
                 0.038 
                 43.39 
                 1536.9 
                 −49.229 
                 148.643 
                 −0.13377 
                 0.48522 
                 0.4807 
                 0.2971 
               
               
                 −130.00  
                 0.066 
                 43.06 
                 917.01 
                 −44.419 
                 151.622 
                 −0.11895 
                 0.47570 
                 0.4815 
                 0.3012 
               
               
                 −120.00  
                 0.110 
                 42.74 
                 567.05 
                 −39.597 
                 154.636 
                 −0.10455 
                 0.46728 
                 0.4829 
                 0.3055 
               
               
                 −110.00  
                 0.178 
                 42.41 
                 362.20 
                 −34.759 
                 157.687 
                 −0.09051 
                 0.45985 
                 0.4848 
                 0.3099 
               
               
                 −100.00  
                 0.278 
                 42.08 
                 238.26 
                 −29.899 
                 160.772 
                 −0.07681 
                 0.45332 
                 0.4873 
                 0.3145 
               
               
                 −90.00  
                 0.423 
                 41.75 
                 160.98 
                 −25.011 
                 163.890 
                 −0.06340 
                 0.44759 
                 0.4903 
                 0.3192 
               
               
                 −80.00  
                 0.626 
                 41.41 
                 111.45 
                 −20.090 
                 167.042 
                 −0.05027 
                 0.44261 
                 0.4938 
                 0.3241 
               
               
                 −70.00  
                 0.907 
                 41.08 
                 78.895 
                 −15.133 
                 170.225 
                 −0.03739 
                 0.43829 
                 0.4976 
                 0.3292 
               
               
                 −60.00  
                 1.285 
                 40.74 
                 56.999 
                 −10.134 
                 173.438 
                 −0.02473 
                 0.43458 
                 0.5019 
                 0.3344 
               
               
                 −50.00  
                 1.786 
                 40.40 
                 41.955 
                 −5.091 
                 176.679 
                 −0.01227 
                 0.43143 
                 0.5065 
                 0.3399 
               
               
                 −40.00  
                 2.438 
                 40.06 
                 31.414 
                 0.000 
                 179.946 
                 0.00000 
                 0.42878 
                 0.5114 
                 0.3456 
               
               
                 −30.00  
                 3.273 
                 39.71 
                 23.893 
                 5.142 
                 183.238 
                 0.01210 
                 0.42659 
                 0.5165 
                 0.3515 
               
               
                 −20.00  
                 4.327 
                 39.36 
                 18.436 
                 10.337 
                 186.552 
                 0.02404 
                 0.42483 
                 0.5219 
                 0.3576 
               
               
                 −10.00  
                 5.638 
                 39.01 
                 14.416 
                 15.587 
                 189.887 
                 0.03583 
                 0.42345 
                 0.5275 
                 0.3640 
               
               
                  0.00 
                 7.251 
                 38.66 
                 11.410 
                 20.896 
                 193.240 
                 0.04749 
                 0.42242 
                 0.5334 
                 0.3706 
               
               
                  5.00 
                 8.184 
                 38.48 
                 10.194 
                 23.573 
                 194.922 
                 0.05328 
                 0.42203 
                 0.5364 
                 0.3740 
               
               
                 10.00 
                 9.211 
                 38.30 
                 9.1329 
                 26.266 
                 196.608 
                 0.05903 
                 0.42171 
                 0.5394 
                 0.3774 
               
               
                 15.00 
                 10.337 
                 38.12 
                 8.2031 
                 28.974 
                 198.298 
                 0.06475 
                 0.42147 
                 0.5426 
                 0.3810 
               
               
                 20.00 
                 11.569 
                 37.93 
                 7.3863 
                 31.698 
                 199.991 
                 0.07045 
                 0.42130 
                 0.5457 
                 0.3845 
               
               
                 25.00 
                 12.914 
                 37.75 
                 6.6666 
                 34.438 
                 201.686 
                 0.07612 
                 0.42119 
                 0.5489 
                 0.3882 
               
