Abstract:
The present invention relates to a tin-containing organolithium compound which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators, represented by the following formula (1): 
     R 4−x Sn(Y a —Z m —Y b —Li) x   (1) 
     Wherein R, Z and Y are defined as in the specification; x represents a value of 1 or 2; m represents a value of 0 or 1; a represents a value of 0 to 6, b represents a value of 0 to 6, a+b is from 0 to 6, provided that m=1 when x=1. The tin-containing organolithium compounds according to the present invention can be used as initiators to initiate the polymerization of conjugated dienes and/or monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons, thereby synthesizing various linear, star or telechelic polymers. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the tin-containing organolithium compounds according to the present invention.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a class of novel tin-containing organolithium compounds which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators and the preparation thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel tin-containing organic monolithium compounds and bislithium compounds which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators and the preparation thereof.  
           [0003]    2. Brief Description of Art  
           [0004]    When used as anionic polymerization initiators, tin-containing organolithium compounds can produce polymers having, at each molecular chain end, a residual group derived from the initiators, a Sn-containing group, which is advantageous to the reduction in hysteresis of the polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,426,006 discloses a process for preparing trialkyltin lithium compounds by reacting 1 mole of stannous chloride with 3 moles of alkyl lithium; U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,439 discloses a process for preparing trialkyltin lithium compounds in one step by reacting a trialkyl tin halide with metallic lithium, but the resultant initiators have a relatively high content of ionic chloride; U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,129 discloses a process for preparing trialkyltin lithium compounds in two steps, aimed at reducing the content of ionic chloride. U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,336 discloses a process for preparing triorganotin lithium compounds by reacting metallic lithium with bis(triorganotin) in dimethyl ether at a temperature of 0 to 65° C. and a pressure of 2 to 20 atms. The tin lithium compounds of the prior art are disadvantageous in that they have relatively poor solubility in solvents conventionally used for polymerization. Since trialkyltin lithium compounds belong to monolithium compounds and contain only one active Sn—Li bond, such compounds can generally be used to prepare linear polymers and if star polymers are desirable, coupling is necessary.  
           [0005]    In terms of preparation of star polymers and simplification of the procedure for preparing block copolymers, organic bislithium compounds have advantages to which conventional monolithium compounds are incomparable. However, none of the adduct of divinyl benzene with monolithium compounds(EP 743 330A1), the adduct of bis(1,1-distyrene) type compounds with monolithium compounds(Quirk R. P., Ma Jing-Jing, Polymer International, 1991, 24(4), 197-206) and oligomeric lithium initiators(DD 150 149) contain, in addition to C, H and Li, other heteroatoms in the molecular chain, and it is well known that the presence of heteroatom Sn in the molecular chain is advantageous for the reduction in hysteresis of polymers.  
           [0006]    Chinese Patent Application Publication No. CN 1 148 053A discloses a multifunctional organic alkali metal initiator having a Sn-containing functional group. Such initiators have a functionality of more than 2.5 and thus can only be used to synthesize star polymers.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    A general object of the present invention is to provide a class of novel tin-containing organolithium compounds which are free of the disadvantages associated with the prior art and can be used as anionic polymerization initiators. Such compounds contain Sn atom and can be used to synthesize linear, star or telechelic polymers. A specific object of the present invention is to provide novel tin-containing organic monolithium compounds which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators. Such compounds have good solubility in solvents conventionally used in anionic polymerization and its tin-containing group can retain at the molecular chain end of polymers prepared therewith, thereby reducing hysteresis of such polymers. Another specific object of the present invention is to provide novel tin-containing organic bislithium compounds which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators. By using such compounds, the procedure for preparing block polymers can be simplified and the resultant polymers have a narrow molecular weight distribution and a high content of tin.  
           [0008]    Another general object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the tin-containing organolithium compounds in accordance with the present invention. These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.  
           [0009]    In its one aspect, the present invention provides a tin-containing organolithium compound which can be used as anionic polymerization initiators, represented by the following formula (1): 
           R 4−x Sn(Y a —Z m —Y b —Li) x   (1) 
           [0010]    wherein R represents C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 20 -aryl or substituted aryl; Z represents straight or branched C 1 -C 20  divalent hydrocarbon group, C 6 -C 30 -arylene or substituted arylene; Y represents a group derived from conjugated diene homopolymers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon homopolymers or conjugated diene/monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon copolymers; x represents a value of 1 or 2; m represents a value of 0 or 1; a represents a value of 0 to 6, b represents a value of 0 to 6, a+b is from 0 to 6, provided that m=1 when x=1.  
           [0011]    In its another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the tin-containing organolithium compound of formula (1).  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    The present invention will be described in more detailed as follows.  
           [0013]    In the above formula (1), R is preferably C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or C 6 -C 10 -aryl or substituted aryl, wherein alkyl is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, etc.; cycloalkyl may be cyclohexyl; aryl or substituted aryl may be phenyl, o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, etc.; the conjugated diene in the definition of Y is preferably butadiene, isoprene or derivatives thereof, and the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is preferably styrene, α-methylstyrene; Z is preferably straight or branched C 2 -C 10  divalent hydrocarbon groups, C 6 -C 20  arylene or substituted arylene. The straight or branched C 2 -C 10  divalent hydrocarbon group is preferably straight or branched α, ω-C 2 -C 10  divalent hydrocarbon group, more preferably α, ω-butylene or α, ω-pentylene; arylene or substituted arylene is preferably those having the following formulae (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f):  
                         
 
           [0014]    The method in accordance with the present invention is slightly varied depending on the parameters x, m, a and b and is described as follows in more details.  
           [0015]    I. Preparation of tin-containing organolithium compounds of formula (1) wherein x=1 and m=1  
           [0016]    When x=1 and m=1, the tin-containing organolithium compound of formula (1) can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0017]    i) preparing a bislithium compound of formula (2): 
           LiZLi  (2) 
           [0018]     wherein Z is defined as above;  
           [0019]    ii) adding a halide of formula (3): 
           R 3 SnX  (3) 
           [0020]     wherein R is defined as above; X is halogen selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; and optionally  
           [0021]    iii) adding and polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof prior to or after step ii), to form a low molecular weight oligomer having an active site.  
           [0022]    More particularly, when x=1, m=1, a=0 and b=0, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1a): 
           R 3 SnZLi  (1a) 
           [0023]    wherein R and Z are defined as above.  
