Abstract:
The present invention concerns a buoyant fluid comprising a liquid and a plurality of rigid containers, the rigid containers each having a sealed void containing a gas. A particular use is to transport heavy objects subsea. The gas in the rigid containers provides buoyancy but does not compress at different subsea pressures. Therefore effective buoyancy control subsea is much easier compared to known methods. For certain embodiments, a secured supply container may be provided subsea to supply the liquid and rigid containers to a lifting device having a container therefor and an attachment mechanism secured to the object being transported. The liquid is preferably a biodegradable substance such as vegetable oil.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under the applicable provisions of 35 U.S.C. §§119, 120 to, and the benefit of, United Kingdom Patent Application Serial No. 0611868.1, entitled “Method and Apparatus,” filed on Jun. 15, 2006. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to a fluid, method and apparatus for providing buoyancy, particularly for moving heavy objects underwater. 
         [0003]    Buoyancy techniques are well known and frequently applied for the movement or retrieval of structures underwater. In general, they comprise a container or bag that is attached to the structure that needs to be moved together with a gas which is used to fill or partially fill the container exerting a buoyant force on the structure allowing it to be lifted. 
         [0004]    While this approach is effective in shallow water, it becomes problematic in deeper water. This is because gas being compressible will require to be applied at a pressure exceeding that of hydrostatic pressure in order to provide buoyancy. Furthermore, on moving towards the surface the gas will expand rapidly increasing buoyancy and the rate which the container, together with its tethered structure, rises to the surface accelerates and becomes uncontrollable. 
         [0005]    An alternative approach involves the construction of rigid buoyancy elements using syntactic materials which are weighted. These are affixed to the structure and the weights removed by, for instance, a remote operating vehicle from the buoyancy elements. This approach has the disadvantage that once released of their weights, the buoyancy elements exert a sudden upward force which can be difficult to control and could cause damage to subsea equipment, such as ROVs, and personnel. 
         [0006]    To tackle this problem, the weight of the structure to be lifted is determined and complex calculations performed so that a suitable amount of buoyancy is provided. However sometimes it is difficult to know the weight of the structure to be lifted and it has been known for calculations to be incorrect, resulting in the dangerous sudden upward movement of the buoyancy elements and attached structure. 
         [0007]    Moreover, such buoyancy elements must be returned to the surface when structures of different weights need to be lifted. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a buoyant fluid comprising a liquid and a plurality of rigid containers, the rigid containers each having a sealed void containing a gas. 
         [0009]    Preferably the buoyant fluid has a specific gravity of less than 0.78 g/cm 3 , more preferably less than 0.70 g/cm 3 , even more preferably less than 0.65 g/cm 3 , especially less than below 0.60 g/cm 3  and more especially less than 0.56 g/cm 3 . 
         [0010]    The rigid containers may be between 5 microns and 5 mm in diameter, preferably between 10 microns and 500 micron in diameter and more preferably between 20 micron and 200 micron in diameter. 
         [0011]    “Rigid” in this context means that the rigid containers are incompressible at the pressures found in underwater environments. 
         [0012]    Preferably, the rigid containers are microspheres. 
         [0013]    The buoyant fluid may comprise a hydrocarbon (preferably low toxicity) such as an aliphatic oil, poly alpha olefin, alkyl ester or vegetable oil that is a triglyceride such as one having the structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0014]    where R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are hydrocarbon chains typically with a chain length of between C 12  and C 22  to give a range of fatty acids and between zero to three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain length. Most typically such materials are derived from nature as vegetable oils although synthetic alternatives maybe made. 
         [0015]    Thus for certain embodiments of the invention, the inherent environmental risk that some liquid therein may leak is not a significant concern because biodegradable oils may be used, such as vegetable oil, which would not be a concern to wildlife in the unlikely event of a leak. 
