Abstract:
This invention relates to a carpet tile that includes a polyolefin secondary backing layer. In particular, this invention relates to modular carpet tiles having at least one layer of polyolefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the secondary backing of the carpet tile. By modifying the composition of the carpet tiles in this manner, the carpet tiles are able to withstand the high temperatures associated with surface printing of the tiles, while still maintaining cold temperature flexibility.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/030,823, entitled “Carpet Tile With Polyolefin Secondary Backing,” which was filed on Jul. 30, 2014, and which is entirely incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to a carpet tile that includes a polyolefin secondary backing layer. In particular, this invention relates to modular carpet tiles having at least one layer of polyolefin-containing thermoplastic polymer in the secondary backing of the carpet tile. By modifying the composition of the carpet tiles in this manner, the carpet tiles are able to withstand the high temperatures associated with surface printing of the tiles, while still maintaining cold temperature flexibility. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Typically, secondary backings are woven or non-woven fabric reinforcement layers laminated to the back of tufted carpet. Secondary backings are attached to the primary backing with adhesives through heat and pressure. The term “secondary backing” is also sometimes used to describe attached polymeric back coatings, such as latex foam, that is attached to the flooring substrate. 
         [0004]    The present invention addresses the problem of creating a carpet tile having low temperature flexibility, such as during installation in a new building without heat, and high temperature resistance, such that the tile withstands elevated temperatures of a print range. By incorporating at least one layer of thermoplastic olefin polymer into the secondary backing of the carpet tile, the present invention solves the aforementioned problem of achieving a tile having both low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. The secondary backing of the present invention may be comprised of a single layer of material, often referred to as a “cap layer.” Alternatively, the secondary backing may include a cap layer and an additional layer often referred to as a “laminate layer” and an additional reinforcing layer. 
         [0005]    Thus, the present invention provides a low cost, modular carpet tile that, based on its composition, exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. The carpet tile of the present invention also meets all industry standard specifications for wear, tuft lock, cup and curl, and the like. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In one aspect, the invention relates to a carpet comprising the following sequential layers: pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and a backing layer comprised of a thermoplastic olefin polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance. 
         [0007]    In another aspect, the invention relates to a carpet comprising the following sequential layers: pile yarns tufted through a primary backing to form a primary composite layer; a precoat layer comprised of a polymer; and a backing layer comprised of: (i) a thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer, wherein the polymer exhibits low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance, and (ii) a bulking agent, wherein (i) and (ii) form a bulked thermoplastic olefin polymer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing of the components of a carpet tile according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the manufacturing process for making the carpet tile of the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of the manufacturing process for making the carpet tile of the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating steps comprising the manufacturing process for making the carpet tile of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a schematic representation of an extrusion coating line for making carpet tile according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    The term “carpet,” as used herein, is intended to describe a textile substrate which comprises face fibers and which is utilized to cover surfaces on which people are prone to walk. Thus, carpet includes broadloom carpet; rugs; carpet tile; floor mats; indoor and outdoor rugs, tiles and floor mats; and the like. Carpet tile is also known as modular carpet. 
         [0014]    The term “polymer” means a material that comprises large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeated subunits. In this application, a blend of more than one polymer is also considered a polymer. 
         [0015]    The term “polyolefin” is any of a class of polymers produced from olefin (also called an alkene with the general formula C n H 2n ) monomers. Polyolefin materials include, for example, polyethylene and polypropylene. Polyolefin materials also include polymers that contain more than one type of olefin monomer, for example, propylene-ethylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer. The term “olefin-containing polymer” means a polymer containing at least one type of olefin monomer in the polymer chain. Propylene polymer means a polymer derived from some amount of propylene monomer. Propylene polymers include propylene homopolymers or polymers of propylene with other monomers. 
         [0016]    “Elastomer” or “elastomeric materials” refers to any polymer or composition of polymers (such as blends of polymers) consistent with the ASTM D1566 definition and may be used interchangeably with the term “rubber(s)”. Elastomer includes mixed blends of polymers such as melt mixing and/or reactor blends of polymers. “Compatibilizer” or “compatibilizing agent” refers to a material that improves the uniformity or physical properties of a blend of at least two components by acting as an interfacial agent. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprising the following layers:
       (a) Face yarn attached to a primary backing layer;   (b) A precoat layer, which optionally includes an olefin-containing polymer;   (c) A secondary backing layer comprised of a polyolefin material; and   (d) Optionally, a fiberglass layer embedded into the secondary backing layer.       
 
         [0022]    In another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprising the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing, wherein the primary backing is a nonwoven, knit, or woven material;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material; and   (c) A secondary backing layer comprised of polyolefin polymer.       
 
         [0026]    In another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing, wherein the primary backing is a nonwoven material;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material; and   (c) A secondary backing layer comprised of polyolefin polymer.       
 
         [0030]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing, wherein the primary backing is a nonwoven material;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material applied as a hot melt or via a latex application process and;   (c) A secondary backing layer comprised of polyolefin polymer.       
 
         [0034]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing, wherein the primary backing is a nonwoven material;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is comprised of: (i) a mixture of an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, rosin, wax and CaCO 3 , or (ii) a material applied via a latex application process; and   (c) A secondary backing layer comprised of a propylene polymer.       
 
         [0038]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material;   (c) A laminate layer comprised of polyolefin polymer;   (d) A reinforcement layer; and   (e) A cap layer comprised of polyolefin polymer.       
 
         [0044]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material;   (c) A laminate layer comprised of polyolefin polymer;   (d) A reinforcement layer comprised of fiberglass; and   (e) A cap layer comprised of polyolefin polymer.       
 
         [0050]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is a thermoplastic material;   (c) A laminate layer comprised of polypropylene polymer;   (d) A reinforcement layer comprised of fiberglass; and   (e) A cap layer comprised of a propylene polymer.       
 
         [0056]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is comprised of a thermoplastic material;   (c) A laminate layer comprised of polypropylene polymer;   (d) A reinforcement layer comprised of fiberglass; and   (e) A cap layer comprised of a propylene polymer, wherein at least one of the laminate or cap layers further includes at least one bulking agent.       
 
         [0062]    In yet another embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers:
       (a) Pile yarn tufted into a primary backing;   (b) A precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer is comprised of a thermoplastic material;   (c) A laminate layer comprised of a propylene polymer, wherein the propylene polymer is comprised of a majority by weight of propylene and a minority by weight of ethylene;   (d) A reinforcement layer comprised of fiberglass; and   (e) A cap layer comprised of a propylene polymer, wherein the propylene polymer is comprised of a majority by weight of propylene and a minority by weight of ethylene,
           wherein at least one of the laminate or cap layers further includes at least one bulking agent.   
               
