Abstract:
Various embodiments disclose methods and systems to categorize automatically a merchant listing. In one example, the method includes determining a first category identifier for the merchant listing by performing a first search to compare the first category identifier with a plurality of category identifiers in a first database. Based on a determination that no match was found as a result of the first search, a second search is performed to compare the first category identifier with a plurality of category relationships in a second database. A second category identifier of the merchant listing is provided in response to a match being found in the second search and the second category identifier is associated with the merchant listing. Other methods and systems are disclosed.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/977,279, filed on Oct. 29, 2004 and entitled “Method and System for Categorizing Items Automatically,” now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,903,827, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment of the present invention relates generally to the field of online commerce and more particularly, to a method and a system for categorizing merchant items in an electronic marketplace, e.g., online trading environment, online shopping site, online auctioning site or online person-to-person trading site. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Internet and the World Wide Web (“Web”) have changed the landscape of information delivery and affected numerous aspects of life, including commerce and entertainment. One area that has benefited from this technology development is the ability of individuals to buy and sell items within an electronic marketplace. 
     Many service providers operate auctions and other selling mechanisms on servers connected to the users over one or more networks, typically including the Internet. The users selling items over these networks vary from single users to large corporations, such as Walt Disney Corporation and International Business Machines Corporation. Some users retail their products and services not only through their own electronic marketplace but also by leveraging third-party electronic marketplaces, such as an auction site. 
     To enhance the buying and selling experience in the electronic marketplace, a service provider of such a marketplace may provide many applications to facilitate the ease of doing business in the marketplace. One such application may be a category listing application that allows the sellers to conveniently classify their products and services in a specific location of the marketplace. This classification in turn facilitates buyers searching for specific goods or services. Examples of the categories available in a marketplace include books, coins, music, home and garden, toys and hobbies, tickets and consumer electronics. 
     However, it is challenging for a user to individually categorize a wide range of merchandise in large quantity. For example, Walt Disney Corporation retails toys, apparels, collectables, theme park tickets and vacation services, where each of these items are listed in different categories. 
     In addition, due to business needs, the service provider of the marketplace may need to make changes to the categories. For example, the service provider may merge one category with another, add a new category, rename an existing category or delete a category. The user needs to be constantly informed of the changes in order to list an item in the right category. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method to categorize a merchant listing automatically. In one embodiment, this method includes identifying a first category identifier of the merchant listing; performing a first search to compare the first category identifier with a plurality of category identifiers in a first database; performing a second search to compare the first category identifier with a plurality of category relationships in a second database in response to no match being found in the first search; providing a second category identifier of the merchant in response to a match being found in the second search; and assigning the second category identifier to the first category identifier. 
     Other features of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a network diagram illustrating a system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, to categorize an item in an electronic marketplace. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating multiple marketplace and payment applications that, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, are provided as part of the electronic marketplace. 
         FIG. 3  is a network diagram illustrating a category system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is an interactive flow chart illustrating a method, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, to categorize an item automatically. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram representing data information in the databases of the category system, according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic representation of a machine within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one of methods described herein, may be executed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A method and system to categorize an item in an electronic market place are described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. 
     Platform Architecture 
       FIG. 1  is a network diagram depicting a system  10 , according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, having a client-server architecture. A commerce platform, in the exemplary form of a network-based marketplace  12 , provides server-side functionality, via a network  14  (e.g., the Internet) to one or more clients.  FIG. 1  illustrates, for example, a web client  16  (e.g., a browser, such as the Internet Explorer browser developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington State), and a programmatic client  18  executing on respective client machines  20  and  22 . 
     Turning specifically to the network-based marketplace  12 , an Application Program Interface (API) server  24  and a web server  26  are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfaces respectively to, one or more application servers  28 . The application servers  28  host one or more marketplace applications  30  and payment applications  32 . The application servers  28  are coupled to one or more databases servers  34  that facilitate access to one or more databases  36 . 
     The marketplace applications  30  provide a number of marketplace functions and services to users that access the marketplace  12 . The payment applications  32  likewise provide a number of payment services and functions to users. In one embodiment, the payment applications  30  may allow users to quantify for, and accumulate, value (e.g., in a commercial currency, such as the U.S. dollar, or a proprietary currency, such as “points”) in accounts, and then later to redeem the accumulated value for products (e.g., goods or services) that are made available via the marketplace applications  30 . While the marketplace and payment applications  30  and  32  are shown in  FIG. 1  to both form part of the network-based marketplace  12 , it will be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments of the present invention, the payment applications  32  may form part of a payment service that is separate and distinct from the marketplace  12 . 
     Further, while the system  10  shown in  FIG. 1  employs a client-server architecture, the present invention is of course not limited to such an architecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system. The various marketplace and payment applications  30  and  32  could also be implemented as standalone software programs, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities. 