         [0016]    The liquid may also comprise a viscosifying agent such as organophilic clay, dispersed silica, long chain polymeric materials, surfactants or mixtures of the aforesaid agents. 
         [0017]    Preferably the buoyant fluid exhibits viscoelastic and or rheological properties. 
         [0018]    At a low shear rate of 0.5 rpm, the viscosity, as measured on a Brookfield type viscometer, of the buoyant fluid can optionally be between 10,000 and 100,000 centipoise, preferably between 20,000 and 100,000 centipose, more preferably between 40,000 and 80,000 centipose. 
         [0019]    At a high shear rate of 30 rpm, optionally the viscosity as measured on a Brookfield type viscometer, of the buoyant fluid can be between 500 and 10,000 centipose, preferably between 1,000 and 5,000 centipose, more preferably between 2,000 and 3,000 centipose. 
         [0020]    Preferably, the buoyant fluid is an incompressible fluid. 
         [0021]    Optionally the buoyant fluid may be used to displace water in subsea structures thereby generating a buoyant force. 
         [0022]    The buoyant fluid can be pumped into vessels, structures, or bags rendering them buoyant or partially buoyant. This can be done prior to installation of subsea components, during installation of subsea structures or as part of a process of recovery of subsea structures. 
         [0023]    According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling the buoyancy of a structure, the method comprising, in any order: 
         [0024]    (a) injecting or removing a buoyant fluid into or from a first container, said first container connected to or integral with said structure; 
         [0025]    (b) immersing the container in an immersion fluid; 
         [0026]    said buoyant fluid comprising a liquid and said buoyant fluid having a density which is less than the density of the immersion fluid. 
         [0027]    Preferably the buoyant fluid comprises a plurality of rigid containers, the rigid containers each having a sealed void containing a gas. 
         [0028]    Thus preferably the buoyant fluid according to the second aspect of the invention is the buoyant fluid according to the first aspect of the invention. 
         [0029]    According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling the buoyancy of a structure, the method comprising, in any order: 
         [0030]    (a) injecting or removing a buoyant fluid into or from a first container, said first container connected to or integral with said structure; 
         [0031]    (b) immersing the container in an immersion fluid; 
         [0032]    said buoyant fluid comprising a liquid and a plurality of rigid containers, the rigid containers each having a sealed void containing a gas; 
         [0033]    and said buoyant fluid having a density which is less than the density of the immersion fluid. 
         [0034]    Typically the immersion fluid is water, especially sea water. 
         [0035]    The buoyant fluid may also be added to or removed from the first container before it is immersed in the immersion fluid. 
         [0036]    Preferably the buoyant fluid substantially comprises liquid, as well as any rigid containers. 
         [0037]    The gas in each rigid container may be air, nitrogen, argon or another gas sufficient to achieve a low bulk density. 
         [0038]    Preferably, the buoyant fluid is an incompressible fluid. 
         [0039]    An advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that the incompressible fluid does not undergo a volume change when the depth and therefore the pressure of the first container is varied. Consequently, the first container of embodiments of the present invention will not accelerate as its depth varies and so greater control of the structure is afforded. 
         [0040]    According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus to control the buoyancy of a structure, the apparatus comprising: 
         [0041]    a first container having a first void suitable for receiving a buoyant fluid, said first container connectable to, or integral with, said structure; 
         [0042]    an aperture in the first container, adapted to allow injection and removal of said buoyant fluid into and out of the first container. 
         [0043]    According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus to control the buoyancy of a structure, the apparatus comprising: 
         [0044]    a first container having a first void suitable for receiving a buoyant fluid, said first container connectable to, or integral with, said structure; 
