Abstract:
A system and method for combining multiplexing and modulation schemes to deliver high and low bandwidth services over a wireless link. The system includes a base station (BTS) with a transmitter for point to multipoint communications to a plurality of network interface units (NIUs) located at customer locations within a geographic area serviced by the base station. In addition to receiving downstream communication from the BTS, each NIU is equipped to communicate in a point to point manner with the BTS. According to the invention time division multiple access multiplexing (TDMA) and quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) modulation is employed for low bandwidth services and frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is used to supply high bandwidth services.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to Applicant&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,537 which issued Mar. 12, 2002 entitled ‘Radio Interface Card for a Broadband Wireless ATM System’. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to broadband wireless communications between a base station and customer sites located within a geographical area and more particularly to a cellular, broadband wireless communication system which combines multiplexing and modulation schemes to provide both low and high bandwidth service functionality. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Broadband wireless systems such as Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS), known as Local Multipoint Communication System (LMCS) in Canada, are being developed to provide point to multipoint, high bandwidth services between a base station connected to a backbone such as an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network and network interface units (NIUs) at fixed locations within a defined geographic area or cell. A wireless link between the base station and the NIUs operates at a wireless radio frequency (RF) typically in the 28 GHz range depending on the allocated frequency license. A transceiver at the base station and a transceiver at each NIU site supports bi-directional, broadband “last mile” communication between a service provider and a customer. 
     Traditional wireless access systems employ one polarization or another (vertical or horizontal, for example) as a means for delivering services over a radio medium to a given customer(s) site. These systems tend to be optimized for specific types of services that are largely dictated by the radio licensing structure and/or regulatory requirements. 
     With the advent of broadband licensing (LMDS/LMCS, for example), large numbers of different service types can be offered using a common delivery infrastructure. These varying services can be low bandwidth in nature (so called POTS, T1 or E1, fractional T1 or E1, Ethernet, or other, for example) or can be high bandwidth in nature (so called T3 or E3, OC-n, or other, for example). 
     Typically, the low bandwidth services are more cost effectively delivered through the sharing of radio resources. Sharing radio resources can be achieved by sharing resources in time, for example, using techniques such as time-division-multiple-access, (TDMA). This technique divides a given radio communication channel up into time slots which are allocated in a fixed or dynamic manner to the various customer-site equipment which are sharing this radio channel/resource. Although this tends to be more cost effective, this type of access technique commonly employs lower efficiency modulation schemes, quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK), for example, which utilize more spectrum/license. 
     Typically the high bandwidth services are not as cost sensitive but demand much more capacity and therefore need to be connected using high efficiency modulation techniques, quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM), for example. These are not amenable to radio resource sharing and therefore are more optimally run within independent radio channels. The technique of using a number of independent radio channels serving one customer site each is referred to as frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM). 
     PRIOR ART 
     International PCT application WO 97/29559 by Evans et al, published on Aug. 14, 1997, and assigned to Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. relates to a broadband wireless ATM system and in particular, discloses a protocol for effecting point-to-multipoint communications between a base station and a plurality of users. The protocol utilizes time-division multiplexing (TDM) in the direction of the base station to the users (the downstream direction) and time-division multiple access (TDMA) in the direction of the user to the base station (the upstream direction). 
     The downstream and upstream transmissions are carried on radio frequency (RF) waveforms by either QPSK modulation or QAM modulation but not both concurrently. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is applicable to wireless multipoint access systems that employ a cellular approach to provide service coverage to fixed customer sites within a given geographical area. 
     This is achieved by using shared radio access techniques which optimally allow multipoint connections of low bandwidth services as well as high bandwidth services to significantly enhance the use/applicability of broadband multipoint access systems. 