 
         [0069]    In a further embodiment, this invention is a carpet tile comprised of the following layers and materials:
       (a) pile yarn tufted into a primary backing, wherein the primary backing is a nonwoven material;   (b) a precoat layer, wherein the precoat layer contains ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer;   (c) a laminate layer comprised of a polypropylene-based polymer, wherein the polypropylene-based polymer is comprised of a majority by weight of propylene and a minority by weight of ethylene; and   (d) a cap layer comprised of a polypropylene-based polymer, wherein the polypropylene-based polymer is comprised of a majority by weight of propylene and a minority by weight of ethylene,   wherein at least one of the precoat layers, laminate layers, or cap layers further includes at least one bulking agent.       
 
         [0075]    Face Yarn and Primary Backing Layer: 
         [0076]    The face yarn provides the appearance or aesthetics of the carpet tile. The primary backing can be either a woven, nonwoven or knitted product. The primary backing layer supports the face yarn. 
         [0077]    The material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer may independently be selected from synthetic fiber, natural fiber, man-made fiber using natural constituents, inorganic fiber, glass fiber, and a blend of any of the foregoing. By way of example only, synthetic fibers may include polyester, acrylic, polyamide, polyolefin, polyaramid, polyurethane, or blends thereof. More specifically, polyester may include polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polylactic acid, or combinations thereof. Polyamide may include nylon 6, nylon 6,6, or combinations thereof. Polyolefin may include polypropylene, polyethylene, or combinations thereof. Polyaramid may include poly-p-phenyleneteraphthalamide (i.e., Kevlar®), poly-m-phenyleneteraphthalamide (i.e., Nomex®), or combinations thereof. Exemplary natural fibers include wool, cotton, linen, ramie, jute, flax, silk, hemp, or blends thereof. Exemplary man-made materials using natural constituents include regenerated cellulose (i.e., rayon), lyocell, or blends thereof. 
         [0078]    The material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer may be formed from staple fiber, filament fiber, slit film fiber, or combinations thereof. The fiber may be exposed to one or more texturing processes. The fiber may then be spun or otherwise combined into yarns, for example, by ring spinning, open-end spinning, air jet spinning, vortex spinning, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, the material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer will generally be comprised of interlaced fibers, interlaced yarns, loops, or combinations thereof. The material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer may be comprised of fibers or yarns of any size, including microdenier fibers or yarns (fibers or yarns having less than one denier per filament). The fibers or yarns may have deniers that range from less than about 0.1 denier per filament to about 2000 denier per filament or, more preferably, from less than about 1 denier per filament to about 500 denier per filament. 
         [0079]    Furthermore, the material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer may be partially or wholly comprised of multi-component or bi-component fibers or yarns in various configurations such as, for example, islands-in-the-sea, core and sheath, side-by-side, or segmented pie configurations. Depending on the configuration of the bi-component or multi-component fibers or yarns, the fibers or yarns may be splittable along their length by chemical or mechanical action. 
         [0080]    Additionally, the fibers comprising the material comprising the face yarn and primary backing layer may include additives coextruded therein, may be precoated with any number of different materials, including those listed in greater detail below, and/or may be dyed or colored to provide other aesthetic features for the end user with any type of colorant, such as, for example, poly(oxyalkylenated) colorants, as well as pigments, dyes, tints, and the like. Other additives may also be present on and/or within the target fiber or yarn, including antistatic agents, brightening compounds, nucleating agents, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, bulking agents, permanent press finishes, softeners, lubricants, curing accelerators, and the like. 
         [0081]    The fibers may be dyed or undyed. If the fiber is dyed, it may be solution dyed. The face weight of the yarn, pile height, and density will vary depending on the desired aesthetics and performance requirements of the end-use floorcovering article. 
         [0082]    The primary backing layer can be any suitable primary backing. The preferred embodiment uses a nonwoven polyester spunbond. In one aspect, the polyester spunbond backing is Lutradur® from Freudenberg Nonwovens of Weinheim, Germany. In another aspect, flat woven polyester tapes, such as Isis™ from Propex of Chattanooga, Tenn., may be utilized. In yet another embodiment, nonwoven material derived from recycled polyester, such as Colback® from Colbond, Inc. of Enka, N.C., may be utilized. If needed, a primary backing made of a woven tape with either staple fibers or nonwoven fabrics affixed can be used. Also, stitch bonded and knitted fabrics may be used as the primary backing layer. 
         [0083]    The primary composite material that includes face yarns attached to the primary backing layer may be heat stabilized to prevent dimensional changes from occurring in the finished carpet tile. The heat stabilizing or heat setting process typically involves applying heat to the material that is above the glass transition temperature, but below the melting temperature of the components. The heat allows the polymer components to release internal tensions and allows improvement in the internal structural order of the polymer chains. The heat stabilizing process can be carried out under tension or in a relaxed state. The primary composite material is typically also stabilized to allow for the yarn and primary backing to shrink prior to the tile manufacturing process. Heat stabilization further aids in preventing the edges of the finished tile from curling. Dimensional stability may be measured using the Aachen Test (ISO 2551). 
         [0084]    The primary composite material may be comprised of yarns tufted through a primary backing layer. Traditional tufting methods may be utilized to form the primary composite material of the carpet tile of the present invention, and/or the tufting methods taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,678,159 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,214, both to Weiner, may be utilized. The yarns may or may not be heat set prior to incorporation into the primary backing layer. 
         [0085]    In one aspect, rather than a having a tufted yarn incorporated into the primary backing layer, a scatter coating of polymer (such as nylon polymer) may be applied to the surface of the primary backing layer. In another aspect, a knit fabric (such as a nylon knit) may comprise the surface of the carpet tile. 
         [0086]    The primary composite material may be pre-stabilized and/or pre-shrunk, prior to the addition of a secondary backing layer. Pre-stabilization may be accomplished by any combination of moisture and/or heat (such as exposure to steam). 
         [0087]    Precoat Layer: 
         [0088]    The precoat layer secures the tufts and prevents the tufts from pulling free of the primary backing and/or secondary backing layer of carpet tile. Typical standard industry tests developed and practiced for evaluating this feature of the carpet tile includes, for example, Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn in Floor Coverings ASTM D1335. The precoat layer may also provide pill and fuzz resistance properties to the carpet tile and may be evaluated according to the Velcro Roller Fuzzing Test ITTS 112. 
         [0089]    The precoat layer is typically comprised of a polymer. In a preferred embodiment, the precoat is comprised of a thermoplastic polymer. 
         [0090]    Application of a thermoplastic precoat layer to the primary composite material may be accomplished using a three-roll coater or any other coating method, and may be followed by exposure to heat (such as an oven). Temperature of the oven is typically greater than the softening point of the components comprising the thermoplastic material. A thermoplastic precoat is generally melted into the primary composite material in an oven to enable wicking of material into the face yarn. 
         [0091]    The thermoplastic material includes olefin-containing thermoplastic polymers. In one aspect, an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)-based material or a propylene-based elastomer may be utilized. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) containing a diluted form of PVC that contains additional amounts of plasticizers to further reduce viscosity may also be suitable. Combinations of any of the aforementioned thermoplastic materials may also be utilized. 
         [0092]    Emulsifications of polymers may be used as a method of applying the precoat layer. These include, for example, SBR latex emulsions, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) latex emulsions, nylon emulsions, polyolefin emulsions, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Emulsifications may also include viscosity modifiers, surfactants, froth aids, anti-microbials, and the like, and mixtures thereof. “Latex” can refer to the emulsified polymer, with or without additives, or the dried film derived from the emulsified polymer with or without additives. In another preferred embodiment, the precoat is comprised of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or poly(vinyl acetate-ethylene) (VAE). 
         [0093]    A foam generator combined with a knife-over gap coater may be utilized to apply the latex precoat layer to the primary composite material. The latex-containing precoat layer is then typically dried in an oven. 