         [0045]    an aperture in the first container, adapted to allow injection and removal of said buoyant fluid into and out of the first container; 
         [0046]    wherein said buoyant fluid comprises a liquid and a plurality of rigid containers, the rigid containers each having a sealed void containing a gas. 
         [0047]    Preferably, said first void is defined within a bladder. Preferably, a second void is defined between the bladder and the first container. Preferably, a first valve is provided to communicate with the first void. Preferably the first valve is arranged at said aperture to allow injection or removal of the buoyant fluid into and out of the first container. 
         [0048]    Preferably, a second valve is provided to communicate with the second void. The bladder is preferably flexible so that the volume of the first and second voids can vary although the sum of their volumes typically remains constant. 
         [0049]    The apparatus may comprise a supply container which, in use, contains a buoyant fluid. Preferably the buoyant fluid is the buoyant fluid described herein with respect to earlier aspects of the invention. 
         [0050]    In use, the supply container is typically connected to the first container via a line (preferably flexible), the line suitable to transfer buoyant fluid between the first container and the supply container. 
         [0051]    Preferably, the supply container comprises a first void, defined within a bladder and a second void defined between the bladder and the container. 
         [0052]    Preferably, the supply container comprises a first valve to communicate with its first void and preferably also a second valve to communicate with its second void. 
         [0053]    Preferably, the bladder is flexible so that the volume of the first and second void can vary, although the sum of their volumes is typically constant. 
         [0054]    Alternatively, the first container may receive the buoyant fluid from a surface vessel, such as a ship or oil rig, or any other suitable source. 
         [0055]    Where utilized, preferably the supply container comprises a stabilizing means, such as weights, or a line, in order to maintain a generally constant depth during use regardless of the amount of incompressible fluid within the supply container at any one time. 
         [0056]    A portion of the buoyant fluid may be added to the first container onshore and the container then immersed in water. 
         [0057]    Preferably, the apparatus comprises a pump to transfer the buoyant fluid between the supply container (or other source) and the first container. 
         [0058]    Preferably all the valves are proportional valves rather than on/off valves, especially the valves in communication with the first voids. Thus accurate control of the proportion of buoyant fluid present in the first container at any one time is provided. 
         [0059]    To move the buoyant fluid between the first container and other source, preferably the pressure in the container or source which is to reduce its buoyant fluid content is increased. 
         [0060]    To move the buoyant fluid from the supply container to the first container, water may be injected into the second void of the supply container to compress the bladder and increase the pressure in the supply container, thus forcing the buoyant fluid out of the first void of the supply container and into the first void of the first container. Once sufficient buoyant fluid has been transferred from the supply container to the first container, the structure will become buoyant. It can then be moved and positioned as required. 
         [0061]    To remove the buoyancy of the structure, the buoyant fluid may be removed from the first container. To remove the buoyant fluid from the first container, water may be pumped into the second void of the first container to compress the bladder of the first container thus causing the buoyant fluid to move via the line into the supply container, thus reducing the buoyancy of the first container. 
         [0062]    The invention also allows a structure to be filled with buoyant fluid, attached to the first container and the buoyant fluid gradually removed from the first container in order to allow a controlled launch of the structure to the seabed or subsea installation. 
         [0063]    Thus embodiments of the present invention provide more control because the buoyant fluid can be added or removed from the container in situ, that is when it is immersed in the water or other immersion fluid. 
         [0064]    According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling the buoyancy of a structure, the method comprising: 
