Abstract:
A fire resistant tank apparatus adapted for transportation and for installation above-ground to receive and dispense a liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons, or the like, comprising a tank assembly having lightweight wall structure defining inner wall structure, and in certain instances outer wall structure, there being primary space between the inner wall structure, and the outer wall structure; first structure on the assembly defining access porting to a tank interior defined by the assembly; a bottom wall defined by the assembly adapted to support the assembly at an installation site; thermal barrier material associated with the wall structure to effectively define a shell about the tank interior; and structure adjacent the wall structure to support a dispenser for the liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons, or the like, that structure may include a platform unit projecting sidewardly adjacent a lower portion of the outer wall structure, for supporting the dispenser in adjacent relation to the side of the outer wall structure. A portable, metallic support plate and berm may be provided for use below the tank apparatus.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 509,142 filed Apr. 16, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,750 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 331,548 filed Mar. 31, 1989 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,949. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to tanks for flammable and combustible liquids, and more particularly concerns methods and means for making such tanks fire resistant in above-ground installation environments. 
     Tanks holding flammable or combustible liquids, such as new and used hydrocarbon products, if installed above ground, can be dangerous if not &#34;fireproofed&#34;, i.e., made &#34;fire resistant&#34;. For example, if the tanks leak flammable liquid, a fire danger will exist. Fire can weaken the lightweight tank walls and lead to tank collapse and spillage of tank contents. Also, prior tanks were not, in general, bullet resistant. 
     In the past, such tanks were enclosed in concrete and transported to installation sites; however, the concrete is subject to cracking, which then can allow leakage to the exterior of flammable liquid leaking from the tank itself. Also, the concrete-enclosed tank is extremely heavy and difficult to transport. There is need for method and means to make such tanks fireproof and leak proof in such a way that a relatively lightweight unit is provided, for ease of transportation and installation, and subsequent safety. Also, there is need for ease of safety dispensing liquid hydrocarbons from above-ground tanks. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a major object of the invention to provide means meeting the above need. Basically, the apparatus of the invention is embodied in a metallic tank assembly that is fire resistant and defines an effective, efficient thermal barrier, the tank assembly adapted for transportation and for installation above-ground to receive and dispense a liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons, or the like. 
     It is another object to provide fire resistant tank apparatus that includes: 
     a) a tank assembly having lightweight wall means defining inner walls means, and outer wall means, there being primary space between the inner wall means, and the outer wall means, 
     b) first means on the assembly defining access porting to a tank interior defined by the assembly, 
     c) a bottom wall defined by the assembly adapted to support the assembly at an installation site, 
     d) thermal barrier material located in the primary space to effectively define a shell about the tank interior, 
     e) and structure adjacent the wall means to support a dispenser for the liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons, or the like. 
     As will be seen, the thermal barrier material may substantially fill the primary space, i.e., the space between the inner and outer metallic wall means; and the thermal barrier may enclose the inner wall means at the top, bottom and sides thereof. 
     It is a further object to provide a tank assembly as referred to wherein the inner wall means defines an inner tank forming the tank interior, and the outer wall means defines an outer tank extending about the inner tank. As will be seen, the outer wall means may in certain instances be omitted. 
     Yet another object is the provision of support and thermal barrier material which includes: 
     i) support structure beneath and transmitting weight applied by the inner tank, 
     ii) filled in barrier material extending about the support structure in the primary space. 
     Also, fire resistant material may be applied as a coating to the inner tank surface, the thermal barrier material located between that coating and the outer tank. Access porting may be provided at the top of the tank assembly to enable access to the inner tank. 
     Another object is to provide a support unit projecting sidewardly adjacent the wall means to support a dispenser for the liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbons, or the like, the structure including a platform unit projecting sidewardly adjacent a lower portion of the outer wall means, for supporting the dispenser in adjacent relation to the side of the outer wall means. A drain is typically provided to drain leaking liquid hydrocarbon to a receptacle below the level of the structure; and the receptacle may extend beneath the entire tank structure and have a bounding berm or dike, as will appear. Accordingly, ease of fuel dispensing, with safety, are provided. 