     Generally, the system includes dual interface means associated with a base station to accommodate both low and high bandwidth services and switching means at the base station to deliver the appropriate service. 
     Therefore in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a broadband wireless system comprising: a base station connected to a switched digital backbone network and having a transceiver for bi-directional digital communications over a radio frequency (RF) wireless link via radio interface means; and a network interface unit (NIU) located at a customer premise, the NIU having a transceiver for bi-directional wireless communication with the base station over the wireless link; wherein the radio interface means includes multiplexing means for both time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and modulation means for both quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) whereby both low and high bandwidth digital services may be provided. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention the backbone is an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network and the radio interface means includes a pair, or more, of ATM radio interface cards (ARICs), one of a pair for TDMA and the second of a pair for FDM. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of delivering multiple bandwidth service functions over a wireless link between a base station and a network interface unit (NIU) at a fixed customer site, the method comprising: providing radio interface means at the base station for transmitting and receiving a radio frequency signal to and from the NIU; providing time division multiple access TDMA multiplexing and quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) modulation schemes at the radio interface means for low bandwidth service connections; and providing frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes at the radio interface means for high bandwidth service connections. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the attached drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a broadband wireless system architecture; 
     FIG. 2 is a high level illustration of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS); 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the basic components of a Newbridge 36170 multi-technology switch; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the switching core of the switch of FIG. 3 with links to a peripheral interface unit; 
     FIG. 5 is a high level drawing of a cell switching arrangement according to the switch of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 6 shows at a higher level the backplane adaptation of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 shows the interface adaptation of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 8 illustrates the major components that comprise an ATM Radio Interface Card (ARIC) module; 
     FIG. 9 shows the main functional units of the ARIC; 
     FIG. 10 illustrates wireless links between a TDMA ARIC and five NIUs; 
     FIG. 11 depicts a Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) compliant LMCS downlink packet structure; and 
     FIG. 12 illustrates a DAVIC compliant LMCS uplink packet structure. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 shows a simple configuration of a Broadband Wireless System. The Broadband Wireless System embodies a network of Network Interface Units (NIUs)  12  connected to Base Stations (BTSs)  14  via wireless links  16  and the Base Stations  14  are, in turn, connected to a Backbone Network  18  via wired or point to point wireless links  20 . The system is augmented by a Network Manager  22 , and is targeted at fixed wireless broadband applications, such as local access loops, point-to-point links, etc. 
     The backbone system  18  in a preferred embodiment is an ATM network interconnecting all BTSs  14  to various services and to the network manager  22 , and/or an element manager (not shown). Examples of the network manager and element manager are the Newbridge 46020 and Newbridge 45020, respectively. A BTS may also function as a backbone component. 
     The BTS is the hub that delivers and collects all the wireless traffic from and to the subscribers in the BTS coverage area. The BTS is also the linking point between the subscribers and the Backbone Network. 
     A NIU  12  is situated at the subscriber location. The NIU is used to provide a wireless connection between customer premise equipment (CPE)  24  and the BTS. A variety of CPEs may be situated at a subscriber location. These will include PBXs, MUXs, for example, for low or high bandwidth services. 
     According to the invention employment of both FDM and TDMA shared radio access techniques optimally allows multipoint connection of low bandwidth services as well as high bandwidth services, thereby significantly enhancing the use/applicability of broadband multipoint access systems. 
     A specific example of this technique is the combination of TDMA/QPSK (for low bandwidth service connections) and FDM/QAM (for high bandwidth service connections) within the same system, e.g. an ATM switch such as a Newbridge 36170, whereby the system infrastructure may connect over wireless links all types of services with optimized cost and efficiency. 