           [0024]    The compound of formula (1a) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0025]    i) preparing a bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above;  
           [0026]    ii) adding the halide of formula (3) as defined above and reacting it with the bislithium compound resulting from step i), to obtain the compound of formula (1a).  
           [0027]    More particularly, when x=1, m=1, a=0 and b≠0, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1b): 
           R 3 SnZY b Li  (1b) 
           [0028]    wherein R, Z, Y and b are defined as above.  
           [0029]    The compound of formula (1b) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0030]    i) preparing a bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above;  
           [0031]    ii) reacting the bislithium compound of formula (2) with the halide of formula (3) as defined above, to form the compound of formula (1a) as defined above;  
           [0032]    iii) polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof by using the compound of formula (1a), to form the compound of formula (1b).  
           [0033]    More particularly, when x=1, m=1, a≠0 and b≠0, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1c): 
           R 3 SnY a ZY b Li  (1c) 
           [0034]    wherein R, Y, Z, a and b are defined as above.  
           [0035]    The compound of formula (1c) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0036]    i) preparing the bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above; thereafter carrying out step iii),  
           [0037]    iii) polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof by using the compound of formula (2), to form a compound of formula (2a): 
           LiY a ZY b Li  (2a) 
           [0038]     wherein Y, Z, a and b are defined as above; finally carrying out step ii)  
           [0039]    ii) adding the halide of formula (3) as defined above into the product resulting from step iii) and reacting them, to obtain the compound of formula (1c).  
           [0040]    In the step i) of the methods mentioned above, the bislithium compound of formula (2) is an adduct of diene compounds with monolithium compounds, more particularly an adduct of α, ω-C 2 -C 10 diene compounds with monolithium compounds, an adduct of divinyl benzene type compounds with monolithium compounds or an adduct of bis(1, 1-distyrene) type compounds with monolithium compounds. The bislithium compounds disclosed by the prior art can be used in the present invention, the specific examples thereof being those represented by the following formulae: 
           (a) Li—(CH 2 ) 4 —Li(cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,089) 
           (b) Li—(CH 2 ) 5 —Li(cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,089) 
           [0041]    [0041]                           
           [0042]    In the step ii) of the methods mentioned above, the reaction of the bislithium compound of formula (2) or (2a) with the halide of formula (3) is preferably carried out in a solvent. The solvent which can be used is ether solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether or diethyl ether, or hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane or raffinate oil. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two or more of them. The bislithium compound of formula (2) and the halide of formula (3) are generally reacted at a temperature of 0 to 60° C., preferably 5 to 35° C.; and the bislithium compound of formula (2a) and the halide of formula (3) are generally reacted at a temperature of 0 to 60° C., preferably 5 to 30° C.  
           [0043]    In the above methods, the molar ratio of the bislithium compound of formula (2) or (2a) to the halide of formula (3) is 1:1.  
           [0044]    In the above methods, the halide of formula (3) is preferably chloride or bromide, more preferably chloride. The halide of formula (3) which can be used in the above methods is tributyl tin chloride, trihexyl tin chloride, trioctyl tin chloride, etc., which are commercially available.  
           [0045]    In the step iii) of the methods mentioned above, the polymerization of conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof in the presence of the compound of formula (1a) or the bislithium compound of formula (2) is preferably carried out in a solvent, and said solvent can be hydrocarbon solvents, for example aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane, raffinate oil. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two or more of them. The polymerization is carried out at a temperature of 10 to 60° C.  
           [0046]    In the above methods, the conjugated diene monomers to be used are preferably butadiene, isoprene or derivatives thereof; the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers are preferably styrene, α-methylstyrene.  
           [0047]    In the above methods, the ratio of the compound of formula (1a) or the bislithium compound of formula (2) to the monomer used can be varied depending on the designed molecular weight, that is to say, depending on the values of parameters a and b.  
           [0048]    In each step of the above method, the reaction is preferably carried out under an atmosphere of inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.  
           [0049]    II. Preparation of tin-containing organolithium compounds of formula (1) wherein x=2  
           [0050]    II-1. Preparation of tin-containing organolithium compounds of formula (1) wherein a+b=0  
           [0051]    More particularly, when x=2, a+b=0 and m=0, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1d): 
           R 2 SnLi 2   (1d) 
           [0052]    wherein R is defined as above.  
           [0053]    The compound of formula (1d) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising directly reacting a halide of formula (3′) with metallic lithium in a solvent: 
           R 2 SnX 2   (3′) 
           [0054]    wherein R is defined as above, X is halogen selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine or bromine.  
           [0055]    The halide of formula (3′) can be dibutyl tin dichloride, dihexyl tin dichloride, dioctyl tin dichloride, etc. These compounds are all commercially available. The metallic lithium used in the above reaction is preferably lithium sand having a particle size of 10 to 300 μm.  
           [0056]    The above reaction is also preferably carried out under an atmosphere of inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.  
           [0057]    The solvent used in the above reaction may be ether solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether or diethyl ether, or aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene or toluene, preferably tetrahydrofuran. In addition to the above solvents, it is possible to use hydrocarbon solvents, such as hexane or heptane, as diluents in the above reaction, in order to more efficiently remove LiX generated during the reaction.  
           [0058]    The above reaction is generally carried out at a temperature of 0 to 70° C., preferably 5 to 35° C.  
           [0059]    In the above reaction, the molar ratio of the halide of formula (3′) to metallic lithium is 1:4-1:7, preferably 1:4.5-1:6.  
           [0060]    More particularly, when x=2, a+b=0 and m=1, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1e): 
           R 2 Sn(ZLi) 2   (1e) 
           [0061]    wherein R and Z are defined as above.  
           [0062]    The compound of formula ( 1 e) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0063]    i) preparing the bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above; and  
           [0064]    ii) adding the halide of formula (3′) as defined above into the product resulting from step i) and reacting them, to form the compound of formula (1e).  
           [0065]    The above reaction is also preferably carried out under an atmosphere of inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.  
           [0066]    The solvent used for the reaction of the bislithium compound of formula (2) with the halide of formula (3′) may be ether solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether or diethyl ether, or hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane or raffinate oil. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two or more of them.  
           [0067]    The above reaction is generally carried out at a temperature of 0 to 60° C., preferably 5 to 35° C.  