     Yet another object is to provide a metallic plate structure beneath the tank assembly and supporting the assembly, and a berm extending in a loop, on the plate structure to retain liquid draining from the assembly on the plate structure. The berm may be hollow to provide utility space, and crash poles may be provided about the berm. 
     These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which: 
    
    
     DRAWING DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a metallic, multi-wall tank assembly with accessible tank and dispenser means and drain system; 
     FIG. 1a is a vertical section showing equipment used with the tank assembly; 
     FIG. 2 is a vertical section taken on lines 2--2 of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 2a shows a modified tank assembly similar to FIG. 1a; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a dispenser support and drain means; 
     FIG. 4 is a section taken on lines 4--4 of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a receptacle unit for supporting the multi-wall tank assembly of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged section taken on lines 6--6 of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged plan view of a tank support assembly; 
     FIG. 8 is an elevation taken on lines 8--8 of FIG. 7; 
     FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a modified, all-metal berm structure; 
     FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a further modified berm structure, with crash poles; 
     FIG. 11 is an enlarged section taken through a berm structure like that of FIG. 10 showing crash pole support; 
     FIG. 12 is an enlarged section like FIG. 11 but showing berm bottom plate removable attachment to a foundation; 
     FIG. 13 is a vertical section taken through a modified double hull tank assembly, with external and internal ducting, the tank supported on a berm; 
     FIG. 14 is a view like FIG. 13 but showing a single, metal wall tank with outwardly exposed fireproofing material; 
     FIG. 15 is a vertical elevation, taken in endwise section, showing a tank assembly with dispenser at one end; 
     FIG. 16 is a view like FIG. 15 showing a modified dispensing system; 
     FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing an enclosed tank assembly with end dispenser, as in FIG. 15; 
     FIG. 18 is a view like FIG. 17 showing a similar enclosed tank assembly with top and side dispenser; and 
     FIG. 19 is a perspective view showing a spill containment compartment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 show a tank assembly 10 having lightweight wall means defining inner wall means 11, and outer wall means 12. The inner wall means 11 typically forms an inner cylindrical tank 111 having a cylindrical side wall 11a, top wall 11b, bottom wall 11c, and upright end walls 11d and 11e. Inner tank interior is formed at 11f for containing liquid hydrocarbon indicated at 13, or hydrocarbons, or the like. Vehicle fuel, such as gasoline or diesel fuel, are examples. 
     The outer wall means 12 typically forms an outer tank 112 having side walls 12a, top wall 12b, bottom wall 12c, and end walls 12d and 12e whereby the primary enclosed space 17 is formed between the two tanks, and surrounds the inner tank. 
     The walls of the two tanks may consist of steel and be less than one inch thick, for lightweight tank construction enhancing portability, for installation above ground at different sites, as desired. Glass fiber walls, or reinforced walls, resin impregnated, are also contemplated. Typically, steel walls are used and are about 10 gauge (1/8 to 1/4 inch thick) The tank length may typically be from 4 to 50 feet. The overall tank wall thickness may be about two inches to be bullet (large caliber) resistant. 
     The weight of the inner tank 1 and its liquid contents are transmitted to the outer tank bottom wall 12c, as via steel or other fireproof struts 19 in space 17a between bottom walls 11c and 12c. After positioning of the tanks as shown, thermal barrier material 117 is injected, as via a nozzle, or otherwise applied into spaces 17a, 17b and above 17b; and if such material is expansible, it may expand therein as foam, filling such space 17 or spaces. Usable thermal barrier materials include foamed concrete, VERMICULITE, styrofoam, urethane foam, pumice, FENDOLITE, and the like. Preferably, an additional thermal barrier, such as fire resistant material in a thin (less than 1/4 inch) layer 23, is applied to the outer surface of the inner tank 11. One such material is known as FENDOLITE, consisting of a mixture of VERMICULITE and Portland cement. VERMICULITE is hydrate aluminum-iron magnesium silicate; it is incombustible, and is lightweight. Portland cement is of well-known composition. 
     The top wall 12b of the outer tank includes a horizontal sub-wall 12b-1, and two opposite downwardly and sidewardly tapering sub-walls 12b-2 and 12b-3. 