     The web client  16 , it will be appreciated, accesses the various marketplace and payment applications  30  and  32  via the web interface supported by the web server  26 . Similarly, the programmatic client  18  accesses the various services and functions provided by the marketplace and payment applications  30  and  32  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  24 . The programmatic client  18  may, for example, be a seller application (e.g., the TURBOLISTER application developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) to enable sellers to author and manage listings on the marketplace  12  in an off-line manner, and to perform batch-mode communications between the programmatic client  18  and the network-based marketplace  12 . 
       FIG. 1  also illustrates a third party application  38 , executing on a third party server machine  40 , as having programmatic access to the network-based marketplace  12  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  24 . For example, the third party application  38  may, utilizing information retrieved from the network-based marketplace  12 , support one or more features or functions on a website hosted by the third party. The third party website may, for example, provide one or more promotional, marketplace or payment functions that are supported by the relevant applications of the network-based marketplace  12 . 
     Marketplace Applications 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating multiple marketplace and payment applications  30  that, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, are provided as part of the network-based marketplace  12 . The marketplace  12  may provide a number of listing and price-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list goods or services for sale, a buyer can express interest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, and a price can be set for a transaction pertaining to the goods or services. To this end, the marketplace applications  30  are shown to include one or more auction applications  44  which support auction-format listing and price setting mechanisms (e.g., English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverse auctions etc.). The various auction applications  44  may also provide a number of features in support of such auction-format listings, such as a reserve price feature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price in connection with a listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a bidder may invoke automated proxy bidding. 
     A number of fixed-price applications  46  support fixed-price listing formats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing or a catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-type listings (e.g., including the BUY-IT-NOW (BIN) technology developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, California) may be offered in conjunction with an auction-format listing, and allow a buyer to purchase goods or services, which are also being offered for sale via an auction, for a fixed-price that is typically higher than the starting price of the auction. 
     Store applications  48  allow sellers to group their listings within a “virtual” store, which may be branded and otherwise personalized by and for the sellers. Such a virtual store may also offer promotions, incentives and features that are specific and personalized to a relevant seller. 
     Reputation applications  50  allow parties that transact utilizing the network-based marketplace  12  to establish, build and maintain reputations, which may be made available and published to potential trading partners. Consider that where, for example, the network-based marketplace  12  supports person-to-person trading, users may have no history or other reference information whereby the trustworthiness and credibility of potential trading partners may be assessed. The reputation applications  50  allow a user, for example through feedback provided by other transaction partners, to establish a reputation within the network-based marketplace  12  over time. Other potential trading partners may then reference such a reputation for the purposes of assessing credibility and trustworthiness. 
     Personalization applications  52  allow users of the marketplace  12  to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the marketplace  12 . For example a user may, utilizing an appropriate personalization application  52 , create a personalized reference page at which information regarding transactions to which the user is (or has been) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application  52  may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of their interactions with the marketplace  12  and other parties. 
     In one embodiment, the network-based marketplace  12  may support a number of marketplaces that are customized, for example, for specific geographic regions. A version of the marketplace  12  may be customized for the United Kingdom, whereas another version of the marketplace  12  may be customized for the United States. Each of these versions may operate as an independent marketplace, or may be customized (or internationalized) presentations of a common underlying marketplace. 
     Navigation of the network based-marketplace  12  may be facilitated by one or more navigation applications  56 . For example, a search application enables key word searches of listings published via the marketplace  12 . A browser application allows users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory data structures according to which listings may be classified within the marketplace  12 . Various other navigation applications may be provided to supplement the search and browsing applications. 
     In order to make listings, available via the network-based marketplace  12 , as visually informing and attractive as possible, the marketplace applications  30  may include one or more imaging applications  58  which users may upload images for inclusion within listings. An imaging application  58  also operates to incorporate images within viewed listings. The imaging applications  58  may also support one or more promotional features, such as image galleries that are presented to potential buyers. For example, sellers may pay an additional fee to have an image included within a gallery of images for promoted items. 
     Listing creation applications  60  allow sellers to author conveniently listings pertaining to goods or services that they wish to transact via the marketplace  12 , and listing management applications  62  allow sellers to manage such listings. Specifically, where a particular seller has authored and/or published a large number of listings, the management of such listings may present a challenge. The listing management applications  62  provide a number of features (e.g., auto-relisting, inventory level monitors, etc.) to assist the seller in managing such listings. One or more post-listing management applications  64  also assist sellers with a number of activities that typically occur post-listing. For example, upon completion of an auction facilitated by one or more auction applications  44 , a seller may wish to leave feedback regarding a particular buyer. To this end, a post-listing management application  64  may provide an interface to one or more reputation applications  50 , so as to allow the seller to provide feedback conveniently regarding multiple buyers to the reputation applications  50 . 