           [0068]    In the above reaction, the molar ratio of the bislithium compound of formula (2) to the halide of formula (3′) is 2:1.  
           [0069]    II-2. Preparation of tin-containing organolithium compound of formula (1) wherein a+b≠0  
           [0070]    More particularly, when x=2, a+b≠0 and m=0, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1f): 
           R 2 Sn(Y a−b —Li) 2   (1f) 
           [0071]    wherein R, Y, a and b are defined as above.  
           [0072]    The compound of formula (1f) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0073]    i) polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures of conjugated diene monomers and monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers in a hydrocarbon solvent by using an aryllithium initiator, to form a low molecular weight oligomer having active sites at both ends of the molecular chain, represented by the formula (2′): 
           Li—Y a+b —Li  (2′) 
           [0074]    wherein Y, a and b are defined as above;  
           [0075]    ii) adding the halide of formula (3′) as defined above and reacting it with the oligomer resulting from step i), to form the compound of formula (1f).  
           [0076]    The aryllithium initiator which can be used in the above reaction is a reaction product of fused ring arenes such as naphthalene, α-methylnaphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, trans-stilbene with metallic lithium, preferably naphthalenyllithium.  
           [0077]    The conjugated diene monomers which can be used in the above reaction are butadiene, isoprene or derivatives thereof, etc.; the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers are styrene, α-methylstyrene, etc.  
           [0078]    The hydrocarbon solvents which can be used in the above method are aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene, etc., aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane, raffinate oil, etc. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two or more of them.  
           [0079]    The polymerization is carried out at a temperature of, for example, 10 to 60° C.  
           [0080]    The ratio of the aryllithium initiator to the monomer used is varied depending on the designed molecular weight, that is to say, depending on the values of parameters a and b.  
           [0081]    The molar ratio of the low molecular weight oligomer of formula (2′) to the halide of formula (3′) is 2:1.  
           [0082]    More particularly, when x=2, a=0, b≠0 and m=1, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1g): 
           R 2 Sn(Z—Y b —Li) 2   (1g) 
           [0083]    wherein R, Z, Y and b are defined as above.  
           [0084]    The compound of formula (1g) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0085]    i) preparing the bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above;  
           [0086]    ii) reacting the bislithium compound of formula (2) with the halide of formula (3′) as defined above, to obtain the compound of formula (1e) as defined above; iii) polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof by using the compound of (1e) as the initiator, to form the compound of formula (1g).  
           [0087]    The bislithium compound of formula (2) and the halide of formula (3′) are preferably reacted in a solvent. Said solvent is, for example, ether solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, or hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane, raffinate oil. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two of more of them.  
           [0088]    The bislithium compound of formula (2) and the halide of formula (3′) are preferably reacted at a temperature of 0 to 60° C., more preferably 5 to 35° C.  
           [0089]    The molar ratio of the bislithium compound of formula (2) to the halide of formula (3′) is 2:1.  
           [0090]    The conjugated diene monomers used in the reaction may also be butadiene, isoprene or derivatives thereof; the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers may be styrene, α-methylstyrene.  
           [0091]    The above reaction is also preferably carried out in a solvent. Said solvent may be hydrocarbon solvents, for example aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene, toluene; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as cyclohexane, hexane, pentane, heptane, raffinate oil. These solvents can be used alone or in mixtures of two or more of them.  
           [0092]    The polymerization can be carried out at a temperature of 10 to 60° C.  
           [0093]    The ratio of the compound of formula (1e) to the monomer used is varied depending on the designed molecular weight, that is to say, depending on the values of parameters a and b.  
           [0094]    More particularly, when x=2, a≠0, b≠0 and m=1, the compound of formula (1) corresponds to the compound of formula (1h): 
           R 2 Sn(Y a —Z—Y b —Li) 2   (1h) 
           [0095]    wherein R, Y, Z, a and b are defined as above.  
           [0096]    The compound of formula (1h) according to the present invention can be prepared by a method comprising the steps of:  
           [0097]    i) preparing the bislithium compound of formula (2) as defined above,  
           [0098]    ii) polymerizing conjugated diene monomers, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers or mixtures thereof by using the compound of formula (2), to form a low molecular weight oligomer having active sites at both ends of the molecular chain,  
           [0099]    iii) adding the halide of formula (3′) into the resulting product from step ii) and then reacting them, to form the compound of formula (1h).  
           [0100]    The bislithium compound of formula (2), the conjugated diene monomers, the monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers, the solvents and the halide of formula (3′) can be selected in a manner similar to the above.  
           [0101]    The polymerization is carried out at a temperature of 10 to 60° C.  
           [0102]    The oligomer resulting from step ii) and the halide of formula (3′) is preferably reacted at a temperature of 0 to 60° C., preferably 5 to 30° C.  
           [0103]    The molar ratio of the oligomer resulting from step ii) to the halide of formula (3′) is 2:1.  
           [0104]    The ratio of the bislithium compound of formula (2) to the monomer used is varied depending on the designed molecular weight, that is to say, depending on the values of parameters a and b.  
           [0105]    The tin-containing organolithium compounds according to the present invention can be used as anionic polymerization initiators to initiate the polymerization of conjugated diene monomers and/or monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers. 
       
    
    
     EXAMPLES  
       [0106]    The present invention is illustrated by the following examples, which however should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.  
       Examples 1-5  
       [0107]    Preparation of Bu 3 SnZLi  
         [0108]    A 100 ml three-necked flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with 20 ml of previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi, followed by dropwise addition of a solution of Bu 3 SnCl in THF, with the molar ratio of the bislithium compound LiZLi to Bu 3 SnCl being 1:1. The mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 10° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is then filtered to obtain a clear, pale yellow solution. The active lithium concentration is determined by a double titration method(cf. Gilman and K. F. Cartlidge, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 2447). The experimental data is listed in table 1.  
       Examples 6-25  
       [0109]    Preparation of Bu 3 SnZY b Li  
         [0110]    A 250 ml three-necked flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with argon and then is charged with an amount of previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi, followed by dropwise addition of an equimolar amount of a solution of Bu 3 SnCl in 5 ml THF. The mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 10° C. for 2 hours. Then to the reaction mixture are charged metered amounts of butadiene and solvent, followed by reaction at a temperature of 20° C. for 1 hour. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1. The experimental data is listed in table 2.  