               
                 30.00 
                 14.378 
                 37.56 
                 6.0309 
                 37.194 
                 203.384 
                 0.08176 
                 0.42115 
                 0.5522 
                 0.3919 
               
               
                  31.03b 
                 14.696 
                 37.52 
                 5.9090 
                 37.765 
                 203.735 
                 0.08292 
                 0.42115 
                 0.5528 
                 0.3927 
               
               
                 35.00 
                 15.969 
                 37.38 
                 5.4677 
                 39.967 
                 205.084 
                 0.08738 
                 0.42117 
                 0.5555 
                 0.3957 
               
               
                 40.00 
                 17.693 
                 37.19 
                 4.9676 
                 42.757 
                 206.786 
                 0.09297 
                 0.42125 
                 0.5588 
                 0.3995 
               
               
                 45.00 
                 19.559 
                 37.00 
                 4.5224 
                 45.564 
                 208.490 
                 0.09854 
                 0.42138 
                 0.5622 
                 0.4035 
               
               
                 50.00 
                 21.574 
                 36.81 
                 4.1251 
                 48.389 
                 210.194 
                 0.10409 
                 0.42156 
                 0.5657 
                 0.4074 
               
               
                 55.00 
                 23.746 
                 36.62 
                 3.7697 
                 51.231 
                 211.899 
                 0.10962 
                 0.42180 
                 0.5692 
                 0.4115 
               
               
                 60.00 
                 26.081 
                 36.42 
                 3.4512 
                 54.091 
                 213.605 
                 0.11513 
                 0.42208 
                 0.5728 
                 0.4157 
               
               
                 65.00 
                 28.590 
                 36.23 
                 3.1649 
                 56.970 
                 215.311 
                 0.12062 
                 0.42241 
                 0.5764 
                 0.4199 
               
               
                 70.00 
                 31.279 
                 36.03 
                 2.9072 
                 59.867 
                 217.017 
                 0.12609 
                 0.42278 
                 0.5801 
                 0.4242 
               
               
                 75.00 
                 34.157 
                 35.83 
                 2.6747 
                 62.783 
                 218.721 
                 0.13154 
                 0.42319 
                 0.5839 
                 0.4286 
               
               
                 80.00 
                 37.232 
                 35.63 
                 2.4646 
                 65.719 
                 220.425 
                 0.13697 
                 0.42364 
                 0.5877 
                 0.4331 
               
               
                 85.00 
                 40.513 
                 35.42 
                 2.2742 
                 68.673 
                 222.127 
                 0.14239 
                 0.42413 
                 0.5916 
                 0.4377 
               
               
                 90.00 
                 44.009 
                 35.22 
                 2.1015 
                 71.648 
                 223.827 
                 0.14780 
                 0.42465 
                 0.5956 
                 0.4424 
               
               
                 95.00 
                 47.728 
                 35.01 
                 1.9445 
                 74.643 
                 225.524 
                 0.15318 
                 0.42520 
                 0.5997 
                 0.4472 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Velocity of 
                 Viscosity, 
                 Thermal Cond, 
                 Surface 
                   
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 c p /c v   
                 Sound, ft/s 
                 lb m /ft · h 
                 Btu/h · ft · ° F. 
                 Tension, 
                 Temp,* 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 dyne/cm 
                 ° F. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 −150.00  
                 1.1323 
                 4976. 
                 548. 
                 1.945 
                 0.0109 
                 0.0991 
                 0.00362 
                 28.19 
                 −150.00 
               
               
                 −140.00  
                 1.1304 
                 4906. 
                 556. 
                 1.737 
                 0.0112 
                 0.0967 
                 0.00381 
                 27.41 
                 −140.00 
               
               
                 −130.00  
                 1.1286 
                 4833. 
                 564. 
                 1.564 
                 0.0115 
                 0.0943 
                 0.00399 
                 26.64 
                 −130.00 
               
               
                 −120.00  
                 1.1268 
                 4757. 
                 572. 
                 1.416 
                 0.0118 
                 0.0921 
                 0.00419 
                 25.87 
                 −120.00 
               