     Service offerings to subscribers may be deployed as a function of data bandwidth per site, namely the area and NIU therein being serviced by a particular BTS. QPSK/TDMA may be used to connect services running at &lt;25.6 Mb/s per site, for example, generally referred to as low bandwidth services, for a point-to-multipoint access configuration. Examples of low bandwidth services are T1/E1 connections, N*T1/E1 and fractions thereof down to 64 kb/s channels, 10 BaseT, Ethernet, and POTS (plain old telephone service). 16/64 QAM/FDM may be used to connect services running at &gt;25.6 Mb/s per site, for example, generally referred to as high bandwidth services, for a point-to-point access configuration. Examples of high bandwidth services are ATM  25 , fractional F-OC3 &amp; DS-3, and aggregate services (i.e., combinations of T1s, Ethernet, MPEG). 
     The BTS  14  in a preferred embodiment consists of an ATM switch such as a Newbridge 36170, or equivalent, which contains ATM Radio Interface cards (ARICs)  30 ,  32 ,  34  and any cards required for network connectivity along with external RF equipment as shown in FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 3 shows the basic components of a Multi-shelf Newbridge 36170. Peripheral Shelves  40 ,  42  and  44  are connected to a Switching Shelf  46  via Intershelf Links (ISL)  48 . 
     FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of the attachment of a Peripheral Shelf to the Switching Shelf  46  (or Switching Core). The Peripheral Shelf  40  is a 19″ rack-mount unit capable of housing several (e.g. 12) universal card slot (UCS) Cards  50  and a pair of redundant Hub Cards  52 . The Hub Cards are positioned at both ends of the shelf. Only one Hub Card  52  is shown in FIG.  4 . 
     UCS cards typically implement an interface adaptation function whereby data traffic carried on a physical link connected to the card is adapted to and from payload ATM cells or a cell relay function. Examples of interface cards include T1/E1, circuit emulation and OC-3. 
     The Hub Card  52  collects data cells from the UCS cards  50  and sends them up to the Switching Core  46  via the UP-ISL  54 . The Switching Core  46  returns data cells to the destination Peripheral Shelf  40  via the appropriate DN-ISL  56 . 
     There are two different types of data cells in the Newbridge 36170: Point-to-point cells—where there is one and only one destination; and Point-to-Multipoint (or Multicast) cells—where a data cell may have many destinations, i.e. one cell going up the UP-ISL  54  may result in up to 16 cells coming down the Switching Shelf&#39;s DN-ISLs  56  (one cell on each DN-ISL). 
     FIG. 5 shows at a high level how cell switching is accomplished in the Newbridge 36170 System. Cell switching can be broken into the following five steps: 
     1. Backplane Adaptation  60 : Data is either segmented (for an Adaptation Card) or mapped (for a Cell Relay Card) into ATM-like Cells before being transmitted on the Local Add Bus to the Hub Card. Seven bytes of Newbridge header overhead are added to the five bytes of ATM overhead to form a 60 byte Newbridge Cell. The Newbridge header contains the Priority of the attached ATM Cell, the UCS Destination Address as well as whether the Cell is a point-to-point cell or a Multicast Cell. 
     The above actions are referred to as Ingress processing on the UCS card. 
     2. Arbitration Queuing  62 : The Hub Card  52  receives Newbridge Cells from all of the UCS Cards  50  at a maximum rate of 200 Mbs and must buffer them in Queues before transmitting them on the UP-ISL  54  to the Switching Shelf  46 . FIG. 5 shows the case of a ‘Standalone Hub’ where the data going on the UP-ISL  54  is simply looped back ( 64 ) to the DN-ISL  56 . Separate Queues must be maintained for the different levels of ATM Cell priority. 
     3. Backplane Filtering  66 : All UCS Cards must look at the Newbridge Header of each and every Cell on the 800 Mbs Drop Bus. If the particular UCS Card is addressed explicitly within the Newbridge header, or the UCS Card is a member of the indicated Multicast group, the UCS Card  50  reads the Newbridge Cell off the Drop Bus  68 . This is the process of address filtering. 
     4. Output Queueing  70 : Since the Drop Bus  68  is operating at 800 Mbs, the UCS Card  50  may receive more Newbridge Cells than it can instantaneously deal with. To prevent Cell loss an Output Queue  70  is required. UCS Cards must take into account the ATM Cell&#39;s priority when servicing the Output Queue so that different Qualities of Service can be provided. 
     5. Interface Adaptation  72 : The ATM Cells filtered off the Drop Bus  68  must either be reassembled (for an Adaption Card) or mapped (for a Cell Relay Card) into the Interface Specific format. These actions are referred to as Egress processing on the UCS card  50 . 
     FIGS. 6 and 7 show the next level of detail for the Backplane Adaptation  60  and Interface Adaptation  72  function for a Cell Relay card. 
     On Ingress, standard 53 byte ATM cells  74  are received from the Interface port. The Ingress ATM Header processing involves using the ATM cell&#39;s VPI/VCI fields to determine a Local Ingress Connection Identifier (LICI). This may be accomplished by various methods—FIG. 6 illustrates the use of a Contents Addressable Memory (CAM)  76  for this purpose. 