         [0094]    The precoat layer may include additives, such as, for example, bulking agents, antioxidants, tackifiers, wax, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The bulking agent may be organic or inorganic. The bulking agent may be present in amounts in the range from 0% to about 80% by weight. Inorganic bulking agent may include CaCO 3 , BaSO 4 , Fe 2 CO 3 /Fe 3 O 4 , glass fiber, glass cullet, gypsum, aluminum trihydrate (ATH), magnesium dihydrate (MDH), talc, silica, coal fly ash, carbon black, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Any of the inorganic bulking agents may be recycled materials, in whole or in part. The tackifier may be present in amounts in the range from about 0% to about 60% by weight, preferably 10% to 60% by weight. The tackifier includes materials such as rosins, hydrocarbon resins, terpene resins, low molecular weight polyolefin and polyolefin copolymers, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The wax may be present in amounts in the range from 0% to about 50% by weight. Add-on weight of the thermoplastic precoat is typically in the range from about 6 ounces and about 22 ounces per square yard, or even in the range from 8 ounces to 20 ounces. 
         [0095]    Cap Layer: 
         [0096]    The cap layer serves to provide durability to the article and to aid in handling and installing the carpet. The cap layer also serves to provide dimensional stability to the precoated primary composite and serves as the site of attachment of the optional reinforcing material to the precoated primary composite layer and/or the laminate layer. The cap layer is comprised of a thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer. The thermoplastic olefin containing polymer may be present in an amount in the range from about 10 wt % to about 100 wt %, preferably 15 wt % to 80 wt %, more preferably 18 wt % to 60 wt %, most preferably 20 wt % to 40 wt %. 
         [0097]    The thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer in the cap layer contains a polymer with “high temperature resistance” such as, for example, isotactic polypropylene (iPP), thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), and the like, and mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer in the cap layer also contains a polymer with low temperature flexibility. In one embodiment, one polymer can serve as both the polymer with high temperature resistance and the polymer with low temperature flexibility. In another embodiment, two or more polymers can be blended together to achieve this same effect. In this case, the ratio of the polymer with low temperature flexibility to the polymer with high temperature resistance is in the approximate range of 1:1 to 10:1, preferably 2:1 to 7:1, most preferably 5:2 to 6:1. 
         [0098]    Polymers with “low temperature flexibility” are polymers that do not exhibit cracking when exposed to temperatures and forces relevant to an industrial print or finishing process, handling, and/or carpet installation. In general, a polymer with low glass transition temperature relative to the test temperature of interest and a low degree of crystallinity may have low temperature flexibility. Low temperature flexibility can be quantified by several methods including but not limited to dynamic mechanical analysis or mandrel bending. Mandrel bending involves bending a film of polymer 180 degrees around a 2 mm mandrel at temperature of 35+/−10° F. Polymers having low temperature flexibility include but are not limited to olefin-containing elastomers (such as polypropylene-containing elastomers), polyester copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethane, and mixtures thereof. In one aspect, the polymer with low temperature flexibility is a co-polymer of propylene and ethylene having a propylene content in the range from about 50% to about 91%, or even in the range from about 80% to 90%. In another aspect, the polymer comprising the thermoplastic elastomer is a single-site catalyzed propylene elastomer. 
         [0099]    Polymers with “high temperature resistance” are polymers that exhibit minimal deformation when exposed to temperatures and forces that are relevant to an industrial printing or finishing process. In general, polymers with high glass transition temperature or high crystallinity and crystalline melting points have high temperature resistance. High temperature resistance is related to the intrinsic properties of the material and can be quantified by several methods including but not limited to the ring and ball softening temperature, vicat softening temperature, dynamic mechanical analysis, or heat distortion temperature of the material. For example, high temperature resistance can be defined as a ring and ball softening temperature higher than 125° C., preferably 137° C., more preferably 145° C., much more preferably 157° C., most preferably 165° C. Having one or more polymers with high temperature resistance in the cap and/or the optional laminate layer prevents distortion of the secondary backing when the carpet is exposed to an industrial printing process (such as a digital printing process). Thus, the appearance of the secondary backing is not affected and the carpet can be handled at the high temperature conditions of the printing range without becoming too flexible. Polymers with high temperature resistance include, but are not limited to, isotactic polypropylene, polyester, and nylon 6. In one aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is isotactic polypropylene with an isotactic index of greater than 0.95. The isotactic index is a number represent the amount of isotactic polymer in polypropylene. 
         [0100]    There are several methods to determine the isotactic index of a material, including but not limited to 13-C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, xylene extraction, and boiling heptane extraction. To determine the isotacticity by heptane extraction, for example, an aliquot of the dried polymer is extracted with boiling heptane for 3 hours. The amount remaining in the extraction thimble is considered to be isotactic. The isotactic index is then defined according to: isotactic index=wt of insoluble polymer/total wt of polymer. The isotacticity of an individual polymer may be greater than or equal to 0.50, or greater than or equal to 0.60, or greater than or equal to 0.70, or greater than or equal to 0.80, or greater than or equal to 0.90, or greater than or equal to 0.92, or even greater than or equal to 0.95. The isotacticity of a blend is the weighted average isotacticity of the components comprising the blend. In one aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is polypropylene with a heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. In another aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is a cyclic olefin with glass transition temperature &gt;100° C. 
         [0101]    The cap layer may further include a bulking agent. The bulking agent may be present in an amount in the range from about 0% to about 90% by weight, preferably 40% to 80% by weight, more preferably 60% to 75% by weight. Thus, the cap layer may be comprised of a majority by weight of at least one bulking agent. The bulking agent is selected from the group consisting of CaCO 3 , BaSO 4 , Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 , glass fiber, glass cullet, gypsum, ATH, MDH, talc, silica, coal fly ash, wood particles, rubber particles, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Any of the aforementioned bulking agents may further be combined or replaced with recycled materials, such as, for example, recycled CaCO 3 . 
         [0102]    The preferred particle size distribution of the bulking agent may depend on the material of the bulking agent. In one embodiment, the particle size of the bulking agent may be such that less than 1 wt % of particles are retained by a No. 35 mesh (500 micron) and not more than 40 wt % pass through a No. 325 mesh (45 micron), or more preferably that less than 1 wt % are retained by a No. 60 mesh (250 micron) and not more than 30 wt % pass through a No. 325 mesh. In another embodiment, the average particle size is smaller than 500 micron, preferably smaller than 100 micron, or more preferably smaller than 60 micron. In another embodiment, the particle size of the bulking agent may be such that 90% of the particles are smaller than 500 micron, more preferably 90% of the particles are smaller than 100 micron, or even more preferably 90% of the particles are smaller than 325 mesh (44 micron). In another embodiment, more than 50% of the particles have the size between 0.1 micron and 50 micron. In other embodiment, more than 50 wt % of the particles pass through a No. 325 mesh. 
         [0103]    The cap layer may also include a compatibilizing agent. In one aspect, the compatibilizing agent is a polyolefin or polyolefin copolymer that has been modified with maleic anhydride functional groups. For example, the compatibilizing agent may be maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (MA-PP). Other suitable compatibilizing agents include maleic anhydride modified olefin containing polymer, polyester copolymer, surfactants, steric acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The compatibilizing agent may be present in an amount in the range from 0% to about 10% by weight, preferably 0.2% to 5% by weight. 
         [0104]    The type and the amount of bulking agent added to cap layer will typically affect the low temperature flexibility of the blended thermoplastic polymer. For example, it has been found that when larger amounts of bulking agent are added to the secondary backing material, a compatibilizing agent is needed in order to maintain proper low temperature flexibility. 
         [0105]    In one aspect, when the blended thermoplastic polymer contains a bulking agent (i.e. the “bulked thermoplastic polymer blend”), the polymer may have an average density of greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm 3 . 
         [0106]    Other additives may be included in the cap layer in order to improve certain performance features of the product. For example, and without limitation, additives such as adhesion promoters, processing aids, dyes, pigments, antioxidants, and the like, and mixtures thereof may be included. 
         [0107]    Reinforcement Layer: 