               
                 −110.00  
                 1.1251 
                 4678. 
                 579. 
                 1.290 
                 0.0121 
                 0.0901 
                 0.00439 
                 25.11 
                 −110.00 
               
               
                 −100.00  
                 1.1236 
                 4597. 
                 587. 
                 1.182 
                 0.0124 
                 0.0881 
                 0.00459 
                 24.35 
                 −100.00 
               
               
                 −90.00  
                 1.1221 
                 4514. 
                 594. 
                 1.087 
                 0.0127 
                 0.0862 
                 0.00480 
                 23.59 
                 −90.00 
               
               
                 −80.00  
                 1.1208 
                 4428. 
                 601. 
                 1.003 
                 0.0130 
                 0.0843 
                 0.00502 
                 22.84 
                 −80.00 
               
               
                 −70.00  
                 1.1196 
                 4341. 
                 608. 
                 0.930 
                 0.0133 
                 0.0826 
                 0.00524 
                 22.10 
                 −70.00 
               
               
                 −60.00  
                 1.1185 
                 4252. 
                 614. 
                 0.865 
                 0.0136 
                 0.0809 
                 0.00547 
                 21.36 
                 −60.00 
               
               
                 −50.00  
                 1.1177 
                 4161. 
                 620. 
                 0.806 
                 0.0139 
                 0.0793 
                 0.00571 
                 20.63 
                 −50.00 
               
               
                 −40.00  
                 1.1170 
                 4070. 
                 626. 
                 0.754 
                 0.0143 
                 0.0777 
                 0.00595 
                 19.90 
                 −40.00 
               
               
                 −30.00  
                 1.1166 
                 3977. 
                 631. 
                 0.706 
                 0.0146 
                 0.0762 
                 0.00621 
                 19.18 
                 −30.00 
               
               
                 −20.00  
                 1.1163 
                 3883. 
                 637. 
                 0.663 
                 0.0149 
                 0.0747 
                 0.00647 
                 18.46 
                 −20.00 
               
               
                 −10.00  
                 1.1163 
                 3788. 
                 641. 
                 0.623 
                 0.0153 
                 0.0733 
                 0.00674 
                 17.75 
                 −10.00 
               
               
                 0.00 
                 1.1166 
                 3693. 
                 646. 
                 0.587 
                 0.0156 
                 0.0719 
                 0.00701 
                 17.04 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 5.00 
                 1.1168 
                 3645. 
                 648. 
                 0.570 
                 0.0158 
                 0.0712 
                 0.00716 
                 16.69 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 10.00 
                 1.1171 
                 3597. 
                 650. 
                 0.554 
                 0.0159 
                 0.0705 
                 0.00730 
                 16.34 
                 10.00 
               
               
                 15.00 
                 1.1175 
                 3549. 
                 651. 
                 0.539 
                 0.0161 
                 0.0698 
                 0.00745 
                 16.00 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 20.00 
                 1.1180 
                 3500. 
                 653. 
                 0.524 
                 0.0163 
                 0.0691 
                 0.00760 
                 15.65 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 25.00 
                 1.1185 
                 3452. 
                 655. 
                 0.509 
                 0.0165 
                 0.0685 
                 0.00775 
                 15.31 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 30.00 
                 1.1191 
                 3403. 
                 656. 
                 0.495 
                 0.0166 
                 0.0678 
                 0.00790 
                 14.96 
                 30.00 
               
               
                  31.03b 
                 1.1193 
                 3393. 
                 656. 
                 0.492 
                 0.0167 
                 0.0677 
                 0.00793 
                 14.89 
                 31.03 
               
               
                 35.00 
                 1.1198 
                 3354. 
                 657. 
                 0.482 
                 0.0168 
                 0.0672 
                 0.00806 
                 14.62 
                 35.00 
               
               
                 40.00 
                 1.1206 
                 3305. 
                 659. 
                 0.469 
                 0.0170 
                 0.0665 
                 0.00822 
                 14.28 
                 40.00 
               
               
                 45.00 
                 1.1215 
                 3256. 
                 660. 
                 0.456 
                 0.0172 
                 0.0659 
                 0.00838 
                 13.94 
                 45.00 
               