     Subsequent cell processing is done using the LICI—among other actions, Ingress Context RAM  78  is used to look-up the appropriate 7 byte Newbridge header ( 80  and  82 ) to be prepended to the standard ATM cell to form a 60 byte Newbridge ATM (NATM) cell  84 . 
     On Egress, Newbridge ATM cells  84  are received from the switching fabric. The Egress ATM Header processing involves using the NATM cell&#39;s connection identification fields to determine a Local Egress Connection Identifier (LECI). This is accomplished by simply using a RAM to look-up the LECI  86 . Subsequent cell processing is done using the LECI—among other actions, Egress Translation RAM  87  is used to look-up the appropriate VPI/VCI  88  to be placed in the outgoing standard 53 byte ATM cell  74 . 
     According to the invention the ATM switch associates incoming cells to either the TDMA (point to multipoint) ARIC for low bandwidth services or any FDM (point to point) ARIC for high bandwidth services. 
     The TDMA ARIC and the FDM ARIC are used to support wireless links between the BTS and the Network Interface Units (NIUs), where the latter are located in the customers&#39; premises. In addition to the ARIC card(s) the BTS can be equipped with any of the standard switch cards, e.g., Control, Services, Hub, OC-3, etc. ATM connections can be set up between the ARICs and any other of the available ATM interface cards. The BTS and the NIUs are managed by the Network Manager (e.g. Newbridge 46020) and the Network Element Manager (e.g. Newbridge 45020), respectively. 
     As indicated above ARICs may be equipped with either FDM or TDMA functionality. On the TDMA ARIC, ports can only be used for TDMA applications, where the ARIC bandwidth is shared by multiple NIUs. On FDM ARICs, each port is used by a single NIU. 
     The combiner  90  shown in FIG. 2 is used in the downstream direction to combine the output data streams from all the ARIC cards in the BTS. The combined intermediate frequency (IF) signal is forwarded to the outside transmitter (OTX)  92  where it is up-converted to the desired RF frequency and transmitted. In the upstream direction the outside receiver (ORX)  94  receives the RF signal, down-converts it to IF and then forwards the signal to the splitter. The splitter splits the down-converted IF signal so that each ARIC card in the BTS has its own copy of the received IF signal. 
     The ATM switch or base station component responsibilities that are specific to wireless are the control card and the ARIC(s). The Control Card is responsible for the configuration of NIU generic data, connection control (this includes assigning appropriate timeslots based on data entered by the user) and provides support for the ARIC. The functionality of the ARIC(s) will be described in detail later. 
     Also shown in FIG. 2 are the external equipment that consists of the combiner/splitter  90 , the transmitter  92  and the receiver  94 . The combiner/splitter takes the received IF signals from several ARICs, up to 12 for example, and combines them onto a single coaxial cable connected to the transmitter. This represents the combiner function. It also takes an IF signal from a single receiver, and forwards the identical signal on multiple coaxes connected to the several (e.g. 12) ARICs (the splitter function). Therefore each ARIC receives the entire intermediate frequency. The combiner/splitter also supports at least two transmitter connections and at least two receiver connections to allow redundant configurations. It may be housed in one box providing both functions or in separate boxes. 
     The transmitter up-converts the intermediate frequency to the radio frequency (for example 28 GHz or 38 GHz) and transmits the up-converted signal over the air. It also amplifies the signal and provides a serial port interface for monitoring and configuration via the ARIC. 
     The receiver down-converts the received radio frequency (for example 25 GHz) to the intermediate frequency and transmits the down-converted signal over the coax cable. It also amplifies the signal and provides a serial port interface for monitoring and configuration via the ARIC. 
     FIG. 8 shows the major components that make up the ARIC module. These are: Services Board or Mother board  100  (also called ARIC-S); the modem board  102  (also called the ARIC-M); and the up/down converter  104  also called the Tuner module. The ARIC-S  100  is responsible for the control of the Tuner module  104 , the control of the transmitter  92  and receiver  94  using messaging via the ARIC-M  102 , on card connection control, and the interface between the control card and the modem (for modem configuration), local NIU configuration/monitoring. 
     The Modem board or ARIC-M  102  is responsible for the transmission of a synchronization signal; the medium access control (MAC) layer, including framing, NIU status polling and calibration of NIU transmit power, frequency and timing; forward error correction; and the control port for configuring/monitoring the transmitter and receiver. 
     The Up/Down Converter (UDC)  104  (Tuner Module) takes a received signal from the modem board  102  at a known frequency and up-converts to the configured transmit IF frequency; and takes a received IF frequency and down-converts to a known frequency which is sent to the modem board  102 . 