       Examples 26-45  
       [0111]    Preparation of Bu 3 SnY a ZY b Li  
         [0112]    A 250 ml three-necked flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with argon and then is charged with metered amounts of solvent and monomer, followed by an amount of previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi. The mixture is then allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 2 hours, followed by dropwise addition of an equimolar amount of a solution of Bu 3 SnCl in 5 ml THF. The mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 2 hours. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1. The experimental data is listed in table 3.  
         [0113]    Note:  
         [0114]    following Tables 1 -11:  
         [0115]    1. Bislithium compound 1 is α, ω-dilithiobutane(cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,089);  
         [0116]    slithium compound 2 is 1, 1′-(1, 3-phenylene)-bis[3-methyl-1-(4-tolyl)pentyl]bislithium(cf. Shuojian JIANG, Huaibing LIU, Zhong ZHAO, Elastomers, 1992, 2(2), 33-37;  
         [0117]    Bislithium compound 3 is 1, 3-bis(1-lithio-3-methylpentyl)benzene(cf. Friedhelm Bandermann, Hans-Dieter Speikamp and Ludwig Weigel, Makromol. Chem., 1985, 186,2017-2024);  
         [0118]    2. Dpn=degree of polymerization  
         [0119]    following Tables 4-11:  
         [0120]    3. Average functionality=(concentration of active lithium×volume of solution)/mole number of R 2 SnCl 2   
                                         TABLE 1                           Preparation of Bu 3 SnZLi                    Solvent for   Concentration   Amount of   Active lithium       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   of LiZLi   THF   Concentration               1   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.996 M   15 ml   0.47 M       2   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether    0.47 M   10 ml   0.14 M       3   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332 M   10 ml   0.09 M       4   Bislithium 3   Heptane    0.91 M   15 ml   0.22 M       5   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842 M   10 ml   0.24 M                  
 
         [0121]    [0121]                                                                 TABLE 2                           Preparation of Bu 3 SnZY b Li                            Amount of               Oligo-                           Concentration   Solvent for   solvent for               merization   Amount of       Active lithium       Ex.   LiZLi   of LiZLi   LiZLi   LiZLi   LiZLi   Bu 3 SnCl   Butadiene   solvent   solvent   Dpn   Concentration                6   Bislithium 1   1.95 M   Diethyl ether   15 ml   14.6 mmol   14.6 mmol   52.65 mmol   Cyclohexane   24 ml   3.6   0.333 M        7   Bislithium 1   1.95 M   Diethyl ether   15 ml   14.6 mmol   14.6 mmol   33.58 mmol   Cyclohexane   15.4 ml   2.3   0.336 M        8   Bislithium 1   1.95 M   Diethyl ether   15 ml   14.6 mmol   14.6 mmol   62.78 mmol   Raffinate oil   28.8 ml   4.3   0.291 M        9   Bislithium 1   1.95 M   Diethyl ether   15 ml   14.6 mmol   14.6 mmol   37.96 mmol   Raffinate oil   17.4 ml   2.6   0.372 M       10   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   11.8 mmol   36.58 mmol   Cyclohexane   20.8 ml   3.1   0.148 M       11   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   11.8 mmol   28.32 mmol   Cyclohexane   16.1 ml   2.4   0.157 M       12   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   11.8 mmol   47.20 mmol   Raffinate oil   26.8 ml   4.0   0.140 M       13   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   11.8 mmol   25.96 mmol   Raffinate oil   14.5 ml   2.2   0.162 M       14   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   8.3 mmol   31.54 mmol   Cyclohexane   25.5 ml   3.8   0.091 M       15   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   8.3 mmol   17.43 mmol   Cyclohexane   14.0 ml   2.1   0.112 M       16   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   8.3 mmol   31.54 mmol   Raffinate oil   25.5 ml   3.8   0.099 M       17   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   8.3 mmol   18.26 mmol   Raffinate oil   14.7 ml   2.2   0.109 M       18   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   13.6 mmol   53.04 mmol   Cyclohexane   26.1 ml   3.9   0.203 M       19   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   13.6 mmol   32.64 mmol   Cyclohexane   16.1 ml   2.4   0.255 M       20   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   13.6 mmol   55.76 mmol   Raffinate oil   27.5 ml   4.1   0.211 M       21   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   13.6 mmol   36.72 mmol   Raffinate oil   18.1 ml   2.7   0.246 M       22   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   12.6 mmol   52.92 mmol   Cyclohexane   28.1 ml   4.2   0.189 M       23   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   12.6 mmol   23.94 mmol   Cyclohexane   12.7 ml   1.9   0.238 M       24   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   12.6 mmol   46.62 mmol   Raffinate oil   24.8 ml   3.7   0.204 M       25   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   12.6 mmol   25.20 mmol   Raffinate oil   13.4 ml   2.0   0.247 M                    
         [0122]    [0122]                                                             TABLE 3                           Preparation of Bu 3 SnY a ZY b Li                            Amount of                                       Concentration   Solvent for   solvent           Oligomerization   Amount of       Active lithium       Ex.   LiZLi   of LiZLi   LiZLi   for LiZLi   LiZLi   Butadiene   solvent   solvent   Dpn   concentration               26   Bislithium 1   1.82 M   Diethyl ether   10 ml   9.1 mmol   36.4 mmol   Cyclohexane   26.8 ml   4.0   0.207 M       27   Bislithium 1   1.82 M   Diethyl ether   10 ml   9.1 mmol   21.84 mmol   Cyclohexane   16.1 ml   2.4   0.284 M       28   Bislithium 1   1.82 M   Diethyl ether   10 ml   9.1 mmol   35.49 mmol   Raffinate oil   26.1 ml   3.9   0.209 M       29   Bislithium 1   1.82 M   Diethyl ether   10 ml   9.1 mmol   19.11 mmol   Raffinate oil   14.1 ml   2.1   0.305 M       30   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   48.38 mmol   Cyclohexane   27.5 ml   4.1   0.138 M       31   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   24.78 mmol   Cyclohexane   14.1 ml   2.1   0.163 M       32   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   47.2 mmol   Raffinate oil   26.8 ml   4.0   0.130 M       33   Bislithium 2   0.47 M   Diethyl ether   50 ml   11.8 mmol   30.68 mmol   Raffinate oil   17.4 ml   2.6   0.151 M       34   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   32.37 mmol   Cyclohexane   26.1 ml   3.9   0.100 M       35   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   22.41 mmol   Cyclohexane   18.1 ml   2.7   0.109 M       36   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   34.86 mmol   Raffinate oil   28.2 ml   4.2   0.081 M       37   Bislithium 2   0.332 M   Toluene   50 ml   8.3 mmol   19.09 mmol   Raffinate oil   15.4 ml   2.3   0.103 M       38   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   53.04 mmol   Cyclohexane   26.1 ml   3.9   0.210 M       39   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   34 mmol   Cyclohexane   16.8 ml   2.5   0.181 M       40   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   58.48 mmol   Raffinate oil   28.8 ml   4.3   0.203 M       41   Bislithium 3   0.91 M   Heptane   30 ml   13.6 mmol   31.28 mmol   Raffinate oil   15.4 ml   2.3   0.259 M       42   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   52.92 mmol   Cyclohexane   28.2 ml   4.2   0.188 M       43   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   25.2 mmol   Cyclohexane   13.4 ml   2.0   0.244 M       44   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   51.66 mmol   Raffinate oil   27.5 ml   4.1   0.185 M       45   Bislithium 3   0.842 M   Benzene   30 ml   12.6 mmol   28.98 mmol   Raffinate oil   15.4 ml   2.3   0.241 M                    