         [0108]    The reinforcement layer generally serves to improve the dimensional stability of the carpet tile and typically impacts its flexibility and/or drape during processing and handling. The reinforcement layer may be fiber-containing. The reinforcement layer may be comprised of materials that include fiberglass, mineral fiber, carbon fiber, polyester fiber, and mixtures thereof. These materials may be interlocked in a woven, knit or nonwoven construction. In one aspect, the reinforcement layer has a weight in the range from about 35 gsm to about 75 gsm. A nonwoven mat of fiberglass may be suitable for use as the reinforcement layer of the carpet tile of the present invention. 
         [0109]    In one aspect, the reinforcing layer is constructed such that the laminate layer and the cap layer are capable of adhering to one another despite the presence of the reinforcing layer between them. The laminate layer and the cap layer will penetrate the reinforcement layer from opposite sides. In this regard, the reinforcement layer may exhibit air permeability values in the range from about 500 to about 1500 cubic feet per minute at 125 Pa. 
         [0110]    Laminate Layer: 
         [0111]    The laminate layer may or may not be present in the carpet of the present invention. The laminate layer generally provides further structural and dimensional stability to the carpet. The laminate layer is comprised of a thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer. The thermoplastic olefin containing polymer may be present in an amount in the range from about 10 wt % to about 100 wt % by weight, preferably 15 wt % to 80 wt %, more preferably 18 wt % to 60 wt %, most preferably 20 wt % to 40 wt %. 
         [0112]    The thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer in the laminate layer may contain a polymer with “high temperature resistance” such as, for example, isotactic polypropylene (iPP), thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), and the like, and mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic olefin-containing polymer in the laminate layer may also contain a polymer with low temperature flexibility. In one embodiment, one polymer can serve as both the polymer with high temperature resistance and the polymer with low temperature flexibility. In another embodiment, two or more polymers can be blended together to achieve this same effect. In this case, the ratio of the polymer with low temperature flexibility to the polymer with high temperature resistance is in the approximate range of 1:1 to 10:1, preferably 2:1 to 7:1, most preferably 5:2 to 6:1. 
         [0113]    As discussed previously, polymers with “low temperature flexibility” are polymers that do not exhibit cracking when exposed to temperatures and forces relevant to an industrial print or finishing process, handling, and/or carpet installation. In general, a polymer with low glass transition temperature relative to the test temperature of interest and a low degree of crystallinity may have low temperature flexibility. Low temperature flexibility can be quantified by several methods including but not limited to dynamic mechanical analysis or mandrel bending. Mandrel bending involves bending a film of polymer 180 degrees around a 2 mm mandrel at temperature of 35+/−10° F. Polymers having low temperature flexibility include but are not limited to olefin-containing elastomers (such as polypropylene-containing elastomers), polyester copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethane, and mixtures thereof. In one aspect, the polymer with low temperature flexibility is a co-polymer of propylene and ethylene having a propylene content in the range from about 50% to about 91%, or even in the range from about 80% to 90%. In another aspect, the polymer comprising the thermoplastic elastomer is a single-site catalyzed propylene elastomer. 
         [0114]    Polymers with “high temperature resistance” are polymers that exhibit minimal deformation when exposed to temperatures and forces that are relevant to an industrial printing or finishing process. In general, polymers with high glass transition temperature or high crystallinity and crystalline melting points have high temperature resistance. High temperature resistance is related to the intrinsic properties of the material and can be quantified by several methods including but not limited to the ring and ball softening temperature, vicat softening temperature, dynamic mechanical analysis, or heat distortion temperature of the material. For example, high temperature resistance can be defined as a ring and ball softening temperature higher than 125° C., preferably 137° C., more preferably 145° C., much more preferably 157° C., most preferably 165° C. Having one or more polymers with high temperature resistance in the laminate layer prevents distortion of the secondary backing when the carpet is exposed to an industrial printing process (such as a digital printing process). Thus, the appearance of the secondary backing is not affected and the carpet can be handled at the high temperature conditions of the printing range without becoming too flexible. Polymers with high temperature resistance include, but are not limited to, isotactic polypropylene, polyester, and nylon 6. In one aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is isotactic polypropylene with an isotactic index of greater than 0.95. The isotactic index is a number represent the amount of isotactic polymer in polypropylene. 
         [0115]    As discussed previously, there are several methods to determine the isotactic index of a material, including but not limited to 13-C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, xylene extraction, and boiling heptane extraction. To determine the isotacticity by heptane extraction, for example, an aliquot of the dried polymer is extracted with boiling heptane for 3 hours. The amount remaining in the extraction thimble is considered to be isotactic. The isotactic index is then defined according to: isotactic index=wt of insoluble polymer/total wt of polymer. The isotacticity of an individual polymer may be greater than or equal to 0.50, or greater than or equal to 0.60, or greater than or equal to 0.70, or greater than or equal to 0.80, or greater than or equal to 0.90, or greater than or equal to 0.92, or even greater than or equal to 0.95. The isotacticity of a blend is the weighted average isotacticity of the components comprising the blend. In one aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is polypropylene with a heat of fusion of at least 5 J/g. In another aspect, the high temperature resistance polymer is a cyclic olefin with glass transition temperature &gt;100° C. 
         [0116]    The laminate layer may further include a bulking agent. The bulking agent may be present in an amount in the range from about 0% to about 90% by weight, preferably 40% to 80% by weight, more preferably 60% to 75% by weight. Thus, the laminate layer may be comprised of a majority by weight of at least one bulking agent. The bulking agent is selected from the group consisting of CaCO 3 , BaSO 4 , Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 , glass fiber, glass cullet, gypsum, ATH, MDH, talc, silica, coal fly ash, wood particles, rubber particles, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Any of the aforementioned bulking agents may further be combined or replaced with recycled materials, such as, for example, recycled CaCO 3 . 
         [0117]    The preferred particle size distribution of the bulking agent may depend on the material of the bulking agent. In one embodiment, the particle size of the bulking agent may be such that less than 1 wt % of particles are retained by a No. 35 mesh (500 micron) and not more than 40 wt % pass through a No. 325 mesh (45 micron), or more preferably that less than 1 wt % are retained by a No. 60 mesh (250 micron) and not more than 30 wt % pass through a No. 325 mesh. In another embodiment, the average particle size is smaller than 500 micron, preferably smaller than 100 micron, or more preferably smaller than 60 micron. In another embodiment, the particle size of the bulking agent may be such that 90% of the particles are smaller than 500 micron, more preferably 90% of the particles are smaller than 100 micron, or more preferably 90% of the particles are smaller than 325 mesh (44 micron). In another embodiment, more than 50% of the particles have the size between 0.1 micron and 50 micron. In other embodiment, more than 50 wt % of the particles pass through a No. 325 mesh. 
         [0118]    The laminate layer may also include a compatibilizing agent. In one aspect, the compatibilizing agent is a polyolefin or polyolefin copolymer that has been modified with maleic anhydride functional groups. For example, the compatibilizing agent may be maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (MA-PP). Other suitable compatibilizing agents include maleic anhydride modified olefin containing polymer, polyester copolymer, surfactants, steric acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The compatibilizing agent may be present in an amount in the range from 0% to about 10% by weight, preferably 0.2% to 5% by weight. 
         [0119]    The type and the amount of bulking agent added to laminate layer will typically affect the low temperature flexibility of the blended thermoplastic polymer. For example, it has been found that when larger amounts of bulking agent are added to the secondary backing material, a compatibilizing agent is needed in order to maintain proper low temperature flexibility. 
         [0120]    In one aspect, when the blended thermoplastic polymer contains a bulking agent (i.e. the “bulked thermoplastic polymer blend”), the polymer may have an average density of greater than or equal to 1.6 g/cm 3 . 
         [0121]    Other additives may be included in the laminate layer in order to improve certain performance features of the product. For example, and without limitation, additives such as adhesion promoters, processing aids, dyes, pigments, antioxidants, and the like, and mixtures thereof may be included. 
         [0122]    In one aspect, the laminate layer is comprised of a blended thermoplastic polymer wherein the blend contains the following components:
       (a) 5% to 80% by weight of a first polymer having low temperature flexibility, and   (b) 1% to 20% by weight of a second polymer having high temperature resistance.       
 
