Abstract:
An adaptive transmit antenna array having a reduced pilot set is disclosed. The adaptive transmit antenna array utilizes a decision-directed mechanism for the estimation of maximal ratio combining (MRC) weights to be used at a receiver rather than requiring a user-specific pilot to provide estimation information.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY FROM A COPENDING PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATION 
     Priority is herewith claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from copending Provisional Patent Application 60/153,600, filed Sep. 13, 1999, entitled “Adaptive Arrays with Reduced Pilot Set: Demodulation Using PC Bits and Using Decision Directed Method,” by R. Thomas Derryberry and Balaji Raghothaman. The disclosure of this Provisional Patent Application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to transmit diversity in telecommunication systems and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for transmitting on adaptive antenna transmit arrays using a reduced number of CDMA pilot channels. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As wireless communication systems evolve, wireless system design has become increasingly demanding in relation to equipment and performance requirements. Future wireless systems, which will be third and fourth generation systems compared to the first generation analog and second generation digital systems currently in use, will be-required to provide high quality high transmission rate data services in addition to high quality voice services. Concurrent with these system service performance requirements will be equipment design constraints, which will strongly impact the design of mobile stations. The third and fourth generation wireless mobile stations will be required to be smaller, lighter, and more power-efficient units that are also capable of providing the sophisticated voice and data services of these future wireless systems. 
     Time-varying multi-path fading is an effect in wireless systems, whereby a transmitted signal propagates along multiple paths to a receiver causing fading of the received signal due to the constructive and destructive summing of the signals at the receiver. Several methods are known for overcoming the effects of multi-path fading, such as time interleaving with error-correction coding, implementing frequency diversity by utilizing spread spectrum techniques, or transmitter power control techniques. Each of these techniques, however, has drawbacks with regard to use for third and fourth generation wireless systems. Time interleaving may introduce unnecessary delay, spread spectrum techniques may require large bandwidth allocation to overcome a large coherence bandwidth, and power control techniques may require higher transmitter power than is desirable or sophisticated receiver-to-transmitter feedback techniques that increase mobile station (MS) complexity. All these drawbacks have negative impact on achieving the desired characteristics for third and fourth generation mobile stations. 
     Antenna diversity is another technique for overcoming the effects of multi-path fading in wireless systems. In diversity reception, two or more physically separated antennas are used to receive a signal, which is then processed through combining and switching to generate a received signal. A drawback of diversity reception is that the physical separation required between antennas may make diversity reception impractical for use on the forward link in the new wireless systems where small MS size is desired. A second technique for implementing antenna diversity is transmit diversity. In transmit diversity, a signal is transmitted from two or more antennas and then processed at the receiver by using maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) techniques. Transmit diversity has more practical application to the forward link in wireless systems in that it is easier to implement multiple antennas in the base station than in the MS. 
     One method of transmit diversity, called the Switched Transmit Diversity, proposes transmission using the best antenna at any given instant. Another method, called Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD), splits the data stream into multiple streams and transmits the data using orthogonal CDMA codes. 
     Transmit diversity techniques have been shown to provide advantages over single-antenna systems in CDMA forward link transmission. Transmit diversity using open-loop and closed-loop methods have been considered, and closed-loop methods in general have been shown to be preferred. In open-loop methods, transmitter parameters are adjusted without feedback from the receiver. This may involve, for example, adjusting transmitter parameters on the forward link based on measurements made on signals received on the reverse link. In closed-loop methods, feedback information from the receiver is used to adjust transmitter parameters. Several closed-loop methods for transmit diversity have been proposed, such as space time diversity, orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD), and time space transmit diversity (TSTD) and transmit adaptive arrays (TX AA). In TX AA, transmission parameters of multiple antennas are weighted in such a way that the power received by the mobile is maximized. For a single path channel, the optimal weights for the antennas are the conjugates of the respective channel coefficients. For multipath channel conditions, each antenna would optimally have multiple filter tap weights. It has been shown that using one tap weight per antenna even in this case provides better performance than the single antenna configuration. Implementation of TX AA is a trade-off that results in a reduction of reverse link capacity in order to facilitate an increase in forward link capacity. TX AA using two transmit antennas requires three forward link pilots: (1) a broadcast common pilot (Pilot 0 ,), (2) a broadcast auxiliary pilot (Aux Pilot 1 ) for the second antenna, and (3) a dedicated auxiliary pilot (Aux Pilot u ) for each user. 
     In TX AA with a dedicated auxiliary pilot, Aux Pilot u , for each user, the traffic channels (TCHs), along with each user auxiliary pilot, Aux Pilot u , are transmitted through the two antennas after appropriate weighting. The TX AA weights in the ideal case are the conjugates of the channel coefficients h 0 (t) and h 1 (t). These channel coefficients are estimated by the MS by using matched filters on the received antenna pilot signals (Pilot 0  and Aux Pilot 1 ). A quantized ratio of the channel coefficients is fed back to the base station. This ratio is a complex number, with gain and phase information. The phase is allotted a larger number of bits of quantization than the gain. Some modes of TX AA use a phase-only feedback method. 