     Dispute resolution applications  66  provide mechanisms whereby disputes arising between transacting parties may be resolved. For example, the dispute resolution applications  66  may provide guided procedures whereby the parties are guided through a number of steps in an attempt to settle a dispute. In the event that the dispute cannot be settled via the guided procedures, the dispute may be escalated to a third party mediator or arbitrator. 
     A number of fraud prevention applications  68  implement various fraud detection and prevention mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of fraud within the marketplace  12 . 
     Messaging applications  70  are responsible for the generation and delivery of messages to users of the network-based marketplace  12 , such messages for example advising users regarding the status of listings at the marketplace  12  (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to bidders during an auction process or to provide promotional and merchandising information to users). 
     Merchandising applications  72  support various merchandising functions that are made available to sellers to enable sellers to increase sales via the marketplace  12 . The merchandising applications  80  also operate the various merchandising features that may be invoked by sellers, and may monitor and track the success of merchandising strategies employed by sellers. 
     The network-based marketplace  12  itself, or one or more parties that transact via the marketplace  12 , may operate loyalty programs that are supported by one or more loyalty/promotions applications  74 . For example, a buyer may earn loyalty or promotions points for each transaction established and/or concluded with a particular seller, and be offered a reward for which accumulated loyalty points can be redeemed. 
     Category Management System 
       FIG. 3  is a network diagram illustrating one elements of a category system  100 . The category system  100  is connected to the marketplaces  82  and  88  via a network  80 . Although the category system  100  and the marketplaces  82  and  88  are connected in a peer-to-peer arrangement, other network arrangements may be used. 
     The marketplaces  82  and  88  may provide different retail operations, such as an auction site or a virtual retail store. In addition, the marketplaces  82  and  88  may be located at different geographical areas. In one exemplary embodiment, both the marketplaces  82  and  88  provide sellers with a category listing application for the seller to list the merchandise. 
     Located within each marketplace  82  and  88  are category managers  84 ,  86 ,  90  and  92 . Category managers  84  and  90  maintain updates for category A at site  82  and  88  respectively. Category manager  86  is dedicated to category B and category manager  92  is responsible for category C. The maintenance of the categories may include merging one category with another, deleting a category, adding a new category or renaming a category. It will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art that a category manager may maintain multiple categories instead of a single category. In addition, a single category manager, such as category managers  84 ,  86 ,  90  or  92 , may be responsible for multiple sites. 
     The category managers  84 ,  86 ,  90  and  92  provide the updated information of the categories to the category system  100 . The provision of the updated information may be performed on a periodical or real-time basis. The information includes the types of update performed on the category, such as merge, add, delete or rename. In addition, information relating to the mapping of an old category to a new category is provided to the category system  100 . For example, when category A is merged with category B, the mapping of category A to category B is submitted to the category system  100 . 
     The category system  100  includes a data manager  94  and two databases—category listing database  96  and category relationship database  98 . The data manager  94  receives the updated information from the category managers  84 ,  86 ,  90  and  92  and updates the changes in the databases  96  and  98 . Using the earlier example, when category A is merged with category B, the data manager  94  updates the category listing database  96  by removing category A from the category listing database  96 . In addition, the data manager  94  adds the mapping of category A to category B to the category relationship database  98 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, an identifier is used to uniquely represent each category. The category identifier may be assigned by the category system  100  or the category managers  84 ,  86 ,  90 , and  92 . The category identifier may be of any data type, such as alphanumeric or special characters. When a user submits a description of the category or the product, the parser  95  of the category system  100  translates the description based on the category listing database  96  and assigns a category identifier. The category system  100  uses the category identifier to perform searches and mappings on the databases  96  and  98 . 
     Though the exemplary embodiment of the category system  100  is illustrated as a centralized system, it is not limited to such. For example, a distributed system may be set up with a category system  100  located at each marketplace  82  and  88 . Alternatively, a centralized category system  100  may be configured to record the source of the updates. For example, the centralized category system  100  is able to identify that category A is updated at site  82  but not site  88 . Therefore, a seller listing an item under category A is automatically re-categorized at site  82  but not at site  88 . 
     Interactive Flowchart 
       FIG. 4  is an interactive flow chart illustrating a method, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, to automatically categorize a merchant listing (e.g., describing an item or service available for transaction) submitted by a seller  102 . 
     Starting at block  104 , the seller  102  prepares listing information, describing an .item or service that the seller may be offering for sale (or other transaction type, such as lease or rental for example) In one embodiment, the seller  102  includes information such as pricing, product description, payment mode and one or more images in the listing information. In addition, if the seller  102  is aware of the categories listed in the marketplace, the seller  102  may specify, within the listing information, the category or the category identifier of the item. Alternatively, the seller  102  may choose to let the marketplace categorize the item automatically. 