         [0065]    (a) immersing a first container in an immersion fluid, said first container connected to or integral with said structure; then, 
         [0066]    (b) injecting or removing a buoyancy fluid into or from the first container; 
         [0067]    said buoyancy fluid having a density which is less than the density of the immersion fluid. 
         [0068]    Preferably the sixth aspect of the present invention is performed with the method, apparatus and buoyant liquid according to earlier aspects of the invention. 
         [0069]    The buoyant fluid may consist of or comprise air, but preferably comprises liquid. 
         [0070]    Any feature of any aspect of any invention or embodiment described herein may be combined with any feature of any aspect of any other invention or embodiment described herein mutatis mutandis. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0071]    An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figure, in which: 
           [0072]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus in accordance with one aspect of the present invention; and, 
           [0073]      FIG. 2  is a diagram showing the viscosity against shear rate for a buoyant fluid in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0074]      FIG. 1  shows an apparatus  20  comprising a buoyancy device  1  and a supply unit  11 . The apparatus  20  may be used to move an object, such as an object  8 , from one subsea location to another (or even to or from the surface.) This can be useful for constructing oil well assemblies, laying pipelines, recovering submerged objects, or any other reason for moving objects underwater. 
         [0075]    The buoyancy device  1  is attached, via cables or shackles  6 , to the object  8  on sea bed  18 , and via a hollow umbilical line  3 , to the supply unit  11 . Buoyant fluid can be transported between the buoyancy device  1  and supply unit  11  via the umbilical  3 , as described further below. 
         [0076]    The buoyancy device  1  comprises a rigid housing  4 . Inside the housing  4  is a bag or bladder  5  manufactured from a strong impermeable material such as rubber, polypropylene or reinforced fabric or material. In use, the bag  5  contains a certain amount of buoyant fluid, described further below. A space  7  is defined between the bag  5  and the inside of the housing  4 . The inside of the bag  5  is in fluid communication with the umbilical  3 , via a proportional valve  9 . 
         [0077]    In alternative embodiments, the housing  4  may not be a rigid structure but may be a bag or bladder manufactured from a strong impermeable material such as rubber, polypropylene or reinforced fabric or material. 
         [0078]    A further valve  2  is provided on the outside of the housing  4  to allow water from outside the housing  1  to enter and exit the space  7  between the bag  5  and the inside of the housing  4 . 
         [0079]    The supply unit  11  takes on a similar configuration: a bag  15  is provided within a rigid housing  14  and the inside of the bag  15  is in fluid communication with the umbilical  3  via a proportional valve  19 . A space  17  is defined between the bag  15  and the inside of the housing  4 . The supply unit  11  comprises a further valve  12  on the housing  14  to allow water to enter and exit the space  17  between the bag  15  and the inside of the housing  14 . 
         [0080]    The supply unit  11  also has weights  16  which cause it to sink and rest on the seabed  18 . Buoyant fluid is stored in the bag  15 , but regardless of the amount of buoyant fluid, the supply unit  11  will remain on the seabed  18  during use. 
         [0081]    A pump (not shown) is attachable to the valves  2 ,  12  in order to pump sea water from the surroundings into the spaces  7 ,  17  between the bags  5 ,  15  and the housings  4 ,  14  respectively. 
         [0082]    Inside the bags  5 ,  15  is the buoyant fluid comprising oil, a viscosifying agent and microspheres. The oil is preferably a low toxicity oil such as a vegetable oil. The viscosifying agent may be organophilic clay for example. The addition of the viscosifying agent gives the buoyant fluid viscoelastic rheological properties. Since the fluid is viscoelastic it can be pumped easily but when the fluid is at rest the increased viscosity keeps the microspheres in place ensuring a consistent material. 
         [0083]    The viscosity of a sample was measured, as defined in ISO 2555, using a Haake ViscoTester 7L at 23 C. using an L3 spindle. Viscosity measurements are in centipoise. The results are shown in table 1 below and in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 viscosity 
               