               
                 50.00 
                 1.1225 
                 3207. 
                 661. 
                 0.444 
                 0.0174 
                 0.0652 
                 0.00854 
                 13.61 
                 50.00 
               
               
                 55.00 
                 1.1236 
                 3158. 
                 661. 
                 0.432 
                 0.0176 
                 0.0646 
                 0.00871 
                 13.27 
                 55.00 
               
               
                 60.00 
                 1.1248 
                 3108. 
                 662. 
                 0.421 
                 0.0178 
                 0.0639 
                 0.00888 
                 12.94 
                 60.00 
               
               
                 65.00 
                 1.1261 
                 3059. 
                 662. 
                 0.410 
                 0.0179 
                 0.0633 
                 0.00905 
                 12.61 
                 65.00 
               
               
                 70.00 
                 1.1276 
                 3009. 
                 663. 
                 0.400 
                 0.0181 
                 0.0627 
                 0.00923 
                 12.28 
                 70.00 
               
               
                 75.00 
                 1.1291 
                 2960. 
                 663. 
                 0.389 
                 0.0183 
                 0.0621 
                 0.00941 
                 11.95 
                 75.00 
               
               
                 80.00 
                 1.1308 
                 2910. 
                 663. 
                 0.379 
                 0.0185 
                 0.0614 
                 0.00959 
                 11.63 
                 80.00 
               
               
                 85.00 
                 1.1326 
                 2860. 
                 663. 
                 0.370 
                 0.0187 
                 0.0608 
                 0.00977 
                 11.30 
                 85.00 
               
               
                 90.00 
                 1.1346 
                 2810. 
                 663. 
                 0.360 
                 0.0189 
                 0.0602 
                 0.00996 
                 10.98 
                 90.00 
               
               
                 95.00 
                 1.1367 
                 2760. 
                 662. 
                 0.351 
                 0.0191 
                 0.0596 
                 0.01015 
                 10.66 
                 95.00 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   *temperatures are on the IPTS-68 scale    
               
               
                   b = normal boiling point    
               
               
                   c = critical point    
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0045]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pres- 
                 Density, 
                 Volume, 
                 Enthalpy, 
                 Entropy, 
                 Specific Heat c p , 
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 sure, 
                 lb/ft 3   
                 ft 3 /lb 
                 Btu/lb 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
                 Btu/lb · ° F. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 psia 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100.00 
                 51.679 
                 34.80 
                 1.8015 
                 77.658 
                 227.219 
                 0.15856 
                 0.42579 
                 0.6038 
                 0.4521 
               
               
                 105.00 
                 55.871 
                 34.59 
                 1.6711 
                 80.694 
                 228.909 
                 0.16392 
                 0.42640 
                 0.6080 
                 0.4571 
               
               
                 110.00 
                 60.314 
                 34.37 
                 1.5519 
                 83.752 
                 230.596 
                 0.16927 
                 0.42704 
                 0.6123 
                 0.4622 
               
               
                 115.00 
                 65.015 
                 34.15 
                 1.4428 
                 86.831 
                 232.278 
                 0.17461 
                 0.42770 
                 0.6168 
                 0.4675 
               
               
                 120.00 
                 69.986 
                 33.93 
                 1.3429 
                 89.933 
                 233.954 
                 0.17993 
                 0.42839 
                 0.6213 
                 0.4729 
               
               
                 125.00 
                 75.234 
                 33.71 
                 1.2511 
                 93.057 
                 235.625 
                 0.18525 
                 0.42909 
                 0.6259 
                 0.4784 
               
               
                 130.00 
                 80.770 
                 33.48 
                 1.1667 
                 96.204 
                 237.288 
                 0.19056 
                 0.42982 
                 0.6307 
                 0.4841 
               
               
                 135.00 
                 86.603 
                 33.25 
                 1.0889 
                 99.375 
                 238.945 
                 0.19586 
                 0.43056 
                 0.6356 
                 0.4900 
               