       Examples 46 and 47  
       [0123]    Preparation of R 2 SnLi 2    
         [0124]    A 250 ml three-necked flask is purged with argon and then is charged with 1.26 g of dispersed lithium sand(cf. Chinese Patent Application No. 96120500.8) and 120 ml dry tetrahydrofuran(THF). Then a solution of 30 mmol R 2 SnX 2  in 10 ml THF is dropwise added under stirring. The mixture is allowed to react at room temperature for 24 hours and then is heated to a temperature of 45° C. The reaction mixture is filtered to remove the unreacted lithium sand and the by-product LiX, and a clear, pale yellow solution is obtained. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1 and then the average functionality is calculated. The results are listed in table 4.  
                                     TABLE 4                           Preparation of R 2 SnLi 2                          Active lithium   Average       Ex.   R—   X—   concentration(M)   functionality               46   C 8 H 17 —   Cl   0.359   1.91       47   C 4 H 9 —   Cl   0.344   1.83                  
 
       Examples 48-77  
       [0125]    Preparation of R 2 Sn(ZLi) 2    
         [0126]    A 100 ml two-necked flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with 20 ml of previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi, followed by dropwise addition of a solution of R 2 SnCl 2  in THF, with the molar ratio of the bislithium compound LiZLi to R 2 SnX 2  being 2:1. The mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 10°C. for a period of time. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1. The results are listed in tables 5 and 6.  
                                                                                   TABLE 5                           Preparation of R 2 Sn(ZLi) 2 (R is C 8 H 17 —)                                    Active lithium                   Solvent for   Concentration   Amount of   Reaction   concentration   Average       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   of LiZLi(M)   THF(ml)   time(h)   (M)   functionality                    48   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.996   15   2   0.530   1.86       49   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.996   15   3   0.529   1.86       50   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.996   15   4   0.529   1.86       51   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   2   0.150   1.91       52   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   3   0.152   1.93       53   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   4   0.152   1.93       54   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   2   0.110   1.98       55   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   3   0.108   1.94       56   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   4   0.109   1.95       57   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   2   0.241   1.85       58   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   3   0.244   1.88       59   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   4   0.248   1.91       60   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   2   0.272   1.94       61   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   3   0.271   1.93       62   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   4   0.271   1.93                  
 
         [0127]    [0127]                                                                                   TABLE 6                           Preparation of R 2 Sn(ZLi) 2 (R is C 4 H 9 —)                            Amount       Active lithium                   Solvent for   Concentration   of   Reaction   concentration   Average       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   of LiZLi(M)   THF(ml)   time(h)   (M)   functionality                    63   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.95   10   2   0.606   1.66       64   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.95   10   3   0.607   1.86       65   Bislithium 1   Diethyl ether   1.95   10   4   0.610   1.88       66   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   2   0.149   1.90       67   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   3   0.147   1.89       68   Bislithium 2   Diethyl ether   0.47   10   4   0.150   1.91       69   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   2   0.104   1.87       70   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   3   0.108   1.94       71   Bislithium 2   Toluene   0.332   10   4   0.109   1.95       72   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   2   0.243   1.87       73   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   3   0.244   1.88       74   Bislithium 3   Heptane   0.91   15   4   0.247   1.90       75   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   2   0.267   1.90       76   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   3   0.270   1.92       77   Bislithium 3   Benzene   0.842   10   4   0.271   1.93                    
       Examples 78-93  
       [0128]    Preparation of R 2 Sn(Y a+b —Li) 2    
         [0129]    A 100 ml polymerization flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with metered amounts of monomer and solvent and 12 mmol of naphthalenyllithium initiator. The mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 1 hour and then to the mixture is added a solution of 6 mmol R 2 SnCl 2  in 5 ml THF. The resulting mixture is then allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 1 hour. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1 and then the average functionality is calculated. The results are listed in table 7.  
       Examples 94-173  
       [0130]    Preparation of R 2 Sn(Z—Y b —Li) 2    
         [0131]    A 250 ml two-necked flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with argon and then is charged with previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi, followed by dropwise addition of a metered amount of a solution of R 2 SnCl 2  in THF. The resulting mixture is then allowed to react at a temperature of 10° C. for 2 hours. Then metered amounts of butadiene and solvent are added and the resulting mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 1 hour. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1 and then the average functionality is calculated. The results are listed in tables 8 and 9.  
       Examples 174-253  
       [0132]    Preparation of R 2 Sn(Y a —Z—Y b —Li) 2    
         [0133]    A 250 ml flask equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer is purged with argon and then is charged with metered amounts of solvent and monomer, followed by previously prepared bislithium compound LiZLi. The resulting mixture is then allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 2 hours. Then a metered amount of a solution of R 2 SnCl 2  in THF is charged and the resulting mixture is allowed to react at a temperature of 20° C. for 1 hour. The active lithium concentration is determined in a manner similar to Example 1 and then the average functionality is calculated. The results are listed in tables 10 and 11.  