               
                   
                 rpm 
                 cps 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0.3 
                 100560 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 55330 
               
               
                   
                 0.6 
                 46045 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 29530 
               
               
                   
                 1.5 
                 21360 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 16610 
               
               
                   
                 2.5 
                 13830 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 11800 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 9350 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 7820 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6690 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 4580 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 4030 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 2825 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 2220 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0084]    Thus the table and graph show that the mixture has viscoelastic properties, that is, at low shear rates the mixture is very viscous. As the shear rate increases, the viscosity decreases. This is an important benefit of certain embodiments of the invention because the high viscosity at low shear rates allows microspheres to be generally evenly distributed within the body of the liquid, rather than rise to the top where they could cause an imbalance in the liquid. The lower viscosity at higher shear rates facilitates the pumping of the fluid into the buoyancy device  1  and supply unit  11  during set up. 
         [0085]    The microspheres are small glass spheres with a hollow centre containing air or another gas. Since they contain air, they are relatively very buoyant compared to any type of liquid. Since the air is trapped inside the glass microspheres, the microspheres and the buoyant fluid as a whole are incompressible. The wall thickness of the microspheres may be varied but must be sufficient to withstand the hydrostatic pressure experienced in the depth of water or other liquid in which the apparatus  20  will operate. 
         [0086]    The microspheres significantly contribute to the buoyancy of the buoyant fluid within the bags  5 ,  15 . The microspheres are held within the buoyant fluid as a direct consequence of the fluid&#39;s viscosity. Thus the individual microspheres will not have sufficient buoyancy to move to the top of the (viscous) buoyant fluid but rather, they will remain in the body of the fluid. This allows the microspheres to mix with the buoyant fluid properly, rather than gather at the surface of the buoyant fluid. This in turn provides a more even balance to the buoyancy of the buoyancy device  1 . 
         [0087]    Suitable microspheres may be obtained from  3 M corporation based in St. Paul, Minn. USA. 
         [0088]    For certain embodiments of the invention, the microspheres can act to viscosity the fluid and so the addition of a further viscosifying agents is not necessary. In one example, a buoyant fluid was prepared in the following manner: 60 g of vegetable oil were placed in a beaker to which was added 40 g of S38 glass microspheres from 3M corporation and the mixture was stirred gently to form a fluid viscous mixture with the appearance and consistency of thick cream. To this mixture was added between 0.5 to 1.0 milliliter of water whereupon, surprisingly, the fluid viscosified to form a fluid which at low shear rates exhibits very high viscosity whereas at higher shear rates the viscosity is reduced and the mixture will flow such fluids are described as being viscoelastic. At this point the density of the material was measured and determined to be 0.588 g/cm3. 
         [0089]    The viscosity of a sample was measured, as defined in ISO 2555, using a Haake ViscoTester 7L at 21.2 C. Viscosity measurements are in milliPascal seconds. The results are shown in table 2 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                 rpm 
                 Spindle 
                 (mPas) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 L3 
                 81,760 
               
