Abstract:
A power microwave band-pass filter having very high quality factor (i.e., very low insertion loss) and selectivity, includes a cover and a body with dielectric resonator containing cavities. Non-adjacent cavities are cross-coupled by trapezoidal shaped bridging elements, at least one of which is associated with the cover and at least one of which is associated with the filter body. Each bridging element is penetrated in a slit of an electrically insulating holder placed in a knot of two non-adjacent cavities. The bridge element associated with the cover is grounded and acts inductively while the bridge element associated with the filter body is not grounded and acts capacitively.

Description:
BACK GROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the invention 
     The present invention concerns microwave filters comprising several cavities each housing a dielectric resonator and characterized by high quality coefficient (Q), low insertion loss, high selectivity etc. and consisting of a basic parallelepiped body having side walls which determine, in cooperation with at least one longitudinal wall and at least one transversal wall, the dielectric resonator containing cavities, the cavities forming a body being open to its top where it is closed by a cover. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     It is known that in mobile radio systems, it is extremely necessary to have filters showing very high quality factors, e.g. in the order of 20-22,000, low loss, very narrow passing band and transmission zero points. 
     Among the power filters able to satisfy these requirements are dielectric filters; however the advantage of the high performances of these dielectric filters is accompanied by the disadvantage that the field, especially the electric field, is concentrated within the resonators whereby it is not easy to extract the field of one cavity to couple it with that of a non-adjacent cavity and to obtain couplings with transmission zeroes Knowingly the near and adjacent cavities can be coupled through an adequate opening in the wall common to the two cavities. 
     For the cross-coupling of the non-adjacent cavities in the filters without dielectric resonators, various types of bridges are currently used, mainly of the capacitive and inductive types (f.i. loops or feelers . . . ) which are however not applicable to the cross-coupling between the fields of the dielectric resonators cavities. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a band pass filter of high frequency signals, in particular power filter of microwaves, having very high quality factor, i.e. very low insertion loss, high selectivity and transmission zeroes, and consisting of: 
     a filter body (CF) in which several cavities (1, 2, 3, . . . 6 . . . ) are formed; 
     dielectric resonators (D1, D2, D3 . . . D6 . . . ) housed in said cavities; 
     input and output connectors in said filter body; 
     a cover (CO) of closure of said filter body with dielectric resonator containing cavities; 
     screw stems projecting from the inner surface of said cover and extending inside said filter body; 
     plates or discs (DIS) facing but at a distance from the top surface of said resonators, and associated to the ends of screw stems which regulate said distance and, accordingly, the tuning or band central frequency (Fo) of the filter; 
     apertures or openings in the walls of near and adjacent cavities to have a cross-coupling therebetween; 
     screw-stems penetrating with their free ends within the openings to control the cross-coupling between adjacent cavities; 
     screw on the outer surface of the cover to displace the tuning regulating stems as well as said stem ends associated and penetrating in said openings of common contiguous cavity walls; and 
     means to cross-couple the remaining non-adjacent cavities. 
     According to the main feature to the invention non-adjacent cavities are now cross-coupled in such a way to further reduce the already low insertion losses, typical of the dielectric resonators. More particularly the invention concerns a system comprising at least two bridges, one of which provides the coupling between non-adjacent (for instance, unpaired) cavities, is of a capacitive nature and is associated with the filter body, whereas the other bridge provides the cross-coupling between (for instance, paired) cavities, is of an inductive nature and is associated with the filter cover or cap. Because of the combination of these two bridges, it is possible to obtain an advantageous wider pass-band (to reduce the losses) and to impart higher steepness to the fronts delimiting such a band, namely to have, out of the band, extremely high attenuation values in correspondence to such fronts and thus to realize adequate transmission zeros. 
     Advantageously in the openings coupling adjacent cavities a cylindrical enlarged head at the free end of a pin projecting from the inner surface of the cover is vertically slided by operating a screw placed on the outer face of said cover, said pin with enlarged head being typically totally metallic. 
     The main features of the filter according to the invention are recited in the claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The various aspects and advantages of the invention will be appreciated from the following description of the preferred embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings in which; 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective representation of the filter FI according to the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a top view of the body CF of said filter having the cover cut along the line S. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-section along the line B--B on FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 4 is the cross-section along line A--A also on FIG. 2. 
     FIGS. 5, 5a, 5b and 6, 6a, 6b and 6c show some simple modes to make the bridges in form of a tray starting from thin metallic sheets or laminas so sized to produce optimal coupling with the dielectric resonators; and 
     FIG. 7 is the characteristic response of a filter of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     For an easy understanding of the invention, reference is made to the embodiment particularly simple of the six-cavities filter shown emblematically (and unlimitedly) in the accompanying drawings. 