         [0125]    In one aspect, the composition of the laminate layer and the cap layer may be the same. Alternatively, in another aspect, the composition of the laminate layer and the cap layer may be different. The weight of the laminate layer and the cap layer may be the same. In another aspect, the weight of the cap layer and laminate layer may be different. The cap layer may be present by weight in an amount that is greater than the weight of the laminate layer. More specifically, the cap layer may be present in an amount that is two times the weight of the laminate layer. 
         [0126]      FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of the carpet tile of the present invention. Carpet tile  100  is comprised of loop pile face yarns  110  which protrude from one surface of the carpet tile. In  FIG. 1 , the face yarns are illustrated in a loop pile construction. Of course, it is to be understood that other face yarn constructions including cut pile constructions and combinations of loop pile and cut pile may likewise be used. 
         [0127]    Face yarns  110  are tufted through a primary backing layer  120 . Face yarns  110  and primary backing layer  120  make up a primary composite material. Precoat  130  is applied to a portion of face yarns  110 , particularly the back loops of face yarns  110  which have been tufted through primary backing layer  120 . Laminate layer  140  is provided in a layered spatial arrangement with precoat layer  130 . A reinforcement layer  150  lies spatially in a layered arrangement between laminate layer  140  and cap layer  160 . Each of layers  120 ,  130 ,  140   150  and  160  may be arranged substantially coextensive with one another. 
         [0128]    Cushion Layer: 
         [0129]    The carpet tile of the present invention may further include a layer of cushion. The cushion layer is typically the layer located furthest from the face yarns and may be the surface of the carpet tile that directly contacts an area designation for carpet tile installation. However, the cushion layer may be located between any of the layers of the carpet as described herein. 
         [0130]    The cushion layer may be construction of open and/or closed foam materials (such as polyurethane or thermoplastic polymer foam), nonwoven materials (such as felt), and combinations thereof. Exemplary formulations and constructions for a suitable layer of cushion are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,968 to Higgins and U.S. Pat. No. 7,182,989 to Higgins et al. 
         [0131]    Method of Manufacturing: 
         [0132]    As noted herein, the thermoplastic polymer may be processed in either a single screw or a twin screw extruder from a pre-compounded material or from raw materials.  FIG. 2  provides a flow diagram of one embodiment of the present invention wherein twin screw extruders are utilized. Rolls of tufted primary composite material enter the coating process where they are pre-stabilized and precoated as described herein. Following these steps, the precoated carpet is extrusion laminated with raw materials entering through a twin screw extruder (“Extruder A”) to form the laminate layer on the carpet substrate. Similarly, the next step extrusion coats the laminated carpet with raw materials entering the process through a twin screw extruder (“Extruder B”). The tufted carpet containing a laminate layer and a cap layer then proceeds to cutting and stacking where the carpet is cut into finished carpet tiles and stacked for storage and/or shipping. 
         [0133]      FIG. 3  illustrates a similar process as that described in  FIG. 2 , except that  FIG. 2  illustrates the additional step of converting raw materials into pre-compounded pellets via a twin screw extruder prior to further extrusion and application to the precoated carpet substrate.  FIG. 3  also illustrates that single screw extruders may then be utilized for application of the pre-compounded pellets in forming the laminate layer and the cap layer. 
         [0134]    The substrate(s) may be heated prior to extrusion coating. Heating may be accomplished via infrared heat or convection oven or other method.  FIG. 4  illustrates that the carpet with precoat may progress through the manufacturing process to an infrared heater, for example, prior to the application of the laminate and reinforcement layers (e.g. fiberglass).  FIG. 4  further shows that a second heating step via infrared heating may be desirable prior to the addition of the cap layer. After application of the cap layer, the finished carpet is typically ready for cutting into carpet tiles. 
         [0135]      FIG. 5  schematically shows an exemplary manufacturing line  520  for making carpet tile according to the present invention. A length of greige good  521 , i.e. yarn tufted into a primary backing, is unrolled from the roll  523 . The greige good  521  passes over the rollers  525  and  527  with the primary backing toward the roller  523 . Between rollers  525  and  527  is a heater  529  as described above. 
         [0136]    An extruder  531  is mounted so as to extrude a sheet  535  of the polymeric backing through the die  533  onto the back of the greige good at a point between the roller  527  and the nip roll  541 . The exact location at which the sheet  535  contacts the greige good can be varied depending on the line speed and the time desired for the molten polymer to rest on the greige good before passing between the nip roll  541  and the chill roll  543 . In one aspect, the sheet  535  contact the greige good so as to lie on the greige good for between about 0.5 and about 2 seconds, most preferably about 1 second, before passing between the nip roll  541  and the chill roll  543 . 
         [0137]    In this depicted embodiment, a scrim of non-woven fiberglass  539  is fed from roll  537  so as to contact the chill roll  543  at a point just prior to the nip roll  541 . As a result, the scrim  539  which will act as a reinforcing fabric in the finished carpet tile is laminated to the greige good through the polymer. 
         [0138]    The pressure between the nip roll  541  and the chill roll  543  can be varied depending on the force desired to push the extruded sheet. In one aspect, there is 60 psi (0.41 MPa) of air pressure pushing the rolls together. Also, it may be desirable to include a vacuum slot in the nip roll. In addition, a jet of pressurized air may also be used to push the extruded sheet into the carpet backing. 
         [0139]    The size of the chill roll  543  and the length of time the carpet rolls against it can be varied depending on the level of cooling desired in the process. In one aspect, the chill roll  543  is cooled by simply passing ambient water through it. 
         [0140]    After passing over the chill roll  543 , the carpet is brought over rollers  545  and  547  with the carpet pile toward the rollers. A second extruder  549  extrudes a sheet of polymer  553  through its die  551  on to the back of the scrim  539 . Again, the point at which the extruded sheet  553  contacts the scrim  539  can be varied as described above. 
         [0141]    At this point, if a secondary backing fabric is desired for the carpet tile, that fabric can be introduced from a roll similar to that shown at  537  so as to contact and be laminated to the carpet through the extruded sheet  553  as it passes between the nip roll  555  and the chill roll  557 . 