               
                 1.5 
                 L3 
                 51,270 
               
               
                 2 
                 L3 
                 42,580 
               
               
                 2.5 
                 L3 
                 32,030 
               
               
                 3 
                 L3 
                 28,340 
               
               
                 4 
                 L3 
                 12,030 
               
               
                 5 
                 L3 
                 8,960 
               
               
                 6 
                 L3 
                 8,250 
               
               
                 10 
                 L3 
                 5,500 
               
               
                 20 
                 L4 
                 5,330 
               
               
                 30 
                 L4 
                 4,420 
               
               
                 50 
                 L4 
                 3,880 
               
               
                 60 
                 L4 
                 3,630 
               
               
                 100 
                 L4 
                 3,390 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0090]    Thus the table shows that the mixture has viscoelastic properties, that is, at low shear rates the mixture is very viscous while as the shear rate increases, the viscosity decreases. 
         [0091]    Although inclusion of the microspheres is preferred, certain embodiments of the invention do not require microspheres. Instead a buoyant fluid with a density less than water may be used. The relatively reduced density will provide buoyancy. Many buoyant fluids may be used, including for example diesel or methanol. 
         [0092]    Thus to operate the apparatus  20 , the buoyancy device  1  and supply unit  11  are lowered to the vicinity of the object  8  to be moved. The buoyancy device  1  is attached to the object  8  via the cables  6 . A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) may be utilized to attach the cables  6 . The buoyancy device  1  will be assumed to have sufficient buoyancy at this stage to support itself, but if not its buoyancy can be increased in the same way as that described below for raising the object  8 . 
         [0093]    To increase the buoyancy of the buoyancy device  1  and attached object  8 , the pump (not shown) is attached to the valve  12  of the supply unit  11  and is activated causing water to be gradually injected into the housing  14  of the supply unit  11  in the space  17  between the bag  15  and the outside of the housing  14  causing an increased pressure within the supply unit  11 . Valve  19  in the supply unit  11  and valve  9  in the buoyancy device  1  are opened to allow the buoyant fluid, which is being forced out of the bag  15  in the supply unit  14  by the increased pressure, to travel through the umbilical  3  to the bag  5  in the buoyancy device  1 . The valve  2  in the buoyancy device  1  is also opened. Water in the buoyancy device  1  in the space  7  between the bag  5  and the inside of the housing  4  can escape through the opened valve  2 . 
         [0094]    The buoyancy of the buoyancy device  1  is thus gradually increased by the gradual addition of buoyant fluid until it is of a sufficient magnitude to lift the object  8 . The amount of lift or buoyancy imparted is directly proportional to the volume of buoyant fluid pumped into the buoyancy device  1 . 
         [0095]    Once the object  8  is raised from the seabed  18 , the pump attached to the valve  12  can be stopped and the valves  9 ,  19  are closed to prevent further variation of buoyancy of the buoyancy device  1 . Valve  2  is also closed. 
         [0096]    Unlike certain known systems, the decrease in depth of the buoyancy device  1  does not result in an increased volume of air and therefore a further increased buoyancy (which would cause upward acceleration of the device and attached object to the surface.) 
         [0097]    Also, the change in buoyancy of the buoyancy device is gradual, rather than sudden as is the situation with a further known technique of removing weights from a buoyancy device. 
         [0098]    Thus embodiments of the invention are more controllable and provide a safer means of raising immersed objects. 
         [0099]    Referring back to the procedure for moving the object  8 , the ROV can then move the buoyancy device  1  and object to the appropriate place, relying on the buoyancy device  1  to provide the lift. 
         [0100]    To remove the buoyancy from the buoyancy device  1 , the opposite procedure is followed. A pump is attached to the valve  2  and pumps water into the space  7  between the bag  5  and the inside of the housing  4 . The valves  9 ,  19 , as well as the valve  12  on the supply unit  11 , are opened. The buoyant fluid is thus forced by the increased pressure in the buoyancy device through the umbilical  3 . The buoyant fluid proceeds to the bag  15  within the supply unit  11 . Water in the supply unit  11  in the space  17  between the bag  15  and the inside of the housing  14  can escape through the opened valve  12 . 
         [0101]    The reduction in the amount of buoyant fluid within the buoyancy device  1  continues until it loses sufficient buoyancy and lowers the attached object  8  onto the seabed  18 . 
         [0102]    In alternative embodiments, there is no supply unit  11  and the buoyant fluid supplied to the buoyancy device by a line extending to a surface vessel or rig for example. 
         [0103]    In an alternative use, the object could be removed from or placed onto another subsea object rather than the seabed. 
         [0104]    Thus the buoyant fluid can provide sufficient buoyancy in a controlled manner to render a subsea element buoyant allowing it to be lifted by a remote operating vehicle or submarine and maneuvered into the desired position or recovered to the surface from a great depth. Once in place the buoyant fluid can be removed allowing the subsea element to be secured on the sea bed. This technique can also be employed to lift items from the sea bed to the surface in a controlled manner. 
         [0105]    Similarly, structures can be fabricated on shore filled with buoyant fluid, towed out and placed on the sea bed by pumping out the buoyant fluid such that the structure can be lowered into place. 
         [0106]    An advantage of certain embodiments of the invention is that since the mixtures are incompressible fluids, buoyancy elements can be constructed of lightweight simple containers which can then filled with the buoyant fluid. 
         [0107]    Improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.