     In the FIGS. 1-4, F1 indicates the filter comprising a filter body CF and a cover CO. The body CF can be formed by four outer walls, two longitudinal walls P2 and P4 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and two transversal walls P1 and P3, as shown in FIGS. 1-3. The six cavities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, each containing a dielectric resonator D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 (FIG. 1) are obtained, for example, by introducing inside the body CF two inner transversal walls PT1 and PT2 and one inner central longitudinal wall PL1. This last wall PL1 divides the transversal walls PT1 and PT2 in four sections Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 and is (imaginarily) divided in three sections L1, L2 and L3 (FIG. 1). The partial walls L1, Z2, Z4 and L3 are provided with openings f1, f2, f3, f4 and f5 (FIGS. 2-4) which define the path (line PS) (FIG. 2) of the signals within the body CF from the input connector IC to the output connector OC as well as the adjacent pairs of cavities along said path i.e. 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 (FIG. 2). 
     In the embodiment shown in pairs of cavities, for instance FIGS. 1-4, only the FIGS. 1-3 and 4-6 remain non-adjacent (along and in the direction of path PS). 
     Known in the prior art are couplings between non-adjacent cavities without dielectric resonators, which are realized with simple piercing means like inductive-capacitive bridges, for example, in the form of loops and feeders. 
     When, as in this case of powerful dielectric resonators D1-D6, conventional bridges cannot be used mainly because the electric field in each cavity is substantially confined inside each dielectric resonator whereby recourse is to be made to spillage means entirely new and surprising as those according to the invention. 
     According to a first feature of the invention, the step-overs (FIGS. 1 and 2) or bridges are preferably made of metallic sheets or laminae in the form of top-open trapeziums or of a counter-sunk &#34;tray&#34; VA1, VA2 respectively of the base B1 (FIGS. 2 and 3) and B2, respectively, of each &#34;tray&#34; introduced in the node of not-contiguous cavities N1-3 (FIGS. 1 and 2), B4-6 (FIG. 1), respectively, and with the lateral tray wings AL1, AL3, and AL4, AL6, respectively placed parallel to the two walls L1 and Z2, L2 and Z3 (perpendicular to each other), respectively, of the non-adjacent cavities (FIG. 1). 
     According to an other feature of the invention, the bases B1 and B2 and wings A11 and A12 are very wide (FIGS. 5 and 6a), and thus create a strong cross-coupling between non-adjacent resonators. 
     According to an other feature of the invention, a bridge element (FIG. 2), for instance SC 1-3 ) is placed on the filter body CF, penetrates with its base B1 within a holder or support of insulating material I1 having a slit open on top but closed on the bottom, placed in the knot N1-3, whereby said subport I1 isolates the bridge element SC 1-3  from the bottom wall FO of the filter body CF, and inhibits its grounding (FIGS. 2 and 3). The bridge element SC 1-3  forms thus a capacitive cross-coupling. 
     The second bridge element SC 4-6  is associated with the cover CO, is fixed to the inner wall 9 of the element cover through two turn-ups 7 and 8, penetrates with its base B2 into the slit (open on top and closed at the bottom) of an insulating holder I2 (FIG. 2) inserted in the node (FIG. 1). The bridge element SC 4-6  grounded through the inner face 9 of the cover CO and is thus of the inductive type (FIG. 1). 
     According to a further feature of the invention, each window f1, f2, f3, f4 and f5 in the corresponding wall L1, Z2, L2, Z4 and L3 has an height extending from the lower threshold 21 up to the wall roof-ridge i.e. up to the lower face of the cover; typically the lower threshold of the window opening 21 (FIGS. 3 and 4) is at a level lower than the top 20 (FIG. 4) of each dielectric resonator. Characteristically, in each window opening (coupling adjacent cavities) having a height from the threshold 21 up to the inner face 9 (FIGS. 1 and 3) of the cover CO, penetrates a metallic cylindrical head CIL which is at the free end of a pin 24 (having a diameter lower than the diameter of CIL) which is moved by the screw 25 to vary penetration of pin 24 to in a minor or major measure within the relevant window opening to therefore vary the cross-coupling between contiguous cavities. Advantageously the penetration complex ClL-22-24 (FIG. 3) is entirely metallic (instead of the conventional pin held by a compulsory ceramic stem). 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 are top views of sheets or laminae 40-41 starting from which are obtained the bridge (step-over) element SC 1-3  and SC 4-6 , respectively which, as above stated, must provide the highest cross-coupling with the relevant dielectric resonators. The bridge element SC 1-3  has two wings AL1 and AL2 (FIG. 5) which couple resonators D1 and D3, and is obtained from the thin plate 40 (FIG. 5) having the central sector or base B1 to connect said wings. 