                                                                                           TABLE 7                           Preparation of R 2 Sn(Y a+b -Li) 2                      Concentration of           Amount of       Active lithium   Average       Ex.   R-   naphthalenylithium   Solvent   Monomer   monomer(mmol)   Dpn   concentration(M)   functionality                    78   C 8 H 17 —   1.083 M   Hexane   Butadiene   48   4.0   0.224   1.72       79   C 8 H 17 —   1.083 M   Cyclohexane   Butadiene   45.6   3.8   0.229   1.68       80   C 8 H 17 —   1.083 M   Raffinate oil   Butadiene   49.2   4.1   0.217   1.70       81   C 8 H 17 —   1.083 M   Benzene   Butadiene   38.4   3.2   0.277   1.81       82   C 8 H 17 —   0.92 M   Hexane   Isoprene   49.2   4.1   0.216   1.73       83   C 8 H 17 —   0.92 M   Cyclohexane   Isoprene   46.8   3.9   0.200   1.67       84   C 8 H 17 —   0.92 M   Raffinate oil   Isoprene   45.6   3.8   0.218   1.71       85   C 8 H 17 —   0.92 M   Benzene   Isoprene   43.2   3.6   0.256   1.79       86   C 4 H 9 —   1.083 M   Hexane   Butadiene   49.2   4.1   0.234   1.82       87   C 4 H 9 —   1.083 M   Cyclohexane   Butadiene   46.8   3.9   0.231   1.73       88   C 4 H 9 —   1.083 M   Raffinate oil   Butadiene   48   4.0   0.216   1.66       89   C 4 H 9 —   1.083 M   Benzene   Butadiene   44.4   3.7   0.238   1.69       90   C 4 H 9 —   0.92 M   Hexane   Isoprene   48   4.0   0.227   1.78       91   C 4 H 9 —   0.92 M   Cyclohexane   Isoprene   40.8   3.4   0.213   1.64       92   C 4 H 9 —   0.92 M   Raffinate oil   Isoprene   45.6   3.8   0.214   1.68       93   C 4 H 9 —   0.92 M   Benzene   Isoprene   46.8   3.9   0.234   1.72                  
 
         [0134]    [0134]                                                                                                           TABLE 8                           Preparation of R 2 Sn(Z-Y b -Li) 2 (R is C 8 H 17 —)                            Amount of       Amount of           Active lithium                   Solvent for   LiZLi   R 2 SnX 2         monomer       Polymerization   concentration   Average       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   (mmol)   added(mmol)   Monomer   added (mmol)   Dpn   solvent   (M)   functionality                     94   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   40.3   2.8   Cyclohexane   0.159   1.89        95   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   61.1   4.2   Raffinate oil   0.136   1.80        96   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   33.6   2.3   Cyclohexane   0.203   1.80        97   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   33.6   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.211   1.88        98   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   58.4   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.184   1.89        99   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   58.4   4.0   Raffinate oil   0.184   1.89       100   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   38   2.6   Cyclohexane   0.232   1.84       101   1   Diethyl ether   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   42   2.9   Raffinate oil   0.216   1.80       102   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   47.2   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.147   1.81       103   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   49.6   4.2   Raffinate oil   0.145   1.86       104   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   28.3   2.4   Cyclohexane   0.174   1.92       105   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   27.1   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.167   1.88       106   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   48.4   4.1   Cyclohexane   0.114   1.86       107   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   48.4   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.113   1.86       108   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   24.8   2.1   Cyclohexane   0.139   1.80       109   2   Diethyl ether   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   27.1   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.137   1.82       110   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   32.4   3.9   Cyclohexane   0.114   1.85       111   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   33.2   4.0   Raffinateoil   0.110   1.81       112   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   17.4   2.1   Cyclohexane   0.128   1.91       113   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   19.9   2.4   Raffinateoil   0.117   1.78       114   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   33.2   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.115   1.94       115   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   34.0   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.113   1.89       116   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   19.1   2.3   Cyclohexane   0.117   1.80       117   2   Toluene   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   18.2   2.2   Raffinate oil   0.121   1.83       118   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   53   3.9   Cyclohexane   0.241   1.94       119   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   55.7   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.225   1.89       120   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   32.6   2.4   Cyclohexane   0.271   1.87       121   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   27.2   2.0   Raffinate oil   0.276   1.87       122   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   54.4   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.216   1.91       123   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   51.6   3.8   Raffinate oil   0.228   1.88       124   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   32.6   2.4   Cyclohexane   0.253   1.86       125   3   Heptane   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   31.2   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.256   1.81       126   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   50.4   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.219   1.88       127   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   49.1   3.9   Raffinate oil   0.210   1.83       128   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   27.7   2.2   Cyclohexane   0.259   1.85       129   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   27.7   2.2   Raffinate oil   0.246   1.80       130   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   51.6   4.1   Cyclohexane   0.226   1.82       131   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   51.6   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.223   1.81       132   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   31.5   2.5   Cyclohexane   0.246   1.84       133   3   Benzene   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   29   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.245   1.79                    
         [0135]    [0135]                                                                                                                   TABLE 9                           Preparation of R 2 Sn(Z-Y b -Li) 2 (R is C 4 H 9 —)                                Amount of       Amount of                                   Concen-   Amount of   R 2 SnX 2         monomer           Active lithium               Solvent for   tration   LiZLi   added       added       Polymerization   concentration   Average       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   of LiZLi (M)   added(mmol)   (mmol)   Monomer   (mmol)   Dpn   solvent   (M)   functionality                    134   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   61.1   4.2   Cyclohexane   0.138   1.83       135   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   58.4   4.0   Raffinate oil   0.136   1.81       136   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   36.5   2.5   Cyclohexane   0.200   1.87       137   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Butadiene   36.5   2.5   Raffinate oil   0.192   1.79       138   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   58.4   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.193   1.89       139   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   59.9   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.177   1.85       140   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   35.0   2.4   Cyclohexane   0.241   1.82       141   1   Diethyl ether   1.95   14.6   7.2   Isoprene   33.6   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.247   1.80       142   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   48.4   4.1   Cyclohexane   0.155   1.92       143   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   44.8   3.8   Raffinate oil   0.152   1.89       144   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   24.7   2.1   Cyclohexane   0.175   1.90       145   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Butadiene   23.6   2.0   Raffinate oil   0.168   1.82       146   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   48.4   4.1   Cyclohexane   0.115   1.87       147   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   47.2   4.0   Raffinate oil   0.112   1.80       148   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   29.5   2.5   Cyclohexane   0.132   1.79       149   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   5.9   Isoprene   26.0   2.2   Raffinate oil   0.138   1.80       150   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   31.5   3.8   Cyclohexane   0.117   1.86       151   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   34.8   4.2   Raffinate oil   0.112   1.86       152   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   19.1   2.3   Cyclohexane   0.117   1.78       153   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Butadiene   19.1   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.119   1.81       154   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   34.8   4.2   Cyclohexane   0.104   1.79       155   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   33.2   4.0   Raffinate oil   0.112   1.87       156   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   16.6   2.0   Cyclohexane   0.124   1.88       157   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   4.15   Isoprene   17.4   2.1   Raffinate oil   0.121   1.84       158   