     FIG. 9 shows the aforementioned major functional units of the ARIC card while standard items such as flash and RAM are not shown. The ARIC-M  102 , daughter board to the ARIC-S  100 , provides the modem functionality including a modulator  106  and two demodulators  108 ,  110 . The ARIC-M  102  supports two control ports  112 . The control ports are used to configure/monitor the transmitter and receiver. 
     The control ports are controlled by the modem card but they do not initiate or process any messages. Instead they just tandem messages between the serial ports and the IPC bus  114 . Therefore it is the ARIC-S  100  that sends and receives messages to/from the serial ports. There are no actual RS- 422  connectors on the modem module. Instead a medium attachment unit (MAU-not shown) connected to the back of the ARIC is wired to a distribution panel which provides lightning protection. It is this distribution panel which provides the RS- 422  connectors. 
     Communication between the ARIC-S and ARIC-M processors  116 ,  118  is done via an HDLC-based message interface  114  which is labeled as “IPC” (Interprocessor Communication). The Utopia bus  120  is not used to carry messages between the processors. 
     The radio input/output to/from the modem is always at a specific frequency. It is the responsibility of the Tuner Module  104 , to shift the frequencies to/from the assigned intermediate frequency. The converter module receives configuration information from the ARIC-S processor  116  across a serial interface. This interface is also used for the monitoring of the module status. 
     The ARIC-S processor or motherboard processor  116  is the main control of the ARIC module and it is responsible for all communication with the control card. It contains a map of all the NIUs assigned to the ARIC with associated connection information. It is responsible for sending configuration information to the modem, along with sufficient NIU information that the modem can initiate NIU network entry. The control card is responsible for timeslot assignment for constant bit rate (CBR) connections. It relays this information to the ARIC-S  100  which in turn informs the ARIC-M  102 . The MAC layer on the ARIC-M informs the NIUs of all CBR timeslot assignments and is also responsible for assigning dynamic timeslots for unspecified bit rate (UBR) upon NIU request. 
     The backplane interface (Stealth)  122  and the ATM traffic management controller (ATMC)  124  devices support the ATM interfaces for data connections and control messaging. The ASIC incorporated into the backplane interface  122  performs filtering of the ATM cells from the backplane  66  and the cells from the egress queue  70 . In this context filtering means selecting the appropriate cells from the shared drop bus  68 . The ATMC  124  includes an ATM cell processor (not shown) such as a Motorola MC92500. It performs ATM layer functions, and ingress and egress cell processing such as VPI/VCI address compression on ingress cells to an internal connection identifier (CI). It also performs translation of CI to appropriate VPI/VCI for egress cells. Further, the ATMC  124  performs usage parameter control (UPC) policing, collects statistics such as cell counts and performs OAM functions. The modem module acts as the (de)modulator as well as the MAC device driver. Using a couple of RS422 serial links the modem module controls the external OTX and ORX devices. A third serial link is provided to control the frequency shifter and the tuners. 
     The output/input from/to the ARIC card is connected to the combiner/splitter  90 , see FIG.  2 . The combiner/splitter combines the appropriately shifted IF signals from the different ARIC cards in the BTS in the transmit (TX) direction and splits the received aggregated IF signal in the receive (RX) direction. The combiner/splitter interfaces to the OTX transmitter and ORX receiver modules. The transmitter and receiver modules perform the up and down conversion of the IF and the Radio Frequency (RF) signals, respectively, and they are connected directly to the transmit and receive antennas. The OTX transmitter and ORX receiver modules are controlled by one of the ARIC cards in the BTS through a couple of serial links, see FIG.  2 . The combiner/splitter module does not need to be controlled. 
     The available RF band is divided into the upstream and downstream bandwidths and the division does not have to be symmetrical. The upstream and downstream bandwidths are further divided into a number of smaller frequency bands, referred to as frequency channels. The downstream and upstream frequency channels may in general have different sizes. 
     A single ARIC/NIU can transmit in a single downstream/upstream frequency channel, respectively. The ARIC can receive on two upstream frequency channels and the NIU can receive on one downstream frequency channel. FIG. 10 illustrates this graphically. In FIG. 10 there is one ARIC card  130  that maintains wireless links to five NIUs. Note, that the association is really with the ARIC port rather than the ARIC card but since there is only one port on the ARIC card of this embodiment the “port” and “card” mean the same in this context. The downstream data addressed for all the NIUs associated with a single ARIC card is transmitted by that ARIC card in one frequency channel. The receivers on all the NIUs associated with this ARIC card are tuned to this frequency channel and each of the NIUs “filters” the data that is addressed to it. 