     The seller  102  submits the listing information to the category system  100  in the market place at block  106 . At block  108 , the category system  100  parses the listing information as submitted by the seller  102 . In one embodiment, the seller  102  provides a category description for the item. The category system  100  translates the category description into the appropriate category identifier by performing a search on the category listing database  96  at block  120 . Prior versions of the category listing database  96  may be used to locate the category identifier if the category description provided has expired. 
     Similarly, if the seller  102  provides a product description, the category system  100  translates the product description into the category identifier for listing at block  120 . 
     In the event that the seller  102  has provided a category identifier, the category system  100  compares the category identifier with the identifiers in the latest version of the category listing database  96  at block  110 . As the category listing database  96  contains the most up-to-date category identifier, the comparison process determines if the category identifier submitted by the seller  102  has expired. Likewise, the category identifier generated at block  120  is subject to verification at block  110 . 
     Once the category identifier has been identified as expired, the category system  100  verifies if the seller  102  has given the category system  100  the authority to update the category identifier automatically at block  112 . In one instance, the seller  102  may choose to be notified at block  118  and use other means to update the category identifier. If the category system  100  is authorized to automatically update the category identifier, the category system  100  performs a search on the category relationship database  98 . Previous versions of the category relationship database  98  may be used. The category relationship database  98  contains a mapping of “old” (or previous) categories to “new” or current categories. If a match is found, the old category identifier is mapped onto a new category identifier at block  114 . Following in the mapping of the old category identifier to the new category identifier, the listing information may be updated to record an association between the new category identifier and the listing. Specifically, in one embodiment, the category identifier that was previously associated with, or included in, the listing is replaced by the new category identifier as identified at block  114 . In another embodiment, the new category identifier may be associated with the item as a “current” category identifier, and the “old” category identifier may be retained as a “previous” category identifier for the item. The updated listing information is then stored within a database of the electronic marketplace. The electronic marketplace then operates to publish the listing information utilizing the new category information, so that the listing may be locatable utilizing a current category hierarchy of the electronic marketplace. 
     Returning to the flowchart shown in  FIG. 4 , in the event that no match is found at block  114 , the seller  102  will be notified of the error at block  116 . 
     Category Listing Database and Category Relationship Database 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram representing the data information in the category listing database  96  and the category relationship database  98 . In one exemplary embodiment, as represented by block  132 , the electronic marketplace has a listing of categories A, B, C and D on January  2004 . The category listing database  96  contains. categories A, B, C and D while the category relationship database  98  is empty. 
     At block  134 , the electronic marketplace decides to merge category A with category B. The category system  100  removes category A from the category listing database  96  while maintaining categories B, C and D. The category relationship database  98  records the mapping of category A to category B. In one embodiment, when the seller  102  submits an item of category A, the category system  100  searches the category listing database  96  for category A. As category A is not located in the category listing database  96 , the category system  100  performs another search using the category relationship database  98 . The category relationship database  98  indicates that category A is now mapped to category B. Therefore, the item is automatically listed under category B instead of category A. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the electronic marketplace merges category B with category C at block  136 . Similarly, the category system  100  removes category B from the category listing database  96 . The category listing database  96  now contains categories C and D. In addition, the category relationship database  98  is updated to remove the mapping of category A to category B, add mappings of category A to category C and category B to category C. When a seller  102  submits an item of category A or category B, the category system  100  automatically reclassifies the item under category C. 
     At block  138 , the electronic marketplace re-lists category A, which has previously been merged with category B. The category system  100  updates the category listing database  96  with category A and removes the mapping of category A to category C from the category relationship database  98 . In the event that the seller  102  submits an item of category A for listing, the category system  100  is able to automatically list the item under category A as category A can be located in the category listing database  96 . 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the electronic marketplace renames category A as category Z, as illustrated at block  140 . The category system  100  handles the process by first deleting category A from the category listing database  96  and adding category Z. Next, the category system  100  adds the mapping of category A to category Z in the category relationship database  98 . The category system  100  automatically classifies an item of category A under category Z. 
     System Architecture 
       FIG. 6  shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exemplary form of a computer system  300  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The exemplary computer system  300  includes a processor  302  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory  304  and a static memory  306 , which communicate with each other via a bus  308 . The computer system  300  may further include a video display unit  310  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system  300  also includes an alphanumeric input device  312  (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device  314  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  316 , a signal generation device  318  (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device  320 . 
     The disk drive unit  316  includes a machine-readable medium  322  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software  324 ) embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software  324  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  304  and/or within the processor  302  during execution thereof by the computer system  300 , the main memory  304  and the processor  302  also constituting machine-readable media. 
     The software  324  may further be transmitted or received over a network  326  via the network interface device  320 . 
     While the machine-readable medium  322  is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals. 
     Thus, a method and system to automatically categorize merchant items in an electronic marketplace have been described. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.