         [0142]    The carpet passes between the nip roll  555  and the chill roll  557 . Again, the pressure applied between the two rolls  555  and  557  can be varied. In one aspect, 60 psi (0.41 MPa) of air pressure is applied against the nip roll  555 . 
         [0143]    After passing around the chill roll  557 , the carpet passes around roll  559  and may pass over an embossing roll (not shown) to print a desired pattern on the back of the carpet. 
         [0144]    While the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5  illustrates one method for making a carpet tile with two layers of extruded backing and a reinforcing layer in between, the same construction can be made with a single extrusion die, nip roll and chill roll. In particular, the laminate layer of extruded backing and the reinforcing layer can be applied in a first pass through the line after which the carpet is rolled up. The cap layer of extruded backing can be applied on top of the reinforcing layer in a second pass through the same line, after which the carpet is ready to be cut into carpet tiles. 
         [0145]    In one aspect, the processing temperature for extrusion coating the carpet tile of the present invention with a polyolefin thermoplastic material is in the range from about 210 degrees C. to about 280 degrees C. The extrusion die gap is sufficient to provide a draw ratio between about 1.0 and about 2.5. In one aspect, the draw ratio is slightly greater than 1. 
         [0146]    With respect to various processing parameters, the incoming substrate tensions (the reinforcement material and/or the precoated carpet layer) should be minimized so as to avoid causing residual mechanical stresses in the laminated structure. Lamination nip roll pressures should be sufficient to allow molten polymer to flow around fiber and/or yarn bundles. In one aspect, nip roll force per unit width is less than about 300 pounds/inch, and may be in the range from about 15 pounds/inch to about 200 pounds/inch. After lamination, the thermoplastic polymer is typically cooled without delay via cooling drums capable of cooling the polymer to a temperature below its softening temperature. 
         [0147]    In one aspect, the manufacturing process for extrusion coating the carpet tile of the present invention may be carried out as a two-pass process. In another aspect, the manufacturing process for extrusion coating the carpet tile of the present invention may be carried out in as a single-pass process. In a single-pass process, it would be desirable for the thermoplastic polymer to flow through the reinforcement layer so that the polymer ends up in contact with the precoat layer. 
         [0148]    Tiling: 
         [0149]    The extrusion-coated carpet is then cut into carpet tiles. The carpet tiles of the present invention may be of any size or shape. For example, the carpet tiles may be cut into sizes in the range from 4 inches by 4 inches to 72 inches by 72 inches. The carpet tiles may be of the same length and width, thus forming a square shape. In one aspect, the carpet tiles are 18 inches square or 36 inches square. Alternatively, the carpet tiles may have different dimensions such that the width and the length are not the same. For example, the carpet tiles may be a rectangular shape, plank shape, octagonal shape, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The carpet may be cut into tiles using a computer controlled cutting device, such as a Gerber machine, or by using a mechanical dye cutter. 
         [0150]    Finishing and/or Printing Processes: 
         [0151]    The carpet tile of the present invention may be dyed or printed by techniques known to those skilled in the art. Printing inks will contain at least one dye. Dyes may be selected from acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, cationic dyes, disperse dyes, and mixtures thereof. Acid dyes include azo, anthraquinone, triphenyl methane and xanthine types. Direct dyes include azo, stilbene, thiazole, dioxsazine and phthalocyanine types. Reactive dyes include azo, anthraquinone and phthalocyanine types. Cationic dyes include thiazole, methane, cyanine, quinolone, xanthene, azine, and triaryl methine. Disperse dyes include azo, anthraquinone, nitrodiphenylamine, naphthal imide, naphthoquinone imide and methane, triarylmethine and quinoline types. 
         [0152]    As is known in the textile printing art, specific dye selection depends upon the type of fiber and/or fibers comprising the washable carpet tile that is being printed. For example, in general, a disperse dye may be used to print polyester fibers. Alternatively, for materials made from cationic dyeable polyester fiber, cationic dyes may be used. 
         [0153]    Carpet tile printing may be achieved using a jet dyeing machine, or a digital printing machine, which places printing ink on the surface of the carpet tile in predetermined locations. One suitable and commercially available digital printing machine is the Millitron® digital printing machine, available from Milliken &amp; Company of Spartanburg, S.C. The Millitron® machine uses an array of jets with continuous streams of dye liquor that can be deflected by a controlled air jet. The array of jets, or gun bars, is typically stationary. Another suitable and commercially available digital printing machine is the Chromojet® carpet printing machine, available from Zimmer Machinery Corporation of Spartanburg, S.C. In one aspect, a tufted carpet made according to the processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,678,159 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,214, both to Weiner, may be printed with a jet dyeing apparatus as described and exemplified herein. 
         [0154]    “Printing” is intended to include the process of applying ink to the carpet and the processes associated with fixation of the dye within the ink to the carpet including, but not limited to, steaming and drying of the carpet and handling of the carpet during these processes. 
         [0155]    Viscosity modifiers may be included in the printing ink compositions. Suitable viscosity modifiers that may be utilized include known natural water-soluble polymers such as polysaccharides, such as starch substances derived from corn and wheat, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tragacanth gum, guar gum, guar flour, polygalactomannan gum, xanthan, alginates, and tamarind seed; protein substances such as gelatin and casein; tannin substances; and lignin substances. Examples of the water-soluble polymer further include synthetic polymers such as known polyvinyl alcohol compounds and polyethylene oxide compounds. Mixtures of the aforementioned viscosity modifiers may also be used. The polymer viscosity is measured at elevated temperatures when the polymer is in the molten state. For example, viscosity may be measured in units of centipoise at elevated temperatures, using a Brookfield Thermosel unit from Brookfield Engineering Laboratories of Middleboro, Mass. Alternatively, polymer viscosity may be measured by using a parallel plate rheometer, such as made by Haake from Rheology Services of Victoria Australia. 