     Equipment located at the top of the tank assembly is as shown, and includes 
     primary (inner) tank emergency vent port 80 accessing inner space 11f, 
     primary (inner) tank work vent port 80a accessing inner space 11f, 
     secondary (outer) tank emergency vent port 80, accessing space 17, 
     auxiliary ports 82 accessing inner space 11f, with protective (brick) plate attached to 11c protecting 11c from damage by rods or sticks inserted via 82, 
     vapor recovery port 83, accessing 11f, fluid product fill port 84 and duct 84a extending into the lower interior of space 11f, duct 84a being stabilized from excessive movement by support 84a&#39; attached to 11c, 
     fluid product spill drain duct 85 accessing space 11f, 
     fluid spill container 86 associated with 85 for containing fluid lost during product filling into tank 11, the fluid contained in space 88, 
     fluid monitoring port 90 accessing space 11f, 
     leak monitor port 87 via which fluid leaking into open (unfilled) space 17 may be monitored, i.e., detected, as by an electronic sensor, or manula gauging, 
     product extraction port 81 accessing the lower interior of the inner tank space 11f through inlet opening 81a&#39; of upright product extraction duct 81a. The latter is stabilized against excessive motion by support 81a&#34;, 
     a liquid product delivery line 81b may be installed in space 17 to provide fire protection and leak containment. Fittings 81b&#34; in space 17 stabilize 81b against movement. 
     Space 32 may contain, or be filled, with a non-oxidizable inert gas, such as N 2 , for enhanced protection in case of leakage of hydrocarbon into the space. The assembly, as described, provides protection for the hydrocarbon contents such that up to 2,000° F. flame applied for a considerable period of time (1 to 2 hours) to the outer tank will not result in heating of the hydrocarbon contents in space 31 dangerously above ambient temperature (for example about 10% of above ambient in certain cases. 
     FIGS. 1, 1a and 2 show the provision of a 18 product delivery duct 84 having an entrance at 84a&#39; accessing fuel in the lower interior of space 11f within the inner tank, facilitating delivery of fuel into the tank, after lifting of an access door 91 at wall 12b-2. See door hinge 91a. A monitoring port 87, upon recovery port 83, and overfill container fluid drain back port 85, are also thus accessible. See line 90a connecting port 90 with the lower interior space 17a below the inner tank. Fuel may also be filled into the tank 11 via auxiliary fill duct 93 in space 88 below the lifted door 90, connecting to fill duct 84a, capped at 84. Spillage resulting from such filling is conducted via the inclined wall 95 at the bottom of space 88 to the tank interior 11f, as via a suitable port at 85. 
     FIG. 1, 1a, 3 and 4 show the provision of a product dispenser 87, including vertically elongated pump unit 187, intake duct 188 from tank 11 via lines 81a and 81b to unit 187, and dispenser hose 189 with nozzle 191. The latter may be vertically releasably supported by unit 187, at 192, as shown. Hose 189 is retracted by retracting assembly 96, to protect the hose from damage. Structure is provided adjacent the end wall 12e to support the dispenser 87. See for example the platform unit 200 projecting sidewardly adjacent a lower portion of wall 12e for supporting the dispenser unit adjacent to the end of tank 12 at wall 12e, enabling ease of fuel dispensing; in addition any spillage from the unit 187 drains into drain or platform unit 200a of structure 200, and then downwardly and laterally to fall into collection space 201 in receptacle 202. See drainage arrows 203, as in FIGS. 3 and 4. 
     FIG. 2a shows a tank assembly somewhat similar to FIG. 1a, and with corresponding elements bearing the same numbers. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 show the platform unit 200 as including a top plate 205 to anchor the dispenser unit (see bolt holes 206), and also to drain fuel spillage as via a central opening 207. Draining fuel falls onto lower inclined plate 208, and then drains at 203. See also side plates 209 interconnecting plates 205 and 208. Liquid containing ledge 210 bounds the plate 205. 
