Abstract:
Process for clarifying water to coagulate and flocculate particles suspended therein, by introducing into the water an aqueous solution of ferric polychloride having a temperature of at least 85° C.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a process of clarifying water containing particles suspended therein. 
     It is known that, to efficiently settle particles suspended in water, reagents are introduced into the water to coagulate the particles. This coagulation is necessary to flocculate the particles and settle them to the bottom. 
     The use of iron salts as coagulating reagents, ferric chloride in particular, is well known. A commercially available aqueous solution of ferric chloride (FeCl 3 .6H 2  O) in a 40 to 41% concentration by weight is generally used. 
     The ability of ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal suspensions, and thus its coagulating ability, is a factor of the hydrolysis that follows its dissolution, and of the intermediate formation of compounds likely to polymerize and thus activate the flocculation process. Many authors have studied this hydrolysis. Lamb et al. considered the existence of an unstable equilibrium state between the polymerized phase of ferric hydroxide and its monomeric forms, in an article published as early as 1938 in J.A.C.S., 1938, 61, p.1215-1225. More recently, Hsu et al. showed that stable polymerized solutions of ferric salts could be obtained by heating dilute solutions of FeClO 4  to different temperatures, the nature and stability of the hydrolyzates depending on the temperature, and the concentration of iron. J. Soil Sci., 1972, 23, No. 4, p. 49; Clay &amp; Clay Minerals, 1973, 21, p. 367-377; Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. H, 1980, 44, No. 1, p. 143-149, &#34;Effect of Temperature on the Appearance and Stability of Hydrolyzed Fe (ClO 4 ) 3  Solutions&#34;. 
     According to these various publications, the key factor governing the appearance and the stability of the solutions seems to be the initial degree of oversaturation of the solution in relation to the amorphous hydroxide. 
     Besides, it is possible to obtain these various compounds by neutralizing the ferric chloride with soda or lime. Their use as replacement for ferric chloride alone as coagulants has already been considered by many authors. P. Rengasamy et al., Aus. J. Soil Res., 1977, 15, p. 1-13; W. Stumm et al., J.A.W.W.A., 1968, 60, p. 514, &#34;Stoichiometry of Coagulation&#34;; W. Stumm et al., J.A.W.W.A., 1962, 54, p. 971-994, &#34;Chemical Aspects of Coagulation&#34;. 
     The use of these solutions has proved to be of little interest for cost reasons, while the results obtained were not significantly different from those obtained by using only ferric chloride. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to coagulate and flocculate particles suspended in water, so as to clarify the water, in an easy, effective and inexpensive manner. 
     This object is accomplished, in accordance with the present invention, by introducing into the water to be clarified a clarifying amount of an aqueous ferric polychloride solution having a temperature of at least 85° C., to coagulate and flocculate the suspended particles. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an apparatus which can be used to carry out the process of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a modification of the apparatus of FIG. 1, wherein the apparatus of FIG. 2 can be substituted for that portion of the FIG. 1 apparatus bounded by dash lines. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The process of the present invention is characterized by the fact that a solution of ferric polychloride is prepared at a temperature of at least 85° C., and is maintained at that temperature until and during the time the solution is introduced into the water to be treated. 
     The aqueous ferric polychloride solution can be prepared by mixing, under agitation, one part by volume of the above-mentioned commercially available aqueous solution of ferric chloride, containing about 41% by weight of ferric chloride, with 3-75 parts by volume of water having a temperature of at least 85° C. A temperature of at least 85° C. is maintained during the mixing of the commercially available aqueous solution of ferric chloride with water, and is maintained until the polychloride solution thus formed is mixed with the water to be clarified. 
     The use of 3-75 parts by volume of water as indicated above per one part by volume of the commercially available aqueous solution of ferric chloride will provide a polychloride solution having a concentration of 0.05-1.25M, calculated as ferric chloride. 
     During the preparation of the polychloride solution, i.e. during the dilution of the commercial solution with water, the mixture is agitated, preferably for about 1-10 minutes, depending on the final desired concentration. The higher the desired concentration, the longer the agitation. 
     As an alternative process of preparing the polychloride solution, the commercially available aqueous solution of ferric chloride can be heated to at least 85° C. while agitating it, for at most 10 minutes. 
     In both processes of preparing the polychloride solution, the polychloride solution is dark brown in color. 