         [0156]    The carpet tile of the present invention may be exposed to post treatment steps. For example, chemical treatments such as stain release, stain block, antimicrobial resistance, bleach resistance, and the like, may be added to the carpet tile. Mechanical post treatments may include cutting, shearing, and/or napping the surface of the carpet tile. 
         [0157]    In modular carpet tile installation, adhesives may be used to hold the tiles to the floor. These adhesive are typically polyolefin based or SBR latex based. Such adhesive material may be used to adhere the carpet tile to the floor, when standard carpet tiles are used as part of the carpet system of the present invention. 
       Examples 
       [0158]    The invention may be further understood by reference to the following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. 
         [0159]    Test Procedures 
         [0160]    The performance requirements for commercial carpet include a mixture of well documented standard tests and industry known tests. Resistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor Covering (ASTM D3936), Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings (ASTM D1335), and the Aachen dimensional stability test (ISO 2551) are performance tests referenced by several organizations (e.g. General Services Administration). Achieving Resistance to Delamination values greater than 2 pounds is desirable, and greater than 2.5 pounds even more desirable. Achieving Tuft Bind values greater than 8 pounds is desirable, and greater than 10 pounds even more desirable. With respect to the Aachen (ISO 2551) performance test, dimensional stability of less than +/−0.1% change may be most preferred. 
         [0161]    Pilling and fuzzing resistance for loop pile (ITTS112) is a performance test known to the industry and those practiced in the art. The pilling and fuzzing resistance test is typically a predictor of how quickly the carpet will pill, fuzz and prematurely age over time. The test uses a small roller covered with the hook part of a hook and loop fastener. The hook material is Hook 88 from Velcro of Manchester, N.H. and the roller weight is 2 pounds. The hook covered wheel is rolled back and forth on the tufted carpet face with no additional pressure. The carpet is graded against a scale of 1 to 5. A rating of 5 represents no change or new carpet appearance. A rating of less than 3 typically represents unacceptable wear performance. 
         [0162]    An additional performance/wear test includes the Hexapod drum tester (ASTM D-5252 or ISO/TR 10361 Hexapod Tumbler). This test is meant to simulate repeated foot traffic over time. It has been correlated that a 12,000 cycle count is equivalent to ten years of normal use. The test is rated on a gray scale of 1 to 5, with a rating after 12,000 cycles of 2.5=moderate, 3.0=heavy, and 3.5=severe. Yet another performance/wear test includes the Radiant Panel Test. Some commercial tiles struggle to achieve a Class I rating, as measured by ASTM E 648-06 (average critical radiant flux &gt;0.45=class I highest rating). 
         [0163]    Lateral Movement Test: 
         [0164]    The amount of movement in a mat or carpet tile is measured using the lateral movement test. First a location on the floor is marked usually using a piece of tape. Next a mat or carpet tile is placed at that mark. For a lateral movement walk test, the person conducting the test walks over the test piece 150 times. Each pass must be in the same direction to ensure accurate measurement movement. Once this is done 150 times in the same direction, the person conducting the test must measure how far the test piece is from the original location. This should be done on both of the front corners. Once a walk test is completed, a second Lateral Movement Cart Test is run. This test involves the same process, but requires a cart holding a 100 lb. load to roll over the test piece 50 times. The distance is then measured and recorded. 
         [0165]    Tuft Lock Test: 
         [0166]    The tuft lock test was conducted by cutting out a sample of finished carpet tile approximately 6″×10″. Once the sample was cut out, it was placed in a TensiTech tensile testing machine. A tensile testing program was then run allowing the machine to grasp on to a single tuft in the carpet. Once the machine locked on to a single tuft, it recorded how much force was required to pull the tuft out of the backed carpet tile. This data was then recorded and run  4  more times for a total of 5 pulls. The once all tests were complete the data was evaluated making sure all pulls recorded a value higher than 4.0. 
         [0167]    Low temperature flexibility may be measured by low temperature mandrel bend test. In mandrel bend test, the sample is wrapped around a cylinder (“mandrel”) of specified diameter and rated. The next smallest cylinder is used until the film completely breaks. The smallest passing diameter cylinder is reported along with a score. More details about the mandrel bend test can be found in ASTM D522. The sample and Mandrel bend testing device was cooled to 35+/−10 degrees F. until the temperature reached equilibrium before testing. In this aspect, low temperature flexibility can be defined as no crack and no significant whitening or crazing after bending around a 2 mm mandrel at temperature of 35+/−10 degrees F. Other possible method to characterize the low temperature flexibility includes but not limited to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). 
         [0168]    A carpet and/or carpet tile exhibiting high temperature resistance may be described as exhibiting minimal deformation when exposed to temperatures and forces that are relevant to an industrial printing or finishing process. In other words, a carpet and/or carpet tile exhibiting high temperature resistance is one wherein the backing material does not soften enough to have a visible deformation after exposure to a digital printing process. The high temperature resistance can be characterized by ring and ball softening temperature higher than 160 C. In a ring and ball softening temperature, two horizontal disk of material, cast in shouldered brass rings, are heated at a controlled rate in a liquid bath, preferably to be glycerin, while each supports a steel ball. The softening point is reported as the mean of the temperature at which the two disks soften enough to allow each ball, enveloped in the testing material, to fall a distance of 25 mm. More details about this testing is described in ASTM D36-95. 
         [0169]    Low temperature flexibility and high temperature resistance may be defined as a modulus at a specific temperature. Low temperature flexibility would be a modulus below a certain value at a low temperature and high temperature resistance would be a modulus above a certain value at a high temperature. There are three ASTM methods relating to these features:
       D5279: Standard Test Method of Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Torsion   D1043: Standard Test Method for Stiffness Properties of Plastics as a function of Temperature by Means of a Torsion Test   D1053: Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property-Stiffening at Low Temperatures: Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics.       
 