     Looking specifically at TDMA access, in the upstream each NIU is associated with one of the two ARIC receivers. In FIG. 10 NIU  132  and NIU  138  transmit in the frequency channel the first ARIC receiver  142  is tuned to and NIU  134 , NIU  136  and NIU  140  transmit in the frequency channel the second ARIC receiver  144  is tuned to. A TDMA-based MAC is used to allow a number of NIUs to transmit in a single frequency channel or, in other words, to facilitate a point to multipoint topology between an ARIC card and a number of NIUs. Note that the TDMA MAC is implemented in the upstream direction only. 
     The reason for having two receivers  142 ,  144  on the ARIC card in this example is to increase the bandwidth in the upstream direction. This is needed because the current TDMA technology significantly decreases the frequency bandwidth utilization in the upstream direction. 
     The Intermediate Frequency (IF) physical interface is supported by the modem and UDC modules. The IF interface is a coaxial based continuous QPSK modulated signal in the downstream direction and a burst differential quadrature phase shift key (DQPSK) modulated signal in the upstream direction. 
     With regard to FDM access, the ARIC is a single port card with a maximum bandwidth of 27.62 Mb/s carried in a frequency channel of approximately 6 MHz. Each NIU is simply associated with a single FDM ARIC card and point-to-point communications between the ARIC/NIU pair may be effected over respective frequency channels for the upstream and downstream directions. The modem module within the FDM ARIC preferably supports 16 or 64 QAM modulation. Depending on the modulation mechanism chosen, for example, the bandwidth of the ARIC port is 18.41 Mb/s or 27.62 Mb/s for 16 and 64 QAM respectively without Trellis encoding, and 16.11 Mb/s or 25.32 Mb/s for 16 QAM and 64 QAM respectively with Trellis encoding. In this context 16 QAM encodes 4 bits of data into a single symbol whereas 64 QAM encodes 6 bits per symbol. QPSK, on the other hand encodes only 2 bits per symbol. 
     The air interface conforms to the DAVIC (Digital Audio Visual Council) LMDS specification, with modifications for higher bandwidth. The following is a high level description of the air interface which is included here to make the contents of this document more understandable. 
     The Davic down-link, as shown in FIG. 11, consists of MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) packets sent in units of two which contain a total of 7 ATM cells and 3 control bytes. A SYNC byte precedes each packet. The first packet in each frame is considered the frame start packet and is used by the MAC layer to provide information to the NIUs. 
     In order to allow multiple devices to share the uplink, it has a different format but is tightly coupled with the downlink framing structure. The uplink consists of multiple timeslots, each of which can be independently assigned to an NIU and can be used to send a single ATM cell. This is shown in FIG.  12 . 
     Each up-link timeslot falls into one of the following categories: 
     idle timeslot—timeslot is not currently in use for any application. 
     polling timeslot—timeslot has been reserved for polling. Timeslot zero is reserved for polling but additional timeslots may be used. 
     guard timeslot—timeslot follows a polling timeslot and is not used. Instead it acts as a poll slot buffer to ensure that an improperly calibrated NIU that is going through network entry does not affect transmissions from other NIUs. The number of guard slots required depends on the cell size and is therefore configurable. 
     contention timeslot—timeslot may be used by an NIU to make requests for bandwidth. 
     reserved timeslot—timeslot has been assigned to an NIU. The timeslot may either be assigned permanently (permanently means until the assignment is removed) or for a certain number of frames. 
     A single timeslot has a bandwidth of 75377 bps (bits per second) which is sufficient to accommodate a single basic T1/E1 DSO (e.g. no signaling) with AAL- 1  segmentation and reassembling (SARing) and operation and maintenance (OAM) overhead. However a single timeslot is not of sufficient size to support a single T1/E1 DSO using CAS signaling (78000 bps). Therefore if a single DSO with CAS signaling on a T1/E1 NIU is to be connected, two reserved timeslots must be assigned. 
     Bandwidth assignments must also take into account the overhead of control signaling. For example, ATM Control Messaging connections to T1/E1 NIUs are CAC&#39;d at 32 K sustained and 64 K peak. Therefore, using a very simple calculation, it can be assumed that ½ timeslot must be dedicated to each T1/E1 NIU for ATM Control messaging. In addition, contention slots are required to allow the NIUs to request dynamically assigned timeslots. 
     While particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that numerous variations and alternatives can be implemented. It is to be understood, however that such variations and alternatives will fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     GLOSSARY 
     The following terms, many of which are used in the foregoing description, are defined herein for the convenience of the reader. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 ACM 
                 ATM Control Messaging 
               