     Both the traffic channel signal and the user specific auxiliary pilot, Aux Pilot u , are altered by the TX AA weights and also the transmission channel before they are received at the MS. For coherent demodulation of the TCH, information on both the TX AA weights and transmission channel are necessary for each antenna path. The TX AA weights are actually calculated at the MS, so ideally that information should be available to the MS. In reality, however, there is a bit error rate associated with the feedback, which means that the TX AA weighting applied at the base station is not always the same as that calculated at the MS. The Aux Pilot u  is thus utilized in order to obtain an estimate of the exact gain and phase change that was undergone by the TCH, since Aux Pilot u  undergoes the same changes. Thus, for maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver, the weights are obtained by also using a matched filter on Aux Pilot u . 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The invention provides an adaptive transmit antenna array having a reduced pilot set. According to the invention, information used to estimate the maximal ratio combining (MRC) weights for an adaptive transmit array is obtained through other than a user-specific pilot. The adaptive transmit antenna array utilizes a decision-directed mechanism for the estimation of the MRC weights to be used at the receiver. This allows an adaptive transmit antenna array to be implemented without requiring a user-specific pilot. Reducing the number of pilot channels in a system results in decreased overhead requirements for the system. 
     In an embodiment of the adaptive transmit antenna array of the invention, a first and a second signal are each transmitted on a traffic channel from a separate antenna of two antennas. The signals are each weighted by separate weights. The weighting is performed by multiplying each signal by weights that are estimates of the complex conjugate of the channel coefficients. The weights are-the complex conjugate of the channel coefficients in the case of 1-path channels, or they are extracted from the principal eigen vector of the channel correlation matrix in the case of multipath channels. The signals are received at a receiver and demodulated and decoded on a frame-by-frame basis. The signal as received, before demodulation and decoding, is also stored in the receiver. A determination is then made at the-receiver, for each frame, as to whether or not the frame has been correctly decoded. If the frame has been correctly decoded, the frame is processed further by the receiver. If it is determined that the frame has not been correctly decoded, the decoded symbols of the frame are re-encoded and remodulated. The conjugate of the remodulated symbols is then multiplied with the symbols as received on the traffic channel to estimate new weights. The resultant estimate weights are averaged over the period for which the transmit antenna array weighting is constant. These new weight estimates are then used to again demodulate and decode the frames as received on the traffic channel. If no error is detected on the received frame, as decoded using the new weight estimates, the frame is processed further in the receiver. If an error is detected, an error message for the frame is sent to the transmitter. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a transmit adaptive array system according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing process steps performed in the transmit adaptive array system of FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, therein is illustrated a functional block diagram showing portions of a transmit adaptive array system according to an embodiment of the invention. System  100  includes base station  112  and mobile station  102 . Mobile station  102  includes antenna  108 , antenna  110 , data receiver (RX)  104 , error detector  122 , recoder and recalculator  124 , matched filter estimator  126 , weight encoder  128 , delay block  130   a , delay block  130   b , estimator  132 , and transmitter (TX)  106 . Base station  112  includes antenna  116 , antenna  118 , antenna  120 , data receiver (RX)  114 , weight decoder  134 , pilot summer  140 , pilot summer  142 , channel weighter  136 , channel weighter  138 , power controller  144 , and traffic channel (TCH) data input  146 . 
     System  100  operates according to the embodiment of the invention to provide a transmit adaptive array system that does not require an auxiliary pilot. While shown in the embodiment as base station  112  and mobile station  102 , the adaptive array system of the invention may be implemented in any type of code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system in which two transceivers communicate and in which transmit adaptive arrays could be used. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, system  100  is implemented in a system that operates according to the Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronic Industries Association (TIA/EIA)/IS-2000-1 Interim Standard (CDMA2000). 
     Referring next to FIG. 2, therein is a flow diagram showing process steps performed in the transmit adaptive array system of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the invention. Steps  200  to  230  are performed in base station  112  and mobile station  102 . While base station  112  and mobile station  102  are shown as particular configurations of functional blocks, it will be understood that the particular functions shown in FIG.  1  and process steps shown in FIG. 2 may be implemented to varying degrees in either hardware or software or both, including processors and memories, in two transceivers that communicate with one another. 
     In the embodiment, FIG. 2 shows the process as it is performed on one 20 ms. transmission frame that is transmitted from base station  112  to mobile station  102 . In the CDMA2000 embodiment, the transmission frame includes 16 groups of 24 symbols each, with each of the 16 groups being weighted by different weights for transmission. 