     For example, in preparing the polychloride solution by mixing the commercial solution with water, the commercial solution and water, which can be either distilled or tap water, are mixed according to the final desired concentration in a reactor equipped with an agitating device and heated externally by a heating device to a temperature of at least 85° C. The water can come from any system that permits it to be heated to at least 85° C. The polychloride solution thus obtained is then injected in the water to be clarified through an injection rod placed at the base of the reactor and maintained at a temperature of at least 85° C. by any suitable heating system. Thus, the system is maintained at a temperature of at least 85° C. throughout the entire process of preparing the polychloride solution, and up until the polychloride solution is actually introduced into the water to be clarified. 
     Any apparatus can be used for preparing and using the polychloride solution in accordance with the present invention, as long as it enables satisfaction of the foregoing requirements. Examples of the apparatus are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     Thus, referring to FIG. 1, water, used for dilution, is heated to a temperature of at least 85° C. in container A&#39;, and is introduced through pipe A into reactor C. On the other hand, an aqueous solution containing about 41% by weight of ferric chloride, such as the commercially available solution, is introduced from container B&#39; through pipe B into reactor C. The aqueous solution of ferric chloride, can, if desired, be previously heated to a temperature of at least 85° C., prior to introduction into reactor C. 
     In order to agitate the mixture in reactor C as the mixture is formed, the reactor is equipped with a mechanical agitator, shown in FIG. 1 as stirrer D, although any other agitating means can be employed. 
     An example of another agitating means is shown in FIG. 2, which represents a portion of the apparatus replacing the portion shown in FIG. 1 bounded by dash lines. In FIG. 2, the water for dilution enters reactor C through pipe A, and the aqueous ferric chloride solution enters reactor C through pipe B. Agitation is provided hydrodynamically, by the convergent end E of pipe B, which accelerates the speed of the aqueous solution as it exits pipe B through end E. 
     In both FIGS. 1 and 2, the polychloride solution thus formed is transferred out of the apparatus through pipe F, while maintaining its temperature at 85° C. or higher. 
     The present invention will now be more particularly described with reference to the following example. 
     EXAMPLE 
     River water was treated by a coagulation with a commercially available ferric chloride solution (solution A) and with aqueous ferric polychloride solutions prepared according to the present invention by dilution with water (solutions B and C), obtained in an apparatus such as the one previously described in connection with FIG. 1. The difference between solutions B and C is the concentration of ferric chloride used in preparing the solutions. In all three cases, the treatment rate was equivalent to the treatment rate usually determined by the classic techniques of water treatment. 
     Solution B was prepared according to the present invention by adding 4.1 ml of a commercial ferric chloride solution at 41% concentration of 97 ml of demineralized water, previously heated to above 85° C. in a reactor that is heated to 85° C., thus obtaining a 0.15M solution of ferric polychloride, FeCl 3 .6H 2  O. 
     Solution C is obtained in the same manner, but adjusting the dilution so as to obtain a 0.94M polychloride solution. 
     The results are recorded in the Tables I and II below using the following legends: 
     A--commercial solution of ferric chloride at 3.7M of FeCl 3 .6H 2  O. 
     B--ferric polychloride solution according to the present invention at 0.15M of FeCl 3 .6H 2  O. 
     C--ferric polychloride solution according to the present invention at 0.94M of FeCl 3 .6H 2  O. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________      Raw Water treated with                        Water treated with      water          solution A    solution BFeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 OTreatment rate .28 × 10.sup.-3 M                 .50 × 10.sup.-3 M                        .28 × 10.sup.-3 M                               .50 × 10.sup.-3 M__________________________________________________________________________Temperature (°C.)      9.5pH         7.8 7.1    6.8    6.85   6.50Turbidity expressed      7.5 2.5    2.5    1.9    2.3in Jackson unitsafter 10 minutessettlingOxidation potential      7.2 3.9    3.2    3.1    2.8by permanganateReduction of organic          46     55.5   57     61.1matter (in %)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________      Raw Water treated with                        Water treated with      water          solution A    solution BFeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 OTreatment rate .25 × 10.sup.-3 M                 .5 × 10.sup.-3 M                        .25 × 10.sup.-3 M                               .5 × 10.sup.-3 M__________________________________________________________________________Temperature (°C.)      12pH         7.82          7.18   6.8    7.2    6.7Turbidity expressed      5   1.7    1.4    1.4    1.2in Jackson unitsafter 10 minutessettlingOxidation potential      7.5 4.7    3.7    4.4    3.4by permanganateReduction of organic          37     50.6   41.3   54.6matter (in %)__________________________________________________________________________