Abstract:
A sintered body of a carbonitride alloy with titanium as main component which has improved properties particularly when used as cutting tool material in light finishing cutting operations at high cutting speed. This has been achieved by combining a carbonitride based hard phase of specific chemical composition with an extremely solution hardened Co-based binder phase.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a sintered body of a carbonitride alloy with titanium as main component which has improved properties particularly when used as cutting tool material in light finishing cutting operations at high cutting speeds. More particularly, the present invention provides a carbo-nitride based hard phase of specific chemical composition with an extremely solution hardened Co-based binder phase. The binder phase has properties similar to the binder phase of WC—Co-based materials except that it has been possible to increase the solution hardening beyond the point where eta-phase normally would appear. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Titanium-based carbonitride alloys, so called cermets, are produced by powder metallurgical methods and comprise carbonitride hard constituents embedded in a metallic binder phase. The hard constituent grains generally have a complex structure with a core surrounded by a rim of a different composition. In addition to titanium and group VIa elements, both molybdenum and tungsten are usually added to facilitate wetting between binder and hard constituents and to strengthen the binder by means of solution hardening. Group IVa and/or Va elements, e.g. Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta, are also added in all commercial alloys available today. The carbonitride forming elements are usually added as carbides, nitrides and/or carbonitrides. Historically, the binder phase in cermets has been nickel, most likely because Ti has a high solubility in Ni to facilitate sufficient wetting to obtain a low porosity level. During the 1970s a solid solution binder of cobalt and nickel was introduced. Most likely, this was made possible by improved raw material quality, in particular a lower impurity level of oxygen. Today all commercial alloys contain 3-25 wt % of a solid solution binder with relative proportions Co/(Co+Ni) in the range 50-75 at %. 
     Cermets are well established as insert material in the metal cutting industry today. Compared to WC—Co based materials they have excellent chemical stability when in contact with hot steel, even when uncoated, but have substantially lower strength. This makes them most suited for finishing operations, which generally are characterized by limited mechanical loads on the cutting edge and a high surface finish requirement on the finished component. Unfortunately, cermets suffer from an unpredictable wear behavior. In a worst case, tool failure is caused by bulk fracture which may lead to severe damage of work piece as well as the tool holder and cutting machine. More often, tool failure is caused by small edge line fractures, which abruptly change the surface finish or dimensions obtained. Common to both types of failure is that they are stochastic in nature and occur without previous warning. For these reasons cermets have a relatively low market share, especially in modern highly automated production which relies on a high degree of predictability to avoid costly production stops. 
     One way to improve predictability, within the intended application area, would be to increase the toughness of the material and work with a larger safety margin. However, so far this has not been possible without simultaneously reducing the wear and deformation resistance of the material to a degree which substantially lowers productivity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to solve the problem described above and others. It is indeed possible to design and produce a material with substantially improved toughness while maintaining deformation and wear resistance on the same level as conventional cermets. This has been achieved by working with the alloy system Ti—Ta—W—C—N—Co. Within this system a set of constraints has been found rendering optimum properties for the intended application area. As so often is the case, the solution is not one single major change but a combination of the following precise requirements which together give the desired properties. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a titanium based carbonitride alloy comprising Ti, Ta, W, C, N and Co, for light finishing operations at high cutting speeds having a binder comprising 3 to &lt;9 at % Co with only impurity levels of Ni and Fe. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of the microstructure of the material of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention will now be more particularly described by reference to the following embodiments. 
     According to the present invention, the conventional Ni containing binder phase is replaced with a Co-based binder as in WC—Co alloys, thus the chemically stable hard phase of cermets is combined with the tough binder of cemented carbides. Co and Ni behave substantially differently during deformation and dissolve substantially different amounts of the individual carbonitride formers. For these reasons Co and Ni are not interchangeable as has previously commonly been believed. For applications such as light finish turning of steel or cast iron at high cutting speed, the amount of Co required is 3 to &lt;9 at %, preferably 5 to &lt;9 at %. 
     The binder must be sufficiently solution hardened. This is accomplished by designing the hard phase in such a way that substantial amounts of predominantly W atoms are dissolved in the Co. It is well known that Ti, Ta, C and N all have low or very low solubility in Co, while W has high solubility. Thus, within this alloy system the binder will be essentially a Co—W solid solution as is the case for WC—Co alloys. Solution hardening is usually measured indirectly as relative magnetic saturation, i.e., the ratio of the magnetic saturation of the binder phase in the alloy compared to the magnetic saturation of an equal amount of pure cobalt. For WC—Co alloys close to the graphite limit, a relative magnetic saturation of “one” is obtained. By decreasing the carbon content of the alloy solution hardening is increased and reaches a maximum at a relative magnetic saturation of about 0.75. Below this value eta-phase is formed and solution hardening can no longer be increased. For the alloys in the present invention it has been found that solution hardening can be driven substantially further, compared to WC—Co alloys, by a combination of relatively high N content, high Ta content and a low interstitial balance. The exact reason for this is unknown but leads to improved properties, probably since thermal expansion of the cermet hard phase is larger than for WC, and thus higher solution hardening is required to avoid fatigue by plastic deformation of the binder phase during thermo-mechanical cycling. The relative magnetic saturation should be kept below 0.75, preferably below 0.65 and most preferably below 0.55. 