               
                 ARIC 
                 ATM Radio Interface Card - a 36170 card that 
               
               
                   
                 carries data formatted in ATM cells and 
               
               
                   
                 interfaces to external radio equipment. 
               
               
                 ARIC-M 
                 ATM Radio Interface Card - Modern: - the modern 
               
               
                   
                 board of the ARIC. 
               
               
                 ARIC-S 
                 ATM Radio Interface Card - Services: - the 
               
               
                   
                 motherboard of the ARIC. 
               
               
                 Bellcore 
                 Bell Communications Research 
               
               
                 BTS 
                 Base Transceiver Station - In this context the 
               
               
                   
                 36170 which contains the ARIC cards. In this 
               
               
                   
                 document the term base station and base 
               
               
                   
                 transceiver station are used synonymously. 
               
               
                 LMCS 
                 Local Multipoint Communications System. A Canadian 
               
               
                   
                 28 GHz broadband wireless cellular system capable 
               
               
                   
                 of supporting a combination of broadcast TV 
               
               
                   
                 distribution and bi-directional broadband voice 
               
               
                   
                 and data services in a point to multipoint 
               
               
                   
                 configuration. 
               
               
                 LMDS 
                 Local Multipoint Distribution System. U.S. 
               
               
                   
                 equivalent to LMCS. 
               