     Receptacle 202 includes a concrete slab 211 having a rectangular concrete dike or berm 212 bounding the collection space 201, extending under the entirety of the tank assembly 10. Anchor legs 213 integral with slab 211 project into the earth and act as supports. I-beams 216 support the tank assembly 10 on the upper surface of the slab, as shown. Fire extinguishing material (such as water or CO 2 ) may be released from nozzle 250 spaced along the berm and supplied via manifold 251 in the berm, storage bottle 252 and emergency valve 253. 
     FIGS. 5 to 8 show anchor structure to anchor the beams 216 to the slab. See shackle 217 bolted at 218 to the slab, and to which the beam is bolted at 219. See drain 310 in berm wall 212a. Anchor plates ar provided at 220. Seismic stability is thereby achieved. 
     Fire-resistant material may, if desired, be sprayed via a nozzle onto the outermost tank walls to form a first layer 250a which is allowed to harden or cure in situ, covering all such walls. Then, if desired, a second nozzle, or the same nozzle, may be employed to spray the material onto layer 250a, forming a second layer 250b, also allowed to harden in situ, covering all outer walls or layers 250a. The combination of thus formed fire resistant sub-shells form a composite shell, leak resistant, fire resistant, and projectile resistant, typically having a thickness between 1/4 inch and 1 inch, and which chars when heated to elevated temperatures (1,000° F. to 2,000° F.) as by intense flames. 
     A wire mesh may be applied between such layers or shells 250a and 250b for strengthening purposes. The application of fire-resistant material is preferably such as to coat the top wall 12b at the top of the assembly, and the supports 216 under the outer tank bottom wall 12c, as shown. Such materials are disclosed in Ser. Nos. 331,548 and 509,142 referred to above, and incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIG. 9 shows a transportable berm structure, including metallic plate structure, extending horizontally to support a tank assembly, as described, and to be described. See in this regard horizontal, rectangular plate 300, which may consist of steel. A metallic berm 301 is mounted on that plate, and extends in a rectangular loop, having berm side stretches 301a  and 301b, and berm end stretches 301c and 301d. Each berm stretch may have a cross section, as indicated in FIG. 11, with spaced, parallel, upright plates 302 and 303 welded at 302a and 303a to plate 300, and a top plate 304 covering the enclosed space or tunnel 305. The latter may protectively receive or carry fluid piping 306, and/or electrical cabling 307, as may be included in a fire protection system for the tank assembly and its contents. A tank assembly 315 is typically supported on plate 300, inwardly of the berm, and on I-beam supports 308, as indicated. Note in FIG. 9 corner L-shaped brackets 309 of steel and extending upright to confine and center the tank. 
     The construction shown in FIG. 10 is generally the same as in FIG. 9; however, upright steel crash poles 310 are added, and positioned outside the berm to receive and absorb crash loads (see arrow L in FIG. 11) as from exterior vehicles, thereby protecting the tank against impact. 
     FIG. 11 shows the pole 310 as supported at its lower end 310a on a plate extension 300b, as are all poles as seen in FIG. 10. A steel reinforcement strut 312 may be attached at one vertical edge to the pole (see weld connection 313) and may be attached at an opposite vertical edge to the berm 301 (see weld connection 314). The tank assembly is generally indicated at 315, spaced inwardly from, and protected by the berm and/or pole. The berm, as described, performs multiple functions, i.e., it contains tank drainage at 299 on plate 300; it protects and carries auxiliary equipment such as piping and cabling, as described; it laterally supports or reinforces the crash pole; and it acts with the pole to absorb lateral crash loads L, the wall 302 and 303 being able to laterally flex (see flexed positions 302b and 303b) in order to absorb side loading. Also, the entire unit or assembly is transportable from one point of tank installation to another, and separately from the tank, for performance of its multiple functions. 
     FIG. 12 shows a means to releasably attach the metallic plate 300 to a foundation, such as concrete or asphalt pad 320. As shown, auxiliary plate means 321 is attached, as by a fastener 322, to the pad, the plate means overlapping the portions 300d of the plate 300 protruding outwardly beyond the berm 301. Note that plate means 321 includes a lower plate 321a seating on the pad, and an upper plate 321b overlapping the main plate 300 at 326. Plates 321a and 321b are weld connected at 327. 