         [0173]    All three of these methods give modulus data as a function of temperature by stressing a polymer test piece in torsion. D5279 currently appears to be the most modern and preferred method. 
         [0174]    Other methods to characterize the high temperature resistance includes but not limited to DMA, and Vicat softening temperature test ASTM D1525. 
         [0175]    Table 1 contains a listing of some of the tests discussed herein, as well as others that are useful for characterizing carpet tile: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Physical Property 
                 Units/Description 
                 Test Method 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Delamination 
                 Peel Average - 
                 ASTM 3936 
               
               
                 Strength 
                 lbf/in. 
               
               
                 Velcro 
                 (visual evaluation) 
                 1 (poor) - 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 (no effect) 
               
               
                 Tuft Bind (Dry) 
                 Peak Load lbf 
                 ASTM 1335 
               
               
                 Tuft Bind (Wet) 
                 Peak Load lbf 
                 ASTM 1335 
               
               
                 Flatness 
                 Single corner 
               
               
                   
                 measurement, sum 
               
               
                   
                 of 4 corners 
               
               
                 Dimensional 
                 Percent change 
                 Aachen 
               
               
                 Stability 
                   
                 ITTS 004 
               
               
                 (Aachen) 
                   
                 ISO 2551 
               
               
                 Environmental 
                 Flatness, 
                 4 tiles cycled 
               
               
                 Cycling 
                 dimensional stability 
                 149 F./10% rh, 149 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F./90% RH, 50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F./90% RH, 50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F./10% RH for two 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weeks (6 hour 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cycle) 
               
               
                 Flexibility at Cold 
                   
                 Mandrell Bend 
               
               
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 Appearance of 
               
               
                 Cut 
               
               
                 Caster Chair 
                 Delamination 
                 Inspection after 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50k cycles 
               
               
                 TARR (Hexapod 
                 Appearance Change 
                 ASTM D5252 
               
               
                 Wear) 
                 (1-5). 
                 4k, 12k cycles 
               
               
                   
                 TARR (Texture 
               
               
                   
                 Appearance 
               
               
                   
                 Retention Rating) 
               
               
                 Radiant Panel 
                 Critical radiant 
                 ASTM E-648 
               
               
                   
                 energy flux 
                 NFPA 253 
               
               
                 Smoke 
                 Optical density 
                 ASTM E662 
               
               
                 (FL, NY, NF, NF 
                   
                 NFPA 258 
               
               
                 NY) 
               
               
                 Walk Testing 
                 Wear Testing 
                 Accelerated Foot 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Traffic Test 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0176]    Several commercially available and inventive carpet samples were prepared and tested for mandrel bend according to test methods described herein. The test results are provided in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Mandrel Bend Test 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Crease 
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Mandrel 
                 Roller 
                   
                 White/ 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Size 
                 Temperature 
                 Bend 
                 Crack 
               
               
                 SAMPLE 
                 (° F.) 
                 (mm) 
                 (° F.) 
                 Results 
                 rating 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - a 
                 37 
                 2 
                 41 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - b 
                 38 
                 2 
                 37 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - c 
                 34 
                 2 
                 29 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - d 
                 36 
                 2 
                 28 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - e 
                 35 
                 2 
                 29 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - f 
                 37 
                 2 
                 28 
                 D 
                 4 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - g 
                 37 
                 2 
                 29 
                 E 
                 5 
               
               
                 Ecoworx ® - h 
                 36 
                 2 
                 29 
                 E 
                 5 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 37 
                 2 
                 35 
                 A 
                 1 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 35 
                 2 
                 35 
                 A 
                 1 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 29 
                 2 
                 35 
                 A 
                 1 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 27 
                 2 
                 35 
                 A 
                 1 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 35 
                 2 
                 37 
                 A 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Whitening - 
                 Whitening - 
                 Whitening - 
                 Break: 
                 Break: 
               
               
                   
                 no break - 
                 no break - 
                 no break - 
                 partial 
                 full 
               
               
                 No affect 
                 light 
                 moderate 
                 cracks 
                 width 
                 width 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0177]    All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
         [0178]    The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the subject matter of this application (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the subject matter of the application and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the subject matter unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the subject matter described herein. 
         [0179]    Preferred embodiments of the subject matter of this application are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the claimed subject matter. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the subject matter described herein to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the present disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.