               
                 140.00 
                 92.743 
                 33.02 
                 1.0173 
                 102.570 
                 240.592 
                 0.20115 
                 0.43131 
                 0.6406 
                 0.4961 
               
               
                 145.00 
                 99.199 
                 32.78 
                 0.9511 
                 105.790 
                 242.231 
                 0.20644 
                 0.43208 
                 0.6458 
                 0.5023 
               
               
                 150.00 
                 105.98 
                 32.54 
                 0.8899 
                 109.035 
                 243.859 
                 0.21172 
                 0.43286 
                 0.6512 
                 0.5088 
               
               
                 155.00 
                 113.10 
                 32.30 
                 0.8332 
                 112.306 
                 245.476 
                 0.21700 
                 0.43365 
                 0.6567 
                 0.5156 
               
               
                 160.00 
                 120.57 
                 32.05 
                 0.7807 
                 115.604 
                 247.081 
                 0.22227 
                 0.43444 
                 0.6625 
                 0.5226 
               
               
                 165.00 
                 128.39 
                 31.80 
                 0.7319 
                 118.930 
                 248.672 
                 0.22754 
                 0.43524 
                 0.6685 
                 0.5298 
               
               
                 170.00 
                 136.59 
                 31.54 
                 0.6865 
                 122.284 
                 250.249 
                 0.23281 
                 0.43604 
                 0.6747 
                 0.5374 
               
               
                 175.00 
                 145.16 
                 31.28 
                 0.6443 
                 125.668 
                 251.809 
                 0.23809 
                 0.43684 
                 0.6812 
                 0.5454 
               
               
                 180.00 
                 154.12 
                 31.01 
                 0.6049 
                 129.082 
                 253.351 
                 0.24336 
                 0.43763 
                 0.6880 
                 0.5537 
               
               
                 185.00 
                 163.48 
                 30.73 
                 0.5682 
                 132.527 
                 254.873 
                 0.24864 
                 0.43842 
                 0.6951 
                 0.5626 
               
               
                 190.00 
                 173.25 
                 30.46 
                 0.5339 
                 136.006 
                 256.374 
                 0.25392 
                 0.43920 
                 0.7026 
                 0.5719 
               
               
                 195.00 
                 183.45 
                 30.17 
                 0.5018 
                 139.518 
                 257.851 
                 0.25921 
                 0.43996 
                 0.7106 
                 0.5817 
               
               
                 200.00 
                 194.09 
                 29.88 
                 0.4717 
                 143.066 
                 259.302 
                 0.26451 
                 0.44071 
                 0.7190 
                 0.5923 
               
               
                 210.00 
                 216.71 
                 29.27 
                 0.4170 
                 150.277 
                 262.113 
                 0.27515 
                 0.44215 
                 0.7377 
                 0.6157 
               
               
                 220.00 
                 241.23 
                 28.62 
                 0.3687 
                 157.654 
                 264.783 
                 0.28585 
                 0.44347 
                 0.7594 
                 0.6433 
               
               
                 230.00 
                 267.76 
                 27.94 
                 0.3256 
                 165.218 
                 267.276 
                 0.29664 
                 0.44462 
                 0.7853 
                 0.6766 
               
               
                 240.00 
                 296.42 
                 27.20 
                 0.2871 
                 173.001 
                 269.548 
                 0.30757 
                 0.44556 
                 0.8173 
                 0.7182 
               
               
                 250.00 
                 327.34 
                 26.40 
                 0.2523 
                 181.042 
                 271.533 
                 0.31868 
                 0.44619 
                 0.8587 
                 0.7726 
               
               
                 260.00 
                 360.69 
                 25.51 
                 0.2207 
                 189.406 
                 273.135 
                 0.33005 
                 0.44639 
                 0.9155 
                 0.8484 
               
               
                 270.00 
                 396.64 
                 24.50 
                 0.1915 
                 198.197 
                 274.203 
                 0.34181 
                 0.44597 
                 1.0008 
                 0.9633 
               
               
                 280.00 
                 435.43 
                 23.32 
                 0.1640 
                 207.608 
                 274.458 
                 0.35421 
                 0.44459 
                 1.1490 
                 1.1632 
               