               
                 NIU 
                 Network Interface Unit. Part of the Subscriber 
               
               
                   
                 Unit that sits inside the building, contains radio 
               
               
                   
                 modems (but not the RF parts) intertaces to the 
               
               
                   
                 subscriber equipment (ethernet, ATM25, OC3c, 
               
               
                   
                 T1/E1, video, depending on the NIU model), and all 
               
               
                   
                 the software to interface the subscriber signal to 
               
               
                   
                 the ATM world. 
               
               
                 NIU-M 
                 Network Interface Unit - Modem - the modern board 
               
               
                   
                 of the NIU. 
               
               
                 NIU-S 
                 Network Interface Unit - Services - the mother 
               
               
                   
                 board of the NIU. 
               
               
                 NMS 
                 Network Management System 
               
               
                 NMTI 
                 Node Management Terminal Interface: The local user 
               
               
                   
                 interface tor a Newbridge network element. 
               
               
                 OAM 
                 Operation and Maintenance. This is typically used 
               
               
                   
                 to OAM cells on an ATM interface. 
               
               
                 OC-3 
                 Optical Carrier - level 3. An optical SONET signal 
               
               
                   
                 at 155.52 Mb/s. 
               
               
                 PSTN 
                 Public Switched Telephone Network. 
               
               
                 PVC 
                 Permanent Virtual Circuit. A virtual connection 
               
               
                   
                 which is established administratively via a 
               
               
                   
                 service order process. 
               
               
                 RMS 
                 Radio Modern Shelf 
               
               
                 SOHO 
                 Small Office, Home Office 
               
               
                 STel 
                 Stanford Telecom. An OEM modern supplier. 
               
               
                 SVC 
                 Switched Virtual Circuit. A connection which is 
               
               
                   
                 set up on demand via a signaling protocol. Such 
               
               
                   
                 connections tend to be of shorter duration than 
               
               
                 CDV 
                 Cell Delay Variation 
               
               
                 CE 
                 Circuit Emulation 
               
               
                 CO 
                 Central Office 
               
               
                 CPE 
                 Customer Premises Equipment 
               
               
                 CPSS 
                 Control Packet Switching System. The packet 
               
               
                   
                 switching protocol used for communication between 
               
               
                   
                 Newbridge network entities. 
               
               
                 EMS 
                 Element Management System 
               
               
                 ESN 
                 Electronic Serial Number 
               
               
                 ETS1 
                 European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 
               
               
                 GCRA 
                 Generic Cell Rate Adaptation 
               
               
                 IPC 
                 Inter-processor Communication 
               
               
                 ISC 
                 Internetworking Services Card. Formerly called the 
               
               
                   
                 PIPE card. 
               
               
                   
                 PVCs, and are not automatically re-established 
               
               
                   
                 after a system restart. 
               
               
                 UNI 
                 User Network Interface. The interface used to 
               
               
                   
                 connect user equipment to network equipment. 
               
               
                 VC 
                 Virtual Channel - A logical communication channel 
               
               
                   
                 that is available across a physical ATM interface. 
               
               
                 VCC 
                 Virtual Channel Connection: A virtual channel that 
               
               
                   
                 has end-to-end significance and is a concatenation 
               
               
                   
                 of the virtual channel links that extends between 
               
               
                   
                 the points where the ATM service users access the 
               
               
                   
                 ATM Layer. The points at which the ATM cell 
               
               
                   
                 payload is passed to, or received from, the users 
               
               
                   
                 of the ATM Layer for processing signify the 
               
               
                   
                 endpoints of a VCC. 
               
               
                 VCI 
                 Virtual Channel Identifier: A field in the ATM 
               
               
                   
                 header that identifies virtual channels. 
               
               
                 VP 
                 Virtual Path: A logical communication channel that 
               
               
                   
                 is available across a physical ATM interface and 
               
               
                   
                 that can carry one or more virtual channels. 
               
               
                 VPI 
                 Virtual Path Identifier. An 8 bit value used to 
               
               
                   
                 identify an ATM path and carried in the cell 
               
               
                   
                 header. Like a VCI it is locally significant and 
               
               
                   
                 refers to the VPL active on the local UNI which 
               
               
                   
                 comprises a large scope VPC.