     These wings AL1 and AL2 create a very high capacitive coupling through their blunted ramifications PS1, PS2 (FIG. 5). The length &#34;1&#34; between said blunted descendants, the length &#34;13&#34; thereof with the relevant height &#34;h4&#34; are critical in the sense that their dimensions define the frequency Fs in correspondence of which a transmission zero is obtained, said frequency Fs being higher than the filter central frequency Fo. 
     Advantageously the final structure of the bridge or step-over SC 1-3  as represented in the top view of FIG. 5a and in the view along the arrow 50 in FIG. 5b is reached with two simple bendings or foldings along the lines 60 and 61 (FIG. 5). 
     In the slightly more complex case of bridge element SC 4-6  which is to be attached, such as by soldering, to the inner surface, of cover CO by means of the turn-ups 7 and 8 (FIG. 2), foldings 62 and 63 (FIG. 6) are made as in the case of SC 1-3  (FIGS. 5a, 5b) but in addition also bendings 65 and 66 (FIG. 6c) are carried out to obtain said turn-ups 7 and 8. 
     Other equivalent systems of folding thin metallic sheets or plates can be used also according to the available bending apparatus. As in the case of SC 1-3  of FIGS. 5, also the starting lamina 41 for the bridge element SC 4-6  of FIG. 6 must have total extensions of lengths and wideness of its ramifications AL3-AL4 (FIGS. 6 and 6c) such to critically determine the other zero transmission frequency Fi falling below said filter central frequency Fo. 
     In this description the form of the bridge elements SC 1-3  and SC 4-6  has been defined as the form of a &#34;tray&#34; or open trapezium just for illustrative semplicity: indeed in the FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 6 the bridges look roughly like open trays, (or trapezium without the major base) i.e. bodies substantially U-formed. A further difference between SC 1-3  and SC 4-6  is in their disposition in the sense that tray SC 4-6  (FIG. 1) has the base or bottom B2 in the lowest position (FIG. 3) whereas the tray of SC 1-3  is overturned and has thus the base B1 up-wards (FIG. 3). 
     In FIG. 4 cavity 6 containing dielectric resonator D6 is shown as being a hollow cylinder CC of dielectric material held stationary by support 90 fixed to the bottom of the filter body CF. The tuning of the cavities is carried out by desplacing upwards or downwards the metallic plate or disc DIS with the aid of the tuning screw 69. 
     Obviously other (per se known) embodiments of tuning systems can be adopted. In the characteristic response of a filter of the invention of FIG. 7, (as depicted on a Hewlett and Park computer) channel CH 1  (I) (S 11 ) gives the return loss RL and CH 2  (S 2-1 ) gives the attenuation (α). The central frequency (center is 845.7500 MHz, while the span is of 5.000.000 MHz). the dotted lines DL show how the alternation of final curve (II) (S 2-1 ) would increase very slowly in the absence of the capacitive (SC 1-3 )- and inductive (SC 4-6 )- bridges. 
     The marker points 1 and 2 define the pass-band from 845 to 846.5 MHz with attenuation values of -1.8582 dB in marker 1, and of -1.8765 dB in marker 2. Inductive bridge SC 4-6  jump the low attenuation (-1.8582, at 854 dB) in marker 1 to the very high value in marker 3 (-68.535 dB) at 844.2 MHz; accordingly the attenuation jump occurs in the very small frequency interval from 844.2 to 845 MHz. At the other end of the band (marker 2) the action of the capacitive bridge SC 1-3  boosts the attenuation from -1.8765 db (at 846.5 MHz in said marker 2) to the very high attenuation value (in marker 4) of -61.005 dB at 847.200 MHz. It may thus be seen that the attenuation jump occurs in very narrow frequency gaps. 
     A further advantage is that the curve CH 1  of the return loss RL shows optimal values in markers 1&#39; and 2&#39; in correspondence of markers 1 and 2 of the attenuation curve. The optimal values of the return loss in 1&#39; (starting from marker 3&#39;) is obtained by acting on the tuning regulation of the resonators through the desplacement of the disc DIS with the aid of the tuning screw -69. On the other hand the optimal value of the return loss in marker 2&#39; is advantageously obtained by acting on the penetration of the cylindrical head CIL at the end of pins 24 within the openings f1, f2-f5. 
     These two means namely the head CIL and the tuning screw (69) (moving the disc DIS) allow the obtainement of very good return loss curve in correspondence of the optimal attenuation curve, during the general setting of the filter. A double optimal performance (i.e. a high quality filter) is so obtained.