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   54.4   4.0   Cyclohexane   0.229   1.89       159   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   55.7   4.1   Raffinate oil   0.223   1.87       160   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   36.7   2.7   Cyclohexane   0.266   1.92       161   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Butadiene   31.2   2.3   Raffinate oil   0.272   1.92       162   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   51.6   3.8   Cyclohexane   0.217   1.89       163   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   54.4   4.0   Raffinate oil   0.217   1.82       164   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   34.0   2.5   Cyclohexane   0.244   1.83       165   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   6.8   Isoprene   28.5   2.1   Raffinate oil   0.266   1.84       166   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   56.7   4.5   Cyclohexane   0.217   1.93       167   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   54.2   4.3   Raffinate oil   0.208   1.88       168   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   27.7   2.2   Cyclohexane   0.264   1.89       169   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Butadiene   25.2   2.0   Raffinate oil   0.260   1.86       170   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   55.4   4.4   Cyclohexane   0.204   1.81       171   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   56.7   4.5   Raffinate oil   0.195   1.80       172   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   29.0   2.3   Cyclohexane   0.252   1.84       173   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   6.3   Isoprene   32.7   2.6   Raffinate oil   0.238   1.78                    
         [0136]    [0136]                                                                                                                               TABLE 10                       Preparation of R 2 Sn(Y a -Z-Y b -Li) 2 (R is C 8 H 17 —)                                            Concen-   Amount of       Amount of               Solvent for   tration   LiZLi       monomer       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   of LiZLi(M)   added(mmol)   Monomer   added (mmol)                    174   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   38.9       175   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   37.3       176   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   24.5       177   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   21.8       178   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   37.3       179   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   36.4       180   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Iso rene   20.9       181   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   20.9       182   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   47.2       183   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   42.4       184   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   24.8       185   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   24.8       186   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   49.5       187   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   48.3       188   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   29.5       189   2   Diethyl ehter   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   27.1       190   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   32.3       191   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   31.5       192   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   16.6       193   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   18.2       194   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   34.0       195   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   31.5       196   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   19.1       197   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   19.1       198   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   55.7       199   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   55.7       200   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   31.2       201   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   29.9       202   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   53         203   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   51.7       204   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   27.2       205   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   28.5       206   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   50.4       207   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   51.6       208   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   32.7       209   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   30.2       210   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   50.4       211   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   52.9       212   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   26.5       213   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   29                                  Amount                       Polymerization   of R 2 SnX 2     Active lithium   Average       Ex.   Dpn   solvent   added(mmol)   concentration(M)   fuctionality                    174   4.27   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.124   1.94       175   4.1   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.122   1.88       176   2.7   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.195   1.89       177   2.4   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.210   1.90       178   4.1   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.178   1.84       179   4.0   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.181   1.83       180   2.3   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.258   1.87       181   2.3   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.248   1.80       182   4.0   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.149   1.82       183   3.6   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.148   1.81       184   2.1   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.181   1.96       185   2.1   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.173   1.91       186   4.2   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.115   1.89       187   4.1   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.111   1.80       188   2.5   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.134   1.82       189   2.3   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.139   1.84       190   3.9   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.112   1.81       191   3.8   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.111   1.80       192   2.0   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.128   1.92       193   2.2   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.124   1.86       194   4.1   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.113   1.90       195   3.8   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.116   1.90       196   2.3   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.121   1.87       197   2.3   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.119   1.82       198   4.1   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.227   1.87       199   4.1   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.227   1.90       200   2.3   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.276   1.89       201   2.2   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.267   1.85       202   3.9   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.205   1.79       203   3.8   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.217   1.79       204   2.0   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.260   1.82       205   2.1   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.258   1.78       206   4.0   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.220   1.89       207   4.1   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.206   1.83       208   2.6   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.242   1.80       209   2.4   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.252   1.88       210   4.0   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.205   1.78       211   4.2   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.202   1.81       212   2.1   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.258   1.84       213   2.3   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.249   1.82                    
         [0137]    [0137]                                                                                                                               TABLE 11                       Preparation of R 2 Sn(Y a -Z-Y b -Li) 2 (R is C 4 H 9 —)                                            Concentration   Amount of       Amount of               Solvent for   of   LiZLi       monomer       Ex.   