     The process begins at step  200 . At step  202 , the channel response of channels h 0 (t) and h 1 (t) are estimated in matched filter estimator  126  by applying matched filters on the pilot channels Pilot 0  and Aux Pilot 1 . The channel estimates are done once per symbol. The matched filtering operation for channel estimates to perform the estimation is well known in the art. Matched filter estimator  126  then sends the estimated channel responses h 0 (t) and h 1 (t) to weight encoder  128 . Next, at step  204 , weight encoder  128  calculates the weights w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) for each channel h 0 (t) and h 1 (t), respectively, from the estimated channel responses. In the embodiment w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) are amplitude and phase information. The weights are calculated 16 times, once every group of symbols for each frame. The weights are sent to the base station at the same rate, once per group. The weights for one frame may not all be calculated before the frame is transmitted. The calculations are done based on the parts of the frame as they are processed by the mobile before transmission. 
     At step  206 , weight encoder  128  encodes and sends the weights w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) to transmitter  106  for transmission to base station  112 . At base station  112 , the encoded weights are received in RX  114 , the weight values w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) are decoded in weight decoder  134 , and the decoded weights W 0 (t) and W 1 (t) are applied in channel weighters  136  and  138 , respectively, to weight the relative gain and phase of the signals transmitted on channels h 0 (t) and h 1 (t). At step  206 , weight encoder  128  also sends the weights w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) to delay blocks  130   a  and  130   b . The delay blocks  130   a  and  130   b  are implemented to add a delay, Ta, to the inputting of the weights to estimator  132 . Ta is added by delay blocks  130   a  and  130   b  to allow an accurate estimation to be made in estimator  132  by causing estimator  132  to estimate the MRC weights based on the estimated channel responses h 0 (t) and h 1 (t), received from matched filter estimator  126 , and the delayed weights w 0 (t−Ta) and w 1 (t−Ta), from delay blocks  130   a  and  130   b . The delay Ta is set to the delay that is incurred in transmitting the weights w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) to base station  112  and is calculated as Ta=Tb+Tc, where Tb and Tc are the delays incurred in TX  106  and RX  114 , respectively. The estimation of the weights in estimator  132  more closely matches the application of t weights w 0 (t) and w 1 (t) in base station  112  after being transmitted. Estimator  132  estimates the maximal ration combining (MRC) weights and sends this information to data receiver (RX)  104 . The MRC weights are calculated from the channel estimates h 0 (t), h 1 (t), and the delayed weights w 0 (t−Ta) and w 1 (t−Ta), as h 0 (t)w 0 (t−Ta)+h 1 (t)w 1 (t−Ta). 
     At step  208 , data receiver (RX)  104  receives the MRC weights from estimator  132  and receives and decodes the next frame of data, using the weights as sent to the base station  112 , for that particular frame of data. Next, at step  210 , it is determined if the decoded data frame has an error. If it is determined at step  210  that the data frame does not have an error, the process moves to step  212 , and the data frame is processed further in mobile station  102 . The process then ends at step  214 . 
     If, however, at step  210 , it is determined that the data frame has an error, the process moves to step  216 . At step  216 , recoder and recalculator  124  recodes and remodulates the data using the same coding and modulation used in base station  112 . Next, at step  218 , recoder and recalculator  124  compares the recoded and recalculated data with the received data and estimates new weights by using hypothesis testing. Recoder and recalculator  124  performs this as follows: if s(t) is the complex symbol, the received signal is r(t)=s(t)[h 0 (t)w 0 (t)+h 1 (t)w 1 (t)]+noise. Recoder and recalculator  124  multiplies the received signal by the conjugate of the symbol, to remove the data. Since s(t)×conj(s(t))=alpha, a known constant, conj(s(t))×r(t)=alpha×[h 0 (t)w 0 (t)+h 1 (t)w 1 (t)]+altered noise remains after multiplication. Also, the estimates for h 0 (t) and h 1 (t) are available. Using these, we create alpha×[h 0 (t)w 0 (t)+h 1 (t)w 1 (t)] for all possible combinations of w 0 (t) and w 1 (t), and compare these with the quantity conj(s(t))×r(t). The set w 0 (t),w 1 (t) that yields the closest comparison to conj(s(t))×r(t) is used as the estimate for the weights. 
     Recoder and recalculator  124  then sends the new weights to data receiver (RX)  104 . Data receiver (RX)  104  will again decode the received data using the new weights at step  220  and sends the second decoded data to error detector  122 . 
     Next, at step  222 , it is determined in error detector  122  whether or not the second decoded data has an unrecoverable error. If it is determined that the second decoded data does not have an unrecoverable error, the process moves to step  224  where the data is processed further by mobile station  102 . If, however, at step  222 , it is determined that the data has an unrecoverable error, the process moves to step  228 . At step  228 , mobile station  102  transmits an unrecoverable error indication for the data frame to base station  112 . The process then ends at step  230 . 
     The process of FIG. 2 is performed for each frame transmitted from base station  112  to mobile station  102 . If an unrecoverable error indication is sent for a frame at step  228 , the system may retransmit the frame according to its retransmission protocol. 
     Although described in the context of particular embodiments, it will be realized that a number of modifications to these teachings may occur to one skilled in the art. Thus, while the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and shape may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.