               
                 290.00 
                 477.36 
                 21.80 
                 0.1370 
                 218.088 
                 273.282 
                 0.36782 
                 0.44144 
                 1.4852 
                 1.6136 
               
               
                 300.00 
                 522.95 
                 19.41 
                 0.1068 
                 231.321 
                 268.472 
                 0.38481 
                 0.43371 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                  305.62c 
                 550.56 
                 14.22 
                 0.0703 
                 251.554 
                 251.554 
                 0.41093 
                 0.41093 
                 ∞ 
                 ∞ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Velocity of 
                 Viscosity, 
                 Thermal Cond, 
                 Surface 
                   
               
               
                 Temp,* 
                 c p /c v   
                 Sound, ft/s 
                 lb m /ft · h 
                 Btu/h · ft · ° F. 
                 Tension, 
                 Temp,* 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ° F. 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 Liquid 
                 Vapor 
                 dyne/cm 
                 ° F. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100.00 
                 1.1390 
                 2710. 
                 662. 
                 0.342 
                 0.0194 
                 0.0590 
                 0.01035 
                 10.34 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 105.00 
                 1.1415 
                 2660. 
                 661. 
                 0.333 
                 0.0196 
                 0.0584 
                 0.01055 
                 10.03 
                 105.00 
               
               
                 110.00 
                 1.1442 
                 2610. 
                 660. 
                 0.325 
                 0.0198 
                 0.0578 
                 0.01075 
                 9.71 
                 110.00 
               
               
                 115.00 
                 1.1470 
                 2559. 
                 659. 
                 0.316 
                 0.0200 
                 0.0572 
                 0.01096 
                 9.40 
                 115.00 
               
               
                 120.00 
                 1.1501 
                 2509. 
                 657. 
                 0.308 
                 0.0202 
                 0.0566 
                 0.01117 
                 9.09 
                 120.00 
               
               
                 125.00 
                 1.1534 
                 2459. 
                 656. 
                 0.301 
                 0.0204 
                 0.0560 
                 0.01138 
                 8.78 
                 125.00 
               
               
                 130.00 
                 1.1570 
                 2408. 
                 654. 
                 0.293 
                 0.0207 
                 0.0554 
                 0.01160 
                 8.48 
                 130.00 
               
               
                 135.00 
                 1.1609 
                 2357. 
                 652. 
                 0.285 
                 0.0209 
                 0.0548 
                 0.01182 
                 8.18 
                 135.00 
               
               
                 140.00 
                 1.1650 
                 2307. 
                 650. 
                 0.278 
                 0.0211 
                 0.0542 
                 0.01205 
                 7.88 
                 140.00 
               
               
                 145.00 
                 1.1695 
                 2256. 
                 647. 
                 0.271 
                 0.0214 
                 0.0536 
                 0.01228 
                 7.58 
                 145.00 
               
               
                 150.00 
                 1.1744 
                 2205. 
                 645. 
                 0.264 
                 0.0216 
                 0.0530 
                 0.01251 
                 7.28 
                 150.00 
               
               
                 155.00 
                 1.1796 
                 2154. 
                 642. 
                 0.257 
                 0.0219 
                 0.0524 
                 0.01275 
                 6.99 
                 155.00 
               
               
                 160.00 
                 1.1853 
                 2103. 
                 639. 
                 0.250 
                 0.0221 
                 0.0519 
                 0.01300 
                 6.70 
                 160.00 
               
               
                 165.00 
                 1.1915 
                 2052. 
                 635. 
                 0.243 
                 0.0224 
                 0.0513 
                 0.01325 
                 6.41 
                 165.00 
               
               
                 170.00 
                 1.1982 
                 2001. 
                 632. 
                 0.237 
                 0.0227 
                 0.0507 
                 0.01350 
                 6.12 
                 170.00 
               
               
                 175.00 
                 1.2055 
                 1949. 
                 628. 
                 0.230 
                 0.0229 
                 0.0501 
                 0.01376 
                 5.84 
                 175.00 
               