LiZLi   LiZLi   LiZLi(M)   added(mmol)   Monomer   added (mmol)                    214   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   38.9       215   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   37.3       216   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   19.1       217   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Butadiene   18.2       218   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   36.4       219   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   35.5       220   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   18.2       221   1   Diethyl ether   1.82   9.1   Isoprene   20.0       222   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   44.8       223   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   46.0       224   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   29.5       225   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Butadiene   27.1       226   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   47.2       227   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   46.0       228   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   30.7       229   2   Diethyl ether   0.47   11.8   Isoprene   23.6       230   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   33.2       231   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   34.8       232   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   18.3       233   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Butadiene   17.4       234   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   32.4       235   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   33.2       236   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   19.9       237   2   Toluene   0.332   8.3   Isoprene   17.4       238   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   57.1       239   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   54.4       240   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   35.3       241   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Butadiene   31.2       242   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   55.7       243   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   51.6       244   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   29.9       245   3   Heptane   0.91   13.6   Isoprene   29.9       246   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   51.7       247   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   49.1       248   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   31.5       249   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Butadiene   30.2       250   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   47.9       251   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   47.9       252   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   30.2       253   3   Benzene   0.842   12.6   Isoprene   26.4                                Amount of   Active lithium                   Polymerization   R 2 SnX 2     concentration       Ex.   Dpn   solvent   added(mmol)   (M)   Fuctionality                    214   4.27   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.124   1.86       215   4.1   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.145   1.86       216   2.1   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.233   1.92       217   2.0   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.236   1.89       218   4.0   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.182   1.85       219   3.9   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.184   1.83       220   2.0   Cyclohexane   4.55   0.278   1.87       221   2.2   Raffinate oil   4.55   0.257   1.79       222   3.8   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.158   1.92       223   3.9   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.153   1.90       224   2.5   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.168   1.88       225   2.3   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.163   1.80       226   4.0   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.113   1.82       227   3.9   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.117   1.87       228   2.6   Cyclohexane   5.9   0.131   1.80       229   2.0   Raffinate oil   5.9   0.141   1.79       230   4.0   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.118   1.89       231   4.2   Raffinateoil   4.15   0.112   1.87       232   2.2   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.120   1.82       233   2.1   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.122   1.83       234   3.9   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.110   1.86       235   4.0   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.112   1.86       236   2.4   Cyclohexane   4.15   0.117   1.84       237   2.1   Raffinate oil   4.15   0.117   1.78       238   4.2   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.223   1.87       239   4.0   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.227   1.89       240   2.6   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.265   1.89       241   2.3   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.259   1.83       242   4.1   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.207   1.86       243   3.8   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.231   1.90       244   2.2   Cyclohexane   6.8   0.263   1.90       245   2.2   Raffinate oil   6.8   0.267   1.87       246   4.1   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.219   1.88       247   3.9   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.208   1.82       248   2.5   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.250   1.84       249   2.4   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.238   1.78       250   3.8   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.219   1.85       251   3.8   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.212   1.83       252   2.4   Cyclohexane   6.3   0.245   1.81       253   2.1   Raffinate oil   6.3   0.253   1.81                    
       Examples 254-256  
       [0138]    Preparation of polybutadiene  
         [0139]    A 5-liter stainless steel autoclave is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with metered amounts of cyclohexane and THF, followed by a desired amount of butadiene. Afterwards, the autoclave is heated under stirring to reach a temperature of 60° C. and at temperature, butyllithium is added to remove the impurities reactive to the initiator, followed by a metered amount of a tin-containing organolithium initiator. The reaction mixture is reacted at 60° C. for 3 hours and then a terminating agent, met added. The content of the autoclave is discharged, and coagulated with steam to remove the solvent and the regulator, then dried to a constant weight. The results are listed in table 12.  
                                                     TABLE 12                           Preparation of polybutadiene                    Amount of           Amount of                   Ex.   Initiator   initiator used   Cyclohexane   Butadiene   terminating agent   Mw   Mn   Mw/Mn               254   Tin-lithium 1   2 mmol   2500 g   240 g   5 ml   263530   136544   1.93       255   Tin-lithium 2   2 mmol   2500 g   240 g   5 ml   239091   129108   1.85       256   Tin-lithium 3   2 mmol   2500 g   240 g   5 ml   248944   139395   1.79                                                  
 
       Examples 257 and 258  
       [0140]    Preparation of polybutadiene  
         [0141]    A 5-liter stainless steel autoclave is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with cyclohexane and a metered amount of a regulator, THF, followed by a desired amount of butadiene. Afterwards, the autoclave is heated under stirring to reach a temperature of 60° C. and at that temperature, butyllithium is added to remove the impurities reactive to the initiator, followed by a metered amount of a tin-containing organolithium initiator. The content is allowed to react at 60° C. for 3 hours. Then a terminating agent, methanol, and an antiaging agent, 2, 6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol are added. The content of the autoclave is discharged, and coagulated with steam to remove the solvent and the regulator, then dried to a constant weight. The results are listed in table 13.  
                                                                                                           TABLE 13                           Preparation of Polybutadiene                    Amount of   Cyclo-           Amount of   Amount of                           initiator   hexane,   Butadiene,   THF   terminating   antiaging                   Ex.   Initiator   used, mmol   g   g   /Li   agent, ml   agent, g   Mw   Mn   Mw/Mn                    257   Tin-lithium 4   0.85   2000   130   0   10   0.7   109675   96521   1.14       258   Tin-lithium 5   1.4   2500   220   30   10   1.2   242736   186958   1.3                                          
 
       Example 259  
       [0142]    Preparation of butadiene/styrene copolymer by solution polymerization  
         [0143]    A 5-liter stainless steel autoclave is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with a mixture of 70 g of styrene, 2053 g of cyclohexane and 210 g of butadiene. Afterwards, the autoclave is heated in a water bath under stirring to reach a temperature of 50° C. and at that temperature, butyllithium is added to remove the impurities reactive to the initiator, followed by 8.4 mmol of the tin-containing organolithium initiator from Example 63. The reaction mixture is allowed to react for 2 hours and then 10 ml of methanol and 1.6 g of 2,4-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol are added. The content of the autoclave is discharged, and coagulated with steam to remove the solvent and the regulator, then dried to a constant weight. GPC measurements show that the polymer obtained has a weight average molecular weight of 120, 000, a number average molecular weight of 110, 000, and a molecular weight distribution of 1.09.  
       Examples 260-262  
       [0144]    Preparation of Polybutadiene  
         [0145]    A 5-liter stainless steel autoclave is purged with nitrogen and then is charged with cyclohexane and a metered amount of a regulator, THF, followed by a desired amount of butadiene. Afterwards, the autoclave is heated under stirring to reach a temperature of 60° C. and at that temperature, butyllithium is added to remove the impurities reactive to the initiator, followed by a metered amount of a tin-containing organolithium initiator. The reaction mixture is maintained at 60° C. for 3 hours and then terminating agent, methanol, is added. The content of the autoclave is discharged, and coagulated with steam to remove the solvent and the regulator, then dried to a constant weight. The results are listed in table 14.  
                                                     TABLE 14                           Preparation of polybutadiene                    Amount of   Cyclo-       Amount of                           Initiator   hexane,   Butadiene,   terminating                   Ex.   Initiator   used, mmol   g   g   agent used, ml   Mw   Mn   Mw/Mn               260   Tin-lithium 6   1.5   2500   240   5   233932   187626   1.25       261   Tin-lithium 7   1.5   2500   240   5   130646   193287   1.18       262   Tin-lithium 8   1.5   2500   240   5   208461   174282   1.17                                                  
 
         [0146]    While the invention has been described above with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it is apparent that many changes, modifications, and variations can be made without departing from the inventive concept disclosed herein. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such changes, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All patent applications, patents and other publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.