     In FIG. 13, a fire-resistant tank assembly 330 has wall means defining an interior storage space 331 for flammable liquid 332. The wall means includes a first metallic, cylindrical wall 333 extending generally longitudinally; and a second metallic, cylindrical wall 334 also extending generally horizontally and concentrically about wall 333. Fire-resistant material 335 of one or more of the types referred to above substantially fills the space 336 between the two metal walls, that space typically being about two inches thick, but can be up to six inches thick. The outer tank is supported on the plate 300, as by supports 337. End walls 333a and 334a close opposite ends of the cylindrical walls 333 and 334; and spaces between walls 333a and 334a are also filled with fire-resistant material. See similar space in FIG. 1a for example, between tank end walls. Thus, inner and outer tanks are provided. 
     Means to fill liquid into the tank and/or dispense liquid from the tank interior 331 includes an interior duct 340 extending vertically within the interior to have a port 340a near the bottom of interior 331. Duct 340 extends up through the tops of the tanks, and connects to an exterior duct 342 having a horizontal stretch 342a, and a downcomer stretch 342b, with a fill or dispenser port 342c provided by a coupling. The exterior duct may be installed, and be covered with fire-resistant material 335a. The liquid in the FIG. 13 tank typically undergoes less than a 40° F. temperature increase in a 2,000° F. pool fire, over two hours. 
     The tank construction seen in FIG. 14 is the same as that of FIG. 13 except that the outer metal tank wall 334 (and associated end walls) is omitted. The inner metallic wall 333, closed at its opposite ends, is entirely covered with fire-resistant material 335 (about two inches thick), as is the external duct structure 342. A metallic housing 350 surrounds the inner tank 333, as is also seen in FIGS. 17 and 18. See dispenser pump box 351 at the top of duct 342&#39;, externally of the tank 333 and housing 350, as in FIG. 18. Liquid in the FIG. 14 tank structure undergoes less than 100° F. temperature rise in two hours in a 2,000° F. pool fire. 
     In FIG. 18, a flexible dispensing line extends at 352 from the pump box 351 to a dispenser nozzle 354 supported on a hanger 355 on the housing side wall. 
     In FIG. 17, the external duct 342 is connected to a dispenser pump unit 356 supported on a shelf 357 at one end 358 of the housing. See also delivery line 359 and nozzle 360. Tank supports are seen at 361, and are sized to seat on the steel plate 300 referred to above. 
     In FIG. 15, a single shell, cylindrical storage tank 333&#39;, is covered with fire-resistant material 335&#39; (about two inches thick). An outer metallic housing 350&#39;, corresponding to that at 350 in FIG. 14, surrounds the storage tank. A pump dispenser 390 is supported on a shelf 391 at one end 362 of the outer housing. Internal dispenser/fill duct 363 extends vertically in the tank 333&#39;, and has a discharge/inlet port at 364 near the bottom of the tank interior. Duct 363 connects with an external duct 365 that protrudes at the exterior of the housing 350&#39; at 365a. A control valve 366 is connected into duct length 365a. Duct 365 then extends downwardly at 365b in the space 367 between 333&#39; and 350&#39;, at one end of the latter, as shown. Duct length 365b connects to a line 370 running beneath shelf 391 to the dispenser 390. A dispenser nozzle 372 connects to a delivery line 373 from the dispenser. 
     In FIG. 16, the structure is like that in FIG. 15 except that duct 365 is entirely within the space 367 between 333&#39; and 350&#39;, that space filled with fire-resistant material. 
     In FIG. 19, a box or container 380 is shaped to fit into the top of the housing 350, as is indicated in FIGS. 17 and 18. That box has a lid 381, hinged at 381a to be elevated, giving access to the box interior. A flammable liquid fill port 382 is provided in the box interior and is capped at 382a. Spillage is contained in the box and drains to the tank 333 interior, via a drain at 384. A sight gauge is also provided at 385. 
     FIG. 2a is a schematic showing of a multiple tank assembly, with multiple ports as labeled, the assembly being similar to the FIG. 1a assembly.