               
                 180.00 
                 1.2135 
                 1898. 
                 624. 
                 0.224 
                 0.0232 
                 0.0496 
                 0.01403 
                 5.56 
                 180.00 
               
               
                 185.00 
                 1.2222 
                 1846. 
                 619. 
                 0.218 
                 0.0235 
                 0.0490 
                 0.01430 
                 5.28 
                 185.00 
               
               
                 190.00 
                 1.2318 
                 1794. 
                 615. 
                 0.212 
                 0.0238 
                 0.0484 
                 0.01458 
                 5.01 
                 190.00 
               
               
                 195.00 
                 1.2424 
                 1742. 
                 610. 
                 0.206 
                 0.0241 
                 0.0479 
                 0.01486 
                 4.74 
                 195.00 
               
               
                 200.00 
                 1.2540 
                 1690. 
                 604. 
                 0.200 
                 0.0244 
                 0.0473 
                 0.01516 
                 4.47 
                 200.00 
               
               
                 210.00 
                 1.2814 
                 1585. 
                 593. 
                 0.188 
                 0.0251 
                 0.0462 
                 0.01577 
                 3.94 
                 210.00 
               
               
                 220.00 
                 1.3158 
                 1480. 
                 579. 
                 0.177 
                 0.0258 
                 0.0451 
                 0.01641 
                 3.43 
                 220.00 
               
               
                 230.00 
                 1.3599 
                 1372. 
                 565. 
                 0.165 
                 0.0266 
                 0.0440 
                 0.01710 
                 2.93 
                 230.00 
               
               
                 240.00 
                 1.4183 
                 1263. 
                 548. 
                 0.154 
                 0.0274 
                 0.0430 
                 0.01784 
                 2.45 
                 240.00 
               
               
                 250.00 
                 1.4988 
                 1152. 
                 529. 
                 0.143 
                 0.0284 
                 0.0419 
                 0.01866 
                 1.99 
                 250.00 
               
               
                 260.00 
                 1.6157 
                 1038. 
                 509. 
                 0.132 
                 0.0295 
                 0.0408 
                 0.01962 
                 1.55 
                 260.00 
               
               
                 270.00 
                 1.8000 
                 918. 
                 485. 
                 0.121 
                 0.0308 
                 0.0396 
                 0.02082 
                 1.14 
                 270.00 
               
               
                 280.00 
                 2.1306 
                 792. 
                 459. 
                 0.109 
                 0.0325 
                 0.0387 
                 0.02256 
                 0.75 
                 280.00 
               
               
                 290.00 
                 2.8921 
                 655. 
                 428. 
                 0.096 
                 0.0348 
                 0.0384 
                 0.02571 
                 0.40 
                 290.00 
               
               
                 300.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.079 
                 0.0392 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.11 
                 300.00 
               
               
                  305.62c 
                 ∞ 
                 0. 
                 0. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 ∞ 
                 ∞ 
                 0.00 
                 305.62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]     The performance index of Cycle No.  1  (cycle  20 ):  
         Q   @     T   H         Q   ⁢           ⁢     Mech   .           ⁢   Input           
 
 is 6.514. The per unit available energy of Cycle No.  2  (cycle  30 ) is 0.2006. The product of these performances, the net mechanical energy output per unit of mechanical energy per input is 6.514×0.2006=1.307. Thus, the system will sustain its own operation plus produce mechanical energy for other uses by extracting energy from the ambient environment. 
 
         [0047]     The following is a list of reference numerals:  
                                                   LIST FOR REFERENCE NUMERALS            (Part No.)   (Description)                    10   preferred embodiment of the present invention       20   refrigeration/heat pump cycle       30   power cycle       40   compressor       50   heat exchanger       60   expansion valve       70   evaporator       80   engine       90   condenser       100   pump       110   pressure       120   enthalpy       130   pressure       140   enthalpy                  
 
         [0048]     All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise. All materials used or intended to be used in a human being are biocompatible, unless indicated otherwise.  
         [0049]     It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together may also find a useful application in other types of methods differing from the type described above. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention set forth in the appended claims. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.