     To combine high toughness and deformation resistance with good edge line quality, a material with a high binder phase content combined with a small hard phase grain size is generally required. The conventional way to decrease the grain size in cermets has been to decrease the raw material grain size and increase the N content to prevent grain growth. However, for the alloys of the present invention, a high N content alone has not proven sufficient to obtain the desired properties. The solution has instead turned out to be a combination of a relatively high N content in the form of a N/(C+N) ratio of 25-50 at %, preferably 30-45 at %, and most preferably 35-40 at % and a Ta content of at least 2 at %, preferably 4-7 at % and most preferably 4-5 at %. For alloys with Co-based binder, the grain size is best determined by measuring the coercive force, Hc. For the alloys of the present invention the coercive force should be above 13 kA/m, preferably above 14 kA/m and most preferably 15-21 kA/m. 
     Within reasonable limits, the amount of W added to the material does not directly influence the properties. However, the W content should be above 2 at %, preferably in the range 3-8 at %, to avoid an unacceptably high porosity level. 
     The material described above is extremely reactive during sintering. Uncontrolled sintering parameters, e.g. conventional vacuum sintering, may lead to several undesirable effects. Examples of such effects are large compositional gradients towards the surface due to interaction with the sintering atmosphere and high porosity due to gas formation within the alloy after pore closure. Thus, sintering of the material described above is preferably sintered under controlled conditions, such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,347 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,902, filed concurrently herewith, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Using such a process a material is obtained which, within reasonable measurement limits and statistical fluctuations, has the same chemical composition from the center to the surface as well as an evenly distributed porosity of A08 or less, preferably A06 or less and most preferably A04 or less. 
     For cutting operations requiring extremely high wear resistance it is advantageous to coat the body of the present invention with a thin wear resistant coating using PVD, CVD or a similar technique. It should be noted that the composition of the body is such that any of the coatings and coating techniques used today for WC—Co based materials or cermets may be directly applied, although the choice of coating will also influence the deformation resistance and toughness of the material. 
     Example 1 
     Powders of Ti(C,N), WC, TaC and Co were mixed to obtain the following proportions in %: 38.1 Ti, 3.8 W, 4.6 Ta, 7.0 Co and a N/(C+N) ratio of 38 at %. The powder was wet milled, spray dried and pressed into TNMG160408-pf inserts. 
     Inserts in the same style were produced from another powder which is a well established grade within its application area (P 05). This reference grade has the following composition in at %: 37.2 Ti, 2.8 W, 1.3 Ta, 3.2 Mo, 2.6 V, 4.5 Co, 3.1 Ni and a N/(C+N) ratio of 22 at %. 
     Inserts from the reference powder were sintered in a standard process while the inserts according to the invention were sintered according to the sintering process disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,347 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,902. FIG. 1 shows a scanning electron microscopy image of the microstructure obtained for the inserts produced according to the invention. 
     Measurements of physical properties are shown in the table below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Hc 
                 rel. magn. sat. 
                 density 
                 porosity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 n.a. 
                 n.a. 
                 6.59 
                 A02 
               
               
                   
                 Invention 
                 15.9 
                 0.41 
                 7.16 
                 A04-A06 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Note that coercive force and relative magnetic saturation are not relevant measurement techniques for Ni-containing alloys, since in these alloys coercive force does not have a clear coupling to grain size and relative magnetic saturation is predominantly a measurement of all the other elements dissolved in the binder apart from tungsten. 
     Example 2 
     Cutting tests in a high toughness demanding work piece were done with following cutting data: 
     Work piece material: SCR420H 
     V=200 m/min, f=0.2 mm/r, d.o.c=0.5 mm, coolant 
     Result: (No of passes before breakage, average of 4 edges) 
     Reference: 17 
     Invention: 28 
     Example 3 
     Plastic deformation resistance for the two materials was determined in a cutting test. 
     Work piece material: SS2541 
     A=1 mm, f=0.3 mm/r, cutting time=2.5 min 
     The result below shows the cutting speed (m/min) when the edges were plastically deformed. (Average of two edges) 
     Reference: 275 
     Invention: 350 
     From the examples above it is clear that, compared to a prior art material, inserts produced according to the invention have both substantially improved toughness and deformation resistance. While the invention involves only the elements Ti, Ta, W, C, N and Co it is obvious that these may to some extent be replaced by small amounts of alternative elements without violating the intentions of the invention. In particular, Ta may partly be replaced by Nb and W may partly be replaced by Mo. 
     The principles, preferred embodiments and mode of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is intended to be protected herein, however, is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, since these are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.